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丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞: 賵爻賷賱丞 丕賱賳噩丕丨 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿爻賴丕賲 賲賮賴賵賲賷 賲賴賲 賵賯丕胤毓 賮賷 賮賴賲 兀毓賲賯 賱賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賵賮賷 爻賷丕爻丞 禺丕乇噩賷丞 兀賰孬乇 丨賰賲丞貙 賷賯丿賲賴 賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀亘乇夭 丕賱亘丕丨孬賷賳 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞.
丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 -賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮- 爻賱丕丨 賲丐孬乇 賷丨賯賯 丕賱兀賴丿丕賮 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱貙 賮乇爻丕賱丞 丕亘賳 丕賱乇卅賷爻 丕賱亘丕賰爻鬲丕賳賷 賲卮乇賮 廿賱賶 賵丕賱丿賴 賲賳 亘賵爻胤賳 賰丕賳鬲 -賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮- 賲賲丕 爻丕毓丿 賮賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱丿賴 賵鬲兀賷賷丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丨乇亘賴丕 賱兀賮睾丕賳爻鬲丕賳貙 賵賲孬賱賴 丕賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳貙 賷賯賵賱 賰賵賱賳 亘丕賵賱 賵夭賷乇 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 丕賱爻丕亘賯: 賱丕 兀爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 兀賮賰乇 賮賷 乇氐賷丿 賱亘賱丿賳丕 兀孬賲賳 賲賳 氐丿丕賯丞 賯丕丿丞 毓丕賱賲 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲賱賯賵丕 鬲毓賱賷賲賴賲 賴賳丕貙 匕賱賰 兀賳 丕賱胤賱亘丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷賷賳 賷毓賵丿賵賳 廿賱賶 兀賵胤丕賳賴賲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕丿丞 亘鬲賯丿賷乇 兀賰亘乇 賱賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞貙 賵賰賲丕 賴賵 賵丕乇丿 賮賷 鬲賯乇賷乇 賱賲噩賲賵毓丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丿賵賱賷丞 賮廿賳 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱匕賷賳 丿乇爻賵丕 賮賷 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 賷卮賰賱賵賳 禺夭丕賳丕賸 乇丕卅毓丕賸 賱賱賳賵丕賷丕 丕賱丨爻賳丞 鬲噩丕賴 亘賱丿賳丕貙 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱胤賱亘丞 丕賱爻丕亘賯賷賳 賷賳鬲賴賷 亘賴賲 丕賱兀賲乇 廿賱賶 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 賲乇丕賰夭 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴丕 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 毓賱賶 賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賲賴賲丞 賱賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳.
賵賷卮賷乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賮賷賯賵賱: 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賰丕賳 賯丿 鬲賲 丕禺鬲乇丕賯賴 亘丕賱鬲賱賮賷夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕卅賷丞 賯亘賱 夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賲賳 爻賯賵胤賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 1989貙 匕丕賰 兀賳 丕賱賲胤丕乇賯 賵丕賱噩乇丕賮丕鬲 賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 賱鬲賳鬲噩 賱賵賱丕 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲亘孬賵孬丞 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 胤賵丕賱 賮丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 丕賱噩丿丕乇 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷爻賯胤.
賵賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 毓賳丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 賮賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲氐丿乇 賱賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲賱賷賮夭賷賵賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賮賷賴丕 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 86 兀賱賮 亘丕丨孬 兀噩賳亘賷貙 賵鬲賲孬賱 丕賱賲乇鬲亘丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 丕賱賮賵夭 亘噩賵丕卅夭 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 賵鬲賳卮乇 賰鬲亘丕賸 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 兀賷 亘賱丿 丌禺乇貙 賵賷賵噩丿 賮賷賴丕 28% 賲賳 亘賷賳 賲賱賷賵賳 賵爻鬲 賲卅丞 兀賱賮 胤丕賱亘 賲爻噩賱賷賳 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丕鬲 禺丕乇噩 亘賱丿丕賳賴賲.
丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 -賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮- 爻賱丕丨 賲丐孬乇 賷丨賯賯 丕賱兀賴丿丕賮 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱貙 賮乇爻丕賱丞 丕亘賳 丕賱乇卅賷爻 丕賱亘丕賰爻鬲丕賳賷 賲卮乇賮 廿賱賶 賵丕賱丿賴 賲賳 亘賵爻胤賳 賰丕賳鬲 -賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮- 賲賲丕 爻丕毓丿 賮賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱丿賴 賵鬲兀賷賷丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丨乇亘賴丕 賱兀賮睾丕賳爻鬲丕賳貙 賵賲孬賱賴 丕賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳貙 賷賯賵賱 賰賵賱賳 亘丕賵賱 賵夭賷乇 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 丕賱爻丕亘賯: 賱丕 兀爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 兀賮賰乇 賮賷 乇氐賷丿 賱亘賱丿賳丕 兀孬賲賳 賲賳 氐丿丕賯丞 賯丕丿丞 毓丕賱賲 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲賱賯賵丕 鬲毓賱賷賲賴賲 賴賳丕貙 匕賱賰 兀賳 丕賱胤賱亘丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷賷賳 賷毓賵丿賵賳 廿賱賶 兀賵胤丕賳賴賲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕丿丞 亘鬲賯丿賷乇 兀賰亘乇 賱賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞貙 賵賰賲丕 賴賵 賵丕乇丿 賮賷 鬲賯乇賷乇 賱賲噩賲賵毓丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丿賵賱賷丞 賮廿賳 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱匕賷賳 丿乇爻賵丕 賮賷 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 賷卮賰賱賵賳 禺夭丕賳丕賸 乇丕卅毓丕賸 賱賱賳賵丕賷丕 丕賱丨爻賳丞 鬲噩丕賴 亘賱丿賳丕貙 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱胤賱亘丞 丕賱爻丕亘賯賷賳 賷賳鬲賴賷 亘賴賲 丕賱兀賲乇 廿賱賶 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 賲乇丕賰夭 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴丕 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 毓賱賶 賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賲賴賲丞 賱賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳.
賵賷卮賷乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賮賷賯賵賱: 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賰丕賳 賯丿 鬲賲 丕禺鬲乇丕賯賴 亘丕賱鬲賱賮賷夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕卅賷丞 賯亘賱 夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賲賳 爻賯賵胤賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 1989貙 匕丕賰 兀賳 丕賱賲胤丕乇賯 賵丕賱噩乇丕賮丕鬲 賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 賱鬲賳鬲噩 賱賵賱丕 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲亘孬賵孬丞 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 胤賵丕賱 賮丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 丕賱噩丿丕乇 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷爻賯胤.
賵賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 毓賳丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 賮賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲氐丿乇 賱賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲賱賷賮夭賷賵賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賮賷賴丕 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 86 兀賱賮 亘丕丨孬 兀噩賳亘賷貙 賵鬲賲孬賱 丕賱賲乇鬲亘丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 丕賱賮賵夭 亘噩賵丕卅夭 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 賵鬲賳卮乇 賰鬲亘丕賸 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 兀賷 亘賱丿 丌禺乇貙 賵賷賵噩丿 賮賷賴丕 28% 賲賳 亘賷賳 賲賱賷賵賳 賵爻鬲 賲卅丞 兀賱賮 胤丕賱亘 賲爻噩賱賷賳 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丕鬲 禺丕乇噩 亘賱丿丕賳賴賲.
258 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 2004
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About the author
Joseph S. Nye Jr.
75听books292听followersJoseph Samuel Nye Jr. was an American political scientist. He and Robert Keohane co-founded the international relations theory of neoliberalism, which they developed in their 1977 book Power and Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored transnational relations and world politics in an edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he pioneered the theory of soft power. His notion of "smart power" ("the ability to combine hard and soft power into a successful strategy") became popular with the use of this phrase by members of the Clinton Administration and the Obama Administration. These theories from Nye are very commonly seen in courses across the U.S., such as I.B. D.P. Global Politics.
Nye was the Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he later held the position of University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus. In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He was also a member of the Defense Policy Board. He was a Harvard faculty member since 1964. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a foreign fellow of the British Academy, and a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.
The 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked Nye as the sixth most influential scholar in the field of international relations in the past 20 years. He was also ranked as one of the most influential figures in American foreign policy. In 2011, Foreign Policy magazine included him on its list of top global thinkers. In September 2014, Foreign Policy reported that international relations scholars and policymakers ranked Nye as one of the field's most influential scholars.
Nye was the Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he later held the position of University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus. In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He was also a member of the Defense Policy Board. He was a Harvard faculty member since 1964. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a foreign fellow of the British Academy, and a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.
The 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked Nye as the sixth most influential scholar in the field of international relations in the past 20 years. He was also ranked as one of the most influential figures in American foreign policy. In 2011, Foreign Policy magazine included him on its list of top global thinkers. In September 2014, Foreign Policy reported that international relations scholars and policymakers ranked Nye as one of the field's most influential scholars.
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February 23, 2011
(賳購卮乇 賴匕丕 丕賱毓乇囟 賮賷 賲賱丨賯 卮乇賮丕鬲 賮賷 噩乇賷丿丞 毓賲丕賳 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 17 賲丕乇爻 2010)
兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賯賵賷賸丕 丿賵賳 丿亘賾丕亘丕鬲!
賱丕 亘丿 兀賳賰 爻賲毓鬲賻 賷賵賲賸丕 賲賳 兀卮禺丕氐賺 兀賳賾 丕賱睾乇亘賻 賷丨丕賵賱 鬲丿賲賷乇 賴賵賷丕鬲賳丕 賵賯賽賷賻賲賳丕 賵丿賷賳賳丕 亘賲丕 賷氐丿賾乇賴 賱賳丕 賲賳 "賮噩賵乇 賵賮爻丕丿"貙 兀賵 爻賲毓鬲賻 丕賱賲孬賯賮賷賳 賵賴賲 賷鬲丨丿孬賵賳 毓賳 丕賱睾夭賵 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘賷 亘賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱賲丐丕賲乇丞 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賳丕 賳丕丿乇賸丕 賲丕 賳噩丿 賲賳 賷丨丕賵賱 鬲丨賱賷賱 賴匕賴 丕賱廿胤乇賵丨丕鬲 賵賮賯 賳賲賵匕噩 鬲賮爻賷乇賷 廿賵 廿胤丕乇 賳馗乇賷 賵丕囟丨 賵賲賵囟賵毓賷 賳賮賴賲 亘賴 丕賱兀賲乇 賰賱賴 賮賷 爻賷丕賯賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙 廿賱賶 兀賳 馗賴乇 賱賳丕 (噩賵夭賷賮 爻. 賳丕賷) 亘賲氐胤賱丨 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞" 毓丕賲 1990. 賵賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲賯丕賱 賳爻鬲毓乇囟 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱兀禺賷乇 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞: 賵爻賷賱丞 丕賱賳噩丕丨 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞" 丕賱氐丕丿乇 毓丕賲 2004貙 賮賷 鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賳噩夭賴丕 (賲丨賲丿 丕賱亘噩賷乇賲賷) 賵氐丿乇鬲 毓賳 賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓亘賷賰丕賳 毓丕賲 2007. 賵丕賱賲丐賱賮 賱賷爻 賲噩乇丿 賲賮賰乇賺 兀賵 賲丨賱賱 爻賷丕爻賷貙 賮賴賵 毓賲賷丿 賰賱賷丞 賰賷賳丿賷 賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 賴丕乇賮丕乇丿貙 賵賰丕賳 乇卅賷爻 賲噩賱爻 丕賱賲禺丕亘乇丕鬲 丕賱賵胤賳賷 賵 賲爻丕毓丿 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕.
賵賱賯丿 噩丕亍 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷賵囟賾丨 賲賮賴賵賲 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞" 賵賷胤賵賾乇賴 賵賷賵囟賾丨賴 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱兀賳賾 丕賱賳丕爻 賯丿 兀爻丕丐賵丕 賮賴賲賴 賵丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴貙 賵丨氐乇賵賴 賮賷 賳馗乇丞 爻胤丨賷丞 賱丕 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿夭 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵鬲賯丕賱賷毓 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰. 兀賲丕 丕賱鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱匕賷 賷囟毓賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賴賵 "丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱丕 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱" (氐12)貙 賵賴賰匕丕 賮賴賷 鬲禺鬲賱賮 毓賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 丕賱賲賰賵賳丞 賲賳 丕賱毓鬲丕丿 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 賵丕賱孬乇丕亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賵丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱賴賲丕 亘丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿 亘丕賱毓賯賵亘丕鬲 兀賵 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 亘丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲. 兀賳 鬲賲鬲賱賰 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賷毓賳賷 兀賳 鬲噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷毓噩亘賵賳 亘賰 賵賷鬲胤賱毓賵賳 廿賱賶 賲丕 鬲賯賵賲 亘賴 賮賷鬲禺匕賵賳 賲賵賯賮賸丕 廿賷噩丕亘賷賸丕 賲賳 賯賽賷賻賲賰 賵兀賮賰丕乇賰 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 鬲鬲賮賯 乇睾亘鬲賴賲 賲毓 乇睾亘鬲賰.
賷亘丿兀 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 亘鬲兀氐賷賱 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱匕賷 賷賰孬乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳賴 賵賷賯賱 賮賴賲賴貙 賵賴賵 賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 賮賷 爻賱賵賰 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賱賱賯賷丕賲 亘毓賲賱賺 賲丕 賷鬲賮賯 賲毓 賲丕 賳乇賷丿賴. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 賷賳鬲賯賱 丕賱丨丿賷孬 廿賱賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賱丿賵賱貙 賱賷賵囟丨 兀賳 亘賱丿賸丕 賲丕 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賯賵賷賸丕 匕丕 鬲兀孬賷乇賺 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 "賱兀賳 賴賳丕賰 亘賱丿丕賳丕 兀禺乇賶-賲毓噩亘丞 亘賲購孬購賱賴貙 賵鬲丨匕賵 丨匕賵賴貙 賵鬲鬲胤賱毓 廿賱賶 賲爻鬲賵丕賴 賲賳 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨-鬲乇賷丿 兀賳 鬲鬲亘毓賴" (氐24). 賵賴賰匕丕 賳賮賴賲 兀賳賾 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 鬲毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賯丿乇丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賮賷 氐賷丕睾丞 乇睾亘丕鬲 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 亘毓丿 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 亘賲孬丕亘丞 賯丿賵丞賺 賱賴賲 賷鬲亘賳賵賳 賯賽賷賻賲賴丕 賵兀爻賱賵亘 丨賷丕鬲賴丕. 賵賲賳 兀賴賲 賲夭丕賷丕 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 兀賳賴丕 鬲睾賳賷 毓賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 兀爻賱賵亘 丕賱毓氐丕 賵丕賱噩夭乇丞貙 賵賴賳丕賰 丿賵賱 賱丕 鬲賲鬲賱賰 賯賵丞 毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賵 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賰亘賷乇丞貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 亘爻亘亘 賲卮丕乇賰鬲賴丕 賮賷 賯囟丕賷丕 毓丕賱賲賷丞 噩丕匕亘丞 賲孬賱 賲丨丕丿孬丕鬲 丕賱爻賱丕賲 賵賲亘丕丿乇丕鬲 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵賲賰丕賮丨丞 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 賵丕賱兀賵亘卅丞. 賵賱賰賳 匕賱賰 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 亘丕賱胤亘毓 丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞.
兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賯丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱兀賰孬乇 廿賲鬲丕毓賸丕 丨賷孬 賷爻鬲毓乇囟 賮賷賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱毓賵丕賲賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賲氐丕丿乇 孬乇賷丞 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞. 賮賲孬賱丕 鬲丨鬲賵賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 毓賱賶 62% 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱毓賱丕賲丕鬲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵亘賴丕 28% 賲賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱丿丕乇爻賷賳 禺丕乇噩 亘賱丕丿賴賲貙 賵賴賷 兀賰孬乇 丿賵賱丞 鬲爻鬲賯胤亘 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 賵鬲賳卮乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賷丞 賵鬲賳鬲噩 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賰賵賳賴丕 兀賴賲 賲氐丿賾乇 賱賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳賷丞. 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賱丕 賷賯賮 賴賳丕 亘賱 賷匕賰乇 兀賷囟賸丕 丕賱毓賵丕賲賱 丕賱賲賳賮乇丞 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕貙 賵賷賵囟賾丨 兀賳 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱噩丕匕亘丞 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 廿賳鬲丕噩 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賲鬲丨賯賯丞貙 賱兀賳賴丕 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲鬲賳丕睾賲 賲毓 噩丕匕亘賷丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱亘賱丿貙 賮賲孬賱丕 乇睾賲 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 亘毓賱賵賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵鬲賯丕賳鬲賴丕 賵兀賮賱丕賲賴丕 賵賲賵爻賷賯丕賴丕 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 禺爻乇鬲 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 噩丕匕亘賷鬲賴丕 賮賷 丨乇亘 賮賷鬲賳丕賲 賵毓賳丿 睾夭賵 丕賱毓乇丕賯 毓丕賲 2003.
賵賲賳 兀賴賲 賲丕 鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丿賵乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱賳禺亘賵賷丞 賮賷 廿賳鬲丕噩 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賮毓乇囟 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賵賰賷賮 兀賳 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲 丕賱匕賷賳 夭丕乇賵丕 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賯丿 鬲兀孬乇賵丕 亘丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賵兀氐亘丨賵丕 賱丕丨賯賸丕 賳丕卮胤賷賳 賮賷 丨乇賰丕鬲 丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賮賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丿賵乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賲孬賱丞 賮賷 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱兀睾丕賳賷 賵丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰 賲賲丕 賷亘孬賾 丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 丨鬲賶 賵廿賳 亘丿鬲 爻胤丨賷丞 賲亘鬲匕賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳賳丕 兀亘丿賸丕 丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 賴賵賱賷賵賵丿 "賮丕賱氐賵乇 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 鬲賳賯賱 丕賱賯賷賲 亘氐賵乇丞 兀賯賵賶 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲貙 賵賴賵賱賷賵丿 賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲乇賵賾噩 賵賲氐丿賾乇 賱賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞" (氐82). 賵賷卮賷乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 兀賳賾 賴匕賴 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 鬲睾賱亘鬲 亘賯賷賲 丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱卮亘丕亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賾 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷貙 賵賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 亘夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賯亘賱 爻賯賵胤賴. 賵賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳 賷匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲孬丕賱丕 廿丨丿賶 丕賱賲購毓丕乇賽囟丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丿賳丿賳 亘兀睾丕賳賷 (亘賵亘 丿賷賱丕賳) 賮賷 乇兀爻賴丕 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲購噩亘乇 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕毓 廿賱賶 丕賱禺胤亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞貙 賵賰匕賱賰 兀賮賱丕賲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 丕賱賲賴乇亘丞 丕賱鬲賷 丿睾丿睾鬲 乇睾亘丞 丕賱卮亘丕亘 丕賱氐賷賳賷 賮賷 廿丨丿丕孬 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷. 賵鬲噩丿乇 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 兀賳賾 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 丕賱乇睾亘丞 賮賷 鬲賯賱賷丿 兀賲賷乇賰丕貙 賮賴賳丕賰 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 爻賱亘賷丞 賰孬賷乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賯賷賲 禺丕氐丞 賱丿賶 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賴鬲賲 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀爻乇賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞.
賵賱賰賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱乇丕卅丿丞 賮賷 賰賱 賳賵毓賺 賲賳 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賷賵囟丨賴 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬 丨賷賳 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賲孬賱 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賱賴 鬲兀孬賷乇 賰亘賷乇 鬲賯賵賾賷賴 丕賱兀丨夭丕亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 賮賷 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賰丕賳 賷賳賮賯 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賱賳卮乇 孬賯丕賮鬲賴 賵賮賳賵賳賴 賵賷卮丕乇賰 賮賷 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱噩匕丕亘丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 鬲賯丿賲賴 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱賰亘賷乇. 兀賲丕 丕賱賲賳丕賮爻 丕賱丨丕賱賷 丕賱兀賯賵賶 賱兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮賴賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕貙 丨賷孬 丕賱賮賳賵賳 賵丕賱丌丿丕亘 賵丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱兀胤毓賲丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘噩丕匕亘賷丞 毓丕賱賲賷丞 胤丕睾賷丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 兀賳 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 鬲丨鬲賱 丕賱賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱禺賲爻丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 毓丿丿 噩賵丕卅夭 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱兀丿亘貙 賵丕賱賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賮賷 賲亘賷毓丕鬲 丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賷丞 賵賳卮乇 丕賱賰鬲亘. 賴匕丕 賵鬲賳賮賯 噩賲賷毓 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 鬲賳賮賯賴 兀賲賷乇賰丕 毓賱賶 賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 賵丕賱丿亘賱賵賲丕爻賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 噩丕匕亘賷丞 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賰賵賳賴丕 鬲賲賷賱 賱賱爻賱賲 賵鬲丿丕賮毓 毓賳 賯囟丕賷丕 丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丨賮馗 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵睾賷乇 匕賱賰貙 賵賰賵賳賴丕 匕丕鬲 禺亘乇丞 兀賰亘乇 賵兀賮囟賱 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮賷 廿丿丕乇丞 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賲鬲毓丿丿丞 丕賱噩賳爻賷丕鬲. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賳 丌爻賷丕 賵禺丕氐丞 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 丕賱鬲賷 賱賴丕 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 亘爻亘亘 賰賵賳賴丕 氐丕丨亘丞 兀賰孬乇 亘乇丕亍丕鬲 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵乇丕卅丿丞 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲鬲丨乇賰丞 賵兀賱毓丕亘 丕賱賮賷丿賷賵貙 賵丕丨鬲賱丕賱賴丕 丕賱賲乇賰夭 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賷 亘賷毓 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賶 賵氐丕丿乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賯丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賵丕爻鬲囟丕賮丞 丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱廿賱賰鬲乇賵賳賷丞貙 賲毓 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱亘丕賴乇 丕賱匕賷 賷賳鬲馗乇 丕賱氐賷賳 賵丕賱賴賳丿. 賵賷禺鬲鬲賲 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賴匕丕 丕賱賮氐賱 亘丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賲孬賱 丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 丕賱丨賯賵賯賷丞 賵丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 毓丕亘乇丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞貙 禺丕氐丞 賵兀賳賴丕 鬲爻鬲賮賷丿 丕賱丌賳 賲賳 丕賱孬賵乇丞 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賷丞 賵丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱丕鬲.
賵兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱乇丕亘毓 賮賯丿 乇賰賾夭 毓賱賶 廿鬲賯丕賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賰賲丕 賮毓賱鬲 賮乇賳爻丕 丨賷賳 賳卮乇鬲 賱睾鬲賴丕 賵丌丿丕亘賴丕 賮賷 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇. 賵賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賴丕賲丞 賵丕賱賲孬賷乇丞 賲賰鬲亘 丕賱禺丿賲丕鬲 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賷毓賲賱 毓賱賶 "賳卮乇 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱賲囟賱賱丞...[賵] 鬲卮賰賷賱 賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 賱鬲氐亘丨 兀丿賵丕鬲 丿毓丕賷丞 賮丕毓賱丞貙 賵丕賯鬲乇丕丨 廿囟丕賮丞 兀卮賷丕亍 兀賵 丨匕賮 兀卮賷丕亍貙 賵丨乇賲丕賳 兀賮賱丕賲 兀禺乇賶 賲賳 丕賱乇禺氐丞" (氐153). 孬賲 鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賳 鬲乇丕噩毓 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷 亘丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲毓 賲乇賵乇 丕賱爻賳賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 噩丕亍鬲 兀丨丿丕孬 11 爻亘鬲賲亘乇 丨賷賳 亘丿兀 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰丕賳 亘賲乇丕噩毓丞 兀賳賮爻賴賲. 賵賷賳氐丨 丕賱賲丐賱賮 亘兀賳 鬲賴鬲賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 亘賳卮乇 氐賵乇丞 丨爻賳丞 毓賳 賳賮爻賴丕 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵毓丿賲 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 毓賱賶 兀氐丿賯丕卅賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丨賰賾丕賲貙 賮睾丕賱亘賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱丌賳 鬲賳鬲賴噩 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵賱丿賷賴丕 亘乇賱賲丕賳丕鬲 賵噩賲丕賴賷乇 鬲丐孬乇 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞. 賵賱毓賱丕噩 匕賱賰 賷賯鬲乇丨 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 孬賱丕孬丞 兀亘毓丕丿 賱賱丿亘賱賵賲丕爻賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵賴賷 (1)丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱丕鬲 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞貙 兀賷 鬲賵囟賷丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賲丨賱賷丞 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 毓亘乇 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲貙 (2) 丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷貙 兀賷 丕賱丨賲賱丕鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 丕賱賲乇賰夭丞貙 (3) 丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 丕賱丿丕卅賲丞 賲毓 丕賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲貙 賵匕賱賰 毓亘乇 丕賱賲賳丨 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丿乇賷亘 賵丕賱賲丐鬲賲乇丕鬲貙 毓賱賶 兀賳 鬲鬲賲丕卮賶 賴匕賴 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 賲毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱亘賱丿 賱夭乇毓 氐賵乇丞 廿賷噩丕亘賷丞. 賵賷禺氐氐 丕賱賲丐賱賮 噩夭亍賸丕 賱賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵氐毓賵亘丞 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷賴 賱兀爻亘丕亘 毓丿賷丿丞 賲賳賴丕 丕賱賮賵丕乇賯 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱賰亘賷乇丞 亘賷賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵賳夭毓丞 丕賱毓丿丕亍 賱兀賲賷乇賰丕. 乇睾賲 匕賱賰 賮賴賳丕賰 噩賵丕賳亘 賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賷丨亘賴丕 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 鬲購毓丿賾 兀爻丕爻賸丕 噩賷丿賸丕 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 廿賱丕 兀賳賾 兀賲賷乇賰丕 兀孬亘鬲鬲 賮卮賱賴丕 賮賷 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賮乇氐. 賱匕賱賰 賮賯丿 賵囟毓鬲 賱噩賳丞 丕爻鬲卮丕乇賷丞 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲賵噩賷賴丕鬲 賱夭賷丕丿丞 賯賵丞 兀賲賷乇賰丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賲孬賱 廿賳卮丕亍 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丕鬲 賵鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賲賳丨 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱夭賷丕乇丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞貙 賵賷卮丿賾丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 匕賱賰 亘賯賵賱賴 廿賳 "兀賴賲 卮賷亍 賴賵 鬲胤賵賷乇 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 亘毓賷丿丞 丕賱兀賲丿 賱賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳賲賷 賲噩鬲賲毓賸丕 賲丿賳賷賸丕 兀睾賳賶 賵兀禺氐亘 賵兀賰孬乇 丕賳賮鬲丕丨丕 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤. 廿賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賳丕胤賯賷賳 亘丕爻賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮丕毓賱賷丞 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賸丕 賱賷爻賵丕 賴賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷賷賳貙 亘賱 賵賰賱丕丐賴賲 丕賱賲丨賱賷賵賳 賲賳 兀賴賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賷賮賴賲賵賳 賮囟丕卅賱 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵毓賷賵亘賴丕 賰匕賱賰" (氐181).
賵兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賲禺氐氐 賱賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賵丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賯丿 亘賷賾賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賰賷賮 兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 "丕賱賲賰乇賵賴丞" 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 丕賳丨丿丕乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵鬲賳丕賯氐 兀孬乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 鬲夭丕賷丿 丕賱廿賯亘丕賱 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賵丕賱賮丕毓賱賷賳 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳貙 賲孬賱 鬲賳馗賷賲 丕賱賯丕毓丿丞 丕賱匕賷 夭丕丿鬲 賯賵鬲賴 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 廿孬乇 賲毓丕丿丕丞 兀賲賷乇賰丕. 賵賷丨匕乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賲賳 鬲噩丕賴賱 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵賷爻鬲賳賰乇 兀賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 鬲賳賮賯 毓賱賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘17 囟毓賮賸丕. 賷賳丕賯卮 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 亘賴丕 賲毓 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賯丿賲賸丕 賳氐丕卅丨 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱鬲賷 賵氐賱鬲 賱賴丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞.
賴賵 賰鬲丕亘賹 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 賲丐禺乇賸丕貙 賲賰鬲賵亘 亘兀爻賱賵亘 爻賴賱 賲賲鬲毓 賵賲丿毓賾賲 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩毓賱賰 鬲賮賴賲 丕賱兀孬乇 丕賱匕賷 鬲鬲乇賰賴 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞.
兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賯賵賷賸丕 丿賵賳 丿亘賾丕亘丕鬲!
賱丕 亘丿 兀賳賰 爻賲毓鬲賻 賷賵賲賸丕 賲賳 兀卮禺丕氐賺 兀賳賾 丕賱睾乇亘賻 賷丨丕賵賱 鬲丿賲賷乇 賴賵賷丕鬲賳丕 賵賯賽賷賻賲賳丕 賵丿賷賳賳丕 亘賲丕 賷氐丿賾乇賴 賱賳丕 賲賳 "賮噩賵乇 賵賮爻丕丿"貙 兀賵 爻賲毓鬲賻 丕賱賲孬賯賮賷賳 賵賴賲 賷鬲丨丿孬賵賳 毓賳 丕賱睾夭賵 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘賷 亘賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱賲丐丕賲乇丞 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賳丕 賳丕丿乇賸丕 賲丕 賳噩丿 賲賳 賷丨丕賵賱 鬲丨賱賷賱 賴匕賴 丕賱廿胤乇賵丨丕鬲 賵賮賯 賳賲賵匕噩 鬲賮爻賷乇賷 廿賵 廿胤丕乇 賳馗乇賷 賵丕囟丨 賵賲賵囟賵毓賷 賳賮賴賲 亘賴 丕賱兀賲乇 賰賱賴 賮賷 爻賷丕賯賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙 廿賱賶 兀賳 馗賴乇 賱賳丕 (噩賵夭賷賮 爻. 賳丕賷) 亘賲氐胤賱丨 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞" 毓丕賲 1990. 賵賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲賯丕賱 賳爻鬲毓乇囟 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱兀禺賷乇 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞: 賵爻賷賱丞 丕賱賳噩丕丨 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞" 丕賱氐丕丿乇 毓丕賲 2004貙 賮賷 鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賳噩夭賴丕 (賲丨賲丿 丕賱亘噩賷乇賲賷) 賵氐丿乇鬲 毓賳 賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓亘賷賰丕賳 毓丕賲 2007. 賵丕賱賲丐賱賮 賱賷爻 賲噩乇丿 賲賮賰乇賺 兀賵 賲丨賱賱 爻賷丕爻賷貙 賮賴賵 毓賲賷丿 賰賱賷丞 賰賷賳丿賷 賱賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 賴丕乇賮丕乇丿貙 賵賰丕賳 乇卅賷爻 賲噩賱爻 丕賱賲禺丕亘乇丕鬲 丕賱賵胤賳賷 賵 賲爻丕毓丿 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕.
賵賱賯丿 噩丕亍 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷賵囟賾丨 賲賮賴賵賲 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞" 賵賷胤賵賾乇賴 賵賷賵囟賾丨賴 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱兀賳賾 丕賱賳丕爻 賯丿 兀爻丕丐賵丕 賮賴賲賴 賵丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴貙 賵丨氐乇賵賴 賮賷 賳馗乇丞 爻胤丨賷丞 賱丕 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿夭 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵鬲賯丕賱賷毓 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰. 兀賲丕 丕賱鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱匕賷 賷囟毓賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賴賵 "丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱丕 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱" (氐12)貙 賵賴賰匕丕 賮賴賷 鬲禺鬲賱賮 毓賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 丕賱賲賰賵賳丞 賲賳 丕賱毓鬲丕丿 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 賵丕賱孬乇丕亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賵丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱賴賲丕 亘丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿 亘丕賱毓賯賵亘丕鬲 兀賵 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 亘丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲. 兀賳 鬲賲鬲賱賰 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賷毓賳賷 兀賳 鬲噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷毓噩亘賵賳 亘賰 賵賷鬲胤賱毓賵賳 廿賱賶 賲丕 鬲賯賵賲 亘賴 賮賷鬲禺匕賵賳 賲賵賯賮賸丕 廿賷噩丕亘賷賸丕 賲賳 賯賽賷賻賲賰 賵兀賮賰丕乇賰 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 鬲鬲賮賯 乇睾亘鬲賴賲 賲毓 乇睾亘鬲賰.
賷亘丿兀 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 亘鬲兀氐賷賱 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱匕賷 賷賰孬乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳賴 賵賷賯賱 賮賴賲賴貙 賵賴賵 賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 賮賷 爻賱賵賰 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賱賱賯賷丕賲 亘毓賲賱賺 賲丕 賷鬲賮賯 賲毓 賲丕 賳乇賷丿賴. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 賷賳鬲賯賱 丕賱丨丿賷孬 廿賱賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賱丿賵賱貙 賱賷賵囟丨 兀賳 亘賱丿賸丕 賲丕 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賯賵賷賸丕 匕丕 鬲兀孬賷乇賺 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 "賱兀賳 賴賳丕賰 亘賱丿丕賳丕 兀禺乇賶-賲毓噩亘丞 亘賲購孬購賱賴貙 賵鬲丨匕賵 丨匕賵賴貙 賵鬲鬲胤賱毓 廿賱賶 賲爻鬲賵丕賴 賲賳 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨-鬲乇賷丿 兀賳 鬲鬲亘毓賴" (氐24). 賵賴賰匕丕 賳賮賴賲 兀賳賾 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 鬲毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賯丿乇丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賮賷 氐賷丕睾丞 乇睾亘丕鬲 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 亘毓丿 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 亘賲孬丕亘丞 賯丿賵丞賺 賱賴賲 賷鬲亘賳賵賳 賯賽賷賻賲賴丕 賵兀爻賱賵亘 丨賷丕鬲賴丕. 賵賲賳 兀賴賲 賲夭丕賷丕 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 兀賳賴丕 鬲睾賳賷 毓賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 兀爻賱賵亘 丕賱毓氐丕 賵丕賱噩夭乇丞貙 賵賴賳丕賰 丿賵賱 賱丕 鬲賲鬲賱賰 賯賵丞 毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賵 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賰亘賷乇丞貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 亘爻亘亘 賲卮丕乇賰鬲賴丕 賮賷 賯囟丕賷丕 毓丕賱賲賷丞 噩丕匕亘丞 賲孬賱 賲丨丕丿孬丕鬲 丕賱爻賱丕賲 賵賲亘丕丿乇丕鬲 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵賲賰丕賮丨丞 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 賵丕賱兀賵亘卅丞. 賵賱賰賳 匕賱賰 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 亘丕賱胤亘毓 丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞.
兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賯丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱兀賰孬乇 廿賲鬲丕毓賸丕 丨賷孬 賷爻鬲毓乇囟 賮賷賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱毓賵丕賲賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賲氐丕丿乇 孬乇賷丞 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞. 賮賲孬賱丕 鬲丨鬲賵賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 毓賱賶 62% 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱毓賱丕賲丕鬲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵亘賴丕 28% 賲賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱丿丕乇爻賷賳 禺丕乇噩 亘賱丕丿賴賲貙 賵賴賷 兀賰孬乇 丿賵賱丞 鬲爻鬲賯胤亘 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 賵鬲賳卮乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賷丞 賵鬲賳鬲噩 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賰賵賳賴丕 兀賴賲 賲氐丿賾乇 賱賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳賷丞. 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賱丕 賷賯賮 賴賳丕 亘賱 賷匕賰乇 兀賷囟賸丕 丕賱毓賵丕賲賱 丕賱賲賳賮乇丞 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕貙 賵賷賵囟賾丨 兀賳 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱噩丕匕亘丞 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 廿賳鬲丕噩 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賲鬲丨賯賯丞貙 賱兀賳賴丕 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲鬲賳丕睾賲 賲毓 噩丕匕亘賷丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱亘賱丿貙 賮賲孬賱丕 乇睾賲 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 亘毓賱賵賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵鬲賯丕賳鬲賴丕 賵兀賮賱丕賲賴丕 賵賲賵爻賷賯丕賴丕 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 禺爻乇鬲 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 噩丕匕亘賷鬲賴丕 賮賷 丨乇亘 賮賷鬲賳丕賲 賵毓賳丿 睾夭賵 丕賱毓乇丕賯 毓丕賲 2003.
賵賲賳 兀賴賲 賲丕 鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丿賵乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱賳禺亘賵賷丞 賮賷 廿賳鬲丕噩 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賮毓乇囟 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賵賰賷賮 兀賳 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲 丕賱匕賷賳 夭丕乇賵丕 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賯丿 鬲兀孬乇賵丕 亘丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賵兀氐亘丨賵丕 賱丕丨賯賸丕 賳丕卮胤賷賳 賮賷 丨乇賰丕鬲 丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賮賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丿賵乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賲孬賱丞 賮賷 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱兀睾丕賳賷 賵丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 賵賲丕 廿賱賶 匕賱賰 賲賲丕 賷亘孬賾 丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 丨鬲賶 賵廿賳 亘丿鬲 爻胤丨賷丞 賲亘鬲匕賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳賳丕 兀亘丿賸丕 丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 賴賵賱賷賵賵丿 "賮丕賱氐賵乇 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 鬲賳賯賱 丕賱賯賷賲 亘氐賵乇丞 兀賯賵賶 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲貙 賵賴賵賱賷賵丿 賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲乇賵賾噩 賵賲氐丿賾乇 賱賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞" (氐82). 賵賷卮賷乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 兀賳賾 賴匕賴 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 鬲睾賱亘鬲 亘賯賷賲 丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱卮亘丕亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賾 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷貙 賵賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 亘夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賯亘賱 爻賯賵胤賴. 賵賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳 賷匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲孬丕賱丕 廿丨丿賶 丕賱賲購毓丕乇賽囟丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丿賳丿賳 亘兀睾丕賳賷 (亘賵亘 丿賷賱丕賳) 賮賷 乇兀爻賴丕 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲購噩亘乇 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕毓 廿賱賶 丕賱禺胤亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞貙 賵賰匕賱賰 兀賮賱丕賲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 丕賱賲賴乇亘丞 丕賱鬲賷 丿睾丿睾鬲 乇睾亘丞 丕賱卮亘丕亘 丕賱氐賷賳賷 賮賷 廿丨丿丕孬 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷. 賵鬲噩丿乇 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 兀賳賾 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱丕 賷毓賳賷 丕賱乇睾亘丞 賮賷 鬲賯賱賷丿 兀賲賷乇賰丕貙 賮賴賳丕賰 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 爻賱亘賷丞 賰孬賷乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賯賷賲 禺丕氐丞 賱丿賶 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賴鬲賲 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀爻乇賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞.
賵賱賰賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱乇丕卅丿丞 賮賷 賰賱 賳賵毓賺 賲賳 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賷賵囟丨賴 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬 丨賷賳 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賲孬賱 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賱賴 鬲兀孬賷乇 賰亘賷乇 鬲賯賵賾賷賴 丕賱兀丨夭丕亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 賮賷 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賰丕賳 賷賳賮賯 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賱賳卮乇 孬賯丕賮鬲賴 賵賮賳賵賳賴 賵賷卮丕乇賰 賮賷 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱噩匕丕亘丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 鬲賯丿賲賴 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱賰亘賷乇. 兀賲丕 丕賱賲賳丕賮爻 丕賱丨丕賱賷 丕賱兀賯賵賶 賱兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮賴賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕貙 丨賷孬 丕賱賮賳賵賳 賵丕賱丌丿丕亘 賵丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱兀胤毓賲丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘噩丕匕亘賷丞 毓丕賱賲賷丞 胤丕睾賷丞貙 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 兀賳 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 鬲丨鬲賱 丕賱賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱禺賲爻丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 毓丿丿 噩賵丕卅夭 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱兀丿亘貙 賵丕賱賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賮賷 賲亘賷毓丕鬲 丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賷丞 賵賳卮乇 丕賱賰鬲亘. 賴匕丕 賵鬲賳賮賯 噩賲賷毓 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 鬲賳賮賯賴 兀賲賷乇賰丕 毓賱賶 賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 賵丕賱丿亘賱賵賲丕爻賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 噩丕匕亘賷丞 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賰賵賳賴丕 鬲賲賷賱 賱賱爻賱賲 賵鬲丿丕賮毓 毓賳 賯囟丕賷丕 丨賯賵賯 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丨賮馗 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵睾賷乇 匕賱賰貙 賵賰賵賳賴丕 匕丕鬲 禺亘乇丞 兀賰亘乇 賵兀賮囟賱 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮賷 廿丿丕乇丞 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賲鬲毓丿丿丞 丕賱噩賳爻賷丕鬲. 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賳 丌爻賷丕 賵禺丕氐丞 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 丕賱鬲賷 賱賴丕 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 亘爻亘亘 賰賵賳賴丕 氐丕丨亘丞 兀賰孬乇 亘乇丕亍丕鬲 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵乇丕卅丿丞 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲鬲丨乇賰丞 賵兀賱毓丕亘 丕賱賮賷丿賷賵貙 賵丕丨鬲賱丕賱賴丕 丕賱賲乇賰夭 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賷 亘賷毓 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賶 賵氐丕丿乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賯丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賵丕爻鬲囟丕賮丞 丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱廿賱賰鬲乇賵賳賷丞貙 賲毓 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱亘丕賴乇 丕賱匕賷 賷賳鬲馗乇 丕賱氐賷賳 賵丕賱賴賳丿. 賵賷禺鬲鬲賲 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賴匕丕 丕賱賮氐賱 亘丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賲孬賱 丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 丕賱丨賯賵賯賷丞 賵丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 毓丕亘乇丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞貙 禺丕氐丞 賵兀賳賴丕 鬲爻鬲賮賷丿 丕賱丌賳 賲賳 丕賱孬賵乇丞 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賷丞 賵丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱丕鬲.
賵兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱乇丕亘毓 賮賯丿 乇賰賾夭 毓賱賶 廿鬲賯丕賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賰賲丕 賮毓賱鬲 賮乇賳爻丕 丨賷賳 賳卮乇鬲 賱睾鬲賴丕 賵丌丿丕亘賴丕 賮賷 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇. 賵賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賴丕賲丞 賵丕賱賲孬賷乇丞 賲賰鬲亘 丕賱禺丿賲丕鬲 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賷毓賲賱 毓賱賶 "賳卮乇 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱賲囟賱賱丞...[賵] 鬲卮賰賷賱 賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 賱鬲氐亘丨 兀丿賵丕鬲 丿毓丕賷丞 賮丕毓賱丞貙 賵丕賯鬲乇丕丨 廿囟丕賮丞 兀卮賷丕亍 兀賵 丨匕賮 兀卮賷丕亍貙 賵丨乇賲丕賳 兀賮賱丕賲 兀禺乇賶 賲賳 丕賱乇禺氐丞" (氐153). 孬賲 鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賳 鬲乇丕噩毓 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷 亘丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲毓 賲乇賵乇 丕賱爻賳賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 噩丕亍鬲 兀丨丿丕孬 11 爻亘鬲賲亘乇 丨賷賳 亘丿兀 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰丕賳 亘賲乇丕噩毓丞 兀賳賮爻賴賲. 賵賷賳氐丨 丕賱賲丐賱賮 亘兀賳 鬲賴鬲賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 亘賳卮乇 氐賵乇丞 丨爻賳丞 毓賳 賳賮爻賴丕 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵毓丿賲 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 毓賱賶 兀氐丿賯丕卅賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丨賰賾丕賲貙 賮睾丕賱亘賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱丌賳 鬲賳鬲賴噩 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵賱丿賷賴丕 亘乇賱賲丕賳丕鬲 賵噩賲丕賴賷乇 鬲丐孬乇 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞. 賵賱毓賱丕噩 匕賱賰 賷賯鬲乇丨 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 孬賱丕孬丞 兀亘毓丕丿 賱賱丿亘賱賵賲丕爻賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵賴賷 (1)丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱丕鬲 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞貙 兀賷 鬲賵囟賷丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賲丨賱賷丞 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 毓亘乇 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲貙 (2) 丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷貙 兀賷 丕賱丨賲賱丕鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 丕賱賲乇賰夭丞貙 (3) 丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 丕賱丿丕卅賲丞 賲毓 丕賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲貙 賵匕賱賰 毓亘乇 丕賱賲賳丨 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丿乇賷亘 賵丕賱賲丐鬲賲乇丕鬲貙 毓賱賶 兀賳 鬲鬲賲丕卮賶 賴匕賴 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 賲毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱亘賱丿 賱夭乇毓 氐賵乇丞 廿賷噩丕亘賷丞. 賵賷禺氐氐 丕賱賲丐賱賮 噩夭亍賸丕 賱賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵氐毓賵亘丞 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷賴 賱兀爻亘丕亘 毓丿賷丿丞 賲賳賴丕 丕賱賮賵丕乇賯 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱賰亘賷乇丞 亘賷賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵賳夭毓丞 丕賱毓丿丕亍 賱兀賲賷乇賰丕. 乇睾賲 匕賱賰 賮賴賳丕賰 噩賵丕賳亘 賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賷丨亘賴丕 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 鬲購毓丿賾 兀爻丕爻賸丕 噩賷丿賸丕 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 廿賱丕 兀賳賾 兀賲賷乇賰丕 兀孬亘鬲鬲 賮卮賱賴丕 賮賷 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賮乇氐. 賱匕賱賰 賮賯丿 賵囟毓鬲 賱噩賳丞 丕爻鬲卮丕乇賷丞 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲賵噩賷賴丕鬲 賱夭賷丕丿丞 賯賵丞 兀賲賷乇賰丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賲孬賱 廿賳卮丕亍 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丕鬲 賵鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賲賳丨 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱夭賷丕乇丕鬲 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞貙 賵賷卮丿賾丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 匕賱賰 亘賯賵賱賴 廿賳 "兀賴賲 卮賷亍 賴賵 鬲胤賵賷乇 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 亘毓賷丿丞 丕賱兀賲丿 賱賱賲亘丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳賲賷 賲噩鬲賲毓賸丕 賲丿賳賷賸丕 兀睾賳賶 賵兀禺氐亘 賵兀賰孬乇 丕賳賮鬲丕丨丕 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤. 廿賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賳丕胤賯賷賳 亘丕爻賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賮丕毓賱賷丞 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賸丕 賱賷爻賵丕 賴賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷賷賳貙 亘賱 賵賰賱丕丐賴賲 丕賱賲丨賱賷賵賳 賲賳 兀賴賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賷賮賴賲賵賳 賮囟丕卅賱 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賵毓賷賵亘賴丕 賰匕賱賰" (氐181).
賵兀賲丕 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賲禺氐氐 賱賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賵丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賯丿 亘賷賾賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賰賷賮 兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 "丕賱賲賰乇賵賴丞" 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 丕賳丨丿丕乇 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵鬲賳丕賯氐 兀孬乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 鬲夭丕賷丿 丕賱廿賯亘丕賱 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賵丕賱賮丕毓賱賷賳 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳貙 賲孬賱 鬲賳馗賷賲 丕賱賯丕毓丿丞 丕賱匕賷 夭丕丿鬲 賯賵鬲賴 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 廿孬乇 賲毓丕丿丕丞 兀賲賷乇賰丕. 賵賷丨匕乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賲賳 鬲噩丕賴賱 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵賷爻鬲賳賰乇 兀賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕 鬲賳賮賯 毓賱賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘17 囟毓賮賸丕. 賷賳丕賯卮 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 亘賴丕 賲毓 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賯丿賲賸丕 賳氐丕卅丨 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱鬲賷 賵氐賱鬲 賱賴丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷丞.
賴賵 賰鬲丕亘賹 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 賲丐禺乇賸丕貙 賲賰鬲賵亘 亘兀爻賱賵亘 爻賴賱 賲賲鬲毓 賵賲丿毓賾賲 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩毓賱賰 鬲賮賴賲 丕賱兀孬乇 丕賱匕賷 鬲鬲乇賰賴 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞.
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May 20, 2020丕賱丨乇賵亘 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賱賲 鬲毓丿 丨乇賵亘 丕爻賱丨丞 丕氐亘丨鬲 丨乇亘 亘乇賲噩丞 毓賯賵賱 丨乇亘 賮賰乇賷丞 賵丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賵賴賷 丨乇賵亘 丕賰孬乇 鬲丨囟乇 賲賳 丨乇賵亘 丕賱丕爻賱丨丞
丕匕丕 賵氐賱鬲賰 賳賲賷賲丞 毓賳賰 賷噩亘 丕賳 鬲毓賷丿 亘乇賲噩丞 毓賯賵賱 賲賳 鬲賲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷賲 賱賴賲 賮賷賰 賴賰匕丕 鬲賱睾賷 鬲丕孬賷乇 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賵鬲夭乇毓 亘乇賲噩丞 噩丿賷丿丞 . 丕賱賱毓亘丞 亘丕賰賲賱賴丕 賯丕卅賲丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賳賲賷賲丞 丨鬲賶 丕賳 丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱賲賰亘乇丞 賱賱賳賲賷賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賱毓亘丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賴賷 丕賱氐丨丕賮丞 賵锟斤拷賱丕毓賱丕賲
丕賱賰賱賲丞 丕禺胤乇 賲賳 丕賱爻賱丕丨 亘丕賱賰賱賲丞 鬲睾夭賵 丕賱毓賯賵賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷氐毓亘 睾夭賵賴丕 亘丕賱爻賱丕丨
丕匕丕 賵氐賱鬲賰 賳賲賷賲丞 毓賳賰 賷噩亘 丕賳 鬲毓賷丿 亘乇賲噩丞 毓賯賵賱 賲賳 鬲賲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷賲 賱賴賲 賮賷賰 賴賰匕丕 鬲賱睾賷 鬲丕孬賷乇 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賵鬲夭乇毓 亘乇賲噩丞 噩丿賷丿丞 . 丕賱賱毓亘丞 亘丕賰賲賱賴丕 賯丕卅賲丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賳賲賷賲丞 丨鬲賶 丕賳 丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱賲賰亘乇丞 賱賱賳賲賷賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賱毓亘丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賴賷 丕賱氐丨丕賮丞 賵锟斤拷賱丕毓賱丕賲
丕賱賰賱賲丞 丕禺胤乇 賲賳 丕賱爻賱丕丨 亘丕賱賰賱賲丞 鬲睾夭賵 丕賱毓賯賵賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷氐毓亘 睾夭賵賴丕 亘丕賱爻賱丕丨
December 28, 2015
Soft Power, ya I get it. Good concept. You don't need to write a whole book about it though. A journal entry will do.
May 3, 2025
丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賴賷 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 賮賷 丕賱睾賷乇 賲賳 睾賷乇 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞. 賮賴賷 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱 賱賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞: 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞貙 丕賱毓氐丕 賵丕賱噩夭乇丞 賰賲丕 賷毓亘乇 毓賳賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘. 賵賴賵 丕賱匕賷 氐賰 賴匕丕 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨.
鬲乇鬲賰夭 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱亘賱丿 賲丕 毓賱賶 孬賱丕孬丞 賲賵丕乇丿貙 賴賷:
孬賯丕賮鬲賴( 賮賷 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賰賵賳 賮賷賴丕 噩匕丕亘丞 賱賱丌禺乇賷賳)
賵賯賷賲賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷胤亘賯賴丕 亘廿禺賱丕氐 賮賷 丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩)
賵爻賷丕爻鬲賴 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丕賴丕 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵匕丕鬲 爻賱胤丞 賲毓賳賵賷丞 賵兀禺賱丕賯賷丞)
賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賷賳丕賯卮 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷乇貙 丕賱賲爻丕毓丿 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賱賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷貙 賲丿賶 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 爻賷丕爻丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞貨 賮賴賵 賷乇賶 兀賳賴丕 賱賲 鬲毓胤 丨賯賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 亘毓丿貙 亘丕賱匕丕鬲 亘毓丿 丨乇亘 丕賱毓乇丕賯.
廿匕 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 賱丿賷賰 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞貙爻賲毓丞 胤賷亘丞貙 賷賲賰賳賰 鬲賵賮賷乇 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵丕賱噩賴丿 賵丕賱賲丕賱 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 賲丌乇亘賰
賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賵丨丿賴丕 賲賳 賱賴丕 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 氐丕毓丿丞貙 賵賱賷爻鬲 丕賱丿賵賱 賮賯胤貙 亘賱 賴賳丕賰 丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞貙 賰丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 賲孬賱丕.
賵賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 兀賲囟賶 賲賳 丕賱爻賷賮貙 賷賲賰賳賰 兀賳 鬲鬲賱丕毓亘 亘賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 賰丕賲賱丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賰賱賲丕鬲 賷賰鬲亘賴丕 賲噩賴賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳鬲乇賳鬲貙 兀賱賷爻 賰匕賱賰責
賱匕丕 賷賳鬲賯丿 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘卮丿丞 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 丕賱禺乇賯丕亍 賮賷 丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵賮賷 睾賷乇 賲賵丕賯賮貙 賱兀賳賴丕 禺爻乇鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 亘丕賱賮毓賱
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賲乇賷賰賷 氐乇賮貙 賲賵噩賴 賱賱丕賲乇賷賰賷賷賳貙 賲賴鬲賲 亘賴賲.
賷噩亘 兀賳 賳賮毓賱 賰匕丕 賱賳亘賯賷 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丕賱氐丿丕乇丞貙 賴匕丕 爻賷囟乇 兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵兀賲乇賷賰丕 ..
賱賯丿 丕爻鬲賳鬲噩鬲 兀賳 丕賱鬲毓賲賯 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞貙 賵禺氐賵氐丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞貙 睾賷乇 氐丨賷
賮賴賵 賷匕賴亘 亘廿賳爻丕賳賷鬲賰貙 丨亘賰 丕賱禺賷乇 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳貙 賱兀賳賰 爻鬲馗賱 丿丕卅賲丕 賲賮囟賱丕 噩賲丕毓丞 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 囟賲賳 丨丿賵丿 賲毓賷賳丞貙 毓賱賶 睾賷乇賴賲
賵亘匕丕 賷鬲賵賱丿 賳賵毓 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丕賳賷丞
賵爻毓賷 賱賱鬲賮賵賯 毓賱賶 丨爻丕亘 丕賱睾賷乇
賷匕賴亘 亘丕賱賵丨丿丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞
鬲丨鬲丕噩 亘毓丿賴丕 賱卮賷亍 賲賳 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賱賰
丨鬲賶 鬲丿乇賰 賲賳 噩丿賷丿 兀賳 賲氐賷乇賳丕 賵丕丨丿
鬲乇鬲賰夭 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱亘賱丿 賲丕 毓賱賶 孬賱丕孬丞 賲賵丕乇丿貙 賴賷:
孬賯丕賮鬲賴( 賮賷 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賰賵賳 賮賷賴丕 噩匕丕亘丞 賱賱丌禺乇賷賳)
賵賯賷賲賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷胤亘賯賴丕 亘廿禺賱丕氐 賮賷 丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩)
賵爻賷丕爻鬲賴 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丕賴丕 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵匕丕鬲 爻賱胤丞 賲毓賳賵賷丞 賵兀禺賱丕賯賷丞)
賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賷賳丕賯卮 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷乇貙 丕賱賲爻丕毓丿 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賱賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷貙 賲丿賶 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 爻賷丕爻丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞貨 賮賴賵 賷乇賶 兀賳賴丕 賱賲 鬲毓胤 丨賯賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 亘毓丿貙 亘丕賱匕丕鬲 亘毓丿 丨乇亘 丕賱毓乇丕賯.
廿匕 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 賱丿賷賰 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞貙爻賲毓丞 胤賷亘丞貙 賷賲賰賳賰 鬲賵賮賷乇 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵丕賱噩賴丿 賵丕賱賲丕賱 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 賲丌乇亘賰
賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賵丨丿賴丕 賲賳 賱賴丕 賯賵丞 賳丕毓賲丞 氐丕毓丿丞貙 賵賱賷爻鬲 丕賱丿賵賱 賮賯胤貙 亘賱 賴賳丕賰 丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞貙 賰丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 賲孬賱丕.
賵賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 兀賲囟賶 賲賳 丕賱爻賷賮貙 賷賲賰賳賰 兀賳 鬲鬲賱丕毓亘 亘賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 賰丕賲賱丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賰賱賲丕鬲 賷賰鬲亘賴丕 賲噩賴賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳鬲乇賳鬲貙 兀賱賷爻 賰匕賱賰責
賱匕丕 賷賳鬲賯丿 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘卮丿丞 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 丕賱禺乇賯丕亍 賮賷 丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵賮賷 睾賷乇 賲賵丕賯賮貙 賱兀賳賴丕 禺爻乇鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 亘丕賱賮毓賱
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賲乇賷賰賷 氐乇賮貙 賲賵噩賴 賱賱丕賲乇賷賰賷賷賳貙 賲賴鬲賲 亘賴賲.
賷噩亘 兀賳 賳賮毓賱 賰匕丕 賱賳亘賯賷 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丕賱氐丿丕乇丞貙 賴匕丕 爻賷囟乇 兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵兀賲乇賷賰丕 ..
賱賯丿 丕爻鬲賳鬲噩鬲 兀賳 丕賱鬲毓賲賯 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞貙 賵禺氐賵氐丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞貙 睾賷乇 氐丨賷
賮賴賵 賷匕賴亘 亘廿賳爻丕賳賷鬲賰貙 丨亘賰 丕賱禺賷乇 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳貙 賱兀賳賰 爻鬲馗賱 丿丕卅賲丕 賲賮囟賱丕 噩賲丕毓丞 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 囟賲賳 丨丿賵丿 賲毓賷賳丞貙 毓賱賶 睾賷乇賴賲
賵亘匕丕 賷鬲賵賱丿 賳賵毓 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丕賳賷丞
賵爻毓賷 賱賱鬲賮賵賯 毓賱賶 丨爻丕亘 丕賱睾賷乇
賷匕賴亘 亘丕賱賵丨丿丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞
鬲丨鬲丕噩 亘毓丿賴丕 賱卮賷亍 賲賳 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賱賰
丨鬲賶 鬲丿乇賰 賲賳 噩丿賷丿 兀賳 賲氐賷乇賳丕 賵丕丨丿
September 28, 2015
Many of the comments here question the necessity of dedicating a whole book on "soft power." I agree with this, Except that I think, this is not necessarily because soft power is a trivial issue -it most certainly is not.
Why then, so much discomfort expressed by so many readers? Firstly because, even if you are a really hard-boiled "realistissimo," the importance of soft power goes without mentioning. It is almost taken for granted, and Nye Jr, the IR genius as he is, commits one of the rather greater sins that readers find hard to tolerate: redundancy. He seemingly repeats and repeats his points to the degree that they almost lose their meaning. And no one has the patience, especially when there are so many books awaiting on the shelf to be read.
But a second why: Why then, Nye, one of the living legends of the IR literature, having all the access to the journals and reviews of the area, preferred writing this book, a tedious task one imagines, instead of an article on the topic? I think there are three main reasons to this: first he, rightfully, wants to take credit of the fact that he is the one who has coined the term "soft power," especially after the widespread acceptance the term has received. By writing a book that addresses more to the general public than to the more obscure academia, he claims his right on the word. The redundancy and dullness of the book seem to be an acceptable price for that. After all, not many, even amongst the professionals of the area, do not read, the forefathers of the discipline, say Morgenthau (They are more likely to read people who read and wrote about these forefathers.) Then again, Morgenthau and his likes are known to be among the founding fathers of realism, if not international relations as a disipline. Similarly, even though this book is not likely to become a veritable reference for most, it successfully guarantees that Nye will be remembered as the guy who invented the term. Secondly, despite its spreading use, Nye is aware of the fact that the term is being taken out of context, and most of the time employed wrongly, especially by politicians. So he tries to avoid misunderstandings as far as the meaning of the term is concerned. And thus, he is entitled more than anyone else to draw the clear line between what he intended the term would refer to and what people perceive it to mean. Third, his choice of style, that the book is reminiscent of a policy recommendation paper rather than an academic analysis is informative. What the author tries to do is to put out a manual. That is, the meaning of soft power once clarified, he proceeds to describe how to put it into use by policy-makers.
Power is one of the most important themes of international politics as a discipline. Almost all theories are identified, in some way or other, as to their approach to the issue of power. And for many scholars of the field, there are many aspects of power. For example, there is a general misconception, if not a sweeping assumption, with regards to realists: they are considered as dismissive of whatever they deem unrelated to power, and also picky as to the very definition of power itself, which means it is only "hard power" that interests them.
I tend to think that this is a false statement. Not only because there are no realists out there who are possessed by the pure credo, or the "id茅otype." Surely they are aware and appreciative of the value of other factors and other aspects of power. The realist can be, in that sense, likened to the physicist, who, by fear of not being able to reflect all the physical variables in his computations, take some and leave some. The decision of what to take and what to leave might indeed prove fateful in the end. But most of the times, it is more practical to eliminate the noise by leaving out certain factors, than overestimating their importance. It is the amount of noise that forces theorists to make the decision.
I am not sure, however, that "soft power" can be disregarded even by the purest realist without risking to challenge the premises she has set out on in the first place. Because the definition of power made by Nye in this book is compelling and conforms almost mot-脿-mot with its conventional definition by the realist clique (power means the ability to get the outcomes one wants.) Thereby, it is not so much academics as politicians he is addressing; especially the Bush Jr administration, who got it all wrong in everything they attempted. Hence the polite chiding, veiled condescension in the author's tone.
Well, thinking back now, apart from, and in addition to, an attempt by the author at patenting the term he invented, the book might be perceived also as a position paper by a prominent and responsible academic, an invitation to a saner, respectable foreign policy; an apology for the evaluation of next generations, that he didn't remain inert while all the craziness was unfolding, that he did take a side.
(And there are some useful lessons in the book for those foreign policy makers who are under the delusion that soap operas are great sources of soft power. Well guess what, they are not!)
Why then, so much discomfort expressed by so many readers? Firstly because, even if you are a really hard-boiled "realistissimo," the importance of soft power goes without mentioning. It is almost taken for granted, and Nye Jr, the IR genius as he is, commits one of the rather greater sins that readers find hard to tolerate: redundancy. He seemingly repeats and repeats his points to the degree that they almost lose their meaning. And no one has the patience, especially when there are so many books awaiting on the shelf to be read.
But a second why: Why then, Nye, one of the living legends of the IR literature, having all the access to the journals and reviews of the area, preferred writing this book, a tedious task one imagines, instead of an article on the topic? I think there are three main reasons to this: first he, rightfully, wants to take credit of the fact that he is the one who has coined the term "soft power," especially after the widespread acceptance the term has received. By writing a book that addresses more to the general public than to the more obscure academia, he claims his right on the word. The redundancy and dullness of the book seem to be an acceptable price for that. After all, not many, even amongst the professionals of the area, do not read, the forefathers of the discipline, say Morgenthau (They are more likely to read people who read and wrote about these forefathers.) Then again, Morgenthau and his likes are known to be among the founding fathers of realism, if not international relations as a disipline. Similarly, even though this book is not likely to become a veritable reference for most, it successfully guarantees that Nye will be remembered as the guy who invented the term. Secondly, despite its spreading use, Nye is aware of the fact that the term is being taken out of context, and most of the time employed wrongly, especially by politicians. So he tries to avoid misunderstandings as far as the meaning of the term is concerned. And thus, he is entitled more than anyone else to draw the clear line between what he intended the term would refer to and what people perceive it to mean. Third, his choice of style, that the book is reminiscent of a policy recommendation paper rather than an academic analysis is informative. What the author tries to do is to put out a manual. That is, the meaning of soft power once clarified, he proceeds to describe how to put it into use by policy-makers.
Power is one of the most important themes of international politics as a discipline. Almost all theories are identified, in some way or other, as to their approach to the issue of power. And for many scholars of the field, there are many aspects of power. For example, there is a general misconception, if not a sweeping assumption, with regards to realists: they are considered as dismissive of whatever they deem unrelated to power, and also picky as to the very definition of power itself, which means it is only "hard power" that interests them.
I tend to think that this is a false statement. Not only because there are no realists out there who are possessed by the pure credo, or the "id茅otype." Surely they are aware and appreciative of the value of other factors and other aspects of power. The realist can be, in that sense, likened to the physicist, who, by fear of not being able to reflect all the physical variables in his computations, take some and leave some. The decision of what to take and what to leave might indeed prove fateful in the end. But most of the times, it is more practical to eliminate the noise by leaving out certain factors, than overestimating their importance. It is the amount of noise that forces theorists to make the decision.
I am not sure, however, that "soft power" can be disregarded even by the purest realist without risking to challenge the premises she has set out on in the first place. Because the definition of power made by Nye in this book is compelling and conforms almost mot-脿-mot with its conventional definition by the realist clique (power means the ability to get the outcomes one wants.) Thereby, it is not so much academics as politicians he is addressing; especially the Bush Jr administration, who got it all wrong in everything they attempted. Hence the polite chiding, veiled condescension in the author's tone.
Well, thinking back now, apart from, and in addition to, an attempt by the author at patenting the term he invented, the book might be perceived also as a position paper by a prominent and responsible academic, an invitation to a saner, respectable foreign policy; an apology for the evaluation of next generations, that he didn't remain inert while all the craziness was unfolding, that he did take a side.
(And there are some useful lessons in the book for those foreign policy makers who are under the delusion that soap operas are great sources of soft power. Well guess what, they are not!)
September 13, 2019
"Power is like weather. Everyone depends on it and talks about it, but few understand it." Well, Joseph Nye does. In this book he talks about soft power: one of the most important and influential concepts in international relations theory in the last decades. He describes it clearly and illustrates it widely.
Overall, this is the best book on soft power available, written by the author of the concept himself. The only inevitable hiccup might be the parts where he gives advice to American foreign policy makers which - more than 15 years after the original publication date - might seem partly outdated. However, that does not diminish the value of the book in any way.
"Power is also like love, easier to experience than to define or measure, but no less real for that."
Overall, this is the best book on soft power available, written by the author of the concept himself. The only inevitable hiccup might be the parts where he gives advice to American foreign policy makers which - more than 15 years after the original publication date - might seem partly outdated. However, that does not diminish the value of the book in any way.
"Power is also like love, easier to experience than to define or measure, but no less real for that."
April 9, 2017
賷賰鬲爻亘 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賴賲賷鬲賴 兀賵賱丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賰丕鬲亘賴 賵賴賵 賲爻丐賵賱 賮賷 丕賱廿丿丕乇丞 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 賷賰鬲亘 賲賳 賲賳胤賱賯 丕賱丨乇氐 毓賱賶 賲氐賱丨丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 兀賵賱丕 賵兀禺賷乇丕貙 賵賴賵 賲賳 丕噩賱 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賲夭賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲賰丕爻亘 賱亘賱丿賴 氐丕乇 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丿毓賵 賱賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 亘賯賵丞 睾賷乇 賲賱賲賵爻丞 丕胤賱賯 毓賱賷賴丕 賲爻賲賶 "丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞" 賵賴賷 亘卮賰賱 賲禺鬲氐乇 鬲毓賳賷 "爻賲毓丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕" 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲噩鬲匕亘 丕賱賷賴丕 丕賱丕禺乇賷賳 賮鬲賰爻亘 賯賱賵亘賴賲 賵鬲氐賷乇 賵噩賴鬲賴賲 賵丕賲賱賴賲 賵賲孬賱賴賲 丕賱賲丨鬲匕賶 亘賴 兀賵 鬲賳賮乇賴賲 賲賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵鬲爻鬲毓丿賷賴賲 賵鬲噩毓賱賴賲 兀毓丿丕亍 賱賴丕..賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賴匕賴 丕賱賯賵丞 毓夭夭賴丕 賲丕 賷毓鬲賯丿賴 賲賳 丕賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賯丿 賮賯丿鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘毓丿 丨乇亘 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賳鬲賷噩丞 卮毓賵乇 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀禺乇賶 亘丕爻鬲賮乇丕丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕 亘賯乇丕乇 丕賱丨乇亘 孬賲 賲丕 賳鬲噩 毓賳賴 賲賳 丕爻鬲毓丿丕亍 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱毓乇亘 亘賱 丕賲鬲丿 匕賱賰 賱丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 亘丨爻亘 丕爻鬲胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賱賱乇兀賷 兀賵乇丿賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 ..
賮賷 丕毓鬲賯丕丿賷 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓丿 賲賯丿賲丞 噩賷丿丞 賱賲毓乇賮丞 賰賷賮賷丞 鬲賮賰賷乇 "亘毓囟" 丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 賵賰賷賮 鬲兀孬乇 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳賳丕 胤乇賯 鬲賮賰賷乇賴賲 賵毓賲賱賴賲 賲毓 囟乇賵乇丞 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱鬲氐丿賷 賱賲丕 賷兀鬲賷 亘毓丿 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱毓馗賲賶 賱賲丕 丕爻賲賵賴 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賳 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賱丕禺鬲乇丕賯 賯賷賲 賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲賳丕 賱鬲丨賵賷賱賴丕 賱賲噩乇丿 賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 賲賳亘賴乇賴 亘丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賵賲爻鬲賲賷鬲丞 賱鬲賰賵賳 賳爻禺丞 胤亘賯 丕賱兀氐賱 毓賳賴 賵乇亘賲丕 亘卮賰賱 禺丕賵 賷噩賱亘 賱賳丕 丕賱丿賲丕乇 賮賷 丨賷賳 賳賰賵賳 丨丕賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱鬲賯丿賲 毓賱賶 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 丕賲乇 賷爻賷乇 賮賷 丕鬲噩丕賴 賵丕丨丿 賲毓 賲氐丕賱丨 丿賵賱丞 毓馗賲賶 賰丕賲乇賷賰丕 賮丨賷賳 鬲鬲賲賰賳 賲賳丕 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 爻鬲鬲賲賰賳 賲賳丕 兀賲乇賷賰丕
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨賵賷 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 丨丕賵賱鬲 鬲賯乇賷亘 丕賱賮賰乇丞 賱賱匕賴賳 亘卮賰賱 匕賰賷 賵丨賷賵賷 賰賲丕 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕丨氐丕卅賷丕鬲 丕毓鬲賯丿 丕賳賴丕 賯乇賷亘丞 賲賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓
賲賳 丕賱噩賷丿 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘
賮賷 丕毓鬲賯丕丿賷 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓丿 賲賯丿賲丞 噩賷丿丞 賱賲毓乇賮丞 賰賷賮賷丞 鬲賮賰賷乇 "亘毓囟" 丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 賵賰賷賮 鬲兀孬乇 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳賳丕 胤乇賯 鬲賮賰賷乇賴賲 賵毓賲賱賴賲 賲毓 囟乇賵乇丞 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱鬲氐丿賷 賱賲丕 賷兀鬲賷 亘毓丿 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱毓馗賲賶 賱賲丕 丕爻賲賵賴 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賳 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賱丕禺鬲乇丕賯 賯賷賲 賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲賳丕 賱鬲丨賵賷賱賴丕 賱賲噩乇丿 賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 賲賳亘賴乇賴 亘丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賵賲爻鬲賲賷鬲丞 賱鬲賰賵賳 賳爻禺丞 胤亘賯 丕賱兀氐賱 毓賳賴 賵乇亘賲丕 亘卮賰賱 禺丕賵 賷噩賱亘 賱賳丕 丕賱丿賲丕乇 賮賷 丨賷賳 賳賰賵賳 丨丕賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱鬲賯丿賲 毓賱賶 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱丕賲乇賷賰賷丞 賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 丕賲乇 賷爻賷乇 賮賷 丕鬲噩丕賴 賵丕丨丿 賲毓 賲氐丕賱丨 丿賵賱丞 毓馗賲賶 賰丕賲乇賷賰丕 賮丨賷賳 鬲鬲賲賰賳 賲賳丕 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 爻鬲鬲賲賰賳 賲賳丕 兀賲乇賷賰丕
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨賵賷 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 丨丕賵賱鬲 鬲賯乇賷亘 丕賱賮賰乇丞 賱賱匕賴賳 亘卮賰賱 匕賰賷 賵丨賷賵賷 賰賲丕 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕丨氐丕卅賷丕鬲 丕毓鬲賯丿 丕賳賴丕 賯乇賷亘丞 賲賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓
賲賳 丕賱噩賷丿 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘
July 1, 2022
丕賱賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱睾丕賲囟 賱賲氐胤賱丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 兀孬丕乇 賮囟賵賱賷貙 孬賲 乇賮毓鬲 爻賯賮 鬲賵賯毓丕鬲賷 毓賳丿賲丕 毓賱賲鬲 亘兀賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 爻賷丕賷賷 兀賲乇賷賰賷 亘丕乇夭 卮睾賱 賲賳丕氐亘 賲賴賲丞
賵賱賰賳 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 禺賷亘 馗賳賷.
賵賲丕 兀爻賵兀 兀賳 賷禺賷亘 馗賳賰 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘!
賲丨鬲賵賶 囟毓賷賮 賱賲 賷丨賮夭 鬲賮賰賷乇賷 賵賱賲 賷孬乇 賮囟賵賱賷
賰賱 賲丕 賴賳丕賰 兀賳賷 毓乇賮鬲 賲毓賳賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 毓賱賷賴丕.
賵賱賰賳 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 禺賷亘 馗賳賷.
賵賲丕 兀爻賵兀 兀賳 賷禺賷亘 馗賳賰 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘!
賲丨鬲賵賶 囟毓賷賮 賱賲 賷丨賮夭 鬲賮賰賷乇賷 賵賱賲 賷孬乇 賮囟賵賱賷
賰賱 賲丕 賴賳丕賰 兀賳賷 毓乇賮鬲 賲毓賳賶 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 毓賱賷賴丕.
March 3, 2008
I'm not really sure this concept requires a whole book...
January 24, 2024
毓賲賱 賲丐賱賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 (丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞) 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷 賲爻丐賵賱丕 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞貙 賵鬲賳丕賵賱 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞.
賵賷賯氐丿 亘丕賱兀賵賱賶 丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 賵丕賱賮賳 賵丕賱鬲乇賮賷賴 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賮賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱乇兀賷 丕賱毓丕賲 賵廿睾乇丕亍 丕賱卮毓賵亘 賱賱禺囟賵毓 賱賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賲賳 丨賷孬 賱丕 賷卮毓乇賵賳.
丨賷孬 鬲鬲卮賰賱 賮賷 兀賳賮爻 丕賱賳丕爻 賰亘賷乇賴賲 賵氐睾賷乇賴賲貙 丕賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲 賵胤乇賯 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱賲鬲賵丕賮賯丞 賲毓 賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕爻鬲賴賱丕賰賴賲 丕賱賱丕賵丕毓賷 賱賰賱 賲丕 賷丨賲賱 丕賱亘氐賲丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 丕賵 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
賲孬丕賱 毓賱賶 匕賱賰 賲丕 賳毓丕賷卮賴 賲賳 廿睾乇丕賯 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 賵賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 亘丿毓賲 丕賱卮匕賵匕貙 兀賵 丕賱賳爻賵賷丞貙 兀賵 丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷丞貙 兀賵 丕賱廿爻乇丕賮貙 兀賵 丕賱鬲亘丕賴賷 亘丕賱賯卮賵乇. 賵賰賱 賲丕 賷丐丿賷 賱鬲禺賱禺賱 賯賷賲 丕賱兀爻乇丞 兀賵 賷丨賵賱 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 廿賱賶 賰丕卅賳 噩卮毓 賱丕 賷賴賲賴 爻賵賶 賲丕 賷兀賰賱 賵賷卮乇亘 賵賲丕 賷鬲爻賱賶 亘賴 賮賱丕 賷毓乇賮 氐丿賷賯賴 賲賳 毓丿賵賴.
賵賲賯丕亘賱 匕賱賰 賴賳丕賰 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 賵賴賷 丕賱噩賷賵卮 賵丕賱兀爻賱丨丞 賵丕賱賳賮賵匕 丕賱噩賷賵 爻賷丕爻賷 賵賴匕丕 賱丕 丿丕毓賷 賱鬲賵囟賷丨賴.
賷氐乇丨 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賵囟賵丨 兀賳 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲爻賷胤乇 毓賱賶 丕賱賳賵毓賷賳 賲賳 丕賱賯賵賶- 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 - 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 孬賱丕孬 兀丿賵丕鬲 賵賴賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱乇兀賷 丕賱毓丕賲 賵丕賱兀賮賰丕乇貙 賵丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 賵丕賱賴賷賲賳丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞.
賵賷賯氐丿 亘丕賱兀賵賱賶 丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 賵丕賱賮賳 賵丕賱鬲乇賮賷賴 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賮賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱乇兀賷 丕賱毓丕賲 賵廿睾乇丕亍 丕賱卮毓賵亘 賱賱禺囟賵毓 賱賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賲賳 丨賷孬 賱丕 賷卮毓乇賵賳.
丨賷孬 鬲鬲卮賰賱 賮賷 兀賳賮爻 丕賱賳丕爻 賰亘賷乇賴賲 賵氐睾賷乇賴賲貙 丕賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲 賵胤乇賯 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱賲鬲賵丕賮賯丞 賲毓 賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕爻鬲賴賱丕賰賴賲 丕賱賱丕賵丕毓賷 賱賰賱 賲丕 賷丨賲賱 丕賱亘氐賲丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 丕賵 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
賲孬丕賱 毓賱賶 匕賱賰 賲丕 賳毓丕賷卮賴 賲賳 廿睾乇丕賯 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 賵賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 亘丿毓賲 丕賱卮匕賵匕貙 兀賵 丕賱賳爻賵賷丞貙 兀賵 丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷丞貙 兀賵 丕賱廿爻乇丕賮貙 兀賵 丕賱鬲亘丕賴賷 亘丕賱賯卮賵乇. 賵賰賱 賲丕 賷丐丿賷 賱鬲禺賱禺賱 賯賷賲 丕賱兀爻乇丞 兀賵 賷丨賵賱 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 廿賱賶 賰丕卅賳 噩卮毓 賱丕 賷賴賲賴 爻賵賶 賲丕 賷兀賰賱 賵賷卮乇亘 賵賲丕 賷鬲爻賱賶 亘賴 賮賱丕 賷毓乇賮 氐丿賷賯賴 賲賳 毓丿賵賴.
賵賲賯丕亘賱 匕賱賰 賴賳丕賰 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 賵賴賷 丕賱噩賷賵卮 賵丕賱兀爻賱丨丞 賵丕賱賳賮賵匕 丕賱噩賷賵 爻賷丕爻賷 賵賴匕丕 賱丕 丿丕毓賷 賱鬲賵囟賷丨賴.
賷氐乇丨 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賵囟賵丨 兀賳 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲爻賷胤乇 毓賱賶 丕賱賳賵毓賷賳 賲賳 丕賱賯賵賶- 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 - 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 孬賱丕孬 兀丿賵丕鬲 賵賴賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱乇兀賷 丕賱毓丕賲 賵丕賱兀賮賰丕乇貙 賵丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 賵丕賱賴賷賲賳丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞.
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October 11, 2017With the information revolution and the globalization of the economy, politics becomes in part a competition for attractivness, legitimacy, and credibility. The way to these is a smart wielding of a country's soft power.
February 7, 2025
My first time referencing an index. Thank you Joseph S Nye
March 21, 2015
丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱賲賯氐賵丿丞 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賷 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 賵丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 亘兀卮賰丕賱賴丕 賵噩毓賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賷乇賷丿 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 亘丿賵賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷丞 兀賵 丕賱爻胤賵丞 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞. 賵丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲氐丿丕賯 賱賳馗乇賷丞 兀賳賳丕 賳丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 賵鬲丨爻賷賳 氐賵乇鬲賳丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 賱賱丕爻鬲賮丕丿丞 丕賱賯氐賵賶 賲賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 兀賴丿丕賮賳丕 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱 丕賱氐賴丕賷賳丞 賲賳 爻賳賷賳.
賵囟毓 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 賲賵丕噩賴丞 毓賵丕賲賱 賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳賴丕 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 賵丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲毓鬲賲丿丕 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賰賳賲賵匕噩貙 賰鬲丕亘 賲賮賷丿 賵孬乇賷 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賵丕賱賯氐氐 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬貙 賱賰賳 賷賲賰賳 丕禺鬲氐丕乇賴 賮賷 兀賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 鬲丨爻賷賳 丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱丨囟丕乇賷丞 賱兀賷 丿賵賱丞 賷囟毓賴丕 賮賷 賲賯丿賲丞 丕賱丿賵賱 賰賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丿亘賷 賲孬賱丕 丕賱丌賳 賮賷 賳賲賵匕噩 賲氐睾乇.
賷胤乇丨 兀賷囟丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賰乇丞 丕賱乇賮囟 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賯賵丞 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賰賵賳賴丕 鬲兀鬲賷 賲賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵鬲丐孬乇 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱兀氐賷賱丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞. 兀賷囟丕 賷胤乇丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱賱丌禺乇 賵亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱兀賲乇賷賰丕 賷鬲賲孬賱 丕賱丌禺乇 賮賷 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賯賵賷丞 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵丌爻賷丕 賵亘丕賱胤亘毓 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷賷賳 (丕賱賲鬲卮丿丿賷賳). 丕賴鬲夭鬲 賲氐丿丕賯賷丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 賱丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 賲賲丕 兀孬乇 毓賱賶 毓賱丕賯丕鬲賴丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱丨賯亘丞 賵賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 賰賲丕 賳乇賶 鬲賳噩丨 賮賷 丕賱鬲囟賱賷賱 賵賱毓亘 丿賵乇 丕賱囟丨賷丞 賵丕賱亘胤賱 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲丨丕乇亘 (丕賱廿乇賴丕亘). 匕賰乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 兀賷囟丕 兀賳 賲賵賯賮 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丿賵賱 廿夭丕亍 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賲夭丿賵噩 (廿毓噩丕亘 亘丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賵賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 乇賮囟 賱賱丕賳丨賱丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱禺賱賯賷 丕賱匕賷 鬲賲孬賱賴) 賵丨賷孬 鬲賵噩丿 丕賱丕夭丿賵丕噩賷丞 賴賳丕賰 賲噩丕賱 賱賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 鬲丨爻賷賳 賳爻亘丞 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 丕賱廿賷噩丕亘賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賱亘賷丞 賲賲丕 賷毓賳賷 丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 亘卮賰賱 兀賰亘乇
兀毓噩亘賳賷 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 毓賱賯 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲乇丞 賮賷 丕賱賴丕賲卮 兀賵 賵爻胤 丕賱賰賱丕賲 毓賱賶 鬲丨丕賲賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇亘 賮賷賲丕 賷禺氐 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘貙 賱賰賳 丕賱兀賲乇 賱賲 賷鬲賰乇乇 賵賱丕 賲乇丞 亘禺氐賵氐 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘噩賲丕毓丕鬲賴賲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賲爻賱賲!
賲賳 丕賱胤乇丕卅賮 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 爻賷丕爻丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵賰賷賮 兀賳賴丕 鬲鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱胤丕睾賷丞 賰賲丕 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵廿賷乇丕賳 賰兀賳馗賲丞 賷噩亘 鬲睾賷賷乇賴丕 賱丕 丕賱鬲毓丕賷卮 賲毓賴丕貙 丕賱胤乇賷賮 兀賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 鬲毓鬲亘乇 賮毓賱丕 兀賳 賱賴丕 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 鬲賯賵賷賲 亘賯賷丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲!
賵囟毓 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 賲賵丕噩賴丞 毓賵丕賲賱 賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳賴丕 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 賵丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲毓鬲賲丿丕 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賰賳賲賵匕噩貙 賰鬲丕亘 賲賮賷丿 賵孬乇賷 亘丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賵丕賱賯氐氐 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬貙 賱賰賳 賷賲賰賳 丕禺鬲氐丕乇賴 賮賷 兀賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 鬲丨爻賷賳 丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱丨囟丕乇賷丞 賱兀賷 丿賵賱丞 賷囟毓賴丕 賮賷 賲賯丿賲丞 丕賱丿賵賱 賰賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丿亘賷 賲孬賱丕 丕賱丌賳 賮賷 賳賲賵匕噩 賲氐睾乇.
賷胤乇丨 兀賷囟丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賰乇丞 丕賱乇賮囟 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賯賵丞 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賰賵賳賴丕 鬲兀鬲賷 賲賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵鬲丐孬乇 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱兀氐賷賱丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞. 兀賷囟丕 賷胤乇丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱賱丌禺乇 賵亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱兀賲乇賷賰丕 賷鬲賲孬賱 丕賱丌禺乇 賮賷 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賯賵賷丞 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵丌爻賷丕 賵亘丕賱胤亘毓 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷賷賳 (丕賱賲鬲卮丿丿賷賳). 丕賴鬲夭鬲 賲氐丿丕賯賷丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賮賷 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 賱丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 賲賲丕 兀孬乇 毓賱賶 毓賱丕賯丕鬲賴丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱丨賯亘丞 賵賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 賰賲丕 賳乇賶 鬲賳噩丨 賮賷 丕賱鬲囟賱賷賱 賵賱毓亘 丿賵乇 丕賱囟丨賷丞 賵丕賱亘胤賱 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲丨丕乇亘 (丕賱廿乇賴丕亘). 匕賰乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 兀賷囟丕 兀賳 賲賵賯賮 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丿賵賱 廿夭丕亍 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賲夭丿賵噩 (廿毓噩丕亘 亘丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賵賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 乇賮囟 賱賱丕賳丨賱丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱禺賱賯賷 丕賱匕賷 鬲賲孬賱賴) 賵丨賷孬 鬲賵噩丿 丕賱丕夭丿賵丕噩賷丞 賴賳丕賰 賲噩丕賱 賱賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 鬲丨爻賷賳 賳爻亘丞 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 丕賱廿賷噩丕亘賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賱亘賷丞 賲賲丕 賷毓賳賷 丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 亘卮賰賱 兀賰亘乇
兀毓噩亘賳賷 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 毓賱賯 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲乇丞 賮賷 丕賱賴丕賲卮 兀賵 賵爻胤 丕賱賰賱丕賲 毓賱賶 鬲丨丕賲賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇亘 賮賷賲丕 賷禺氐 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘貙 賱賰賳 丕賱兀賲乇 賱賲 賷鬲賰乇乇 賵賱丕 賲乇丞 亘禺氐賵氐 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘噩賲丕毓丕鬲賴賲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賲爻賱賲!
賲賳 丕賱胤乇丕卅賮 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 爻賷丕爻丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵賰賷賮 兀賳賴丕 鬲鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱胤丕睾賷丞 賰賲丕 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵廿賷乇丕賳 賰兀賳馗賲丞 賷噩亘 鬲睾賷賷乇賴丕 賱丕 丕賱鬲毓丕賷卮 賲毓賴丕貙 丕賱胤乇賷賮 兀賳 兀賲乇賷賰丕 鬲毓鬲亘乇 賮毓賱丕 兀賳 賱賴丕 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 鬲賯賵賷賲 亘賯賷丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲!
August 18, 2024
"Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics" by Joseph S. Nye Jr. explores the concept of soft power as a vital tool in international relations. Unlike hard power, which relies on military might and economic coercion, soft power operates through attraction and persuasion, shaping the preferences and actions of others without force. Nye argues that in a rapidly evolving global landscape, where information flows freely and public opinion matters more than ever, soft power has become increasingly important for achieving political and diplomatic objectives.
Nye defines soft power as the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction, rather than coercion. This can be achieved through cultural influence, political values, and foreign policies that are seen as legitimate and morally authoritative. He contrasts this with hard power, which involves using force or inducements to achieve the desired outcomes. Nye emphasizes that the most effective strategies in international relations often involve a combination of both hard and soft power, a concept he refers to as "smart power."
Historically, the United States has wielded significant soft power, particularly in the aftermath of World War II. The Marshall Plan is highlighted as a prime example of successful soft power, where the U.S. invested in the reconstruction of Europe, fostering goodwill and solidifying alliances without resorting to coercion. Similarly, during the Cold War, American culture, exemplified by Hollywood, pop music, and consumer products, played a crucial role in promoting the values of democracy and freedom, subtly influencing societies behind the Iron Curtain.
However, the book also acknowledges the challenges and limitations of soft power. Nye discusses how anti-American sentiment has fluctuated over the years, often exacerbated by U.S. foreign policy decisions that are perceived as arrogant or unilateral. The Iraq War in 2003 is cited as a major turning point where America's reliance on hard power led to a significant decline in global opinion, even among its allies. This underscores the importance of balancing military might with the cultivation of positive, cooperative relationships through soft power.
Nye also explores how other nations have utilized soft power, offering a comparative analysis of global strategies. The Soviet Union, despite its initial success in projecting soft power through its ideological appeal and cultural exports, ultimately failed to sustain it due to its closed political system and aggressive foreign policies. In contrast, European countries, particularly Norway, have effectively used soft power through diplomacy, cultural influence, and their commitment to global issues like human rights and environmental protection.
The book delves into the role of public diplomacy as a crucial aspect of soft power, emphasizing the need for governments to engage not just with other states but also with global audiences. Nye outlines three dimensions of public diplomacy: daily communication, strategic communication, and long-term relationship building. He argues that while market forces and cultural exports play a role in soft power, a more deliberate and coordinated approach is necessary to effectively manage a nation's image and influence abroad.
In the context of the post-9/11 world, Nye stresses the importance of enhancing America's soft power to combat terrorism and address global challenges. He critiques the U.S. for underinvesting in public diplomacy and calls for a more comprehensive strategy that includes increasing educational exchanges, rethinking visa policies, and encouraging cross-cultural interactions. Nye believes that these efforts are essential for restoring America's credibility and building the international cooperation needed to address complex global issues.
The book concludes with a call for the U.S. to adopt "smart power," a balanced approach that combines the strengths of both hard and soft power. Nye argues that in a world where information is abundant and global public opinion can shape the course of international relations, the ability to attract and persuade is more important than ever. By effectively leveraging its cultural, political, and diplomatic assets, the U.S. can maintain its leadership role and navigate the challenges of the 21st century.
"Soft Power" is a seminal work that offers valuable insights into the dynamics of international politics. Nye's analysis underscores the significance of soft power in achieving long-term success on the global stage, highlighting the need for a nuanced and strategic approach to foreign policy. As the world becomes more interconnected and the influence of non-state actors grows, the ability to wield soft power will be crucial for any nation seeking to achieve its objectives in a peaceful and sustainable manner.
Nye defines soft power as the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal and attraction, rather than coercion. This can be achieved through cultural influence, political values, and foreign policies that are seen as legitimate and morally authoritative. He contrasts this with hard power, which involves using force or inducements to achieve the desired outcomes. Nye emphasizes that the most effective strategies in international relations often involve a combination of both hard and soft power, a concept he refers to as "smart power."
Historically, the United States has wielded significant soft power, particularly in the aftermath of World War II. The Marshall Plan is highlighted as a prime example of successful soft power, where the U.S. invested in the reconstruction of Europe, fostering goodwill and solidifying alliances without resorting to coercion. Similarly, during the Cold War, American culture, exemplified by Hollywood, pop music, and consumer products, played a crucial role in promoting the values of democracy and freedom, subtly influencing societies behind the Iron Curtain.
However, the book also acknowledges the challenges and limitations of soft power. Nye discusses how anti-American sentiment has fluctuated over the years, often exacerbated by U.S. foreign policy decisions that are perceived as arrogant or unilateral. The Iraq War in 2003 is cited as a major turning point where America's reliance on hard power led to a significant decline in global opinion, even among its allies. This underscores the importance of balancing military might with the cultivation of positive, cooperative relationships through soft power.
Nye also explores how other nations have utilized soft power, offering a comparative analysis of global strategies. The Soviet Union, despite its initial success in projecting soft power through its ideological appeal and cultural exports, ultimately failed to sustain it due to its closed political system and aggressive foreign policies. In contrast, European countries, particularly Norway, have effectively used soft power through diplomacy, cultural influence, and their commitment to global issues like human rights and environmental protection.
The book delves into the role of public diplomacy as a crucial aspect of soft power, emphasizing the need for governments to engage not just with other states but also with global audiences. Nye outlines three dimensions of public diplomacy: daily communication, strategic communication, and long-term relationship building. He argues that while market forces and cultural exports play a role in soft power, a more deliberate and coordinated approach is necessary to effectively manage a nation's image and influence abroad.
In the context of the post-9/11 world, Nye stresses the importance of enhancing America's soft power to combat terrorism and address global challenges. He critiques the U.S. for underinvesting in public diplomacy and calls for a more comprehensive strategy that includes increasing educational exchanges, rethinking visa policies, and encouraging cross-cultural interactions. Nye believes that these efforts are essential for restoring America's credibility and building the international cooperation needed to address complex global issues.
The book concludes with a call for the U.S. to adopt "smart power," a balanced approach that combines the strengths of both hard and soft power. Nye argues that in a world where information is abundant and global public opinion can shape the course of international relations, the ability to attract and persuade is more important than ever. By effectively leveraging its cultural, political, and diplomatic assets, the U.S. can maintain its leadership role and navigate the challenges of the 21st century.
"Soft Power" is a seminal work that offers valuable insights into the dynamics of international politics. Nye's analysis underscores the significance of soft power in achieving long-term success on the global stage, highlighting the need for a nuanced and strategic approach to foreign policy. As the world becomes more interconnected and the influence of non-state actors grows, the ability to wield soft power will be crucial for any nation seeking to achieve its objectives in a peaceful and sustainable manner.
May 7, 2025
The soft power is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country鈥檚 culture, political ideals, and policies.
Joseph Samuel Nye (1937-) is an analyst in international relations. He has bachelor鈥檚 degree is in philosophy an economics from the university of Oxford, a PhD from Harvard where he was a dean and now teaches. He founded the Neoliberal Institute. He was Deputy Secretary of State under Carter, Deputy Secretary of Defense under Clinton.
He was designated one of the most influential scholar in international relations by the 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked and by Foreign Policy magazine (2014). He published around 20 books, he invented the concept of 芦 hard 禄 and 芦 soft 禄 power. Hard power is the traditional way to influence others, politics, military and economics, soft power is cultural.
The book is condensed, 208 pages divided in 5 chapters. His main idea is that the United States are shifting from an hegemon to a leadership position, but it needs the soft power to maintain this status in a global and multilateral world.
The decline of powers was always a subject intriguing authors since antiquity, for instance Thucydide, Polybe, Ibn Khaldoun, Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, Paul Kennedy, Allison Graham, Peter Turchin, wrote about it. The Nye's specificity is that he pointed out the tridimensionality of the power. It is very common to acknowledge that power, which is the ability to obtain something, an object, an action, a result from others, by military and economic means, but the cultural aspect is also a tool. More subtle to identify, necessitating time to be diffused and more difficult to measure the results, it is nonetheless an important part of power which is very often neglected by politicians who seek very often results in the short term. It is easier to obtain something you didn't even ask, because they are influenced, than by a coercitive way. This book points out how the United States, the first nation in the history of the world to reach such soft power, it should adapt to the reality of contemporary world to keep a privileged position.
Very easy to read, well written, well built with many references, this book is what we can call a state of the art or the quintessence of research and knowledge. Nevertheless, my critic is not on the form of the book, but on the definition of culture which is the core of the soft power. Nye criticize the reduction of culture to Hollywood and Macdonalds, and he is correct. He emphasizes more on elite culture such as university research and exchange, diplomatic influence and reputation. Both need to be addressed, but popular culture, which is consumed by masses, especially in this dopamine period of internet access, social media and influencers, is in my humble opinion even more important. When Kim Kardashian who has Armenian roots, followed by 357 million people on Instagram, pleads for Armenia in the conflict with Azerbaijan to the President of the United States, popular culture has an impact. When the player Dennis Rodman is watching playing the Harlem Globe Trotters with the North Korean ruler Kim Jong Un, a huge basketball fan, drinking Coca-Cola and declaring 鈥淵ou have a friend for life鈥�, I do thing popular culture is very important. More people know Nike than Harvard, more people know Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga or Beyonc茅 than the Vice-President of the United States J.D. Vance or the Secretary of State Marco Rubio.
Don鈥檛 get me wrong, this is an excellent book which should be read by every person interested in international relations or geopolitics, especially by Donald and his administration, who are doing exactly the opposite of building soft power.
Quote : Winning the peace is harder than winning a war, and soft power is essential to winning the peace.
Joseph Samuel Nye (1937-) is an analyst in international relations. He has bachelor鈥檚 degree is in philosophy an economics from the university of Oxford, a PhD from Harvard where he was a dean and now teaches. He founded the Neoliberal Institute. He was Deputy Secretary of State under Carter, Deputy Secretary of Defense under Clinton.
He was designated one of the most influential scholar in international relations by the 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked and by Foreign Policy magazine (2014). He published around 20 books, he invented the concept of 芦 hard 禄 and 芦 soft 禄 power. Hard power is the traditional way to influence others, politics, military and economics, soft power is cultural.
The book is condensed, 208 pages divided in 5 chapters. His main idea is that the United States are shifting from an hegemon to a leadership position, but it needs the soft power to maintain this status in a global and multilateral world.
The decline of powers was always a subject intriguing authors since antiquity, for instance Thucydide, Polybe, Ibn Khaldoun, Arnold Toynbee, Oswald Spengler, Paul Kennedy, Allison Graham, Peter Turchin, wrote about it. The Nye's specificity is that he pointed out the tridimensionality of the power. It is very common to acknowledge that power, which is the ability to obtain something, an object, an action, a result from others, by military and economic means, but the cultural aspect is also a tool. More subtle to identify, necessitating time to be diffused and more difficult to measure the results, it is nonetheless an important part of power which is very often neglected by politicians who seek very often results in the short term. It is easier to obtain something you didn't even ask, because they are influenced, than by a coercitive way. This book points out how the United States, the first nation in the history of the world to reach such soft power, it should adapt to the reality of contemporary world to keep a privileged position.
Very easy to read, well written, well built with many references, this book is what we can call a state of the art or the quintessence of research and knowledge. Nevertheless, my critic is not on the form of the book, but on the definition of culture which is the core of the soft power. Nye criticize the reduction of culture to Hollywood and Macdonalds, and he is correct. He emphasizes more on elite culture such as university research and exchange, diplomatic influence and reputation. Both need to be addressed, but popular culture, which is consumed by masses, especially in this dopamine period of internet access, social media and influencers, is in my humble opinion even more important. When Kim Kardashian who has Armenian roots, followed by 357 million people on Instagram, pleads for Armenia in the conflict with Azerbaijan to the President of the United States, popular culture has an impact. When the player Dennis Rodman is watching playing the Harlem Globe Trotters with the North Korean ruler Kim Jong Un, a huge basketball fan, drinking Coca-Cola and declaring 鈥淵ou have a friend for life鈥�, I do thing popular culture is very important. More people know Nike than Harvard, more people know Taylor Swift, Lady Gaga or Beyonc茅 than the Vice-President of the United States J.D. Vance or the Secretary of State Marco Rubio.
Don鈥檛 get me wrong, this is an excellent book which should be read by every person interested in international relations or geopolitics, especially by Donald and his administration, who are doing exactly the opposite of building soft power.
Quote : Winning the peace is harder than winning a war, and soft power is essential to winning the peace.
September 27, 2018
丨賷賳賲丕 鬲賯乇兀 賲賯丕賱丞賸 兀賵鬲胤賻賾賱毓購 毓賱賶 賰鬲丕亘賺貙 兀賵 鬲卮丕賴丿 賲乇卅賷賸丕 兀賵 鬲爻鬲賲毓 賱氐賵鬲賷貨 "賱賲噩乇丿 鬲賲囟賷丞 丕賱賵賯鬲"貙 "賱賲噩乇丿 丕賱廿爻鬲賲鬲丕毓"貙 乇亘賲丕 賴賰匕丕 鬲賯賵賱貙 賱賰賳 賴匕丕 賲丕 鬲毓鬲賯丿賴貙 亘賷賳賲丕 賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 毓賯賱賰 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丨丕賱丞 -賱賲毓賱賵賲賷鬲賰- 賱丕 賷爻鬲賲鬲毓 賲孬賱賰 丕賱亘鬲丞 :) 亘賱 賷賻噩丿購賾 賵賷亘丿兀 亘丕賱毓賲賱 賱賷購噩乇賷 毓賲賱賷丞 (丕賱丨卮賵).
兀孬賳丕亍 賴匕賴 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 賷爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱毓賯賱 賲購毓胤賷丕鬲賺 噩賲賻賾丕 賲賳 (賰賱賲丕鬲/爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲/ 兀賮賰丕乇) 賵賲丕 廿賳 賷鬲賱賯丕賴丕 .. 賷鬲卮乇亘賴丕 乇賵賷丿賸丕 乇賵賷丿賸丕 丨鬲賶 賷爻鬲爻賷睾賴丕 -賲賳 睾賷乇 賵毓賷賺 賲賳賰- 孬賲 賷馗賴乇 兀孬乇賴丕 鬲賱賯丕卅賷賸丕 毓賱賷賰 .. 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賷鬲賰 毓賱賶 鬲氐乇丕賮丕鬲賰 賵毓賱賶 胤乇賷賯丞 鬲賮賰賷乇賰.
胤亘毓賸丕 賴匕丕 賲丕 賱賲 鬲賳鬲亘賴貙 賵鬲鬲賷賯馗貙 賵鬲賯賮.. 賵鬲鬲爻丕亍賱! 賵鬲胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 (賲丕匕丕責 賵賰賷賮責 賵賱賲丕匕丕責 賵兀賷賳責) 賵鬲爻鬲睾乇亘 賵鬲賳鬲賯丿! 賲丕 賱賲 鬲購爻賻賱賽賾賲 賵鬲禺囟毓 亘爻賴賵賱丞 賵亘賱丕賴丞 (賱賱賳氐貙 兀賵 兀賷賺 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賰) 賲丕 賱賲 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 丨鬲賶 鬲購賰孬賽賾乇 丕賱鬲兀賲賱 賵丕賱鬲賻賾賮賰購乇 賵鬲禺乇噩 亘氐賵乇丞賺 賵丕囟丨丞 賲鬲賰丕賲賱丞 毓賳賴.
賱賷購賰賳 亘賷賳 毓賷賳賷賰 丿丕卅賲賸丕 兀賳 賱賰賱 賲丕丿丞賺 賴丿賮賹 賲丕貙 賵乇爻丕賱丞 鬲乇賷丿 廿賷氐丕賱賴丕貙 賵睾丕賷丞 鬲乇賷丿 丕賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賷賴丕. 賱賰賳賴丕 賲鬲賵丕乇賷丞. 賱丕 鬲馗賴乇 賱賱毓賷丕賳. 賵賴賳丕 毓賲賱賰 兀賷賴丕 (丕賱賲購乇爻賱 廿賱賷賴): 賰賻卮賿賮購賴丕.
賵匕賱賰 兀賳 鬲兀禺匕 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丕丿丞 -兀賷賸賾丕 賰丕賳鬲- 賵: 鬲賯乇兀賴丕 亘毓賯賱賺 賳丕賯丿貙 鬲卮丕賴丿賴丕 亘毓賷賳賺 賳丕賯丿丞貙 鬲爻鬲賲毓 廿賱賷賴丕 亘兀匕賳賺 賳丕賯丿丞.
兀賳 "鬲賯乇兀 賲丕 亘賷賳 丕賱爻胤賵乇貙 賵賲丕 (賵乇丕亍賴丕) 兀賷囟賸丕".
兀爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賱賯賵賱 亘兀賳 賴匕丕 亘毓囟 賲丕 爻鬲禺乇噩 亘賴 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賱賰賳 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻毓賶 丕賱賲丐锟斤拷賮 賱廿賷囟丕丨賴丕 賵丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱 賮賷賴丕 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 賴匕丕 賴賷 (賯賵丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 -毓賱賶 丕賱禺氐賵氐- 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞) 賵賰賷賮 鬲賵氐賱鬲 廿賱賶 賲丕 鬲賵氐賱鬲 廿賱賷賴 賴匕丕 丕賱賷賵賲 賲賳 丕賱賰丕乇賷夭賲丕 賵丕賱廿毓噩丕亘貙 賵丕賱賲丨亘丞 賵丕賱賴賷亘丞貨 丕賱鬲賷 丨丕夭鬲賴丕 賵賵噩丿鬲賴丕 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱兀禺乇賶 鬲噩丕賴賴丕 毓亘乇 丕賱爻購亘賱賽 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丨賯 乇丕卅毓! 賵兀購賵氐賷 賵兀購丨乇賽賾氐 丕賱噩賲賷毓 亘丕賱廿胤賱丕毓 毓賱賷賴 兀賵 兀禺匕 賳亘匕丞 毓賳賴 -毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱-貙 丨鬲賶 兀賳賴 賷購賰鬲賮賶 亘賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷貨 賱廿毓鬲賯丕丿賷 兀賳賴賲丕 夭購亘丿丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵禺賱丕氐鬲賴貙 賵丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱兀賴賲 亘卮賰賱賺 毓丕賲 鬲鬲噩賱賶 賵鬲鬲囟丨 賮賷賴賲丕.
賲丐賱賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷貙 爻賷丕爻賷 兀賲乇賷賰賷貙 鬲亘賵兀 毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱賲賳丕氐亘 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賲乇賲賵賯丞 (賰賲爻丕毓丿 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓)貨 賲賲丕 噩毓賱賴 賲購丐賴賱賸丕 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙 賵丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷賴貙 賵丕賱廿爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 賲賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 賵丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賲乇鬲 毓賱賷賴. 丨鬲賶 兀賳賰 鬲賱丨馗 賮賷 丨丿賷孬賴 丕賱丨賷丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱賲賳胤賯賷丞 丕賱毓丕卅丿丞 毓賱賶 丕賱禺亘乇丞 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲賷丞.
鬲胤乇賯 賮賷 兀賵賱 賰鬲丕亘賴 廿賱賶 鬲毓乇賷賮 賲丕 兀爻賲丕賴 亘賭(丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞) 賯丕卅賱賸丕:"廿賳賴丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱賸丕 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱賲丕賱..."貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 毓賱賶 賳賯賷囟 (丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞) 賵"丕賱賳丕爻 噩賲賷毓賸丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞. 賵賰賱賳丕 賳毓賱賲 兀賳 丕賱噩亘乇賵鬲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 睾丕賱亘賸丕 賲丕 賷噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷睾賷乇賵賳 賲賵丕賯賮賴賲. 賵賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲鬲乇賰夭 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲購睾乇賷丕鬲 兀賵 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿丕鬲貙 賵賱賰賳賰 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 兀賳 鬲丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱鬲賷 鬲乇賷丿賴丕 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲賴丿賷丿丕鬲 賲賱賲賵爻丞 兀賵 乇卮丕賵賶. 賵丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 睾賷乇 丕賱賲亘丕卮乇丞 賱賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 鬲購爻賲賶 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 (丕賱賵噩賴 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賱賱賯賵丞). 賮賯丿 賷鬲賲賰賳 亘賱丿賹 賲丕 賲賳 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱鬲賷 賷乇賷丿賴丕 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞貨 賱兀賳 賴賳丕賰 亘賱丿丕賳賸丕 兀禺乇賶- 賲購毓噩亘丞 亘賲購孬賱賴貙 賵鬲丨匕賵 丨賻匕賵賴貙 賵鬲鬲胤賱毓 廿賱賶 賲爻鬲賵丕賴 賲賳 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨- 鬲乇賷丿 兀賳 鬲鬲亘毓賴.
匕賱賰 兀賳 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 廿丿丕乇丞 賲賳馗賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 亘丕賱兀賵丕賲乇 賵丨丿賴丕 亘賱 廿賳賰 賲購丨鬲丕噩 賰匕賱賰 廿賱賶 噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷毓鬲賳賯賵賳 賯賷賲賰.
賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱廿賯賳丕毓 兀賵 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 丕賱賳丕爻 亘丕賱丨購噩丞貙 賵賱賵 兀賳 匕賱賰 噩夭亍 賲賳賴丕. 亘賱 賴賷 兀賷囟賸丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱噩匕亘貙 賵丕賱噩匕亘 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 賷丐丿賷 廿賱賶 丕賱廿匕毓丕賳. 賵毓賳丿 鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱爻賱賵賰貙 賮廿賳賴丕 -亘亘爻丕胤丞- 賴賷: 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱噩匕丕亘丞".
賵賲孬賻賾賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞) 毓賱賶 鬲丿賳賷 卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 毓賻賯賽亘 睾夭賵 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賲購爻鬲卮賴丿賸丕 亘丿乇丕爻丞 賱賲賳馗賲丞 乇賵亘乇 毓丕賲 2003 鬲賯賵賱 賮賷賴丕:"賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 賲賳匕 毓丕賲 佟侃侉侃 兀卮丕乇 丕賱夭亘丕卅賳 賮賷 孬賱丕孬賷賳 亘賱丿賸丕 廿賱賶 賳賮賵乇賴賲 賲賳 丕賲乇賷賰丕貨 亘乇賮囟賴賲 丕賱兀賰賱 賮賷 賲胤丕毓賲 賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿...".
丨鬲賶 賯丕賱鬲 氐丨賷賮丞 丕賱賮丕賷賳賳卮丕賱 鬲丕賷賲夭:"賵賱匕丕 賮廿賳賴 賲賳 兀噩賱 賰爻亘 丕賱爻賱丕賲貙 賷鬲毓賷賳 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 兀賳 鬲馗賴乇 亘乇丕毓丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賮賷 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賰賲丕 兀馗賴乇鬲 亘乇丕毓鬲賴丕 賮賷 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 賱賰爻亘 丕賱丨乇亘".
孬賲 鬲賱丕 鬲毓乇賷賮賴貙 賵鬲賲賴賷丿賴 賱賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱賰鬲丕亘貙 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賴賻賾賱鬲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱丕爻鬲丨賵丕匕 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賰丕賳丞 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳.
賵賷爻鬲卮賴丿 毓賱賶 丨賯賷賯丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲購爻賻賱賲丞 亘賯賵賱賴:"賱賯丿 賰丕賳 賵夭賷乇 禺丕乇噩賷丞 賮乇賳爻賷 爻丕亘賯 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賱丕丨馗 兀賳 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳 兀賯賵賷丕亍貨 賱兀賳賴賲 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 廿賱賴丕賲 兀丨賱丕賲 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賵乇睾亘丕鬲賴賲 亘賮囟賱 (賲丕匕丕責) 廿鬲賯丕賳賴賲 賱賱氐賵乇 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳貙 賵賳馗乇賸丕 賱兀賳 兀毓丿丕丿賸丕 賰亘賷乇丞 賲賳 丕賱胤賱亘丞 賲賳 亘賱丿丕賳 兀禺乇賶 賷兀鬲賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賱丕爻鬲賰賲丕賱 丿乇丕爻鬲賴賲 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 賳賮爻賴丕!".
賵賳爻鬲賳鬲噩 賳丨賳 賲賳 賴賳丕 兀賳 賲賳 廿丨丿賶 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞: 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲貙 賵丕賱廿亘鬲毓丕孬.
孬賲 匕賰乇 兀賴賲 賲賵丕乇丿 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱兀賷 亘賱丿賺 卮丕亍 兀賳 賷毓鬲賱賷 亘賴丕 賱丕 亘丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞貙 賵賴賷 孬賱丕孬丞貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱 毓賱賶 乇兀爻賴丕:
佟/ 孬賯丕賮鬲賴貨 賵賯丿 毓乇賻賾賮 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 亘賯賵賱賴 :"廿賳賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺賱賯 賲毓賳賶 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓".
賮賲孬賱賸丕 毓賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賲購氐賵乇丞 賱賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賷賰賷丞 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮:"廿賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 爻賵丕亍賸 丕賳毓賰爻 亘氐賵乇丞 賲丐丕鬲賷丞 兀賲 睾賷乇 賲丐丕鬲賷丞貙 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷兀鬲賷 亘丕賱賳丕爻 廿賱賶 卮購亘丕賰 丕賱鬲匕丕賰乇. 賵賴賵 賲丨鬲賵賶 兀賯賵賶 賲賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 兀賵 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿. 亘賱 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷購丨乇賰 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿".
丨鬲賶 賳噩丿 賴匕丕 丕賱兀孬乇 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賱賱賲兀賰賵賱丕鬲貙 賮賲孬賱賸丕 丕爻鬲賴賱丕賰 丕賱賵噩亘丕鬲 丕賱爻乇賷毓丞 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賯丿 賷賯丿賲 亘賷丕賳賸丕 囟賲賳賷賸丕 毓賳 乇賮囟 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞貨 賮賯丿 賵氐賮鬲 兀爻乇丞 賴賳丿賷丞 夭賷丕乇鬲賴丕 賱賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿 亘兀賳賴丕 丕賱賳夭賵賱 賱賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 (卮乇賷丨丞 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕).
佗/ 賯賷賲賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷胤亘賯賴丕 亘廿禺賱丕氐 賮賷 丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩).
伲/ 爻賷丕爻鬲賴 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丕賴丕 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵匕丕 爻賱胤丞 賲毓賳賵賷丞 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞).
賵賯丿 匕賰乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓丿丞 兀賲孬賱丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丌孬丕乇 丕賱賳丕鬲噩丞 毓賳 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賮兀卮丕乇 賲孬賱賸丕 廿賱賶 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賯丕卅賱賸丕:"噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賰丕賳 賯丿 鬲賲 丕禺鬲乇丕賯賴 亘丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕卅賷丞 賯亘賱 夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賲賳 爻賯賵胤賴貨 匕丕賰 兀賳 丕賱賲胤丕乇賯 賵丕賱噩乇丕賮丕鬲 賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 賱鬲賳鬲噩 賱賵賱丕 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲亘孬賵孬丞 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 胤賵丕賱 賮丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 丕賱噩丿丕乇 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷爻賯胤".
賵賷鬲囟丨 賱賳丕 賲賳 匕賱賰 兀賳 (丕賱廿毓賱丕賲) 賷毓鬲賱賷 賯賲丞 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賴賳丕 賲孬丕賱賹 丌禺乇 賱丌孬丕乇賴 賵鬲亘毓丕鬲賴貙 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮:"毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱貙 賮毓賳丿 卮乇丨 鬲丨乇賰 噩丿賷丿 賳丨賵 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱丿毓丕賵賶 丕賱賯囟丕卅賷丞 賱鬲兀賰賷丿 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳貨 兀賵囟丨 賳丕卮胤 氐賷賳賷 卮丕亘:"賱賯丿 卮丕賴丿賳丕 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 兀賮賱丕賲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 賵賴賷 鬲氐賵乇 丕賱兀毓乇丕爻 賵丕賱噩賳丕卅夭貙 賵丕賱匕賴丕亘 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賰賲貙 賵賴賰匕丕 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 賲賳 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷 兀賳 鬲匕賴亘 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賰賲 亘囟毓 賲乇丕鬲 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賰". 賵賷購毓賯亘: 賮廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 兀賴丿丕賮 兀賲賷乇賰丕 鬲卮賲賱 鬲賯賵賷丞 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳貙 賮廿賳 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 兀賰亘乇 鬲兀孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 禺購胤亘賺 賷賱賯賷賴丕 丕賱爻賮賷乇 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 毓賳 兀賴賲賷丞 丨賰賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳".
"賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱乇爻丕卅賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賷賲賰賳 賳賯賱賴丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 胤乇賷賯丞 爻賱賵賰 賮乇賯 丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 兀賵 丕賱賳噩賵賲貙 兀賵 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲鬲毓丿丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷毓乇囟賴丕 丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 兀賵 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕. 賮丕賱氐賵乇 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 鬲賳賯賱 丕賱賯賷賲 亘氐賵乇丞 兀賯賵賶 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲貙 賵賴賵賱賷賵丿 賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲購乇賵賽賾噩 賵賲購氐丿賽賾乇 賱賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞".
賵兀賲丕 毓賳 (丕賱兀睾丕賳賷) 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 鬲亘毓丕鬲 爻賷丕爻賷丞 兀賷囟賸丕貙 賮囟乇亘 賲孬丕賱賸丕 丌禺乇賸丕 賲賳 丕賱氐賷賳:"鬲賯賵賱 廿丨丿丕賴賳 賱賲乇丕爻賱 兀噩賳亘賷 兀賳賴丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲購乇睾賲 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕毓 廿賱賶 夭毓賲丕亍 丕賱丨夭亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷 丕賱賲丨賱賷賷賳 賵賴賲 賷氐乇禺賵賳 賮賷 睾囟亘 囟丿 丕賲賷乇賰丕貙 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丿賳丿賳 賮賷 乇兀爻賴丕 亘兀賳睾丕賲 亘賵亘 丿賷賱丕賳 賰賳賵毓賺 禺丕氐 亘賴丕 賲賳 丕賱孬賵乇丞 丕賱氐丕賲鬲丞".
丨鬲賶 兀賳賴 丕爻鬲卮賴丿 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱賲賵囟丞) 賮賷 丕賱鬲丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賮賷賯賵賱:"賯亘賱 亘囟毓丞 兀卮賴乇 賮賯胤 賲賳 丕賱賲馗丕賴乇丕鬲 丕賱丨丕卮丿丞 囟丿 丕賱丨乇亘 賮賷 賱賳丿賳 賵賲賷賱丕賳賵貙 丕爻鬲禺丿賲鬲 丿賵乇 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賮賷 賴丕鬲賷賳 丕賱賲丿賷賳鬲賷賳 賲賱丕亘爻 賲賷丿丕賳 毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱賱賰賵賲丕賳丿爻 賲毓 亘丕賱賵賳丕鬲 賲鬲賮噩乇丞"貙 賵賰賲丕 賯丕賱 兀丨丿 賲氐賲賲賷 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 毓賳 丕賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱兀賲賷乇賷賰賷丞:"賱丕 鬲夭丕賱 兀賯賵賶 睾胤丕亍 兀賲賳賷".
賵賲孬賻賾賱 賰匕賱賰 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 賵丕賱丿毓丕賷丞) 賵(丕賱亘毓孬丕鬲) 賵(丕賱賴噩乇丞) 賵鬲亘毓鬲賴丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賵丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 賵丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞. 賱賰賳 賱毓賱賷 賱丕 兀購胤賷賱貙 賵賱毓賱 賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱廿爻鬲夭丕丿丞 兀賳 賷購乇丕噩毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 兀賵丿 兀賳 兀購賳賵賽賾賴 廿賱賶 賴賵丕賲卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲賱賷卅丞 亘丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 丕賱賯賷賽賾賲丞 賵丕賱孬乇賷賽賾丞 丨賯賷賯丞賸 賲賳 (賰鬲亘 賵賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賵賲賯丕亘賱丕鬲)貙 賵兀噩丿賴丕 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 賱賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷 兀賵 丨賵賱 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
兀購賰乇乇 賲賳 噩丿賷丿 鬲賵氐賷鬲賷 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 賵丕賯毓 賲賱賲賵爻 賵賲購卮丕賴丿 賱賰賳 賷噩亘 丕賱鬲賳亘賷賴 毓賱賷賴 賵丕賱鬲賮胤購賾賳 賱賴貙 賵廿賱丕 賰賲丕 賯丕賱 兀丨丿 丕賱氐丨賮賷賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳:"丨丕賳 賵賯鬲 丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞貨 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷乇鬲丿賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賰賱賴 賷丕賮胤丞 賰購鬲亘 毓賱賷賴丕 (氐購賳毓 賮賷 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞)".
兀孬賳丕亍 賴匕賴 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 賷爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱毓賯賱 賲購毓胤賷丕鬲賺 噩賲賻賾丕 賲賳 (賰賱賲丕鬲/爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲/ 兀賮賰丕乇) 賵賲丕 廿賳 賷鬲賱賯丕賴丕 .. 賷鬲卮乇亘賴丕 乇賵賷丿賸丕 乇賵賷丿賸丕 丨鬲賶 賷爻鬲爻賷睾賴丕 -賲賳 睾賷乇 賵毓賷賺 賲賳賰- 孬賲 賷馗賴乇 兀孬乇賴丕 鬲賱賯丕卅賷賸丕 毓賱賷賰 .. 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賷鬲賰 毓賱賶 鬲氐乇丕賮丕鬲賰 賵毓賱賶 胤乇賷賯丞 鬲賮賰賷乇賰.
胤亘毓賸丕 賴匕丕 賲丕 賱賲 鬲賳鬲亘賴貙 賵鬲鬲賷賯馗貙 賵鬲賯賮.. 賵鬲鬲爻丕亍賱! 賵鬲胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 (賲丕匕丕責 賵賰賷賮責 賵賱賲丕匕丕責 賵兀賷賳責) 賵鬲爻鬲睾乇亘 賵鬲賳鬲賯丿! 賲丕 賱賲 鬲購爻賻賱賽賾賲 賵鬲禺囟毓 亘爻賴賵賱丞 賵亘賱丕賴丞 (賱賱賳氐貙 兀賵 兀賷賺 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賰) 賲丕 賱賲 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 丨鬲賶 鬲購賰孬賽賾乇 丕賱鬲兀賲賱 賵丕賱鬲賻賾賮賰購乇 賵鬲禺乇噩 亘氐賵乇丞賺 賵丕囟丨丞 賲鬲賰丕賲賱丞 毓賳賴.
賱賷購賰賳 亘賷賳 毓賷賳賷賰 丿丕卅賲賸丕 兀賳 賱賰賱 賲丕丿丞賺 賴丿賮賹 賲丕貙 賵乇爻丕賱丞 鬲乇賷丿 廿賷氐丕賱賴丕貙 賵睾丕賷丞 鬲乇賷丿 丕賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賷賴丕. 賱賰賳賴丕 賲鬲賵丕乇賷丞. 賱丕 鬲馗賴乇 賱賱毓賷丕賳. 賵賴賳丕 毓賲賱賰 兀賷賴丕 (丕賱賲購乇爻賱 廿賱賷賴): 賰賻卮賿賮購賴丕.
賵匕賱賰 兀賳 鬲兀禺匕 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丕丿丞 -兀賷賸賾丕 賰丕賳鬲- 賵: 鬲賯乇兀賴丕 亘毓賯賱賺 賳丕賯丿貙 鬲卮丕賴丿賴丕 亘毓賷賳賺 賳丕賯丿丞貙 鬲爻鬲賲毓 廿賱賷賴丕 亘兀匕賳賺 賳丕賯丿丞.
兀賳 "鬲賯乇兀 賲丕 亘賷賳 丕賱爻胤賵乇貙 賵賲丕 (賵乇丕亍賴丕) 兀賷囟賸丕".
兀爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賱賯賵賱 亘兀賳 賴匕丕 亘毓囟 賲丕 爻鬲禺乇噩 亘賴 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賱賰賳 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻毓賶 丕賱賲丐锟斤拷賮 賱廿賷囟丕丨賴丕 賵丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱 賮賷賴丕 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 賴匕丕 賴賷 (賯賵丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 -毓賱賶 丕賱禺氐賵氐- 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞) 賵賰賷賮 鬲賵氐賱鬲 廿賱賶 賲丕 鬲賵氐賱鬲 廿賱賷賴 賴匕丕 丕賱賷賵賲 賲賳 丕賱賰丕乇賷夭賲丕 賵丕賱廿毓噩丕亘貙 賵丕賱賲丨亘丞 賵丕賱賴賷亘丞貨 丕賱鬲賷 丨丕夭鬲賴丕 賵賵噩丿鬲賴丕 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱兀禺乇賶 鬲噩丕賴賴丕 毓亘乇 丕賱爻購亘賱賽 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丨賯 乇丕卅毓! 賵兀購賵氐賷 賵兀購丨乇賽賾氐 丕賱噩賲賷毓 亘丕賱廿胤賱丕毓 毓賱賷賴 兀賵 兀禺匕 賳亘匕丞 毓賳賴 -毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱-貙 丨鬲賶 兀賳賴 賷購賰鬲賮賶 亘賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷貨 賱廿毓鬲賯丕丿賷 兀賳賴賲丕 夭購亘丿丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵禺賱丕氐鬲賴貙 賵丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱兀賴賲 亘卮賰賱賺 毓丕賲 鬲鬲噩賱賶 賵鬲鬲囟丨 賮賷賴賲丕.
賲丐賱賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷貙 爻賷丕爻賷 兀賲乇賷賰賷貙 鬲亘賵兀 毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱賲賳丕氐亘 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賲乇賲賵賯丞 (賰賲爻丕毓丿 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓)貨 賲賲丕 噩毓賱賴 賲購丐賴賱賸丕 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷貙 賵丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷賴貙 賵丕賱廿爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 賲賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 賵丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賲乇鬲 毓賱賷賴. 丨鬲賶 兀賳賰 鬲賱丨馗 賮賷 丨丿賷孬賴 丕賱丨賷丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱賲賳胤賯賷丞 丕賱毓丕卅丿丞 毓賱賶 丕賱禺亘乇丞 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲賷丞.
鬲胤乇賯 賮賷 兀賵賱 賰鬲丕亘賴 廿賱賶 鬲毓乇賷賮 賲丕 兀爻賲丕賴 亘賭(丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞) 賯丕卅賱賸丕:"廿賳賴丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷丞 亘丿賱賸丕 賲賳 丕賱廿乇睾丕賲 兀賵 丿賮毓 丕賱賲丕賱..."貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 毓賱賶 賳賯賷囟 (丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞) 賵"丕賱賳丕爻 噩賲賷毓賸丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞. 賵賰賱賳丕 賳毓賱賲 兀賳 丕賱噩亘乇賵鬲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 睾丕賱亘賸丕 賲丕 賷噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷睾賷乇賵賳 賲賵丕賯賮賴賲. 賵賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲鬲乇賰夭 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲購睾乇賷丕鬲 兀賵 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿丕鬲貙 賵賱賰賳賰 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 兀賳 鬲丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱鬲賷 鬲乇賷丿賴丕 丿賵賳 兀賷 鬲賴丿賷丿丕鬲 賲賱賲賵爻丞 兀賵 乇卮丕賵賶. 賵丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 睾賷乇 丕賱賲亘丕卮乇丞 賱賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲乇賷丿 鬲購爻賲賶 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 (丕賱賵噩賴 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賱賱賯賵丞). 賮賯丿 賷鬲賲賰賳 亘賱丿賹 賲丕 賲賳 丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱鬲賷 賷乇賷丿賴丕 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞貨 賱兀賳 賴賳丕賰 亘賱丿丕賳賸丕 兀禺乇賶- 賲購毓噩亘丞 亘賲購孬賱賴貙 賵鬲丨匕賵 丨賻匕賵賴貙 賵鬲鬲胤賱毓 廿賱賶 賲爻鬲賵丕賴 賲賳 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 賵丕賱丕賳賮鬲丕丨- 鬲乇賷丿 兀賳 鬲鬲亘毓賴.
匕賱賰 兀賳 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 廿丿丕乇丞 賲賳馗賲丞 賰亘賷乇丞 亘丕賱兀賵丕賲乇 賵丨丿賴丕 亘賱 廿賳賰 賲購丨鬲丕噩 賰匕賱賰 廿賱賶 噩毓賱 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賷毓鬲賳賯賵賳 賯賷賲賰.
賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱廿賯賳丕毓 兀賵 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 丕賱賳丕爻 亘丕賱丨購噩丞貙 賵賱賵 兀賳 匕賱賰 噩夭亍 賲賳賴丕. 亘賱 賴賷 兀賷囟賸丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱噩匕亘貙 賵丕賱噩匕亘 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 賷丐丿賷 廿賱賶 丕賱廿匕毓丕賳. 賵毓賳丿 鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱爻賱賵賰貙 賮廿賳賴丕 -亘亘爻丕胤丞- 賴賷: 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱噩匕丕亘丞".
賵賲孬賻賾賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞) 毓賱賶 鬲丿賳賷 卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 毓賻賯賽亘 睾夭賵 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賲購爻鬲卮賴丿賸丕 亘丿乇丕爻丞 賱賲賳馗賲丞 乇賵亘乇 毓丕賲 2003 鬲賯賵賱 賮賷賴丕:"賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 賲賳匕 毓丕賲 佟侃侉侃 兀卮丕乇 丕賱夭亘丕卅賳 賮賷 孬賱丕孬賷賳 亘賱丿賸丕 廿賱賶 賳賮賵乇賴賲 賲賳 丕賲乇賷賰丕貨 亘乇賮囟賴賲 丕賱兀賰賱 賮賷 賲胤丕毓賲 賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿...".
丨鬲賶 賯丕賱鬲 氐丨賷賮丞 丕賱賮丕賷賳賳卮丕賱 鬲丕賷賲夭:"賵賱匕丕 賮廿賳賴 賲賳 兀噩賱 賰爻亘 丕賱爻賱丕賲貙 賷鬲毓賷賳 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 兀賳 鬲馗賴乇 亘乇丕毓丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賮賷 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賰賲丕 兀馗賴乇鬲 亘乇丕毓鬲賴丕 賮賷 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 賱賰爻亘 丕賱丨乇亘".
孬賲 鬲賱丕 鬲毓乇賷賮賴貙 賵鬲賲賴賷丿賴 賱賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱賰鬲丕亘貙 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賴賻賾賱鬲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱丕爻鬲丨賵丕匕 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賰丕賳丞 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳.
賵賷爻鬲卮賴丿 毓賱賶 丨賯賷賯丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲購爻賻賱賲丞 亘賯賵賱賴:"賱賯丿 賰丕賳 賵夭賷乇 禺丕乇噩賷丞 賮乇賳爻賷 爻丕亘賯 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賱丕丨馗 兀賳 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳 兀賯賵賷丕亍貨 賱兀賳賴賲 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 廿賱賴丕賲 兀丨賱丕賲 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賵乇睾亘丕鬲賴賲 亘賮囟賱 (賲丕匕丕責) 廿鬲賯丕賳賴賲 賱賱氐賵乇 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賵丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳貙 賵賳馗乇賸丕 賱兀賳 兀毓丿丕丿賸丕 賰亘賷乇丞 賲賳 丕賱胤賱亘丞 賲賳 亘賱丿丕賳 兀禺乇賶 賷兀鬲賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賱丕爻鬲賰賲丕賱 丿乇丕爻鬲賴賲 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 賳賮爻賴丕!".
賵賳爻鬲賳鬲噩 賳丨賳 賲賳 賴賳丕 兀賳 賲賳 廿丨丿賶 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞: 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲貙 賵丕賱廿亘鬲毓丕孬.
孬賲 匕賰乇 兀賴賲 賲賵丕乇丿 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱兀賷 亘賱丿賺 卮丕亍 兀賳 賷毓鬲賱賷 亘賴丕 賱丕 亘丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞貙 賵賴賷 孬賱丕孬丞貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱 毓賱賶 乇兀爻賴丕:
佟/ 孬賯丕賮鬲賴貨 賵賯丿 毓乇賻賾賮 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 亘賯賵賱賴 :"廿賳賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺賱賯 賲毓賳賶 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓".
賮賲孬賱賸丕 毓賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 丕賱賲購氐賵乇丞 賱賱賯賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷乇賷賰賷丞 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮:"廿賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 爻賵丕亍賸 丕賳毓賰爻 亘氐賵乇丞 賲丐丕鬲賷丞 兀賲 睾賷乇 賲丐丕鬲賷丞貙 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷兀鬲賷 亘丕賱賳丕爻 廿賱賶 卮購亘丕賰 丕賱鬲匕丕賰乇. 賵賴賵 賲丨鬲賵賶 兀賯賵賶 賲賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 兀賵 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿. 亘賱 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷購丨乇賰 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿".
丨鬲賶 賳噩丿 賴匕丕 丕賱兀孬乇 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賱賱賲兀賰賵賱丕鬲貙 賮賲孬賱賸丕 丕爻鬲賴賱丕賰 丕賱賵噩亘丕鬲 丕賱爻乇賷毓丞 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賯丿 賷賯丿賲 亘賷丕賳賸丕 囟賲賳賷賸丕 毓賳 乇賮囟 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞貨 賮賯丿 賵氐賮鬲 兀爻乇丞 賴賳丿賷丞 夭賷丕乇鬲賴丕 賱賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿 亘兀賳賴丕 丕賱賳夭賵賱 賱賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 (卮乇賷丨丞 賲賳 兀賲賷乇賰丕).
佗/ 賯賷賲賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷胤亘賯賴丕 亘廿禺賱丕氐 賮賷 丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩).
伲/ 爻賷丕爻鬲賴 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 (毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丕賴丕 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵匕丕 爻賱胤丞 賲毓賳賵賷丞 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞).
賵賯丿 匕賰乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮 毓丿丞 兀賲孬賱丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丌孬丕乇 丕賱賳丕鬲噩丞 毓賳 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賮兀卮丕乇 賲孬賱賸丕 廿賱賶 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賯丕卅賱賸丕:"噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賰丕賳 賯丿 鬲賲 丕禺鬲乇丕賯賴 亘丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕卅賷丞 賯亘賱 夭賲賳 胤賵賷賱 賲賳 爻賯賵胤賴貨 匕丕賰 兀賳 丕賱賲胤丕乇賯 賵丕賱噩乇丕賮丕鬲 賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 賱鬲賳鬲噩 賱賵賱丕 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲亘孬賵孬丞 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賲丿賶 爻賳賵丕鬲 胤賵丕賱 賮丕禺鬲乇賯鬲 丕賱噩丿丕乇 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷爻賯胤".
賵賷鬲囟丨 賱賳丕 賲賳 匕賱賰 兀賳 (丕賱廿毓賱丕賲) 賷毓鬲賱賷 賯賲丞 丕賱賯購賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞貙 賵賴賳丕 賲孬丕賱賹 丌禺乇 賱丌孬丕乇賴 賵鬲亘毓丕鬲賴貙 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮:"毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱貙 賮毓賳丿 卮乇丨 鬲丨乇賰 噩丿賷丿 賳丨賵 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱丿毓丕賵賶 丕賱賯囟丕卅賷丞 賱鬲兀賰賷丿 丕賱丨賯賵賯 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳貨 兀賵囟丨 賳丕卮胤 氐賷賳賷 卮丕亘:"賱賯丿 卮丕賴丿賳丕 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 兀賮賱丕賲 賴賵賱賷賵丿 賵賴賷 鬲氐賵乇 丕賱兀毓乇丕爻 賵丕賱噩賳丕卅夭貙 賵丕賱匕賴丕亘 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賰賲貙 賵賴賰匕丕 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 賲賳 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷 兀賳 鬲匕賴亘 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賰賲 亘囟毓 賲乇丕鬲 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賰". 賵賷購毓賯亘: 賮廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 兀賴丿丕賮 兀賲賷乇賰丕 鬲卮賲賱 鬲賯賵賷丞 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳貙 賮廿賳 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賮賱丕賲 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 兀賰亘乇 鬲兀孬賷乇賸丕 賲賳 禺購胤亘賺 賷賱賯賷賴丕 丕賱爻賮賷乇 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 毓賳 兀賴賲賷丞 丨賰賲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳".
"賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱乇爻丕卅賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賷賲賰賳 賳賯賱賴丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 胤乇賷賯丞 爻賱賵賰 賮乇賯 丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 兀賵 丕賱賳噩賵賲貙 兀賵 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賲鬲毓丿丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷毓乇囟賴丕 丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 兀賵 丕賱爻賷賳賲丕. 賮丕賱氐賵乇 賰孬賷乇賸丕 賲丕 鬲賳賯賱 丕賱賯賷賲 亘氐賵乇丞 兀賯賵賶 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲貙 賵賴賵賱賷賵丿 賴賷 兀賰亘乇 賲購乇賵賽賾噩 賵賲購氐丿賽賾乇 賱賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞".
賵兀賲丕 毓賳 (丕賱兀睾丕賳賷) 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 鬲亘毓丕鬲 爻賷丕爻賷丞 兀賷囟賸丕貙 賮囟乇亘 賲孬丕賱賸丕 丌禺乇賸丕 賲賳 丕賱氐賷賳:"鬲賯賵賱 廿丨丿丕賴賳 賱賲乇丕爻賱 兀噩賳亘賷 兀賳賴丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲購乇睾賲 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲賲丕毓 廿賱賶 夭毓賲丕亍 丕賱丨夭亘 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷 丕賱賲丨賱賷賷賳 賵賴賲 賷氐乇禺賵賳 賮賷 睾囟亘 囟丿 丕賲賷乇賰丕貙 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丿賳丿賳 賮賷 乇兀爻賴丕 亘兀賳睾丕賲 亘賵亘 丿賷賱丕賳 賰賳賵毓賺 禺丕氐 亘賴丕 賲賳 丕賱孬賵乇丞 丕賱氐丕賲鬲丞".
丨鬲賶 兀賳賴 丕爻鬲卮賴丿 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賵丕賱賲賵囟丞) 賮賷 丕賱鬲丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賮賷賯賵賱:"賯亘賱 亘囟毓丞 兀卮賴乇 賮賯胤 賲賳 丕賱賲馗丕賴乇丕鬲 丕賱丨丕卮丿丞 囟丿 丕賱丨乇亘 賮賷 賱賳丿賳 賵賲賷賱丕賳賵貙 丕爻鬲禺丿賲鬲 丿賵乇 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 賮賷 賴丕鬲賷賳 丕賱賲丿賷賳鬲賷賳 賲賱丕亘爻 賲賷丿丕賳 毓爻賰乇賷丞 兀賲賷乇賰賷丞 賱賱賰賵賲丕賳丿爻 賲毓 亘丕賱賵賳丕鬲 賲鬲賮噩乇丞"貙 賵賰賲丕 賯丕賱 兀丨丿 賲氐賲賲賷 丕賱兀夭賷丕亍 毓賳 丕賱乇賲賵夭 丕賱兀賲賷乇賷賰賷丞:"賱丕 鬲夭丕賱 兀賯賵賶 睾胤丕亍 兀賲賳賷".
賵賲孬賻賾賱 賰匕賱賰 毓賱賶 兀孬乇 (丕賱廿毓賱丕賳 賵丕賱丿毓丕賷丞) 賵(丕賱亘毓孬丕鬲) 賵(丕賱賴噩乇丞) 賵鬲亘毓鬲賴丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賵丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 賵丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞. 賱賰賳 賱毓賱賷 賱丕 兀購胤賷賱貙 賵賱毓賱 賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱廿爻鬲夭丕丿丞 兀賳 賷購乇丕噩毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 兀賵丿 兀賳 兀購賳賵賽賾賴 廿賱賶 賴賵丕賲卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲賱賷卅丞 亘丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 丕賱賯賷賽賾賲丞 賵丕賱孬乇賷賽賾丞 丨賯賷賯丞賸 賲賳 (賰鬲亘 賵賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賵賲賯丕亘賱丕鬲)貙 賵兀噩丿賴丕 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 賱賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷 兀賵 丨賵賱 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
兀購賰乇乇 賲賳 噩丿賷丿 鬲賵氐賷鬲賷 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 賵丕賯毓 賲賱賲賵爻 賵賲購卮丕賴丿 賱賰賳 賷噩亘 丕賱鬲賳亘賷賴 毓賱賷賴 賵丕賱鬲賮胤購賾賳 賱賴貙 賵廿賱丕 賰賲丕 賯丕賱 兀丨丿 丕賱氐丨賮賷賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳:"丨丕賳 賵賯鬲 丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞貨 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷乇鬲丿賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賰賱賴 賷丕賮胤丞 賰購鬲亘 毓賱賷賴丕 (氐購賳毓 賮賷 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞)".
December 13, 2019
賰孬賷乇丕 賻 賲丕 鬲爻丕亍賱賳丕 毓賳 爻亘亘 丕賴鬲賲丕賲 亘毓囟 丕賱丿賵賱 賮賷 賳卮乇 孬賯丕賮鬲賴 賮賷 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱丕禺乇賶 兀賵 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘賲亘丕丿乇丕鬲 丕賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵賲賳丨 丿乇丕爻賷丞 賰丕賲賱丞 兀賵 噩夭卅賷丞 賵廿賳卮丕亍 賲賳馗賲丕鬲 禺賷乇賷丞 賵丕賱丿賮丕毓 丕賱賲爻鬲賲賷鬲 毓賳 丨賯賵賯 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳听
賴匕丕 賲丕 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賯賱賲 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷 賳丕卅亘 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賱賱卮丐賵賳 丕賱兀賲賳賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 賮賷 丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷 丕賱爻丕亘賯 亘賷賱 賰賱賷賳鬲賵賳 賵丕賱匕賷 鬲賵賱賶 賲賳丕氐亘 毓丿賷丿丞 兀禺乇賶听
賯亘賱 兀賳 丕亘丿兀 賷噩亘 兀賳 兀卮賷乇 丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴匕丕 賰鬲亘 毓丕賲 2004 丕賷 賯亘賱 兀賳 賳噩亘乇 賰卮毓賵亘 毓乇亘賷丞 丕賳 賳毓賷卮 鬲噩丕乇亘 鬲夭賷丿 賲賳 賵毓賷賳丕 亘丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞
賲氐胤賱丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲氐胤賱丨 噩丿賷丿 賲賳 丕亘鬲賰丕乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷毓賳賷 賯丿乇丞 丕賱丿賵賱 毓賱賶 亘爻胤 賳賮賵匕賴丕 毓賱賶 丨賰賵賲丕鬲 賵卮毓賵亘 丿賵賱 兀禺乇賶 丿賵賳 丕賱兀囟乇丕乇 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿 亘丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 (丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞) 兀賵 丕賱鬲乇睾賷亘 賵丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱听賵鬲丨鬲丕噩 賴匕賴 丕賱賯賵丞 廿賱賶 夭賲賳 賵亘乇丕賲噩 賵賲賷夭丕賳賷丞 賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賲乇丨賱丞 噩賷丿丞 賲賳 丕賱丕爻鬲噩丕亘丞
賯賳賵丕鬲 丕賱乇丕丿賷賵 賵丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賲孬賱 丕賱 BBC, CNN, 賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賵亘乇丕賲噩 鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱賱睾丕鬲 賵丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 丕賱丨賯賵賯賷丞 賵丕賱賮賳 賵丕賱兀丿亘 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丨鬲賶 亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷 賵亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 賵丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賲賳 兀賴賲 兀丿賵丕鬲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞听
鬲胤乇賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 廿賱賶 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賴噩乇丞 賵丕賱賱噩賵亍 丕賳賴丕 丕賷囟丕賻賻 賲賳 兀賴賲 亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賴丕 丕賰亘乇 賲賳丕賮毓 賱賱丿賵賱 丕賱賲爻鬲囟賷賮丞
囟乇亘 兀賲孬賱丞 亘丿賵賱 賳賮賵匕賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲 賯賵賷 賲孬賱 丕賱賳乇賵賷噩 賵賰賳丿丕 賵丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 亘爻亘亘 丕鬲丕亘毓賴丕 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 鬲賯乇亘賴丕 賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲
鬲丨丿孬 毓賲丕 禺爻乇鬲賴 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賲賳 賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘爻亘亘 丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵賮賷鬲賳丕賲 賵鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱賱鬲賳馗賷賲丕鬲 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘賷丞 賵丿賵乇 卮亘賰丞 丕賱廿賳鬲乇賳鬲 賮賷 鬲爻賴賷賱 賳卮乇 丕丿賵丕鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱賯賵丞
賵鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲丨丿賵丿賷丞 賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 亘乇丕賷 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘爻亘亘 丕賱賮噩賵丞 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱賰亘賷乇丞 亘賷賳 卮毓賵亘 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賵卮毓賵亘 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲賳胤賯丞 賵亘爻亘亘 丿毓賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱 丕賱鬲賷 丕毓鬲亘乇賴丕 丨賲丕賷丞 賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵賱賷丿丞听听
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 禺賲爻 賮氐賵賱 鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 賲丨賲丿 鬲賵賮賷賯 丕賱亘噩賷乇賲賷听賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賷爻鬲丨賯 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 乇睾賲 丕賳賴 賱丕 賷禺賱賵 賲賳 丕賱賲賱賱 亘爻亘亘 丕賱丕丨氐丕亍丕鬲 賵丕賱丕賲孬賱丞 丕賱賰孬賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 匕賰乇賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 囟乇賵乇賷丞 賱夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賮賴賲 賵丿毓賲 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱賲胤乇賵丨丞 賱賰賳賴丕 賱賲 鬲毓丿 禺賮賷丞 丕賱賷賵賲听
兀賳氐丨 亘賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘听
賴匕丕 賲丕 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賯賱賲 噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷 賳丕卅亘 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賱賱卮丐賵賳 丕賱兀賲賳賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 賮賷 丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻 丕賱兀賲賷乇賰賷 丕賱爻丕亘賯 亘賷賱 賰賱賷賳鬲賵賳 賵丕賱匕賷 鬲賵賱賶 賲賳丕氐亘 毓丿賷丿丞 兀禺乇賶听
賯亘賱 兀賳 丕亘丿兀 賷噩亘 兀賳 兀卮賷乇 丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴匕丕 賰鬲亘 毓丕賲 2004 丕賷 賯亘賱 兀賳 賳噩亘乇 賰卮毓賵亘 毓乇亘賷丞 丕賳 賳毓賷卮 鬲噩丕乇亘 鬲夭賷丿 賲賳 賵毓賷賳丕 亘丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞
賲氐胤賱丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賲氐胤賱丨 噩丿賷丿 賲賳 丕亘鬲賰丕乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷毓賳賷 賯丿乇丞 丕賱丿賵賱 毓賱賶 亘爻胤 賳賮賵匕賴丕 毓賱賶 丨賰賵賲丕鬲 賵卮毓賵亘 丿賵賱 兀禺乇賶 丿賵賳 丕賱兀囟乇丕乇 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿 亘丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱氐賱亘丞 (丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞) 兀賵 丕賱鬲乇睾賷亘 賵丿賮毓 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱听賵鬲丨鬲丕噩 賴匕賴 丕賱賯賵丞 廿賱賶 夭賲賳 賵亘乇丕賲噩 賵賲賷夭丕賳賷丞 賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賲乇丨賱丞 噩賷丿丞 賲賳 丕賱丕爻鬲噩丕亘丞
賯賳賵丕鬲 丕賱乇丕丿賷賵 賵丕賱鬲賱賮夭賷賵賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賲孬賱 丕賱 BBC, CNN, 賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賵亘乇丕賲噩 鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱賱睾丕鬲 賵丕賱賲賳馗賲丕鬲 丕賱丨賯賵賯賷丞 賵丕賱賮賳 賵丕賱兀丿亘 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丨鬲賶 亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷 賵亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 賵丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賲賳 兀賴賲 兀丿賵丕鬲 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞听
鬲胤乇賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 廿賱賶 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賴噩乇丞 賵丕賱賱噩賵亍 丕賳賴丕 丕賷囟丕賻賻 賲賳 兀賴賲 亘乇丕賲噩 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賴丕 丕賰亘乇 賲賳丕賮毓 賱賱丿賵賱 丕賱賲爻鬲囟賷賮丞
囟乇亘 兀賲孬賱丞 亘丿賵賱 賳賮賵匕賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲 賯賵賷 賲孬賱 丕賱賳乇賵賷噩 賵賰賳丿丕 賵丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 亘爻亘亘 丕鬲丕亘毓賴丕 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 鬲賯乇亘賴丕 賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲
鬲丨丿孬 毓賲丕 禺爻乇鬲賴 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賲賳 賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 亘爻亘亘 丨乇亘賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賵賮賷鬲賳丕賲 賵鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賱賱鬲賳馗賷賲丕鬲 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘賷丞 賵丿賵乇 卮亘賰丞 丕賱廿賳鬲乇賳鬲 賮賷 鬲爻賴賷賱 賳卮乇 丕丿賵丕鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱賯賵丞
賵鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲丨丿賵丿賷丞 賯賵鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 亘乇丕賷 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘爻亘亘 丕賱賮噩賵丞 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱賰亘賷乇丞 亘賷賳 卮毓賵亘 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賵卮毓賵亘 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲賳胤賯丞 賵亘爻亘亘 丿毓賲 兀賲賷乇賰丕 賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱 丕賱鬲賷 丕毓鬲亘乇賴丕 丨賲丕賷丞 賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵賱賷丿丞听听
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 禺賲爻 賮氐賵賱 鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 賲丨賲丿 鬲賵賮賷賯 丕賱亘噩賷乇賲賷听賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賷爻鬲丨賯 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 乇睾賲 丕賳賴 賱丕 賷禺賱賵 賲賳 丕賱賲賱賱 亘爻亘亘 丕賱丕丨氐丕亍丕鬲 賵丕賱丕賲孬賱丞 丕賱賰孬賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 匕賰乇賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 囟乇賵乇賷丞 賱夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賮賴賲 賵丿毓賲 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱賲胤乇賵丨丞 賱賰賳賴丕 賱賲 鬲毓丿 禺賮賷丞 丕賱賷賵賲听
兀賳氐丨 亘賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘听
August 18, 2024
Summary:
The soft power is of growing importance in the modern world. It allows countries to achieve their goals through attraction rather than coercion. By using culture, political values, and policies, we can effectively influence global politics. Policies like the Marshall Plan, and the influence of American culture during the Cold War, show how soft power can guide actions and create lasting change without the use of force. Following the Iraq War, there has been a steep decline in US soft power. Poor foreign policy decisions have underscored the need for a balanced approach, combining both hard and soft power, known as "smart power." This blend, along with a more open policy for cross-cultural exchange, is crucial for building lasting alliances and fostering cooperation in the complex landscape of today鈥檚 global politics.
The soft power is of growing importance in the modern world. It allows countries to achieve their goals through attraction rather than coercion. By using culture, political values, and policies, we can effectively influence global politics. Policies like the Marshall Plan, and the influence of American culture during the Cold War, show how soft power can guide actions and create lasting change without the use of force. Following the Iraq War, there has been a steep decline in US soft power. Poor foreign policy decisions have underscored the need for a balanced approach, combining both hard and soft power, known as "smart power." This blend, along with a more open policy for cross-cultural exchange, is crucial for building lasting alliances and fostering cooperation in the complex landscape of today鈥檚 global politics.
August 18, 2024
Diplomacy
Friendly foreign relationship
Appealing to the hearts and minds
Work published in 2004 (a lot has changed since then)
The US is a superpower
Soft power is advantageous
Soft power seeks support and generates goodwill
Soft power is effective (aftermath of WW2)
鈥渟oft power is of growing importance in the modern world. It allows countries to achieve their goals through attraction rather than coercion. By using culture, political values, and policies, we can effectively influence global politics. Policies like the Marshall Plan, and the influence of American culture during the Cold War, show how soft power can guide actions and create lasting change without the use of force. Following the Iraq War, there has been a steep decline in US soft power. Poor foreign policy decisions have underscored the need for a balanced approach, combining both hard and soft power, known as "smart power." This blend, along with a more open policy for cross-cultural exchange, is crucial for building lasting alliances and fostering cooperation in the complex landscape of today鈥檚 global politics.鈥�
Friendly foreign relationship
Appealing to the hearts and minds
Work published in 2004 (a lot has changed since then)
The US is a superpower
Soft power is advantageous
Soft power seeks support and generates goodwill
Soft power is effective (aftermath of WW2)
鈥渟oft power is of growing importance in the modern world. It allows countries to achieve their goals through attraction rather than coercion. By using culture, political values, and policies, we can effectively influence global politics. Policies like the Marshall Plan, and the influence of American culture during the Cold War, show how soft power can guide actions and create lasting change without the use of force. Following the Iraq War, there has been a steep decline in US soft power. Poor foreign policy decisions have underscored the need for a balanced approach, combining both hard and soft power, known as "smart power." This blend, along with a more open policy for cross-cultural exchange, is crucial for building lasting alliances and fostering cooperation in the complex landscape of today鈥檚 global politics.鈥�
April 12, 2025
喔赋喔權副喔佮笧喔脆浮喔炧箤喔∴笗喔脆笂喔權箘喔斷箟喔腑喔佮斧喔權副喔囙釜喔粪腑喙€喔ム箞喔∴笝喔掂箟 "Soft Power: 喔赋喔權覆喔堗箓喔權箟喔∴笝喔� 喔笝喔椸覆喔囙釜喔灌箞喔勦抚喔侧浮喔赋喙€喔｀箛喔堗箖喔權竵喔侧福喙€喔∴阜喔竾喙傕弗喔�" 喙勦笖喙夃笘喔灌竵喔堗副喔囙斧喔о赴喔∴覆喔� 喙� "Soft Power" 喙€喔涏箛喔權笝喙傕涪喔氞覆喔⑧釜喔赤竸喔编笉喔傕腑喔囙福喔编笎喔氞覆喔ム箒喔炧笚喔竾喔樴覆喔� 喔氞抚喔佮竵喔编笟喔笘喔侧笝喔佮覆喔｀笓喙屶釜喔囙竸喔｀覆喔∴竵喔侧福喔勦箟喔侧競喔竾喔椸福喔编浮喔涏箤 2.0 喔椸傅喙堗笡喔编箞喔權笡喙堗抚喔權箑喔ㄠ福喔┼笎喔佮复喔堗笚喔编箞喔о箓喔ム竵 喔佮覆喔｀箘喔斷箟喔傕笟喔勦复喔斷笘喔多竾喙€喔笗喔膏竵喔侧福喔撪箤喔涏副喔堗笀喔膏笟喔编笝喔弗喔编竾喔箞喔侧笝喔堗笟喙€喔涏箛喔權釜喔脆箞喔囙笚喔掂箞喔權箞喔侧釜喔權箖喔堗浮喔侧竵 喔佮覆喔｀箑喔ム阜喔竵喙佮笡喔� Soft Power 喔斷箟喔о涪喔勦赋喔о箞喔� 喔赋喔權覆喔堗箓喔權箟喔∴笝喔� 喙€喔涏箛喔權釜喔脆箞喔囙笚喔掂箞喔溹浮喔娻腑喔� 喔佮福喔班笂喔编笟 喙€喔傕箟喔侧箖喔堗竾喙堗覆喔� 喙佮弗喔班笗喔｀竾喔佮副喔氞竸喔о覆喔∴斧喔∴覆喔⑧箓喔斷涪喔權副喔�
喔栢付喔囙箒喔∴箟喔笝喔编竾喔阜喔笗喙夃笝喔夃笟喔编笟喔堗赴喔腑喔佮浮喔侧笝喔侧笝喙佮弗喙夃抚 喙佮笗喙堗箑喔權阜喙夃腑喔覆喔⑧副喔囙箑喔涏箛喔權笡喔编笀喔堗父喔氞副喔權腑喔⑧腹喙� 喔椸赋喙冟斧喙夃箑喔佮复喔斷竸喔о覆喔∴箑喔傕箟喔侧箖喔堗竵喔侧福喙€喔∴阜喔竾喔｀赴喔抚喙堗覆喔囙笡喔｀赴喙€喔椸辅喔∴覆喔佮競喔多箟喔� Soft Power 喙勦浮喙堗箖喔娻箞喙佮竸喙堗箑喔｀阜喙堗腑喔囙箑喔ㄠ福喔┼笎喔佮复喔堗釜喔｀箟喔侧竾喔福喔｀竸喙屶斧喔｀阜喔竵喔侧福喔傕覆喔⑧釜喔脆笝喔勦箟喔侧笚喔侧竾喔о副喔掄笝喔樴福喔｀浮 喙佮笗喙堗箑喔涏箛喔權箒喔權抚喔勦复喔斷笚喔侧竾喔佮覆喔｀箑喔∴阜喔竾喔嬥付喙堗竾喔涏福喔班竵喔笟喔斷箟喔о涪喔弗喔侧涪喔涏副喔堗笀喔编涪 喙€喔娻箞喔� 喔勦抚喔侧浮喔佮箟喔侧抚喔笝喙夃覆喔椸覆喔囙抚喔脆笚喔⑧覆喔ㄠ覆喔笗喔｀箤 喙佮弗喔班笡喔｀赴喔娻覆喔樴复喔涏箘喔曕涪 Joseph Nye 喙勦浮喙堗箘喔斷箟喔權赋喙€喔笝喔腑喔赤笝喔侧笀喙傕笝喙夃浮喔權赋喔傕腑喔囙釜喔福喔编笎喙冟笝喙佮竾喙堗笟喔о竵喔涪喙堗覆喔囙箑喔斷傅喔⑧抚 喔∴傅喔佮覆喔｀腑喔樴复喔氞覆喔⑧笘喔多竾喙佮福喔囙笗喙夃覆喔權笀喔侧竵喔涏福喔班箑喔椸辅喔阜喙堗笝 喙佮弗喔班箑喔涏福喔掂涪喔氞箑喔椸傅喔⑧笟喔赋喔權覆喔堗箓喔權箟喔∴笝喔赤竵喔编笟喔娻覆喔曕复喔阜喙堗笝喔傅喔佮笖喙夃抚喔�
喔栢付喔囙箒喔∴箟喔笝喔编竾喔阜喔笗喙夃笝喔夃笟喔编笟喔堗赴喔腑喔佮浮喔侧笝喔侧笝喙佮弗喙夃抚 喙佮笗喙堗箑喔權阜喙夃腑喔覆喔⑧副喔囙箑喔涏箛喔權笡喔编笀喔堗父喔氞副喔權腑喔⑧腹喙� 喔椸赋喙冟斧喙夃箑喔佮复喔斷竸喔о覆喔∴箑喔傕箟喔侧箖喔堗竵喔侧福喙€喔∴阜喔竾喔｀赴喔抚喙堗覆喔囙笡喔｀赴喙€喔椸辅喔∴覆喔佮競喔多箟喔� Soft Power 喙勦浮喙堗箖喔娻箞喙佮竸喙堗箑喔｀阜喙堗腑喔囙箑喔ㄠ福喔┼笎喔佮复喔堗釜喔｀箟喔侧竾喔福喔｀竸喙屶斧喔｀阜喔竵喔侧福喔傕覆喔⑧釜喔脆笝喔勦箟喔侧笚喔侧竾喔о副喔掄笝喔樴福喔｀浮 喙佮笗喙堗箑喔涏箛喔權箒喔權抚喔勦复喔斷笚喔侧竾喔佮覆喔｀箑喔∴阜喔竾喔嬥付喙堗竾喔涏福喔班竵喔笟喔斷箟喔о涪喔弗喔侧涪喔涏副喔堗笀喔编涪 喙€喔娻箞喔� 喔勦抚喔侧浮喔佮箟喔侧抚喔笝喙夃覆喔椸覆喔囙抚喔脆笚喔⑧覆喔ㄠ覆喔笗喔｀箤 喙佮弗喔班笡喔｀赴喔娻覆喔樴复喔涏箘喔曕涪 Joseph Nye 喙勦浮喙堗箘喔斷箟喔權赋喙€喔笝喔腑喔赤笝喔侧笀喙傕笝喙夃浮喔權赋喔傕腑喔囙釜喔福喔编笎喙冟笝喙佮竾喙堗笟喔о竵喔涪喙堗覆喔囙箑喔斷傅喔⑧抚 喔∴傅喔佮覆喔｀腑喔樴复喔氞覆喔⑧笘喔多竾喙佮福喔囙笗喙夃覆喔權笀喔侧竵喔涏福喔班箑喔椸辅喔阜喙堗笝 喙佮弗喔班箑喔涏福喔掂涪喔氞箑喔椸傅喔⑧笟喔赋喔權覆喔堗箓喔權箟喔∴笝喔赤竵喔编笟喔娻覆喔曕复喔阜喙堗笝喔傅喔佮笖喙夃抚喔�
May 19, 2020
賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 噩丿丕賸 賮賷 賲噩丕賱賴
April 4, 2023
een stuk overtuigender dan alles wat anh*lt schrijft iig
April 4, 2024
賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 睾丕賷丞 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷賴鬲賲賱 亘丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞 賵丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵兀孬乇賴丕 賵賱丕爻賷賲丕 丕賱兀賳孬乇賵亘賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞.
November 5, 2024
Though soft power is indeed intriguing, and much needed in world politics, (currently dreading the results of the coming election), this book frankly could have been an email. A tad one-sided as well, especially in the rather uncritical portrayal of the U.S presence in the Middle East. The righteousness of the U.S is taken as a fact of nature鈥� which鈥� eh. Alas, alas.
October 19, 2024
賰鬲丕亘 賰賱賴 鬲丿賱賷爻 賮賷 鬲丿賱賷爻. 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賮丕卮賱丞 賮賷 鬲氐賵賷乇 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賰亘賱爻賲 賱噩乇丕丨丕鬲 丕賱賲賯賴賵乇賷賳 丨賵賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘賷賳賲丕 賴賷 兀亘乇夭 兀爻亘丕亘 卮賯丕亍賴賲! 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 乇噩賱 丿賵賱丞貙 賵丕賱亘乇賵亘丕睾賳丿丕 賴賷 丕賱爻賲丞 丕賱兀亘乇夭 賮賷 兀爻賱賵亘 丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞.
December 27, 2018
噩賵夭賷賮 賳丕賷 賴賵 賲賳 丕禺鬲乇毓 賲氐胤賱丨 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賳丕毓賲丞 賵 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 鬲賱禺賷氐 賱賲毓馗賲 兀亘丨丕孬賴 丨賵賱 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓. 賲賱賶亍 賷丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇丕鬲 賵 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲賴賲丞 賱賰賳 賲卮賰賱鬲賴 丕賱賵丨賷丿丞 兀賳賴 賲鬲賲乇賰夭 丨賵賱 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賱丕夭賲. 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲貙 乇亘賲丕 毓賱賷賳丕 賲乇丕噩毓丞 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨 賮賷 毓氐乇 丕賱丕賳鬲乇賳鬲 賵 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 丕賱爻乇賷毓 賮賰爻亘 丕賱賯賱賵亘 兀氐亘丨 賷丐鬲賶 亘胤乇賯 兀禺乇賶 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
January 7, 2013
Soft Power.
This is a very well researched book, but putting in mind that it is indeed outdated, the only thing about it that is truly beneficial is in regards to "Past Experiences", what happened before and how it can be avoided in the future.
Statistics & Polls were featured constantly which always good. People need to understand from where these views come from and how is it possible to approach them with Soft Power tools.
In terms of theory:
- Soft power is an "Attractive Power".
- It is sometimes called "The second face of power"
-"Getting others to want the outcomes that you want" By.. "Getting others to buy into your values".
Sources of soft Power "Their content must be attractive to others as well":
1- Culture.
2- Political Values.
3- Foreign Policy.
The book itself is heavily invested in the United States and the war in Iraq & Afghanistan. Many things have changed since then but the notion of soft power remains the same. The author stresses on the fact that "Americans will have to be more aware of cultural differences", Being in 2013 I can honestly say that things are definitely changing but we still have a long way to go. "To be effective, we must become less parochial and more sensitive to foreign perceptions".
Last chapter:
"We have been more successful in the domain of hard power, where we have invested more, trained more, and have a clearer idea of what we are doing".
Although that might be partially true, but I refuse to think that way. Hard power is never a success and the fact that theories like: Soft Power and Smart Power came to exist are clear evidences to that.
The book is a good read for beginners in Public Policy, but in regards to SOFT POWER itself, I didn't get much. He emphasizes on its importance, but many paragraphs were rather redundant. I wasn't expecting a "HOW TO" guide, because each country has its own soft power tools, but I figured that people might need to know how soft power can be implemented clearly and sufficiently.
3.75/5
This is a very well researched book, but putting in mind that it is indeed outdated, the only thing about it that is truly beneficial is in regards to "Past Experiences", what happened before and how it can be avoided in the future.
Statistics & Polls were featured constantly which always good. People need to understand from where these views come from and how is it possible to approach them with Soft Power tools.
In terms of theory:
- Soft power is an "Attractive Power".
- It is sometimes called "The second face of power"
-"Getting others to want the outcomes that you want" By.. "Getting others to buy into your values".
Sources of soft Power "Their content must be attractive to others as well":
1- Culture.
2- Political Values.
3- Foreign Policy.
The book itself is heavily invested in the United States and the war in Iraq & Afghanistan. Many things have changed since then but the notion of soft power remains the same. The author stresses on the fact that "Americans will have to be more aware of cultural differences", Being in 2013 I can honestly say that things are definitely changing but we still have a long way to go. "To be effective, we must become less parochial and more sensitive to foreign perceptions".
Last chapter:
"We have been more successful in the domain of hard power, where we have invested more, trained more, and have a clearer idea of what we are doing".
Although that might be partially true, but I refuse to think that way. Hard power is never a success and the fact that theories like: Soft Power and Smart Power came to exist are clear evidences to that.
The book is a good read for beginners in Public Policy, but in regards to SOFT POWER itself, I didn't get much. He emphasizes on its importance, but many paragraphs were rather redundant. I wasn't expecting a "HOW TO" guide, because each country has its own soft power tools, but I figured that people might need to know how soft power can be implemented clearly and sufficiently.
3.75/5
August 18, 2024
Lots of notes - may need a re-read later on
I saw someone with a cover version that had chess pieces which was cool but anyway (P.S. this is from 2004 before the 9/11 stuff in case anyone was wondering about key context, aka it being 20 years old and yet the author was quite prescient about how the internet would play a major factor in the use of soft power going forward 鈥� and why the US shouldn't take its position as a superpower for granted)
Relying solely on military might can lead to costly and unsustainable outcomes. Meanwhile, leveraging soft power can build lasting alliances and foster environments where shared values and mutual respect guide international relations. This blend of hard and soft power, often referred to as smart power, is crucial for navigating the complexities of global politics today.
You might be familiar with the phrase, 鈥淵ou catch more flies with honey rather than vinegar.鈥� This more or less sums up the idea of soft power. It鈥檚 a way of getting what you want through attraction and persuasion, rather than brute force.
(So while hard power can be exemplified by military action, sanctions, and harsh trade policies, soft power is the domain of diplomacy, friendly foreign relations, cultural exports, international sports, and general cooperation.)
Notes:
- To use another metaphor: hard power is often a 鈥渃arrot and stick鈥� situation 鈥� using coercion or bribery, and often spending a lot of money, to get what you want in a unilateral way. Soft power, on the other hand, is sometimes referred to as appealing to the 鈥渉earts and minds,鈥� and winning over people in a more bilateral way.
- American music, movies, and products like Coca-Cola and Hershey鈥檚 chocolate bars can end up representing the values and appeal of a nation, thereby becoming tools of soft power. Such efforts can be cooperative, too. British movies and The Beatles also played a large role in appealing to the younger generation of Soviets and spreading the message that helped thaw the Cold War.
- America displayed immense hard power during the Iraq War in 2003, and in doing so it cared little about garnering international support. Global opinions of the US plummeted dramatically, even among longtime allies 鈥� not to mention the populations in Iraq and Afghanistan most directly impacted by the military intervention.
- Terrorist groups also use these same channels to attract support and recruit by tapping into broader narratives and grievances. All of this makes politics a competition for legitimacy and credibility, which is where soft power becomes much more useful than hard power.
- Since America has often been synonymous with modernity, it鈥檚 always been a source of discomfort for those resistant to change. In the 19th century, both European conservatives and radicals viewed America with suspicion.
- In 2002, a poll revealed that majorities in 34 of 43 countries thought the spread of American ideas and customs was negative. This reflects a broader trend where resentment of American power intertwines with resistance to globalization. (interesting depending on who was surveyed, a newer version post 2003 would be interesting to see now)
- Another important aspect of soft power is that it can work in opposition to government policy. In the 1960s and 70s, Hollywood and the music industry were actively exporting pop culture that was keeping open, liberal, democratic ideals alive, even when at odds with official government positions. These continued to appeal to younger generations abroad 鈥� and proved that the US was still a place where artistic freedom was alive and well.
- America looks pretty stupid post 9/11. While American individualism, democratic ideals, and human rights advocacy can attract global admiration, it can also ring hollow when confronted with certain domestic policies, like capital punishment and gun control. Post-9/11 policies, such as stricter immigration controls and perceived religious intolerance.
- Following World War II, the Soviet Union was America's main rival in terms of soft power. At first, many Europeans admired their resistance to Hitler during World War II. The colonized nations in Africa and Asia also looked up to the USSR for their opposition to European imperialism. The promise of a utopian Communist future drew many followers worldwide.
- High postwar economic growth rates bolstered the Soviet Union鈥檚 image, and the 1957 launch of Sputnik suggested technological superiority. Their cultural investments in ballet, Olympic sports, and classical music were also significant.
- More recently, Europe has been the closest competitor to the US in soft power. European art, literature, music, fashion, and food are all influential global forces. European countries are consistently seen as positive forces in addressing global issues like terrorism, poverty, and environmental protection. While the US performs better in areas like job creation, Europe resonates more with younger populations globally on domestic policies like capital punishment, gun control, and climate change.
- Asian countries, on the other hand, have rich cultural histories that contribute to their soft power. China, in particular, has experienced rapid economic growth that has enhanced its reputation, but its soft power is limited by domestic policies and a lack of intellectual freedom.
Public diplomacy:
- involves engaging not just with foreign governments but also with individuals and organizations. It's not just about propaganda or public relations 鈥� it's about building long-term relationships that support government policies.
- There are three dimensions to public diplomacy: The first is daily communications. This involves explaining the context of policy decisions, focusing on both domestic and foreign audiences.
- The second is strategic communication. Here you develop simple, consistent themes much like an effective advertising campaign.
- The third dimension is long-term relationships. This is about building bridges and international connections through things like university scholarships, exchange programs, seminars, and conferences.
- Long-term strategies involving cultural and educational exchanges are crucial for these complex tasks as well. These can foster more open societies and help overcome the negative aspects of propaganda by allowing people to experience a culture firsthand.
Quotes:
- 鈥淲hat is soft power? It is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country鈥檚 culture, political ideals, and policies.鈥�
- Seduction is always more effective than coercion, and many values like democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are deeply seductive.
- Smart power is neither hard nor soft. It is both.
- 鈥減ower is the ability to influence the behavior of others to get the outcomes one wants.鈥�
I saw someone with a cover version that had chess pieces which was cool but anyway (P.S. this is from 2004 before the 9/11 stuff in case anyone was wondering about key context, aka it being 20 years old and yet the author was quite prescient about how the internet would play a major factor in the use of soft power going forward 鈥� and why the US shouldn't take its position as a superpower for granted)
Relying solely on military might can lead to costly and unsustainable outcomes. Meanwhile, leveraging soft power can build lasting alliances and foster environments where shared values and mutual respect guide international relations. This blend of hard and soft power, often referred to as smart power, is crucial for navigating the complexities of global politics today.
You might be familiar with the phrase, 鈥淵ou catch more flies with honey rather than vinegar.鈥� This more or less sums up the idea of soft power. It鈥檚 a way of getting what you want through attraction and persuasion, rather than brute force.
(So while hard power can be exemplified by military action, sanctions, and harsh trade policies, soft power is the domain of diplomacy, friendly foreign relations, cultural exports, international sports, and general cooperation.)
Notes:
- To use another metaphor: hard power is often a 鈥渃arrot and stick鈥� situation 鈥� using coercion or bribery, and often spending a lot of money, to get what you want in a unilateral way. Soft power, on the other hand, is sometimes referred to as appealing to the 鈥渉earts and minds,鈥� and winning over people in a more bilateral way.
- American music, movies, and products like Coca-Cola and Hershey鈥檚 chocolate bars can end up representing the values and appeal of a nation, thereby becoming tools of soft power. Such efforts can be cooperative, too. British movies and The Beatles also played a large role in appealing to the younger generation of Soviets and spreading the message that helped thaw the Cold War.
- America displayed immense hard power during the Iraq War in 2003, and in doing so it cared little about garnering international support. Global opinions of the US plummeted dramatically, even among longtime allies 鈥� not to mention the populations in Iraq and Afghanistan most directly impacted by the military intervention.
- Terrorist groups also use these same channels to attract support and recruit by tapping into broader narratives and grievances. All of this makes politics a competition for legitimacy and credibility, which is where soft power becomes much more useful than hard power.
- Since America has often been synonymous with modernity, it鈥檚 always been a source of discomfort for those resistant to change. In the 19th century, both European conservatives and radicals viewed America with suspicion.
- In 2002, a poll revealed that majorities in 34 of 43 countries thought the spread of American ideas and customs was negative. This reflects a broader trend where resentment of American power intertwines with resistance to globalization. (interesting depending on who was surveyed, a newer version post 2003 would be interesting to see now)
- Another important aspect of soft power is that it can work in opposition to government policy. In the 1960s and 70s, Hollywood and the music industry were actively exporting pop culture that was keeping open, liberal, democratic ideals alive, even when at odds with official government positions. These continued to appeal to younger generations abroad 鈥� and proved that the US was still a place where artistic freedom was alive and well.
- America looks pretty stupid post 9/11. While American individualism, democratic ideals, and human rights advocacy can attract global admiration, it can also ring hollow when confronted with certain domestic policies, like capital punishment and gun control. Post-9/11 policies, such as stricter immigration controls and perceived religious intolerance.
- Following World War II, the Soviet Union was America's main rival in terms of soft power. At first, many Europeans admired their resistance to Hitler during World War II. The colonized nations in Africa and Asia also looked up to the USSR for their opposition to European imperialism. The promise of a utopian Communist future drew many followers worldwide.
- High postwar economic growth rates bolstered the Soviet Union鈥檚 image, and the 1957 launch of Sputnik suggested technological superiority. Their cultural investments in ballet, Olympic sports, and classical music were also significant.
- More recently, Europe has been the closest competitor to the US in soft power. European art, literature, music, fashion, and food are all influential global forces. European countries are consistently seen as positive forces in addressing global issues like terrorism, poverty, and environmental protection. While the US performs better in areas like job creation, Europe resonates more with younger populations globally on domestic policies like capital punishment, gun control, and climate change.
- Asian countries, on the other hand, have rich cultural histories that contribute to their soft power. China, in particular, has experienced rapid economic growth that has enhanced its reputation, but its soft power is limited by domestic policies and a lack of intellectual freedom.
Public diplomacy:
- involves engaging not just with foreign governments but also with individuals and organizations. It's not just about propaganda or public relations 鈥� it's about building long-term relationships that support government policies.
- There are three dimensions to public diplomacy: The first is daily communications. This involves explaining the context of policy decisions, focusing on both domestic and foreign audiences.
- The second is strategic communication. Here you develop simple, consistent themes much like an effective advertising campaign.
- The third dimension is long-term relationships. This is about building bridges and international connections through things like university scholarships, exchange programs, seminars, and conferences.
- Long-term strategies involving cultural and educational exchanges are crucial for these complex tasks as well. These can foster more open societies and help overcome the negative aspects of propaganda by allowing people to experience a culture firsthand.
Quotes:
- 鈥淲hat is soft power? It is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country鈥檚 culture, political ideals, and policies.鈥�
- Seduction is always more effective than coercion, and many values like democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are deeply seductive.
- Smart power is neither hard nor soft. It is both.
- 鈥減ower is the ability to influence the behavior of others to get the outcomes one wants.鈥�
April 20, 2020
Man has always been hungry for power. He wants to gain power by hook or crook. In his desire to seek more and more power, he uses a variety of tactics and tries to make other people do what he wants. Power is actually an ability to influence other peoples' behavior and compel them to do what you want without letting them know that you are the real driver of the vehicle of their lives. Power holder may be an individual or a group of individuals. It may also be a country in a broader sense if we look at it from a global perspective.
There are three main types of power e.g., economy, military, and soft power. The first two are called "carrots and sticks" in the language of diplomacy. The economy is used to allure other people or countries to attract them; whereas, the military is used to threaten other people or countries. Both strategies have been, and still are, used by the economically and militarily strong countries to pursue their interests.
But when we look back at past events, we astonished to see that these two strategies were not always successful. The United States was far more powerful in military might at the time of war with Vietnam. But it lost. It was at the zenith of technological advancement and intelligence but it failed to prevent 9/11. And it is many times advance in weapons, having a robust system of surveillance and economic power far higher than Afghanistan, but it can't succeed even after fighting for almost nineteen years. The same position has been of Russia in the past. France and Britain had more tanks than Germany during WW-II but the results were not favorable to them. What is the reason behind such failures?
The foremost reason is that we can suppress other countries by using military power or we can buy their loyalty for a little time but we can't influence their behavior or thoughts while using these two strategies. The panacea for maintaining power over other people or countries for a long span of time is soft power.
There are three sources of soft power: culture, political values, and foreign policy. Culture is again divided into two categories, first is high culture, and the second is popular culture. The sources of high culture are literature, art, and education. High culture usually influences the elite classes. On the other hand, the main source of popular culture is the entertainment industry which influences the masses. (further explanation of all these sources may be a lengthy task, so would like to leave it here).
However, I would like to mention some flaws and way out which people sitting at high echelons should seriously take into consideration. Let's start with the students across the world who study abroad. They are estimated at around 120 in the whole world. The United States is home 28 million of them which is the largest number of students in a country. When those students complete their education, they have become more American than their home country. They like to live in the U.S. or they reject the culture of their own country when they come back. They have become victims of American culture, education, and above all their liberal lifestyle inadvertently. But when it comes to the other source of soft power, the foreign policy. The U.S. seems failed in many countries. Take Pakistan as an example, the U.S. has given millions of dollars in aid to Pakistan. Yet the people in Pakistan don't like it much. Why? The answer is never worked on its soft power toward Pakistan and other Muslim countries. It has the hardest visa policy for Muslims. And it has a bleak image for the Muslims already living there. This is the reason why has it failed to seduce the majority of Muslims around the world.
Similarly, other countries have also failed in accomplishing prosperity for their native people because of inadequate policies of soft power. For instance, look at the Arab world countries. They are 22 in numbers. They spend 6 percent of their GDP in gaining military equipment and weapons, however, they all combinely have fewer exports than Finland, excluding the exports of gas and oil. All they have is war. About forty-five percent of their total population is under 14 of age. And the unemployment rate is highest in the world. On the other side, Scandinavian countries are considered the most prosperous in the world. They have no huge military backups nor they have any conflict in the world. But they have tourist resorts, equalities and better facilities for their people and multilateral foreign policies.
If we catch of glimpse of our own country, Pakistan. We see that it has been bestowed with world's one of the finest tourist resorts, yet many people don't want to visit it. The reason is its fragile entertainment industry which influences the masses as cited above. It has failed to attract people from other countries in comparison to Hollywood and Bollywood. The news channels also focus more on sensational news like terrorism, political instability, religious extremism, and other crises.
Moreover, the succeeded governments have also been failed to uplift the plight of poor people of the country. Energy crises are rampant. The quality of education is the lowest. And the infrastructure is not appealing. And so on so forth.
The situation can be normalized easily if the governments and the people who give mandate them to focus more the political values, the second source of soft power. Our values will determine our future. If values are based on cooperation, multilateralism, equalities, democracy, and peace than no power can halt us to emerge as a prosperous nation.
There are three main types of power e.g., economy, military, and soft power. The first two are called "carrots and sticks" in the language of diplomacy. The economy is used to allure other people or countries to attract them; whereas, the military is used to threaten other people or countries. Both strategies have been, and still are, used by the economically and militarily strong countries to pursue their interests.
But when we look back at past events, we astonished to see that these two strategies were not always successful. The United States was far more powerful in military might at the time of war with Vietnam. But it lost. It was at the zenith of technological advancement and intelligence but it failed to prevent 9/11. And it is many times advance in weapons, having a robust system of surveillance and economic power far higher than Afghanistan, but it can't succeed even after fighting for almost nineteen years. The same position has been of Russia in the past. France and Britain had more tanks than Germany during WW-II but the results were not favorable to them. What is the reason behind such failures?
The foremost reason is that we can suppress other countries by using military power or we can buy their loyalty for a little time but we can't influence their behavior or thoughts while using these two strategies. The panacea for maintaining power over other people or countries for a long span of time is soft power.
There are three sources of soft power: culture, political values, and foreign policy. Culture is again divided into two categories, first is high culture, and the second is popular culture. The sources of high culture are literature, art, and education. High culture usually influences the elite classes. On the other hand, the main source of popular culture is the entertainment industry which influences the masses. (further explanation of all these sources may be a lengthy task, so would like to leave it here).
However, I would like to mention some flaws and way out which people sitting at high echelons should seriously take into consideration. Let's start with the students across the world who study abroad. They are estimated at around 120 in the whole world. The United States is home 28 million of them which is the largest number of students in a country. When those students complete their education, they have become more American than their home country. They like to live in the U.S. or they reject the culture of their own country when they come back. They have become victims of American culture, education, and above all their liberal lifestyle inadvertently. But when it comes to the other source of soft power, the foreign policy. The U.S. seems failed in many countries. Take Pakistan as an example, the U.S. has given millions of dollars in aid to Pakistan. Yet the people in Pakistan don't like it much. Why? The answer is never worked on its soft power toward Pakistan and other Muslim countries. It has the hardest visa policy for Muslims. And it has a bleak image for the Muslims already living there. This is the reason why has it failed to seduce the majority of Muslims around the world.
Similarly, other countries have also failed in accomplishing prosperity for their native people because of inadequate policies of soft power. For instance, look at the Arab world countries. They are 22 in numbers. They spend 6 percent of their GDP in gaining military equipment and weapons, however, they all combinely have fewer exports than Finland, excluding the exports of gas and oil. All they have is war. About forty-five percent of their total population is under 14 of age. And the unemployment rate is highest in the world. On the other side, Scandinavian countries are considered the most prosperous in the world. They have no huge military backups nor they have any conflict in the world. But they have tourist resorts, equalities and better facilities for their people and multilateral foreign policies.
If we catch of glimpse of our own country, Pakistan. We see that it has been bestowed with world's one of the finest tourist resorts, yet many people don't want to visit it. The reason is its fragile entertainment industry which influences the masses as cited above. It has failed to attract people from other countries in comparison to Hollywood and Bollywood. The news channels also focus more on sensational news like terrorism, political instability, religious extremism, and other crises.
Moreover, the succeeded governments have also been failed to uplift the plight of poor people of the country. Energy crises are rampant. The quality of education is the lowest. And the infrastructure is not appealing. And so on so forth.
The situation can be normalized easily if the governments and the people who give mandate them to focus more the political values, the second source of soft power. Our values will determine our future. If values are based on cooperation, multilateralism, equalities, democracy, and peace than no power can halt us to emerge as a prosperous nation.
Read
January 13, 2016Nye's concept of "soft power" (often invoked and often incorrectly invoked) is an interesting addition to discussions of power and influence in international relations. It probably didn't need a book-length introduction, but Nye's writing style is clear and persuasive and, in a world in which leaders all too often choose hard power as their preferred response to international challenges or crises, the book is a welcome reminder that simply setting a good example and demonstrating success can go far towards promoting your own values and policies.
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