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亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳
During the fateful quarter century leading up to World War I, the climax of a century of rapid, unprecedented change, a privileged few enjoyed luxury as the underclass was 鈥渉eaving in its pain, its power, and its hate.鈥�
In "The Proud Tower", Barbara W. Tuchman brings the era to vivid life: the decline of the Edwardian aristocracy; the Anarchists of Europe and America; Germany and its self-depicted hero, Richard Strauss; Diaghilev鈥檚 Russian ballet and Stravinsky鈥檚 music; the Dreyfus Affair; the Peace Conferences in The Hague; and the enthusiasm and tragedy of Socialism, epitomized by the assassination of Jean Jaur猫s on the night the Great War began and an epoch came to a close.
In "The Proud Tower", Barbara W. Tuchman brings the era to vivid life: the decline of the Edwardian aristocracy; the Anarchists of Europe and America; Germany and its self-depicted hero, Richard Strauss; Diaghilev鈥檚 Russian ballet and Stravinsky鈥檚 music; the Dreyfus Affair; the Peace Conferences in The Hague; and the enthusiasm and tragedy of Socialism, epitomized by the assassination of Jean Jaur猫s on the night the Great War began and an epoch came to a close.
1088 pages, Hardcover
First published October 11, 1965
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16363 people want to read
About the author
Barbara W. Tuchman
52听books2,253听followersBarbara Wertheim Tuchman, historian, won a Pulitzer Prize for
The Guns of August
(1962) and for
Stilwell and the American Experience in China
(1971).
As an author, Tuchman focused on popular production. Her clear, dramatic storytelling covered topics as diverse as the 14th century and World War I and sold millions of copies.
As an author, Tuchman focused on popular production. Her clear, dramatic storytelling covered topics as diverse as the 14th century and World War I and sold millions of copies.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 687 reviews
January 8, 2021
"The diplomatic origins, so-called, of the Great War are only the fever chart of the patient; they do not tell us what caused the fever. To probe for underlying causes and deeper forces one must operate within the framework of a whole society and try to discover what moved the people in it..."
- Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914
How do you follow up a major success in life?
It鈥檚 a question I seldom ask myself. My last success was finishing the final two episodes of both The Night Of and Stranger Things in a single night, while drinking a $9 handle of rum and avoiding the sidelong glances of my pregnant wife, who is due any day. That鈥檚 the kind of success you only follow up with divorce.
Barbara Tuchman certainly had to answer that query. In 1962, she published The Guns of August, one of the most widely acclaimed works of history ever written. It won the Pulitzer Prize. It was a popular success. It is said that Kennedy read it during the Cuban Missile Crisis. So, what do you do when your book has made you famous, wealthy, and also saved the world from nuclear war?
How do you come up with an encore?
In figurative terms, you don鈥檛. The Guns of August is her masterpiece, and it makes a pretty decent headliner for anyone鈥檚 obituary.
In literal terms - well, read on.
I know what I would've done. If I鈥檇 been Tuchman, I likely would have taken my Pulitzer to the beach and spent the rest of my days drinking cheap rum paid for with royalty checks. Or I might have pumped out a sequel about the second month of World War I called The Guns of September.
Tuchman didn't do either of these things. She didn't do anything, really. Instead, of a fresh masterpiece, Tuchman's next catalogue entry is the literary version of a sit com's clip show. The Proud Tower, the chronological follow-up to The Guns of August, is a collection of eight previously-published essays written by Tuchman. The only original writing is a three page Forward that tries to reverse engineer a thesis.
In terms of content, I don鈥檛 think this is much of an issue for today鈥檚 reader. I doubt many of us have seen the original articles elsewhere. Certainly, this is my first exposure to any of them. This isn鈥檛 like picking up Lawrence Wright鈥檚 newest book and finding out it鈥檚 just his New Yorker articles, which I read as they were originally printed.
In terms of being a satisfying book, though, I鈥檓 not sure The Proud Tower entirely succeeds. It is, at the very least, misleading as to its intentions.
The subtitle of The Proud Tower is A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914. Right from the cover, you are lead to believe this is a predecessor 鈥� in spirit if not in fact 鈥� to The Guns of August.
But it鈥檚 not. The Guns of August focused intently on August 1914 and the opening weeks of the Great War. The Proud Tower, on the other hand, is all over the place, hopping, skipping, and jumping from one topic to the next. It does not provide a portrait, a holistic vision, so much as it gives us an assortment of snapshots. Moreover, Tuchman鈥檚 interpretation of 鈥渨orld鈥� is narrowly defined to mean 鈥� for the most part 鈥� Western Europe and the United States. (It鈥檚 the same bias Tuchman displayed in The Guns of August, where she barely mentioned the Balkans, despite the war having sprung from there). Most importantly, the shadow of World War I is hardly mentioned at all.
The topics in Tuchman鈥檚 eight essays 鈥� here, they become chapters 鈥� feel randomly drawn. She has two chapters on Great Britain, both focusing on the shift of power away from the patricians (embodied in the House of Lords) and into the hands of the common people (embodied by the Liberal alliance with Labour). The first Great Britain chapter focuses on Lord Salisbury, and gets a bit tedious. The second chapter, about the de-fanging of the House of Lords, is much brisker and alive with political maneuvering.
In 鈥淭he Idea and the Deed鈥�, Tuchman provides a fascinating survey of the Anarchist movement. Like Socialists, Anarchists were looking to foment a revolution. Unlike Socialists, Anarchists (being anarchists) were against organization, training, discipline, etc. Instead, they wanted to spark the revolution by spontaneous acts of violence. Tuchman always had a keen eye for comparing historical movements from one time period to another. She would have appreciated how familiar the Anarchist tactics feel today in light of modern terrorist tactics.
The chapter on America, entitled 鈥淓nd of a Dream鈥� points the spotlight on Thomas Reed, a Maine Republican who served as a powerful Speaker of the House. Reed tried to stop America from turnign into an imperial. It was a struggle he lost following American successes (and land acquisitions) in the Spanish-American War. This was the moment America went from a proud non-colonial power to an aggressively-grasping empire that mimicked the old order of Europe. Frankly, I鈥檇 never heard of Reed, so I appreciated Tuchman bringing her biographical gift to this man, a turn of the century titan who has slipped somewhat into obscurity.
Tuchman鈥檚 essay on France centers on l鈥檃ffaire Dreyfus. The Dreyfus Affair began in 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a French artillery officer, was convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans. The trial and conviction were seen by many (rightly) as a sham, and motivated by Dreyfus鈥檚 Jewish heritage. The affair dragged on until 1906 and became a cause c茅l猫bre. On the one side, you had the moral might of the government and military, which held itself beyond reproach. On the other, you had celebrity activists such as Emile Zola who wrote the famous open letter, 闯鈥檃肠肠耻蝉别, that pressured the government to reopen the case.
In 鈥淭he Steady Drummer鈥�, Tuchman discusses the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907. The conventions that came out of these talks attempted to codify the conduct of warfare. It touched on issues such as protection for civilians (and their property) and treatment of prisoners-of-war. Despite a lot of foot dragging among the great powers, who did not want other countries to constrain their abilities in time of war, Tuchman presents the Hague Conferences as relative successes. Indeed, as she notes, in one of her rare references to the looming Great War, a third conference had been scheduled for 1914. It never occurred.
The oddest chapter is entitled 鈥淣eroism is in the Air鈥�. Here, Tuchman goes on a rather lengthy tangent about Richard Strauss, the German composer and conductor. I鈥檓 not much of an opera guy, which is to say, I don鈥檛 care at all about operas. Thus, I was predisposed not to care much about this subject. Even if I loved opera, there鈥檚 only so much you can read about music, before you just need to listen to it.
Tuchman concludes The Proud Tower with an article on Jean Jaures. The French Jaures was an influential leader of the Socialist movement. His murder on the eve of World War I ensured that the Socialist movement would support their respective countries鈥� march to war. Without Jaures, the Socialists became 鈥� at least for a minute 鈥� as ardent nationalists as any. Freed from the threat of strikes or opposition, the governments of the belligerent nations were free to do as they pleased. Unfortunately, they desired war.
As you can see, there is no cohering element to these various chapters. Accordingly, there is an unevenness inherent to the proceedings. Nothing connects one chapter to the next. They don鈥檛 inform each other or build to a thesis statement. Tuchman does not deliver any sort of final judgment on the world before the war. Rather, she is making a bunch of random observations. Anarchists are violent! Strauss composes excellent operas!
I liked The Proud Tower on the strength of its best essays. Tuchman writes at her usual high level, with erudition, dry wit, and perceptive characterizations. However, I couldn鈥檛 help but feel this book is more of a placeholder in Tuchman鈥檚 canon than anything else.
Anyone picking this up in expectation of a prequel to her WWI classic will be disappointed. Despite the alleged thematic similarities, the two books are worlds apart. The Guns of August is driven by a strong narrative. The Proud Tower is a loose gathering of unrelated topical essays. This book, for all its qualities, feels like a way to keep up a revenue stream while Tuchman labored on a real project. If that鈥檚 the case, it worked. Her next book after The Proud Tower, a biography on Vinegar Joe Stilwell, also won the Pulitzer Prize. Sandwiched between two critical successes, The Proud Tower is a relative disappointment in Tuchman鈥檚 bibliography.
- Barbara Tuchman, The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914
How do you follow up a major success in life?
It鈥檚 a question I seldom ask myself. My last success was finishing the final two episodes of both The Night Of and Stranger Things in a single night, while drinking a $9 handle of rum and avoiding the sidelong glances of my pregnant wife, who is due any day. That鈥檚 the kind of success you only follow up with divorce.
Barbara Tuchman certainly had to answer that query. In 1962, she published The Guns of August, one of the most widely acclaimed works of history ever written. It won the Pulitzer Prize. It was a popular success. It is said that Kennedy read it during the Cuban Missile Crisis. So, what do you do when your book has made you famous, wealthy, and also saved the world from nuclear war?
How do you come up with an encore?
In figurative terms, you don鈥檛. The Guns of August is her masterpiece, and it makes a pretty decent headliner for anyone鈥檚 obituary.
In literal terms - well, read on.
I know what I would've done. If I鈥檇 been Tuchman, I likely would have taken my Pulitzer to the beach and spent the rest of my days drinking cheap rum paid for with royalty checks. Or I might have pumped out a sequel about the second month of World War I called The Guns of September.
Tuchman didn't do either of these things. She didn't do anything, really. Instead, of a fresh masterpiece, Tuchman's next catalogue entry is the literary version of a sit com's clip show. The Proud Tower, the chronological follow-up to The Guns of August, is a collection of eight previously-published essays written by Tuchman. The only original writing is a three page Forward that tries to reverse engineer a thesis.
In terms of content, I don鈥檛 think this is much of an issue for today鈥檚 reader. I doubt many of us have seen the original articles elsewhere. Certainly, this is my first exposure to any of them. This isn鈥檛 like picking up Lawrence Wright鈥檚 newest book and finding out it鈥檚 just his New Yorker articles, which I read as they were originally printed.
In terms of being a satisfying book, though, I鈥檓 not sure The Proud Tower entirely succeeds. It is, at the very least, misleading as to its intentions.
The subtitle of The Proud Tower is A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914. Right from the cover, you are lead to believe this is a predecessor 鈥� in spirit if not in fact 鈥� to The Guns of August.
But it鈥檚 not. The Guns of August focused intently on August 1914 and the opening weeks of the Great War. The Proud Tower, on the other hand, is all over the place, hopping, skipping, and jumping from one topic to the next. It does not provide a portrait, a holistic vision, so much as it gives us an assortment of snapshots. Moreover, Tuchman鈥檚 interpretation of 鈥渨orld鈥� is narrowly defined to mean 鈥� for the most part 鈥� Western Europe and the United States. (It鈥檚 the same bias Tuchman displayed in The Guns of August, where she barely mentioned the Balkans, despite the war having sprung from there). Most importantly, the shadow of World War I is hardly mentioned at all.
The topics in Tuchman鈥檚 eight essays 鈥� here, they become chapters 鈥� feel randomly drawn. She has two chapters on Great Britain, both focusing on the shift of power away from the patricians (embodied in the House of Lords) and into the hands of the common people (embodied by the Liberal alliance with Labour). The first Great Britain chapter focuses on Lord Salisbury, and gets a bit tedious. The second chapter, about the de-fanging of the House of Lords, is much brisker and alive with political maneuvering.
In 鈥淭he Idea and the Deed鈥�, Tuchman provides a fascinating survey of the Anarchist movement. Like Socialists, Anarchists were looking to foment a revolution. Unlike Socialists, Anarchists (being anarchists) were against organization, training, discipline, etc. Instead, they wanted to spark the revolution by spontaneous acts of violence. Tuchman always had a keen eye for comparing historical movements from one time period to another. She would have appreciated how familiar the Anarchist tactics feel today in light of modern terrorist tactics.
The chapter on America, entitled 鈥淓nd of a Dream鈥� points the spotlight on Thomas Reed, a Maine Republican who served as a powerful Speaker of the House. Reed tried to stop America from turnign into an imperial. It was a struggle he lost following American successes (and land acquisitions) in the Spanish-American War. This was the moment America went from a proud non-colonial power to an aggressively-grasping empire that mimicked the old order of Europe. Frankly, I鈥檇 never heard of Reed, so I appreciated Tuchman bringing her biographical gift to this man, a turn of the century titan who has slipped somewhat into obscurity.
Tuchman鈥檚 essay on France centers on l鈥檃ffaire Dreyfus. The Dreyfus Affair began in 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a French artillery officer, was convicted of passing military secrets to the Germans. The trial and conviction were seen by many (rightly) as a sham, and motivated by Dreyfus鈥檚 Jewish heritage. The affair dragged on until 1906 and became a cause c茅l猫bre. On the one side, you had the moral might of the government and military, which held itself beyond reproach. On the other, you had celebrity activists such as Emile Zola who wrote the famous open letter, 闯鈥檃肠肠耻蝉别, that pressured the government to reopen the case.
In 鈥淭he Steady Drummer鈥�, Tuchman discusses the Hague Conferences in 1899 and 1907. The conventions that came out of these talks attempted to codify the conduct of warfare. It touched on issues such as protection for civilians (and their property) and treatment of prisoners-of-war. Despite a lot of foot dragging among the great powers, who did not want other countries to constrain their abilities in time of war, Tuchman presents the Hague Conferences as relative successes. Indeed, as she notes, in one of her rare references to the looming Great War, a third conference had been scheduled for 1914. It never occurred.
The oddest chapter is entitled 鈥淣eroism is in the Air鈥�. Here, Tuchman goes on a rather lengthy tangent about Richard Strauss, the German composer and conductor. I鈥檓 not much of an opera guy, which is to say, I don鈥檛 care at all about operas. Thus, I was predisposed not to care much about this subject. Even if I loved opera, there鈥檚 only so much you can read about music, before you just need to listen to it.
Tuchman concludes The Proud Tower with an article on Jean Jaures. The French Jaures was an influential leader of the Socialist movement. His murder on the eve of World War I ensured that the Socialist movement would support their respective countries鈥� march to war. Without Jaures, the Socialists became 鈥� at least for a minute 鈥� as ardent nationalists as any. Freed from the threat of strikes or opposition, the governments of the belligerent nations were free to do as they pleased. Unfortunately, they desired war.
As you can see, there is no cohering element to these various chapters. Accordingly, there is an unevenness inherent to the proceedings. Nothing connects one chapter to the next. They don鈥檛 inform each other or build to a thesis statement. Tuchman does not deliver any sort of final judgment on the world before the war. Rather, she is making a bunch of random observations. Anarchists are violent! Strauss composes excellent operas!
I liked The Proud Tower on the strength of its best essays. Tuchman writes at her usual high level, with erudition, dry wit, and perceptive characterizations. However, I couldn鈥檛 help but feel this book is more of a placeholder in Tuchman鈥檚 canon than anything else.
Anyone picking this up in expectation of a prequel to her WWI classic will be disappointed. Despite the alleged thematic similarities, the two books are worlds apart. The Guns of August is driven by a strong narrative. The Proud Tower is a loose gathering of unrelated topical essays. This book, for all its qualities, feels like a way to keep up a revenue stream while Tuchman labored on a real project. If that鈥檚 the case, it worked. Her next book after The Proud Tower, a biography on Vinegar Joe Stilwell, also won the Pulitzer Prize. Sandwiched between two critical successes, The Proud Tower is a relative disappointment in Tuchman鈥檚 bibliography.
June 30, 2023
亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳 丕孬乇 禺丕賳賲 亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 貙 噩丕賲毓賴 賵 賳馗丕賲 爻蹖丕爻蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丿乇 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 丌禺乇 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴 賵 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖蹖 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲賲 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿 貙 賴賲蹖賳 胤賵乇 亘丕 丿賯鬲 賵 賵爻賵丕爻 夭蹖丕丿 讴賴 丕夭 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 賲蹖 乇賵丿 亘賴 乇蹖卮賴 蹖丕亘蹖 丿賱丕蹖賱 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丕夭 丿賱 賴賲蹖賳 噩賵丕賲毓 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賵 賳诏丕賴蹖 乇蹖夭亘蹖賳丕賳賴 亘賴 诏爻鬲乇卮 賯丿乇鬲 噩賳诏 胤賱亘丕賳 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿 . 丿乇 丨賯蹖賯鬲 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘丕 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賳 丿賱丕蹖賱 夭蹖丕丿 貙 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕爻禺 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 乇丕 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱丕蹖賱 丿爻鬲 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賴賲 丿丕丿賴 賵 亘丕毓孬 丕賵賱蹖賳 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 卮丿賳丿 .
讴鬲丕亘 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 爻毓蹖 賲蹖 讴賳賲 禺賱丕氐賴 亘乇丿丕卮鬲 禺賵丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 賮氐賱 賴丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳賲:
賮氐賱 丕賵賱 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲 賴丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 丿乇 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 貙 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賵 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賯丿乇鬲 诏乇賮鬲賳丿 貙 毓賯蹖丿賴 賵 賲乇丕賲 丌賳賴丕 诏爻鬲乇卮 蹖丕賮鬲 貙 亘丕 趩賴 賯丿乇鬲蹖 倬丕丿卮丕賴 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 貙 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賵 乇蹖蹖爻 噩賲賴賵乇 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 乇丕 鬲乇賵乇 讴乇丿賳丿 貙 賲乇丕賲賳丕賲賴 丌賳賴丕 趩賴 亘賵丿 責 丿乇 趩賴 噩賵丕賲毓蹖 亘丕 趩賴 賲卮禺氐丕鬲蹖 乇卮丿 讴乇丿賳丿 貙 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賴賲賴 丕蹖賳 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 倬丕爻禺 賲蹖 丿賴丿.
讴卮賵乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賯賵蹖鬲乇蹖賳 賯丿乇鬲 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 賲賵囟賵毓 賮氐賱 丿賵賲 讴鬲丕亘 丕爻鬲 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕卮乇丕賮蹖 賱乇丿賴丕 貙 毓氐乇 賵蹖讴鬲賵乇蹖丕 貙 倬丕丿卮丕賴 噩丿蹖丿 貙 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 貙 丕孬乇 诏匕丕乇蹖 賱乇丿賴丕 貙 賳賵毓 倬賵卮卮 丌賳賴丕 貙 毓丕丿鬲 賴丕蹖 丌賳賴丕 賲丕賳賳丿 卮讴丕乇 ( 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕蹖賳 賱乇丿賴丕 讴賴 賴蹖趩 讴丕乇蹖 賳賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 賵賱蹖 毓賲賱丕 賴賲賴 讴丕乇賴 賵 氐丕丨亘 讴卮賵乇 賴爻鬲賳丿 丿乇 爻乇蹖丕賱 丿丕賵賳 鬲丕賳 丕亘蹖 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴 卮丿賴 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 噩賳丕亘 賱乇丿 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 亘賴 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賳賲蹖 乇賵丿 賵賱蹖 丿乇 賲賱讴 丕卮乇丕賮蹖 禺賵丿 亘丕 賱亘丕爻 賳馗丕賲蹖 賲蹖 诏乇丿丿 !) 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賱乇丿賴丕 氐丕丨亘 賴賲賴 賯丿乇鬲 賵孬乇賵鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賲乇丿賲 毓丕丿蹖 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 胤亘賯賴 讴丕乇诏乇 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭蹖 丕夭 禺賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿 . 丕賲丕 丿乇 丌賳 爻丕賱賴丕 讴賲 讴賲 丕蹖賳 乇賵丕賱 毓賵囟 賲蹖 卮賵丿 . 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 趩诏賵賳诏蹖 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿 .
賮氐賱 爻賵賲 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賯丿乇鬲 噩丿蹖丿 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴卮賵乇 趩诏賵賳賴 丿丕乇丿 倬賵爻鬲 丕賳丿丕夭蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 丕夭 讴卮賵乇蹖 賲賳夭賵蹖 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 鬲亘丿蹖賱 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲蹖 賲丿丕禺賱賴 诏乇 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賯丿乇鬲 賯丿蹖賲 乇丕 丕夭 讴賵亘丕 賵 賮蹖賱蹖倬蹖賳 丕禺乇丕噩 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 禺賵丿 噩丕蹖 丌賳 乇丕 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 倬丕 丿乇 倬丕蹖 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖 诏匕丕乇丿 貙 亘賴 鬲賯賵蹖鬲 賯丿乇鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖 禺賵丿 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿 丕蹖賳 讴賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 禺賵丕賴丕賳 乇丕亘胤賴 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賲丿丕禺賱賴 噩賵蹖丕賳賴 賴爻鬲賳丿 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲卅賵丿賵乇乇賵夭賵賱鬲 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 亘乇 噩賳丕丨 丿蹖诏乇 噩賲賴賵乇蹖 禺賵丕賴丕賳 丕氐蹖賱 倬蹖乇賵夭 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 . 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 讴賲 讴賲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 睾賵賱 亘蹖 卮丕禺 賵 丿賲 賵 丕蹖賳 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲丕 丕賲乇賵夭 丌賳 乇丕 賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 鬲亘丿蹖賱 賲蹖 卮賵丿 丿乇 賯賱賲 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丌卮讴丕乇 丕爻鬲 .
賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賯丿乇鬲 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕乇賵倬丕 蹖毓賳蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丕爻鬲 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿乇 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賵 倬丕乇蹖爻 夭蹖亘丕 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕賮鬲鬲丕丨 賳賲丕卮诏丕賴 亘蹖賳 丕賱賲賱賱蹖 賵 亘乇噩 丕蹖賮賱 貙 丕鬲丨丕丿 賳馗丕賲蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘丕 乇賵爻蹖賴 貙 賳夭丿蹖讴 卮丿賳 丌賳 亘賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 賱賵讴爻 倬丕乇蹖爻蹖 賴丕 貙 丨鬲蹖 讴丕賮賴 賴丕蹖 倬丕乇蹖爻 讴賴 賲丨賱 丕噩鬲賲丕毓 乇賵卮賳 賮讴乇賴丕 亘賵丿賳丿 貙鬲乇爻 乇賵夭賲乇賴 丕夭 丌賱賲丕賳 賵 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕乇丕丿賴 讴卮賵乇 亘賴 爻賲鬲 噩賳诏 賲蹖 乇賵丿 貙 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘丕 氐亘乇 賵 丨賵氐賱賴 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘丕夭诏賵 賲蹖 讴賳丿 .
賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 鬲丕爻蹖爻 丿蹖賵丕賳 賱丕賴賴 亘賴 丿乇 禺賵丕爻鬲 賳蹖讴賱丕蹖 丿賵賲 鬲夭丕乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 鬲夭丕乇 丿乇 讴卮賵乇 禺賵丿 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 氐丿丕蹖 賲禺丕賱賮 乇丕 丿乇 噩丕 禺賮賴 賲蹖 讴賳丿 貙 丕賲丕 丿乇 爻胤丨 亘蹖賳 丕賱賲賱賱 禺賵丕賴丕賳 卮賳蹖丿賴 卮丿賳 氐丿丕蹖 賴賲賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 賳馗乇蹖 讴賴 丕诏乇趩賴 丕噩乇丕 賲蹖 卮賵丿 丕賲丕 讴爻蹖 丌賳乇丕 噩丿蹖 賳賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 貙 禺賵丿 鬲夭丕乇 賴賲 讴賲 讴賲 鬲賵爻胤 鬲賵丿賴 賴丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 噩丕乇賵 賲蹖 卮賵丿 .
賮氐賱 亘毓丿蹖 賯丿乇鬲 鬲丕夭賴 賳賮爻 噩丿蹖丿 丕乇賵倬丕 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 丕爻鬲 貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賮乇丕賵丕賳 禺賵丿 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 乇丕 亘賴 乇禺 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖 讴卮丿 貙 丕賵 丕倬乇丕賴丕蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 貙 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 丿丕賳丕賳 丌賱賲丕賳 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賲賳卮丕 賵 匕丕鬲 丕蹖賳 賳賵毓 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 趩蹖爻鬲 貙 丌賱賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿丕乇丿 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 丕賱诏賵 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 賳馗賲 丌賴賳蹖賳蹖 讴賴 亘賳丕 卮丿賴 貙 讴丕乇禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖 噩丿蹖丿 貙 胤亘賯賴 讴丕乇诏乇蹖 讴賴 賲乇賮賴 鬲乇 丕夭 賴賲鬲丕蹖丕賳 賮乇丕賳爻賵蹖 賵 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 禺賵丿 賴爻鬲賳丿 貙 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 賳丕賵诏丕賳 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 趩丕賱卮 賲蹖 讴卮丿 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 讴卮賵乇 亘丕 爻乇毓鬲 爻乇爻丕賲 丌賵乇蹖 賲爻賱丨 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 爻賲鬲 噩賳诏蹖 賲蹖 乇賵丿 讴賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴 丌賳 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲賴 賵丕囟丨 丕爻鬲 .
賮氐賱 賴賮鬲賲 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 丿乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 丕夭 毓氐乇 賵蹖讴鬲賵乇蹖丕 禺丕乇噩 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 讴丕乇诏乇丕賳 丿乇 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 氐丕丨亘 讴乇爻蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 丨夭亘 讴丕乇诏乇 鬲丕爻蹖爻 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賴蹖趩 讴丿丕賲 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 亘丕毓孬 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 爻蹖丕爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇蹖 亘乇蹖鬲丕賳蹖丕 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 丿乇 乇賵蹖 賴賲丕賳 倬丕卮賳賴 賲蹖 趩乇禺丿 .
賮氐賱 丌禺乇 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 跇丕賳 跇賵乇爻 丕賳鬲乇賳丕爻蹖賵賳丕賱蹖爻鬲 賲毓乇賵賮 賵 亘賳蹖丕賳诏匕丕乇 丨夭亘 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丕爻鬲 貙 跇賵乇爻 乇賴亘乇 賲毓賳賵蹖 鬲賲丕賲 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 噩賴丕賳 賵 賮毓丕賱 囟丿 噩賳诏 亘賵丿 . 賵噩賵丿 丕賵 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲乇賲夭蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賯賵蹖 賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮鬲丕亘 噩賳诏 乇丕 賲蹖 诏乇賮鬲 . 鬲乇賵乇 跇賵乇爻 讴賴 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 讴丕賲賱 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 鬲蹖亘賵 丌賲丿賴 貙 丌禺乇蹖賳 毓丕賲賱 囟丿 噩賳诏 乇丕 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿 賵 夭賲蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 丕賵賱 賲賴蹖丕 讴乇丿 .
亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 丿乇 乇鬲亘賴 丕蹖 倬丕蹖蹖賳 鬲乇 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲 蹖丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘蹖 禺乇丿蹖 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 賵 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賮氐賱賴丕蹖蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 蹖丕 丿乇 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲 乇丕 禺爻鬲賴 讴賳賳丿賴 亘蹖丕亘丿 . 丿乇 丨賯蹖賯鬲 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 夭蹖丕丿蹖 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丿丕丿賴 讴賴 賲丕賳賳丿 賲賳 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 趩蹖夭蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕倬乇丕 蹖丕 賳鬲賴丕蹖 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 賳丿丕賳丿 賵 蹖丕 丕氐賵賱丕 鬲氐賵蹖亘 賮賱丕賳 賱丕蹖丨賴 丿乇 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 亘乇丕蹖卮 賲賴賲 賳亘丕卮丿 .
讴鬲丕亘 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 爻毓蹖 賲蹖 讴賳賲 禺賱丕氐賴 亘乇丿丕卮鬲 禺賵丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 賮氐賱 賴丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳賲:
賮氐賱 丕賵賱 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲 賴丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 丿乇 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 貙 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賵 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賯丿乇鬲 诏乇賮鬲賳丿 貙 毓賯蹖丿賴 賵 賲乇丕賲 丌賳賴丕 诏爻鬲乇卮 蹖丕賮鬲 貙 亘丕 趩賴 賯丿乇鬲蹖 倬丕丿卮丕賴 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 貙 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賵 乇蹖蹖爻 噩賲賴賵乇 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 乇丕 鬲乇賵乇 讴乇丿賳丿 貙 賲乇丕賲賳丕賲賴 丌賳賴丕 趩賴 亘賵丿 責 丿乇 趩賴 噩賵丕賲毓蹖 亘丕 趩賴 賲卮禺氐丕鬲蹖 乇卮丿 讴乇丿賳丿 貙 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賴賲賴 丕蹖賳 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 倬丕爻禺 賲蹖 丿賴丿.
讴卮賵乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賯賵蹖鬲乇蹖賳 賯丿乇鬲 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 賲賵囟賵毓 賮氐賱 丿賵賲 讴鬲丕亘 丕爻鬲 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕卮乇丕賮蹖 賱乇丿賴丕 貙 毓氐乇 賵蹖讴鬲賵乇蹖丕 貙 倬丕丿卮丕賴 噩丿蹖丿 貙 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 貙 丕孬乇 诏匕丕乇蹖 賱乇丿賴丕 貙 賳賵毓 倬賵卮卮 丌賳賴丕 貙 毓丕丿鬲 賴丕蹖 丌賳賴丕 賲丕賳賳丿 卮讴丕乇 ( 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕蹖賳 賱乇丿賴丕 讴賴 賴蹖趩 讴丕乇蹖 賳賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 賵賱蹖 毓賲賱丕 賴賲賴 讴丕乇賴 賵 氐丕丨亘 讴卮賵乇 賴爻鬲賳丿 丿乇 爻乇蹖丕賱 丿丕賵賳 鬲丕賳 丕亘蹖 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴 卮丿賴 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 噩賳丕亘 賱乇丿 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 亘賴 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賳賲蹖 乇賵丿 賵賱蹖 丿乇 賲賱讴 丕卮乇丕賮蹖 禺賵丿 亘丕 賱亘丕爻 賳馗丕賲蹖 賲蹖 诏乇丿丿 !) 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賱乇丿賴丕 氐丕丨亘 賴賲賴 賯丿乇鬲 賵孬乇賵鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賲乇丿賲 毓丕丿蹖 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 胤亘賯賴 讴丕乇诏乇 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭蹖 丕夭 禺賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿 . 丕賲丕 丿乇 丌賳 爻丕賱賴丕 讴賲 讴賲 丕蹖賳 乇賵丕賱 毓賵囟 賲蹖 卮賵丿 . 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 趩诏賵賳诏蹖 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿 .
賮氐賱 爻賵賲 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賯丿乇鬲 噩丿蹖丿 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴卮賵乇 趩诏賵賳賴 丿丕乇丿 倬賵爻鬲 丕賳丿丕夭蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 丕夭 讴卮賵乇蹖 賲賳夭賵蹖 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 鬲亘丿蹖賱 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲蹖 賲丿丕禺賱賴 诏乇 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕 賯丿乇鬲 賯丿蹖賲 乇丕 丕夭 讴賵亘丕 賵 賮蹖賱蹖倬蹖賳 丕禺乇丕噩 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 禺賵丿 噩丕蹖 丌賳 乇丕 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 倬丕 丿乇 倬丕蹖 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖 诏匕丕乇丿 貙 亘賴 鬲賯賵蹖鬲 賯丿乇鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖 禺賵丿 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿 丕蹖賳 讴賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 禺賵丕賴丕賳 乇丕亘胤賴 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賲丿丕禺賱賴 噩賵蹖丕賳賴 賴爻鬲賳丿 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲卅賵丿賵乇乇賵夭賵賱鬲 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 亘乇 噩賳丕丨 丿蹖诏乇 噩賲賴賵乇蹖 禺賵丕賴丕賳 丕氐蹖賱 倬蹖乇賵夭 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 . 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 讴賲 讴賲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 睾賵賱 亘蹖 卮丕禺 賵 丿賲 賵 丕蹖賳 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲丕 丕賲乇賵夭 丌賳 乇丕 賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 鬲亘丿蹖賱 賲蹖 卮賵丿 丿乇 賯賱賲 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丌卮讴丕乇 丕爻鬲 .
賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賯丿乇鬲 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕乇賵倬丕 蹖毓賳蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丕爻鬲 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿乇 賮乇丕賳爻赖 賵 倬丕乇蹖爻 夭蹖亘丕 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕賮鬲鬲丕丨 賳賲丕卮诏丕賴 亘蹖賳 丕賱賲賱賱蹖 賵 亘乇噩 丕蹖賮賱 貙 丕鬲丨丕丿 賳馗丕賲蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘丕 乇賵爻蹖賴 貙 賳夭丿蹖讴 卮丿賳 丌賳 亘賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 賱賵讴爻 倬丕乇蹖爻蹖 賴丕 貙 丨鬲蹖 讴丕賮賴 賴丕蹖 倬丕乇蹖爻 讴賴 賲丨賱 丕噩鬲賲丕毓 乇賵卮賳 賮讴乇賴丕 亘賵丿賳丿 貙鬲乇爻 乇賵夭賲乇賴 丕夭 丌賱賲丕賳 賵 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕乇丕丿賴 讴卮賵乇 亘賴 爻賲鬲 噩賳诏 賲蹖 乇賵丿 貙 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘丕 氐亘乇 賵 丨賵氐賱賴 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘丕夭诏賵 賲蹖 讴賳丿 .
賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 鬲丕爻蹖爻 丿蹖賵丕賳 賱丕賴賴 亘賴 丿乇 禺賵丕爻鬲 賳蹖讴賱丕蹖 丿賵賲 鬲夭丕乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 鬲夭丕乇 丿乇 讴卮賵乇 禺賵丿 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 氐丿丕蹖 賲禺丕賱賮 乇丕 丿乇 噩丕 禺賮賴 賲蹖 讴賳丿 貙 丕賲丕 丿乇 爻胤丨 亘蹖賳 丕賱賲賱賱 禺賵丕賴丕賳 卮賳蹖丿賴 卮丿賳 氐丿丕蹖 賴賲賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 賳馗乇蹖 讴賴 丕诏乇趩賴 丕噩乇丕 賲蹖 卮賵丿 丕賲丕 讴爻蹖 丌賳乇丕 噩丿蹖 賳賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 貙 禺賵丿 鬲夭丕乇 賴賲 讴賲 讴賲 鬲賵爻胤 鬲賵丿賴 賴丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 噩丕乇賵 賲蹖 卮賵丿 .
賮氐賱 亘毓丿蹖 賯丿乇鬲 鬲丕夭賴 賳賮爻 噩丿蹖丿 丕乇賵倬丕 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 丕爻鬲 貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賮乇丕賵丕賳 禺賵丿 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 乇丕 亘賴 乇禺 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖 讴卮丿 貙 丕賵 丕倬乇丕賴丕蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 貙 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 丿丕賳丕賳 丌賱賲丕賳 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賲賳卮丕 賵 匕丕鬲 丕蹖賳 賳賵毓 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 趩蹖爻鬲 貙 丌賱賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿丕乇丿 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 丕賱诏賵 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 賳馗賲 丌賴賳蹖賳蹖 讴賴 亘賳丕 卮丿賴 貙 讴丕乇禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖 噩丿蹖丿 貙 胤亘賯賴 讴丕乇诏乇蹖 讴賴 賲乇賮賴 鬲乇 丕夭 賴賲鬲丕蹖丕賳 賮乇丕賳爻賵蹖 賵 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 禺賵丿 賴爻鬲賳丿 貙 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 賳丕賵诏丕賳 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 趩丕賱卮 賲蹖 讴卮丿 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 讴卮賵乇 亘丕 爻乇毓鬲 爻乇爻丕賲 丌賵乇蹖 賲爻賱丨 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 爻賲鬲 噩賳诏蹖 賲蹖 乇賵丿 讴賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴 丌賳 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲賴 賵丕囟丨 丕爻鬲 .
賮氐賱 賴賮鬲賲 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 丿乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 丕爻鬲 貙 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 丕夭 毓氐乇 賵蹖讴鬲賵乇蹖丕 禺丕乇噩 賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 讴丕乇诏乇丕賳 丿乇 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 氐丕丨亘 讴乇爻蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 貙 趩诏賵賳賴 丨夭亘 讴丕乇诏乇 鬲丕爻蹖爻 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賴蹖趩 讴丿丕賲 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 亘丕毓孬 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 爻蹖丕爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇蹖 亘乇蹖鬲丕賳蹖丕 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿 貙 丿乇 乇賵蹖 賴賲丕賳 倬丕卮賳賴 賲蹖 趩乇禺丿 .
賮氐賱 丌禺乇 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 跇丕賳 跇賵乇爻 丕賳鬲乇賳丕爻蹖賵賳丕賱蹖爻鬲 賲毓乇賵賮 賵 亘賳蹖丕賳诏匕丕乇 丨夭亘 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丕爻鬲 貙 跇賵乇爻 乇賴亘乇 賲毓賳賵蹖 鬲賲丕賲 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 噩賴丕賳 賵 賮毓丕賱 囟丿 噩賳诏 亘賵丿 . 賵噩賵丿 丕賵 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲乇賲夭蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賯賵蹖 賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮鬲丕亘 噩賳诏 乇丕 賲蹖 诏乇賮鬲 . 鬲乇賵乇 跇賵乇爻 讴賴 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 讴丕賲賱 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 鬲蹖亘賵 丌賲丿賴 貙 丌禺乇蹖賳 毓丕賲賱 囟丿 噩賳诏 乇丕 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿 賵 夭賲蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 丕賵賱 賲賴蹖丕 讴乇丿 .
亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 丿乇 乇鬲亘賴 丕蹖 倬丕蹖蹖賳 鬲乇 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 賲丕賳賳丿 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲 蹖丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘蹖 禺乇丿蹖 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 賵 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賮氐賱賴丕蹖蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 蹖丕 丿乇 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲 乇丕 禺爻鬲賴 讴賳賳丿賴 亘蹖丕亘丿 . 丿乇 丨賯蹖賯鬲 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 夭蹖丕丿蹖 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丿丕丿賴 讴賴 賲丕賳賳丿 賲賳 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 趩蹖夭蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕倬乇丕 蹖丕 賳鬲賴丕蹖 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 賳丿丕賳丿 賵 蹖丕 丕氐賵賱丕 鬲氐賵蹖亘 賮賱丕賳 賱丕蹖丨賴 丿乇 倬丕乇賱賲丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 亘乇丕蹖卮 賲賴賲 賳亘丕卮丿 .
April 23, 2021
丕诏乇 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й� 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 毓賱丕賯賴 丿丕乇蹖丿 禺購亘 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鬲賵賳賴 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賵爻蹖毓蹖 亘丕 噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 賯亘賱 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丿乇 丕禺鬲蹖丕乇鬲賵賳 賯乇丕乇 亘丿賴. 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 禺賵亘蹖 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖丿 丕夭卮 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 讴賳蹖丿 賵賱蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 賳蹖丕夭 亘賴 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘丕賱丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇賴 賵 丨賵氐賱賴鈥屰� 禺蹖賱蹖 夭蹖丕丿! 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕賲 禺蹖賱蹖 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿 鬲丕孬蹖乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賵 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 丿乇 賲爻丕卅賱 爻蹖丕爻蹖 乇賵夭 貙 亘禺氐賵氐 丕賲蹖賱 夭賵賱丕 賵 噩乇蹖丕賳 丿丕丿诏丕賴卮 賵 ... 丿乇 賳讴鬲賴鈥屰� 噩丕賱亘 丿蹖诏賴 丕蹖賳讴賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丿乇 毓乇氐賴鈥屰� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏蹖 趩蹖夭 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 诏賮鬲賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 賵賱蹖 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 趩乇丕! 讴賴 胤亘蹖毓鬲丕 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 丕爻鬲丕丿丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 鬲賯丿蹖賲 讴乇丿賴. 丿乇 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿.
亘賴 卮禺氐賴 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 丌賱賲丕賳 亘賴 噩夭 趩賳丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲孬賱 讴丕賮讴丕 賵 .. 亘乇丕賲 禺蹖賱蹖 噩匕丕亘 賳蹖爻鬲貙 丕蹖賳噩丕 賴爻鬲蹖賲 讴賴 賳馗乇丕鬲 卮禺氐蹖賲賵賳 乇丕 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 倬爻 賯胤毓丕 賳馗乇 賴乇讴爻 賲丨鬲乇賲 丕爻鬲馃檹馃徎
亘賴 卮禺氐賴 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 丌賱賲丕賳 亘賴 噩夭 趩賳丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲孬賱 讴丕賮讴丕 賵 .. 亘乇丕賲 禺蹖賱蹖 噩匕丕亘 賳蹖爻鬲貙 丕蹖賳噩丕 賴爻鬲蹖賲 讴賴 賳馗乇丕鬲 卮禺氐蹖賲賵賳 乇丕 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 倬爻 賯胤毓丕 賳馗乇 賴乇讴爻 賲丨鬲乇賲 丕爻鬲馃檹馃徎
February 16, 2016
While from a proud tower in the town
Death looks gigantically down
The City in the Sea 鈥� Poe.
This book is really a collection of essays published separately in various journals. Any book tackling the social, political and artistic situation of the world in the couple of decades before it entered its first global war, could only offer a partial view. These essays offer a series of selected aspects of this bellicose universe seen through shifting points of view.
There are considerable absences. For example, Russia and the Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman empires are not tackled. Instead we get a focus on Britain, France, the German Empire and the United States. There are additional chapters on Syndicalism, Anarchism, the institution of the Hague Conferences, and on a German Musician.
I have two favorite chapters. I learned a great deal from the one devoted to the US in which Tuchman shows how after the annexation of the Territory of Hawaii the country turned into something different from the days when it was founded. Fascinating was also the account of The Hague Conventions which tackled how, if they fundamentally failed, they also succeeded in starting a protocol that after some developments alleviated some aspects of brutality when humans decide to engage in war.
The least relevant of the chapters was the one dedicated to a German composer. Entertaining in itself it seemed to grant disproportionate attention to Richard Strauss, no matter how beautiful his music is.
And yet, in spite of the merged nature of this collation of essays, an overall picture emerges. From the Proud Tower we can see that it was the social structure of society, with its internal and extreme poles, that pulled a greater and greater tension and finally made the inner strings snap. But the view also offers the realization that if these social tensions were felt in parallel in the countries Tuchman has selected, their logical international relevancy was poisoned by distorting nationalisms.
What could have been a series of revolutionary and coetaneous changes in domestic social pacts, marched instead into a political war against other nations. The book starts with the idiosyncrasies and quirks of the British Lords and finishes with the assassination of Jean Jaur猫s-- one of the founders of the French Socialist Party-- for being a pacifist. A nationalist shot him fatally a couple of days after the war against Serbia had been declared and four days before the war became general.
Tuchman writes in a very engaging manner, but to me it was at times too engaging. I prefer a more analytical and less journalistic approach. The facts and arguments stay better in my mind.
May 8, 2021
The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914, Barbara W. Tuchman
During the fateful quarter century leading up to World War I, the climax of a century of rapid, unprecedented change, a privileged few enjoyed Olympian luxury as the underclass was 鈥渉eaving in its pain, its power, and its hate.鈥�
In The Proud Tower, Barbara W. Tuchman brings the era to vivid life: the decline of the Edwardian aristocracy; the Anarchists of Europe and America; Germany and its self-depicted hero, Richard Strauss; Diaghilev鈥檚 Russian ballet and Stravinsky鈥檚 music; the Dreyfus Affair; the Peace Conferences in The Hague; and the enthusiasm and tragedy of Socialism, epitomized by the assassination of Jean Jaur猫s on the night the Great War began and an epoch came to a close.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 乇賵夭 賴賮鬲賲 賲丕賴 賲蹖 爻丕賱 2004賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 亘鈥嵷必€� 賮鈥嵷必ж藏з嗏€屫� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 亘鈥嵷ж必ㄢ€嵷ж必� 丿亘賱蹖賵 鬲鈥嵷и┾€嵸呪€嵸嗏€屫� 賲鈥嵷€嵷必€嵸呪€� 毓鈥嵷藏€屫з勨€嵸勨€嵸団€� 賮鈥嵸堎勜ж堎嗏€嵷� 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 爻禺賳貙 丕賵賱 賵 丿賵賲 1380貨 丿乇 1088氐貨 賲氐賵乇貨 趩丕倬 丿蹖诏乇: 鬲賴乇丕賳 賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖貨 1392貨 丿乇 694氐貨 趩丕倬 丿賵賲 1396貨 卮丕亘讴 9789642091164貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 1398貨 趩丕倬 趩賴丕乇賲 1399貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩丿蹖丿 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥� 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲: (賮氐賱 丕賵賱: 芦丌乇賲丕賳 賵 毓賲賱禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 噩賳亘卮賽 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏� 丿乇 禺賱丕賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 爻丕賱 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲)貨 (賮氐賱 丿賵賲: 丿乇 芦亘夭乇诏丕賳賽 賯賵賲禄貙 亘賴 讴卮賵乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴賴 倬丕蹖亘賳丿蹖 亘賴 丕乇夭卮鈥屬囏й� 爻賳鬲蹖 诏匕卮鬲賴 賵 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲賽 丿蹖乇蹖賳賴 乇丕 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賳賲丕蹖賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�.)貨 (賮氐賱 爻賵賲: 丿乇 芦倬丕蹖丕賳 蹖讴 乇丐蹖丕禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕夭 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丿乇 丨丿賮丕氐賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1902賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 爻禺賳 亘賴 賲蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必�.)貨 (賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲: 芦賲賳 胤丕賱亘 倬蹖讴丕乇賲!禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丿乇 丨丿賮丕氐賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1894賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1899賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿爻鬲賲丕蹖賴贁 讴丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲.)貨 (賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲: 丿乇 芦胤亘賱 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 亘丕賳诏禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿賴 賳賵夭丿賴賲 丿乇 芦賱丕賴賴禄 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�.)貨 (賮氐賱 卮卮賲: 丿乇 芦丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲禄貙 亘賴 芦丌賱賲丕賳禄 丿乇 賮丕氐賱賴 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�.)貨 (賮氐賱 賴賮鬲賲: 丿乇 賮氐賱 芦丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 亘丕夭賲蹖鈥屭必� 亘夭乇诏鈥屫臂屬� 賯丿乇鬲 爻賳鬲蹖 賵 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇诏乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩賴丕賳 讴賴 丿乇 丌爻鬲丕賳賴贁 丕賮賵賱 賯乇丕乇 丿丕乇丿.)貨 (賮氐賱 賴卮鬲賲: 丿乇 賮氐賱 倬丕蹖丕賳蹖 芦賲乇诏 跇賵乇爻禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲賽 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏й� 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 丿乇 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操嗀� 讴賴 丿乇 诏賵卮賴 賵 讴賳丕乇 芦丕乇賵倬丕禄 賵 亘賴鈥� 賵蹖跇賴 芦乇賵爻蹖賴禄 丿乇 丨丕賱 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屫囒� 讴乇丿賳 賴賵丕丿丕乇丕賳 禺賵丿 賴爻鬲賳丿.)貨
亘購乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳: 趩賴乇賴贁 噩賴丕賳 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 1890賲蹖丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 毓賳賵丕賳賽 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕孬乇 芦亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳禄 亘丕 亘乇诏乇丿丕賳 噩賳丕亘 芦毓夭鬲鈥屫з勝勝� 賮賵賱丕丿賵賳丿禄 丕爻鬲貨 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丌賳诏賵賳賴 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 丌賳 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖賽 賲鬲賳 亘賴 丌賳 丕卮丕乇賴 丿丕卮鬲賴鈥� 丕賳丿 鬲賱丕卮蹖 丕爻鬲 亘乇丕蹖 賵丕讴丕賵蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖賽 乇蹖卮賴鈥� 賴丕蹖賽 乇禺丿丕丿賽 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丿乇 賯丕賱亘賽 賲乇賵乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 丕丨賵丕賱丕鬲 噩賵丕賲毓蹖 讴賴 丿乇诏蹖乇 丕蹖賳 乇賵蹖丿丕丿 亘賵丿賴鈥� 丕賳丿
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賲賯丿賲賴贁 芦亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳禄 丌賵乇丿賴: (賲賵囟賵毓 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 毓氐乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 毓賱鬲 倬蹖乇蹖 蹖丕 丿乇 丕孬乇 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 丌睾賵卮 賲乇诏 賳乇賮鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 亘丨乇丕賳蹖 賳賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿 丕夭 丨賯丕蹖賯 亘夭乇诏 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕爻鬲貙 賲賳賮噩乇 卮丿 賵 丕夭 賴賲 倬丕卮蹖丿.禄貨
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇 丕蹖賳 亘丕賵乇 丕爻鬲 讴賴 芦噩賳诏賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱禄 禺丕爻鬲诏丕賴卮 噩丕賲毓賴鈥� 丕蹖 丿乇 亘胤賳賽 蹖讴 毓氐乇賽 胤賱丕蹖蹖 賳亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賳蹖夭 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀� 讴賴 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賳賽 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 讴賴 芦趩乇丕 趩賳蹖賳 卮丿責禄 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 亘賴 丿乇讴賽 賲丕 丕夭 诏匕卮鬲賴 讴賲讴賽 卮丕蹖丕賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘賱讴賴 趩乇丕睾 乇丕賴 丌蹖賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 鬲丕 亘丕 蹖丕乇蹖賽 丌賳 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賲卮丕亘賴 丿賵乇蹖 亘噩賵卅蹖賲
亘丕賵乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 乇蹖卮賴鈥� 蹖丕亘蹖賽 丕蹖賳 賵丕賯毓賴贁 丿賴卮鬲賳丕讴貙 讴賴 丕夭 爻賵蹖蹖 卮丕賱賵丿賴贁 賳馗丕賲鈥屬囏й屬� 賮讴乇蹖 賵 丕禺賱丕賯蹖 賲乇丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 賴賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿貙 賵 丕夭 爻賵蹖賽 丿蹖诏乇 趩賴乇賴贁 噩賴丕賳賽 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳乇丕 亘賴 卮丿鬲 丿诏乇诏賵賳 爻丕禺鬲貙 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘй屫池� 丿乇 趩賴丕乇趩賵亘賽 噩丕賲毓賴 亘賴 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖賽 丌賳 倬乇丿丕禺鬲貙 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й屬� 丕蹖賳 乇禺丿丕丿 乇丕 丕夭 丿乇賵賳賽 丌賳 蹖丕賮鬲貨 亘丿蹖賳 禺丕胤乇 丕賵 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 亘購乇賽卮蹖 亘蹖爻鬲鈥� 賵 倬賳噩鈥屫池з勝囏� 丕夭 爻丕賱 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 爻丕賱 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丌睾丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 賳禺爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 亘丕 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘乇 丕蹖賳 亘購乇卮賽 夭賲丕賳蹖 賵 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 乇賵蹖丿丕丿賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘購乇賴賴 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 噩賴丕賳 乇賵蹖 丿丕丿賴貙 賲蹖鈥屭┵堌促嗀� 亘賴 禺賵丕賳卮诏乇 倬丕爻禺賽 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕蹖賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕 丿爻鬲 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賴賲 丿丕丿賳丿 鬲丕 趩賳蹖賳 賮丕噩毓賴 丕蹖 乇禺 丿丕丿
亘賳丕亘乇蹖賳 丕夭 丿蹖丿诏丕賴賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺賳诏乇蹖賽 芦鬲丕讴賲賳禄 亘蹖乇丕賴賴 賳乇賮鬲蹖賲 丕诏乇 噩賴丕賳賽 賲丿乇賳賽 丕賲乇賵夭 乇丕 賳蹖夭 鬲丕 丨丿賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丨丕氐賱賽 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳趩賳蹖賳蹖 丿乇 丌賳 賲賯丕胤毓 禺丕氐 亘丿丕賳蹖賲
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 17/02/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
During the fateful quarter century leading up to World War I, the climax of a century of rapid, unprecedented change, a privileged few enjoyed Olympian luxury as the underclass was 鈥渉eaving in its pain, its power, and its hate.鈥�
In The Proud Tower, Barbara W. Tuchman brings the era to vivid life: the decline of the Edwardian aristocracy; the Anarchists of Europe and America; Germany and its self-depicted hero, Richard Strauss; Diaghilev鈥檚 Russian ballet and Stravinsky鈥檚 music; the Dreyfus Affair; the Peace Conferences in The Hague; and the enthusiasm and tragedy of Socialism, epitomized by the assassination of Jean Jaur猫s on the night the Great War began and an epoch came to a close.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 乇賵夭 賴賮鬲賲 賲丕賴 賲蹖 爻丕賱 2004賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 亘鈥嵷必€� 賮鈥嵷必ж藏з嗏€屫� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 亘鈥嵷ж必ㄢ€嵷ж必� 丿亘賱蹖賵 鬲鈥嵷и┾€嵸呪€嵸嗏€屫� 賲鈥嵷€嵷必€嵸呪€� 毓鈥嵷藏€屫з勨€嵸勨€嵸団€� 賮鈥嵸堎勜ж堎嗏€嵷� 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 爻禺賳貙 丕賵賱 賵 丿賵賲 1380貨 丿乇 1088氐貨 賲氐賵乇貨 趩丕倬 丿蹖诏乇: 鬲賴乇丕賳 賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖貨 1392貨 丿乇 694氐貨 趩丕倬 丿賵賲 1396貨 卮丕亘讴 9789642091164貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 1398貨 趩丕倬 趩賴丕乇賲 1399貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩丿蹖丿 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥� 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲: (賮氐賱 丕賵賱: 芦丌乇賲丕賳 賵 毓賲賱禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 噩賳亘卮賽 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏� 丿乇 禺賱丕賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 爻丕賱 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲)貨 (賮氐賱 丿賵賲: 丿乇 芦亘夭乇诏丕賳賽 賯賵賲禄貙 亘賴 讴卮賵乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴賴 倬丕蹖亘賳丿蹖 亘賴 丕乇夭卮鈥屬囏й� 爻賳鬲蹖 诏匕卮鬲賴 賵 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲賽 丿蹖乇蹖賳賴 乇丕 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賳賲丕蹖賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�.)貨 (賮氐賱 爻賵賲: 丿乇 芦倬丕蹖丕賳 蹖讴 乇丐蹖丕禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 丕夭 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丿乇 丨丿賮丕氐賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1902賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 爻禺賳 亘賴 賲蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必�.)貨 (賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲: 芦賲賳 胤丕賱亘 倬蹖讴丕乇賲!禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丿乇 丨丿賮丕氐賱 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 1894賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1899賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿爻鬲賲丕蹖賴贁 讴丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲.)貨 (賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲: 丿乇 芦胤亘賱 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 亘丕賳诏禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿賴 賳賵夭丿賴賲 丿乇 芦賱丕賴賴禄 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�.)貨 (賮氐賱 卮卮賲: 丿乇 芦丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲禄貙 亘賴 芦丌賱賲丕賳禄 丿乇 賮丕氐賱賴 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�.)貨 (賮氐賱 賴賮鬲賲: 丿乇 賮氐賱 芦丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 亘丕夭賲蹖鈥屭必� 亘夭乇诏鈥屫臂屬� 賯丿乇鬲 爻賳鬲蹖 賵 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇诏乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩賴丕賳 讴賴 丿乇 丌爻鬲丕賳賴贁 丕賮賵賱 賯乇丕乇 丿丕乇丿.)貨 (賮氐賱 賴卮鬲賲: 丿乇 賮氐賱 倬丕蹖丕賳蹖 芦賲乇诏 跇賵乇爻禄貙 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲賽 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏й� 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 丿乇 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操嗀� 讴賴 丿乇 诏賵卮賴 賵 讴賳丕乇 芦丕乇賵倬丕禄 賵 亘賴鈥� 賵蹖跇賴 芦乇賵爻蹖賴禄 丿乇 丨丕賱 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屫囒� 讴乇丿賳 賴賵丕丿丕乇丕賳 禺賵丿 賴爻鬲賳丿.)貨
亘購乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳: 趩賴乇賴贁 噩賴丕賳 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 1890賲蹖丕丿蹖 鬲丕 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 毓賳賵丕賳賽 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕孬乇 芦亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳禄 亘丕 亘乇诏乇丿丕賳 噩賳丕亘 芦毓夭鬲鈥屫з勝勝� 賮賵賱丕丿賵賳丿禄 丕爻鬲貨 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丌賳诏賵賳賴 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 丌賳 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖賽 賲鬲賳 亘賴 丌賳 丕卮丕乇賴 丿丕卮鬲賴鈥� 丕賳丿 鬲賱丕卮蹖 丕爻鬲 亘乇丕蹖 賵丕讴丕賵蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖賽 乇蹖卮賴鈥� 賴丕蹖賽 乇禺丿丕丿賽 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丿乇 賯丕賱亘賽 賲乇賵乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 丕丨賵丕賱丕鬲 噩賵丕賲毓蹖 讴賴 丿乇诏蹖乇 丕蹖賳 乇賵蹖丿丕丿 亘賵丿賴鈥� 丕賳丿
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賲賯丿賲賴贁 芦亘乇噩 賮乇丕夭丕賳禄 丌賵乇丿賴: (賲賵囟賵毓 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 毓氐乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 毓賱鬲 倬蹖乇蹖 蹖丕 丿乇 丕孬乇 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 丌睾賵卮 賲乇诏 賳乇賮鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 亘丨乇丕賳蹖 賳賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿 丕夭 丨賯丕蹖賯 亘夭乇诏 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕爻鬲貙 賲賳賮噩乇 卮丿 賵 丕夭 賴賲 倬丕卮蹖丿.禄貨
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇 丕蹖賳 亘丕賵乇 丕爻鬲 讴賴 芦噩賳诏賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱禄 禺丕爻鬲诏丕賴卮 噩丕賲毓賴鈥� 丕蹖 丿乇 亘胤賳賽 蹖讴 毓氐乇賽 胤賱丕蹖蹖 賳亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賳蹖夭 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀� 讴賴 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賳賽 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 讴賴 芦趩乇丕 趩賳蹖賳 卮丿責禄 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 亘賴 丿乇讴賽 賲丕 丕夭 诏匕卮鬲賴 讴賲讴賽 卮丕蹖丕賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘賱讴賴 趩乇丕睾 乇丕賴 丌蹖賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 鬲丕 亘丕 蹖丕乇蹖賽 丌賳 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賲卮丕亘賴 丿賵乇蹖 亘噩賵卅蹖賲
亘丕賵乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 乇蹖卮賴鈥� 蹖丕亘蹖賽 丕蹖賳 賵丕賯毓賴贁 丿賴卮鬲賳丕讴貙 讴賴 丕夭 爻賵蹖蹖 卮丕賱賵丿賴贁 賳馗丕賲鈥屬囏й屬� 賮讴乇蹖 賵 丕禺賱丕賯蹖 賲乇丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 賴賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿貙 賵 丕夭 爻賵蹖賽 丿蹖诏乇 趩賴乇賴贁 噩賴丕賳賽 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳乇丕 亘賴 卮丿鬲 丿诏乇诏賵賳 爻丕禺鬲貙 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘй屫池� 丿乇 趩賴丕乇趩賵亘賽 噩丕賲毓賴 亘賴 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖賽 丌賳 倬乇丿丕禺鬲貙 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й屬� 丕蹖賳 乇禺丿丕丿 乇丕 丕夭 丿乇賵賳賽 丌賳 蹖丕賮鬲貨 亘丿蹖賳 禺丕胤乇 丕賵 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 亘購乇賽卮蹖 亘蹖爻鬲鈥� 賵 倬賳噩鈥屫池з勝囏� 丕夭 爻丕賱 1890賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 鬲丕 爻丕賱 1914賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丌睾丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 賳禺爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 亘丕 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘乇 丕蹖賳 亘購乇卮賽 夭賲丕賳蹖 賵 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 乇賵蹖丿丕丿賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘購乇賴賴 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 噩賴丕賳 乇賵蹖 丿丕丿賴貙 賲蹖鈥屭┵堌促嗀� 亘賴 禺賵丕賳卮诏乇 倬丕爻禺賽 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕蹖賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕 丿爻鬲 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賴賲 丿丕丿賳丿 鬲丕 趩賳蹖賳 賮丕噩毓賴 丕蹖 乇禺 丿丕丿
亘賳丕亘乇蹖賳 丕夭 丿蹖丿诏丕賴賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺賳诏乇蹖賽 芦鬲丕讴賲賳禄 亘蹖乇丕賴賴 賳乇賮鬲蹖賲 丕诏乇 噩賴丕賳賽 賲丿乇賳賽 丕賲乇賵夭 乇丕 賳蹖夭 鬲丕 丨丿賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丨丕氐賱賽 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳趩賳蹖賳蹖 丿乇 丌賳 賲賯丕胤毓 禺丕氐 亘丿丕賳蹖賲
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 17/02/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
August 27, 2023
Barbara Tuchman is a master of the written word and noted for her interesting and well researched history books of which I have read several. I feel almost guilty to admit that this was not one of my favorites although it is still a four star read. I think that I allowed WWI to color my opinion even though she stated very clearly that since the war had not yet happened, she avoided the subject, wanting to show the world as it was from 1890-1914.
She divides the book into eight chapters, each self contained which address what was happening in society in the UK, US, Russia, and Germany. I certainly cannot, in a review, cover each chapter in any length, so I will only briefly speak to those that impressed and did not impress me.
*The chapter on France was simply fascinating as it concentrated almost solely on the Dreyfus trial. I have read a couple of books on that travesty and this chapter was as good as any I have ever read.
*The Patricians gives the reader an insider鈥檚 look at the power, privilege, and follies of the upper crust and the peerage of Britain. The Empire was at its height and the government was made up of this class of people. Victoria sat on the throne and Lord Salisbury was the PM. It is less than kind about some of the most powerful of the peers who had more money than brains and it was the time of what seemed limitless wealth. Very revealing.
*The chapter on the US was dedicated to the 鈥渋mperialism鈥� question as it related to the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawai鈥檌. It was rather slow and contained a little too much information about Congressional actions.
The remainder of the book was good but not quite as good as other Tuchman books; therefore, four stars instead of five. I still would recommend it highly to those interested in the time leading up to WWI.
She divides the book into eight chapters, each self contained which address what was happening in society in the UK, US, Russia, and Germany. I certainly cannot, in a review, cover each chapter in any length, so I will only briefly speak to those that impressed and did not impress me.
*The chapter on France was simply fascinating as it concentrated almost solely on the Dreyfus trial. I have read a couple of books on that travesty and this chapter was as good as any I have ever read.
*The Patricians gives the reader an insider鈥檚 look at the power, privilege, and follies of the upper crust and the peerage of Britain. The Empire was at its height and the government was made up of this class of people. Victoria sat on the throne and Lord Salisbury was the PM. It is less than kind about some of the most powerful of the peers who had more money than brains and it was the time of what seemed limitless wealth. Very revealing.
*The chapter on the US was dedicated to the 鈥渋mperialism鈥� question as it related to the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawai鈥檌. It was rather slow and contained a little too much information about Congressional actions.
The remainder of the book was good but not quite as good as other Tuchman books; therefore, four stars instead of five. I still would recommend it highly to those interested in the time leading up to WWI.
February 6, 2014
The Proud Tower: Barbara Tuchman's View of the World on the Road to War
Channel Firing
BY THOMAS HARDY
That night your great guns, unawares,
Shook all our coffins as we lay,
And broke the chancel window-squares,
We thought it was the Judgment-day
And sat upright. While drearisome
Arose the howl of wakened hounds:
The mouse let fall the altar-crumb,
The worms drew back into the mounds,
The glebe cow drooled. Till God called, 鈥淣o;
It鈥檚 gunnery practice out at sea
Just as before you went below;
The world is as it used to be:
鈥淎ll nations striving strong to make
Red war yet redder. Mad as hatters
They do no more for Christ茅s sake
Than you who are helpless in such matters.
鈥淭hat this is not the judgment-hour
For some of them鈥檚 a blessed thing,
For if it were they鈥檇 have to scour
Hell鈥檚 floor for so much threatening....
鈥淗a, ha. It will be warmer when
I blow the trumpet (if indeed
I ever do; for you are men,
And rest eternal sorely need).鈥�
So down we lay again. 鈥淚 wonder,
Will the world ever saner be,鈥�
Said one, 鈥渢han when He sent us under
In our indifferent century!鈥�
And many a skeleton shook his head.
鈥淚nstead of preaching forty year,鈥�
My neighbour Parson Thirdly said,
鈥淚 wish I had stuck to pipes and beer.鈥�
Again the guns disturbed the hour,
Roaring their readiness to avenge,
As far inland as Stourton Tower,
And Camelot, and starlit Stonehenge.
April, 1914
We are about to embark on a great quest. That is to explore a world at war.
Of course we speak of World War I, which would come to be known as World War I. It is not only that we seek to explore that world and war, but to attempt to understand why it happened, what brought it about.
Not only should we seek to understand what brought it about we must be aware that we seek to do all these things regarding a world that existed one hundred years ago that went to war in 1914 and did not return to a state of uneasy peace until 1918. And in attempting to understand what surprised the world as the greatest conflagration the world to that point had ever witnessed, it becomes necessary to know what the world was like.
Who were the people who lived there. How did they live, what did they do. Nor can we begin to understand the hellish waterspout that sucked so many nations into the depths of seas tinged with blood without understanding that it was not merely a world of politics or property but a world of art, music, dance, and philosophy.
These are the conflicting aspects of culture that are inconsistent with the idea of war. The attempt to put these seemingly impossible inconsistencies together can bring about a great distubance of the human spirit that a world capable of music as beautiful as "The Rites of Spring," clashing with the quivering chords rising into a crescendo of horns that might sound the trumpets of doom, based on the writings of a man who died, mad, in an asylum, but whose philosophy was adopted by a nation as its theme, acknowledging the right, the need of exerting its power over whole nations out of a sense of nationalist fervor.
Such things are of the type that enter our dreams and become our nightmares as we sense the end of one world and the beginning of another. It is as though we are walking as somnambulists in a world unknown to us. For it is unknown to us. We must be capable of forgetting, unlearning the modern world of which we consider ourselves to be a part.
This is a journey that requires a guide. Just as Aligheri required a guide into the Inferno we must have our own Virgil. It is highly likely that we will find the need of a Beatrice for the war we will eventually explore was not a paradise, but a Hell as fiery as the first book of The Human Comedy.
As we speak of Virgil we must think of a world of epic stature, that grew as great as Rome and fell just as surely as Rome. In one way we are traveling through a world as ancient to us as we would consider a symbol of its literature, the Aeneid. In his journeys from the sacked city of Troy, Aeneas met and fell in love with the Queen of the Carthaginians, Dido. And Virgil commented that a nation should be ruled by a woman to be so foreign to his people he had to document "Dux femina facti" which means the leader of the thing was a woman.
So our guide is no Virgil. Our guide is a woman, Barbara Tuchman. And as it once was, once again "Dux femina facit."
To be continued...January 30, 2014.
Our Guide
Barbara Tuchman was born Barbara Wertheimer, January 30, 1912, the daughter of prominent banker Maurice Wertheimer. Well that didn't take long. Interrupted. 2/5/2014
May 1, 2024
Neither Good Nor Bad.
The world before the War. This book walks down the long trampled path in understanding what the world was like before the First World War. We often look through rose tinted glasses at what could have been, had disaster not struck in 1914. Where would society have taken us? What would humans have achieved? Was this a time of optimism? This was a time of political stability before mass murder on an unimaginable scale, which hadn鈥檛 been seen since the Thirty Years War or even the Mongol Invasions. But was it all that? Tuchman argues that although there were good elements to the late 1890s-1910s, there were a lot of negative aspects too. Things were not quite as we perceive them and so, even though the world has changed, some of it has been good.
Tuchman certainly isn鈥檛 the last to paint this portrait, but she was early in looking into how we went to polite, inventive, high minded society to the dark and bloody negativity of the twentieth century. This isn鈥檛 a book that talks about the causes of the war, more who was entering it. As it is a short book it would be impossible and tedious to cover all countries, genders, regions and classes. However, it gives an overview of what was going on in the major countries. Tuchman鈥檚 point is that the world before the war was neither good nor bad. Like all times had its positives and bad negatives. It was more a time of missed opportunities and ties in with the consensus of 鈥楽leepwalkers鈥�, which I agree with. Europe undid itself and the places we could have taken ourselves.
Alongside a more gentlemanly side of politics, there was also ridged class structure, albeit in plain sight unlike the hidden version today, growing socialist movements and violent revolutionaries. Between 1881-1911 the anarchists assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia, King Umberto II of Italy, King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, King George I of Greece, President William McKinley of the USA and Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary. In addition to countless other ministers.
In looking at countries, Tuchman鈥檚 England is one of prosperity, with freedoms for its citizens, yet not quite achieving full democracy yet. The battle of the suffragettes and the lower classes on the wealthy was stirring. In looking at France, this is dominated by the Dreyfus Affair, the appalling witch hunt on the Jewish army captain, who was convicted of being a spy. American is on the edge of all and new, it has been born and was now expanding. Probably some of Tuchman鈥檚 best outlooks are provided here as she highlights the US had already began its militaristic and imperialist journey, for example with its recent victory in the Spanish-American War. The chapter on Germany is the weakest with the Wilhelmina Era brushed along. Disappointingly there is nothing on Russia, which was a major player at this time.
In conclusion, this is a short book, which does its job to some extent, but in my opinion is not the authority on the subject it tries to tackle. There is simply too much to cover here in a small volume, which leaves the reader and mostly likely author frustrated in equal portion. For me, it should have been 鈥楢narchism before the War鈥� or 鈥楤ritain before the War鈥� and extended to the length of the book provided to give a greater insight into what Tuchman is trying to say. The points, though more specialised, would provide the detail and not labour the point. If you have it read it, but do not go out of your way for this one.
The world before the War. This book walks down the long trampled path in understanding what the world was like before the First World War. We often look through rose tinted glasses at what could have been, had disaster not struck in 1914. Where would society have taken us? What would humans have achieved? Was this a time of optimism? This was a time of political stability before mass murder on an unimaginable scale, which hadn鈥檛 been seen since the Thirty Years War or even the Mongol Invasions. But was it all that? Tuchman argues that although there were good elements to the late 1890s-1910s, there were a lot of negative aspects too. Things were not quite as we perceive them and so, even though the world has changed, some of it has been good.
Tuchman certainly isn鈥檛 the last to paint this portrait, but she was early in looking into how we went to polite, inventive, high minded society to the dark and bloody negativity of the twentieth century. This isn鈥檛 a book that talks about the causes of the war, more who was entering it. As it is a short book it would be impossible and tedious to cover all countries, genders, regions and classes. However, it gives an overview of what was going on in the major countries. Tuchman鈥檚 point is that the world before the war was neither good nor bad. Like all times had its positives and bad negatives. It was more a time of missed opportunities and ties in with the consensus of 鈥楽leepwalkers鈥�, which I agree with. Europe undid itself and the places we could have taken ourselves.
Alongside a more gentlemanly side of politics, there was also ridged class structure, albeit in plain sight unlike the hidden version today, growing socialist movements and violent revolutionaries. Between 1881-1911 the anarchists assassinated Tsar Alexander II of Russia, King Umberto II of Italy, King Carlos I of Portugal and his son, King George I of Greece, President William McKinley of the USA and Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary. In addition to countless other ministers.
In looking at countries, Tuchman鈥檚 England is one of prosperity, with freedoms for its citizens, yet not quite achieving full democracy yet. The battle of the suffragettes and the lower classes on the wealthy was stirring. In looking at France, this is dominated by the Dreyfus Affair, the appalling witch hunt on the Jewish army captain, who was convicted of being a spy. American is on the edge of all and new, it has been born and was now expanding. Probably some of Tuchman鈥檚 best outlooks are provided here as she highlights the US had already began its militaristic and imperialist journey, for example with its recent victory in the Spanish-American War. The chapter on Germany is the weakest with the Wilhelmina Era brushed along. Disappointingly there is nothing on Russia, which was a major player at this time.
In conclusion, this is a short book, which does its job to some extent, but in my opinion is not the authority on the subject it tries to tackle. There is simply too much to cover here in a small volume, which leaves the reader and mostly likely author frustrated in equal portion. For me, it should have been 鈥楢narchism before the War鈥� or 鈥楤ritain before the War鈥� and extended to the length of the book provided to give a greater insight into what Tuchman is trying to say. The points, though more specialised, would provide the detail and not labour the point. If you have it read it, but do not go out of your way for this one.
April 3, 2020
丌賲賵夭賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 丌賳 乇賵丨賽 丿蹖乇蹖賳賽 噩賳诏噩賵蹖蹖 趩賯丿乇 丿乇 賴賲賴 蹖賽 賲丕 賳夭丿蹖讴 亘賴 爻胤丨 賳賴賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 亘丕 讴賵趩讴鬲乇蹖賳 丕卮丕乇賴 丕夭 禺賻賮诏蹖 亘蹖乇賵賳 賲蹖 丌蹖丿 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賽乇丕爻鬲蹖 亘蹖丿丕乇 卮丿貙 乇丕賴 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 亘丕賯蹖 賳賲蹖 诏匕丕乇丿
倬丕蹖丕賳 乇丐蹖丕"貙 氐賮丨賴 222"
蹖赛讴购賲
亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳貙 賲丐賱賮蹖 讴賴 亘賴 亘丕賳賵蹖賽 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 诏賵蹖賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮購賴乇賴 爻鬲貙 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘賽 "亘乇噩賽 賮乇丕夭丕賳"貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賽 "賲乇丿賲丕賳蹖 丿乇 噩賵卮 賵 禺乇賵卮 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏" 丕夭 蹖讴 爻賵 賵賻 "丿賵賱鬲賲乇丿丕賳蹖 賳丕亘讴丕乇" 丕夭 丿蹖诏乇爻賵 乇丕 亘賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲蹖 丿賯蹖賯 賵 賲爻鬲賳丿 賲蹖 賳卮蹖賳丿. 丕蹖賳 賮賱丕卮 亘賻讴賽 丕賵 诏丕賴丕賻賻 丨鬲蹖 鬲丕 賳蹖賲 賯乇賳 賯亘賱 丕夭 卮乇賵毓賽 噩賳诏賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丿乇 1914 乇丕 賴賲 丿賻乇 亘賻乇 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿. 賵蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 夭賲丕賳賴 蹖賽 賲乇丿賲丕賳賽 賴乇 丿賵 爻賵蹖賽 丕賯蹖丕賳賵爻 丕胤賱爻-賲賲丕賱讴 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賵 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴- 乇丕貙 夭蹖乇賽 匕乇賴 亘蹖賳賽 賳诏丕賴賽 丿賯蹖賯 賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲賽 氐賲蹖賲蹖 丕賻卮 賲蹖 亘乇丿 鬲丕 亘诏賵蹖丿 讴賴 趩賴 卮購丿 賵 趩賴 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 噩賳诏賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘卮乇 鬲丕 丌賳 乇賵夭 丌睾丕夭蹖丿賳 诏乇賮鬲
賵蹖 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱貙 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 蹖賽 夭賲蹖賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 爻蹖丕爻蹖-丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖賽 噩賳诏蹖 賲蹖 賳卮蹖賳丿 讴賴 趩賴丕乇 爻丕賱 亘賴 丿乇丕夭丕 讴卮蹖丿 賵 賴乇 趩賴 讴賴 亘賵丿貙 丌鬲卮 鬲賴蹖賴 丕賻卮 丿乇 禺丕賳賴 賴丕 賵 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 賴丕貙 丕賮讴丕乇 毓賲賵賲蹖 賵 乇賵夭賳丕賲賴 賴丕貙 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 賴丕 賵 爻鬲丕丿賴丕蹖 丕乇鬲卮貙 賵賻 丿乇 蹖讴 讴賱丕賲貙 丿乇 丿賱 賵 噩丕賳賽 賲乇丿賲丕賳賽 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 鬲丿丕乇讴 卮購丿 賵 丌禺乇 爻賻乇賴賻賲 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘丕賱睾 亘乇 丿賻賴 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 讴購卮鬲賴 诏乇賮鬲. 丕诏乇 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴貙 丌賲丕乇賽 賵丕賯毓蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賴丕 賳亘丕卮丿
丿賵賲
賵蹖 乇蹖卮賴 賴丕蹖賽 丕蹖賳 噩賳诏賽 禺丕賳賲丕賳 爻賵夭 乇丕貙 丿乇 倬賳噩 賮氐賱賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 氐丕丨亘 鬲丕孬蹖乇 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳貙 丕賳诏爻鬲丕賳貙 賮乇丕賳爻赖貙 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丕夭 蹖讴 胤乇賮 賵 爻賴 賮氐賱賽
:毓丕賲 丕夭 胤乇賮蹖 丿蹖诏乇貙 亘丕 丕爻鬲賳丕丿 亘賴 丿賯蹖賯 鬲乇蹖賳 乇賵丕蹖丕鬲 卮乇丨 賲蹖丿賴丿貙 亘胤賵乇 賳賲賵賳賴
丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳- 賳丕倬丕蹖丿丕乇蹖賽 丕賵囟丕毓 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 賳丕禺賳 讴賽卮蹖 丕夭 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻賲賽 丕賳賯賱丕亘 丿賵爻鬲 亘丕 賯丕亘賱诏蹖 亘乇丕蹖賽 鬲賵賱丿賽 丨夭亘 讴丕乇诏乇 賵 丌睾丕夭賽 倬丕蹖丕賳賽 毓氐乇賽 胤亘賯賴 蹖賽 丕卮乇丕賮賽 賲氐乇賮 讴賳賳丿賴 蹖賽 睾蹖乇賽賲購賵賱丿
賮乇丕賳爻赖- 蹖賴賵丿蹖 爻鬲蹖夭蹖賽 亘蹖賲丕乇诏賵賳賴 蹖賽 賲鬲噩賱蹖 丿乇 賯囟蹖賴 "爻乇賵丕賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻"貙 亘蹖 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賵 诏丕賴丕賻賻 毓賳丕丿賽 毓丕賲賴 蹖賽 賲乇丿賲 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 賴卮丿丕乇賴丕蹖賽 亘蹖卮鬲乇賽 賳禺亘诏丕賳賽 噩丕賲毓賴 丿乇 亘丕亘賽 丕丨爻丕爻蹖 诏賻賻乇蹖 蹖賽 噩賲毓蹖 賵 毓賯賱丕賳蹖鬲 诏購乇蹖夭蹖賽 賲賱蹖 賵 賲賯丿爻 倬賽賳丿丕乇蹖賽 丕乇鬲卮 賵 跇賳乇丕賱 賴丕蹖賻卮
丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴- 卮賴賵鬲賽 亘蹖 賲賴丕乇賽 丿乇蹖丕丿丕乇 賲賽蹖賴賽賳 賵 賴賲 賮讴乇丕賳卮 亘乇丕蹖 爻丕禺鬲賳賽 "丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖蹖 噩賴丕賳禺賵丕乇"貙 囟賲賳賽 诏購匕丕乇賽 賲丨鬲乇賲丕賳賴 丕夭 丕毓賱丕賲蹖賴 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱賽 丌賲乇蹖讴丕貙 丕夭 丨賲賱賴 亘賴 讴賵亘丕 丿乇 亘蹖禺賽 诏賵卮 鬲丕 丕卮睾丕賱賽 賮蹖賱蹖倬蹖賳 丿乇 丌賳 爻乇賽 毓丕賱賲貙 貙 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖賽 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 鬲孬亘蹖鬲賽 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲跇蹖賽 鬲賲丕賲丕賻賻 鬲賴丕噩賲蹖 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 賵 丿爻鬲賽 丌禺乇貙 爻賳诏 丕賳丿丕夭蹖 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻賽 鬲丨丿蹖丿 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 丿乇 賱丕賴賴 蹖賽 賴賱賳丿
丌賱賲丕賳- 賲爻賱丨 卮丿賳賽 鬲賮讴乇賽 亘乇鬲乇蹖 蹖賽 賳跇丕丿蹖 跇乇賲賳 賴丕 亘丕 丌孬丕乇賽 賮賱丕爻賮賴 丕蹖 趩賵賳 賳蹖趩賴貙 賵賻 賴賲夭賲丕賳蹖 賵 賴賲夭亘丕賳蹖 蹖賽 丌賳 亘丕 賴購賳乇賽 毓丕氐蹖 蹖賽 讴爻丕賳蹖 趩賵賳 丕卮鬲乇丕賵爻 丿乇 毓乇氐賴 蹖賽 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖貙 鬲賮丕禺乇 亘賴 氐賳丕蹖毓賽 亘丕賱賳丿賴 丕蹖 趩賵賳 "讴賵乇倬" 賵 讴丕乇禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 鬲賵賱蹖丿賽 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 噩賴鬲賽 丕蹖噩丕丿賽 毓胤卮賽 毓賲賵賲蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺卮賵賳鬲 賵 賳賴丕蹖鬲丕賻賻 噩賳诏貙 亘賴 卮讴爻鬲 讴賽卮丕賳丿賳賽 鬲賵丕賮賯丕鬲賽 賲丨丿賵丿爻丕夭蹖 蹖賽 爻丕禺鬲 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴
賮氐賱 賴丕蹖賽 毓丕賲- 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳賽 賮氐賵賱賽 毓丕賲貙 賴賲丕賳 丕賳丿丕夭賴 讴賴 賮氐賱 賴丕蹖賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 "丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻賲" 賵 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖 賵 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賲賵囟賵毓 亘賵丿賳丿 貙 賮氐賵賱賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕 賵 "丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲"貙 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 賳亘賵丿賳丿
爻賵賲
賲賯丕蹖爻賴 丕蹖 丕夭 鬲噩乇亘賴 蹖賽 賲胤丕賱毓賴 蹖賽 爻賴 讴鬲丕亘賽 "賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖" 丿乇 亘丕乇賴 蹖賽 噩賳诏 賴丕蹖賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 乇丕貙 丿乇 賯丕賱亘賽 毓亘丕乇鬲蹖 乇蹖丕囟蹖 丕乇丕卅賴 賲蹖 丿賴賲 讴賴 賲賱丕讴賽 丌賳 丿賵 趩蹖夭 丕爻鬲: 蹖赛讴购賲貙 乇賵丕賳 亘賵丿賳賽 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕毓鬲丿丕賱賽 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 噩夭卅蹖丕鬲賽
氐賱丨蹖 讴賴 賴賲賴 氐賱丨 賴丕 乇丕 亘乇 亘丕丿 丿丕丿 >> 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲 >> 亘乇噩賽 賮乇丕夭丕賳
亘賽毓賳賵丕賳賽 賲禺丕胤亘蹖 毓丕賲 賵丕賱亘鬲賴 睾蹖乇 賲鬲禺氐氐 丿乇 丕賲乇賽 賳賻賯丕丿蹖貙 賲毓鬲賯丿賲 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴貙 丕夭 賮乇胤賽 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 賳丕賱丕夭賲 -卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖賽 丨賮馗 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲賽 丕爻賱賵亘賽 乇賵丕蹖蹖賽-貙 毓賳丕賳賽 賲丿蹖乇蹖鬲賽 賲鬲賳 丕夭 讴賻賮 丿丕丿賴貙 賲賵乇丿蹖 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘賽 丿蹖诏乇卮-"鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲"-貙 亘賴 睾丕蹖鬲 賲購丿亘乇丕賳賴 丕夭 丌賳 丕丨鬲蹖丕胤 賵乇夭蹖丿賴 亘賵丿
噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳讴賴貙 賵蹖 亘禺丕胤乇賽 賴賲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘-鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲- 噩丕蹖夭賴 蹖賽 倬賵賱蹖鬲夭乇 乇丕 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖 丕賻卮 丿乇 丌賳 賲乇丕爻賲 亘賽鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮賴乇蹖賵乇1367 乇丕 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯賽 賱蹖賳讴 夭蹖乇 鬲賲丕卮丕 讴乇丿
噩丕賱亘 鬲乇 丕蹖賳讴賴貙 蹖賵賳蹖讴 亘賵丿賳賽 賯賱賲賽 "鬲丕讴賲賳" 丿乇 乇賵丕蹖鬲賽 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿賯蹖賯賽 亘乇禺蹖 氐丨賳賴 賴丕爻鬲 爻鬲 讴賴 胤蹖 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賴丕蹖賽 噩賵丕賳 賵 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴 丕蹖 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 讴賴 亘毓丿 賴丕 賴賲蹖賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賴丕貙 丌趩丕乇 讴賱蹖丿賽 毓乇氐賴 蹖賽 爻蹖丕爻鬲賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賳賲賵賳賴貙 賵蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕卮丕乇丕鬲蹖 讴賵鬲丕賴 亘賴 丿蹖丿丕乇賴丕 賵 丨賵丕丿孬蹖 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 胤蹖賽 丌賳 賴丕 丕爻丕賲蹖賽 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 趩賵賳 趩乇趩蹖賱貙 乇賵夭賵賱鬲貙 賱賳蹖賳貙 丌賱賮乇丿 賳賵亘賱 賵... 丿乇 鬲毓丕賲賱賽 亘丕 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳賽 賲卮賴賵乇蹖 趩賵賳 "亘賱賮乇"貙 "爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖"貙 "賵蹖賱賴賱賲 丿賵賲" 賵 "讴賱賲丕賳爻賵" 丌賵乇丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 "噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 賳诏丕乇蹖賽 蹖 賱丕夭賲 賵 噩匕丕亘" 蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇爻鬲 丿乇 賳賯胤賴 蹖賽 賲賯丕亘賱賽 丕胤丕賱賴 蹖賽 讴賱丕賲賽 賵蹖 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賲賵丕乇丿賽 亘蹖噩丕 賯乇丕乇 丿丕乇丿
丌禺乇 爻禺賳 丕賲丕
丿賵爻鬲 丿丕乇賲 乇蹖賵蹖賵 乇賵 亘丕 亘購乇蹖丿賴 賲鬲賳蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 鬲賲丕賲 讴賳賲 讴賴 丕夭 丿蹖丿賽 丕蹖賳 亘賳丿賴貙 賴賲 趩讴蹖丿賴 蹖賽 "亘乇噩賽 賮乇夭丕賳" 丕爻鬲 賵 賴賲 賱丕蹖賯賽 趩卮賲丕賳賽 賳丕夭賳蹖賳 乇購賮賯丕蹖賽 诏賵丿乇蹖丿夭蹖
賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 噩賳诏蹖 亘夭乇诏 蹖丕 丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖 亘夭乇诏 亘乇倬丕 賲蹖 卮賵丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲蹖 亘夭乇诏 蹖丕 賳跇丕丿蹖 亘夭乇诏 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 乇丕賴蹖 亘賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 亘诏卮丕蹖賳丿貙 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴 丕賳丿貙 亘賵蹖跇賴 丕夭 丌乇丕賲卮 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴 丕賳丿. 丕蹖賳 賴賲蹖卮賴 亘丿丕賳 賲毓賳丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲賵丿賴 丕蹖 毓馗蹖賲貙 賳蹖丕夭蹖 賲乇賲賵夭 亘賴 丨乇讴鬲蹖 毓馗蹖賲 丿乇 丿乇賵賳 禺賵蹖卮 丕丨爻丕爻 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿... 賳蹖丕夭蹖 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 亘賴 毓夭鬲 賵 卮賵讴鬲貙 亘賴 噩賳诏貙 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 讴賴 爻亘亘 丕賳賮噩丕乇 賵 賮賵乇丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿
賲賳 胤丕賱亘 倬蹖讴丕乇賲"貙 氐賮丨賴 266"
倬丕蹖丕賳 乇丐蹖丕"貙 氐賮丨賴 222"
蹖赛讴购賲
亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳貙 賲丐賱賮蹖 讴賴 亘賴 亘丕賳賵蹖賽 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 诏賵蹖賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮購賴乇賴 爻鬲貙 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘賽 "亘乇噩賽 賮乇丕夭丕賳"貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賽 "賲乇丿賲丕賳蹖 丿乇 噩賵卮 賵 禺乇賵卮 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏" 丕夭 蹖讴 爻賵 賵賻 "丿賵賱鬲賲乇丿丕賳蹖 賳丕亘讴丕乇" 丕夭 丿蹖诏乇爻賵 乇丕 亘賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲蹖 丿賯蹖賯 賵 賲爻鬲賳丿 賲蹖 賳卮蹖賳丿. 丕蹖賳 賮賱丕卮 亘賻讴賽 丕賵 诏丕賴丕賻賻 丨鬲蹖 鬲丕 賳蹖賲 賯乇賳 賯亘賱 丕夭 卮乇賵毓賽 噩賳诏賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 丿乇 1914 乇丕 賴賲 丿賻乇 亘賻乇 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿. 賵蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 夭賲丕賳賴 蹖賽 賲乇丿賲丕賳賽 賴乇 丿賵 爻賵蹖賽 丕賯蹖丕賳賵爻 丕胤賱爻-賲賲丕賱讴 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賵 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴- 乇丕貙 夭蹖乇賽 匕乇賴 亘蹖賳賽 賳诏丕賴賽 丿賯蹖賯 賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲賽 氐賲蹖賲蹖 丕賻卮 賲蹖 亘乇丿 鬲丕 亘诏賵蹖丿 讴賴 趩賴 卮購丿 賵 趩賴 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 噩賳诏賽 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘卮乇 鬲丕 丌賳 乇賵夭 丌睾丕夭蹖丿賳 诏乇賮鬲
賵蹖 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱貙 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 蹖賽 夭賲蹖賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 爻蹖丕爻蹖-丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖賽 噩賳诏蹖 賲蹖 賳卮蹖賳丿 讴賴 趩賴丕乇 爻丕賱 亘賴 丿乇丕夭丕 讴卮蹖丿 賵 賴乇 趩賴 讴賴 亘賵丿貙 丌鬲卮 鬲賴蹖賴 丕賻卮 丿乇 禺丕賳賴 賴丕 賵 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 賴丕貙 丕賮讴丕乇 毓賲賵賲蹖 賵 乇賵夭賳丕賲賴 賴丕貙 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 賴丕 賵 爻鬲丕丿賴丕蹖 丕乇鬲卮貙 賵賻 丿乇 蹖讴 讴賱丕賲貙 丿乇 丿賱 賵 噩丕賳賽 賲乇丿賲丕賳賽 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 鬲丿丕乇讴 卮購丿 賵 丌禺乇 爻賻乇賴賻賲 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘丕賱睾 亘乇 丿賻賴 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 讴購卮鬲賴 诏乇賮鬲. 丕诏乇 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴貙 丌賲丕乇賽 賵丕賯毓蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賴丕 賳亘丕卮丿
丿賵賲
賵蹖 乇蹖卮賴 賴丕蹖賽 丕蹖賳 噩賳诏賽 禺丕賳賲丕賳 爻賵夭 乇丕貙 丿乇 倬賳噩 賮氐賱賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 氐丕丨亘 鬲丕孬蹖乇 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳貙 丕賳诏爻鬲丕賳貙 賮乇丕賳爻赖貙 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丕夭 蹖讴 胤乇賮 賵 爻賴 賮氐賱賽
:毓丕賲 丕夭 胤乇賮蹖 丿蹖诏乇貙 亘丕 丕爻鬲賳丕丿 亘賴 丿賯蹖賯 鬲乇蹖賳 乇賵丕蹖丕鬲 卮乇丨 賲蹖丿賴丿貙 亘胤賵乇 賳賲賵賳賴
丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳- 賳丕倬丕蹖丿丕乇蹖賽 丕賵囟丕毓 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 賳丕禺賳 讴賽卮蹖 丕夭 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻賲賽 丕賳賯賱丕亘 丿賵爻鬲 亘丕 賯丕亘賱诏蹖 亘乇丕蹖賽 鬲賵賱丿賽 丨夭亘 讴丕乇诏乇 賵 丌睾丕夭賽 倬丕蹖丕賳賽 毓氐乇賽 胤亘賯賴 蹖賽 丕卮乇丕賮賽 賲氐乇賮 讴賳賳丿賴 蹖賽 睾蹖乇賽賲購賵賱丿
賮乇丕賳爻赖- 蹖賴賵丿蹖 爻鬲蹖夭蹖賽 亘蹖賲丕乇诏賵賳賴 蹖賽 賲鬲噩賱蹖 丿乇 賯囟蹖賴 "爻乇賵丕賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻"貙 亘蹖 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賵 诏丕賴丕賻賻 毓賳丕丿賽 毓丕賲賴 蹖賽 賲乇丿賲 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 賴卮丿丕乇賴丕蹖賽 亘蹖卮鬲乇賽 賳禺亘诏丕賳賽 噩丕賲毓賴 丿乇 亘丕亘賽 丕丨爻丕爻蹖 诏賻賻乇蹖 蹖賽 噩賲毓蹖 賵 毓賯賱丕賳蹖鬲 诏購乇蹖夭蹖賽 賲賱蹖 賵 賲賯丿爻 倬賽賳丿丕乇蹖賽 丕乇鬲卮 賵 跇賳乇丕賱 賴丕蹖賻卮
丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴- 卮賴賵鬲賽 亘蹖 賲賴丕乇賽 丿乇蹖丕丿丕乇 賲賽蹖賴賽賳 賵 賴賲 賮讴乇丕賳卮 亘乇丕蹖 爻丕禺鬲賳賽 "丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖蹖 噩賴丕賳禺賵丕乇"貙 囟賲賳賽 诏購匕丕乇賽 賲丨鬲乇賲丕賳賴 丕夭 丕毓賱丕賲蹖賴 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱賽 丌賲乇蹖讴丕貙 丕夭 丨賲賱賴 亘賴 讴賵亘丕 丿乇 亘蹖禺賽 诏賵卮 鬲丕 丕卮睾丕賱賽 賮蹖賱蹖倬蹖賳 丿乇 丌賳 爻乇賽 毓丕賱賲貙 貙 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖賽 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 鬲孬亘蹖鬲賽 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲跇蹖賽 鬲賲丕賲丕賻賻 鬲賴丕噩賲蹖 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 賵 丿爻鬲賽 丌禺乇貙 爻賳诏 丕賳丿丕夭蹖 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻賽 鬲丨丿蹖丿 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 丿乇 賱丕賴賴 蹖賽 賴賱賳丿
丌賱賲丕賳- 賲爻賱丨 卮丿賳賽 鬲賮讴乇賽 亘乇鬲乇蹖 蹖賽 賳跇丕丿蹖 跇乇賲賳 賴丕 亘丕 丌孬丕乇賽 賮賱丕爻賮賴 丕蹖 趩賵賳 賳蹖趩賴貙 賵賻 賴賲夭賲丕賳蹖 賵 賴賲夭亘丕賳蹖 蹖賽 丌賳 亘丕 賴購賳乇賽 毓丕氐蹖 蹖賽 讴爻丕賳蹖 趩賵賳 丕卮鬲乇丕賵爻 丿乇 毓乇氐賴 蹖賽 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖貙 鬲賮丕禺乇 亘賴 氐賳丕蹖毓賽 亘丕賱賳丿賴 丕蹖 趩賵賳 "讴賵乇倬" 賵 讴丕乇禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 鬲賵賱蹖丿賽 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 噩賴鬲賽 丕蹖噩丕丿賽 毓胤卮賽 毓賲賵賲蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺卮賵賳鬲 賵 賳賴丕蹖鬲丕賻賻 噩賳诏貙 亘賴 卮讴爻鬲 讴賽卮丕賳丿賳賽 鬲賵丕賮賯丕鬲賽 賲丨丿賵丿爻丕夭蹖 蹖賽 爻丕禺鬲 鬲爻賱蹖丨丕鬲 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴
賮氐賱 賴丕蹖賽 毓丕賲- 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳賽 賮氐賵賱賽 毓丕賲貙 賴賲丕賳 丕賳丿丕夭賴 讴賴 賮氐賱 賴丕蹖賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 "丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻賲" 賵 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖 賵 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賲賵囟賵毓 亘賵丿賳丿 貙 賮氐賵賱賽 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕 賵 "丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 賳乇賵賳蹖爻賲"貙 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 賳亘賵丿賳丿
爻賵賲
賲賯丕蹖爻賴 丕蹖 丕夭 鬲噩乇亘賴 蹖賽 賲胤丕賱毓賴 蹖賽 爻賴 讴鬲丕亘賽 "賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖" 丿乇 亘丕乇賴 蹖賽 噩賳诏 賴丕蹖賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 乇丕貙 丿乇 賯丕賱亘賽 毓亘丕乇鬲蹖 乇蹖丕囟蹖 丕乇丕卅賴 賲蹖 丿賴賲 讴賴 賲賱丕讴賽 丌賳 丿賵 趩蹖夭 丕爻鬲: 蹖赛讴购賲貙 乇賵丕賳 亘賵丿賳賽 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕毓鬲丿丕賱賽 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 噩夭卅蹖丕鬲賽
氐賱丨蹖 讴賴 賴賲賴 氐賱丨 賴丕 乇丕 亘乇 亘丕丿 丿丕丿 >> 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲 >> 亘乇噩賽 賮乇丕夭丕賳
亘賽毓賳賵丕賳賽 賲禺丕胤亘蹖 毓丕賲 賵丕賱亘鬲賴 睾蹖乇 賲鬲禺氐氐 丿乇 丕賲乇賽 賳賻賯丕丿蹖貙 賲毓鬲賯丿賲 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴貙 丕夭 賮乇胤賽 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 賳丕賱丕夭賲 -卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖賽 丨賮馗 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲賽 丕爻賱賵亘賽 乇賵丕蹖蹖賽-貙 毓賳丕賳賽 賲丿蹖乇蹖鬲賽 賲鬲賳 丕夭 讴賻賮 丿丕丿賴貙 賲賵乇丿蹖 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘賽 丿蹖诏乇卮-"鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲"-貙 亘賴 睾丕蹖鬲 賲購丿亘乇丕賳賴 丕夭 丌賳 丕丨鬲蹖丕胤 賵乇夭蹖丿賴 亘賵丿
噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳讴賴貙 賵蹖 亘禺丕胤乇賽 賴賲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘-鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲丕賴 丕賵鬲- 噩丕蹖夭賴 蹖賽 倬賵賱蹖鬲夭乇 乇丕 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖 丕賻卮 丿乇 丌賳 賲乇丕爻賲 亘賽鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮賴乇蹖賵乇1367 乇丕 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯賽 賱蹖賳讴 夭蹖乇 鬲賲丕卮丕 讴乇丿
噩丕賱亘 鬲乇 丕蹖賳讴賴貙 蹖賵賳蹖讴 亘賵丿賳賽 賯賱賲賽 "鬲丕讴賲賳" 丿乇 乇賵丕蹖鬲賽 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿賯蹖賯賽 亘乇禺蹖 氐丨賳賴 賴丕爻鬲 爻鬲 讴賴 胤蹖 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賴丕蹖賽 噩賵丕賳 賵 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴 丕蹖 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 讴賴 亘毓丿 賴丕 賴賲蹖賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賴丕貙 丌趩丕乇 讴賱蹖丿賽 毓乇氐賴 蹖賽 爻蹖丕爻鬲賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賳賲賵賳賴貙 賵蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕卮丕乇丕鬲蹖 讴賵鬲丕賴 亘賴 丿蹖丿丕乇賴丕 賵 丨賵丕丿孬蹖 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 胤蹖賽 丌賳 賴丕 丕爻丕賲蹖賽 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 趩賵賳 趩乇趩蹖賱貙 乇賵夭賵賱鬲貙 賱賳蹖賳貙 丌賱賮乇丿 賳賵亘賱 賵... 丿乇 鬲毓丕賲賱賽 亘丕 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳賽 賲卮賴賵乇蹖 趩賵賳 "亘賱賮乇"貙 "爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖"貙 "賵蹖賱賴賱賲 丿賵賲" 賵 "讴賱賲丕賳爻賵" 丌賵乇丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 "噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 賳诏丕乇蹖賽 蹖 賱丕夭賲 賵 噩匕丕亘" 蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇爻鬲 丿乇 賳賯胤賴 蹖賽 賲賯丕亘賱賽 丕胤丕賱賴 蹖賽 讴賱丕賲賽 賵蹖 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賲賵丕乇丿賽 亘蹖噩丕 賯乇丕乇 丿丕乇丿
丌禺乇 爻禺賳 丕賲丕
丿賵爻鬲 丿丕乇賲 乇蹖賵蹖賵 乇賵 亘丕 亘購乇蹖丿賴 賲鬲賳蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 鬲賲丕賲 讴賳賲 讴賴 丕夭 丿蹖丿賽 丕蹖賳 亘賳丿賴貙 賴賲 趩讴蹖丿賴 蹖賽 "亘乇噩賽 賮乇夭丕賳" 丕爻鬲 賵 賴賲 賱丕蹖賯賽 趩卮賲丕賳賽 賳丕夭賳蹖賳 乇購賮賯丕蹖賽 诏賵丿乇蹖丿夭蹖
賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 噩賳诏蹖 亘夭乇诏 蹖丕 丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖 亘夭乇诏 亘乇倬丕 賲蹖 卮賵丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲蹖 亘夭乇诏 蹖丕 賳跇丕丿蹖 亘夭乇诏 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 乇丕賴蹖 亘賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 亘诏卮丕蹖賳丿貙 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴 丕賳丿貙 亘賵蹖跇賴 丕夭 丌乇丕賲卮 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴 丕賳丿. 丕蹖賳 賴賲蹖卮賴 亘丿丕賳 賲毓賳丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲賵丿賴 丕蹖 毓馗蹖賲貙 賳蹖丕夭蹖 賲乇賲賵夭 亘賴 丨乇讴鬲蹖 毓馗蹖賲 丿乇 丿乇賵賳 禺賵蹖卮 丕丨爻丕爻 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿... 賳蹖丕夭蹖 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 亘賴 毓夭鬲 賵 卮賵讴鬲貙 亘賴 噩賳诏貙 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 讴賴 爻亘亘 丕賳賮噩丕乇 賵 賮賵乇丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿
賲賳 胤丕賱亘 倬蹖讴丕乇賲"貙 氐賮丨賴 266"
June 25, 2010
We humans like to think that there are single moments in our lives and in history around which the rest of history pivots. The point of these pivots is that they explain not only what comes after, but (and not unlike my new reading glasses) also snaps into focus all that went before. Suddenly the world makes sense. Strangely enough I don't think this was the experience the world had with the First World War 鈥� although it probably ought to have been. The war was so terrible (in the sense of striking terror in all who witnessed it) that rather than putting a clarifying lens on what had come before, it instead put rose coloured glasses on the nose of the world and people could only look back in wonder at what they now knew had been a golden age. 鈥楤eware golden ages鈥� is probably as good a motto for a historian as any other I can think up and so that can be the epigraph for this review.
This is a fascinatingly interesting book discussing a fascinatingly interesting time. As she says at the start, it wouldn鈥檛 be too hard to write another book on the same period and do much the same thing as she has done here without touching on any of the subjects discussed in this particuar book. Tuchman gives us a flavour of the world in the years before the war and that helps us to get an understanding of why the war might have happened in ways that were later hidden by the rose coloured glass of what became our collective memories.
This too is a period which I thought I knew things about, but one of the things I鈥檝e found is that the interest in history is either increased or destroyed by detail. Here the detail brings to life the period and makes sense of what I had heard bits and pieces about previously, but only in sketches no bigger than thumb-nail size, rather than the lovely detail presented here.
The Dreyfus Affair is an interesting case in point. I鈥檝e known of this since my teens, I have known it centred around a Jewish military officer who had been falsely accused of something and that people nearly tore the country apart due to the injustice of the case. I knew Zola had written 闯鈥檃肠肠耻蝉别, something I鈥檝e always planned to read. I also know that Lenin referred to the case as proving that the revolution may not come about due to economic crisis, but due to political crisis. All this I knew, but what he had been accused of, why the case was so dramatic, what social forces were aligned on which sides and why, even the link to Germany in the case and how transfixed not only France, but the world became with the case, all that I knew virtually nothing at all.
There is also a wonderful discussion on the young Wilhelm II of Germany that is remarkably interesting, particularly given his role later in the rush towards war. But for the rest of this review I am going to look at an idea from this book review and how it fits with the problems for the Socialist movement in these pre-War years.
The distinction between hope and despair is an interesting one, although as I've thought about it I鈥檓 starting to think it might not be a very useful distinction. They sound a bit like opposites, hope and despair, but are they really? What is the use of hope if it is not based on despair and can despair lead to anything other than suicide if there is no hope? The problems facing the socialists at the turn of the last century were not all that different from these questions. There is a nice line in the book where two socialists are walking down a street and one stops to put a coin in the plate of a beggar, to which his companion chides him for helping to delay the revolution. Here is the great schism in the left 鈥� the purists who saw Capitalism as an evil incapable of reform that needed to be violently removed from the face of the earth, and the reformers who saw any incremental improvement in the welfare of the working class as being justifiable on its own account. To be honest, both sides of this are equally obsessed with hope and despair 鈥� both were witnesses of the current despair, both hoped to improve the lot of those suffering, both saw the other as offering a false hope. Either a false hope in incremental improvement or a false hope in final and complete revolution. Both could look on in contempt at the other for betraying either the immediate or the long term welfare of those they sought to relieve.
It is a rare thing indeed to hear people talk of social revolution today. This is something that has been left to small groups of alienated young people at university campuses, young people who, ironically enough, spend time at university to ensure they move as far from the classes they would 鈥榓ssist鈥� as they possibly can. This is quite a change, as prior to the war these acrimonious debates rent the movement in twain and the effects on the movement could still be felt well into the 1970s.
And this is where I would like to say something about the benefits of history 鈥� what can we learn from history? I guess the first thing is that history is a series of competing narratives 鈥� just as this book is about the socialist movement tearing itself apart at the start of the last century it is also about the Anarchists preparing bombs to spark the revolution as it is about politicians and kings and businessmen and artists all seeking to leave their mark on the world and on history.
But what can we say about hope and despair? Is one more a benefit than the other? Are they alternate faces on the same coin? And what about today? I guess it would be easy, if a little simpleminded, to say that the reformers won and the revolutionaries brought about horrors even worse than those they sought to replace. I say 鈥榮impleminded鈥� as I often wonder if the Russian people would have had any better a time of it if the Capitalist revolution at the start of 1917 had been successful. The 鈥榗ollectivisation of farms鈥� would have still needed to happen, just as it needed to happen in the rest of Europe and America 鈥� just that rather than the Kulaks being blamed and punished during this process, they would have been the ones being made rich.
In equal measure there is hope and despair to be learnt from history. We can equally well show we learn and learn nothing from her pages. In whichever way you want to look at history 鈥� as a great teacher leading to the possibility of a brighter world or as Cassandra, bitterly ignored 鈥� a voice well worth listening to is Tuchman鈥檚, another excellent book.
This is a fascinatingly interesting book discussing a fascinatingly interesting time. As she says at the start, it wouldn鈥檛 be too hard to write another book on the same period and do much the same thing as she has done here without touching on any of the subjects discussed in this particuar book. Tuchman gives us a flavour of the world in the years before the war and that helps us to get an understanding of why the war might have happened in ways that were later hidden by the rose coloured glass of what became our collective memories.
This too is a period which I thought I knew things about, but one of the things I鈥檝e found is that the interest in history is either increased or destroyed by detail. Here the detail brings to life the period and makes sense of what I had heard bits and pieces about previously, but only in sketches no bigger than thumb-nail size, rather than the lovely detail presented here.
The Dreyfus Affair is an interesting case in point. I鈥檝e known of this since my teens, I have known it centred around a Jewish military officer who had been falsely accused of something and that people nearly tore the country apart due to the injustice of the case. I knew Zola had written 闯鈥檃肠肠耻蝉别, something I鈥檝e always planned to read. I also know that Lenin referred to the case as proving that the revolution may not come about due to economic crisis, but due to political crisis. All this I knew, but what he had been accused of, why the case was so dramatic, what social forces were aligned on which sides and why, even the link to Germany in the case and how transfixed not only France, but the world became with the case, all that I knew virtually nothing at all.
There is also a wonderful discussion on the young Wilhelm II of Germany that is remarkably interesting, particularly given his role later in the rush towards war. But for the rest of this review I am going to look at an idea from this book review and how it fits with the problems for the Socialist movement in these pre-War years.
The distinction between hope and despair is an interesting one, although as I've thought about it I鈥檓 starting to think it might not be a very useful distinction. They sound a bit like opposites, hope and despair, but are they really? What is the use of hope if it is not based on despair and can despair lead to anything other than suicide if there is no hope? The problems facing the socialists at the turn of the last century were not all that different from these questions. There is a nice line in the book where two socialists are walking down a street and one stops to put a coin in the plate of a beggar, to which his companion chides him for helping to delay the revolution. Here is the great schism in the left 鈥� the purists who saw Capitalism as an evil incapable of reform that needed to be violently removed from the face of the earth, and the reformers who saw any incremental improvement in the welfare of the working class as being justifiable on its own account. To be honest, both sides of this are equally obsessed with hope and despair 鈥� both were witnesses of the current despair, both hoped to improve the lot of those suffering, both saw the other as offering a false hope. Either a false hope in incremental improvement or a false hope in final and complete revolution. Both could look on in contempt at the other for betraying either the immediate or the long term welfare of those they sought to relieve.
It is a rare thing indeed to hear people talk of social revolution today. This is something that has been left to small groups of alienated young people at university campuses, young people who, ironically enough, spend time at university to ensure they move as far from the classes they would 鈥榓ssist鈥� as they possibly can. This is quite a change, as prior to the war these acrimonious debates rent the movement in twain and the effects on the movement could still be felt well into the 1970s.
And this is where I would like to say something about the benefits of history 鈥� what can we learn from history? I guess the first thing is that history is a series of competing narratives 鈥� just as this book is about the socialist movement tearing itself apart at the start of the last century it is also about the Anarchists preparing bombs to spark the revolution as it is about politicians and kings and businessmen and artists all seeking to leave their mark on the world and on history.
But what can we say about hope and despair? Is one more a benefit than the other? Are they alternate faces on the same coin? And what about today? I guess it would be easy, if a little simpleminded, to say that the reformers won and the revolutionaries brought about horrors even worse than those they sought to replace. I say 鈥榮impleminded鈥� as I often wonder if the Russian people would have had any better a time of it if the Capitalist revolution at the start of 1917 had been successful. The 鈥榗ollectivisation of farms鈥� would have still needed to happen, just as it needed to happen in the rest of Europe and America 鈥� just that rather than the Kulaks being blamed and punished during this process, they would have been the ones being made rich.
In equal measure there is hope and despair to be learnt from history. We can equally well show we learn and learn nothing from her pages. In whichever way you want to look at history 鈥� as a great teacher leading to the possibility of a brighter world or as Cassandra, bitterly ignored 鈥� a voice well worth listening to is Tuchman鈥檚, another excellent book.
April 14, 2024
賴賲蹖卮賴 丕夭 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賴丕 賵 噩賴丕賳 亘蹖 賳賯氐 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 卮賳蹖丿蹖賲 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 鬲賵氐蹖賮 賴丕 趩賯丿乇 賯丕亘賱 亘丕賵乇 賵 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賴爻鬲責
丕蹖賳 噩賴丕賳 亘蹖 賳賯氐 丨賯蹖賯鬲 丿丕乇賴 蹖丕 趩蹖夭蹖 噩夭 鬲賵賴賲 賳蹖爻鬲責
賲賵囟賵毓 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 毓氐乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 毓賱鬲 倬蹖乇蹖 蹖丕 丿乇 丕孬乇 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 丌睾賵卮 賲乇诏 賳乇賮鬲 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 亘丨乇丕賳蹖 賳賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿 丕夭 丨賯丕蹖賯 亘夭乇诏 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕爻鬲 賲賳賮噩乇 卮丿 賵 丕夭 賴賲 倬丕卮蹖丿.
賲賯丿賲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴
賲賵賱丕賳丕 卮毓乇蹖 丿丕乇賴 讴賴 賵氐賮 丨丕賱 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴爻鬲.
倬爻 賳賴丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 亘賴 囟丿 倬蹖丿丕 卮賵丿
趩賵賳讴 丨賯 乇丕 賳蹖爻鬲 囟丿 倬賳賴丕賳 亘賵丿
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕爻禺 賯丕胤毓丕賳賴 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 爻賵丕賱 亘丕賱丕爻鬲. 噩賴丕賳 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 卮亘丕賴鬲蹖 亘賴 诏賱爻鬲丕賳 倬乇 丕夭 倬乇丿賳诏丕賳 禺賵卮 丌賵丕夭 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 氐乇賮丕 丕蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 倬乇 禺賵賮 賵 禺胤乇 噩賳诏 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕毓孬 夭蹖亘丕鬲乇 丿蹖丿賳 诏匕卮鬲賴 卮丿. 亘丕 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 诏爻鬲乇丿賴 丕賴賲蹖鬲 氐賱丨 賳賲賵丕乇 卮丿. 賯亘賱 丕夭 丕賵賳 賴賲 氐賱丨 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿 亘賵丿貙 丕賲丕 亘丿賱蹖賱 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 賴丕蹖 賲鬲毓丿丿 氐賳毓鬲蹖 賵 毓賱賲蹖 賵 丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇蹖 賲乇丿賲 亘賴 爻乇毓鬲 诏乇賮鬲賳 亘蹖卮 丕夭 倬蹖卮 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 氐賱丨 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 丕乇夭卮蹖 讴賴 丿丕卮鬲 丿乇 亘丕賵乇 賲乇丿賲 亘賴 卮讴賱 蹖讴 丕氐賱 賵 噩夭 噩丿丕蹖蹖 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲亘丿蹖賱 卮丿. 鬲丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 亘蹖賳 丿賵 讴卮賵乇 賵 亘丕 亘丕賱丕诏乇賮鬲賳 鬲賳卮 亘蹖賳 賲鬲丨丿丕賳 賴乇 胤乇賮 噩賳诏蹖 亘賴 亘夭乇诏蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮讴賱 诏乇賮鬲. 噩賳诏蹖 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 賴丕蹖 乇賳诏丕乇賳诏 賲乇丿賲 乇賵 賳丕诏賴丕賳 爻蹖丕賴 讴乇丿 賵 鬲丕 賲丿鬲賴丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 噩賳诏 亘夭乇诏 丕夭卮 蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫簇�. 趩賵賳 讴爻蹖 賮讴乇卮 乇賵 賴賲 賳賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 趩賳丿爻丕賱 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賮丕噩毓賴 噩賳诏蹖 亘丕 賵爻毓鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賵 鬲蹖鬲乇丕夭 倬丕蹖丕賳蹖 賲夭蹖賳 亘賴 亘賲亘 丕鬲賲蹖 乇禺 亘丿賴. 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賴 丨丕賱丕 卮丕蹖丿 亘丕 禺賵卮 卮丕賳爻蹖(蹖丕 亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 亘丿卮丕賳爻蹖) 丕夭 丿賵 噩賳诏 亘賴 賵爻毓鬲 噩賴丕賳 夭賳丿賴 禺丕乇噩 卮丿賴 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 賵噩賵丿 賲毓賳丕 賵 丕乇夭卮 氐賱丨 乇賵 丿乇讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�.
讴賵鬲賴 亘蹖賳蹖 丨丕丿蹖 賴爻鬲 丕诏乇 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 丕賵賱 乇賵 蹖讴 卮亘賴 賵 氐乇賮丕 亘丕 丨賲賱賴 丕鬲乇蹖卮-賲噩丕乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賴 氐乇亘爻鬲丕賳 賲丨丿賵丿 讴賳蹖賲. 賴乇 噩丕蹖蹖 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 亘丕 鬲氐賲蹖賲 賵 丨乇讴鬲蹖 爻賵賯 丿賴賳丿賴 丕蹖賳 賴蹖噩丕賳 亘賵丿 賵 亘乇丕蹖 诏爻鬲乇丿賴 卮丿賳 丌鬲卮卮 賴蹖夭賲 賵 賳賮鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賮乇丕賴賲 讴乇丿.
鬲丕讴賲賳 亘丕 賲丨賵乇 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賳 丕蹖賳 乇賵蹖讴乇丿 亘賴 亘蹖爻鬲 賵 倬賳噩 爻丕賱 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴. 鬲丕 亘丕 诏卮鬲 賵 诏匕丕乇 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賲鬲賵噩賴 亘卮蹖賲 賯亘賱 丕夭 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 賴賲 噩賴丕賳 亘賴 賯丿乇蹖 讴賴 鬲賵氐蹖賮 卮丿賴 氐賱丨 胤賱亘 賵 丿乇 丌乇丕賲卮 賳亘賵丿.
乇賵夭诏丕乇 賲賵乇丿 亘丨孬 噩夭 亘乇丕蹖 賱丕蹖賴 賳丕夭讴蹖 丕夭 胤亘賯賴 賲賲鬲丕夭貙 毓氐乇 胤賱丕蹖蹖 蹖丕 丿賵乇丕賳 卮蹖乇蹖賳 亘賴 丨爻丕亘 賳賲蹖鈥屫①呚� 賵 丕蹖丕賲蹖 賳亘賵丿 讴賴 氐乇賮丕 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賵 賲毓氐賵賲蹖鬲 賵 丌爻賵丿诏蹖 賵 孬亘丕鬲 賵 丕蹖賲賳蹖 賵 氐賱丨 亘乇 丌賳 丨讴賲賮乇賲丕 亘丕卮丿. 丕蹖賳 讴蹖賮蹖丕鬲 賲爻賱賲丕 賴賲賴 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲. 賲乇丿賲 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丕賲乇賵夭 亘賴 丕乇夭卮賴丕 賵 賲毓蹖丕乇賴丕 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 丿丕卮鬲賳丿 賵 賲毓氐賵賲鬲乇 亘賵丿賳丿 亘賴 賲賮賴賵賲 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕賲蹖丿卮丕賳 亘賴 亘卮乇蹖鬲 丕賮夭賵賳鬲乇 亘賵丿貙 賵賱蹖 賳賴 丕夭 丌乇丕賲卮 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴乇賴 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ必嗀� 賵 賳賴 丌爻賵丿賴鈥屫� 賲蹖鈥屫槽屫池嗀�. 禺胤丕蹖 賲丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 诏賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 卮讴 賵 鬲乇爻 賵 睾賱蹖丕賳 賵 丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 禺卮賵賳鬲 賵 讴蹖賳賴 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲. 讴爻丕賳蹖 賲丕乇丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿趩丕乇 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 禺賵丿 賲乇丿賲 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇賳丿 讴賴 賵賯鬲蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻賵蹖 卮讴丕賮 噩賳诏 亘賴 丌賳 爻賵 賲蹖鈥屬嗂辟嗀� 賳蹖賲賴 倬蹖卮蹖賳 丨蹖丕鬲卮丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 睾乇賵亘 賲賴鈥屫①勝堌� 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖 丌乇丕賲卮 賵 丕蹖賲賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗁嗀� 賵 丕夭 蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟嗀� 讴賴 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賲蹖丕賳 亘賵丿賳丿貙 丕賮賯 趩賳蹖賳 夭乇蹖賳 賳賲蹖鈥屬嗁呝堌�. 賳馗乇 賲丕 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 毓氐乇 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 賲賯蹖丿 亘賴 蹖丕丿賴丕 賵 丕賮爻賵爻賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 賲乇丿賲丕賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賲丕 賯丕毓丿賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘乇 倬丕蹖賴 倬跇賵賴卮賴丕蹖 讴丕賮蹖 亘賴 丿爻鬲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿賴賲 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫槽屫池団€屫з嗀� 賴乇趩賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴 禺賵亘蹖 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 丌賳 诏賮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿 倬爻 丕夭 賴夭丕乇賵賳賴氐丿 賵 趩賴丕乇丿賴 诏賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀�.
賲賯丿賲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴 賵 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘乇 乇賵蹖 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕蹖 睾乇亘蹖 賵 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賴爻鬲. 丿乇 讴賲丕賱 鬲毓噩亘 亘丕 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 鬲夭丕乇蹖 丿乇 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 賵 丿乇賴賲 乇蹖禺鬲诏蹖 丨蹖賳 賵 賲丕賯亘賱 噩賳诏 讴賴 亘賴 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賲賳噩乇 卮丿 賵 噩賳诏 賵 卮讴爻鬲 賲賮鬲囟丨丕賳賴 丕夭 跇丕倬賳 亘禺卮蹖 亘胤賵乇 禺丕氐 亘賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 倬蹖丿丕 賳讴乇丿賴.
丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲 賴丕: 亘丕 乇賵蹖 讴丕乇 丕賵賲丿賳 噩賳亘卮 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 囟丿 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 丿爻鬲賴鈥屫й� 賴賲 丕毓賱丕賲 賵噩賵丿 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 蹖讴 禺賵丕爻鬲賴 賵 丌乇賲丕賳 丿丕卮鬲賳丿貙 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴蹖趩 丿賵賱鬲 賵 賯丕賳賵賳蹖 丿乇 讴丕乇 賳亘丕卮賴. 賴乇 爻乇讴乇丿賴鈥屫й� 亘丿賵賳 丿爻鬲賵乇 賵 亘胤賵乇 禺賵丿噩賵卮 亘乇丕蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 爻賵丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 賴乇趩賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 賲乇丿賲 亘蹖诏賳丕賴蹖 讴賴 丿賵 爻賵賲 乇賵夭 乇賵 亘禺丕胤乇 趩賳丿 賱賯賲賴 賳丕賳 亘賴 亘蹖诏丕乇蹖 讴卮丿賴 卮丿賳貙 丿爻鬲 亘賴 賯鬲賱 賮乇丿 蹖丕 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屫藏� 讴賴 賲卮禺氐 賳亘賵丿 讴噩丕蹖 丕蹖賳 亘丕夭蹖 亘蹖 讴丕乇诏乇丿丕賳 賯乇丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賳丿.
丕賳诏賱蹖爻: 讴卮賵乇蹖 讴賴 丿乇 馗丕賴乇 賲丨丿賵丿 亘賴 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 蹖讴 噩夭蹖乇賴 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 賴乇 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 丿賳蹖丕 乇丿 倬丕蹖蹖 丕夭卮 賴爻鬲. 卮讴賵賴蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丿賵乇丕賳 丕賱蹖夭丕亘鬲 丕丨蹖丕 卮丿賴. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 亘丕 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 鬲丕孬蹖乇 诏匕丕乇 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 丌卮賳丕 賲蹖鈥屫篡屬� 讴賴 賲賯丕賲 賴丕蹖 丿賵賱鬲蹖 乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賮乇蹖丨 賵 亘胤賵乇 賲賵乇賵孬蹖 亘丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必嗀�. 禺賵丕亘 賴丕蹖 賲賲鬲丿 丿乇 賲噩賱爻(丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 賴賲 讴賲蹖 丌卮賳丕爻鬲) 賵 亘蹖 丕賴賲蹖鬲蹖 賲賯丕賲 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賱乇丿 爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖. 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘賴 爻賳鬲 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕卮乇丕賮 倬乇賵乇蹖 噩夭 噩丿丕蹖蹖 賳丕倬匕乇卮 卮丿賴 賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 丨讴賵賲鬲 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賵 亘丕 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 鬲乇蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲 丿賳蹖丕爻鬲.
亘禺卮 讴賵鬲丕賴蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 诏賲賳丕賲 丕賵賳 丿賵乇丕賳 丕爻讴丕乇 賵丕蹖賱丿 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 倬蹖丿丕 讴乇丿賴.
丌賲乇蹖讴丕: 讴卮賵乇蹖 讴賴 爻丕賱賴丕 鬲丨鬲 爻賱胤賴 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 诏匕乇賵賳丿 賵 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 賳賵毓蹖 倬蹖乇賵 爻亘讴 賵 爻蹖丕賯 爻蹖丕爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕爻鬲丕丿卮 亘丕卮賴. 賵賱蹖 爻賳鬲 賴丕蹖 丿蹖乇蹖賳賴 噩丕蹖蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴卮賵乇 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 賲爻蹖乇 卮讴賵賮丕蹖蹖 乇賵 丿乇 亘乇賵夭乇爻丕賳蹖 禺賵丿卮 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗁�. 賲禺氐賵氐丕 鬲噩賴蹖夭 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 賵 讴丕乇丌賲丿蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕乇鬲卮.
賮乇丕賳爻赖: 亘禺卮 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘丕 鬲賲乇讴夭 讴丕賲賱 乇賵蹖 亘丨乇丕賳 賲丨丕讴賲賴 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 倬乇丿丕禺鬲 卮丿賴. 丕賮爻乇蹖 讴賴 亘賴 噩乇賲 噩丕爻賵爻蹖 亘乇丕蹖 卮丕禺氐 鬲乇蹖賳 乇賯蹖亘 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 賲丨讴賵賲 卮丿賴 賵 丿乇 鬲亘毓蹖丿 賵 丕爻丕乇鬲 亘爻乇 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟�. 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 丨蹖賳 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 鬲賯爻蹖賲 卮丿賴 亘賴 丿賵 丿爻鬲賴鈥屰� 賳丕賲爻丕賵蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丿乇 夭丿禺賵乇丿 亘丕 禺賵丿卮 丿爻鬲賴 倬賳噩賴 賳乇賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 诏乇賵賴蹖 亘賴 丿賮丕毓 賵 诏乇賵賴蹖 亘賴 賲丨讴賵賲 讴乇丿賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻. 乇賮鬲賴 乇賮鬲賴 卮賵丕賴丿蹖 賯胤毓蹖鬲 丨讴賲 氐丕丿乇 卮丿賴 乇賵 賲賵乇丿 卮讴 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖丿賴 賵 乇賴亘乇 賲毓賳賵蹖 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 讴爻蹖 賳蹖爻鬲 噩夭 丕賲蹖賱 夭賵賱丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲丨亘賵亘 賮乇丕賳爻賵蹖 讴賴 亘丕 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賲賳 賲鬲賴賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨噩賲賴 毓賱蹖賴 胤乇賮 賲賯丕亘賱 乇賵 亘胤賵乇 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 賲蹖丿賴. 丕賲丕 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 禺賵丿卮 賴賲 賲丨丕讴賲賴 賵 禺丕胤蹖 丕毓賱丕賲 卮丿.
丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 亘丕 乇賵卮賳 卮丿賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 亘賴 丕乇鬲卮 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 丕賲丕 賲丨讴賵賲蹖鬲卮 亘丕胤賱 賳卮丿.
賱丕賴賴: 亘丕 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 賴丕蹖 乇賵夭丕賮夭賵賳 氐賳毓鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖貙 賯丿乇鬲 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 賴賲诏丕賲 亘丕 氐賳毓鬲 賲乇夭 賴丕蹖 禺賵丿卮 乇賵 亘賴 賯丿乇蹖 诏爻鬲乇卮 丿丕丿賴 亘賵丿 讴賴 鬲氐賵乇 丿賮丕毓 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 丕賵賳賴丕 禺賵卮 禺蹖丕賱蹖 亘賵丿. 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 毓賯亘 賲丕賳丿賴 丕夭 氐賳毓鬲 讴卮賵乇 倬賴賳丕賵乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 亘賵丿. 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲噩賴夭 丌賱賲丕賳 丿乇 賴乇 丿賯蹖賯賴 卮卮 亘丕乇 賯丕亘賱鬲 卮賱蹖讴 丿丕卮鬲 賵 趩賵賳 丿賵丿 亘毓丿 丕夭 卮賱蹖讴 丨匕賮 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 乇丿诏蹖乇蹖 賲丨賱 賯乇丕乇诏蹖乇蹖 賴賲 賲賳鬲賮蹖 亘賵丿. 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 丨丕賱 丕乇鬲卮 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕夭 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 丿賵丿 夭丕蹖蹖 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 讴賴 丿乇 賴乇 丿賯蹖賯賴 鬲賳賴丕 賯丕亘賱蹖鬲 蹖讴 卮賱蹖讴 丿丕卮鬲.
乇賵爻蹖賴 賵 鬲夭丕乇 讴賴 亘賴 毓賯亘 亘賵丿賳 賵丕賯賮 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 卮讴蹖 賳亘賵丿 丕诏乇 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻乇毓鬲 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕卮鬲 丿乇 噩賴丕賳 丌蹖賳丿賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 賯胤毓丕 讴卮賵乇蹖 丿乇 丨丕卮蹖賴 賵 丕賳夭賵丕 亘賵丿. 倬爻 丨丕賱丕 讴賴 鬲賵丕賳 乇賯丕亘鬲 賴賲夭賲丕賳 賳丿丕乇蹖賲 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 鬲丕孬蹖乇 诏匕丕乇 乇賵 亘賴 賲賳毓 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 爻賱丕丨 賴丕 丿毓賵鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏賴 讴賴 賴蹖趩 鬲賵丕賮賯蹖 亘丕 丕蹖賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賳丿 丕夭 鬲乇爻 毓賵丕賲 賵 倬丕爻丿丕卮鬲 氐賱丨 丿賵 賲乇鬲亘賴 丿乇 賱丕賴賴 诏乇丿 賴賲 丕賵賲丿賳丿 賵 賳讴丕鬲蹖 乇賵 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖亘 乇爻賵賳丿賳丿. 丕賲丕 倬乇 賵丕囟丨賴 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丿爻鬲 賯乇丕乇丿丕丿賴丕 丕賱夭丕賲蹖 亘乇丕蹖 氐賱丨 賳蹖爻鬲.
賳讴鬲賴 噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丨囟賵乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴 賴爻鬲.
丌賱賲丕賳: 亘丕 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 賵 賳丕賲毓賱賵賲 鬲乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 丿丕乇賴. 丕诏乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賲蹖禺賵賳蹖丿 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖丿 丕夭 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 诏匕乇 讴賳蹖丿 賵 賲胤賲卅賳 亘丕卮蹖丿 趩蹖夭蹖 乇賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賳禺賵丕賴蹖丿 丿丕丿.
氐賮丨丕鬲 賲賲鬲丿 賵 倬乇 丕夭 噩夭卅蹖丕鬲 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖丿丕賳 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲毓賱賵賲 賳蹖爻鬲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賲丕 趩蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀�
趩讴蹖丿賴 賴賲賴 亘禺卮 丕蹖賳 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丿乇 丕賵賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 鬲賵噩賴 賵 鬲丨爻蹖賳 賴爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 賮賯胤 蹖讴 丕爻鬲孬賳丕 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘賴 蹖讴賴 鬲丕夭蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 卮讴蹖 賳丿丕乇賴貙 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖!
賯蹖氐乇 丌賱賲丕賳 賲乇鬲亘 丿賳亘丕賱 亘賴丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘乇丕蹖 賳卮賵賳 丿丕丿賳 賯丿乇鬲 賵 賳賮賵匕卮 賴爻鬲 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 賲禺鬲賮乇 亘賴 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 禺丕賳賵丕丿诏蹖 亘丕 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 爻賱胤賳鬲蹖 亘乇蹖鬲丕賳蹖丕(賳賵賴 賲賱讴賴 丕賱蹖夭丕亘鬲) 賴賲 賴爻鬲 賲賳鬲賴丕 丿乇 爻丕蹖賴 讴丕賲賱 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴. 丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇 丿禺丕賱鬲 賵 丨賲賱賴 丌賱賲丕賳 亘賴 亘賱跇蹖讴 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘蹖 鬲丕孬蹖乇 賳蹖爻鬲.
丕賳诏賱蹖爻: 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必屬� 賵 亘毓丿 丕夭 賲乇诏 丿賵 卮禺氐 賲賴賲 鬲睾蹖蹖乇丕鬲 乇賵 亘乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�. 賲乇诏 賲賱讴賴 賵 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇 賱乇丿 爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖.
賲乇诏 跇賵乇爻: 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇鬲乇蹖賳 丕鬲賮丕賯 賴丕蹖 丕賳丿讴蹖 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 賲蹖鈥屫必驰屬�. 噩賳亘卮蹖 讴賴 亘丕 賳丕賲 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕 丕毓賱丕賲 賵噩賵丿 讴乇丿 賵 亘丕 亘乇诏夭丕乇蹖 诏乇丿賴賲丕蹖蹖 賴丕蹖 亘蹖賳鈥屫з勝呝勝� 爻乇賵氐丿丕蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 亘倬丕 讴乇丿. 噩賳亘卮蹖 讴賴 亘丕 丕賳卮毓丕亘 丕夭 丕賵賳 丿乇 噩賴鬲 賲禺丕賱賮 丕乇賵倬丕 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賲賴賲蹖 乇禺 丿丕丿. 丕賳賯賱丕亘 乇賵爻蹖賴.
賲丕噩乇丕蹖 賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 趩賳丿爻丕賱 賯亘賱 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必� 讴賴 亘丕 禺賵賳丿賳 賲噩賲賵毓賴 卮丕賴讴丕乇 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 鬲蹖亘賵 鬲亘 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丿乇賲 卮賱毓賴 讴卮蹖丿賴 亘賵丿. 丕賲丕 亘賴 爻禺鬲蹖 禺賵丿賲 乇賵 亘賴 賳蹖賲賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇爻賵賳丿賲 賵 丿乇 賴賲賵賳 賲乇丨賱賴 亘丕賯蹖 賲賵賳丿. 丿乇 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賴賲 爻乇賵讴賱賴 讴乇賵賳丕 倬蹖丿丕 卮丿 賵 賲丿賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲丕 丿爻鬲禺賵卮 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 賴丕蹖 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 卮丿.
讴鬲丕亘 賴賲蹖賳胤賵乇 丿乇 賳馗乇賲 禺丕讴 賲蹖禺賵乇丿 鬲丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 亘賴 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲賳 丿賵爻鬲 毓夭蹖夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丿賵爻鬲賲 丕賮鬲禺丕乇 丿丕丿 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕賴 賳蹖賲賴 胤蹖 卮丿賴 賲賳賵 賴賲乇丕賴蹖 讴賳賴 鬲丕 亘賱丕禺乇賴 亘賴 倬丕蹖丕賳 亘乇爻賴.
亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賯丿乇 讴丕賮蹖 乇賵 丕毓氐丕亘 噩賮鬲賲賵賳 亘賵丿 賵 禺蹖賱蹖 賮囟丕蹖 賴賲禺賵丕賳蹖 卮讴賱 賳诏乇賮鬲 賵賱蹖 亘丕夭賴賲 丕夭鬲 賲賲賳賵賳賲 讴賴 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 爻乇爻乇蹖 賲賳賵 噩丿蹖 诏乇賮鬲蹖 賵 賴賲乇丕賴 卮丿蹖.
賲賲賳賵賳賲 丕夭鬲 毓賱蹖 毓夭蹖夭. 亘賴 丕賲蹖丿 賴賲禺賵丕賳蹖 賴丕蹖 賴蹖噩丕賳蹖 鬲乇.
賵 丿乇 倬丕蹖丕賳 賳讴鬲賴 丕蹖 亘賴 丿賵爻鬲丿丕乇丕賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 毓賱丕賯賴 賲賳丿丕賳 亘賴 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘:
賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賴蹖趩 賵噩賴 爻丕丿賴 賵 賱匕鬲亘禺卮 賳蹖爻鬲. 賲鬲賳 賲鬲賲乇讴夭 賵 爻乇乇丕爻鬲蹖 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 倬乇 丕夭 丕乇噩丕毓丕鬲 賳丕賲乇鬲亘胤 賵 讴賱丕賮賴 讴賳賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 倬爻 丕诏乇 賴賳賵夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賳禺乇蹖丿蹖丿 丿爻鬲 賳诏賴 丿丕乇蹖丿. 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 倬丕賳氐丿 賴夭丕乇 鬲賵賲丕賳蹖 賯胤毓丕 诏夭蹖賳賴 賴丕蹖 噩匕丕亘 賵 賴蹖噩丕賳 丕賳诏蹖夭鬲乇蹖 丿乇 丕賳鬲馗丕乇鬲賵賳 賴爻鬲. 亘乇禺賱丕賮 丿賵乇賳賲丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丕氐賱丕 賲鬲賳蹖 毓丕賲 倬爻賳丿 賵 爻丕丿賴 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 丕鬲賲丕賲卮 丕賳乇跇蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫焚勜ㄙ�. 丨丿丕賯賱 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 賳丕賲毓賯賵賱 乇賵 賳丿丕卮鬲 賯丕亘賱 鬲丨賲賱 亘賵丿. 丕诏乇 倬跇賵賴卮 禺丕氐蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 夭賲蹖賳賴 丿丕乇蹖丿 卮丕蹖丿 賲賳丕爻亘 亘丕卮賴 賵賱蹖 賲賳 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�.
倬鈥屬�: 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 趩丕倬 爻丕賱 賳賵丿賵卮卮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘(卮氐鬲 賴夭丕乇 鬲賵賲丕賳) 讴賴 賳诏丕賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨爻 丕氐丨丕亘 讴賴賮 亘賵丿賳 亘賴賲 丿爻鬲 賲蹖丿賴!
賱毓賳鬲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 亘賴賲 乇蹖禺鬲賳 賮丕乇爻蹖 賳賵蹖爻蹖 丿乇 诏賵丿乇蹖丿夭貙 賴賲蹖賳.
亘蹖爻鬲鈥屬堌簇� 賮乇賵乇丿蹖賳 氐賮乇爻賴
丕蹖賳 噩賴丕賳 亘蹖 賳賯氐 丨賯蹖賯鬲 丿丕乇賴 蹖丕 趩蹖夭蹖 噩夭 鬲賵賴賲 賳蹖爻鬲責
賲賵囟賵毓 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 爻丕賱賴丕蹖 毓氐乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 毓賱鬲 倬蹖乇蹖 蹖丕 丿乇 丕孬乇 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 丌睾賵卮 賲乇诏 賳乇賮鬲 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 亘丨乇丕賳蹖 賳賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿 丕夭 丨賯丕蹖賯 亘夭乇诏 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕爻鬲 賲賳賮噩乇 卮丿 賵 丕夭 賴賲 倬丕卮蹖丿.
賲賯丿賲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴
賲賵賱丕賳丕 卮毓乇蹖 丿丕乇賴 讴賴 賵氐賮 丨丕賱 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴爻鬲.
倬爻 賳賴丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 亘賴 囟丿 倬蹖丿丕 卮賵丿
趩賵賳讴 丨賯 乇丕 賳蹖爻鬲 囟丿 倬賳賴丕賳 亘賵丿
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕爻禺 賯丕胤毓丕賳賴 禺丕賳賲 鬲丕讴賲賳 亘賴 爻賵丕賱 亘丕賱丕爻鬲. 噩賴丕賳 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 卮亘丕賴鬲蹖 亘賴 诏賱爻鬲丕賳 倬乇 丕夭 倬乇丿賳诏丕賳 禺賵卮 丌賵丕夭 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 氐乇賮丕 丕蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 倬乇 禺賵賮 賵 禺胤乇 噩賳诏 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕毓孬 夭蹖亘丕鬲乇 丿蹖丿賳 诏匕卮鬲賴 卮丿. 亘丕 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 诏爻鬲乇丿賴 丕賴賲蹖鬲 氐賱丨 賳賲賵丕乇 卮丿. 賯亘賱 丕夭 丕賵賳 賴賲 氐賱丨 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿 亘賵丿貙 丕賲丕 亘丿賱蹖賱 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 賴丕蹖 賲鬲毓丿丿 氐賳毓鬲蹖 賵 毓賱賲蹖 賵 丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇蹖 賲乇丿賲 亘賴 爻乇毓鬲 诏乇賮鬲賳 亘蹖卮 丕夭 倬蹖卮 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 氐賱丨 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 丕乇夭卮蹖 讴賴 丿丕卮鬲 丿乇 亘丕賵乇 賲乇丿賲 亘賴 卮讴賱 蹖讴 丕氐賱 賵 噩夭 噩丿丕蹖蹖 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲亘丿蹖賱 卮丿. 鬲丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 亘蹖賳 丿賵 讴卮賵乇 賵 亘丕 亘丕賱丕诏乇賮鬲賳 鬲賳卮 亘蹖賳 賲鬲丨丿丕賳 賴乇 胤乇賮 噩賳诏蹖 亘賴 亘夭乇诏蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 卮讴賱 诏乇賮鬲. 噩賳诏蹖 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 賴丕蹖 乇賳诏丕乇賳诏 賲乇丿賲 乇賵 賳丕诏賴丕賳 爻蹖丕賴 讴乇丿 賵 鬲丕 賲丿鬲賴丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 噩賳诏 亘夭乇诏 丕夭卮 蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫簇�. 趩賵賳 讴爻蹖 賮讴乇卮 乇賵 賴賲 賳賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 趩賳丿爻丕賱 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賮丕噩毓賴 噩賳诏蹖 亘丕 賵爻毓鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賵 鬲蹖鬲乇丕夭 倬丕蹖丕賳蹖 賲夭蹖賳 亘賴 亘賲亘 丕鬲賲蹖 乇禺 亘丿賴. 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賴 丨丕賱丕 卮丕蹖丿 亘丕 禺賵卮 卮丕賳爻蹖(蹖丕 亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 亘丿卮丕賳爻蹖) 丕夭 丿賵 噩賳诏 亘賴 賵爻毓鬲 噩賴丕賳 夭賳丿賴 禺丕乇噩 卮丿賴 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 賵噩賵丿 賲毓賳丕 賵 丕乇夭卮 氐賱丨 乇賵 丿乇讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�.
讴賵鬲賴 亘蹖賳蹖 丨丕丿蹖 賴爻鬲 丕诏乇 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 丕賵賱 乇賵 蹖讴 卮亘賴 賵 氐乇賮丕 亘丕 丨賲賱賴 丕鬲乇蹖卮-賲噩丕乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賴 氐乇亘爻鬲丕賳 賲丨丿賵丿 讴賳蹖賲. 賴乇 噩丕蹖蹖 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 亘丕 鬲氐賲蹖賲 賵 丨乇讴鬲蹖 爻賵賯 丿賴賳丿賴 丕蹖賳 賴蹖噩丕賳 亘賵丿 賵 亘乇丕蹖 诏爻鬲乇丿賴 卮丿賳 丌鬲卮卮 賴蹖夭賲 賵 賳賮鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賮乇丕賴賲 讴乇丿.
鬲丕讴賲賳 亘丕 賲丨賵乇 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賳 丕蹖賳 乇賵蹖讴乇丿 亘賴 亘蹖爻鬲 賵 倬賳噩 爻丕賱 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴. 鬲丕 亘丕 诏卮鬲 賵 诏匕丕乇 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賲鬲賵噩賴 亘卮蹖賲 賯亘賱 丕夭 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 賴賲 噩賴丕賳 亘賴 賯丿乇蹖 讴賴 鬲賵氐蹖賮 卮丿賴 氐賱丨 胤賱亘 賵 丿乇 丌乇丕賲卮 賳亘賵丿.
乇賵夭诏丕乇 賲賵乇丿 亘丨孬 噩夭 亘乇丕蹖 賱丕蹖賴 賳丕夭讴蹖 丕夭 胤亘賯賴 賲賲鬲丕夭貙 毓氐乇 胤賱丕蹖蹖 蹖丕 丿賵乇丕賳 卮蹖乇蹖賳 亘賴 丨爻丕亘 賳賲蹖鈥屫①呚� 賵 丕蹖丕賲蹖 賳亘賵丿 讴賴 氐乇賮丕 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賵 賲毓氐賵賲蹖鬲 賵 丌爻賵丿诏蹖 賵 孬亘丕鬲 賵 丕蹖賲賳蹖 賵 氐賱丨 亘乇 丌賳 丨讴賲賮乇賲丕 亘丕卮丿. 丕蹖賳 讴蹖賮蹖丕鬲 賲爻賱賲丕 賴賲賴 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲. 賲乇丿賲 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丕賲乇賵夭 亘賴 丕乇夭卮賴丕 賵 賲毓蹖丕乇賴丕 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 丿丕卮鬲賳丿 賵 賲毓氐賵賲鬲乇 亘賵丿賳丿 亘賴 賲賮賴賵賲 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕賲蹖丿卮丕賳 亘賴 亘卮乇蹖鬲 丕賮夭賵賳鬲乇 亘賵丿貙 賵賱蹖 賳賴 丕夭 丌乇丕賲卮 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴乇賴 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ必嗀� 賵 賳賴 丌爻賵丿賴鈥屫� 賲蹖鈥屫槽屫池嗀�. 禺胤丕蹖 賲丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 诏賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 卮讴 賵 鬲乇爻 賵 睾賱蹖丕賳 賵 丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 禺卮賵賳鬲 賵 讴蹖賳賴 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲. 讴爻丕賳蹖 賲丕乇丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿趩丕乇 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 禺賵丿 賲乇丿賲 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇賳丿 讴賴 賵賯鬲蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻賵蹖 卮讴丕賮 噩賳诏 亘賴 丌賳 爻賵 賲蹖鈥屬嗂辟嗀� 賳蹖賲賴 倬蹖卮蹖賳 丨蹖丕鬲卮丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 睾乇賵亘 賲賴鈥屫①勝堌� 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖 丌乇丕賲卮 賵 丕蹖賲賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗁嗀� 賵 丕夭 蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟嗀� 讴賴 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賲蹖丕賳 亘賵丿賳丿貙 丕賮賯 趩賳蹖賳 夭乇蹖賳 賳賲蹖鈥屬嗁呝堌�. 賳馗乇 賲丕 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 毓氐乇 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 賲賯蹖丿 亘賴 蹖丕丿賴丕 賵 丕賮爻賵爻賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 賲乇丿賲丕賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賲丕 賯丕毓丿賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘乇 倬丕蹖賴 倬跇賵賴卮賴丕蹖 讴丕賮蹖 亘賴 丿爻鬲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿賴賲 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫槽屫池団€屫з嗀� 賴乇趩賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴 禺賵亘蹖 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 丌賳 诏賮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿 倬爻 丕夭 賴夭丕乇賵賳賴氐丿 賵 趩賴丕乇丿賴 诏賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀�.
賲賯丿賲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴 賵 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘乇 乇賵蹖 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕蹖 睾乇亘蹖 賵 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賴爻鬲. 丿乇 讴賲丕賱 鬲毓噩亘 亘丕 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 鬲夭丕乇蹖 丿乇 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏 賵 丿乇賴賲 乇蹖禺鬲诏蹖 丨蹖賳 賵 賲丕賯亘賱 噩賳诏 讴賴 亘賴 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賲賳噩乇 卮丿 賵 噩賳诏 賵 卮讴爻鬲 賲賮鬲囟丨丕賳賴 丕夭 跇丕倬賳 亘禺卮蹖 亘胤賵乇 禺丕氐 亘賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 倬蹖丿丕 賳讴乇丿賴.
丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲 賴丕: 亘丕 乇賵蹖 讴丕乇 丕賵賲丿賳 噩賳亘卮 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 囟丿 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 丿爻鬲賴鈥屫й� 賴賲 丕毓賱丕賲 賵噩賵丿 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 蹖讴 禺賵丕爻鬲賴 賵 丌乇賲丕賳 丿丕卮鬲賳丿貙 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴蹖趩 丿賵賱鬲 賵 賯丕賳賵賳蹖 丿乇 讴丕乇 賳亘丕卮賴. 賴乇 爻乇讴乇丿賴鈥屫й� 亘丿賵賳 丿爻鬲賵乇 賵 亘胤賵乇 禺賵丿噩賵卮 亘乇丕蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 爻賵丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 賴乇趩賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 賲乇丿賲 亘蹖诏賳丕賴蹖 讴賴 丿賵 爻賵賲 乇賵夭 乇賵 亘禺丕胤乇 趩賳丿 賱賯賲賴 賳丕賳 亘賴 亘蹖诏丕乇蹖 讴卮丿賴 卮丿賳貙 丿爻鬲 亘賴 賯鬲賱 賮乇丿 蹖丕 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屫藏� 讴賴 賲卮禺氐 賳亘賵丿 讴噩丕蹖 丕蹖賳 亘丕夭蹖 亘蹖 讴丕乇诏乇丿丕賳 賯乇丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賳丿.
丕賳诏賱蹖爻: 讴卮賵乇蹖 讴賴 丿乇 馗丕賴乇 賲丨丿賵丿 亘賴 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 蹖讴 噩夭蹖乇賴 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 賴乇 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 丿賳蹖丕 乇丿 倬丕蹖蹖 丕夭卮 賴爻鬲. 卮讴賵賴蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丿賵乇丕賳 丕賱蹖夭丕亘鬲 丕丨蹖丕 卮丿賴. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 亘丕 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 鬲丕孬蹖乇 诏匕丕乇 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 丌卮賳丕 賲蹖鈥屫篡屬� 讴賴 賲賯丕賲 賴丕蹖 丿賵賱鬲蹖 乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賮乇蹖丨 賵 亘胤賵乇 賲賵乇賵孬蹖 亘丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必嗀�. 禺賵丕亘 賴丕蹖 賲賲鬲丿 丿乇 賲噩賱爻(丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 賴賲 讴賲蹖 丌卮賳丕爻鬲) 賵 亘蹖 丕賴賲蹖鬲蹖 賲賯丕賲 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賱乇丿 爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖. 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘賴 爻賳鬲 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕卮乇丕賮 倬乇賵乇蹖 噩夭 噩丿丕蹖蹖 賳丕倬匕乇卮 卮丿賴 賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 丨讴賵賲鬲 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賵 亘丕 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 鬲乇蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲 丿賳蹖丕爻鬲.
亘禺卮 讴賵鬲丕賴蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 诏賲賳丕賲 丕賵賳 丿賵乇丕賳 丕爻讴丕乇 賵丕蹖賱丿 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 倬蹖丿丕 讴乇丿賴.
丌賲乇蹖讴丕: 讴卮賵乇蹖 讴賴 爻丕賱賴丕 鬲丨鬲 爻賱胤賴 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 诏匕乇賵賳丿 賵 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 賳賵毓蹖 倬蹖乇賵 爻亘讴 賵 爻蹖丕賯 爻蹖丕爻鬲 賴丕蹖 丕爻鬲丕丿卮 亘丕卮賴. 賵賱蹖 爻賳鬲 賴丕蹖 丿蹖乇蹖賳賴 噩丕蹖蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴卮賵乇 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 賲爻蹖乇 卮讴賵賮丕蹖蹖 乇賵 丿乇 亘乇賵夭乇爻丕賳蹖 禺賵丿卮 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗁�. 賲禺氐賵氐丕 鬲噩賴蹖夭 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 賵 讴丕乇丌賲丿蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕乇鬲卮.
賮乇丕賳爻赖: 亘禺卮 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘丕 鬲賲乇讴夭 讴丕賲賱 乇賵蹖 亘丨乇丕賳 賲丨丕讴賲賴 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 倬乇丿丕禺鬲 卮丿賴. 丕賮爻乇蹖 讴賴 亘賴 噩乇賲 噩丕爻賵爻蹖 亘乇丕蹖 卮丕禺氐 鬲乇蹖賳 乇賯蹖亘 蹖毓賳蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 賲丨讴賵賲 卮丿賴 賵 丿乇 鬲亘毓蹖丿 賵 丕爻丕乇鬲 亘爻乇 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟�. 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 丨蹖賳 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 鬲賯爻蹖賲 卮丿賴 亘賴 丿賵 丿爻鬲賴鈥屰� 賳丕賲爻丕賵蹖 賮乇丕賳爻赖 丿乇 夭丿禺賵乇丿 亘丕 禺賵丿卮 丿爻鬲賴 倬賳噩賴 賳乇賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 诏乇賵賴蹖 亘賴 丿賮丕毓 賵 诏乇賵賴蹖 亘賴 賲丨讴賵賲 讴乇丿賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻. 乇賮鬲賴 乇賮鬲賴 卮賵丕賴丿蹖 賯胤毓蹖鬲 丨讴賲 氐丕丿乇 卮丿賴 乇賵 賲賵乇丿 卮讴 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖丿賴 賵 乇賴亘乇 賲毓賳賵蹖 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 讴爻蹖 賳蹖爻鬲 噩夭 丕賲蹖賱 夭賵賱丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲丨亘賵亘 賮乇丕賳爻賵蹖 讴賴 亘丕 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賲賳 賲鬲賴賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨噩賲賴 毓賱蹖賴 胤乇賮 賲賯丕亘賱 乇賵 亘胤賵乇 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 賲蹖丿賴. 丕賲丕 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 禺賵丿卮 賴賲 賲丨丕讴賲賴 賵 禺丕胤蹖 丕毓賱丕賲 卮丿.
丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 亘丕 乇賵卮賳 卮丿賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 亘賴 丕乇鬲卮 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 丕賲丕 賲丨讴賵賲蹖鬲卮 亘丕胤賱 賳卮丿.
賱丕賴賴: 亘丕 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 賴丕蹖 乇賵夭丕賮夭賵賳 氐賳毓鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖貙 賯丿乇鬲 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 賴賲诏丕賲 亘丕 氐賳毓鬲 賲乇夭 賴丕蹖 禺賵丿卮 乇賵 亘賴 賯丿乇蹖 诏爻鬲乇卮 丿丕丿賴 亘賵丿 讴賴 鬲氐賵乇 丿賮丕毓 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 丕賵賳賴丕 禺賵卮 禺蹖丕賱蹖 亘賵丿. 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 毓賯亘 賲丕賳丿賴 丕夭 氐賳毓鬲 讴卮賵乇 倬賴賳丕賵乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 亘賵丿. 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 賲噩賴夭 丌賱賲丕賳 丿乇 賴乇 丿賯蹖賯賴 卮卮 亘丕乇 賯丕亘賱鬲 卮賱蹖讴 丿丕卮鬲 賵 趩賵賳 丿賵丿 亘毓丿 丕夭 卮賱蹖讴 丨匕賮 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 乇丿诏蹖乇蹖 賲丨賱 賯乇丕乇诏蹖乇蹖 賴賲 賲賳鬲賮蹖 亘賵丿. 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 丨丕賱 丕乇鬲卮 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕夭 鬲賵倬 賴丕蹖 丿賵丿 夭丕蹖蹖 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 讴賴 丿乇 賴乇 丿賯蹖賯賴 鬲賳賴丕 賯丕亘賱蹖鬲 蹖讴 卮賱蹖讴 丿丕卮鬲.
乇賵爻蹖賴 賵 鬲夭丕乇 讴賴 亘賴 毓賯亘 亘賵丿賳 賵丕賯賮 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 卮讴蹖 賳亘賵丿 丕诏乇 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻乇毓鬲 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕卮鬲 丿乇 噩賴丕賳 丌蹖賳丿賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 賯胤毓丕 讴卮賵乇蹖 丿乇 丨丕卮蹖賴 賵 丕賳夭賵丕 亘賵丿. 倬爻 丨丕賱丕 讴賴 鬲賵丕賳 乇賯丕亘鬲 賴賲夭賲丕賳 賳丿丕乇蹖賲 讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 鬲丕孬蹖乇 诏匕丕乇 乇賵 亘賴 賲賳毓 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 爻賱丕丨 賴丕 丿毓賵鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
讴卮賵乇 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏賴 讴賴 賴蹖趩 鬲賵丕賮賯蹖 亘丕 丕蹖賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賳丿 丕夭 鬲乇爻 毓賵丕賲 賵 倬丕爻丿丕卮鬲 氐賱丨 丿賵 賲乇鬲亘賴 丿乇 賱丕賴賴 诏乇丿 賴賲 丕賵賲丿賳丿 賵 賳讴丕鬲蹖 乇賵 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖亘 乇爻賵賳丿賳丿. 丕賲丕 倬乇 賵丕囟丨賴 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丿爻鬲 賯乇丕乇丿丕丿賴丕 丕賱夭丕賲蹖 亘乇丕蹖 氐賱丨 賳蹖爻鬲.
賳讴鬲賴 噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丨囟賵乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 丿乇 讴賳賮乇丕賳爻 賱丕賴賴 賴爻鬲.
丌賱賲丕賳: 亘丕 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 賵 賳丕賲毓賱賵賲 鬲乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 丿丕乇賴. 丕诏乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賲蹖禺賵賳蹖丿 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖丿 丕夭 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 诏匕乇 讴賳蹖丿 賵 賲胤賲卅賳 亘丕卮蹖丿 趩蹖夭蹖 乇賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賳禺賵丕賴蹖丿 丿丕丿.
氐賮丨丕鬲 賲賲鬲丿 賵 倬乇 丕夭 噩夭卅蹖丕鬲 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖丿丕賳 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲毓賱賵賲 賳蹖爻鬲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賲丕 趩蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀�
趩讴蹖丿賴 賴賲賴 亘禺卮 丕蹖賳 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丿乇 丕賵賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 鬲賵噩賴 賵 鬲丨爻蹖賳 賴爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 賮賯胤 蹖讴 丕爻鬲孬賳丕 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘賴 蹖讴賴 鬲丕夭蹖 丌賱賲丕賳 卮讴蹖 賳丿丕乇賴貙 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖!
賯蹖氐乇 丌賱賲丕賳 賲乇鬲亘 丿賳亘丕賱 亘賴丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘乇丕蹖 賳卮賵賳 丿丕丿賳 賯丿乇鬲 賵 賳賮賵匕卮 賴爻鬲 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 賲禺鬲賮乇 亘賴 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 禺丕賳賵丕丿诏蹖 亘丕 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 爻賱胤賳鬲蹖 亘乇蹖鬲丕賳蹖丕(賳賵賴 賲賱讴賴 丕賱蹖夭丕亘鬲) 賴賲 賴爻鬲 賲賳鬲賴丕 丿乇 爻丕蹖賴 讴丕賲賱 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴. 丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇 丿禺丕賱鬲 賵 丨賲賱賴 丌賱賲丕賳 亘賴 亘賱跇蹖讴 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 賮乇丕賳爻赖 亘蹖 鬲丕孬蹖乇 賳蹖爻鬲.
丕賳诏賱蹖爻: 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丕賳诏賱蹖爻 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必屬� 賵 亘毓丿 丕夭 賲乇诏 丿賵 卮禺氐 賲賴賲 鬲睾蹖蹖乇丕鬲 乇賵 亘乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�. 賲乇诏 賲賱讴賴 賵 賳禺爻鬲 賵夭蹖乇 賱乇丿 爻丕賱夭亘乇蹖.
賲乇诏 跇賵乇爻: 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇鬲乇蹖賳 丕鬲賮丕賯 賴丕蹖 丕賳丿讴蹖 賯亘賱 丕夭 噩賳诏 賲蹖鈥屫必驰屬�. 噩賳亘卮蹖 讴賴 亘丕 賳丕賲 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲 賴丕 丕毓賱丕賲 賵噩賵丿 讴乇丿 賵 亘丕 亘乇诏夭丕乇蹖 诏乇丿賴賲丕蹖蹖 賴丕蹖 亘蹖賳鈥屫з勝呝勝� 爻乇賵氐丿丕蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 亘倬丕 讴乇丿. 噩賳亘卮蹖 讴賴 亘丕 丕賳卮毓丕亘 丕夭 丕賵賳 丿乇 噩賴鬲 賲禺丕賱賮 丕乇賵倬丕 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賲賴賲蹖 乇禺 丿丕丿. 丕賳賯賱丕亘 乇賵爻蹖賴.
賲丕噩乇丕蹖 賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 趩賳丿爻丕賱 賯亘賱 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必� 讴賴 亘丕 禺賵賳丿賳 賲噩賲賵毓賴 卮丕賴讴丕乇 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴 鬲蹖亘賵 鬲亘 鬲丕乇蹖禺 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丿乇賲 卮賱毓賴 讴卮蹖丿賴 亘賵丿. 丕賲丕 亘賴 爻禺鬲蹖 禺賵丿賲 乇賵 亘賴 賳蹖賲賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇爻賵賳丿賲 賵 丿乇 賴賲賵賳 賲乇丨賱賴 亘丕賯蹖 賲賵賳丿. 丿乇 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 賴賲 爻乇賵讴賱賴 讴乇賵賳丕 倬蹖丿丕 卮丿 賵 賲丿賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲丕 丿爻鬲禺賵卮 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 賴丕蹖 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 卮丿.
讴鬲丕亘 賴賲蹖賳胤賵乇 丿乇 賳馗乇賲 禺丕讴 賲蹖禺賵乇丿 鬲丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 亘賴 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲賳 丿賵爻鬲 毓夭蹖夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丿賵爻鬲賲 丕賮鬲禺丕乇 丿丕丿 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕賴 賳蹖賲賴 胤蹖 卮丿賴 賲賳賵 賴賲乇丕賴蹖 讴賳賴 鬲丕 亘賱丕禺乇賴 亘賴 倬丕蹖丕賳 亘乇爻賴.
亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賯丿乇 讴丕賮蹖 乇賵 丕毓氐丕亘 噩賮鬲賲賵賳 亘賵丿 賵 禺蹖賱蹖 賮囟丕蹖 賴賲禺賵丕賳蹖 卮讴賱 賳诏乇賮鬲 賵賱蹖 亘丕夭賴賲 丕夭鬲 賲賲賳賵賳賲 讴賴 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 爻乇爻乇蹖 賲賳賵 噩丿蹖 诏乇賮鬲蹖 賵 賴賲乇丕賴 卮丿蹖.
賲賲賳賵賳賲 丕夭鬲 毓賱蹖 毓夭蹖夭. 亘賴 丕賲蹖丿 賴賲禺賵丕賳蹖 賴丕蹖 賴蹖噩丕賳蹖 鬲乇.
賵 丿乇 倬丕蹖丕賳 賳讴鬲賴 丕蹖 亘賴 丿賵爻鬲丿丕乇丕賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 毓賱丕賯賴 賲賳丿丕賳 亘賴 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘:
賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賴蹖趩 賵噩賴 爻丕丿賴 賵 賱匕鬲亘禺卮 賳蹖爻鬲. 賲鬲賳 賲鬲賲乇讴夭 賵 爻乇乇丕爻鬲蹖 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 倬乇 丕夭 丕乇噩丕毓丕鬲 賳丕賲乇鬲亘胤 賵 讴賱丕賮賴 讴賳賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 倬爻 丕诏乇 賴賳賵夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賳禺乇蹖丿蹖丿 丿爻鬲 賳诏賴 丿丕乇蹖丿. 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 倬丕賳氐丿 賴夭丕乇 鬲賵賲丕賳蹖 賯胤毓丕 诏夭蹖賳賴 賴丕蹖 噩匕丕亘 賵 賴蹖噩丕賳 丕賳诏蹖夭鬲乇蹖 丿乇 丕賳鬲馗丕乇鬲賵賳 賴爻鬲. 亘乇禺賱丕賮 丿賵乇賳賲丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丕氐賱丕 賲鬲賳蹖 毓丕賲 倬爻賳丿 賵 爻丕丿賴 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 丕鬲賲丕賲卮 丕賳乇跇蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫焚勜ㄙ�. 丨丿丕賯賱 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 賳丕賲毓賯賵賱 乇賵 賳丿丕卮鬲 賯丕亘賱 鬲丨賲賱 亘賵丿. 丕诏乇 倬跇賵賴卮 禺丕氐蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 夭賲蹖賳賴 丿丕乇蹖丿 卮丕蹖丿 賲賳丕爻亘 亘丕卮賴 賵賱蹖 賲賳 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�.
倬鈥屬�: 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 趩丕倬 爻丕賱 賳賵丿賵卮卮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘(卮氐鬲 賴夭丕乇 鬲賵賲丕賳) 讴賴 賳诏丕賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨爻 丕氐丨丕亘 讴賴賮 亘賵丿賳 亘賴賲 丿爻鬲 賲蹖丿賴!
賱毓賳鬲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 亘賴賲 乇蹖禺鬲賳 賮丕乇爻蹖 賳賵蹖爻蹖 丿乇 诏賵丿乇蹖丿夭貙 賴賲蹖賳.
亘蹖爻鬲鈥屬堌簇� 賮乇賵乇丿蹖賳 氐賮乇爻賴
December 12, 2008
Engaging history of white people from late 19th century to WWI. Written by American journalist living in U.K. and published in 1966, book purports to be "A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914" -- which it ain't by a damn sight -- and works as a pretty good oil painting of the U.K., France, Germany, and the U.S. (with smatterings of Russia, Spain and Italy thrown in for spice) before they all started killing each other with gas and machine guns. Author shows us the political, social, and artistic zeitgeist(en) of what we on this side of the pond call the Gilded Age, giving them all equal emphasis (she must have done hella research) and doing a slow reveal on a time when ideas held such cultural currency that it was hard to tell the difference between what was actually political, social and artistic. What author sees in them days was boundless anticipation, a sense of progress, thousands of folks intoxicated by theory and oratory right before The Great War slapped a moratorium on that kinda Euro-centric idealism for the foreseeable future. All that social ferment yields a heady brew, but pouring it down the drain of history ain't all bad. In addition to exegeses on social progression, book also gives us the image of Western Civilization as a trans-Atlantic European boys club wrestling with humanist governance vs. nationalist self-preservation in the face of great change. The line between crusading progressive and mustachioed blowhard gets a little blurry after awhile, and it's hard to tell who the good guys are: Still needing a slide-rule to work out who the heroes were in the Dreyfus Affair, France's multi-tentacled meta-nationalist trial-of-the-century. The impression I get is that this European generation was actually pretty jazzed about the war in which they would wind up exterminating themselves because a) it had been a long time since the last war and b) they had piles of cool new war things (gas, air machines, rules [see the Hague Conventions of 1899 & 1907:]) they wanted to try out. Kaiser Wilhelm II just knew this war was gonna be awesome.
Clever trick author pulls by saving her socialism section for the end, unwinding the tale of irascibly brilliant cadre men and women dedicating their significant mental resources to the liberation of the international worker; taking Marx's admonishment against nationhood to heart, French, German, British and American intellectuals brainstorm for decades about the best way to improve the plight of the bottom strata of society. Their rhetoric gets a little heavy, even silly, at times, but when WWI cuts it short, it's a drag. When Kaiser Wilhelm declares war, barking, "I know no groups, only Germans" (the inverse of Marx's maxim "the worker knows no fatherland") we get ready to watch the Socialists march off to kill each other back on earth. Author gives us the full brunt of nationalism's tragic victory over humanism. We also get ready for serious men in ridiculous helmets, blood-muddy trenches, evil-looking gas masks, the tropes of a new century's killing fields; an ugly, absurd death for a shining, absurd era. Author knows how remote this period will seem to her readers in the 60s -- and it's from fucking Mars in 2008, by the way -- so she writes it all down with the kind of loving and amused distance we reserve at Christmas for kids who don't know about Santa Claus yet. Author loves this time, but I think she's glad she knows the truth.
Clever trick author pulls by saving her socialism section for the end, unwinding the tale of irascibly brilliant cadre men and women dedicating their significant mental resources to the liberation of the international worker; taking Marx's admonishment against nationhood to heart, French, German, British and American intellectuals brainstorm for decades about the best way to improve the plight of the bottom strata of society. Their rhetoric gets a little heavy, even silly, at times, but when WWI cuts it short, it's a drag. When Kaiser Wilhelm declares war, barking, "I know no groups, only Germans" (the inverse of Marx's maxim "the worker knows no fatherland") we get ready to watch the Socialists march off to kill each other back on earth. Author gives us the full brunt of nationalism's tragic victory over humanism. We also get ready for serious men in ridiculous helmets, blood-muddy trenches, evil-looking gas masks, the tropes of a new century's killing fields; an ugly, absurd death for a shining, absurd era. Author knows how remote this period will seem to her readers in the 60s -- and it's from fucking Mars in 2008, by the way -- so she writes it all down with the kind of loving and amused distance we reserve at Christmas for kids who don't know about Santa Claus yet. Author loves this time, but I think she's glad she knows the truth.
December 8, 2013
It is a thankless job to write a book about the origins of a widespread conflagration such as the First World War. Where is one to draw the line? Where author apparently drew it was the countries of Western Europe -- Britain, France, and Germany -- plus the United States. But what about the view from St. Petersburg or Vienna or even Istanbul? It is all well and good to talk about the rise of international socialism, but what about all the energies released by the decay of the Ottoman Empire and the frustrated desires of the long-suppressed peoples on the "wrong" side of the Adriatic?
does not even bother to mention the First and Second Balkan Wars that took place in 1912-13 and radically altered the map of Europe. She does not mention why Austria wanted to punish Serbia, even though the assassinated Archduke Ferdinand was as fiercely unpopular in Vienna as he was in Belgrade and Sarajevo. And what about Russia? Why was Nicholas II so eager to go to bat for Serbia?
Still and all, The Proud Tower is not only an essential book, but verges on being a great one. I can continue to cavil about what Tuchman does not cover, but on the subjects she does cover, she is fair-to-middling great. Her chapters on the Dreyfus affair in France, the anarchists of Europe, on the rise and fall of the patrician politicians of England, and the strangeness of Kaiser Wilhelm II's Germany are classics.
The title of the book comes from a poem by Edgar Allan Poe called "The City in the Sea":
does not even bother to mention the First and Second Balkan Wars that took place in 1912-13 and radically altered the map of Europe. She does not mention why Austria wanted to punish Serbia, even though the assassinated Archduke Ferdinand was as fiercely unpopular in Vienna as he was in Belgrade and Sarajevo. And what about Russia? Why was Nicholas II so eager to go to bat for Serbia?
Still and all, The Proud Tower is not only an essential book, but verges on being a great one. I can continue to cavil about what Tuchman does not cover, but on the subjects she does cover, she is fair-to-middling great. Her chapters on the Dreyfus affair in France, the anarchists of Europe, on the rise and fall of the patrician politicians of England, and the strangeness of Kaiser Wilhelm II's Germany are classics.
The title of the book comes from a poem by Edgar Allan Poe called "The City in the Sea":
While from a proud tower in the townThis is the second time I've read The Proud Tower, which remains the classical study of the long, slow march to the War To End All Wars.
Death looks gigantically down.
September 3, 2016
I simply love Tuchman鈥檚 writing style, which tells stories around various figures and themes relevant to understanding the origins of the First World War. Except in her introduction and final scene on the verge of mobilization of armies she avoids explicit reference to the war because of the power of the lens of hindsight to distort the accuracy of historical truth. She leaves it to other accounts, including her earlier book, 鈥淭he Guns of August鈥�, to elucidate the political evolution leading to the war, the 鈥淒ual and Triple Alliances, Moroccan crises and Balkan imbroglios.鈥� Such assessment by itself she believes 鈥渋s misleading because it allows us to rest on the easy illusion that it is 鈥榯hey,鈥� the naughty statesmen, who are responsible for war while 鈥榳e,鈥� the innocent people, are merely led鈥�. In her view, 鈥淭he diplomatic origins, so-called, of the Great War are only the fever chart of the patient; they do not tell us what caused the fever.鈥�
Her method instead is to 鈥渃oncentrate on society rather than the state鈥�, and her agenda is eloquently stated in these two sentences:
The Great War of 1914-18 lies like a band of scorched earth dividing that time from ours. In wiping out so many lives which would have been operative on the years that followed, in destroying beliefs, changing ideas, and leaving incurable wounds of disillusion, it created a physical as well as psychological gulf between two epochs. This book is an attempt to discover the quality of the world from which the great World came.
With such a goal, it is no wonder that I sometimes found myself missing a coherent focus. My lazy self wanted someone wise to tell me what to think and present lessons learned from history. Instead I came to appreciate how she breathes life into so many figures and lets their stories paint the big picture and like a novelist, showing not telling what the narrative themes. The book鈥檚 origin derives from a set of essays published in magazines and journals. The chapters of her stew include: 1) the status of the aristocracy in England, 2) the evolution of the anarchist movement, 3) America鈥檚 political struggles over its transition toward imperialism, 4) the Dreyfus Affair in France, 5) the attempt of the Hague peace conferences to establish as international court, 6) the ferment of culture and the arts in Germany, 7) the growth in power by the Liberal and Labor Parties in England, 8) the evolution of socialism in France, England, and Germany. A little bit more of a sketch of these contents is derived from a 2009 Washington Post review by Jonathan Yardley is tucked away here:
I learned to sit back and enjoy the ride and luxuriate in lingering whenever she did. In that way, as a portrait of an age, it stands up well in comparison with her magnanimous, and also wandering, book on the 14th century, "The Distant Mirror". Tension over the impending cataclysm imbues a special poignancy to her narratives, somewhat like life on the Titanic before the iceberg is struck. I get a sense of a ballroom dance with intricate formations of alternating partners. With variations among countries, we see the swirl of nationalism vs. internationalism, socialism vs. capitalism, labor vs. management, monarchy vs. democracy, working class vs. aristocracy, church vs. state, cultural modernism vs. traditional values.
My eyes glazed over the most in the first chapter on the persistence of the class structure of Britain in the period. As Tuchman herself lived a privileged life of wealth, she certainly had an eye for the details of their upper classes, down to details of their jewelry and fancy dresses. She outdid herself in building outrage in me and likely most readers over the excesses in the lifestyles of the patricians and their sense of entitlement as natural rulers. Still, I did come to appreciate some of their paradoxes, such as many taking up liberal causes such as constraints on child labor and health care for the poor and their acceptance by the majority of the lower classes. I got pleasure from her putting up an iconic portrait by Sargent of Lord Ribblesdale, who was a Liberal Whip in the House of Lords a trustee of the National Gallery. This personification of the English gentleman entitled 鈥淭he Ancestor鈥� garners this wonderful response from Tuchman:
Standing at full length in the portrait, dressed as Master of the Queen鈥檚 Buckhound in long riding coat, top hat, glistening boots and holding a coiled hunting whip, Sargent鈥檚 Ribblesdale stared out upon the world in an attitude of such natural arrogance, elegance and self-confidence as no man of a later day would ever achieve. 鈥ike most of his kind he had a sense of easy communion with the land-based working class who served the sports and estates of the gentry.
Lord Ribblesdale, the epitome of English gentry--painting by Sargent
I also loved it when she waxed poetic over the aristocracy鈥檚 love of horses:
The English gentleman is unthinkable without his horse. 鈥e provided locomotion, occupation and conversation; inspired love, bravery, poetry and physical prowess. He was the essential element in racing, the sport of kings, as in cavalry, the elite of war. 鈥he fox-hunting man never had enough of the thrills, the danger, and the beauty of the hunt; of the wail of the huntsman鈥檚 horn, the excited yelping of the hounds, the streaming rush of red-coated riders and black-clad ladies on sidesaddles, the flying leaps over banks, fences, stone walls and ditches, even crashes, broken bones and the cold aching ride home in winter. If it was bliss in that time to be alive and of the leisured class, to hunt was rapture.
The reason that I liked the section on U.S. imperialism trends is because it countered my conception of what seemed so inevitable from reading about Teddy Roosevelt (in McCullough鈥檚 鈥淢ornings on Horseback鈥�). It was enlightening to see how the beginnings of the advance of the U.S. from an isolationist nation into a world power in this period had some powerful naysayers. That a man from my state of Maine, Thomas Reed, as a legislative gatekeeper as Speaker of the House, had an important role in the debate against annexation of Hawaii and in putting brakes on the progressive steps leading to acquisition of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines was personally gratifying to me. The fount of ideology supporting arguments in favor territorial acquisition at almost any cost is Alfred Mahan, commander of the Naval War College and author of 鈥淭he Influence of Sea Power on History鈥�.
Thomas Reed and Alfred Mahan
The section dragged a bit for me over Reed鈥檚 battle to get rid of the power of the minority party to block any legislation obnoxious to it by refusing a quorum by remaining silent when a roll call vote was held. Where she excels is in aptly capturing the personality of these figures and making you imagine the connection to their politics. Here are some choice examples on Reed:
His hair thinned until he was almost bald, his figure bellied out until, as he walked down the streets of Portland, he resembled 鈥渁 human frigate among shallops.鈥� Silent, impassive, with an inward-turned eye, noticing no one, he moved along with the ponderous, gently swaying gait of an elephant. 鈥淗ow narrow he makes the street look!鈥� a passer-by once exclaimed.
鈥�
Never landed in a large sense, nor wealthy, these forbears and their neighbors had striven over the generations to maintain a settlement on the rock-ribbed soil, to survive Indian attack and isolation and snowbound winters. The habit of struggle against odds was bred into Thomas Reed鈥檚 blood.
鈥�
He never used an extra word, never stumbled in his syntax, was never at a loss, never forced to retreat or modify a position. He was instant in rejoinder, terse, forcible, lucid. He could state a case unanswerably, illuminate an issue, destroy an argument or expose a fallacy in fewer words than anyone else. His language was vivid and picturesque. 鈥淗ardly time to ripen a strawberry,鈥� he said to describe a lapse of two months. 鈥is epigrams were famous. 鈥淎ll the wisdom in the world consists in shouting with the majority鈥� was one. 鈥淎 statesman is a politician who is dead鈥� was another. 鈥nce when mistaken for Cleveland in an ill-lit room, Reed said, 鈥淢ercy! Don鈥檛 tell Grover. He is too proud of his good looks already.鈥�
Tuchman鈥檚 profile of Mahan captures a bit of his narrow morality in personal life as a contrast with the questionable moral foundations of his belief in the Manifest Destiny for the U.S. to become a global power:
He had little sense of humor, a high moral tone and shared the respectable man鈥檚 horror of Zola鈥檚 novels, which he forbade his daughters to read. So precise were his scruples that when living on naval property at the War College he would not allow his children to use the government pencils. 鈥�
External expression of his personality was limited: his life was inner. He was like a steam kettle in which the boiling goes on within an enclosed space and the steam comes out through a single spout.
Reed effectively identified militarism and colonial acquisitions as counter to the principles of the nation鈥檚 founders. Yet Mahan and Senator Lodges鈥� arguments over the strategic benefits of Hawaii for naval operations in the Pacific combined with economic payoffs won the day. Their hunger for bases in Cuba and the Philippines was fulfilled when the sinking of the ship 鈥淢aine鈥� in Havana provided the excuse for the Spanish-American War and easy victory. I was surprised how divisive the fight over whether to keep the Philippines was. It generated strange bedfellows in opposition, as labor leader Gompers was joined by industrialist Carnegie in the protests. President McKinley went with keeping the island, with a token payment of $20 million to ease the perfidy. We know now that the rebels who fought the Spanish soon turned against American governance and that a long jungle war wreaked devastation on the insurgents and disheartened the U.S. military forces in a way that presaged the Vietnam War. I appreciated Reed鈥檚 comments after losing the struggle in Congress to prevent the takeover:
鈥淲e have bought ten million Malays at $2.00 a head unpicked,鈥� remarked Reed acidly, and in the most prescient comment made by anyone at the time, he added, 鈥渁nd nobody knows what it will cost to pick them.鈥�
Of other parts of the book, I was most fascinated and moved by Tuchman鈥檚 coverage of the dream of the socialists for an international brotherhood of workers which would be able to abolish war through the power of a general strike. Having recently read about the war resistance movements in Britain in Hochschild鈥檚 book, 鈥淭o End All Wars鈥�, I was primed to feel sad all over again at how nationalism trumped any broader humanitarian movement or the uncompleted attempts of the Hague conferences to institute negotiated settlement of international disputes. The motivations and efforts of socialists like Keir Hardie in Britain and Jean Jaur猫s in France to prevent the war were heroic but futile, in the latter case ended by his murder in August, 1914. The epoch of peace in Europe was revealed by this book to be full of conflicts in ideas, sporadic but pervasive violence surrounding labor strikes and fights for suffrage, small wars confined to distant colonies or the Balkans, and a build-up of armaments. The gulf between relative peace to world war now became a narrow line easily stepped across. In England, Hardie and only a few others protested the Parliament鈥檚 steps toward war after Germany and France began mobilization of their armies. What a powerful ending to the book Tuchman makes:
Elsewhere there was no dissent, no strike, no protest, no hesitation to shoulder a rifle against fellow workers of another land. When the call came, the worker, whom Marx declared to have no fatherland, identified himself with country, not class. He turned out to be a member of the national family like anyone else. The force of his antagonism which was supposed to topple capitalism, found a better target in the foreigner. The working class went to war willingly, even eagerly, like the middle class, like the upper class, like the species.
Jean Jaures and Barbara Tuchman
Her method instead is to 鈥渃oncentrate on society rather than the state鈥�, and her agenda is eloquently stated in these two sentences:
The Great War of 1914-18 lies like a band of scorched earth dividing that time from ours. In wiping out so many lives which would have been operative on the years that followed, in destroying beliefs, changing ideas, and leaving incurable wounds of disillusion, it created a physical as well as psychological gulf between two epochs. This book is an attempt to discover the quality of the world from which the great World came.
With such a goal, it is no wonder that I sometimes found myself missing a coherent focus. My lazy self wanted someone wise to tell me what to think and present lessons learned from history. Instead I came to appreciate how she breathes life into so many figures and lets their stories paint the big picture and like a novelist, showing not telling what the narrative themes. The book鈥檚 origin derives from a set of essays published in magazines and journals. The chapters of her stew include: 1) the status of the aristocracy in England, 2) the evolution of the anarchist movement, 3) America鈥檚 political struggles over its transition toward imperialism, 4) the Dreyfus Affair in France, 5) the attempt of the Hague peace conferences to establish as international court, 6) the ferment of culture and the arts in Germany, 7) the growth in power by the Liberal and Labor Parties in England, 8) the evolution of socialism in France, England, and Germany. A little bit more of a sketch of these contents is derived from a 2009 Washington Post review by Jonathan Yardley is tucked away here:
I learned to sit back and enjoy the ride and luxuriate in lingering whenever she did. In that way, as a portrait of an age, it stands up well in comparison with her magnanimous, and also wandering, book on the 14th century, "The Distant Mirror". Tension over the impending cataclysm imbues a special poignancy to her narratives, somewhat like life on the Titanic before the iceberg is struck. I get a sense of a ballroom dance with intricate formations of alternating partners. With variations among countries, we see the swirl of nationalism vs. internationalism, socialism vs. capitalism, labor vs. management, monarchy vs. democracy, working class vs. aristocracy, church vs. state, cultural modernism vs. traditional values.
My eyes glazed over the most in the first chapter on the persistence of the class structure of Britain in the period. As Tuchman herself lived a privileged life of wealth, she certainly had an eye for the details of their upper classes, down to details of their jewelry and fancy dresses. She outdid herself in building outrage in me and likely most readers over the excesses in the lifestyles of the patricians and their sense of entitlement as natural rulers. Still, I did come to appreciate some of their paradoxes, such as many taking up liberal causes such as constraints on child labor and health care for the poor and their acceptance by the majority of the lower classes. I got pleasure from her putting up an iconic portrait by Sargent of Lord Ribblesdale, who was a Liberal Whip in the House of Lords a trustee of the National Gallery. This personification of the English gentleman entitled 鈥淭he Ancestor鈥� garners this wonderful response from Tuchman:
Standing at full length in the portrait, dressed as Master of the Queen鈥檚 Buckhound in long riding coat, top hat, glistening boots and holding a coiled hunting whip, Sargent鈥檚 Ribblesdale stared out upon the world in an attitude of such natural arrogance, elegance and self-confidence as no man of a later day would ever achieve. 鈥ike most of his kind he had a sense of easy communion with the land-based working class who served the sports and estates of the gentry.
Lord Ribblesdale, the epitome of English gentry--painting by Sargent
I also loved it when she waxed poetic over the aristocracy鈥檚 love of horses:
The English gentleman is unthinkable without his horse. 鈥e provided locomotion, occupation and conversation; inspired love, bravery, poetry and physical prowess. He was the essential element in racing, the sport of kings, as in cavalry, the elite of war. 鈥he fox-hunting man never had enough of the thrills, the danger, and the beauty of the hunt; of the wail of the huntsman鈥檚 horn, the excited yelping of the hounds, the streaming rush of red-coated riders and black-clad ladies on sidesaddles, the flying leaps over banks, fences, stone walls and ditches, even crashes, broken bones and the cold aching ride home in winter. If it was bliss in that time to be alive and of the leisured class, to hunt was rapture.
The reason that I liked the section on U.S. imperialism trends is because it countered my conception of what seemed so inevitable from reading about Teddy Roosevelt (in McCullough鈥檚 鈥淢ornings on Horseback鈥�). It was enlightening to see how the beginnings of the advance of the U.S. from an isolationist nation into a world power in this period had some powerful naysayers. That a man from my state of Maine, Thomas Reed, as a legislative gatekeeper as Speaker of the House, had an important role in the debate against annexation of Hawaii and in putting brakes on the progressive steps leading to acquisition of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines was personally gratifying to me. The fount of ideology supporting arguments in favor territorial acquisition at almost any cost is Alfred Mahan, commander of the Naval War College and author of 鈥淭he Influence of Sea Power on History鈥�.
Thomas Reed and Alfred Mahan
The section dragged a bit for me over Reed鈥檚 battle to get rid of the power of the minority party to block any legislation obnoxious to it by refusing a quorum by remaining silent when a roll call vote was held. Where she excels is in aptly capturing the personality of these figures and making you imagine the connection to their politics. Here are some choice examples on Reed:
His hair thinned until he was almost bald, his figure bellied out until, as he walked down the streets of Portland, he resembled 鈥渁 human frigate among shallops.鈥� Silent, impassive, with an inward-turned eye, noticing no one, he moved along with the ponderous, gently swaying gait of an elephant. 鈥淗ow narrow he makes the street look!鈥� a passer-by once exclaimed.
鈥�
Never landed in a large sense, nor wealthy, these forbears and their neighbors had striven over the generations to maintain a settlement on the rock-ribbed soil, to survive Indian attack and isolation and snowbound winters. The habit of struggle against odds was bred into Thomas Reed鈥檚 blood.
鈥�
He never used an extra word, never stumbled in his syntax, was never at a loss, never forced to retreat or modify a position. He was instant in rejoinder, terse, forcible, lucid. He could state a case unanswerably, illuminate an issue, destroy an argument or expose a fallacy in fewer words than anyone else. His language was vivid and picturesque. 鈥淗ardly time to ripen a strawberry,鈥� he said to describe a lapse of two months. 鈥is epigrams were famous. 鈥淎ll the wisdom in the world consists in shouting with the majority鈥� was one. 鈥淎 statesman is a politician who is dead鈥� was another. 鈥nce when mistaken for Cleveland in an ill-lit room, Reed said, 鈥淢ercy! Don鈥檛 tell Grover. He is too proud of his good looks already.鈥�
Tuchman鈥檚 profile of Mahan captures a bit of his narrow morality in personal life as a contrast with the questionable moral foundations of his belief in the Manifest Destiny for the U.S. to become a global power:
He had little sense of humor, a high moral tone and shared the respectable man鈥檚 horror of Zola鈥檚 novels, which he forbade his daughters to read. So precise were his scruples that when living on naval property at the War College he would not allow his children to use the government pencils. 鈥�
External expression of his personality was limited: his life was inner. He was like a steam kettle in which the boiling goes on within an enclosed space and the steam comes out through a single spout.
Reed effectively identified militarism and colonial acquisitions as counter to the principles of the nation鈥檚 founders. Yet Mahan and Senator Lodges鈥� arguments over the strategic benefits of Hawaii for naval operations in the Pacific combined with economic payoffs won the day. Their hunger for bases in Cuba and the Philippines was fulfilled when the sinking of the ship 鈥淢aine鈥� in Havana provided the excuse for the Spanish-American War and easy victory. I was surprised how divisive the fight over whether to keep the Philippines was. It generated strange bedfellows in opposition, as labor leader Gompers was joined by industrialist Carnegie in the protests. President McKinley went with keeping the island, with a token payment of $20 million to ease the perfidy. We know now that the rebels who fought the Spanish soon turned against American governance and that a long jungle war wreaked devastation on the insurgents and disheartened the U.S. military forces in a way that presaged the Vietnam War. I appreciated Reed鈥檚 comments after losing the struggle in Congress to prevent the takeover:
鈥淲e have bought ten million Malays at $2.00 a head unpicked,鈥� remarked Reed acidly, and in the most prescient comment made by anyone at the time, he added, 鈥渁nd nobody knows what it will cost to pick them.鈥�
Of other parts of the book, I was most fascinated and moved by Tuchman鈥檚 coverage of the dream of the socialists for an international brotherhood of workers which would be able to abolish war through the power of a general strike. Having recently read about the war resistance movements in Britain in Hochschild鈥檚 book, 鈥淭o End All Wars鈥�, I was primed to feel sad all over again at how nationalism trumped any broader humanitarian movement or the uncompleted attempts of the Hague conferences to institute negotiated settlement of international disputes. The motivations and efforts of socialists like Keir Hardie in Britain and Jean Jaur猫s in France to prevent the war were heroic but futile, in the latter case ended by his murder in August, 1914. The epoch of peace in Europe was revealed by this book to be full of conflicts in ideas, sporadic but pervasive violence surrounding labor strikes and fights for suffrage, small wars confined to distant colonies or the Balkans, and a build-up of armaments. The gulf between relative peace to world war now became a narrow line easily stepped across. In England, Hardie and only a few others protested the Parliament鈥檚 steps toward war after Germany and France began mobilization of their armies. What a powerful ending to the book Tuchman makes:
Elsewhere there was no dissent, no strike, no protest, no hesitation to shoulder a rifle against fellow workers of another land. When the call came, the worker, whom Marx declared to have no fatherland, identified himself with country, not class. He turned out to be a member of the national family like anyone else. The force of his antagonism which was supposed to topple capitalism, found a better target in the foreigner. The working class went to war willingly, even eagerly, like the middle class, like the upper class, like the species.
Jean Jaures and Barbara Tuchman
March 18, 2019
The Proud Tower by Barbara W. Tuchman
Joy, Hope, Suspicion - above all, astonishment - were the world's prevailing emotions when it learned on August 29, 1898, that the young Czar of Russia, Nicholas II, had issued a call to the nations to join in a conference for the limitation of armaments. all the capitals were taken by surprise. That the call should come from the mighty and ever expanding power whom the other nations feared and who was still regarded, despite its two hundreds years of European veneer, as semi-barbaric, was cause for dazed wonderment liberally laced with distrust.
This book is a departure from Tuchman's more popular histories. The Proud Tower was written four years after her Pulitzer winner 鈥楪uns of August鈥�. This volume of eight loosely connected chapters covers the changing world in the twenty five years leading up to the Great War. The focus is on the larger nations: England, Germany, France and to a lesser extent Russia and the United States. This read has more of a scholarly feel and provides a little less background than her more well known histories. The writing as expected is still quite good but there were some historical events that I was unfamiliar with. I did resort to looking up a number of the historical figures using online resources to assist. What follows is a brief synopsis of the eight chapters.
Chapter 1 covers the Patricians: England from 1895-1902. There is a heavy focus on the enigmatic Lord Salisbury, Robert Cecil who served as prime minister three different times and was a favorite of Queen Victoria. He represented the old Victorian vanguard and was aptly dubbed a patrician or what we would call an imperialist today. He served as Prime Minister through the Boer Wars, a hard fought campaign and harbinger of the difficult times that lie ahead for Britain. Lord Salisbury died a year later in 1903 and the Victorian era was coming to a close. This was one of my favorite chapters.
The average member of the ruling class, undisturbed by Lord Salisbury鈥檚 too-thoughtful, too-prescient mind, did not worry deeply about the future; the present was so delightful. The Age of Privilege, though assailed at many points and already cracking at some, still seemed, in the closing years of the Nineteenth Century and of Victoria鈥檚 reign, a permanent condition. To the privileged, life appeared secure and comfortable and peace brooded over the land
Chapter 2 covers the Anarchists from 1890-1914. From France to the United States to Spain to Italy to Russia, there were a large number of assassinations and most of these crimes were committed by anarchists. I like the premise of the chapter, it was quite thin however. An entire book could be written here.
Chapter 3 covers the United States from 1890-1902 and the death of Isolationism. Most of this chapter is focused on Thomas B. Reed the congressman from Maine and Speaker of the House. Reed was a greatly respected political figure, anti-war proponent, civil rights advocate and an isolationist. He opposed the Spanish American war, the annexation of Hawaii and the occupation of the Philippines and he later resigned from Congress in protest. The era of American expansionism was well under way.
Military operations in the Philippines swelled in size and savagery. Against the stubborn guerrilla warfare of the Filipinos, the U.S. Army poured in regiments, brigades, divisions, until as many as 75,000 were engaged in the islands at one time. Filipinos burned, ambushed, raided, mutilated; on occasion they buried prisoners alive. Americans retaliated with atrocities of their own, burning down a whole village and killing every inhabitant if an American soldier was found with his throat cut, applying the 鈥渨ater cure鈥� and other tortures to obtain information鈥� A raiding party which missed Aguinaldo but captured his young son made headlines. Reed, coming into his office that morning, said in mock surprise to his law partner, 鈥淲hat, are you working today? I should think you would be celebrating. I see by the papers that the American Army has captured the infant son of Aguinaldo and at last accounts was in hot pursuit of the mother.鈥�
Chapter 4 covers France from 1894-1899 focusing heavily on the Dreyfus Affair. Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in the French army and was falsely accused and convicted of passing secrets to the Germans. There was strong anti-Jewish sentiment in France (and across Europe). Emile Zola wrote his famous article J鈥橝ccuse and Dreyfus was given a second trial and Zola acted as an attorney for him after information pointed to a different officer as the one sending secrets to Germany. Dreyfus was convicted at the second trial and Zola fled to England after a libel conviction. Dreyfus was later pardoned by the French president. This chapter focuses on this powderkeg of anti-semitic feelings, strong socialist and anti-socialist sentiments in France.
Chapter 5 covers the two Peace Conferences at the Hague in 1899 and 1907 and the drumbeat of militarism. The principal nations knew there were problems long before WW1. There were many expansionist and territorial conflicts between the powers in the Pacific and especially in Africa. There was also the Naval arms race between Britain and Germany that contributed to the militarism. Russia would have been more of a factor in the Baltic but their astonishing defeat at the hands of the Japanese in the East left the government and military reeling.
Chapter 6 鈥淣eroism is in the Air鈥� covers the decadence of Europe, largely focusing on Germany, in the period of 1890-1914. There is heavy focus here on the art in Europe, especially music, and the works of many such as Strauss that veered heavily away from Victorian norms. Germany was expanding more rapidly than any other nation in Europe and Kaiser Wilhelm was promulgating his idea of Germany as the great nation and there was a lust for a new world order.
Strauss completed the score of Elektra in September, 1908 鈥� For the legendary drama set in 1500 B.C. he wanted everything to be exact and realistic insisting on real sheep and bulls for Clytemnestra鈥檚 sacrifice. 鈥淪trauss, are you mad?鈥� howled the stage director in terror. 鈥淚magine the cost! And the danger! What will they do when your violent music begins?鈥�
Chapter 7 covers the transfer of power in England from 1902-1911 in the age of the people and the rise of David Lloyd George.
Chapter 8, the final chapter, covers socialism and the assassination of Juares in the immediate days preceding WW1. This chapter focuses heavily on France and the attempts of many socialists to avoid war with Germany and the frustration of many conservative nationalists who were deeply distrustful of the Germans. They correctly understood the Kaiser鈥檚 ambition to invade France and were concerned about repeating the disastrous Franco Prussian War some forty years earlier. Jean Juares was an influential French socialist and widely respected journalist and leader with strong ties to other socialists in Europe. He was gunned down by Raoul Villain a French nationalist on July 31st. Even if Juares had not been assassinated, there was little hope left to avoid war between Germany and France by that point.
Four stars. This read is probably of more interest to those who really like histories or exploring widely ranging historical topics, whereas Tuchman鈥檚 other works like the Zimmerman Telegram and The Guns of August are more generally appealing and more tightly constructed narratives.
Joy, Hope, Suspicion - above all, astonishment - were the world's prevailing emotions when it learned on August 29, 1898, that the young Czar of Russia, Nicholas II, had issued a call to the nations to join in a conference for the limitation of armaments. all the capitals were taken by surprise. That the call should come from the mighty and ever expanding power whom the other nations feared and who was still regarded, despite its two hundreds years of European veneer, as semi-barbaric, was cause for dazed wonderment liberally laced with distrust.
This book is a departure from Tuchman's more popular histories. The Proud Tower was written four years after her Pulitzer winner 鈥楪uns of August鈥�. This volume of eight loosely connected chapters covers the changing world in the twenty five years leading up to the Great War. The focus is on the larger nations: England, Germany, France and to a lesser extent Russia and the United States. This read has more of a scholarly feel and provides a little less background than her more well known histories. The writing as expected is still quite good but there were some historical events that I was unfamiliar with. I did resort to looking up a number of the historical figures using online resources to assist. What follows is a brief synopsis of the eight chapters.
Chapter 1 covers the Patricians: England from 1895-1902. There is a heavy focus on the enigmatic Lord Salisbury, Robert Cecil who served as prime minister three different times and was a favorite of Queen Victoria. He represented the old Victorian vanguard and was aptly dubbed a patrician or what we would call an imperialist today. He served as Prime Minister through the Boer Wars, a hard fought campaign and harbinger of the difficult times that lie ahead for Britain. Lord Salisbury died a year later in 1903 and the Victorian era was coming to a close. This was one of my favorite chapters.
The average member of the ruling class, undisturbed by Lord Salisbury鈥檚 too-thoughtful, too-prescient mind, did not worry deeply about the future; the present was so delightful. The Age of Privilege, though assailed at many points and already cracking at some, still seemed, in the closing years of the Nineteenth Century and of Victoria鈥檚 reign, a permanent condition. To the privileged, life appeared secure and comfortable and peace brooded over the land
Chapter 2 covers the Anarchists from 1890-1914. From France to the United States to Spain to Italy to Russia, there were a large number of assassinations and most of these crimes were committed by anarchists. I like the premise of the chapter, it was quite thin however. An entire book could be written here.
Chapter 3 covers the United States from 1890-1902 and the death of Isolationism. Most of this chapter is focused on Thomas B. Reed the congressman from Maine and Speaker of the House. Reed was a greatly respected political figure, anti-war proponent, civil rights advocate and an isolationist. He opposed the Spanish American war, the annexation of Hawaii and the occupation of the Philippines and he later resigned from Congress in protest. The era of American expansionism was well under way.
Military operations in the Philippines swelled in size and savagery. Against the stubborn guerrilla warfare of the Filipinos, the U.S. Army poured in regiments, brigades, divisions, until as many as 75,000 were engaged in the islands at one time. Filipinos burned, ambushed, raided, mutilated; on occasion they buried prisoners alive. Americans retaliated with atrocities of their own, burning down a whole village and killing every inhabitant if an American soldier was found with his throat cut, applying the 鈥渨ater cure鈥� and other tortures to obtain information鈥� A raiding party which missed Aguinaldo but captured his young son made headlines. Reed, coming into his office that morning, said in mock surprise to his law partner, 鈥淲hat, are you working today? I should think you would be celebrating. I see by the papers that the American Army has captured the infant son of Aguinaldo and at last accounts was in hot pursuit of the mother.鈥�
Chapter 4 covers France from 1894-1899 focusing heavily on the Dreyfus Affair. Dreyfus was a Jewish officer in the French army and was falsely accused and convicted of passing secrets to the Germans. There was strong anti-Jewish sentiment in France (and across Europe). Emile Zola wrote his famous article J鈥橝ccuse and Dreyfus was given a second trial and Zola acted as an attorney for him after information pointed to a different officer as the one sending secrets to Germany. Dreyfus was convicted at the second trial and Zola fled to England after a libel conviction. Dreyfus was later pardoned by the French president. This chapter focuses on this powderkeg of anti-semitic feelings, strong socialist and anti-socialist sentiments in France.
Chapter 5 covers the two Peace Conferences at the Hague in 1899 and 1907 and the drumbeat of militarism. The principal nations knew there were problems long before WW1. There were many expansionist and territorial conflicts between the powers in the Pacific and especially in Africa. There was also the Naval arms race between Britain and Germany that contributed to the militarism. Russia would have been more of a factor in the Baltic but their astonishing defeat at the hands of the Japanese in the East left the government and military reeling.
Chapter 6 鈥淣eroism is in the Air鈥� covers the decadence of Europe, largely focusing on Germany, in the period of 1890-1914. There is heavy focus here on the art in Europe, especially music, and the works of many such as Strauss that veered heavily away from Victorian norms. Germany was expanding more rapidly than any other nation in Europe and Kaiser Wilhelm was promulgating his idea of Germany as the great nation and there was a lust for a new world order.
Strauss completed the score of Elektra in September, 1908 鈥� For the legendary drama set in 1500 B.C. he wanted everything to be exact and realistic insisting on real sheep and bulls for Clytemnestra鈥檚 sacrifice. 鈥淪trauss, are you mad?鈥� howled the stage director in terror. 鈥淚magine the cost! And the danger! What will they do when your violent music begins?鈥�
Chapter 7 covers the transfer of power in England from 1902-1911 in the age of the people and the rise of David Lloyd George.
Chapter 8, the final chapter, covers socialism and the assassination of Juares in the immediate days preceding WW1. This chapter focuses heavily on France and the attempts of many socialists to avoid war with Germany and the frustration of many conservative nationalists who were deeply distrustful of the Germans. They correctly understood the Kaiser鈥檚 ambition to invade France and were concerned about repeating the disastrous Franco Prussian War some forty years earlier. Jean Juares was an influential French socialist and widely respected journalist and leader with strong ties to other socialists in Europe. He was gunned down by Raoul Villain a French nationalist on July 31st. Even if Juares had not been assassinated, there was little hope left to avoid war between Germany and France by that point.
Four stars. This read is probably of more interest to those who really like histories or exploring widely ranging historical topics, whereas Tuchman鈥檚 other works like the Zimmerman Telegram and The Guns of August are more generally appealing and more tightly constructed narratives.
April 17, 2021
5 stars
丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇 賱匕鬲 亘乇丿賲貙 丌賲賵禺鬲賲 貙 賲鬲丕孬乇 賵 睾賲诏蹖賳 卮丿賲 貙 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 賴丕 亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴 丕賳爻丕賳 賴丕蹖 亘夭乇诏 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕賮鬲禺丕乇 讴乇丿賲 賵 亘賳丕 亘賴 賯丕毓丿賴 丕蹖 讴賴 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 丕夭 馗賱賲 鬲賳賮乇 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮 賵 賳賴 丕夭 馗丕賱賲 貙 丕夭 讴賵鬲賴 賮讴乇蹖 賴丕 賵 禺賵丿亘蹖賳蹖 賴丕 賵 賲亘丕賳蹖 亘蹖 倬丕蹖賴 賳丕爻蹖賵賳丕賱蹖爻賲 亘蹖夭丕乇 賵 丿乇丿賲賳丿 卮丿賲
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丨賵夭賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 爻蹖丕爻蹖 亘賴 賳丨賵 卮丕蹖爻鬲賴 賵 亘丕蹖爻鬲賴 丕蹖 貙 诏夭丕乇卮 爻丕賱 賴丕蹖 1880 鬲丕 1914 讴賴 爻丕賱 賵賯賵毓 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 賴爻鬲 乇賵 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲賮氐賱 賵 賲賵卮讴丕賮丕賳賴 賲胤乇丨 賵 丿賱丕蹖賱 賵賯賵毓 噩賳诏 乇賵 毓賲賵賲丕 丿乇 亘蹖賳 賲乇丿賲 貙 丕丨夭丕亘貙 诏乇賵賴 賴丕 賵 賳賴 賮賯胤 爻乇丕賳 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賵 亘賱賳丿 倬丕蹖賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕 貙 賲賵乇丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲
丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇 賱匕鬲 亘乇丿賲貙 丌賲賵禺鬲賲 貙 賲鬲丕孬乇 賵 睾賲诏蹖賳 卮丿賲 貙 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 賴丕 亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴 丕賳爻丕賳 賴丕蹖 亘夭乇诏 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕賮鬲禺丕乇 讴乇丿賲 賵 亘賳丕 亘賴 賯丕毓丿賴 丕蹖 讴賴 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 丕夭 馗賱賲 鬲賳賮乇 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮 賵 賳賴 丕夭 馗丕賱賲 貙 丕夭 讴賵鬲賴 賮讴乇蹖 賴丕 賵 禺賵丿亘蹖賳蹖 賴丕 賵 賲亘丕賳蹖 亘蹖 倬丕蹖賴 賳丕爻蹖賵賳丕賱蹖爻賲 亘蹖夭丕乇 賵 丿乇丿賲賳丿 卮丿賲
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丨賵夭賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 爻蹖丕爻蹖 亘賴 賳丨賵 卮丕蹖爻鬲賴 賵 亘丕蹖爻鬲賴 丕蹖 貙 诏夭丕乇卮 爻丕賱 賴丕蹖 1880 鬲丕 1914 讴賴 爻丕賱 賵賯賵毓 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 賴爻鬲 乇賵 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲賮氐賱 賵 賲賵卮讴丕賮丕賳賴 賲胤乇丨 賵 丿賱丕蹖賱 賵賯賵毓 噩賳诏 乇賵 毓賲賵賲丕 丿乇 亘蹖賳 賲乇丿賲 貙 丕丨夭丕亘貙 诏乇賵賴 賴丕 賵 賳賴 賮賯胤 爻乇丕賳 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賵 亘賱賳丿 倬丕蹖賴 讴卮賵乇賴丕 貙 賲賵乇丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲
Read
May 8, 2018I remember this as an accessible account of the subject, with nice vignettes like Lord Salisbury being scooted around his garden in his bath chair.
July 17, 2019
It is understandable that many do not 鈥榞et鈥� Tuchman鈥檚 The Proud Tower. It is a collection of topics, almost disparate stand-alone essays, which seem to have nothing whatsoever to do with each other. As you finish each chapter and begin the next, you are almost dumped into another country, subject, group of people鈥攖he world at large鈥攚ondering what this has to do with what you were just reading. But Tuchman has a very specific purpose which she explains in the Afterword, for once worth reading first. Here is a brief selection from it:
*The Patricians, England, 1895-1902;
The Idea and the Deed, Anarchists, 1890-1914;
The End of a Dream, America, 1890-1902;
鈥楪ive me Combat!鈥�, France, 1894-9;
The Steady Drummer, The Hague: 1899 and 1907 +++
There is MUCH she does NOT cover. This is a book about the peoples living in the countries of the US, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary with some mention of Russia, then considered the 鈥榃estern powers鈥�. Anyone who wants to critique this (or any) book on what is not there, should not read that book. Take each book for what IS there. No person (or book) can be all things to all people and we should not expect them to be. It is grossly unfair to expect a book, especially one written years ago, to come up to our standards. Instead, we should ask ourselves if we could meet their standards? I dare say we could not.
As the title says, this is a portrait. A portrait is a single two dimensional view of a subject. It shows some, but still leaves out much.
This is my second complete reading. I have also reread several of the better chapters 3 and 4 times. MOST highly recommended!
January 19, 2019: Over the Christmas holidays we went as a family to see Peter Jackson's and it brought back memories of our trip鹿 to the WWI battlefield of Verdun when we lived in Europe. So we decided that this and Ms. Tuckman's other book, would be our next listens...
鹿My singular visit and my husband's several trips there.
May 26, 2008: Folio Society sold this as part of a combined set with . Read (back in 2001) following GoA but should have read this first.
The Proud Tower gives the background for the social, political, artistic, military movements/events which occurred in a spiritually stagnant Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s precipitating the climate necessary for the bloodbath of WWI. Excellent!
Although not considered an 'historian' in the strict sense of the word, Barbara Tuchman is accessible, i.e., she writes readable histories for the average person.
鈥楾he proud tower built up through the great age of European civilization was an edifice of grandeur and passion, of riches and beauty and dark cellars. Its inhabitants lived, as compared to a later time, with more self-reliance, more confidence, more hope; greater magnificence, extravagance and elegance; more careless ease, more gaiety, more pleasure in each other鈥檚 company and conversation, more injustice and hypocrisy, more misery and want, more sentiment including false sentiment, less sufferance of mediocrity, more dignity in work, more delight in nature, more zest. The Old World had much that has since been lost, whatever may have been gained.鈥�Even if you only read a few of the fascinating topics* in this excellent book, you will learn more than from any other history book on this era.
*The Patricians, England, 1895-1902;
The Idea and the Deed, Anarchists, 1890-1914;
The End of a Dream, America, 1890-1902;
鈥楪ive me Combat!鈥�, France, 1894-9;
The Steady Drummer, The Hague: 1899 and 1907 +++
There is MUCH she does NOT cover. This is a book about the peoples living in the countries of the US, Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary with some mention of Russia, then considered the 鈥榃estern powers鈥�. Anyone who wants to critique this (or any) book on what is not there, should not read that book. Take each book for what IS there. No person (or book) can be all things to all people and we should not expect them to be. It is grossly unfair to expect a book, especially one written years ago, to come up to our standards. Instead, we should ask ourselves if we could meet their standards? I dare say we could not.
As the title says, this is a portrait. A portrait is a single two dimensional view of a subject. It shows some, but still leaves out much.
This is my second complete reading. I have also reread several of the better chapters 3 and 4 times. MOST highly recommended!
January 19, 2019: Over the Christmas holidays we went as a family to see Peter Jackson's and it brought back memories of our trip鹿 to the WWI battlefield of Verdun when we lived in Europe. So we decided that this and Ms. Tuckman's other book, would be our next listens...
鹿My singular visit and my husband's several trips there.
May 26, 2008: Folio Society sold this as part of a combined set with . Read (back in 2001) following GoA but should have read this first.
The Proud Tower gives the background for the social, political, artistic, military movements/events which occurred in a spiritually stagnant Europe in the late 1800s and early 1900s precipitating the climate necessary for the bloodbath of WWI. Excellent!
Although not considered an 'historian' in the strict sense of the word, Barbara Tuchman is accessible, i.e., she writes readable histories for the average person.
March 12, 2020
Barbara Tuchman is a widely respected historian, and I have always assumed I'd get around to reading all her books some day (I read two of her books in my pre- 欧宝娱乐.com days). I had not previously read The Proud Tower probably because the era prior to World War I is of limited interest to me. Things changed recently when Ken Follett came out with his book, Fall of Giants, and a book group I belong to decided to read, Edith Wharton's book The Age of Innocence. These are both fictional stories set in the late 19th and/or early 20th centuries. What better way to prepare myself for those books than to read Tuchman's nonfiction account of the era.
World War I was so horrible that it causes many to look back on the pre-war era as being a Golden Age. The book's Foreword indicates that, "It did not seem so golden ... in the midst of it." Tuchman offers the following rule based on her research:
"all statements of how lovely it was in that era made by persons contemporary with it will be found to have been made after 1914."
The Proud Tower is divided into chapters of varied subjects and I've decided to give my impressions of the book by making the following short comments about each chapter
Chapter 1 "The Patricians (England: 1895-1902)" is about British aristocracy of the era and focuses primarily on Prime Ministers, Salisbury and Balfour. I found this to be a boring chapter which is an indication of my interest in reading descriptions of British politians. They all seemed to convey a haughty confidence that God is an Englishman, and thus it is God's will that the British take on the white man's burden of maintaining a world wide empire.
Chapter 2 "The Idea and the Deed (Anarchists: 1890-1914)" is about the terrorist of that era. Anarchists had the theory that organized government was the cause of human suffering. It follows from this belief that if sufficient chaos could be created by acts of violence to cause governments to collapse, people would be then free to live in an egalitarian utopian society. The terror caused to this end by Anarchists of this era are summarized in the following quotation from the book:
"...six heads of state were assassinated for its sake in the twenty years before 1914. They were President Carnot of France in 1894, Premier Canovas of Spain in 1897, Empress Elizabeth of Austria in 1898, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, President McKinley of the United States in 1901, and another Premier of Spain, Canalejas, in 1912."
Chapter 3 "End of a Dream (United States: 1890-1902)" is the story how USA caught the colonial fever and ventured into their own war of aggression in the Spanish-American War. Americans then emulated the European colonial powers by holding on to The Philippines.
Chapter 4 "Give Me Combat" is an account of France 1894-1899. France's story is told largely by telling how the nation was tied up in knots from 1897 to 1899 because of the Dreyfus Affair. Anyone in France during those years who heard the term, "the affair," would have known what it meant. The Dreyfus Affair became a proxy battle for the division between the conservative and liberals of the time.
鈥漈he Revisionists, who fought for retrial, saw France as the fount of liberty, the country of light, the teacher of reason, the codifier of law, and to them the knowledge that she could have perpetrated a wrong and connived at a miscarriage of justice was insufferable. They fought for Justice. Those on the other side claimed to fight in the name of 鈥楶atrie鈥� for the preservation of the Army as the shield and protector of the nation and of the Church as the guide and instructor of its soul.鈥�
Chapter 5 "The Steady Drummer" focuses on the peace conferences held at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. The purpose of the conferences was disarmament but the best they could do was agree to very limited rules of war. The participants at the time did not know, unlike the readers of this book, that World War I was coming. In hindsight it's pretty obvious that the the conferences didn't have a chance. There are some incredible quotes from this era, one of which is listed below:
"Lord Lansdowne, opposing the Old Age Pensions Bill in the House of Lords, said it would cost as much as a great war and the expense of the South African War was a better investment. 鈥楢 war, terrible as are its consequences, has at any rate the effect of raising the moral fibre of the country 鈥︹€� 鈥�
Chapter 6 titled "Neroism is in the Air" is about Germany 1890-1914 and uses Richard Strauss and his music as a primary focus while also covering others such as Kaiser Wilhem and Friedrich Nietzsche. One item that caught my attention is how Tuchman described "Also sprach Zarathustra," Op. 30 (Eng. Thus Spoke Zarathustra). It's a tone poem composed by Richard Strauss in 1896 inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical treatise of the same name. What I found interesting is that Tuchman was writing in the mid 1960s and thus couldn't do what any writer after 1968 would have done and refer to it as the theme from "2001: A Space Odyssey." So how does one describe it when you can't refer to the movie?
"Trumpets sounded the opening, swelling into an immense orchestral paean by the whole ensemble which seemed to depict less the sunrise stated in the program notes than the creation of the world. Its magnificence was breathtaking."
Chapter 7 titled "Transfer of Power (England: 1902-1911)" tells the story of the beginnings of the Labor Party and the ascendance of the Liberal Party in England. This chapter describes the long tortured path toward passage of the Parliament Bill that limited the veto power of the House of Lords. At the time of its passage some considered it akin to near revolution, but in the end it hardly made a ripple of change.
Chapter 8, "The Death of Jaures (The Socialists: 1890-1914)" is about the Socialist and Labor movments of the time. Jean Jaur猫s who's name is in the chapter title was a French Socialist leader. He was an antimilitarist and was assassinated at the outbreak of World War I by a French nationalist. His death is symbolic of how the socialist cause was swallowed up the World War I. Some Socialists had theorized prior to WWI that future wars would be prevented because of organized labor's international spirit of brotherhood of workers. We all know how wrong that theory turned out to be. The following quotation from the book caught my eye as one of the more astounding comments.
"While campaigning for McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt said in a private conversation, 'The sentiment now animating a large proportion of our people can only be suppressed as the Commune was suppressed, by taking ten or a dozen of their leaders out, standing them against a wall and shooting them dead. I believe it will come to that. These leaders are plotting a social revolution and the subversion of the American Republic.' "
TR was referring to the Socialist Party of America and their presidential candidate, Eugene Debs.
The following link is to an excerpt from this book about the tactics of suffragettes in Britton.
3/12/20:
______________
The following didn't come from this book. However, it's interesting information that I recently read about happenings in this era which I feel compelled to share with those who read my reviews:
Aspirin came into being in the late 1890s when Bayer in Germany began distributing it in powder form. One patient who should not have been taking aspirin was young Alexei Nicholaevich Romanov of Russia, who had hemophilia. Aspirin would make the bleeding in this disorder worse, but the imperial doctors likely gave the boy this new wonder drug without knowing. Alexei, son of the last czar, probably improved because the mystic Grigori Rasputin told the boy's mother to stop modern treatments and instead rely on spiritual healing. Rasputin's influence on the Romanov family may have contributed to the uprising against them, making aspirin a possible player in their murder and in the end of czarist Russia.
World War I was so horrible that it causes many to look back on the pre-war era as being a Golden Age. The book's Foreword indicates that, "It did not seem so golden ... in the midst of it." Tuchman offers the following rule based on her research:
"all statements of how lovely it was in that era made by persons contemporary with it will be found to have been made after 1914."
The Proud Tower is divided into chapters of varied subjects and I've decided to give my impressions of the book by making the following short comments about each chapter
Chapter 1 "The Patricians (England: 1895-1902)" is about British aristocracy of the era and focuses primarily on Prime Ministers, Salisbury and Balfour. I found this to be a boring chapter which is an indication of my interest in reading descriptions of British politians. They all seemed to convey a haughty confidence that God is an Englishman, and thus it is God's will that the British take on the white man's burden of maintaining a world wide empire.
Chapter 2 "The Idea and the Deed (Anarchists: 1890-1914)" is about the terrorist of that era. Anarchists had the theory that organized government was the cause of human suffering. It follows from this belief that if sufficient chaos could be created by acts of violence to cause governments to collapse, people would be then free to live in an egalitarian utopian society. The terror caused to this end by Anarchists of this era are summarized in the following quotation from the book:
"...six heads of state were assassinated for its sake in the twenty years before 1914. They were President Carnot of France in 1894, Premier Canovas of Spain in 1897, Empress Elizabeth of Austria in 1898, King Humbert of Italy in 1900, President McKinley of the United States in 1901, and another Premier of Spain, Canalejas, in 1912."
Chapter 3 "End of a Dream (United States: 1890-1902)" is the story how USA caught the colonial fever and ventured into their own war of aggression in the Spanish-American War. Americans then emulated the European colonial powers by holding on to The Philippines.
Chapter 4 "Give Me Combat" is an account of France 1894-1899. France's story is told largely by telling how the nation was tied up in knots from 1897 to 1899 because of the Dreyfus Affair. Anyone in France during those years who heard the term, "the affair," would have known what it meant. The Dreyfus Affair became a proxy battle for the division between the conservative and liberals of the time.
鈥漈he Revisionists, who fought for retrial, saw France as the fount of liberty, the country of light, the teacher of reason, the codifier of law, and to them the knowledge that she could have perpetrated a wrong and connived at a miscarriage of justice was insufferable. They fought for Justice. Those on the other side claimed to fight in the name of 鈥楶atrie鈥� for the preservation of the Army as the shield and protector of the nation and of the Church as the guide and instructor of its soul.鈥�
Chapter 5 "The Steady Drummer" focuses on the peace conferences held at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. The purpose of the conferences was disarmament but the best they could do was agree to very limited rules of war. The participants at the time did not know, unlike the readers of this book, that World War I was coming. In hindsight it's pretty obvious that the the conferences didn't have a chance. There are some incredible quotes from this era, one of which is listed below:
"Lord Lansdowne, opposing the Old Age Pensions Bill in the House of Lords, said it would cost as much as a great war and the expense of the South African War was a better investment. 鈥楢 war, terrible as are its consequences, has at any rate the effect of raising the moral fibre of the country 鈥︹€� 鈥�
Chapter 6 titled "Neroism is in the Air" is about Germany 1890-1914 and uses Richard Strauss and his music as a primary focus while also covering others such as Kaiser Wilhem and Friedrich Nietzsche. One item that caught my attention is how Tuchman described "Also sprach Zarathustra," Op. 30 (Eng. Thus Spoke Zarathustra). It's a tone poem composed by Richard Strauss in 1896 inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical treatise of the same name. What I found interesting is that Tuchman was writing in the mid 1960s and thus couldn't do what any writer after 1968 would have done and refer to it as the theme from "2001: A Space Odyssey." So how does one describe it when you can't refer to the movie?
"Trumpets sounded the opening, swelling into an immense orchestral paean by the whole ensemble which seemed to depict less the sunrise stated in the program notes than the creation of the world. Its magnificence was breathtaking."
Chapter 7 titled "Transfer of Power (England: 1902-1911)" tells the story of the beginnings of the Labor Party and the ascendance of the Liberal Party in England. This chapter describes the long tortured path toward passage of the Parliament Bill that limited the veto power of the House of Lords. At the time of its passage some considered it akin to near revolution, but in the end it hardly made a ripple of change.
Chapter 8, "The Death of Jaures (The Socialists: 1890-1914)" is about the Socialist and Labor movments of the time. Jean Jaur猫s who's name is in the chapter title was a French Socialist leader. He was an antimilitarist and was assassinated at the outbreak of World War I by a French nationalist. His death is symbolic of how the socialist cause was swallowed up the World War I. Some Socialists had theorized prior to WWI that future wars would be prevented because of organized labor's international spirit of brotherhood of workers. We all know how wrong that theory turned out to be. The following quotation from the book caught my eye as one of the more astounding comments.
"While campaigning for McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt said in a private conversation, 'The sentiment now animating a large proportion of our people can only be suppressed as the Commune was suppressed, by taking ten or a dozen of their leaders out, standing them against a wall and shooting them dead. I believe it will come to that. These leaders are plotting a social revolution and the subversion of the American Republic.' "
TR was referring to the Socialist Party of America and their presidential candidate, Eugene Debs.
The following link is to an excerpt from this book about the tactics of suffragettes in Britton.
3/12/20:
______________
The following didn't come from this book. However, it's interesting information that I recently read about happenings in this era which I feel compelled to share with those who read my reviews:
Aspirin came into being in the late 1890s when Bayer in Germany began distributing it in powder form. One patient who should not have been taking aspirin was young Alexei Nicholaevich Romanov of Russia, who had hemophilia. Aspirin would make the bleeding in this disorder worse, but the imperial doctors likely gave the boy this new wonder drug without knowing. Alexei, son of the last czar, probably improved because the mystic Grigori Rasputin told the boy's mother to stop modern treatments and instead rely on spiritual healing. Rasputin's influence on the Romanov family may have contributed to the uprising against them, making aspirin a possible player in their murder and in the end of czarist Russia.
June 23, 2020
Idealism vs Nationalism
This book follows on from my reading of Wedgewood's The Thirty Years War for me in my personal reading syllabus (I'll link to that below), and we are looking at Europe at the 25 years before WWI. This book followed-up Tuchman's breakthrough bestseller and was meant to capitalize on its success. It uses some previously published articles and some articles written for this book to show what was going on for some of the key players before the way. I want to look into what is written in this book and what was not included; I had by-chance the fortune of reading Darkwater: Voices from Within the Veil by W. E. B. Du Bois and gaining an on-the-ground insight by someone who lived through these times and lived for a while in one of the principal countries (I'll return to Du Bois later).
The United Kingdom would have two big social transitions before the War came. The death of Queen Victoria whose name labeled the the 19th century status quo, who's grandchildren ruled most of Europe, and whose empire ruled most of the Earth was followed on by the disastrous Pyrrhic victory of the Second Boer War which exposed the growing weakness of the British military and its government. The governing aristocracy which made up the Conservatives and Liberals was facing a new order of young ambitious Professional middle-class and working class. The two parties had spent so much time taking their world for granted that they felt no real threat to themselves besides Irish Home Rule and Germany. The rise to power of imperial-minded countries like the United States after its war with Spain and Japan after its way with Russia, not to mention the threat Imperial Germany saw the UK do the unthinkable and normalize diplomatic relations with France which it had not had since the Norman Invasion of England in 1066. This would see Britain and France settle all their disputes over their colonies and make plans to try to gobble-up more as empires do. This was followed-up with the General Election of 1906 which saw the British Labour Party enter the House of Commons and the British Liberals get the biggest majority ever--and subsequently collapse and see Labour become the party of the British left. Meanwhile, the British nobles who controlled the Conservative party would see their powers curtailed and be replace by the same sort of capitalist oligarchs that control the United States.
The big highlight of this book for me was what was going on in France at this time. This was the France that got consumed by The Dreyfus Affair. Especially given why I am reading this book and the next history book in my little history syllabus, this chapter was very important for me to read. A Jewish army captain named Alfred Dreyfus is accused of espionage by the French Army general command based on being Jewish and "unlikeable." at first no one questions anything, but slowly the truth starts tricking out and as the the French military and government conspire to cover their tracks, they break every moral and ethical rule in the book. This is coming to an atmosphere in which nationalism, anti-German sentiment, and most-especially antisemitism are mixing toxically in France. Antisemitism which had been gradually dying down through the 19th Century violently re-awoken. Everyone in French society took a side and it re-ordered the map of the French Third Republic for the remiander of its existence. It also gave us 's , which I read years ago, and which exposed in public almost the whole conspiracy. Also Chekhov was in Paris and was at Zola's trial at this time. I won't go into the whole thing here, but even though Dreyfus did eventually regain his freedom and clear his name, the rapid French nationalism would remain until at least 1962 *hint* *hint*.
Meanwhile, Czar Nicholas II decides to call a peace conference at The Hague. Not because he cares for peace, but to covertly try to stall Europe and the US while he attempts to clandestinely modernize his military--both objectives fail. Instead of preventing war, The Hague Conference of 1899 (and its follow-up in 1907) simply attempt to regulate the conduct of it. We all see the state of the Peace Movement and the founding of the Nobel Peace Prize. This chapter really crystallizes just how militantly hawkish Teddy Rosevelt and Kaiser Wilhem II (this dude!) were. Throughout this book, America wanted to grab as many colonies as possible, while Germany was doing everything it could to provoke a war somewhere. And the steady drummer marched on...
-- Tell me if this song sounds familiar to my folks from the United Kingdom.
For me, the weakest chapter of this book is surprisingly the one that focuses on the events in Germany at this time. Instead of focusing on the politics it is a random biography of Richard Strauss aka the guy who wrote this: While it was a well-written write-up, I feel Tuchman is much better writing about politics/society/war than classical music in central Europe. It's a decent write-up, but you can get into trouble here trying to write on culture or music you like in an "objective" voice. We lean about the domestic scandals that were swirling around the Kaiser's court (mostly surrounding homosexuality) which provoked a reactionary backlash. This was an interesting chapter, I just don't know if it was fully necessary.
This book also does a very thorough look at the rise and fall of the Anarchist and Socialist in the lead-up to the Great War. These chapters as interesting as the one on how the principle of pure "laissez-faire" capitalism undid the British Liberal Party (the last European Liberal party to have power). I got to let Tuchman speak here:
...the differences between the worker and the intellectual was ineradicable in socialism. Organized Socialism bore the name Workingmen's Association but in fact it was never any such thing. It was a movement not of, but on behalf of, the working class, and the distinctions remained basic. Although it spoke for the worker and made his wants articulate, goals and doctrine were set, and thought, energy and leadership largely supplied by, intellectuals. The working class was both client and...necessary instrument of the Overthrow of capitalism. As such it appeared as Hero; it was sentimentalized. . .[The working class] was neither all one thing nor the other;. . .The working class was no more of a piece than any other class. Socialist doctrine, however, required it to be an entity with a working-class mind, working-class voice, working-class will, working-class purpose. In fact, these were not easily ascertainable. The Socialist idealized them and to be idealized is to be overestimated.This last chapter focuses on the Socialist movement in the West, in-particular the Second International and the French socialist Jean Jaur猫s. We see how the German and British governments attempt to co-opt the Socilaist in their country succeeds--especially in Germany which had established Europe's first Welfare State under Bismark's premiership. German socialism becomes increasingly nationalistic while French socialism tries to moderate between Marxism and nationalism. Jaur猫s tries his best to be the international peace-maker of socialism, but its undercut by those two -isms: nationalism and racism. He was ever the idealist, but as Clemenceau said, it was Jaur猫s' fate "to preach the brotherhood of nations with such unswerving faith...that he was not daunted by the brutal reality of facts." As this chapter is titled "The Death of Jaur猫s" things don't get better. As the meetings of the Second International accomplish little (other than confirming the First International's banning of the anarchist) when WWI starts Jaur猫s is assassinated by a French nationalist after the last meeting of the Second International and the next day French soldiers are headed to the front
This book was a what I've come to expect from Tuchman language-wise. It was interesting to read this after reading which also recount these years. The difference is that Du Bois was a graduate student in Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany and was a visitor to Paris during The Dreyfus Affair and to England during the premiership of Lord Sailsbury so he has a lot offer which we don't get here. His feelings on the cause of WWI?:
The red day dawned when the tinder was lighted in the Balkans and Austro-Hungary seized a bit which brought her a step nearer to the world's highway; she seized one bit and poised herself for another. Then came that curious chorus of challenges, those leaping suspicions, raking all causes for distrust and rivalry and hatred, but saying little of the real and greatest cause. Each nation felt its deep interests involved. But how? Not, surely, in the death of Ferdinand the Warlike; not, surely, in the old, half-forgotten revanche for Alsace-Lorraine; not even in the neutrality of Belgium. No! But in the possession of land overseas, in the right to colonies, the chance to levy endless tribute on the darker world,鈥攐n coolies in China, on starving peasants in India, on black savages in Africa, on dying South Sea Islanders, on Indians of the Amazon鈥攁ll this and nothing more.Though Tuchman, writing as she was during the Civil Rights Movement, may not be quoting Du Bois her look at how nationalism and antisemitism (she makes one oblique reference to the genocide in Namibia that was carried-out by Germany) certainly points to where Du Bois was going. 19th century idealism simply could not keep-up with the reality of the 20th century.
As Tuchman says: the age had a tendency "to clothe reality in sentimental garments."
For the reason why I read this book, go here: or read the last paragraph here: /review/show...
I leave this book with the French going off to war against Germany. When I read my next book in part 1 of my "Watching History Pale" series we will again be watching the French march off to war, but this time in .
October 13, 2019
With this work, Ms. Tuchman reminds me that she is one of the greatest historians to write in the English language. She admirably described those years that could very well have led to a previously unexperienced level of social enlightenment, yet instead led to decades of previously unexperienced horrors. Occasionally, I think about what the air felt like in 1913 Berlin; what would my thoughts for the future have felt like then? What relevance, if any, does that have for my thoughts today?
I was particularly interested in Ms. Tuchman鈥檚 account of the origins of American imperialism, the consequences of which we experience, magnified many times on many dimensions, to this day, the original debates and debaters regrettably mostly forgotten, now shrouded from view through the haze of time, leaving instead a seemingly stolid status quo, as if things were always destined to be this way.
Ms. Tuchman provided the best summary of these years in the final paragraph:
While Ms. Tuchman died several years ago, her voice lives in this volume. I鈥檓 mightily impressed with both her level of research and clarity of expression.
I was particularly interested in Ms. Tuchman鈥檚 account of the origins of American imperialism, the consequences of which we experience, magnified many times on many dimensions, to this day, the original debates and debaters regrettably mostly forgotten, now shrouded from view through the haze of time, leaving instead a seemingly stolid status quo, as if things were always destined to be this way.
Ms. Tuchman provided the best summary of these years in the final paragraph:
Its inhabitants lived, as compared to a later time, with more self-reliance, more confidence, more hope; greater magnificence, extravagance and elegance; more careless ease, more gaiety, more pleasure in each other鈥檚 company and conversation, more injustice and hypocrisy, more misery and want, more sentiment including false sentiment, less sufferance of mediocrity, more dignity in work, more delight in nature, more zest.
While Ms. Tuchman died several years ago, her voice lives in this volume. I鈥檓 mightily impressed with both her level of research and clarity of expression.
April 30, 2023
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賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕蹖賳 賲賵丕乇丿 賴爻鬲賳丿: 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏ж� 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳貙 乇卅蹖爻 賲噩賱爻 丌賲乇蹖讴丕貙 賲丨丕讴賲賴鈥屰� 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 丿乇 賮乇丕賳爻赖貙 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 爻乇賵乇蹖 丿賳蹖丕 丿乇 丌賱賲丕賳貙 丕夭 丿爻鬲 乇賮鬲賳 賯丿乇鬲 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 亘賴 胤亘賯丕鬲 倬丕蹖蹖賳鈥屫必� 賵 噩賳诏 賵 丿毓賵丕蹖 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏� 亘丕 賴賲丿蹖诏乇 賵 亘丕 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 賵 賲丨賵 卮丿賳 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 噩賴丕賳鈥屬堌焚嗃� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏. 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 蹖讴 賮氐賱 賴賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲卮讴蹖賱 丿丕丿诏丕賴 賱丕賴賴 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗁�.
賳讴鬲賴 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 丿乇 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 亘丕 丌蹖夭丕蹖丕 亘乇賱蹖賳 - 丿乇 丿賵 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 賲賳 丕夭卮 禺賵丕賳丿賴鈥屫з�: 讴丕乇賱 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й� 乇賵賲丕賳鬲蹖爻賲 - 亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 趩賳丿丕賳 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 亘丿賴. 丿乇 賴乇 賮氐賱 - 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖卮 毓賳賵丕賳 蹖讴 讴卮賵乇 乇丕 丿乇 蹖讴 丿賵乇賴鈥屰� 夭賲丕賳蹖 丿丕乇丿貙 賲孬賱丕賸 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 1895:1902 - 鬲賳賴丕 亘乇 乇賵蹖 蹖讴 丨丕丿孬賴 蹖丕 蹖讴 賮乇丿 蹖丕 蹖讴 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲賲乇讴夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 丌賳 丨丕丿孬賴 蹖丕 賮乇丿 乇丕 卮乇丨 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲賵賯毓 卮乇丨 丌賳 賮乇丿 蹖丕 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 诏賵卮賴 賵 讴賳丕乇賴丕 賴賲 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 賵 賳賲丕蹖蹖 丕夭 丕胤乇丕賮 丌賳 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 賲丕 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 讴賱蹖 乇丕 趩賳丿丕賳 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賳賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬�. 賲孬賱丕 賮氐賱 倬丕蹖丕賳 乇賵蹖: 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賲丕 賮賯胤 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲丕賲爻 乇蹖丿貙 乇卅蹖爻 賲噩賱爻 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж槽屬� 賵 丿乇 讴賳丕乇 丕賵 讴賲蹖 賴賲 亘賴 亘賯蹖賴. 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 诏丕賴蹖 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖鈥屫促� 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 丌丿賲 賴賲 亘蹖鈥屫堌ж� 亘賲賵賳賴.
禺蹖賱蹖 夭蹖丕丿 卮丿 丨乇賮丕賲. 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 丨乇賮 亘夭賳賲 賵賱蹖 丿蹖诏賴 亘爻賴..
丕賲丕 鬲乇噩賲賴. 丨鬲賲丕賸 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丿賱丕蹖賱 丕蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 乇賵丕賳貙 鬲爻賱胤 夭蹖丕丿 賲鬲乇噩賲 亘乇 夭亘丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖貙 賵 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 亘乇 丿蹖诏乇 夭亘丕賳鈥屬囏� 丕夭 噩賲賱賴 賱丕鬲蹖賳貙 賴爻鬲. 丕賱亘鬲賴 丿丕乇賲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 卮讴 賲蹖鈥屫з佖� 讴賴 賳讴賳丿 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 毓賱丕賯賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 亘賴 毓夭鬲鈥屫з勝勝� 賮賵賱丕丿賵賳丿 倬蹖丿丕 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з� 丕賳賯丿乇 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屬囏й屫� 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 毓丕賱蹖 賲蹖鈥屫必迟�. 亘賴 賴乇 丨丕賱 毓夭鬲鈥屫з勝勝� 賮賵賱丕丿賵賳丿 鬲丨氐蹖賱鈥屭┴必団€屰� 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丿乇 乇卮鬲賴鈥屰� 賮賱爻賮賴 丕爻鬲 賵 鬲爻賱胤卮 亘乇 夭亘丕賳 趩蹖夭 毓噩蹖亘蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕賲丕 賮賯胤 鬲爻賱胤 亘乇 夭亘丕賳 賲亘丿丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 鬲乇噩賲賴 乇丕 乇賵丕賳 亘讴賳賴 賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 夭亘丕賳 賮丕乇爻蹖 賴賲 禺蹖賱蹖 賲爻賱胤 亘丕卮賴 鬲丕 亘鬲賵賳賴 丕賳賯丿乇 乇賵丕賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 亘讴賳賴. 丨丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賲賳 亘賴 禺賵丿賲 丕噩丕夭賴 賲蹖鈥屫� 賲丿丨 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 亘夭乇诏鈥屫臂屬� 賲鬲乇噩賲丕賳 丕蹖乇丕賳 乇丕 亘讴賳賲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 倬乇乇賵卅蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж� 賵 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 丕蹖賳 賲胤賱亘 乇賵 丿乇夭 賲蹖鈥屭屫辟�.
賵 丕賲丕 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇蹖. 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丌賳 丨丿蹖 讴賴 賯丕亘賱 賯亘賵賱 亘丕卮丿 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇蹖 丿丕乇丿. 賲鬲丕爻賮丕賳賴 丿乇 賲丿鬲 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丨賵丕爻賲 賳亘賵丿 讴賴 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 讴賳賲 讴賴 丕賱丕賳 亘鬲賵賳賲 趩賳丿 鬲丕 賲孬丕賱 亘夭賳賲 丕夭 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲卮. 倬爻 亘乇蹖賲 爻乇 亘丨孬 亘毓丿蹖. 賮賯胤 蹖丕丿鬲賵賳 亘丕卮賴 讴賴 賲賳 趩丕倬 賳卮乇 爻禺賳 乇丕 禺乇蹖丿賲 賵 賳賴 趩丕倬 賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖. 賮讴乇 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 趩丕倬 賳卮乇 賲丕賴蹖 丕蹖賳 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕夭 賯蹖賲鬲 42000 鬲賵賲丕賳蹖 丕賵賳 賴賲 賴賲蹖賳 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟�.
禺賵丿 讴鬲丕亘. 讴鬲丕亘 蹖讴 噩賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲 賮囟丕蹖 亘蹖爻鬲 爻蹖 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 乇丕 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 亘丿賴 賵 亘诏賴 讴賴 趩蹖 卮丿 讴賴 讴丕乇 亘賴 噩賳诏 讴卮蹖丿. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 (蹖丕 賲鬲乇噩賲責) 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屭� 讴賴 噩賳诏蹖 亘賴 毓馗賲鬲 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丕賵賱 亘丕 丌賳 賴賲賴 讴卮鬲賴 賵 賲噩乇賵丨 賵 亘蹖鈥屫з嗁呚з嗀� 賳賲蹖鈥屫堎嗀池� 丕夭 蹖讴 賮囟丕蹖 诏賱 賵 亘賱亘賱 賳卮兀鬲 诏乇賮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴貙 賵 賮賯胤 丕賵賳 賲賵賯毓蹖 賴賲賴 丕賮爻賵爻 丿賵乇丕賳 倬蹖卮 丕夭 噩賳诏 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌必� 讴賴 噩賳诏 卮乇賵毓 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 賮賯胤 丿乇 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 亘丕 噩賳诏貙 丌賳 丿賵乇丕賳 賯卮賳诏 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必迟�.
賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕蹖賳 賲賵丕乇丿 賴爻鬲賳丿: 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏ж� 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳貙 乇卅蹖爻 賲噩賱爻 丌賲乇蹖讴丕貙 賲丨丕讴賲賴鈥屰� 丿乇蹖賮賵爻 丿乇 賮乇丕賳爻赖貙 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 爻乇賵乇蹖 丿賳蹖丕 丿乇 丌賱賲丕賳貙 丕夭 丿爻鬲 乇賮鬲賳 賯丿乇鬲 丕卮乇丕賮蹖鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 賯丿乇鬲 亘賴 胤亘賯丕鬲 倬丕蹖蹖賳鈥屫必� 賵 噩賳诏 賵 丿毓賵丕蹖 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲鈥屬囏� 亘丕 賴賲丿蹖诏乇 賵 亘丕 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 賵 賲丨賵 卮丿賳 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 噩賴丕賳鈥屬堌焚嗃� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕 卮乇賵毓 噩賳诏. 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 蹖讴 賮氐賱 賴賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲卮讴蹖賱 丿丕丿诏丕賴 賱丕賴賴 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗁�.
賳讴鬲賴 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 丿乇 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 亘丕 丌蹖夭丕蹖丕 亘乇賱蹖賳 - 丿乇 丿賵 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 賲賳 丕夭卮 禺賵丕賳丿賴鈥屫з�: 讴丕乇賱 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й� 乇賵賲丕賳鬲蹖爻賲 - 亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 趩賳丿丕賳 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 亘丿賴. 丿乇 賴乇 賮氐賱 - 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖卮 毓賳賵丕賳 蹖讴 讴卮賵乇 乇丕 丿乇 蹖讴 丿賵乇賴鈥屰� 夭賲丕賳蹖 丿丕乇丿貙 賲孬賱丕賸 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 1895:1902 - 鬲賳賴丕 亘乇 乇賵蹖 蹖讴 丨丕丿孬賴 蹖丕 蹖讴 賮乇丿 蹖丕 蹖讴 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲賲乇讴夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 丌賳 丨丕丿孬賴 蹖丕 賮乇丿 乇丕 卮乇丨 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲賵賯毓 卮乇丨 丌賳 賮乇丿 蹖丕 丨丕丿孬賴 亘賴 诏賵卮賴 賵 讴賳丕乇賴丕 賴賲 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 賵 賳賲丕蹖蹖 丕夭 丕胤乇丕賮 丌賳 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 賲丕 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 讴賱蹖 乇丕 趩賳丿丕賳 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賳賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬�. 賲孬賱丕 賮氐賱 倬丕蹖丕賳 乇賵蹖: 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賲丕 賮賯胤 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲丕賲爻 乇蹖丿貙 乇卅蹖爻 賲噩賱爻 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж槽屬� 賵 丿乇 讴賳丕乇 丕賵 讴賲蹖 賴賲 亘賴 亘賯蹖賴. 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 诏丕賴蹖 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖鈥屫促� 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 丌丿賲 賴賲 亘蹖鈥屫堌ж� 亘賲賵賳賴.
禺蹖賱蹖 夭蹖丕丿 卮丿 丨乇賮丕賲. 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 丨乇賮 亘夭賳賲 賵賱蹖 丿蹖诏賴 亘爻賴..
May 22, 2021
诏賵蹖蹖 賴賲賴 蹖 鬲賱丕卮賽 丌賳 亘夭乇诏賵丕乇貙 禺丕賳賲 亘丕乇亘丕乇丕 鬲丕讴賲賳貙 亘乇丕蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賳賽 賳丕丿丕賳蹖賽 賴賲蹖卮诏蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 丕爻鬲. 亘蹖 诏賲丕賳 亘丕 賲乇賵乇 丌睾丕夭蹖賳 鬲丕 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 丿賵乇丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賴爻鬲蹖賲貙 倬丕蹖 禺賱賯鬲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 毓噩蹖亘 賲蹖 賱賳诏丿! 禺丕賳賴 蹖 禺賱賯鬲 丕夭 倬丕蹖 亘爻鬲 鬲賵 诏賵蹖蹖 賵蹖乇丕賳 丕爻鬲 賵 丕讴賳賵賳 丿乇 賯乇丕乇诏丕賴賽 丕賳丿蹖卮賴 丕賳诏丕乇 讴賴 賴蹖趩 倬丕爻亘丕賳蹖 賳亘賵丿賴 亘丕卮丿. 丿賵乇丕賳(賳賴 賮賯胤 丕讴賳賵賳 讴賴 丕夭 賴賲蹖卮賴 蹖 丿賵乇) 丿賵乇丕賳賽 爻乇禺賵乇丿诏蹖 賵 丕爻鬲蹖賱丕爻鬲. 卮賱丕賯 賲蹖 讴卮丿 亘賴 鬲賳賽 丌賳 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 賴乇讴爻 讴賴 爻賵丕乇賴 丕爻鬲. 賲丕賳賳丿 爻乇丕蹖丿丕乇賽 丌賳 亘乇噩賽 亘賴 馗丕賴乇 賲丨鬲乇賲 讴賴 賲蹖 诏賮鬲 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 夭亘丕賱賴 賴丕蹖 爻丕讴賳丕賳 趩賴 亘爻丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲蹖 诏乇丿蹖賲 亘乇丕蹖 蹖丕賮鬲賳 趩蹖夭讴蹖 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿貙 賴乇 趩蹖夭. 蹖丕 丌賳 丌賯丕 讴賴 诏賮鬲: 丕爻鬲丕丿! 丕诏賴 賲蹖卮賴 蹖賴 亘爻鬲賴 夭蹖賲丕 亘乇丕賲 亘禺乇貙 诏丿丕 賳蹖爻鬲賲 倬賵賱 賳賲蹖 禺賵丕賲 噩賵賳 亘趩賴 丕鬲 賮賯胤 蹖賴 亘爻鬲賴 爻蹖诏丕乇 賵 丌賯丕蹖 丌賳 讴丕丿乇 卮丿賴 丕蹖 讴賴 倬賵夭禺賳丿 賲蹖 夭丿 亘賴 亘蹖 毓賲賱蹖賽 賲丕 丌丿賲 賴丕蹖 乇賵夭诏丕乇 讴賴 賯丿乇 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭 乇丕 賳賲蹖 丿丕賳蹖賲! 亘毓丿 鬲賵 诏賮鬲蹖貙 趩賴 賲蹖 卮賴 賲蹖 讴乇丿責 賴賲賴 卮 丿丕乇蹖 賳賯 賲蹖 夭賳蹖貙 趩賴 讴丕乇蹖 賲蹖 鬲賵賳蹖 亘讴賳蹖責 賵 賲賳 賳诏賮鬲賲 讴賴 丿賱賲 賲蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 賲孬賱 賯蹖氐乇貙 趩丕賯賵讴卮賽 丿乇賵賳賲 乇丕 賴卮蹖丕乇丕賳賴 乇賴丕 讴賳賲 丿乇 卮賴乇 賵 丿乇 倬丕乇丕丿賵讴爻 禺卮賵賳鬲 賵 丌乇丕賲卮 禺賵丿賲 乇丕 丨賱賯 丌賵蹖夭 讴賳賲. 賵 丨丕賱丕 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲毓乇讴賴 诏蹖乇蹖貙 诏乇蹖夭 亘夭賳賲 亘賴 卮丕賴 亘蹖鬲 賴丕蹖 賮乇丿賵爻蹖貙 丌賳 丨讴蹖賲賽 丨賯蹖賯蹖
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趩賵 囟丨丕讴 卮丿 亘乇 噩賴丕賳 卮賴乇賷丕乇
亘乇賵 爻丕賱賷丕賳 丕賳噩賲賳 卮丿 賴夭丕乇
爻乇丕爻乇 夭賲丕賳賴 亘丿賵 诏卮鬲 亘丕夭
亘乇丌賲丿 亘乇賷賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 丿乇丕夭
賳賴丕賳 诏卮鬲 讴乇丿丕乇 賮乇夭丕賳诏丕賳
倬乇丕诏賳丿賴 卮丿 讴丕賲 丿賷賵丕賳诏丕賳
賴賳乇 禺賵丕乇 卮丿 噩丕丿賵賷賷 丕乇噩賲賳丿
賳賴丕賳 乇丕爻鬲賷 丌卮讴丕乇丕 诏夭賳丿
卮丿賴 亘乇 亘丿賷 丿爻鬲 丿賷賵丕賳 丿乇丕夭
亘賴 賳賷讴賷 賳乇賮鬲賷 爻禺賳 噩夭 亘賴 乇丕夭
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爻蹖 賵 蹖讴賲 丕乇丿蹖 亘賴卮鬲 趩賴丕乇丿賴 丿賵 氐賮乇
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趩賵 囟丨丕讴 卮丿 亘乇 噩賴丕賳 卮賴乇賷丕乇
亘乇賵 爻丕賱賷丕賳 丕賳噩賲賳 卮丿 賴夭丕乇
爻乇丕爻乇 夭賲丕賳賴 亘丿賵 诏卮鬲 亘丕夭
亘乇丌賲丿 亘乇賷賳 乇賵夭诏丕乇 丿乇丕夭
賳賴丕賳 诏卮鬲 讴乇丿丕乇 賮乇夭丕賳诏丕賳
倬乇丕诏賳丿賴 卮丿 讴丕賲 丿賷賵丕賳诏丕賳
賴賳乇 禺賵丕乇 卮丿 噩丕丿賵賷賷 丕乇噩賲賳丿
賳賴丕賳 乇丕爻鬲賷 丌卮讴丕乇丕 诏夭賳丿
卮丿賴 亘乇 亘丿賷 丿爻鬲 丿賷賵丕賳 丿乇丕夭
亘賴 賳賷讴賷 賳乇賮鬲賷 爻禺賳 噩夭 亘賴 乇丕夭
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爻蹖 賵 蹖讴賲 丕乇丿蹖 亘賴卮鬲 趩賴丕乇丿賴 丿賵 氐賮乇
November 17, 2019
Europeans (and some Americans) who were alive as the 19th century came to a close were aware that they were living in a unique time. The French even coined a term for it, fin de si猫cle. In her foreword, Tuchman notes that fin de si猫cle often connotes decadence, but she explains that western society was not decaying so much as it was 鈥渂ursting with new tensions and accumulated energies鈥� as the 19th century closed and the 20th century began. THE PROUD TOWER is Tuchman鈥檚 account of these new tensions and energies and it is a fine book.
Tuchman organizes her book into eight chapters and they are a handy way to discuss THE PROUD TOWER. Chapter one is The Patricians. By this, Tuchman refers to the ruling class in the British Empire, the leading power in the world at that time. The Victorian Age was coming to a close, but the Conservatives were still very much in control as Tuchman opens her discussion. She focuses on Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour and their contemporaries. These were men of wealth, education and accomplishment in business, government, war and learning. They enjoyed a clarity of purpose that ceased to exist in the 20th century. That is not to say that they were right. Rather, they never doubted that they were right and sometimes they were. Of course, there was a great deal of hypocrisy. The Victorian Age is thought of by some today as a time of prudishness. That may have been the case for the middle class, but not at all for the privileged. Many of them enjoyed themselves greedily and sensually while feigning dignity and restraint for the benefit of the masses.
Chapter two focuses on the Anarchists in Europe and America. They are a curiosity to us today. While they had an impact in their day through their great acts of terrorism (the assassination of President McKinley, for example), their influence was brief. Anarchism simply cannot take root given its abhorrence of organization. And it faded away by the end of the Great War.
The third chapter is about the transformation of the US from a country that espoused the right of self-government and distrusted the colonial activities of the European powers to a country that actively embraced Imperialism and began its own empire initially through the Spanish American war. It is sobering to be reminded that it was the progressives who advocated imperial ambitions for the US against the better judgment of the conservatives. Of course, today our country has isolationists on both ends of the political spectrum. Theirs is an isolationism that is premised on self-interest rather than respect for the right of others to self-government. Tuchman does not address this modern sense of isolationism and, if it did exist, it seems not to have been influential during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.
The fourth chapter addresses The Dreyfus Affair in France. THE PROUD TOWER effectively conveys how this shameful episode captured the attention of the entire western world and deeply undermined the prestige of the French in the international community.
Chapter five, entitled The Steady Drummer, is about the international peace efforts, ironically started by Czar Nicholas, that resulted in the Hague Conventions and the establishment of The World Court. The Czar鈥檚 motivation was not altruistic. He hoped to slow down the arms race then happening in Europe because Russia was hopelessly behind and he wanted time to catch up.
Chapter six is about the rise of Germany. Tuchman gives a great deal of attention to the arts in Germany and the accomplishments of Richard Strauss in particular. This is helpful to understanding Germany鈥檚 zeitgeist, but far more important to Europe鈥檚 story is the rise of militarism and the sense of cultural superiority among Germans during this period. Long before the Great War, Germans seem to have taken it for granted that war was unavoidable and that Germany would emerge from war in its rightful place as the dominant country and culture in Europe.
The seventh chapter is about the transfer of power in the United Kingdom from Balfour and the conservatives to Asquith and the liberals, which included the rise of the labor party and its support of home rule for Ireland. This was the period in which the House of Lords lost its last meaningful role in British government. It is also a time that is of special interest to us today. This seems to have been when the Brits lost confidence in the ability of their government to solve the deeply tangled social and economic problems then facing the United Kingdom. Great Britain was changed forever after that crisis of confidence was felt, although fortunately there was still enough of the 19th century left in Winston Churchill that he had the clarity to lead his countrymen through the Second World War when his time came.
The final chapter addresses the rise and fall of international socialism. It arose and prospered in the late 19th century, at least among intellectuals like the Fabians, for example. But it lost coherence and energy as its leaders died in the early decades of the new century. Of course, it later lost all viability in the aftermath of the Bolshevik revolution.
We know now that the world was never the same again after the Great War. The rise of relativity, incompleteness, ambiguity and indecision in the 20th century transformed everything. Tuchman鈥檚 portrait of the west in the period immediately before the transformation is intellectually provocative and highly entertaining.
Tuchman organizes her book into eight chapters and they are a handy way to discuss THE PROUD TOWER. Chapter one is The Patricians. By this, Tuchman refers to the ruling class in the British Empire, the leading power in the world at that time. The Victorian Age was coming to a close, but the Conservatives were still very much in control as Tuchman opens her discussion. She focuses on Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour and their contemporaries. These were men of wealth, education and accomplishment in business, government, war and learning. They enjoyed a clarity of purpose that ceased to exist in the 20th century. That is not to say that they were right. Rather, they never doubted that they were right and sometimes they were. Of course, there was a great deal of hypocrisy. The Victorian Age is thought of by some today as a time of prudishness. That may have been the case for the middle class, but not at all for the privileged. Many of them enjoyed themselves greedily and sensually while feigning dignity and restraint for the benefit of the masses.
Chapter two focuses on the Anarchists in Europe and America. They are a curiosity to us today. While they had an impact in their day through their great acts of terrorism (the assassination of President McKinley, for example), their influence was brief. Anarchism simply cannot take root given its abhorrence of organization. And it faded away by the end of the Great War.
The third chapter is about the transformation of the US from a country that espoused the right of self-government and distrusted the colonial activities of the European powers to a country that actively embraced Imperialism and began its own empire initially through the Spanish American war. It is sobering to be reminded that it was the progressives who advocated imperial ambitions for the US against the better judgment of the conservatives. Of course, today our country has isolationists on both ends of the political spectrum. Theirs is an isolationism that is premised on self-interest rather than respect for the right of others to self-government. Tuchman does not address this modern sense of isolationism and, if it did exist, it seems not to have been influential during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.
The fourth chapter addresses The Dreyfus Affair in France. THE PROUD TOWER effectively conveys how this shameful episode captured the attention of the entire western world and deeply undermined the prestige of the French in the international community.
Chapter five, entitled The Steady Drummer, is about the international peace efforts, ironically started by Czar Nicholas, that resulted in the Hague Conventions and the establishment of The World Court. The Czar鈥檚 motivation was not altruistic. He hoped to slow down the arms race then happening in Europe because Russia was hopelessly behind and he wanted time to catch up.
Chapter six is about the rise of Germany. Tuchman gives a great deal of attention to the arts in Germany and the accomplishments of Richard Strauss in particular. This is helpful to understanding Germany鈥檚 zeitgeist, but far more important to Europe鈥檚 story is the rise of militarism and the sense of cultural superiority among Germans during this period. Long before the Great War, Germans seem to have taken it for granted that war was unavoidable and that Germany would emerge from war in its rightful place as the dominant country and culture in Europe.
The seventh chapter is about the transfer of power in the United Kingdom from Balfour and the conservatives to Asquith and the liberals, which included the rise of the labor party and its support of home rule for Ireland. This was the period in which the House of Lords lost its last meaningful role in British government. It is also a time that is of special interest to us today. This seems to have been when the Brits lost confidence in the ability of their government to solve the deeply tangled social and economic problems then facing the United Kingdom. Great Britain was changed forever after that crisis of confidence was felt, although fortunately there was still enough of the 19th century left in Winston Churchill that he had the clarity to lead his countrymen through the Second World War when his time came.
The final chapter addresses the rise and fall of international socialism. It arose and prospered in the late 19th century, at least among intellectuals like the Fabians, for example. But it lost coherence and energy as its leaders died in the early decades of the new century. Of course, it later lost all viability in the aftermath of the Bolshevik revolution.
We know now that the world was never the same again after the Great War. The rise of relativity, incompleteness, ambiguity and indecision in the 20th century transformed everything. Tuchman鈥檚 portrait of the west in the period immediately before the transformation is intellectually provocative and highly entertaining.
February 29, 2016
I am convinced of that Barbara W. Tuchman could draw lasting principles about the behavior of humanity from a trip to the grocery store and could make understated comments on the folly revealed which are more and more penetrating as time passes. Couple that skill with the transformation so many have noted between 1890 and 1914, and we have a book that almost anyone would find worth reading. I doubt anyone else could have organized such a vast amount of material from a quarter-century and from so many parts of the West into an understandable narrative which could stand the test of time, but she has.
August 24, 2022
"...The proud tower built up through the great age of European civilization was an edifice of grandeur and passion, of riches and beauty and dark cellars. Its inhabitants lived, as compared to a later time, with more self-reliance, more confidence, more hope; greater magnificence, extravagance and elegance; more careless ease, more gaiety, more pleasure in each other's company and conversation, more injustice and hypocrisy, more misery and want, more sentiment including false sentiment, less sufferance of mediocrity, more dignity in work, more delight in nature, more zest. The Old World had much that has since been lost, whatever may have been gained........"
Barbara Tuchman's wonderful book "The Proud Tower" is what the title says it is. It is a "Portrait of the World before the War, 1890-1914". Tuchman's survey of the society at large is told through vignettes of various countries and social and policitcal changes occuring within.
The first part "The Patricians" looks at England from 1895-1902. It was a superb look at the mindset and lifestyles of the British Upper Crust. It also explains the conflict between the Conservatives and the Liberals that was seminal to the British politics of the time.
"The Idea and the Deed" is the second part of the book and it covers the Anarchist movements from 1890-1914. Tuchman's description of the futile arguments of the Anarchist "movement" and the random acts of violence to further cause.
"The End of a Dream", in the third section, covers the change in US policy towards one of an expansionist and quasi-Imperialistic policy vis a vis Spain and the influence of Admiral Mahan into turning the US into a hegemonistic power. This covers the developments of the years 1890-1902 and focuses on Republican Speaker of the House Reed, a "last of his kind" American who did not wish the US to be involved in international affairs or advetures, as his nation undertakes various actions and his political views clashing with Teddy Roosevelt.
"Give me Combat" looks at the troublesome French during the periods of 1894-1899. It is an excellent recounting of the Drefyfus Affair and the following cover up and lies that would have serious consequences for the French military and the attacks on Emille Zola.
"The Steady Drummer" covers The Hague 1899 through 1907. It covers the various Peace Conferences that began to lay an idea for an Internation frameowrk for a world wide body of law. Their futile attempts to "stop conflict" were about as useful as the modern day UN.
"Neroism is in the Air" covers Germany between 1890-1914. Much of the story looks at Strauss and his huge impact on the European music scene. The strange mix of nationalism with music is an interesting part of the tale.
"Transfer of Power" covers England from 1902-1911. It is a great story about the coflict between Lord Salisbury and David Balfour. A great look at the conflict between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The incoming Liberal victory will have interesting effects for Labour.
"The Death of Jaures" covers The Socialists between 1890-1914. A very good look at the basis and start of this evil political system and the obviously incorrect basis for the arguments of the supposed intellectuals who argue it's use. It focuses on the rise of the foul ideology and ends with the death of Juares the Socialist leader. A great look at the stupidity that inspires that similarly stupid modern adherents. It also looks at the unionization efforts in the USA. But, the true focus is on the eventual death of French Socialist Juares. The "revolution" was supposed to lead to freedom for workers. All rhat happened is that the same workers marched lock step into the killing fields of World War I. Oops.
An excellent overview of the world that was. A look at Pre-World War I Europe and the world. A superb book.
Barbara Tuchman's wonderful book "The Proud Tower" is what the title says it is. It is a "Portrait of the World before the War, 1890-1914". Tuchman's survey of the society at large is told through vignettes of various countries and social and policitcal changes occuring within.
The first part "The Patricians" looks at England from 1895-1902. It was a superb look at the mindset and lifestyles of the British Upper Crust. It also explains the conflict between the Conservatives and the Liberals that was seminal to the British politics of the time.
"The Idea and the Deed" is the second part of the book and it covers the Anarchist movements from 1890-1914. Tuchman's description of the futile arguments of the Anarchist "movement" and the random acts of violence to further cause.
"The End of a Dream", in the third section, covers the change in US policy towards one of an expansionist and quasi-Imperialistic policy vis a vis Spain and the influence of Admiral Mahan into turning the US into a hegemonistic power. This covers the developments of the years 1890-1902 and focuses on Republican Speaker of the House Reed, a "last of his kind" American who did not wish the US to be involved in international affairs or advetures, as his nation undertakes various actions and his political views clashing with Teddy Roosevelt.
"Give me Combat" looks at the troublesome French during the periods of 1894-1899. It is an excellent recounting of the Drefyfus Affair and the following cover up and lies that would have serious consequences for the French military and the attacks on Emille Zola.
"The Steady Drummer" covers The Hague 1899 through 1907. It covers the various Peace Conferences that began to lay an idea for an Internation frameowrk for a world wide body of law. Their futile attempts to "stop conflict" were about as useful as the modern day UN.
"Neroism is in the Air" covers Germany between 1890-1914. Much of the story looks at Strauss and his huge impact on the European music scene. The strange mix of nationalism with music is an interesting part of the tale.
"Transfer of Power" covers England from 1902-1911. It is a great story about the coflict between Lord Salisbury and David Balfour. A great look at the conflict between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The incoming Liberal victory will have interesting effects for Labour.
"The Death of Jaures" covers The Socialists between 1890-1914. A very good look at the basis and start of this evil political system and the obviously incorrect basis for the arguments of the supposed intellectuals who argue it's use. It focuses on the rise of the foul ideology and ends with the death of Juares the Socialist leader. A great look at the stupidity that inspires that similarly stupid modern adherents. It also looks at the unionization efforts in the USA. But, the true focus is on the eventual death of French Socialist Juares. The "revolution" was supposed to lead to freedom for workers. All rhat happened is that the same workers marched lock step into the killing fields of World War I. Oops.
An excellent overview of the world that was. A look at Pre-World War I Europe and the world. A superb book.
November 12, 2024
In a prequel to The Guns of August, Tuchman examines the sociopolitical world of Europe and America leading up to World War I. Unlike Guns鈥� narrative approach, Tower offers a series of interlocking essays probing the world鈥檚 major powers. Thus she looks at Edwardian Britain, its class system and politics ossified in late-imperial smugness and struggling to respond to colonial wars, Irish nationalism and labor and suffragist unrest; France, whose deep-rooted social, religious and cultural divisions are stoked to the boiling point by the Dreyfus Affair; Imperial Germany, with its contrast between artistic and intellectual achievements and bellicose, warmongering leaders; and America, suddenly thrust into imperial status after a victorious war with Spain. All these countries challenge each other over military expansion, colonial possessions and long-lasting grudges, in a series of power plays (from gunboat diplomacy and terrorism to sham peace conferences) that make war inevitable. Tuchman handles these topics with remarkable skill and insight, with a hundred mini-portraits of statesmen, diplomats, soldiers, aristocrats, media figures and others enlivening her narrative. Her deft use of specific incidents and social strictures leads to chapters that, if not as inclusive as a more scholarly treatment, nonetheless illuminate the motivations of countries jostling for power better than a simple name-and-date approach. The essays dealing with broader movements (particularly Tuchman鈥檚 chapter on turn-of-the-century anarchism) often feel shallow and amorphous in comparison, with Tuchman lacking the insight into radicalism and bottom-up social movements that she shows with politics and diplomacy. In that sense, Tower is very old-fashioned; nonetheless, it does a fine job showing how the Great Powers laid the groundwork, both by accident and design, for history鈥檚 two most catastrophic wars.
April 17, 2021
Fantastic portrait of the social and ideological ferment of years leading up to WWI, presented with passion and insight. The account of the anarchist movement is especially gripping. Tuchman's prose is close to the best I've ever seen in an historian
December 14, 2018
Fascinating, authoritative, relevant, sweeping, insightful, well written, magisterial, and far too long.
May 10, 2024
While the world went through a great deal during the Great War, there were many moving parts besides the political and military build-ups. Barbara W. Tuchman, pre-eminent historian and award winner, created a trilogy surrounding the Great War, the first of which explores the foundation of European (and world) society that led to four years of military clashes. Tuchman develops strong theses throughout the tome and keeps the reader informed as she contrasts and compares various societies from the late 19th century through to the onset of the Great War. A stunning introduction to this trilogy that has the reader fully prepared for Tuchman鈥檚 stellar middle book, which has garnered many international awards.
World sentiment during the last quarter of the 19th century differed greatly across the various European societies. As Barbara W. Tuchman explores in this book, the European landscape was such that the privileged could live high on the hog while the poor masses suffered greatly, their simple wishes ignored by massive change. Tuchman鈥檚 brilliant analysis of the various European communities sheds light on changing times and how each society evolved or devolved, depending on the local situation. The reader can see the differences in Edwardian England from post-unified Germany or the French experiment and rise of social change.
While this is a long tome, filled with insights and a great number of ideas, I choose not to explore most of them, as it is the reader鈥檚 own interest that will fuel their reading experience. It is clear that Tuchman argues the societal shift occurring in those latter years of the 19th century made the start of the 20th century a completely different place, awkward for some who enjoyed tradition.. Did many of these changes lead to the start of the Great War? On the surface, no, as I would be wrong to think the rise of European socialism fuelled a need for the two 鈥榩olitical and military camps鈥� to charge at one another. However, need for change did play a massive role in the domino effect of an outraged man who killed a European monarch, which had nation states supporting their allies as they entered wartime status.
I have always loved learning about and exploring the Great War, not only from a European perspective. Tuchman鈥檚 next tome will, hopefully, whet my appetite to learn more, with American neutrality being frayed each day. So much to learn and analyses to synthesise... bring it on!
Tuchman鈥檚 tome is a stellar piece of writing. While it is long and can be somewhat weighty in its content, Tuchman rams a great deal of information into the book and leaves the reader to digest what they will. Lengthy chapters force the reader to strap in for the voyage, yet they are treated to so much interesting analysis. I loved it and am eager to see how things will progress here, hoping that I will not lose my way as there is much to assess in the second tome.
Kudos, Madam Tuchman, for a great introduction to what is sure to be a sensational trilogy.
Love/hate the review? An ever-growing collection of others appears at:
World sentiment during the last quarter of the 19th century differed greatly across the various European societies. As Barbara W. Tuchman explores in this book, the European landscape was such that the privileged could live high on the hog while the poor masses suffered greatly, their simple wishes ignored by massive change. Tuchman鈥檚 brilliant analysis of the various European communities sheds light on changing times and how each society evolved or devolved, depending on the local situation. The reader can see the differences in Edwardian England from post-unified Germany or the French experiment and rise of social change.
While this is a long tome, filled with insights and a great number of ideas, I choose not to explore most of them, as it is the reader鈥檚 own interest that will fuel their reading experience. It is clear that Tuchman argues the societal shift occurring in those latter years of the 19th century made the start of the 20th century a completely different place, awkward for some who enjoyed tradition.. Did many of these changes lead to the start of the Great War? On the surface, no, as I would be wrong to think the rise of European socialism fuelled a need for the two 鈥榩olitical and military camps鈥� to charge at one another. However, need for change did play a massive role in the domino effect of an outraged man who killed a European monarch, which had nation states supporting their allies as they entered wartime status.
I have always loved learning about and exploring the Great War, not only from a European perspective. Tuchman鈥檚 next tome will, hopefully, whet my appetite to learn more, with American neutrality being frayed each day. So much to learn and analyses to synthesise... bring it on!
Tuchman鈥檚 tome is a stellar piece of writing. While it is long and can be somewhat weighty in its content, Tuchman rams a great deal of information into the book and leaves the reader to digest what they will. Lengthy chapters force the reader to strap in for the voyage, yet they are treated to so much interesting analysis. I loved it and am eager to see how things will progress here, hoping that I will not lose my way as there is much to assess in the second tome.
Kudos, Madam Tuchman, for a great introduction to what is sure to be a sensational trilogy.
Love/hate the review? An ever-growing collection of others appears at:
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