Dr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential鈥攁nd controversial鈥攎inds of the 20th century.
In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.
Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.
After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.
In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.
Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.
YouTube kitap kanal谋mda insanlar谋n neden Wattpad kitaplar谋 okuduklar谋n谋 anlatt谋m:
陌lkel bir 艧ekilde s眉rekli lin莽 aray谋艧谋nda olan Karantina kitab谋 fanlar谋, TikTok'ta gece g眉nd眉z takip etti臒i insan 艧ehrine geldi臒inde deliren k眉莽眉k 莽ocuklar ya da Enes Batur'un oyun ba臒谋ml谋s谋 Minecraft kitlesinin neden 枚yle davrand谋臒谋n谋 merak ediyor musunuz? O zaman bu kitab谋 kesinlikle okumal谋s谋n谋z!
Bug眉ne kadar istisnas谋z olarak her yerde kitlelerle kar艧谋la艧t谋m. Gerek bundan y谋llar 枚nce Facebook'taki gruplarda Allah'谋n谋 seven 999 bin ki艧i aran谋rken gerekse de tuttu臒u futbol tak谋m谋na y谋ld谋z bir futbolcunun gelmesi i莽in kar艧谋 taraf谋n Instagram g枚nderisini arkada艧lar谋yla birlikte spamlayanlar谋 g枚r眉rken asl谋nda hep bir kitle bombard谋man谋na maruz kal谋yordum. Neydi bu kitle? Hangi psikolojiyle ve neye g枚re yap谋yordu bu davran谋艧lar谋n谋?
Madem Karantina kitab谋 dedik, onun 眉zerinden olu艧turay谋m 枚rne臒imi de... Biliyorsunuz, ben Beyza Alko莽'un Karantina serisini ele艧tirdikten sonra YouTube'da a臒z谋m g枚z眉m lin莽 olmu艧 ve Karantina kitab谋n谋n fanlar谋 Ku Klux Klan'谋n kendi ayinlerinde kulland谋臒谋 i艧kence aleti gibi beni de sosyal medyan谋n demir ha莽谋na germi艧ti. :(
Bu t眉r olaylar ya艧ad谋ktan sonra bu olaylar谋n derinine inmek istedim ve bu kitlenin mesela neden Beyza Alko莽'u 枚nderle艧tirdi臒ini, kad谋n haklar谋na o kadar ayk谋r谋 y枚n i莽ermesine ra臒men gen莽 k谋z 莽ocuklar谋n谋n bu kitaplar谋 ve yazar谋n谋 neden putla艧t谋rd谋臒谋n谋, neden bir ele艧tiri getirildi臒inde kitlesel olarak savunma durumuna ge莽tiklerini ve 枚nderleriyle aralar谋ndaki bu s谋k谋 ba臒谋 olu艧turan 艧eyleri merak ettim. Nihayet baz谋 sonu莽lara ula艧t谋m...
Bu 莽ocuklar hen眉z kendi ki艧isel 莽谋karlar谋n谋n bile fark谋nda de臒il. Kendilerine 枚nder olarak belirledikleri Beyza Alko莽 i莽in kendi ki艧isel 莽谋karlar谋ndan 枚d眉n vermeye o kadar d眉nden raz谋lar ki, kitab谋n i莽inde neler yazd谋臒谋n谋 bile umursamadan bir s眉re sonra tamamen kendi kitlelerinin y枚nlendirdi臒i tabelalar 眉zerinden ilerliyorlar. Freud bunu ilkelli臒e ba臒l谋yor.
Freud'a g枚re Karantina kitab谋n谋n fanlar谋n谋n davran谋艧lar谋 Yontma Ta艧 脟a臒谋'nda ileti艧im kurmaya 莽al谋艧an ve bir t眉rl眉 ba艧aramayan insanlar谋n ileti艧im bi莽imlerine ya da futbol tak谋m谋 taraftarlar谋n谋n kitlesel bir 艧ekilde hareket edi艧i ve putla艧t谋r谋c谋 tezah眉ratlar谋 da ilk insanlar谋n kitlesel bir 艧ekilde yabani domuz av谋na 莽谋k谋艧谋na benziyor.
陌nsanlar kendi irade g眉莽leri ortadan kaybolsun istiyor. T眉m duygu ve d眉艧眉nceleri bir 枚nderin hakimiyeti alt谋na girsin istiyor. Art谋k kendisi olmaktan 莽谋k谋p bir otomat haline d枚n眉艧mek istiyor. Kitlesi yokken sakin ve kendi halinde tak谋lan birey, kitlesi oldu臒unda tam bir barbar haline d枚n眉艧眉yor. G枚z眉 Dostoyevski, Tolstoy, Kafka, Camus, Ya艧ar Kemal'leri de臒il; sa莽ma sapan Wattpad kitaplar谋 yazarlar谋ndan ba艧ka kimseyi g枚rmeyecek kadar bir perdeyle kapan谋yor... Bir prestij perdesi!
Bu insanlar sosyal bir stat眉 kazanmak, arkada艧l谋k gruplar谋nda kabul g枚rmek, prestij sahibi bir insan谋n kuyru臒u olup kendi benli臒inden 枚d眉n vermek i莽in o kadar haz谋rlar ki, kendi benliklerinin ele艧tiri mekanizmalar谋n谋n ne kadar de臒erli oldu臒unu bile art谋k fark edemeyecek kadar uyutulmu艧lar. Kendi varolu艧lar谋yla de臒il kitlesel varolu艧lar谋yla var olmak, onlar谋n yal谋t谋lm谋艧l谋k duygusunu ellerinden ald谋臒谋 i莽in yal谋t谋k olman谋n cesaretini de臒il birileriyle grup olman谋n ezikli臒ini tatmak istiyorlar.
Ben bu kitlelerin hepsinden ba臒谋ms谋z谋m, tekim, yegane varl谋臒谋mla kar艧谋n谋zday谋m. Belki de b枚yle yaparak Harari'nin de dedi臒i gibi, bir bah莽esi olan hapishaneden 莽谋k谋p daha geni艧 bah莽esi olan bir ba艧ka hapishaneye ge莽i艧 yap谋yorum. Ama olsun! Zaten bilincimiz bizim en b眉y眉k hapishanemiz de臒il mi? D眉艧眉nce gardiyanlar谋m谋zla duygu tutsaklar谋m谋z ba艧kald谋rmad谋臒谋 s眉rece ne anlam谋 kal谋rd谋 bu hayatta ya艧aman谋n?
Kitle olu艧turmaya o kadar yatk谋n insanlars谋n谋z ki, grup haline gelerek kendinize belirli totemler belirlemek, hi莽 sorgulamadan s眉rekli birilerinin emirleri alt谋nda hayat谋n谋z boyunca 莽al谋艧mak ve sonra 枚l眉p gitmek, kendi benli臒ini unutup etken olmak yerine edilgen olmak size 莽ok kolay geliyor. 脟眉nk眉 枚yledir zaten: Kitle olmak kolay, birey olmak ise olduk莽a zordur.
Birilerinin size yapt谋臒谋 莽obanl谋臒谋 kabul etti臒iniz s眉rece bir s眉r眉n眉n i莽inde bulunmaktan kurtulamayacaks谋n谋z. Profilinde kendi tuttu臒u siyasi partinin dayatt谋klar谋ndan ba艧ka hi莽bir d眉艧眉nce 眉retememi艧 fanatikler ya da kendi futbol tak谋m谋n谋n ideallerini di臒er b眉t眉n hayati ideallerden daha 眉st眉n g枚ren holiganlar gibi her zaman bir kitle manip眉lasyonu alt谋nda kalacaks谋n谋z. Ne zaman ki bireysel varolu艧unuzu ke艧fedeceksiniz, i艧te o zaman kurtulu艧a eri艧eceksiniz...
陌lkel olmak istemiyorsan谋z, ki艧isel yal谋t谋lm谋艧l谋臒谋n谋zla mutluysan谋z, birilerine itaat etmek yerine kendi benli臒inizin besinlerini vermek istiyorsan谋z bu kitab谋 mutlaka okuyun. Ama sadece bu kitab谋 de臒il, Erich Fromm, Erving Goffman, Alfred Adler gibi isimlerden de kitaplar okuyun. Bak谋艧 a莽谋n谋z谋n zamanla de臒i艧ti臒ini siz de g枚receksiniz...
Over the last few years, I have pondered the dynamics of group psychology. We see events on TV and the Internet, yet sometimes the underlying evil which appears to be present is difficult to assign to the individuals participating. In other words, the group actions may be unthinkable to an individual; nevertheless, the event happened when they all participated as a group. Curious about the possibilities, I ventured into Freud鈥檚 鈥淕roup Psychology.鈥�
This is a short book, but I would not classify it as a quick read. Sometimes it is the translation, other times it is the subject, but a little perseverance makes it all readable and understandable. Some of it seems to be common sense knowledge that appears to be already known by the reader, but sound reasoning is also present and the resultant knowledge gained on the psychology of crowds can be enlightening as well as unnerving. Interesting reading for the curious. Four stars.
小褍褖械褋褌胁褍械褌 褋械斜械 褔械谢芯胁械泻, 芯褌写械谢褜薪芯 芯褌 胁褋械褏 懈 泻邪泻 泻邪卸械褌褋褟 械屑褍 薪械 胁 泻芯屑 薪械 薪褍卸写邪褞褖懈泄褋褟. 袧芯 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌 屑芯屑械薪褌,泻芯谐写邪 械屑褍 泻邪卸械褌褋褟, 褔褌芯 屑芯薪芯谢芯谐 写谢懈褌褋褟 褋谢懈褕泻芯屑 写芯谢谐芯 懈 械屑褍 薪褍卸薪邪 锌芯写写械褉卸泻邪. 袧邪褏芯写褟 褋胁芯懈褏 械写懈薪芯屑褘褕谢械薪薪懈泻芯胁, 泻邪泻 械屑褍 泻邪卸械褌褋褟 褉邪蟹写械谢褟褞褖懈褏 械谐芯 屑薪械薪懈械 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 泻 褌芯屑褍 , 褔褌芯 屑薪械薪懈械 械写懈薪芯, 邪 锌芯褋谢械 褝褌芯 褍卸械 褋芯胁褋械屑 薪械 械谐芯 屑薪械薪懈械 , 邪 屑薪械薪懈械 褋褌邪写邪, 胁 泻芯褌芯褉芯屑 械褋褌褜 褋胁芯泄 褉褍泻芯胁芯写懈褌械谢褜. 孝褉褍写芯褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌褜 褍胁械谢懈褔懈胁邪械褌褋褟, 邪 褍屑褋褌胁械薪薪褘械 褋锌芯褋芯斜薪芯褋褌懈 锌芯薪懈卸邪褞褌褋褟. 袦褘褋谢懈 泻芯褌芯褉褘械 薪械 褋芯芯褌胁械褌褋褌胁褍褞褌 屑邪褋褋械, 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褋褟 芯褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 懈 屑褘褋谢懈褌褜 泻邪泻 写褉褍谐懈械, 褋芯 胁褉械屑械薪械屑 褍胁械褉褟褟 褋械斜褟 胁 褌芯屑, 褔褌芯 褝褌懈 屑褘褋谢懈 懈褋褏芯写懈谢懈 芯褌 褋邪屑芯谐芯 褋械斜褟. 袣邪卸写褘泄 褔械谢芯胁械泻 锌芯 褋胁芯械屑褍 褍薪懈泻邪谢械薪, 薪芯 懈 胁 褌芯卸械 胁褉械屑褟 屑褘 胁褋械 褌邪泻 锌芯褏芯卸懈. 袣薪懈谐邪 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪邪 写芯褋褌褍锌薪褘屑 褟蟹褘泻芯屑, 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褋 褋械褉械写懈薪褘 薪械屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯褌械褉褟谢邪 褋邪屑褍 褋褍褌褜, 褔褌芯 懈 锌芯褋谢褍卸懈谢芯 褌芯屑褍, 褔褌芯 褟 褍褌褉邪褌懈谢邪 褋胁芯泄 胁芯褋褌芯褉谐 , 褌邪泻 泻邪泻 蟹邪薪械褋谢芯 薪械屑薪芯谐芯 薪械 胁 褌芯 褉褍褋谢芯. There is a person, separately from everyone and as it seems to him not needed anyone else . But a moment comes when it seems to him that the monologue lasts too long and needs support. Finding their like-minded people, it seems to him, sharing his opinion leads to the fact that the opinion is one, and after that it is not his opinion at all, but the opinion of the herd in which there is a leader. Work capacity increases, and mental abilities go down. Thoughts that do not correspond to the mass, you have to leave and think like others, over time assuring yourself that these thoughts came from yourself. Each person is unique in its own way, but at the same time we are all so similar. The book is written in an accessible language, only from the middle a little lost the very essence, which was the reason that I lost my delight, because it went a little in the wrong direction.
Group psychology and analysis of the ego turned out to be such a valuable book. It turned out to be everything the title says it is and much more. In fact, I purchased this book some months ago and left it on my shelf because, I was missing the energy to start it. Having gone through the effort it was a pleasant surprise because once in a while I pick a book without specific knowledge, giving it the benefit of the doubt in case just because it caught my attention on the library. The highest point of this book(for me)comically isn鈥檛 about Freud itself. It resembles some sort of argumentation and analysis Freud conducted on the work of Gustave Le Bon Titled鈥滸roup psychology鈥�. When picking the book I didn鈥檛 realize that it featured inside of it the entire book of Le Bon which contains very high value,is intriguing and is in itself a good introduction to social psychology. It is easy to read and I would advise curious people who are ready to make the effort to read it, I mean the book of Le Bon at least because the analysis of Freud just adds some more little notions of his and tries to tie it with his theory of the psychoanalysis. It鈥檚 not a bad move on itself but the more detailed text is that of the author I just discovered by accident: Le Bon. Although, Freud did a pretty good job by adding notions in a way I found concise and precise. I preferred the Le Bon part because I read this work in french so it is the original language which made the reading claire and lucid in comparaison with the writing of Freud which I find myself liking considerably less because of the translation which in my opinion doesn鈥檛 always convey his ideas in the way he meant it and adds unnecessary complexity to some sentences. But in order to read the original works of Freud I would have to learn german which would certainly be a possibility if I ever get reincarnated and have another life to waste or something. In the meantime I will stick with the 3-4 languages I know and will still recommend this book for specific people because I think that on one hand the informations are valuable but on the other not everyone is interested in them and it demands effort to get through the book.
A detailed yet a comprehensive read. Freud discusses his views on religious faith, and the army, and how these social drivers can cause human kind to commit acts of atrocities. It discusses a few aspects of Freud鈥檚 interest in the human mind, and how social drivers drive us to behave. This might feel a little similar to Crowds and Power by Elias Canetti, but unlike Canetti, Freud's work is more balanced i.e Scientific = Literary.
A good read, but this book can be a difficult read without the prior understanding of Freud鈥檚 concepts and notions of the dynamics of the human mind. One must be familiar with Freud's writing (Psychoanalysis) before picking this.
陌nsanl谋臒谋n otoriteler ve diktat枚rler kar艧谋s谋ndaki tutumunu, t眉m tutars谋zl谋klar谋na ra臒men insanlar谋n diktat枚rlere g眉veninin s眉r眉p gitmesinin sebeplerini ve itaatin alt谋nda yatan psikolojik s眉re莽leri anlamak ad谋na hala g眉ncelli臒ini koruyan bir kitap. Olanlara ve olanlara kar艧谋 toplumun tepki-sizli臒ine, hepimizin kafas谋nda ''Nas谋l?'' sorusu beliriyor ya, bu soruya g眉zel bir cevap sunuyor Freud, okumas谋 da gayet kolay, tavsiye ederim.
During his long career Freud focused almost entirely on the psychology of the individual, but he did make this one foray into the psychology of the group (which, not unexpectedly, he promptly reduced to the psychology of the individual). He starts his investigation by reviewing the work of Gustave LeBon (The Psychology of Crowds), William McDougall (The Group Mind) and William Trotter (Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War), praising their (especially LeBon鈥檚) keen observation of crowd behavior but finding their explanations wanting. Some of the characteristics of crowd behavior: dwindling of the conscious personality; focusing of thoughts and feelings in a common direction; predominance of feelings over thought; predominance of the unconscious over the conscious; and a tendency to act on impulse鈥攖o take immediate action. Pretty good description, said Freud, but the causes adduced, 鈥渉ypnotism鈥� or 鈥減sychological contagion鈥� or 鈥渉eightened suggestibility鈥� or 鈥渢he herd instinct,鈥� explained absolutely nothing. To find out what is really going on, insisted Freud, we must enter the mind of an individual in the crowd鈥攚hat is happening inside his psyche? Freud slowly works his way to the answer, en route analyzing several states related to 鈥渉erd intoxication,鈥� including hypnosis and 鈥渂eing in love.鈥� Here鈥檚 some background without which none of Freud鈥檚 theorizing will make sense.
*Libido. Freud calls the psyche鈥檚 energy the libido. What the sex-based libido attaches to (鈥渃athects鈥�), glows with life. Normally, in an autonomous adult, most libido is narcissistically invested in his own ego鈥攕elf-love. However, within the overall psyche the ego has a hard-nosed companion鈥攖he superego (often thought of as 鈥渢he conscience鈥濃€攎oral values introjected from the culture, usually by way of the parents). One vital component of the superego is the 鈥渆go ideal.鈥� The ego ideal represents a sort of ideal self, one that meets the most demanding standards of the culture鈥攕tandards that are, in fact, too demanding鈥攊mpossibly so. In effect, the ego ideal is always beating on the ego to be and/or do better. So the psyche鈥檚 energy, its libido, is split internally between two elements: the ego and the ego ideal.
*Inhibited Aim. Enter the object. Since the libido鈥檚 source is the sexual instinct, it is always ready to attach itself to (鈥渃athect鈥�) objects. The first objects so cathected are the parents. The child wants to possess one of the parents sexually鈥攊nvests some percentage of its libido in the desired parent. But the child soon learns that this is hazardous because it recognizes the other parent as a rival and fears retaliation. Therefore, the child 鈥渞epresses鈥� the sexual desire (it becomes unconscious)鈥攖hat is, 鈥渋nhibits the libido鈥檚 aim鈥� of achieving direct sexual satisfaction. Some percentage of the repressed libido is then 鈥渟ublimated鈥� into more acceptable (to the conscious mind) emotions like affection鈥攊n fact, according to Freud this is precisely the origin of affection, as well as of other non-sexual (i.e., sublimated) emotions such as brotherly love.
Now we have laid the groundwork for Freud鈥檚 analysis of 鈥渂eing in love,鈥� hypnosis, and the psychology of crowds.
*鈥淏eing in Love.鈥� When I am in love, I combine libido that has directly sexual aims with libido that is inhibited in its aims鈥攊n other words, I want to possess the woman (鈥渙bject鈥�) sexually, but also feel toward her tenderness, affection and other aim-inhibited emotions. Further, I tend to become irrational (indeed, sometimes ridiculous) and overvalue my love object because I transfer to her the libido that I normally reserve for my own ego (i.e., my self-love).
*Hypnosis. When I am hypnotized, my libido has no direct sexual aim, the aim is fully inhibited, but what happens is that I put the object (in this case the hypnotist) in place of my ego ideal鈥攖he image of the perfect me which I can never attain. Thus I cathect and place myself under the spell of this object that substitutes for the perfect me, while the realizable me, my real ego, is de-cathected, devalued and subordinated.
*The Group. When I am in a group, I treat its leader like the hypnotist, replacing my ego ideal with him, so that I am 鈥渟omebody鈥� only insofar as I am connected with him; in addition, through the psychological mechanism of 鈥渋dentification,鈥� I invest some libido also in other members of the group, since they are so like me in their relationship to the leader (Freud also ties this members-of-the-group connection to the relationship between early man鈥檚 鈥減rimal father鈥� and his intimidated but finally murderous sons鈥攂ut we won鈥檛 go into that). And what of the leader himself? 鈥淸The leader鈥檚:] ego had few libidinal ties; he loved no one but himself, or other people only insofar as they served his needs. To objects his ego gave way no more than was barely necessary鈥e may be of a masterful nature, absolutely narcissistic, self-confident and independent. We know that love puts a check on narcissism, and it would be possible to show how, by operating in this way, it became a factor of civilization.鈥�
Are all of these Freudianisms plausible? Do they really explain anything? I would say, 鈥渟ort of.鈥� Within his scheme, they make sense. And one of Freud鈥檚 strengths鈥攑erhaps his greatest strength鈥攚as that he presented his scheme very well and very persuasively. But as far as group psychology is concerned, he more or less ignored the existential aspect鈥攎any seem to join groups not so much to escape the pressures of hyper-demanding superegos as to find some kind of meaning in their lives, of the sort that was once furnished by religions (a criticism of Freud鈥檚 theory long ago made by, among others, C.G. Jung). Today, perhaps more common than the hyper-demanding superego is the hypo-demanding superego鈥攎any folks seem to lack sufficient internal guidance and to possess ego ideals modeled on loose bozo celebrities.
Do I recommend this book? Only if you鈥檝e read some basic Freud (such as General Introduction to Psychoanalysis), or a good independent description of Freudian theory (such as Calvin Hall鈥檚 Primer of Freudian Psychology).
Kitle Psikilojisi uzerine muthis bir kitap. Ancak olayin donup dolasip yine cinsellige gelmesi ve hem sasirtmadi (Freud'dan oturu) hem de farkli bir ufuk acti bende. Kitle psikolosine yklasik 20 yildir kafa yorup da bu kitabi ilk kez okumus olmam da enteresan.
I tried getting into this book, I really did. I thought it was going to help me see the idiocy of crowds in a more enlightening way. All it did was confirm what I already knew. That people in crowds are a lot less rational. Of course there's a whole bunch of sexual stuff having to do with Oedipus and wanting to kill your father and have sex with your mother, weird, ancient greek myth type stuff, and all that, but why don't I just spare you the pain. Freud believed most if not every psychological problem stemmed from repressed sexuality. Uhh, okay Freud, that would be fine if Ernest Becker hadn't come out of your camp and proved much more eloquently in "The Denial of Death" that it is not repressed sexuality which gives rise to all of our psychological problems, but rather the denial of death, as the title of that book implies. Anyways, lovers of Freud are going to hate me for this review, but who cares they'll probably just chalk it up to me not being able to have sex with my mother.
A tratti oscuro, ma questo pu貌 derivare dalla mia non totale conoscenza dell'autore, per quanto ritenga che la trasparenza e la chiarezza, specie in un'opera dalla natura articolata e complessa com'猫 il caso della presente, siano fondamentali, anche a scapito di un po' di sintesi. Ad ogni modo, ho sempre trovato le idee di Freud particolarmente accattivanti e il tema delle masse e della massificazione come uno dei pi霉 stimolanti: non potevo non entusiasmarmi di fronte ad un'analisi tanto acuta e anche, spesso, sorprendente, del perch茅 della tendenza gregaria. La teoria della libido 猫 usata in un modo che non ci si aspetterebbe, ma che colpisce per il suo fondo di verit脿. Viva la psicanalisi.
Usually there鈥檚 a point in Freud鈥檚 essays where he鈥檒l fiat some flatly incorrect premise, and then rush past in hopes you won鈥檛 notice. Here it comes in identifying a 鈥榣eader鈥� as an essential pre-condition of the 鈥榞roup/herd鈥�, which brings us back to his father-as-first-sacrifice thesis which he articulates in Moses and Monotheism, but sidesteps the most fascinating aspect of group psychology; namely, that it often operates without any such patriarch, but as a faceless, blameless mass, giving vent to the sublimated desires of each individual. Whatever, there are still some fun brain teasers in here.