欧宝娱乐

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賲丕 賮賵賯 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞

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In reasoned progression he outlined core psychoanalytic concepts, such as repression, free association and libido. Of the various English translations of Freud's major works to appear in his lifetime, only one was authorized by Freud himself: The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud under the general editorship of James Strachey.


Freud approved the overall editorial plan, specific renderings of key words and phrases, and the addition of valuable notes, from bibliographical and explanatory. Many of the translations were done by Strachey himself; the rest were prepared under his supervision. The result was to place the Standard Edition in a position of unquestioned supremacy over all other existing versions.Newly designed in a uniform format, each new paperback in the Standard Edition opens with a biographical essay on Freud's life and work 鈥攁long with a note on the individual volume鈥攂y Peter Gay, Sterling Professor of History at Yale.

111 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1920

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About the author

Sigmund Freud

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Dr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential鈥攁nd controversial鈥攎inds of the 20th century.

In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.

Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.

In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.

After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.

In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.

Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.

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Profile Image for Fergus, Weaver of Autistic Webs.
1,268 reviews17.9k followers
February 3, 2025
My good friend and co-philosophe on GR, Alex, has written a very fine heuristic study of this book which I can鈥檛 emulate, but to which I will add my two-cent addendum.

Freud says, if I understand his meaning aright, that we are born impossible narcissists - and that鈥檒l we鈥檒l do anything in this life to keep pleasing ourselves.

If this means six straight hours of TV and a few beers in a quiet corner after work, so be it!

And if we don鈥檛 like something, we will punish it for failing to give us pleasure by playing a childhood game of isolating it - away from our private play area.

Punishing, as we ourselves were disciplined when young. So we put a hex on those who cross us, figuratively speaking.

Does all this translate into maturity? Not on your life, Freud says. But it鈥檚 the hallmark of our original narcissistic neuroses.

And it鈥檚 gotta stop.

How?

Well, that鈥檚 where Freud is foisted on his own petard.

For he calls in his own dark deus ex machina - the Grim god Thanatos, or Death. Those of you who know your scientific laws know it as Entropy.

We may not like it when entropy starts to seize us in mid-age, but speaking as a guy in his Seventies, it鈥檚 unavoidable reality. So the Reality Principle fixes Narcissism鈥檚 wagon pretty handily.

And disables it. How many evil-minded old witches are pleased to hear their wall mirrors telling them Snow White is now fairer by far than they are?

Not many.

Entropy is final, though. And lights all poor witches the way to dusty death. But in isolated ideal form, it re-enacts the voice of an adult telling us to grow up!

I think by now we鈥檙e beginning to find out why the Death Principle is a sad sorta cure for Narcissism... and why Freud later judged this book as a non-starter.

So as psychology perhaps it fails. Plus, it hurts.

But - hold on - Christians like the great writer John Donne saw in Death the sure antidote for the ills of the world. As a release from all our present sorrows. Death does not delude.

And St Antony, using conviction and remorse as his personal Reality Principle, succeeded in trashing his noisy personal devils under its aegis.

So maybe Freud WAS onto something, but couldn鈥檛 muster up the faith to draw positive conclusions from it.

Perhaps he was only half-remembering the distant childhood words, 鈥榟e who lays down his life shall take it up again!鈥�

And, for me, no words ring truer.

I鈥檒l be 75 in a smidgen of colder weather, and care much less about the rest of my life in our decaying and viral world than I do for the upcoming, infinitely more radiant and refreshing one.

Remember Dylan Thomas?

And Death shall have no dominion.
Dead men naked they shall be one...
Though lovers be lost, love shall not -
And Death shall have no dominion.
Profile Image for 賱賵賳丕.
379 reviews465 followers
May 15, 2013
兀亘丿兀 賯乇丕亍鬲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賲丕 禺鬲賲 亘賴 "賮乇賵賷丿" 賰鬲丕亘賴貙 賵賴賷 兀亘賷丕鬲 卮毓乇賷丞 賲賳 賲賯丕賲丕鬲 丕賱丨乇賷乇賷 丕賱鬲賷 賳賯賱賴丕 "賲爻鬲卮乇賯" 賱賱睾丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞:-

鬲毓丕乇賻噩賿鬲購 賱丕 乇賻睾亘賻丞賸 賮賷 丕賱毓乇賻噩賿 .. .. 賵賱賰賽賳賿 賱兀賯賿乇賻毓賻 亘丕亘賻 丕賱賮乇賻噩賿
賵兀購賱賿賯賷賻 丨亘賿賱賷 毓賱賶 睾丕乇賽亘賷 .. .. 賵兀爻賱購賰賻 賲爻賿賱賻賰賻 賲賻賳 賯丿 賲乇賻噩賿
賮廿賳賿 賱丕賲賻賳賷 丕賱賯賵賲購 賯賱鬲購 丕毓匕賽乇賵丕 .. .. 賮賱賷爻賻 毓賱賶 兀毓賿乇賻噩賺 賲賳 丨乇賻噩賿


賱賲爻鬲 賮賷 禺鬲丕賲 賰鬲丕亘賴 賳賵毓 賲賳 "丕賱鬲賱胤賷賮" 賱毓乇囟賴 丕賱卮賷賯貙 丕賱賲孬賷乇 賵丕賱禺丕乇噩 毓賳 丕賱賲兀賱賵賮 賰丕賱毓丕丿丞 .. .. 賷賯賵賱 兀賷囟丕賸:-

賮賱賯丿 賷爻兀賱 爻丕卅賱 廿賱賶 兀賷 丨丿 賵氐賱 丕賯鬲賳丕毓賷 兀賳丕 亘氐丨丞 丕賱賮乇賵囟 丕賱鬲賷 匕賴亘鬲 廿賱賷賴丕 賮賷 丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲 丕賱爻丕賱賮丞. 賵毓賳 賴匕丕 兀噩賷亘 亘丕賳賷 兀賳丕 賳賮爻賷 睾賷乇 賲賯鬲賳毓貙 賵兀賳賷 賱丕 兀毓賲賱 毓賱賶 廿睾乇丕亍 睾賷乇賷 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 亘鬲賱賰 丕賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲. 兀賵 亘毓亘丕乇丞 兀丿賯貙 廿賳賷 賱丕 兀丿乇賷 廿賱賶 兀賷 丨丿 賷亘賱睾 賷賯賷賳賷 賲賳賴丕

賮賴賵 賷賯賵賱 兀賳賴丕 賳馗乇賷丞 鬲爻鬲賵噩亘 匕賱賰 "丕賱丨賷丕丿 丕賱毓賯賱賷" 丕賱賱丕夭賲 賱賱鬲丨乇乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 賵丕賱兀賴賵丕亍 丕賱毓賲賷賯丞 賮賷 丕賱賳賮爻 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲丐孬乇 毓賱賶 賲爻丕乇 丕賱鬲兀賲賱丕鬲

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賲丕 賮賵賯 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞貙 賴匕丕 賴賵 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賳 賲丕 賴賵 賴匕丕 丕賱卮賷亍 丕賱匕賷 賮賵賯 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞責! .. 廿賳賴 丕賱噩賳賵賳 丕賱賲胤賱賯 賷丕 賲賳 鬲賯乇兀 賴匕賴 丕賱爻胤賵乇 賵賱賮賴賲 賲丕 賷乇賲賷 賱賴 "賮乇賵賷丿" 賷噩亘 鬲爻胤賷乇 亘毓囟 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 兀賵賱丕

1- 賯爻賾賲 "賮乇賵賷丿" 丕賱賰賷丕賳 丕賱賳賮爻賷 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 賱孬賱丕孬丞 兀賯爻丕賲:- 丕賱賴賵賶貙 丕賱兀賳丕 賵 賵丕賱兀賳丕 丕賱兀毓賱賶 兀賵 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷 .. .. 亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇 卮丿賷丿 兀丨亘 兀賱禺氐 賴丕鬲賷 丕賱兀賯爻丕賲 丕賱孬賱丕孬丞 亘噩賲賱 亘爻賷胤丞
賷賰賲賳 鬲卮亘賷賴 丕賱賴賵賶 (丕賱賱丕卮毓賵乇) 亘丕賱賮乇爻貙 賮賴賵 賷賲孬賱 丕賱噩夭亍 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳賷貙 丕賱卮賴賵丕賳賷貙 丕賱兀賳丕賳賷 賲賳 丕賱匕丕鬲 賵廿賳 賲丕 賷賰亘丨賴 賴賵 丕賱賮丕乇爻 丕賱賲鬲賲孬賱 賴賳丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丕 (丕賱卮毓賵乇) 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓亘乇 毓賳 丕賱賯賷賲 賵丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 丕賱賴賵賶 賵鬲噩毓賱賴 賷鬲賲丕卮賶 賲毓 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賵賯賷賲 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱賲丨賷胤 賵丕賱兀賳丕 丕賱兀毓賱賶 賴賵 亘亘爻丕胤丞 卮丿賷丿丞 囟賲賷乇 丕賱卮禺氐

2- 賰賲丕 賴賵 賲毓乇賵賮 "賮乇賵賷丿" 賴賵 爻賷丿 丕賱賱丕卮毓賵乇貙 毓賳丿賲丕 賷鬲賲 匕賰乇 賴匕賴 丕賱賰賱賲丞 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賲丕 賷禺胤乇 亘亘丕賱賷 爻丕丨丞 丨乇亘 賵氐乇丕毓丕鬲 卮丿賷丿丞 亘丨賰賲 兀賳 "賮乇賵賷丿" 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賷賵囟丨 賵賷卮乇丨 賵賷爻鬲賳鬲噩 賳馗乇賷丕鬲賴 賳鬲賷噩丞 鬲毓丕賲賱賴 賲毓 賲乇囟賶 賳賮爻賷賷賳 .. .. 丕賱賱丕卮毓賵乇 賴丿賮賴 賴賵 鬲丨賯賷賯 賵廿卮亘丕毓 賱匕丞 賵賱賰賳 "丕賱兀賳丕" 丿丕卅賲丕 賷賯賮 亘丕賱賲乇氐丕丿 賱賴 賵賷丨丿孬 賲丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳賴 亘丕賱賰賱賲丞 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞 "丕賱賰亘鬲" 賵賱賴匕丕 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賴匕丕賳 丕賱賯胤亘丕賳 賮賷 氐乇丕毓 丿丕卅賲 賵丕賱賲鬲賳賮爻 丕賱賵丨賷丿 賱賱賴賵賶 兀賵 "丕賱賱丕卮毓賵乇" 賴賵 丕賱兀丨賱丕賲 賵賯丿 兀賮乇丿 "賮乇賵賷丿" 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賳馗乇賷丞 賰鬲丕亘 卮賷賯 亘毓賳賵丕賳 鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱兀丨賱丕賲

3- 丕賱兀丨賱丕賲 賴賷 賲乇丌丞 丕賱賱丕卮毓賵乇 賰賲丕 兀爻賱賮賳丕 賵賴丿賮賴丕 賴賵 廿卮亘丕毓 丕賱丿賵丕賮毓 丕賱賲賰亘賵鬲丞貙 賵賰賱 廿卮亘丕毓 賴賵 賱匕丞

賱丕丨馗 "賮乇賵賷丿" 馗丕賴乇丞 睾乇賷亘丞 鬲丨丿孬 (賱賱賲乇囟賶) 賵禺氐賵丕賸 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱匕賷賳 賷毓丕賳賵賳 賲賳 毓氐丕亘 丕賱氐丿賲丞 亘毓丿 乇噩賵毓賴賲 賲賳 丕賱丨乇亘 賵賴賵 "鬲賰乇丕乇" 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱賲丐賱賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 丨丿孬鬲 賲毓賴賲 爻丕亘賯丕賸 賮賷 兀丨賱丕賲賴賲貙 賵鬲爻丕亍賱 "賮乇賵賷丿" 兀賷丞 賱匕丞 賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賳鬲噩 毓賳 鬲賰乇丕乇 賴匕賴 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱賲丐賱賲丞 賮賷 丕賱兀丨賱丕賲貙 賵賰丕賳 丕賱廿噩丕亘丞 賴賵 賵噩賵丿 丿丕賮毓 睾乇賷夭賷 賯賵賷 賷丐丿賷 賱賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賰乇丕乇 丕賱廿噩亘丕乇賷 賵賴賵 廿噩丕亘丞 賲丕匕丕 賷賵噩丿 賮賵賯 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞責 賵丕賱廿噩丕亘丞 賴賷 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱賲賵鬲



賯爻賻賾賲 "賮乇賵賷丿" 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 廿賱賶 賳賵毓賷賳 睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵丕賱丨亘 (爻賲賻賾丕賴丕 兀賷囟丕賸 亘廿賷乇賵爻) 兀賷 睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱賲丨丕賮馗丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞 .. .. 賵睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱賲賵鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賴丿賮 賱賱賴丿賲 賵廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱丨賷丕丞貙 賵賴匕賴 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲賵噩丿 賮賷 兀卮禺丕氐 睾賷乇 兀爻賵賷丕亍 賮廿賳賴丕 鬲鬲噩賴 賱賱禺丕乇噩 賮賷 氐賵乇丞 毓丿賵丕賳 賵鬲丿賲賷乇 賱賱賳賮爻 賵丕賱睾賷乇 賵賴賵 賲丕 賵噩丿賴 鬲賮爻賷乇 賲賳胤賯賷 賱馗丕賴乇丞 丕賱爻丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱賲丕爻賵卮賷丞


卮乇丨 "賮乇賵賷丿" 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱賲賵鬲 賵乇亘胤賴丕 亘亘毓囟 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 毓賱賲 丕賱兀丨賷丕亍貙 賵噩丕夭賮 賮賷 丕賮鬲乇丕囟賴 兀賳 "賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞 " 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 兀賷囟丕賸 賮賷 禺丿賲丞 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱賲賵鬲 賵賱賰賳賴 賷賯賵賱 兀賳賴 賲噩乇丿 賮乇囟 亘丨丕噩丞 賱賱氐亘乇 賵丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賱廿孬亘丕鬲賴 兀賵 丿丨囟賴

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丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 "賱賮乇賵賷丿" 毓賱賶 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱卮禺氐賷 賱賷爻鬲 亘丕賱兀賲乇 丕賱爻賴賱 賮丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 兀賲乇 賲賴賲 噩丿丕賸 兀孬賳丕亍 賯乇丕亍丞 賱賱賮賴賲貙 賷鬲賰賱賲 毓賳 兀賲賵乇 鬲孬賷乇 丕賱毓噩亘 賱兀賳賴 賮賰賻賾乇 賮賷賴丕 亘賴匕賴 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 賵丕爻鬲賳鬲噩賴丕貙 賵賷鬲賰賱賲 毓賳 兀賲賵乇 兀禺乇賶 鬲噩毓賱賳賷 兀購卮賻賰賽賾賰 賮賷 爻賱丕賲丞 毓賯賱賴 兀賷 兀賳賴丕 賯乇丕亍丞 鬲噩亘乇 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱 .. .. 亘丕賱賲噩賲賱 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 賱賴 賲賲鬲毓丞 賵賲鬲毓亘丞 賱賱丿賲丕睾 賵賴賵 兀賲乇 爻賱賷賲 噩丿丕賸 賱兀賳賷 賵廿賳 賱賲 兀賵丕賮賯賴 賮賷 毓乇囟賴 賮廿賳賴 賵亘丿賵賳 賯氐丿 賲賳賴 爻丕賴賲 賮賷 丨氐賵賱賷 毓賱賶 噩賱爻丞 鬲賲丕乇賷賳 賲賰孬賮丞 賵賲噩丕賳賷丞 "賲丕丿賷丕" 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱丿賲丕睾 丕賱鬲賷 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲爻丕賴賲 賮賷 丕賱賵賯丕賷丞 賲賳 丕賱禺乇賮 賮賷 賷賵賲 賲賳 丕賱兀賷丕賲 .. .. 賮鬲丨賷丞 賱賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩賳賵賳





Profile Image for Goatboy.
253 reviews108 followers
February 13, 2019
Behold one of Freud鈥檚 most over-determined navels. A piece of thought, exploration and theory that is yet to be pinned down and is a fertile seed to many theorists who came after and attempted to corral this confused yet beguiling psychical mechanism into their own works. A fount of seemingly never-ending creative inspiration for others.

While also being a frustrating 78 page read鈥�

Been trying to come up with a review for this one for weeks and kept hitting some wall that I would be hard pressed not to attribute to some function of the pleasure principle / reality principle / death drive / jouissance.

Overtime / bonus chapter enjoyment through experience.

I know, I am rambling鈥�
But this work doesn鈥檛 need to be summarized here.
My only desire is to express its effect on me鈥�
As if one could say, 鈥淢y *only* desire鈥濃€�

It seems that every time I read Freud my brain is forced to read him on 4 or more parallel tracks that range over 鈥渨hat he鈥檚 trying to say鈥� and 鈥渉ow he sometimes gets bogged down in trying to explain everything physiologically鈥� yet 鈥渉ow even when that feels wrong there鈥檚 always still something interesting there so you have to parse it in real time鈥� to 鈥渃onsidering everything within the psychological and cultural context within which he was writing鈥� yet still 鈥渟eparating that from the universal truths that he would still be living鈥� while all the while being reminded of 鈥渨hat an amazing and brilliant explorer of a completely new realm鈥� he was.

I鈥檓 reminded of Jacques Cousteau only if Jacques Cousteau had also basically DISCOVERED OCEANS before anyone else had thought to notice them.

Here鈥檚 the thing for me. Reading Freud is clearly frustrating because he was obviously on to something extraordinary and yet since he was the first one there he had to figure out from scratch how to even conceptualize, label and order it. I agree with others I鈥檝e read that posit word choice might have been his biggest enemy. Pleasure principle. Reality principle. Death drive. Not only might these have been named better, but Freud himself often seemed mercurial in how he used his terms and would shift their meanings over time. I鈥檓 perfectly fine with Freud modifying and revising his concepts and theory over the years. But when that seems to happen within the limited pages of a short work it can be a bit difficult to lock on to a clear intended meaning.

Maybe that鈥檚 why his writings - and this work in particular - seem so ripe for interpretation and exploration...

I read BtPP right before reading Alenka Zupancic鈥檚 What IS Sex? (/book/show/3...) and I have to say it was a damn good match. Or maybe much of Lacanian studies revolve around this singular process/mechanism so that's not so surprising? I've now just started reading Seminar VII, and it鈥檚 with some feeling that the extension of this core theory will be expanded further.

Even with all the frustration and confusion it鈥檚 hard not to walk away from this book knowing in your gut that Freud was on to something. The words shift, the causes are many and over-determined, and yet the psychical actions that he describes feel too true and familiar to deny. Desire for homeostasis, judging future actions against some knowledge of possible pleasure or pain (comfort or discomfort), compulsive repetition (often of 鈥渟eemingly鈥� un-pleasureable acts), a basic obsession with and avoidance of the impossibility of existing, of being conscious yet cut off by a loss/gap back in a past you can鈥檛 remember yet always feel on the back of your shoulder. A desire to be inanimate if only to stop the desire machine鈥�

This is the tool box for much that would follow...
Profile Image for Salah.
45 reviews
February 23, 2013
亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 賯賱丞 毓丿丿 氐賮丨丕鬲賴貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷賴 賲賳 丕賱丿爻賲 賲丕 賷噩毓賱 丕爻鬲賷毓丕亘賴 亘毓丿 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賲爻鬲丨賷賱丕賸. 賮賮乇賵賷丿 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 賯丿 兀賰賲賱 亘賱賵乇丞 鬲氐賵乇賴 毓賳 丕賱賳賮爻 賵鬲賯爻賷賲賴丕 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱賵毓賷 賵丕賱賱丕賵毓賷貙 賵賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 (賴賵貙 兀賳丕貙 兀賳丕 毓賱賷丕) 賵兀賷賴丕 賯毓 賮賷 丕賱賵毓賷 賵兀賷賴丕 賮賷 丕賱賱丕賵毓賷. 孬賲 毓賰賮 賮乇賵賷丿 毓賱賶 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丨鬲賶 賵氐賱 廿賱賶 兀亘爻胤 兀卮賰丕賱賴丕貙 賮丕賯鬲乇丨 賵噩賵丿 賳賵毓賷賳 賲賳 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱丕爻丕爻賷丞: 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱丨賷丕丞(丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞 兀賵 丕賱賱賷亘賷丿賵) 賵睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱賲賵鬲. 賵賯丿 卮乇毓 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 卮乇丨 賲丕 賷毓鬲亘乇 睾乇賷夭丞 噩賳爻賷丞 賵賲丕 賷毓鬲亘乇 賲 睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱賲賵鬲貙 賵鬲賱賰 丕賱丕禺賷乇丞 丕丨鬲丕噩 兀賳 賷亘乇賴賳 毓賱賶 賵噩賵丿賴丕 亘卮賰賱 亘賷賵賱賵噩賷 丨賷孬 卮賰賰 毓賱賲丕亍 亘賷賵賱賵噩賷賵賳 賮賷 賵噩賵丿 睾乇丕卅夭 賱賱賲賵鬲 賮賷 丕賱兀丨賷丕亍 丕賱丿賯賷賯丞. 賵毓賳丿賴丕 亘丿兀 賮乇賵賷丿 賷亘丨孬 毓賳 賲賳卮兀 賴匕賴 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 賵亘丿丕丞 賵噩賵丿賴丕 賵馗賴賵乇賴丕. 丨鬲賶 賵氐賱 亘賴 丕賱兀賲乇 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丨賵賱鬲 賮賷賴 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 廿賱賶 賲丕丿丞 丨賷丞. 賰賲丕 賷卮賷乇 賮乇賵賷丿 賴賳丕 廿賱賶 賲亘丿兀 賷賮賵賯 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕賴 丕賱匕賷 丕賯鬲乇丨锟斤拷 賰賲丨乇賰 兀爻丕爻賷 賱賱賰丕卅賳 丕賱丨賷 賮賷 鬲氐乇賮丕鬲賴貙 賴匕丕 丕賱賲亘丿兀 亘丨爻亘 賲丕 爻賲丕賴 賮乇賵賷丿 賴賵 廿噩亘丕乇 丕賱鬲賰乇丕乇貙 賮賷賯賵賱 賮乇賵賷丿 兀賳 丕賱賰丕卅賳 丕賱丨賷 賲賮胤賵乇 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賰乇丕乇貙 賵賴賵 丕賱廿胤丕乇 丕賱匕賷 鬲丿賵乇 賮賴 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞貙 賮賴賵 賷賵賱丿貙 賷卮亘毓 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞貙 毓賳 胤乇賷賯賴丕 賷鬲賰丕孬乇 賵賷鬲賵丕賱丿貙 孬賲 賷賲賵鬲 亘丕賱睾乇賷夭丞. 賵賷爻鬲卮賴丿 賮乇賵賷丿 毓賱賶 賮乇囟賷鬲賴 賱賲乇丕賯亘鬲賴 賱爻賱賵賰 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 丕賱匕賷賳 賷丨亘賵賳 鬲賰乇丕乇 丕賱兀賱毓丕亘 賵丕賱賯氐氐 亘丨匕丕賮賷乇賴丕 丿賵賳 鬲睾賷賷乇 兀賵 鬲毓丿賷賱貙 賵丿賵賳 丕 賷氐亘賴賲 丕賱賲賱賱 兀賷囟丕賸.
廿 賲丨丕賵賱丞 鬲賱禺賷 丕賮賰丕乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 賲乇丕噩毓丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賴賵 賲賳 囟乇賵亘 丕賱賵賴賲貙 賱匕丕爻鬲丨鬲丕噩 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞 睾賱賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲 丕賱睾囟丕賮丞 亘毓丿 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 丕賱賯乇賷亘.
Profile Image for 毓賲丕丿 丕賱毓鬲賷賱賷.
Author听12 books638 followers
June 3, 2018
鈥庘赌赌忊赌�description鈥赌赌赌赌赌�

鈥淢any of us will also find it hard to abandon our belief that in man himself there dwells an impulse towards perfection, which has brought him to his present heights of intellectual prowess and ethical sublimation, and from which it might be expected that his development into superman will be ensured. But I do not believe in the existence of such an inner impulse, and I see no way of preserving this pleasing illusion. The development of man up to now does not seem to me to need any explanation differing from that of animal development, and the restless striving towards further perfection which may be observed in a minority of human beings is easily explicable as the result of that repression of instinct upon which what is most valuable in human culture is built.鈥�.

It鈥檚 been a very long time since I鈥檝e read a good book!
For my amazement, I enjoyed every page! And I loved the scientific method Freud used to explain and view his theory. I think, maybe, the death drive is one of the most important theories in psychology because it explains so many things in the human behavior.

description

This is, truly, a book worth reading.
Profile Image for 鉂丑别罢谤耻别厂肠丑辞濒补谤.
238 reviews187 followers
June 8, 2019
What now follows is speculation, often quite extravagant speculation, which readers will regard or disregard according to their own particular standpoint. For the rest, it is an attempt to follow an idea right through to its logical conclusion, undertaken out of sheer curiosity as to where this will lead. 鈥擝eyond the Pleasure Principle
__________
We love one or other of the following:
1)
Narcissistic Type:
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€a) What we ourselves are
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€b) What we ourselves were
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€c) What we would like to become
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€d) A person who was once part of our own self

2)
Imitative Type:
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€a) The woman who feeds us
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€b) The man who protects us
鉅€鉅€鉅€鉅€And the many surrogates who take their place.
.

鈥擮n the Introduction of Narcissism

__________
This volume collects the following works by Freud:
鈥� On the Introduction of Narcissism
鈥� Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through
鈥� Beyond the Pleaure Principle
鈥� The Ego and the Id
鈥� Inhibition, Symptom, and Fear
__________
More interesting theories from Freud.

This volume contains some of Freud's key, central ideas including his proposition of the Id, Ego, and Super-Ego; and the Conscious, Pre-Conscious, and Unconscious systems.

These are all sprinkled (as is seeming frequent) with some brief apologia, just to ensure you're taking some of his ideas with a grain of salt (as he did himself).
Let us go back for a moment and ask whether all these speculations are not perhaps entirely baseless.

__________
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
In psychoanalytic theory we assume without further ado that the evolution of psychic processes is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle; that is to say, we believe that these processes are invariably triggered by an unpleasurable tension, and then follow a path such that their ultimate outcome represents a diminution of this tension, and hence a propensity to avoid unpleasure or to generate pleasure.

Consciousness is not the only distinctive characteristic that we are disposed to ascribe to the processes in this system. We are basing ourselves on the evidence har garnered in our psychoanalytic experience when we postulate that all excitation processes occurring in the other systems leave lasting traces within them which form the basis of memory鈥攔esidual memories, in other words, that have nothing to do with consciousness. These traces are often the strongest and most enduring when the process that brought them into being never entered consciousness at all.

While this may not be an absolutely binding consideration, it may none the less lead us to the supposition that it is not possible within a given system for something both to enter consciousness and also to leave a memory trace. We would accordingly be able to argue that excitation processes d indeed enter consciousness within the Cs system, but leave no lasting trace there; and that all the traces of these processes that memory depends upon arise in the proximate inner systems to which the excitations migrate. It is in precisely these terms that I conceived the diagram included in the speculative section of my Interpretation of Dreams in 1900. When one conceders how little we know from other soures about the origins of consciousness, one is bound to give at least some credence to the proposition that 鈥榗onsciousness arises instead of a memory trace鈥�.

But perhaps the belief that death has its own intrinsic logic is simply one of those illusions we have created for ourselves in order to be able to 鈥榖ear the heavy burden of existence鈥�. It is certainly not primal: the idea of 鈥檔atural death鈥� is alien to primitive peoples, who attribute every death that occurs amongst them to the influence of an enemy or an evil spirit. To investigate this belief, therefore, let us turn without further ado to biological science.
__________
The Ego and the Id

If I were able to imagine very last person with an interest in psychology reading this essay, then I should not be one whit surprised to find a number of those readers calling a halt right now and refusing to read another word鈥攆or here at once is the first shibboleth of psychoanalysis. To most people whose education is grounded in philosophy, the idea of a psychic realm that is not also a conscious one is so incomprehensible as to seem an absurdity easily refuted by plain, straightforward logic.

For one thing, we see clear evidence that even subtle and complex intellectual tasks that normally demand sustained and strenuous thought can also be carried out pre-consciously, without entering consciousness at all. There is not doubt whatever that such cases occur; they happen during sleep, for example, and are evidenced buy the fact that on waking up, the person concerned immediately knows the answer to a difficult mathematical or other problem that they had vainly struggled to solve the day before.
Profile Image for Morgan Blackledge.
791 reviews2,565 followers
July 9, 2019
OMG

I鈥檓 guessing that Freud was still doing hella coke when he wrote this.

It鈥檚 kind of a hot mess.

I can鈥檛 say I enjoyed reading it.

Anyway.

Freud defined the Pleasure Principle as the instinctive drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Freud thought of this as the basic motivational drive of the ID, which was Freuds construct referring to the more animalistic or primitive aspects of human nature.

Beyond the Pleasure Principle is Freuds attempt to identify other analogous principles of motivation.

Freud describes human motivation as emerging from two opposing drives:

1. Eros, which is typified by sexuality, creativity, and connection and reproduction, and 2. Thanatos, which is typified by the aggression, compulsion, and self-destruction.

Freud defines repartition compulsion as the drive to repeat a behavior or recreate an event over and over again, even when its not pleasurable.

For example, people who have been exposed to early life abuse and trauma sometimes recreate similar circumstances in their lives and reenact similar dynamics in their adult relationships.

They are ostensibly in search of a different 鈥榖etter鈥� outcome, refered to as a corrective experience in the parlance of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

These unconsciously sought corrective experiences are typically very elusive.

And that can mean getting unconsciously lured into increasingly destructive behaviors and dangerous situations where the traumatic event is likely to happen again and again.

It may take good therapy to identify and deconstruct these issues, so that the individual can finally have the needed corrective experiences in a healthy, more conscious, less driven form.

As I previously mentioned, the text is kind of tweaker, but those are the big takeaways (by my accounting anyway).

I think the text has immense historical value, but not a lot of therapeutic use value or validity by today鈥檚 standards.

I鈥檓 giving the text 5 stars because it鈥檚 a classic, and it feels dumb and pretentious to give it less than that. 鈥�
But unless you鈥檙e interested in the history of psychology, or really into Freud, you can probably skip reading this source text, and rely on commentary and secondary sources for the important ideas.
Profile Image for 爻購賳丿購爻 毓賻亘丿購丕賱賱賾賻賴.
268 reviews224 followers
April 10, 2020
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賲丕 賷毓乇囟 兀賵丕禺乇 賲丕 鬲賵氐賱 廿賱賷賴 賮乇賵賷丿貙 賮賷賲孬賱 兀賴賲 鬲氐賵乇丕鬲賴 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱賳賮爻賷 賵爻丿 賮噩賵丕鬲 亘毓囟 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵丕賱乇丿 毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲毓鬲乇囟賷賳貙 賵鬲睾賷賷乇 兀爻爻 賲乇賰夭賷丞 賴丕賲丞 賵賷購賮賴賲 賲賳賴 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮鬲賴乇 亘卮賰賱 爻胤丨賷 賵爻丕匕噩 毓賳賴 賲賳 賰賷賮賷丕鬲 丕賳亘毓丕孬賴丕.
-丕賱鬲賯賷賷賲 賱賯賵丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 賮賴賲 兀爻爻 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 賮乇賵賷丿貙 賵賱賷爻 賱賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲 匕丕鬲賴丕.-
Profile Image for Johnny.
Author听10 books139 followers
August 25, 2009
When you've read so much of an author, you sometimes experience a weird auto-hypnosis that makes you believe you've read the bulk of the author's corpus. So it is with yours truly and Sigmund Freud. Some years back, I hacked through his papers on hysteria and Interpretation of Dreams, thinking that I had mastered the "essential Freud." I was (and am) more taken with Jung, but one must occasionally return to the font.

Much of the Freud I had read previously seemed to confirm the opinion of those who believe him to have been sexually obsessed to the point of becoming myopic, redundant, and irrelevant. Until I read Beyond the Pleasure Principle, I was prone to think so. In this book, however, I found a jewel of wisdom that shall forever transform my view of Freud. He may have been sexually obsessed and he may even have, erroneously in my opinion, taken a different tack than William James on a similar issue, but this particular principle I am going to recount seems to me both valid and important.

Freud perceived that, given any organic process, the initiation of action is the result of unsettled tension. He posited that the organism would strive, one way or another, to resolve that tension according to two complementary ideals: avoidance of pain and production of pleasure. That position has come to be known as the Pleasure Principle.

The important concept in the present work under description (though I confess that I read this in my Great Books volume of Freud rather than one of the separate editions available elsewhere) is that observation that what may be pain for one system may be pleasure for another. So, how does one reconcile the so-called Pleasure Principle to that fact?

Freud draws from the research of J. Breuer and observes that, even on the embryonic level, there is a tension between the protective systems that preserve the integrity of the organism from excessive external stimuli which would change and destroy it and the receptive system that accepts a certain portion of this external stimuli and is excited positively by it (p. 647 in my volume). In the human thought process, the former protects the consciousness from overload and provides assurance of continuing "personality." The latter provides pleasure and pain.

Thereby, Freud is able to define instinct in the following way: "According to this, an instinct would be a tendency innate in living organic matter, impelling it towards the reinstatement of an earlier condition, ..." (p. 651). One's instinct, then, would be to resist change and to conserve existence. Ironically, Freud goes on to suggest that this very urge of preservation becomes a "death instinct" and that the only counter, open to the stimulation that causes further development, is the "sex instinct."

While I was amused at this oversimplification, I was also struck at the wisdom which showed both our basic organisms and our thought process itself in constant tension between conservation and development. If over-stimulation is a threat, so is under-stimulation. To me, this explained that great publishing philosophy espoused by my old mentor, Jonathan Lane (great Ziff-Davis publisher). Lane said that "Magazines must be a mixture of comfort and surprise." Now, I realize that all of life needs to follow this delicate recipe, and I have at least one pyschological concept with which to demonstrate that recipe.
Profile Image for Mr..
149 reviews79 followers
October 8, 2008
This little book is indubitable proof of the breadth and depth of Freud's thinking. It is a fascinating and multi-faceted read, containing elements of psychoanalysis, philosophy, poetry, biology, and the literary theory. You will not believe how quickly Freud is able to move from topic to topic and the absurd range within which he is able to speculate. This is also an extraordinarily challenging read, it requires patience and many re-readings. Freud discusses the compulsion to repeat, transference neurosis, life and death drives, and a number of other cognitive and behavioral topics.Here is a curious quote I adore: "In the last resort, what has left its mark on the development of organisms must be the history of the earth we live in and its relation to the sun" (pg. 45).

Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a seminal component of his expansive corpus, and should be standard reading for psychologists.
Profile Image for Michael A..
420 reviews93 followers
July 15, 2022
I've heard the ideas in this book (repetition compulsion, fort/da game, death drive...) discussed often, and this is the first time I've read the text myself. One thing that caught me by surprise (but shouldn't have) is how he grounds all of this stuff in the science of his day. For example, he deduces the existence of the death drive in part from August Weismann's germ plasm theory. Freud himself is hedging his bet here, admitting that to speculate disconnected from empirical findings is a risk in and of itself. But the speculative moments in Freud are often the most fun, engaging, and thought-provoking parts of his texts. This is no exception!
Profile Image for Omar Kassem.
578 reviews169 followers
June 19, 2022
亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 毓丿丿 氐賮丨丕鬲賴 丕賱賯賱賷賱丞 廿賱丕 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 孬賯賷賱 丕賱賵胤兀丞 貙 賵乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賴賷 丕賱爻亘亘 貙 賵賱賰賳賴 亘賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 賰鬲丕亘 賲賮氐賱賷 賮賷 賲乇丨賱丞 鬲胤賵乇 賮賰乇丞 賮乇賵賷丿 丨賵賱 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞..

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Profile Image for Mounir.
340 reviews625 followers
November 22, 2013
賲賳 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲丨賵乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱賳賮爻賷, 賵賷毓鬲亘乇 賲丨胤丞 賲賴賲丞 賮賷 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 賮乇賵賷丿 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賷胤賵乇賴丕 亘丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇
賵賷賳鬲賲賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱噩丕賳亘 賲賳 廿賰鬲卮丕賮丕鬲 賵丕爻鬲亘氐丕乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱賳賮爻賷 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賱賴丕 兀孬乇 賰亘賷乇 賮賷 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞, 賲孬賱賴 賮賷 匕賱賰 賲孬賱 "丕賱胤賵胤賲 賵丕賱鬲丕亘賵" 賵" 賲賵爻賶 賵丕賱鬲賵丨賷丿". 賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 氐毓亘 賱賰賳賴 噩丿賷乇 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞
Profile Image for Aung Sett Kyaw Min.
317 reviews8 followers
October 16, 2018
Freud concludes, even if tentatively, that the urge in life to return to the inorganic state, the so called "death instinct" which supposedly accounts for the compulsion to repeat traumatic experiences (in one's dreams, for example) does not really contradict the pleasure principle and in fact might even be appropriated by the latter for its own ends (primary masochism).
Profile Image for Alex Obrigewitsch.
488 reviews137 followers
January 6, 2019
In and of itself, as an offering of psychoanalytic work, this book is contradictorily of great influence, both positively and negatively, as well as being of little interest to read.

As a speculative work which discloses differing verctors for the hermeneutic application of psychoanalytic theory, this work is of much greater interest (and perhaps value). The play of the Fort/Da and the death drives offer a diverse possibility for utilisation.

If the death drives are at play beyond simply the functioning of psychic life (which I take to be in line with Freud's drive theory, bringing it even closer in line with that of Nietzsche), then might not the entirety of the cosmos be playing a grand game of Fort/Da, the anterior death of inorganicity alienating itself from itself, becoming life, only so that it can die, and so experience the intensity of its own collapse back into itself? Repetition automatism at play in the movement of life and death - a cosmic cycling which enacts neither negentropy nor entropy, for that matter, but simply an expression of the greatest intensity, the most profound affect, through the recycling of life in its repetitional return unto death.

We see this cosmic cycling repeated on a mythical strata in Merhige's film Begotten, in which God (the negative yet creative void or excess, the lapse in being which reiterates the role of death) becomes a corpse, dies, so as to produce life. A kenotic manifestation of the Hegelian Aufhebung, death emptying its emptiness or negating its negativity so as to produce something, or being. The death of God connotes the emergence of life, which is born and created only to decay and to die, and return unto nothing the glory of God due unto Him. The sending and the return, the play of death and life, all entwined in the movement from debasement to transfiguration - a disruption and displacement of the hierarchical ordering of high and low. A chaosmos rather than a cosmos, then?

*
These remain but speculations, speculative fictions, which does not mean that they fail to speak to "reality," to the urgency of our situation. Take them or leave them as you will - left here are but abandoned words, belonging to no one. They will have forsaken me so long ago, before they were ever written, ever thought, ever uttered. They will never have been mine - I have only sent them forth, into play; they return nothing to me, only returning me unto that which ever awaits upon the line of this repetitional return - death, anonymous and dis-appropriating.
Profile Image for Nora W.
107 reviews16 followers
September 14, 2018
Although it鈥檚 a pain to read (yes, even though it鈥檚 short) and you could easily find a summary online, I definitely recommend reading the primary source, as Freud鈥檚 ideas have been misinterpreted in such a way that even popular culture has altered the interpretation of his theories.
Freud鈥檚 notion of the Death drive is especially a tricky one, as it does not actually refer to the desire for death, or the supposed Thanatos, as it has been termed, but rather a desire to a primordial inorganic state, in order to maintain a low level of excitation. Whoever simply Googles the term, will get the wrong idea completely. I have to add that Freud is highly speculative about his theories himself, so don鈥檛 expect a well-rounded theory that explains in detail how traumatic neurosis or the Death drive for that matter, manifest itself in practice. What you get is a sort of stream of consciousness about the workings of the mind that is subjected to trauma.
As I鈥檝e mentioned, not an easy read, but once you get the gist, it鈥檚 really a great insight into the psychoanalytics of trauma.
Profile Image for 础苍诲谤茅.
272 reviews80 followers
March 31, 2020
"Beyond the pleasure principle" is an unusual and ambiguous piece of work. Freud presents an intriguing and controversy work. In this essay, it's presented Freud's ideas about life/sexual drive instincts (Eros) and the "death drive" concept as the main notions that conduct Human life.
Eros is the analogy for sexual desires, harmony and pleasurable feelings, whereas the "Death drive" represents the deep urge for self-destruction, aggression and unpleasurable feelings. Freud describes these two opposing drives and goes beyond the simple pleasure principle that drives Human behaviour. Furthermore, he explains all these terms in a clinical and speculative perspective.
Throughout the book, it's conveyed relevant topics about Human nature - such as Biological basis for repetition compulsion, Masochism as a clinical manifestation, Independence from the pleasure principle, Child's play and Repetition compulsion. Moreover, it's highlighted the importance of the libido within pleasurable feelings.
Freud, in this essay, blasts thought-provoking thoughts, including the "Death Drive" concept. It's not an easy term to diggest. Therefore, it can be confusing and misinterpreted. It's undoubtedly true that Humanity has some sort of inertia for chaos and destruction, including on a personal level. Nonetheless, it's a vague term that lays more question than answers.
It's interesting that Freud appeals to other scholar subjects like Biology and Philosophy to try to answer his main concepts of the Human Mind.
However, Freud's work has an intrinsically Historical value, which is an important factor that must be taken into account for any enthusiast of the Psychotherapy field.
This is definitely a book that lays confusing thoughts, but it's a challenge that makes any reader question the roots of the Human condition.

rating:3,5/5 stars
Profile Image for Jared.
382 reviews1 follower
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September 1, 2023
FREUD WAITS TILL PAGE 78 TO DROP THIS NUGGET "it may be asked whether how far I am myself convinced of the truth of the hypothesis that I have set out on these pages. My answer would be that I am not convinced myself; that I do not seek to persuade other people to believe in them. Or, more precisely, that I do not know how far I believe in them." SO WHY DID YOU FUCKING WRITE THE BOOK FREUD
Profile Image for Adriana Scarpin.
1,664 reviews
November 3, 2015
De tudo que Freud escreveu creio que a teoria das puls玫es 茅 a mais v谩lida, o que diferencia o seu escrito para o artigo da Spielrein s茫o suas analogias biol贸gicas, enquanto ela fez um recorte mitol贸gico. Menos mal que Freud cita Destruction as the Cause of Coming Into Being numa nota de rodap茅. R谩!
Profile Image for Miguel Teles.
29 reviews29 followers
March 4, 2019
Being a late redesign of his metapsychological theory, this work is probably not the best primer to Freud鈥檚 thoughts and works on the mind (I鈥檝e been warned). This made me have to recur to some external sources to fully grasp all his previous theories. With the help of that external sourcing it did give me a good synthesis or understanding of his main thoughts regarding the economy of the mind (through the pleasure principle), its topography (the id, ego and superego) and its dynamic process.

Beyond this most known first model of his theory of human motivation and behavior - the dualism between the pleasure instinct and the instinct for self-preservation, of which struggle many psychopathological states subdue - this work reframes it all by presenting a different dualism - the one between a death instinct and a life (pleasure) instinct. Thanatos and Eros. Love and Hate. Affection and Agression.

Despite its poetic and dramatic aesthetics, my main problem with this reframed theory is the speculative, highly inductive and arguable path Freud took (based on some empirical observations) to arrive at it. Some of its assumptions seem somehow dated or arguable regarding many neurobiological findings of today. Freud himself admits the speculative nature of his thought and explicitly states he wished for more experimental data regarding the neurophysiological ways of the mind he so eagerly wants to understand.

That being said, it was an enormous pleasure to read Freud and this particular work. The richness of his thought and clinical work is still today noticeable in many fields of knowledge, from health to basic human understanding. He writes beautifully and he must have been a marvelous mind to cross paths with.

In the end, it was after all a good primer (although an arduous one) to Freud and his Psychoanalysis and it definitely left me with the desire to know more.
Profile Image for Adam.
423 reviews170 followers
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July 30, 2018
Approaching its centennial, maybe this work will someday outgrow the misunderstandings promulgated by its adherents. The infamous "death drive" is not Thanatos contra Eros; it is not the romantic yearning to die or a particular person's suicidal tendencies. What it IS is... cautiously broached here. Expect Freud to be Freud: brilliant "speculations" laden with caveats, followed by long droning sections attempting to prove his Scientific mettle is sturdier than your ma's kettle.
Profile Image for John Pistelli.
Author听8 books335 followers
August 15, 2014
In this famously transitional work of 1920, Freud sets out to explain the prevalence of psychic activity that can't obviously be attributed to the organism's inclination to reduce tension, the reduction of which produces pleasure. After all, as a clinician, he was seeing neurotic and hysterical patients--very tense people. So, via a speculative tour of psychoanalytic theory circa 1920 as well as of early-20th-century biology, Freud arrives at the provisional conclusion that there are two drives or instincts operating in organisms: one that seeks to restore the equilibrium of inorganic life, to get back to the peace before birth, which is the death drive; and one that seeks to carry life forward, to bind life up, to make more life, which is the life instinct, or Eros.

He allows in the book that he is echoing Schopenhauer on will (death-drive) and representation (life-drive), and the translator's introduction draws Nietzsche into it (presumably, Apollo = Eros and Dionysus = Thanatos). But Freud's emphases are rather different from those of the earlier philosophers, both of whom conferred a kind of Gothic glamor on the Dionysian will-to-nothingness underlying organic existence; Freud--less reactionary but more conservative, you might say--is on the side of life; he seems to see neurosis as the death-drive's desperate end-run around Eros, the defeat of the capacity for love on the way back to the placid equilibrium of the rocks and stones and trees. This, the romance with death, is the sickness that needs to be cured in the eyes of Father Freud, the last Abrahamic patriarch, the last priest of Apollo, our last defender, albeit disguised as mere scientist, of Hebraic and Hellenic idealism both. Toward the end of the book, he asserts:

Our views have from the very first been dualistic, and to-day they are even more definitely dualistic than before--now that we describe the opposition as being, not between ego instincts and sexual instincts but between life instincts and death instincts.


And after that, he nearly exclaims:

The pleasure principle seems actively to serve the death instincts.


This is, incidentally, a jargon-heavy book, a scientist's labor full of qualification and hesitations and humble assurances, not a work of Schopenhauerean lucidity or Nietzschean excitement--you will have to go well beyond the pleasure principle to read it! What if Eros in literature manifests as difficulty? Maybe there's something to be guilty about in guilty-pleasure reading after all.
185 reviews9 followers
May 27, 2022
I enjoy reading Freud. One one page he'll give a persona anecdote he noticed, about a baby playing a game of throwing a ball and going to retrieve it. On the next page, he takes uses this anecdote as clear evidence for a psychological theory of how our minds work. Then, he falters, questions himself and back tracks. His style is funny to read. You know that he's certain of what he's saying, but he back peddles to make sure you're with him. He lays down the breadcrumbs and once you've followed the trail and eaten them up, he questions whether he's mislead you.

In this book, he develops a new principle in human nature: the death instinct. His earlier work on the pleasure principle showed that we repress things to avoid unpleasure. Here he takes it a bit further, suggesting that our earlier attempts at sexual pleasure were unsuccessful (children don't get to have sex with their nannies) and so later in life we repeat this form of frustration ("I suck at my job, I can't do anything right"). We are compelled to repeat this frustration over and over. Whereas the pleasure principle is a drive towards the prolongation of life, this more primitive instinct is one towards death. These instincts are seen in repetitions seeking to restore earlier states of being. Children love watching the same movie over and over again, hoping to return to the pleasure of the first viewing. Adults might get stuck in the same self-destructive habits, hoping for a return to how things were.

I highly recommend this book, for his ideas and style. Freud's ideas have become ingrained in our society and it's good to read the original and understand where they came from.
Profile Image for 兀賲賻賱.
140 reviews78 followers
August 6, 2017
賰丕賱毓丕丿丞 兀爻賱賵亘 賮乇賵賷丿 - 賵賱丕 兀毓賱賲 兀賴賵 兀爻賱賵亘賴 兀賲 賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞- 孬賯賷賱 :)
兀爻鬲睾乇賯鬲 賲丿丞 胤賵賷賱丞 賮賷 賯乇丕卅鬲賴 乇睾賲 賯賱丞 氐賮丨丕鬲賴貙 賲夭丕賲賳丞 賲毓 賰鬲丕亘賴賽 丕賱丌禺乇 "丕賱丨賱賲 賵鬲兀賵賷賱賴" 丨賷孬 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱孬丕賳賷 兀鬲賶 賲賮氐賱賾丕賸 賱夭毓賲賴賽 賴賳丕 兀賳 丕賱兀丨賱丕賲 賵爻丕卅賱 賱賱廿卮亘丕毓貙 賵賰賳鬲賷噩丞貙 賮賰賱 廿卮亘丕毓 賷丐丿賷 廿賱賶 賱匕丞.
賮賱賳爻賲賷賽賴 : 賰鬲丕亘 "賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭"貙 丨賷孬 兀賳 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱賰賱賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀乇丕丿 賮乇賵賷丿 廿賷氐丕賱賴丕 賴賵 兀賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱馗賵丕賴乇 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 氐丕丿乇丞 毓賳 睾乇丕卅夭貙 賵賴匕賴賽 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭貙 亘丕禺鬲賱丕賮 兀賳賵丕毓賴丕貙 鬲毓賲賱 賵賮賯 賲賮賴賵賲 兀賵 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞貙 賵丕賱兀賱賲 賴賵 賳鬲賷噩丞 鬲賵鬲乇 丨丕氐賱貙 賵賮賷 廿夭丕賱鬲賴 兀賵 匕賴丕亘賴 丨丿賵孬 丕賱賱匕丞貙 賵毓賲賱 丕賱丿丕賮毓 丕賱睾乇賷夭賷 賴賵 禺賮囟 丕賱鬲賵鬲乇 賵廿夭丕賱鬲賴..
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賲賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱睾乇賷亘丞 丕賱鬲賷 匕賰乇賴丕 賴賵 " 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱賲賵鬲" 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賴丿賮 廿賱賶 丕賱賴丿賲 賵丕賱鬲賮賰賷賰 賵廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱丨賷丕丞貙 賵賷賯丕亘賱賴丕 睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱丨亘 賵丕賱丨賷丕丞.. 賵兀賳 丕賱賲丕夭賵禺賷丞 賵丕賱爻丕丿賷丞 賳賲賵匕噩 賱睾乇丕卅夭 丕賱賴丿賲....!!
丿爻賲 丨賯賷賯丞賸貙 賯丿 兀毓丿賾賴 兀賮囟賱 賰鬲亘 賮乇賵賷丿 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 丨鬲賶 丕賱丌賳貙 丕賱匕賷 胤丕賱賲丕 丕鬲禺匕 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞 兀爻丕爻丕賸 賷購賮爻賾乇 亘賴賽 丕賱馗賵丕賴乇 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賵丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱毓氐亘賷丞
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賴賱 賷爻賷胤乇 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賱匕丞 毓賱賶 丕鬲噩丕賴丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賲賷丕鬲 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞責 賵賴賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賲賱賷丕鬲 賲氐丨賵亘丞 亘賴丕 兀賵 賲丐丿賷丞 廿賱賷賴丕責 賵賲丕 賴賵丕賱兀賱賲責
廿噩丕亘丞 賴匕賴賽 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賱丕鬲 賵兀禺乇賶 . . 賴賷 賮丨賵賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘..

#Re-READ
Profile Image for Lina.
226 reviews15 followers
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August 23, 2021
Hm鈥aip鈥δ宨a tur臈t懦 rastis mano nuomon臈 ar 寞sp奴dis apie 拧i膮 Froido knyg膮. Tai 拧tai鈥i b奴t懦 tokia鈥�
鈥︹赌︹赌︹赌︹赌�
鈥�.
..
Labai sunku man kalb臈ti apie k奴rin寞 (tiksliau tris Froido k奴rinius), kurie para拧yti prie拧 拧imt膮 met懦 ir be abejo tur臈jo ir vis dar turi did啪iul臋 reik拧m臋 ir 寞tak膮 拧iandienos psichoanalizei ir psichologijai. Prisipa啪insiu, labai daug dalyk懦 nesupratau. Gal kai kurios s膮vokos buvo neai拧kios (g臈da b奴t懦, kai ne vienerius metus jas studijavau 馃檲), gal 拧imtme膷io senumo kalba su savo savitumais. Nors, pripa啪inkim, ir tie patys froidisti拧ki erosizmai ne kart膮 ver膷ia purtyti galv膮. Jungas 臈jo pla膷iau ir toliau nei tai ir tod臈l juo labai tikiu. Tuo tarpu Froidas taip pat buvo 寞啪valgus ir anaiptol ne riboto m膮stymo, bet daug kas tiesiog nebelimpa 拧i懦 dien懦 kontekste.

Dabar manau, kad siekiant i拧 esm臈s suprasti Froid膮 reikia eiti tuo pa膷iu keliu kaip ir jis ir prad臈ti pa啪int寞 nuo pirm懦j懦 jo veikal懦 einant per juos chronologi拧kai. O tuomet gilintis 寞 jo lai拧kus su bendramin膷iais bei pastar懦j懦 darbus.

Perskai膷ius 拧i膮 knygut臋 (ma啪a j寞 dyd啪iu, ne reik拧me) atsirado daugiau strukt奴ros ir 啪inojimo, kas yra ir kaip veikia Ego, Id, superEgo/ ego idealas, kas nutinka, kad 啪mogui pasirei拧kia tam tikri psichologiniai sunkumai (neuroz臈s, anot autoriaus), buvau keistai supa啪indinta su homoseksualumu (taip ir nesupratau, k膮 pats Froidas apie tai galvoja, bet vartoja s膮voka 拧alia sutrikim懦 bei gi tam tikr懦 Ego veikim懦), na ir dar 拧is bei tas.

Sunku kalb臈ti apie tokio svorio k奴rin寞 ir juolab j寞 vertinti, bet jei taip kaip draugas draugui鈥� jei neb奴tina, neskaityk鈥rba prad臈k nuo paprastesn臈s, labiau apibendrintos teorijos, nes sunku bus suprast, nu鈥�
Profile Image for Griffin Duffey.
73 reviews9 followers
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June 11, 2023
Say anything you want about Freud, the man modeled a radical openness to being wrong and changing his views over time, which is rare for thinkers of any period.

The first half of this work is very fascinating, and my first encounter of Freud discussing trauma, repetition, compulsion, instinct, and death while also tying it all together with familiar concepts like libido, childhood sexual development, enjoyment, and others.

The second half got much more speculative. He attempted to theorize instinct as a 鈥榓 need to restore an earlier state of things.鈥� (pg. 51) and found biologically predisposed self-destruction to be a fundamental phenomenon in cellular life processes that could be scaled up to 鈥榟igher-beings鈥� (i.e. humans.)

I had a worry he would bring up Plato鈥檚 Symposium in order to theorize a kind of primordial state of unity towards which we (via our instincts) forever reach towards through sexual union, and in which would be another imbalance which we strive to equalize.

Neither of these things are insane things to think. There鈥檚 a bit of a problematic conservative logic to it (particularly in the latter extension of what the drives aim at) but, again, Freud views these musings on biology as nothing to hang your hat on. Overall, it might be the most interesting work of Freud鈥檚 I鈥檝e read yet.
Profile Image for Ivan Herrejon.
16 reviews5 followers
August 10, 2018
In "Beyond the Pleasure principle," Freud introduced the concept of the death drive. Up until now, Freud had asserted that most of human behavior could be attributed to the seeking of pleasure, which allows us to live longer and reproduce (an example of this life drive is the pleasure people obtain from eating, sleeping, having sex, etc.). The death principle is the opposite of this. Freud first noticed that this instinct manifested through the compulsion to repeat, especially in one of the three categories of dreams, the first two being wish-fulfillments and anxiety dreams. In the first two categories, Freud still showed that they are able to provide individuals with some form of pleasure. However, the third one, also known as punishment dreams, do not apparently do so. Why do people keep dreaming about things that gave them trauma? Why do people keep dreaming about things that provide them with negative feedback? The answer is that through repetition there is a mastery over the emotional experience and a diminished sensation of emotions. This also happens with pleasurable things such as tolerance of drugs such as when the exact same dose of a drug, after chronic use, produces less of an effect. Or how a joke, after being listened to multiple times is no longer funny.

This means that there is an economic system made out of pleasure and unpleasure tensions. The first example of the pleasure principle being inhibited is with the reality principle (babies cannot cry for a cookie, they have to learn to eat a "proper" meal first, say please, wait until tomorrow because he/she had already ate a few, etc.), which occurs through unpleasurable experiences (the baby's immediate desire to eat the cookie was unfulfilled). "In the course of things it happens again and again that individual instincts (drives) or parts of instincts turn out to be incompatible in their aims or demands with the remaining ones, which are able to combine into the inclusive unity of the ego."Thus, the dynamic system of the drives can be reduced to not a life vs death, but organic vs psychical where ego is the last defense.

Going back to the repetition of trauma in dreams, it appears that there are masochistic trends in the ego. This occurs because the death drive is redirected to the ego. Or in other words, there is a reunification in the ego done by self-deprecation and self-rejection. An example Freud uses to showcase Eros vs Thanatos is of a little kid who created a game in which he throws his toys, the ones that give him pleasure, away over and over again. This repetition gave him the mastery over the feeling produced when an object that gave him pleasure was lost or in his case when his mother left. Of course the feeling of abandonment forms part of the feeling of unpleasure. I found interesting that even though Freud developed many of his theories through clinical experiences with his patients, he wrote "no certain decision can be reached from the analysis of a single case like this."

He mentioned that the patients resistances arise from the ego and that the compulsion to repeat should be attributed to the unconscious repressed. "It seems probable that the compulsion can only express itself after the work of treatment has gone half-way to meet it and has loosened the repression." Therefore, liberation of the repressed produces unpleasure. "Our efforts, on the other hand, are directed towards procuring the toleration of that unpleasure by an appeal to the reality principle." In other words, compulsion to repeat is the manifestation of the power of the repressed.

Some points that I found interesting were that a sense of inferiority is common in neurotics, that they seek to bring interruption into treatment by demonstrating a compulsion to repeat, and that the unconscious is timeless. Moreover, He continued, without challenging it, with the idea that consciousness was attributed by the cortex, which is something that now we know is not true. Freud stated that he was going to introduce biological speculation to support the idea of a drive aimed at destruction. He ended this section by stating that he was not confident he could believe in the hypothesis he provided, which we now know is not true. Nevertheless, the idea of the death drive is accepted in psychoanalytic communities. So the question arises of what are the implications of this drive and what are the dynamics it plays with the pleasure principle.

Well, if the ego is the true and original reservoir of libido, then, narcissism is when an individual retains his libido in his ego and pays none of it out in object cathexes. The same thing happens with the death drive. Masochism is the death drive retained in the ego. "Is it not plausible to suppose that this sadism is in fact a death drive which, under the influence of the narcissistic libido, has been forced away from the ego and has consequently only emerged in relation to the ego?" It seems that both drives are also intertwined: that pleasure only comes about by the destruction of the object such as food that has to be destroyed in order to be enjoyed. Love from the object also equals its destruction.

Freud said "the aim of all life is death."
Schopenhauer stated "while the sexual instinct is the embodiment of the will to live."
Profile Image for Lauren McDonald.
386 reviews18 followers
January 19, 2021
While I found this reading very engaging and intriguing it is also very obviously outdated and it was for a class, therefore I don't want 欧宝娱乐 recommending me similar books hehe
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