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Naked
丕賱兀賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕賻
毓夭賷夭賷 丕賱賯丕乇卅貙 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱匕賷 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賰 賴賵 兀賮囟賱 賵兀爻賴賱 賲丕 賰鬲亘 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 賮賴賵 賲賯丿賲丞 鬲卮乇丨 賰賱 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賱賲貙 賵丕賱賰鬲丕亘 禺丕賱 鬲賲丕賲丕 賲賳 丕賱賲毓丕丿賱丕鬲貙 賵丕賱乇爻賵賲 丕賱亘賷丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲毓賯丿丞 丨鬲賶 丕賱兀賱賮丕馗 鬲賲 丕禺鬲賷丕乇賴丕 賱鬲賰賵賳 爻賴賱丞 賵賵丕囟丨丞.
賷毓鬲賲丿 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賶 兀賲孬賱丞 丨賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱賲毓丕卮貙 賮賰賱 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賵乇丿賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賳賱賲爻賴丕 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞 賲毓 丕賱毓賱賲 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷禺丕胤亘 丕賱賲鬲禺氐氐賷賳 賮賯胤 亘賱 賰賱 丕賱胤亘賯丕鬲 廿匕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓賲丿 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮乇丨 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賮賷 賰賱賲丕鬲 賵兀賲孬賱丞 賳爻鬲禺丿賲賴丕 賵賳賲丕乇爻賴丕 賰賱 賷賵賲. 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷毓賱賲 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賰賱 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 亘卮賰賱 卮賷賯 賵賲賲鬲毓貙 賮賴賵 鈥� 丿賵賳 賲亘丕賱睾丞 鈥� 亘賴 賰賱 賲丕 鬲丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賷賴 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿. - 丕賱賲氐丿乇 賲賯丿賲丞 丕賱賳丕卮乇 : 賰賱賲丕鬲 毓乇亘賷丞
賷毓鬲賲丿 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賶 兀賲孬賱丞 丨賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱賲毓丕卮貙 賮賰賱 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賵乇丿賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賳賱賲爻賴丕 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞 賲毓 丕賱毓賱賲 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷禺丕胤亘 丕賱賲鬲禺氐氐賷賳 賮賯胤 亘賱 賰賱 丕賱胤亘賯丕鬲 廿匕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓賲丿 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮乇丨 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賮賷 賰賱賲丕鬲 賵兀賲孬賱丞 賳爻鬲禺丿賲賴丕 賵賳賲丕乇爻賴丕 賰賱 賷賵賲. 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷毓賱賲 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賰賱 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 亘卮賰賱 卮賷賯 賵賲賲鬲毓貙 賮賴賵 鈥� 丿賵賳 賲亘丕賱睾丞 鈥� 亘賴 賰賱 賲丕 鬲丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賷賴 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿. - 丕賱賲氐丿乇 賲賯丿賲丞 丕賱賳丕卮乇 : 賰賱賲丕鬲 毓乇亘賷丞
311 pages, ebook
First published January 1, 2002
2,283 people are currently reading
29.1k people want to read
About the author
Charles Wheelan
20听books498听followersCharles Wheelan is a senior lecturer and policy fellow at the Rockefeller Center at Dartmouth College. He joined the Dartmouth faculty fulltime in June of 2012.
Wheelan鈥檚 most recent book, Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data, was released by W.W. Norton in January of 2013. Three weeks later, it reached the New York Times bestseller list for hardback nonfiction. The San Francisco Chronicle called it a 鈥渂rilliant, funny new book.鈥� The New York Times described Wheelan as 鈥渢he Dave Barry of the coin-flipping set.鈥�
From 2004 to 2012, Wheelan was a senior lecturer in public policy at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago. He taught several courses on understanding the policy process for Master鈥檚 students. For the 2004-05 academic year, he was voted Professor of the Year in a Non-Core Course by the Harris School student body.
In the fall of 2005, Wheelan created and taught the inaugural International Policy Practicum (IPP), in which 12 students studied economic reform in India for an academic term followed by a 10-day trip to Bangalore and Delhi to meet with economists, politicians, educators, civic leaders, and other experts. Subsequent IPPs have visited Brazil; Jordan and Israel; Turkey; Cambodia; and Rwanda and Madagascar.
In March of 2009, Wheelan ran unsuccessfully for Congress as the representative from the Illinois 5th District in the special election to replace Rahm Emanuel. In its editorial assessing the race, the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, 鈥淰oters will find a ballot filled with impressive and thoughtful candidates . . . especially Charlie Wheelan, a University of Chicago lecturer who combines a razor-sharp mind with a boatload of charm and an impressive expertise in economics and foreign policy. We expect great things from Wheelan in the future.鈥�
Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Chicago, Wheelan was Director of Policy and Communications for Chicago Metropolis 2020, a business-backed civic group promoting healthy regional growth in the Chicago area.
From 1997 to 2002, Wheelan was the Midwest correspondent for The Economist. His story on America鈥檚 burgeoning ex-convict population was the August 10, 2002, cover story. He has written freelance articles for the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and other publications.
Wheelan鈥檚 first book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, was published by W.W. Norton & Company in 2002. The book, an accessible and entertaining introduction to economics for lay readers, was released in paperback in September 2003 and is now published in 13 languages, including Arabic and Hebrew. The Chicago Tribune described Naked Economics as 鈥渃lear, concise, informative and (gasp) witty.鈥�
In 2007, Naked Economics was selected by 360 Degrees of Reading as one of the 360 books that every college bound student should read, alongside authors ranging from Sophocles to Malcolm X. Naked Economics was also selected as one The 100 Best Business Books of All Time by 800-CEO-READ.
Wheelan is also the author of 10 陆 Things No Commencement Speaker Has Ever Said and An Introduction to Public Policy, a comprehensive textbook on public policy published by W.W. Norton in November of 2010.
Wheelan holds a Ph.D. in public policy from the University of Chicago, a Master鈥檚 in Public Affairs from Princeton University, and a B.A. from Dartmouth College. He lives in Chicago with his wife and three children.
Wheelan鈥檚 most recent book, Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data, was released by W.W. Norton in January of 2013. Three weeks later, it reached the New York Times bestseller list for hardback nonfiction. The San Francisco Chronicle called it a 鈥渂rilliant, funny new book.鈥� The New York Times described Wheelan as 鈥渢he Dave Barry of the coin-flipping set.鈥�
From 2004 to 2012, Wheelan was a senior lecturer in public policy at the Harris School of Public Policy at the University of Chicago. He taught several courses on understanding the policy process for Master鈥檚 students. For the 2004-05 academic year, he was voted Professor of the Year in a Non-Core Course by the Harris School student body.
In the fall of 2005, Wheelan created and taught the inaugural International Policy Practicum (IPP), in which 12 students studied economic reform in India for an academic term followed by a 10-day trip to Bangalore and Delhi to meet with economists, politicians, educators, civic leaders, and other experts. Subsequent IPPs have visited Brazil; Jordan and Israel; Turkey; Cambodia; and Rwanda and Madagascar.
In March of 2009, Wheelan ran unsuccessfully for Congress as the representative from the Illinois 5th District in the special election to replace Rahm Emanuel. In its editorial assessing the race, the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, 鈥淰oters will find a ballot filled with impressive and thoughtful candidates . . . especially Charlie Wheelan, a University of Chicago lecturer who combines a razor-sharp mind with a boatload of charm and an impressive expertise in economics and foreign policy. We expect great things from Wheelan in the future.鈥�
Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Chicago, Wheelan was Director of Policy and Communications for Chicago Metropolis 2020, a business-backed civic group promoting healthy regional growth in the Chicago area.
From 1997 to 2002, Wheelan was the Midwest correspondent for The Economist. His story on America鈥檚 burgeoning ex-convict population was the August 10, 2002, cover story. He has written freelance articles for the Chicago Tribune, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and other publications.
Wheelan鈥檚 first book, Naked Economics: Undressing the Dismal Science, was published by W.W. Norton & Company in 2002. The book, an accessible and entertaining introduction to economics for lay readers, was released in paperback in September 2003 and is now published in 13 languages, including Arabic and Hebrew. The Chicago Tribune described Naked Economics as 鈥渃lear, concise, informative and (gasp) witty.鈥�
In 2007, Naked Economics was selected by 360 Degrees of Reading as one of the 360 books that every college bound student should read, alongside authors ranging from Sophocles to Malcolm X. Naked Economics was also selected as one The 100 Best Business Books of All Time by 800-CEO-READ.
Wheelan is also the author of 10 陆 Things No Commencement Speaker Has Ever Said and An Introduction to Public Policy, a comprehensive textbook on public policy published by W.W. Norton in November of 2010.
Wheelan holds a Ph.D. in public policy from the University of Chicago, a Master鈥檚 in Public Affairs from Princeton University, and a B.A. from Dartmouth College. He lives in Chicago with his wife and three children.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,372 reviews
January 9, 2012
A highly ideological piece masquerading as a non-controversial introduction to economics. Wheelan proclaims that economics is amoral and apolitical, and then goes on to give very detailed political descriptions about what government should be. He also seems attached to the false dichotomy of 'free' markets vs. communist state economies - though he does recognize that the neoconservative vision that markets will operate efficiently without government is, as he puts it, 'nonsense.'
I wanted to read this book in part because it has been so well read by many people my age, many who draw their primary arguments about economics and politics from Wheelan and others like him. Thus far, it has reinforced my impression that economists tend to lack any understanding/analysis of power in their work, and furthermore, that they could all stand to study a little ethics and anthropology, as well as some non behavioristic/deterministic psychology. There is little sense of the way cultural norms and social institutions shape human action, or the possibility for truly deeper understandings of human motivations for action beyond simple strivings for 'utility.' Yes, he tries to provide a definition for 'utility' beyond simply maximizing wealth, but all of his examples tend to flatten utility down to a question of price.
I actually finally put the book down because it was getting too annoying. Probably the most annoying argument, for me, was the standard 'sweatshops are good for people because otherwise they wouldn't have jobs.' The inadequate reasoning in such a statement has always baffled me. It assumes that what people need are jobs. This, in fact, is not the case. People need food and shelter and a decent quality of life. It so happens that currently, having a job is the predominant way many people gain access to food, shelter, and a decent quality of life. But sometimes - like for many people who work for close to little pay - a job does not in fact help one gain access to this, and instead traps one into a cycle of ever-tightening dependency on your employer while you live an increasingly impoverished and increasingly controlled life. Is this better than being impoverished but independent? I tend to think not.
I wanted to read this book in part because it has been so well read by many people my age, many who draw their primary arguments about economics and politics from Wheelan and others like him. Thus far, it has reinforced my impression that economists tend to lack any understanding/analysis of power in their work, and furthermore, that they could all stand to study a little ethics and anthropology, as well as some non behavioristic/deterministic psychology. There is little sense of the way cultural norms and social institutions shape human action, or the possibility for truly deeper understandings of human motivations for action beyond simple strivings for 'utility.' Yes, he tries to provide a definition for 'utility' beyond simply maximizing wealth, but all of his examples tend to flatten utility down to a question of price.
I actually finally put the book down because it was getting too annoying. Probably the most annoying argument, for me, was the standard 'sweatshops are good for people because otherwise they wouldn't have jobs.' The inadequate reasoning in such a statement has always baffled me. It assumes that what people need are jobs. This, in fact, is not the case. People need food and shelter and a decent quality of life. It so happens that currently, having a job is the predominant way many people gain access to food, shelter, and a decent quality of life. But sometimes - like for many people who work for close to little pay - a job does not in fact help one gain access to this, and instead traps one into a cycle of ever-tightening dependency on your employer while you live an increasingly impoverished and increasingly controlled life. Is this better than being impoverished but independent? I tend to think not.
June 1, 2007
Why did the chicken cross the road? To maximize his utility!
If you like this joke as much as I do, congratulations! You're an uber-nerd, and this is the perfect book for you. If you don't like the joke, stay away from my parties. Either way, this book is a very thorough, very clear explanation of a good foundation of economic principles, written with the non-Economists among us in mind. Why are tariffs bad? In what ways are sweatshops good? Why does everyone care so much about interest rates, and how do they affect me? These are the kinds of questions Wheelan addresses, but not in a stuffy, boring, academic "here's where the supply curve meets the demand curve" kind of way. Naked Economics is the economics professor with a few drinks in him, explaining these concepts in plain English with amusing anecdotes and relevant examples. He explains why certain things in the real world work as they do, why others should but don't, and what people and governments can do to address them. Kudos to Wheelan for spreading the Economics love, and, for the rest of you, read up. I'll be testing you the next time I see you.
If you like this joke as much as I do, congratulations! You're an uber-nerd, and this is the perfect book for you. If you don't like the joke, stay away from my parties. Either way, this book is a very thorough, very clear explanation of a good foundation of economic principles, written with the non-Economists among us in mind. Why are tariffs bad? In what ways are sweatshops good? Why does everyone care so much about interest rates, and how do they affect me? These are the kinds of questions Wheelan addresses, but not in a stuffy, boring, academic "here's where the supply curve meets the demand curve" kind of way. Naked Economics is the economics professor with a few drinks in him, explaining these concepts in plain English with amusing anecdotes and relevant examples. He explains why certain things in the real world work as they do, why others should but don't, and what people and governments can do to address them. Kudos to Wheelan for spreading the Economics love, and, for the rest of you, read up. I'll be testing you the next time I see you.
May 8, 2012
賷鬲胤乇賾賯 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賱賶 亘毓囟 賲賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 鬲兀孬賷乇丕賸 賮賷 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 貙 賵 賱賰賳賴 賷購亘爻賾胤 丕賱乇賵丕爻禺 丕賱賲毓賯賾丿丞 兀賵 賷鬲禺胤賾丕賴丕 亘丕賱賰丕賲賱 . 賷購睾胤賷 賰賱 賮氐賱 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲丐賱賮 賮賷 賰賱 賲賳賴丕 賰鬲丕亘丕賸 賰丕賲賱丕賸 .
孬賲賾丞 賳賯丕胤 孬丕賳賵賷賾丞 賮賷 賰賱 賮氐賱賺 鬲購卮賰賱 賰賱 賲賳賴丕 丕賱丌賳 丨賷丕丞 賲賴賳賷賾丞 兀賰丕丿賷賲賷賾丞 賰丕賲賱丞 . 賱丕賷丨鬲丕噩 丕賱賲乇亍 兀賳 賷鬲賰亘賾丿 丕賱毓賳丕亍 賱賰賷 賷購丿乇賰 毓馗賲丞 卮卅賺 賲丕 貙
賮賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 睾賷乇 賲賵噩賾賴 賱賲丨丿賵丿賷 丕賱賮賴賲 亘賱 賲賵噩賾賴 賱賱兀匕賰賷丕亍 賲賲賳 賱賲 賷丿乇爻賵丕 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賲賳 賯亘賱 . 廿賳 賲毓馗賲 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲賴賲賾丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 鬲爻鬲鬲乇 禺賱賮 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賲賳 丕賱兀睾胤賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳胤賵賷 毓賱賶 賰孬賷乇賺 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿 賵 丕賱鬲賷 賲鬲賶 兀夭丨賳丕賴丕 毓賳賴丕 賳噩丿購 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 亘丿賴賷賾丞 賮賷 丕賱兀氐賱 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱賲賯氐賵丿 亘賭 " 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕賸 " !
- 賱丕賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 鬲賯鬲氐賽乇 賯乇丕亍丞 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓賱賶 丕賱禺亘乇丕亍 賮丨爻亘 . 賷噩亘購 兀賳 鬲鬲賵賮賾乇 賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 毓賳 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賱賲 賷爻鬲賲鬲毓 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕 丕賱賳丕爻 鬲賲丕賲丕賸 賲孬賱賲丕 賷爻鬲賲鬲毓賵賳 亘賯乇丕亍丕鬲賴賲 毓賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱兀賴賱賷賾丞 兀賵 丕賱爻賾賷乇丞 丕賱匕賾丕鬲賷賾丞 賱兀丨丿 丕賱賲卮丕賴賷乇 *
- 賷亘賯賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賲賵丕胤賳賷賳丕 賷購毓丕賳賵賳 賲賳 丕賱兀賲賷賾丞 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾丞 !*
- 賱賲丕匕丕 噩毓賱 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賳賴賷賻丕乇 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷 兀賲乇丕賸 丨鬲賲賷賾丕賸 責
賱兀賳 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱賲賵丕乇丿 亘丿賵賳 賳馗丕賲 鬲爻毓賷乇 兀賲乇 睾丕賷丞 賮賷 丕賱氐毓賵亘丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丿賶 丕賱亘毓賷丿 .*
- 賲丕賴賷 丕賱賮賵丕卅丿 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賳丨賴丕 丕賱賲丿禺賳賵賳 賱睾賷乇 丕賱賲丿禺賳賷賳 責 賷賲賵鬲 丕賱賲丿禺賳賷賳 賲亘賰賾乇丕賸 貙 賵 賴匕丕 賷賵賮賾乇 賲夭賷丿丕賸 賲賳 丕賱鬲兀賲賷賳 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 賵 賲夭賷丿丕賸 賲賳 丕賱賲毓丕卮丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷賾丞 賱賳丕 噩賲賷毓丕賸 ! *
- 賱賲丕匕丕 賷購毓丿 賲賳丨 丕賱賲賵馗賮丕鬲 廿噩丕夭丕鬲 乇毓丕賷丞 丕賱胤賮賱 兀賲乇丕賸 鬲鬲囟乇賾乇 賲賳賴 丕賱兀禺乇賷丕鬲 責 賱兀賳 兀乇亘丕亘 丕賱毓賲賱 鬲賳賲賵丕 賱丿賷賴賲 賳夭毓丞 鬲賮乇賯丞 囟丿 丕賱賲乇兀丞 兀孬賳丕亍 毓賲賱賷賾丞 丕賱鬲毓賷賷賳 !*
- 賲購毓馗賲 胤賱丕亘 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 丕賱兀賰孬乇 賳亘賵睾丕賸 賲賲賳 賱丿賷賴賲 賳賴賲 賱賱賲毓乇賮丞 賷購毓丕賳賵賳 兀孬賳丕亍 丿乇丕爻鬲賴賲 賱賲丕丿丞 ( 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 佟贍佟 ) *
- 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賷禺亘乇賳丕 毓賳 賲卮丕賰賱 爻賷丕爻賷賾丞 .*
- 禺賱賯 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賮賷 丕賱毓賯丿 丕賱賲丕囟賷 貙 賰賱 賴匕丕 丿賵賳 兀賳 鬲丨丕賵賱 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 鬲賯爻賷賲 爻丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓賲賱 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 !*
- 賲毓馗賲 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾丞 丕賱賲賴賲賾丞 兀賮賰丕乇賹 亘丿賴賷賾丞 貙 賮賴賷 鬲爻鬲賲丿 賯賵鬲賴丕 賲賳 賲賳胤賯賷賾鬲賴丕 賵 賯丿乇鬲賴丕 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲賷毓丕亘 丕賱賲卮丕賰賱 丕賱賷賵賲賷賾丞 .*
- 賱丕賷鬲賱賯賶 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 賮丕鬲賵乇丞 毓賳 賰賱 賲丕賷購爻亘賾亘賵賳賴 賲賳 囟乇乇賺 亘丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲賱賯丕賴丕 賮賷 氐賵乇丞 鬲賱賵賾孬 賱賱賴賵丕亍 賵 丕丨鬲亘丕爻 丨乇丕乇賷 賵 夭丨賮 毓賲乇丕賳賷 *
- 賷賯丿賲 賱賳丕 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱賷賾丞 丕賱賮毓賾丕賱丞 貙 丕賱鬲賷 賱賷爻鬲 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 賲毓賯賾丿丞 亘賱 賷賲賰賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴丕 賱廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷賾丞 *
- 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賰賲孬賱 丕賱噩丕匕亘賷賾丞 丕賱兀乇囟賷賾丞 鬲鬲噩丕賴賱賴 賵 賲毓 匕賱賰 鬲噩丿 賳賮爻賰 丿丕禺賱賴 鬲賵丕噩賴 亘毓囟 丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 *
- 賷胤乇丨 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾賵賳 爻丐丕賱丕賸 賲噩丕夭賷賾丕賸 : 賲賳 賷購胤毓賲 亘丕乇賷爻 責 丕賱睾乇囟 賲賳賴 噩匕亘 丕賱丕賳鬲亘丕賴 廿賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賮賷囟夭賲賳 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱賷賵賲賷賾丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲氐乇賮 丕賱兀匕賴丕賳 毓賳 鬲賯毓賷賱 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱丨丿賷孬 .*
- 廿賳 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賴賵 賮賳 丕賱丕爻鬲賮丕丿丞 丕賱賯氐賵賶 賲賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞 . *
- 噩賵賳 亘乇賳丕乇丿 卮賵 . 賷購賯丿賾乇 丕賱亘賳賰 丕賱丿賵賱賷 毓賱賶 兀賳 賳氐賮 爻賰丕賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賷毓賷卮賵賳 毓賱賶 兀賯賱 賲賳 丿賵賱丕乇賷賳 賷賵賲賷丕賸 *
- 夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 賱賷爻鬲 賲乇丕丿賮丞 賱賱兀賳丕賳賷賾丞 *
- 廿賳 賴賳丕賰 毓丿丿丕賸 賱丕 賳賴丕卅賷丕賸 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 賳賯賵賲 亘毓賲賱賴丕 賮賷 兀賷 賵賯鬲 !*
- 賷鬲囟賲賾賳 兀賷 賯乇丕乇 賳鬲禺匕賴 賳賵毓丕賸 賲賳 爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕爻鬲亘丿丕丿 丕賱賭 trade-off . *
- 賯丿 賳鬲賳丕夭賱 丕賱賷賵賲 毓賳 賲賳賮毓丞 賲賯丕亘賱 賲賳賮毓丞 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 .*
- 丕賱丨賷丕丞 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賲賳 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲亘丿丕賱 賵 賰匕賱賰 丨丕賱 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 !*
- 廿賳 賰賱 賵丕丨丿賺 賲賳丕 賷購賵丕夭賳 - 丿賵賳 兀賳 賷丿乇賷 - 亘賷賳 丕賱賮丕卅丿丞 賲賳 賵乇丕亍 賰賱 卮卅 賷賮毓賱賴 賵 亘賷賳 賲丕 賷鬲賰賱賾賮賴 賱賮毓賱 賴匕丕 丕賱卮卅 .*
- 囟毓 賮賷 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賰 兀賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賲丿購賾賳丕 亘丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 賱丕 賷噩亘購 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 爻賽賱毓丕賸 賲丕丿賷賾丞 !* 丕賱鬲賰賱賮丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賱爻賱毓丞賺 賲丕 賴賷 賲賯丿丕乇 賲丕 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲鬲賳丕夭賱 毓賳賴 賲賳 兀卮賷丕亍 !*
- 兀賷 賳卮丕胤 鬲噩丕乇賷 賷丨丕賵賱 夭賷丕丿丞 兀乇亘丕丨賴 ( 兀賷 丕賱毓丕卅丿 亘毓丿 胤乇丨 鬲賰賱賮丞 廿賳鬲丕噩賴 ) .*
- 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲賯乇賾乇 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 賲丕匕丕 爻鬲賳鬲噩 賵 賰賷賮 賵 兀賷賳 爻鬲賳鬲噩賴 貙 賵 賰賲賷賾丞 賲丕爻鬲賳鬲噩賴 賵 丕賱爻毓乇 丕賱匕賷 爻鬲亘賷毓購 亘賴 匕賱賰 丕賱賲賳鬲噩 .*
- 丕賱賮乇賵賯 丕賱囟卅賷賱丞 賮賷 丕賱賲賵賴亘丞 賯丿 鬲鬲囟禺賲 廿賱賶 賮乇賵賯 毓賲賱丕賯丞 賮賷 丕賱兀噩賵乇 *
- 廿賳 賵噩賵丿 丕賱丿丕賮毓 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 兀賮囟賱 賯賱賷賱丕賸 賲賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱賲賳丕賮爻丞 *
- 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱爻賵賯 賯賵丞 賮毓丕賱丞 賱鬲丨賵賷賱 丨賷丕鬲賳丕 賱賱兀賮囟賱 *
- 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賵丨賷丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩賳賷 亘賴丕 兀賷賾丞 卮乇賰丞 兀乇亘丕丨丕賸 賴賷 : 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱爻賱毓 丕賱鬲賷 賷乇賷丿 丕賱賲爻鬲賴賱賰 卮乇丕亍賴丕 .*
- 丕賱兀乇亘丕丨 賴賷 丕賱賲丨乇賾賰 賱兀賰孬乇 兀毓賲丕賱賳丕 賯賷賲丞 *
- 丕賱爻購賾賵賯 賱丕賷賴鬲賲 亘丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷賾丕鬲 !*
- 丕賱爻賵賯 賲孬賱賴 賲孬賱 丕賱賲賳丕賵乇丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷賾丞 貙 賮賴賵 賯賵賾丞 賮毓賾丕賱丞 鬲爻鬲賲丿 胤丕賯鬲賴丕 賲賳 賲購爻丕賳丿丞 丕賱賯賵賷賾 賵 丕賱匕賰賷 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷賯鬲賳氐 丕賱賮乇賻氐 !*
- 丕賱賵馗賷賮丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷賾丞 賱兀賷 賳馗丕賲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾 賴賷 鬲丨丿賷丿 賲賳 爻賷丨氐賱 毓賱賶 賲丕匕丕 責 *
- 賱兀賳賳丕 賳爻鬲禺丿賲 丕賱兀爻毓丕乇 賱鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱爻賱毓 貙 賮丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯 鬲氐丨賾丨 兀禺胤丕亍賴丕 匕丕鬲賷丕賸 *
-廿匕丕 丕爻鬲賯乇賾鬲 丕賱兀爻毓丕乇 賮賷 賳馗丕賲 丕賱爻賵賯 賮爻賵賮 鬲噩丿 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐賾丞 胤乇賷賯丕賸 丌禺乇 賱賱賲賳丕賮爻賻丞 *
-廿賳 賰賱 鬲毓丕賲賱 丿丕禺賱 丕賱爻購賾賵賯 賷毓賵丿購 亘丕賱賲賰爻亘 毓賱賶 噩賲賷毓 丕賱兀胤乇丕賮 *
-毓亘丕乇丞 噩賵賳 賰賷賳丿賷 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞 " 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賱賷爻鬲 毓丿賱丕賸 " 賰匕賱賰 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷賾丞 賱賷爻鬲 毓丿賱丕賸 賮賷 亘毓囟 賲賱丕賲丨賴丕 丕賱賲賴賲丞 .*
- 毓賱丕賯丞 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱爻賵賯 亘毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 鬲購卮亘賴 鬲賲丕賲丕賸 毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷賾丞 亘丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 * 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯 鬲鬲賮賽賯 賲毓 賵噩賴丕鬲 賳馗乇賳丕 賮賷 丕賱丨乇賷賾丞 丕賱賮乇丿賷賾丞 *
-丨賷賳賲丕 鬲丨賰賾賲鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賾丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱賭 佗贍 賮賷 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賾丕鬲賴丕 亘賵丕爻胤丞 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 亘丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳賷賳 賮爻賻丿 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳 賲毓丕賸 *
- 丕賱氐乇丕毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賰丕賳 亘賷賳 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賾丞 賵 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷賾丞 賵 賮丕夭鬲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 *
- 廿賳 丕賱賲毓乇賰丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷賾丞 賱賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱賭 佗佟 爻鬲賰賵賳 丨賵賱 賰賷賮賷賾丞 鬲丨乇賷乇 兀爻賵丕賯賳丕 賲賳 丕賱賯賷賵丿 !*
June 8, 2015
賲賳匕 賲丿丞 賵兀賳丕 兀丨丕賵賱 丕賱賵賱賵噩 廿賱賶 毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱亘丨鬲貙 禺丕氐丞 亘毓丿 丕卮鬲睾丕賱賷 亘丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱爻賱賵賰賷 behavioural economic 賵丕賱匕賷 鬲禺丕賱賮 兀胤乇賵丨丕鬲賴 賵 睾丕賱亘 兀賮賰丕乇賴 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷 賲賳 丨賷孬 爻賱賵賰 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賲鬲賵賯毓.
賵賰賱賲丕 爻賲毓鬲 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷賷賳 兀賵听 賲乇乇賳 亘賴丕 卮毓乇鬲 亘噩賴賱賷 賲賳 噩賴丞貙 賵亘丨丕噩鬲賷 毓賱賶 賮賴賲 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賱賲 賲賳 噩賴丞 兀禺乇賶.
賵賯丿 賴丿丕賳賷 丕賱賱賴 賱賴匕丕丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賲賯丿賲丞 賵賲丿禺賱 賱賮賴賲 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 (亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賰鬲亘 兀禺乇賶 賵賮賷丿賷賵賴丕鬲) 兀乇噩賵 賲賳 丕賱賱賴 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賰丕賮賷丞 賵賵丕賮賷丞 賱賲賴鬲賲 睾賷乇 賲鬲禺氐氐 賲孬賱賷.
賷毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 (丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕) 賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 毓丿賷丿丞 賵賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 賷賰孬乇 鬲賰乇丕乇賴丕 賮賷 賲毓乇囟 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵兀丨賵丕賱賴 賵丕囟胤乇丕亘丕鬲賴 兀賵 鬲賯丿賲賴 兀賵 鬲禺賱賮賴. 賵賷毓乇囟 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱賱賲爻丕卅賱 毓乇囟 氐丨賮賷 亘丕乇毓貙 賮賱丕 賷賳賮賰 賷賳賯賱賰 賲賳 賲孬丕賱 廿賱賶 賲孬丕賱貙 賵賲賳 賳賲賵匕噩 鬲賵囟賷丨賷 廿賱賶 賳賲賵匕噩 丨鬲賶 鬲氐賱賰 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賳丕賯卮賴丕貙 賰賲丕 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 兀賯賵丕賱 鬲賵囟賷丨賷丞 賱兀亘乇夭 賲賮賰乇賷 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕爻鬲孬丕乇丞 兀爻卅賱丞 卮賷賯丞 鬲爻鬲賮夭 毓賯賱 丕賱賯丕乇賷亍 賱賲夭賷丿 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮賰乇 賵丕賱賮賴賲.
賵賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賲胤丕賮 鬲噩丿 兀賳 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 賱賷爻 卮賴丕丿丞 賵賲賴賳丞貙 亘賱 賴賵 胤乇賷賯丞 賱賮賴賲 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 胤乇丨 兀爻卅賱丞 兀卮丿 兀毓賲賯丕 毓賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲亘丿賵 兀賰孬乇 亘丿丕賴丞.
兀馗賳 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賶 鬲賳爻賷賯 賵鬲亘賵賷亘 兀賮囟賱貙 賵賷卮賰乇 賱丿丕乇 賰賱賲丕鬲 毓乇亘賷丞 丨爻賳 鬲乇噩賲鬲賴丕 賵噩賲丕賱 氐賷丕睾鬲賴丕.
賵賰賱賲丕 爻賲毓鬲 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷賷賳 兀賵听 賲乇乇賳 亘賴丕 卮毓乇鬲 亘噩賴賱賷 賲賳 噩賴丞貙 賵亘丨丕噩鬲賷 毓賱賶 賮賴賲 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賱賲 賲賳 噩賴丞 兀禺乇賶.
賵賯丿 賴丿丕賳賷 丕賱賱賴 賱賴匕丕丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賲賯丿賲丞 賵賲丿禺賱 賱賮賴賲 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 (亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賰鬲亘 兀禺乇賶 賵賮賷丿賷賵賴丕鬲) 兀乇噩賵 賲賳 丕賱賱賴 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賰丕賮賷丞 賵賵丕賮賷丞 賱賲賴鬲賲 睾賷乇 賲鬲禺氐氐 賲孬賱賷.
賷毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 (丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕) 賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 毓丿賷丿丞 賵賰孬賷乇丞 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 賷賰孬乇 鬲賰乇丕乇賴丕 賮賷 賲毓乇囟 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵兀丨賵丕賱賴 賵丕囟胤乇丕亘丕鬲賴 兀賵 鬲賯丿賲賴 兀賵 鬲禺賱賮賴. 賵賷毓乇囟 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱賱賲爻丕卅賱 毓乇囟 氐丨賮賷 亘丕乇毓貙 賮賱丕 賷賳賮賰 賷賳賯賱賰 賲賳 賲孬丕賱 廿賱賶 賲孬丕賱貙 賵賲賳 賳賲賵匕噩 鬲賵囟賷丨賷 廿賱賶 賳賲賵匕噩 丨鬲賶 鬲氐賱賰 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賳丕賯卮賴丕貙 賰賲丕 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 兀賯賵丕賱 鬲賵囟賷丨賷丞 賱兀亘乇夭 賲賮賰乇賷 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕爻鬲孬丕乇丞 兀爻卅賱丞 卮賷賯丞 鬲爻鬲賮夭 毓賯賱 丕賱賯丕乇賷亍 賱賲夭賷丿 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮賰乇 賵丕賱賮賴賲.
賵賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賲胤丕賮 鬲噩丿 兀賳 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿 賱賷爻 卮賴丕丿丞 賵賲賴賳丞貙 亘賱 賴賵 胤乇賷賯丞 賱賮賴賲 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 胤乇丨 兀爻卅賱丞 兀卮丿 兀毓賲賯丕 毓賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲亘丿賵 兀賰孬乇 亘丿丕賴丞.
兀馗賳 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賶 鬲賳爻賷賯 賵鬲亘賵賷亘 兀賮囟賱貙 賵賷卮賰乇 賱丿丕乇 賰賱賲丕鬲 毓乇亘賷丞 丨爻賳 鬲乇噩賲鬲賴丕 賵噩賲丕賱 氐賷丕睾鬲賴丕.
July 17, 2022
伽.佶
兀賱賯賷鬲 毓賱賶 毓鬲賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丨賲賱丕 孬賯賷賱丕貙 廿匕 丨賲賾賱鬲賴 毓亘亍 丕賱廿亘丕賳丞 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丌賱賷丞 毓賲賱賴貙 賵兀孬賯賱鬲 毓賱賷賴 亘鬲賴丿賷丿賴 兀賳賴丕 丕賱賮乇氐丞 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻兀賲賳丨賴丕 賱毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 廿匕 賷毓丿 丕賱賲噩丕賱 丕賱賵丨賷丿 -賵賴匕賴 賲賳 丕賱賳賵丕丿乇- 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賷賳丕賱 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賷 賱噩賲賵丿 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲賴 賵孬賯賱 賲丨丕囟乇丕鬲賴 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賷貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀噩丕丿 賮賰丕賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 賲賯丿賲丞 丿爻賲丞 鬲氐賱丨 賱賱賲丐賱賮丞 賯賱賵亘賴賲 -兀賲孬丕賱賷- 賮賷 亘賷丕賳 丕賱兀爻爻 賵鬲賯乇賷亘 丕賱氐賵乇丞.
賵賯丿 氐丿賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賵毓丿賴 亘兀賱丕 賷鬲囟賲賳 锟斤拷匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲禺胤胤丕鬲 兀賵 乇爻賵賲丕 亘賷丕賳賷丞貙 兀賵 賰賲丕 匕賰乇 亘兀賳賴 賱賳 賷賮毓賱 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱賴 賲賳 賷購爻兀賱 毓賳 丕賱噩賵 亘丕賱禺丕乇噩 賮賷噩賷亘 亘丿乇噩丞 丕賱丨乇丕乇丞貙 亘賱 亘賵氐賮 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇丕乇丞 賵亘賷丕賳 丌孬丕乇賴丕 賵胤亘賷毓鬲賴丕.
丕亘鬲丿丕亍: 兀毓鬲匕乇 賱賱毓賲 賲丕乇賰爻貙 賵賱賱乇賮賷賯 兀賳噩賱夭 丕賱匕賷 賱賲 鬲賲囟 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍丞 賰鬲丕亘賴 廿賱丕 兀爻丕亘賷毓 賲毓丿賵丿丞貙 廿匕 賵廿賳 亘丿鬲 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 兀卮賴賶 賵兀賯乇亘 賱賱賲孬丕賱賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賵乇賯貙 賮廿賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 鬲亘丿賵 兀賰孬乇 賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賳賮毓丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿貙 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 亘賱睾丞 賵丕賯毓賷丞..
賵兀睾賱亘 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 賲賴賲 賵兀爻丕爻賷貙 賱賰賳賳賷 兀禺胤兀鬲 丕賱爻丐丕賱 賵丕賱亘丨孬貙 賮賲賳胤賯丞 鬲爻丕丐賱丕鬲賷 鬲丿賵乇 丨賵賱 氐賵乇丞 賲毓賷賳丞 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 兀亘丨孬 毓賳 廿噩丕亘丞 鬲賮氐賷賱賷丞 賮賷 亘賷丕賳賴丕貙 賵賴賷 鬲賰賵賳 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱毓賲賱丞 丕賱賳賯丿賷丞 賵賰賷賮 丨賱鬲 賲丨賱 丕賱匕賴亘 賵丕賱賮囟丞 賵賳丨賵賴丕 賲賳 丕賱兀孬賲丕賳貙 孬賲 賲丕 賴賷 丌賱賷丞 毓賲賱 丕賱亘賳賵賰 丕賱賲乇賰夭賷丞貙 賵賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲囟禺賲 賮賷 丕賱賳賯丿貙 賵囟禺 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱..廿賱禺貙 賵賴賵 賵廿賳 兀卮丕乇 廿賱賶 亘毓囟賴丕 賴賳丕貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 兀噩丕亘 毓賳賴丕 亘丕爻鬲賮丕囟丞 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱丌禺乇 鈥溫з勝呚з� 毓丕乇賷丕鈥� 賵丕賱匕賷 爻賷賰賵賳 賴丿賮賷 丕賱賯丕丿賲 亘毓賵賳 丕賱賱賴.
賷匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賳賴 亘賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賷賴丿賲貙 丕鬲禺匕 乇卅賷爻 卮乇賰丞 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賯乇丕乇 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱氐賵丿丕 賲噩丕賳丕 毓亘乇 孬睾乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱噩丿丕乇貙 賵丕賱匕賷 兀丿賶 賱禺爻丕乇丞 賲丐賯鬲丞 賲賯丕亘賱 賲賳賮毓丞 賰亘乇賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丿賶 丕賱亘毓賷丿貙 廿匕 卮賯鬲 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 胤乇賷賯賴丕 賲亘賰乇丕 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵賰賵賳鬲 賱賴丕 爻賵賯丕 賯賵賷丞 賴賳丕賱賰 亘丕賱賮毓賱.
賱賲 鬲賯賲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丨賷賳賴丕 亘毓賲賱 廿賳爻丕賳賷貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻毓賶 廿賱賶 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘賳卮丕胤 鬲噩丕乇賷貙 賵鬲賵爻賷毓 賳胤丕賯 爻賵賯 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞貙 賵廿爻毓丕丿 丕賱賲爻丕賴賲賷賳. 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 噩賵賴乇 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞: 鬲丨丿賷丿 賵鬲乇鬲賷亘 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 亘胤乇賷賯丞 鬲噩毓賱 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 丕賱匕賷賳 賷毓賲賱賵賳 賱賲氐賱丨鬲賴賲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賷丨爻賾賳賵賳 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 賲毓馗賲 兀賮乇丕丿 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 -賵廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 噩賲賷毓賴賲-.
亘氐乇丕丨丞: 賲丕 兀噩賲賱 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 賲賳 丕賱胤乇賮 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱.. 賳毓賲貙 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱. 賵匕賱賰 賱兀賳 賯賵丕賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱賲賳賮毓丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賯賵丕賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞貙 丕賱睾賵賱 丕賱丨丕賱賷 賱賱亘卮乇賷丞貙 賵亘賮賴賲 賲丌賱丕鬲 亘毓囟 賯賵丕賳賷賳賴丕 丕賱鬲賷 鬲亘丿賵 賲毓丕丿賷丞 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 -賱丕爻賷賲丕 丕賱賮賯賷乇-貙 賷鬲亘賷賳 賱賰 賲丕 賷禺賮賷賴 毓賳賰 噩丿丕乇 丕賱丨丕囟乇貙 賮賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱匕賷 賷亘丿賵 賮賷賴 兀賳 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 丕賱兀爻爻 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賷鬲賳丕賲賶 賮賷 馗賱 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 乇睾亘丕鬲賳丕貙 賵丕賱丕賳鬲賮丕毓 賲賳 賲丨賮夭丕鬲賳丕 賵丿賵丕賮毓賳丕貙 賴匕丕 丕賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱匕賷 賷馗賴乇 亘丕丿賷 丕賱乇兀賷 噩卮毓丕 -賵賴賵 賰匕賱賰-貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賳毓丿丕賲賴 賰賲丕 賷丨賵賱 亘賷賳賳丕 賵亘賷賳 噩卮毓 丕賱鬲丕噩乇貙 賮廿賳賴 賷賯囟賷 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕賮毓 丕賱鬲賷 賳鬲噩鬲 毓賳 噩卮毓賴 賵丨乇氐賴 -丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賮賷 丕賱兀丿賵丕鬲 賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丞貙 賵乇睾丿 丕賱毓賷卮貙 廿賱禺-.
賵爻兀乇爻賲 賱賰 賲卮賴丿丕 賷鬲囟丨 亘賴 丕賱丨丿賷孬:
鈥溫ｂ€� 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賲爻鬲賵乇 丕賱丨丕賱 兀氐賷亘 亘賲乇囟 賲丕.
卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 鈥溫斥€� 鬲賵氐賱鬲 賱丿賵丕亍 賴匕丕 丕賱賲乇囟 賱賰賳賴丕 胤乇丨鬲賴 亘爻毓乇 鬲賰賱賮丞 毓丕賱賷 噩丿丕 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賴 鈥溫ｂ€�.
賰賱賮丞 丕賱鬲氐賳賷毓 賯賱賷賱丞貙 賵孬賲賳 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕賱賮毓賱賷 毓卮乇 兀毓卮丕乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賲亘賱睾貙 賵氐丕丨亘 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賯鬲丿乇 賷賰賮賷賴 佟侏販 賲賳 兀乇亘丕丨賴丕..
賲丕 鬲亘丿賵 毓賱賷賴 丕賱氐賵乇丞 兀賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱卮乇賰丞 卮乇賷乇丞貙 賵兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賲丕丿賷 -賵賴賵 賰匕賱賰-貙 賵兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 氐賳毓 賱賷鬲賲鬲毓 賮賷賴 丕賱兀孬乇賷丕亍 亘賰賱 賲賯賵賲丕鬲 丕賱毓賷卮 亘賱 賵丕賱鬲乇賮.
毓賱賶 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱丌禺乇 賲賳 丕賱賲卮賴丿:
賱賵 賱賲 鬲賯賲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 鈥溫斥€� 亘丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 亘乇丕亍丞 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 賱亘毓囟 兀丿賵賷鬲賴丕 賵囟賲丕賳 丕丨鬲賰丕乇賴丕貙 賱賲丕 賯丕賲鬲 亘囟禺 賰賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇丕鬲 丕賱囟禺賲丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕亘鬲賰丕乇 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕亘鬲丿丕亍貙 賮丕賱鬲賰賱賮丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 賱賱丿賵丕亍 賱賷爻鬲 賮賷 孬賲賳 鬲氐賳賷毓賴 亘賱 賲丕 兀賳賮賯 賮賷 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 賵丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲孬賱 丕賱賮卮賱 賮賷賴丕 賳爻亘丞 侃贍侏販 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 爻亘賷賱 賱鬲毓賵賷囟賴丕 廿賱丕 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 賴匕丕 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕賱賳丕噩丨.
賲賳 賴賳丕 賰丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賲孬丕賱 賲氐丿丕賯 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 亘賵賱 賰乇賵噩賲丕賳: 鈥溫ベ� 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷丨乇賰賴丕 丕賱爻毓賷 賱賱乇亘丨 賱丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙 賯丿 賯丿賲鬲 賲賳 丕賱禺賷乇 賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賲丕 賷賮賵賯 賲丕 賮毓賱鬲賴 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賲毓賵賳丕鬲 丕賱兀噩賳亘賷丞 賵丕賱賯乇賵囟 丕賱賲賷爻乇丞 賲賳 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 匕丕鬲 丕賱賳賷丕鬲 丕賱丨爻賳丞 賵丕賱賵賰丕賱丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞鈥� 孬賲 兀囟丕賮 丌爻賮丕: 鈥溬勝冑嗁嗁� -亘丨賰賲 丕賱禺亘乇丞- 兀丿乇賰 兀賳賳賷 亘賯賵賱賷 賴匕丕 賯丿 囟賲賳鬲 賱賳賮爻賷 爻賷賱丕 賲賳 禺胤丕亘丕鬲 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞鈥�.
賷亘丿賵 賰賱丕賲賴 賲賯亘賵賱丕 賵賲賮賴賵賲丕貙 賮丕賱禺胤胤 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賲賱 毓賱賶 鬲丨賮賷夭 丕賱亘卮乇 賵丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丿賵丕賮毓賴賲 賵鬲胤賱毓丕鬲賴賲貙 賴賷 賲丕 賷丿賮毓賴賲 賱賱毓賲賱 賵鬲丨爻賷賳 丕賱賲毓賷卮丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱賴 丕賱賲毓賵賳丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞. 賵賴賵 乇兀賷 廿賷爻鬲乇賱賷 丕賱匕賷 賷賲賷賱 賱廿賯丕賲丞 賲卮丕乇賷毓 氐睾賷乇丞 賲賳丕爻亘丞 賱爻賷丕賯丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞 賵匕丕鬲 賲賳丕賮毓 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱賯賷丕爻 毓賱賶 賲爻丕毓丿鬲賴丕 亘賲毓賵賳丕鬲 禺賷乇賷丞貙 賮丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞 -賰賲丕 匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘- 賰丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞貙 毓丕丿丞 賲丕 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 毓丕丿丕鬲 亘丕賱睾丞 丕賱爻賵亍 鬲丨賵賱 亘賷賳賴賲 賵亘賷賳 丕賱丕賳鬲賮丕毓 亘丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丿賶 丕賱胤賵賷賱.
賳毓賲貙 賲丕 賷丿賵乇 亘匕賴賳賰 毓賳 禺賷丕賳鬲賷 賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱乇賮賷賯 兀賳噩賱夭 亘毓丿 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷亘丿賵 氐丨賷丨丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 鬲丐賰丿 賱賷 兀賳賴丕 兀賰孬乇 毓賯賱丕賳賷丞貙 賵鬲賲賱賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 賲賯丕亘賱 卮毓丕乇丕鬲 賵賲孬丕賱賷丞 丕賱賳馗賲 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞貙 賵兀鬲賮賯 賲毓賰 毓賱賶 兀賳 賴賳丕賱賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丨賱賵賱 兀賵 賱賳賯賱 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻丕賴賲 賮賷 鬲賯賱賷賱 丕賱賮噩賵丞 亘賷賳 丕賱胤亘賯丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲賷 兀睾賮賱賴丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賵兀賳 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 賱賷爻 賲亘乇乇丕 賱噩卮毓 丕賱鬲噩丕乇 賵丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱賴賲貙 賱賰賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 兀賰爻亘賳賷 賮賴賲丕 賵丕賯毓賷丕 賱丌賱賷丞 丕賱毓賲賱 囟賲賳 賲馗賱丞 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵賲亘乇乇丕鬲賴.
賰賲丕 兀賳 賱爻丕賳 丨丕賱賴 賴賵: 兀賳 胤亘賷毓丞 毓賲賱賴 爻丕賴賲鬲 亘卮賰賱 賵丕囟丨 賵睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱 賱賱胤毓賳 賮賷 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賲匕賴賱 丕賱匕賷 賵氐賱 廿賱賷賴 丨丕賱賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲貙 丨鬲賶 兀囟丨鬲 賲毓丕賷賷乇 丕賱賮賯乇 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 毓賵丕賲賱 賱賲 賷丨賱賲 亘賴丕 兀孬乇賷丕亍 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賰丕賱賰賴乇亘丕亍貙 賵丕賲鬲賱丕賰 爻賷丕乇丞貙 賵丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲貙 賵賳丨賵賴.
賮廿賳 鬲爻亘亘 賮賷 丨乇賲丕賳 丕賱丨丿丕丿 賲賳 賱賯賲丞 毓賷卮賴 賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱兀丿賵丕鬲 賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丕鬲 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙 賮賯丿 爻丕賴賲 賮賷 丿禺賵賱 丕賱丌賱丕鬲 賱亘賷鬲賴 賵鬲賵賮賷乇 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賴 賮賷 鬲毓賱賲 賲丕 賯丿 賷賳賮毓賴 賵賷毓賵丿 毓賱賶 兀爻賱賵亘 丨賷丕鬲賴 亘丕賱乇禺丕亍 賵丕賱丕爻鬲賯乇丕乇.
兀馗賳 兀賳 鬲賮丕賵鬲 丌乇丕卅賳丕 賲賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賷卮亘賴 鬲乇丿丿賳丕 賮賷 廿毓胤丕亍 丕賱賲鬲爻賵賱 賲丕賱丕貨 丕賳胤賱丕賯丕 賲賳 賯賷賲賳丕 賵鬲毓丕賱賷賲賳丕貙 兀賵 賲賳毓賴貨 丨賮丕馗丕 毓賱賶 賲氐丕賱丨 賰亘乇賶 鬲氐亘 賮賷 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賲噩鬲賲毓賳丕.
賵賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賷匕賰乇賳賷 亘賳賯丕卮 兀夭賱賷 亘賷賳賷 賵亘賷賳 兀丨丿 兀禺賵丕賱賷 毓賳 兀夭賲丞 賲丕 賷丿毓賶 亘賭鈥澵з勝呚蒂勜� 賵丕賱賲賯丕氐丿鈥� 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵賲丕 賴賵 丕賱囟丕亘胤 丕賱匕賷 賷囟賲賳 賱賱賲賵丕胤賳 毓丿賲 亘胤卮 丕賱丿賵賱丞 亘丕爻賲 丕賱賲氐賱丨丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵囟賲丕賳 亘賯丕亍 丕賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷丨賮馗 亘賴丕 丨丕賱 丕賱賳丕爻.. 賵丕賱匕賷 兀賰丿 賱賷 兀賳 丨丿賷孬 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 賴賵 丕賱丨丿賷孬 丕賱匕賷 爻賷馗賱 賲胤乇賵丨丕 賲丕 亘賯賷 丕賱亘卮乇 賵賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲賴賲貙 賵兀賳賳丕 賳賰丕丿 賳鬲賮賯 毓賱賶 丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱賰亘乇賶貙 賱賰賳賳丕 賳禺鬲賱賮 賮賷 丨丿 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 賵丌賱賷丞 丕賱毓賲賱 賵丕賱鬲胤亘賷賯.
賷噩賷亘 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賶 兀爻卅賱丞 賲賳 賯亘賷賱:
-賱賲丕匕丕 丿賮毓 氐丕丨亘 丕賱賰乇爻賷 丕賱匕賷 亘噩丕賳亘賷 賮賷 丕賱胤丕卅乇丞 孬賲賳丕 賲禺鬲賱賮丕 毓賲丕 丿賮毓鬲賴責
-兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕 亘賭鈥澷呚关顿勜� 丕賱爻噩賷賳鈥澵�
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 亘賱丿 廿乇爻丕賱 乇噩賱 廿賱賶 爻胤丨 丕賱賯賲乇 亘賷賳賲丕 賷賳丕賲 賮賷賴 亘毓囟 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賷 丕賱卮賵丕乇毓責
-賱賲丕匕丕 鬲賲丕乇爻 卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 丕賱噩卮毓 賮賷 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱胤亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲賳賯匕 丕賱賲乇囟賶責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷賳鬲亘賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賱禺亘乇 丕氐胤丿丕賲 胤丕卅乇丞 亘噩亘賱 賰賱賷賲賳噩丕乇賵 -毓賱賶 賯賱丞 丕賱廿氐丕亘丕鬲- 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲賯鬲賱 丕賱賲賱丕乇賷丕 賮賷 丿賵賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬 賲賱賷賵賳 卮禺氐丕 丿賵賳 兀賳 賷兀亘賴 賱賴賲 兀丨丿責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賵丨賷賳賲丕 賳爻丕賮乇 賱兀賯氐賶 丕賱兀乇囟 賳賮囟賱 鈥溬呚з冐堎嗀з勜测€� 毓賱賶 丕賱賲胤丕毓賲 丕賱兀禺乇賶 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲賯丿賲 兀賮囟賱 卮胤丕卅乇 賱丨賲 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲賳胤賯丞責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷鬲賯丕囟賶 賱丕毓亘 丕賱賰乇丞 兀囟毓丕賮 賲丕 賷鬲賯丕囟丕賴 乇賵亘乇鬲 爻賵賱賵 丕賱丨丕氐賱 毓賱賶 噩丕卅夭丞 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿責
-賴賱 賷賮賯丿 卮禺氐 賵馗賷賮鬲賴 賲賯丕亘賱 丨氐賵賱 丌禺乇 毓賱賷賴丕責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷亘丿賵 孬賲賳 毓賱丕噩 賰賱亘賷 兀乇禺氐 賲賳 孬賲賳 毓賱丕噩賷 賲毓 鬲爻丕賵賷 丕賱賲賵丕丿 賵丕賱賰賱賮丞 丕賱鬲氐賳賷毓賷丞責
-賰賷賮 賳賯賷爻 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 丕賱賮乇丿責
-賴賱 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 爻毓乇 丕賱丿噩丕噩丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻 賲丿毓丕丞 賱賱卮賰賵賶責
-賲丕 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賳賷賴 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 兀賵 丕賳禺賮丕囟 賯賷賲丞 丕賱毓賲賱丞責
-賴賱 賲氐丕賳毓 丕賱爻禺乇丞 賴賷 丕賱爻亘亘 賮賷 鬲丿賳賷 兀噩賵乇 丕賱毓賲丕賱 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞責 賵賴賱 丕賱賲賯丕胤毓丞 賴賷 丕賱丨賱責
-賴賱 鬲賱賵孬 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵丕賱丕丨鬲亘丕爻 丕賱丨乇丕乇賷 賵賵廿賱禺 賳鬲丕噩 毓賵賱賲丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞責
-賴賱 丕賱鬲亘乇毓丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞 賴賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲孬賱賶 賱賲爻丕毓丿丞 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞責
-賲丕 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞責
丕賯鬲亘丕爻丕鬲 毓賱賶 賴賷卅丞 禺賱丕氐丕鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞:
-賷鬲囟賲賳 賰賱 賯乇丕乇 賳鬲禺匕賴 賳賵毓丕 賲賳 丕賱賲賯丕賷囟丞貙 賮賱乇亘賲丕 賯丕賷囟賳丕 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 丕賱丌賳 亘鬲丨賯賷賯 賲賳賮毓丞 賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱. 廿賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞 鬲賯賵賲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賯丕賷囟丕鬲貙 賵賰匕賱賰 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿.
-賱丕 兀賯賵賱 廿賳 丕賱爻賵賯 賲噩乇丿 賲賳 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丕鬲貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賱丕 賷兀亘賴 賱賴丕. 賮丕賱爻賵賯 賷賰丕賮卅 賮賰乇丞 丕賱賳丿乇丞貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘丕賱賯賷賲丞 亘兀賷 卮賰賱 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賰丕賱.
-賱丕 賷賯丿賲 丕賱爻賵賯 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賳丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賷賴丕貙 賵廿賳賲丕 丕賱鬲賷 賳乇賷丿 卮乇丕亍賴丕貙 賵賴匕丕 賮丕乇賯 亘丕賱睾 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞.
-廿賳 賰賱丕 賲賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 賷鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱爻賱毓貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷 賷賮毓賱 匕賱賰 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱兀爻毓丕乇貙 兀賲丕 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷賵賳 賮賰丕賳賵丕 賷賮毓賱賵賳 匕賱賰 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丕賳鬲馗丕乇 賮賷 丕賱胤賵丕亘賷乇 (賯胤毓 丕賱賱丨賲 賲賳 丨馗 丕賱兀賵丕卅賱 賮賷 丕賱胤丕亘賵乇).
-賱丕 賷賲賳丨賳丕 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 廿噩丕亘丞 氐丨賷丨丞貙 亘賱 賷賲賳丨賳丕 賵丨爻亘 廿胤丕乇丕 鬲丨賱賷賱賷丕 賱賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賲賴賲丞.
-丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 鬲賵噩丿 賵賯鬲賲丕 賯丿賲 卮禺氐 爻賱毓丞 兀賵 禺丿賲丞 噩丿賷丿丞貙 兀賵 賵噩丿 胤乇賷賯丞 兀賮囟賱 兀賵 兀乇禺氐 賱鬲賯丿賷賲 爻賱毓丞 兀賵 禺丿賲丞 賯丿賷賲丞 -賵賴賷 丨賯賷賯丞 鬲丿丨囟 賲禺丕賵賮 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷賷賳 賲賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 賵丕賱賱丕噩卅賷賳 毓賱賶 賯胤丕毓 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮-.
-丕賱孬乇賵丞 丕賱賳爻亘賷丞 -丨噩賲 賮胤賷乇鬲賷 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丨噩賲 賮胤賷乇丞 噩丕乇賷- 毓丕賲賱 賲丨丿丿 賲賴賲 賱賱賲賳賮毓丞.
-廿賳 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 丕賱兀爻賴賲 賷卮亘賴 廿賱賶 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 兀賯氐乇 胤丕亘賵乇 丿賮毓 賮賷 賲鬲噩乇 丕賱亘賯丕賱丞.
-賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 丕賱賮乇丿 賷鬲賵賯賮 毓賱賶 賲賯丿丕乇 丕賱爻賱毓 賵丕賱禺丿賲丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳賴 兀賳 賷丨氐賱 毓賱賷賴丕貙 賱丕 毓賱賶 丕賱爻毓乇 丕賱匕賷 賷馗賴乇 毓賱賶 賲丕賰賷賳丞 鬲爻噩賷賱 丕賱賳賯賵丿.
-賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 賲賳 賲亘乇乇 丨賯賷賯賷 賱賱卮賰賵賶 賲賳 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 爻毓乇 丕賱丿噩丕噩 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻貙 賮賯丿 鬲賯賱氐 毓丿丿 丕賱爻丕毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇亍 兀賳 賷賯囟賷賴丕 賮賷 丕賱毓賲賱 賱賷鬲賲賰賳 賲賳 卮乇丕亍 丿噩丕噩丞 丕賱賷賵賲 (孬賱丕孬賷賳 丿賯賷賯丞) 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻 (爻丕毓鬲賷賳 賵爻亘毓 賵孬賱丕孬賷賳 丿賯賷賯丞) = 鬲賯賱賷氐 丕賱賵賯鬲 賲賯丕亘賱 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 丕賱爻毓乇.
-丕賱毓賲賱丞 丕賱囟毓賷賮丞 鬲禺丿賲 丕賱賲氐丿賾乇賷賳 賵鬲毓丕賯亘 丕賱賲爻鬲賵乇丿賷賳.
-賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮鬲賳丕 丕乇鬲賮毓貨 賱兀賳賳丕 丕爻鬲胤毓賳丕 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賲丕 賳丨爻賳 氐賳毓賴 賲賳 賲賴丕賲 賵賳鬲丕噩乇 賮賷 睾賷乇賴.
-賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 賱丕 賳禺賱胤 亘賷賳 丕賱爻亘亘 賵丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇. 賱賷爻鬲 賲氐丕賳毓 丕賱爻禺乇丞 丕賱賲鬲爻亘亘丞 賮賷 鬲丿賳賷 丕賱兀噩賵乇 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賴賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲賯丿賲 賱賱毓賲丕賱 廿賱丕 亘丿丕卅賱 賯賱賷賱丞.
-賲賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丕 賯亘賱 亘賱賵睾賴 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賮賱丕 賯賱亘 賱賴貙 賵賲賳 馗賱 丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丕 亘毓丿 鬲禺胤賷賴 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賮賱丕 毓賯賱 賱賴.
-賱丿賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賷賳: 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賴賷 鬲毓馗賷賲 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 賱丕 鬲毓馗賷賲 丕賱丿禺賱.
賲卮賰賱丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 -賵賴賱 賳噩丕 賲賳賴丕 賰鬲丕亘責- 兀賳賴 賲氐亘賵睾 亘乇丐賶 賵兀賮賰丕乇 賵孬賯丕賮丞 氐丕丨亘賴貙 賵丕賱匕賷 賷亘丿賵 賱賷 兀賳賴 乇噩賱 兀賲乇賷賰賷 賱賷亘乇丕賱賷 兀亘賷囟貙 賷丿毓賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞貙 賵賷丨乇賰 賲禺丕賵賮賴 賮賷 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賵丕賱鬲亘乇賷乇 賲丕 賷丨乇賰 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賲賳 丿賵丕賮毓 賵賴賲賵賲貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賳賲胤 賳賲胤 賲賳丕爻亘 鬲賲丕賲丕 賮賷 馗賳賷 賱鬲亘賳賷 卮乇丨 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賱兀賳賴 賳鬲丕噩 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 丕賱兀亘賷囟 鈥�.廿賱禺貙 賮賲賳 丕賱噩賷丿 賮賴賲賴 囟賲賳 廿胤丕乇賴貙 賱賰賳 賲丕 丕賱匕賷 鬲賲賳賷鬲賴責 兀賳 兀賯乇兀 賱賵噩賴丕鬲 賳馗乇 兀禺乇賶 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞貙 賱兀賳賴 賷爻賴賱 丕賳胤賱丕亍 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 毓賱賷 賵丕賱鬲兀孬乇 亘賳馗乇丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱兀賲賷鬲賷 丕賱鬲丕賲丞 賮賷 亘丕亘 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵兀爻乇丕乇賴貙 賵賱賴賷賲賳丞 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賳馗丕賲丕 賵孬賯丕賮丞貙 賲賲丕 賷毓賳賷 賴賷賲賳丞 賲亘丕丿卅賴丕 賵賲亘乇乇丕鬲賴丕 賲賯丕亘賱 囟毓賮 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱丞.
賴賱 兀氐丕亘 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 兀胤乇賵丨丕鬲賴責
賳毓賲貙 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 賳馗乇 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞..
賱賰賳 賲賳 賯丕賱 亘兀賳賳丕 賳乇賶 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱夭丕賵賷丞 賮賯胤責
兀賱賯賷鬲 毓賱賶 毓鬲賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丨賲賱丕 孬賯賷賱丕貙 廿匕 丨賲賾賱鬲賴 毓亘亍 丕賱廿亘丕賳丞 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丌賱賷丞 毓賲賱賴貙 賵兀孬賯賱鬲 毓賱賷賴 亘鬲賴丿賷丿賴 兀賳賴丕 丕賱賮乇氐丞 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻兀賲賳丨賴丕 賱毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿貙 廿匕 賷毓丿 丕賱賲噩丕賱 丕賱賵丨賷丿 -賵賴匕賴 賲賳 丕賱賳賵丕丿乇- 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賷賳丕賱 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賷 賱噩賲賵丿 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲賴 賵孬賯賱 賲丨丕囟乇丕鬲賴 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賷貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀噩丕丿 賮賰丕賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 賲賯丿賲丞 丿爻賲丞 鬲氐賱丨 賱賱賲丐賱賮丞 賯賱賵亘賴賲 -兀賲孬丕賱賷- 賮賷 亘賷丕賳 丕賱兀爻爻 賵鬲賯乇賷亘 丕賱氐賵乇丞.
賵賯丿 氐丿賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賵毓丿賴 亘兀賱丕 賷鬲囟賲賳 锟斤拷匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲禺胤胤丕鬲 兀賵 乇爻賵賲丕 亘賷丕賳賷丞貙 兀賵 賰賲丕 匕賰乇 亘兀賳賴 賱賳 賷賮毓賱 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱賴 賲賳 賷購爻兀賱 毓賳 丕賱噩賵 亘丕賱禺丕乇噩 賮賷噩賷亘 亘丿乇噩丞 丕賱丨乇丕乇丞貙 亘賱 亘賵氐賮 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇丕乇丞 賵亘賷丕賳 丌孬丕乇賴丕 賵胤亘賷毓鬲賴丕.
丕亘鬲丿丕亍: 兀毓鬲匕乇 賱賱毓賲 賲丕乇賰爻貙 賵賱賱乇賮賷賯 兀賳噩賱夭 丕賱匕賷 賱賲 鬲賲囟 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍丞 賰鬲丕亘賴 廿賱丕 兀爻丕亘賷毓 賲毓丿賵丿丞貙 廿匕 賵廿賳 亘丿鬲 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 兀卮賴賶 賵兀賯乇亘 賱賱賲孬丕賱賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賵乇賯貙 賮廿賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 鬲亘丿賵 兀賰孬乇 賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賳賮毓丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿貙 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 亘賱睾丞 賵丕賯毓賷丞..
賵兀睾賱亘 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 賲賴賲 賵兀爻丕爻賷貙 賱賰賳賳賷 兀禺胤兀鬲 丕賱爻丐丕賱 賵丕賱亘丨孬貙 賮賲賳胤賯丞 鬲爻丕丐賱丕鬲賷 鬲丿賵乇 丨賵賱 氐賵乇丞 賲毓賷賳丞 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 兀亘丨孬 毓賳 廿噩丕亘丞 鬲賮氐賷賱賷丞 賮賷 亘賷丕賳賴丕貙 賵賴賷 鬲賰賵賳 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱毓賲賱丞 丕賱賳賯丿賷丞 賵賰賷賮 丨賱鬲 賲丨賱 丕賱匕賴亘 賵丕賱賮囟丞 賵賳丨賵賴丕 賲賳 丕賱兀孬賲丕賳貙 孬賲 賲丕 賴賷 丌賱賷丞 毓賲賱 丕賱亘賳賵賰 丕賱賲乇賰夭賷丞貙 賵賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲囟禺賲 賮賷 丕賱賳賯丿貙 賵囟禺 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱..廿賱禺貙 賵賴賵 賵廿賳 兀卮丕乇 廿賱賶 亘毓囟賴丕 賴賳丕貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 兀噩丕亘 毓賳賴丕 亘丕爻鬲賮丕囟丞 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱丌禺乇 鈥溫з勝呚з� 毓丕乇賷丕鈥� 賵丕賱匕賷 爻賷賰賵賳 賴丿賮賷 丕賱賯丕丿賲 亘毓賵賳 丕賱賱賴.
賷匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賳賴 亘賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳 噩丿丕乇 亘乇賱賷賳 賷賴丿賲貙 丕鬲禺匕 乇卅賷爻 卮乇賰丞 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賯乇丕乇 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱氐賵丿丕 賲噩丕賳丕 毓亘乇 孬睾乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱噩丿丕乇貙 賵丕賱匕賷 兀丿賶 賱禺爻丕乇丞 賲丐賯鬲丞 賲賯丕亘賱 賲賳賮毓丞 賰亘乇賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丿賶 丕賱亘毓賷丿貙 廿匕 卮賯鬲 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 胤乇賷賯賴丕 賲亘賰乇丕 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵賰賵賳鬲 賱賴丕 爻賵賯丕 賯賵賷丞 賴賳丕賱賰 亘丕賱賮毓賱.
賱賲 鬲賯賲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丨賷賳賴丕 亘毓賲賱 廿賳爻丕賳賷貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻毓賶 廿賱賶 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘賳卮丕胤 鬲噩丕乇賷貙 賵鬲賵爻賷毓 賳胤丕賯 爻賵賯 賰賵賰丕賰賵賱丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞貙 賵廿爻毓丕丿 丕賱賲爻丕賴賲賷賳. 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 噩賵賴乇 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞: 鬲丨丿賷丿 賵鬲乇鬲賷亘 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 亘胤乇賷賯丞 鬲噩毓賱 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 丕賱匕賷賳 賷毓賲賱賵賳 賱賲氐賱丨鬲賴賲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賷丨爻賾賳賵賳 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 賲毓馗賲 兀賮乇丕丿 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 -賵廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 噩賲賷毓賴賲-.
亘氐乇丕丨丞: 賲丕 兀噩賲賱 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 賲賳 丕賱胤乇賮 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱.. 賳毓賲貙 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱. 賵匕賱賰 賱兀賳 賯賵丕賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱賲賳賮毓丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賯賵丕賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞貙 丕賱睾賵賱 丕賱丨丕賱賷 賱賱亘卮乇賷丞貙 賵亘賮賴賲 賲丌賱丕鬲 亘毓囟 賯賵丕賳賷賳賴丕 丕賱鬲賷 鬲亘丿賵 賲毓丕丿賷丞 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 -賱丕爻賷賲丕 丕賱賮賯賷乇-貙 賷鬲亘賷賳 賱賰 賲丕 賷禺賮賷賴 毓賳賰 噩丿丕乇 丕賱丨丕囟乇貙 賮賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱匕賷 賷亘丿賵 賮賷賴 兀賳 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 丕賱兀爻爻 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賷鬲賳丕賲賶 賮賷 馗賱 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 乇睾亘丕鬲賳丕貙 賵丕賱丕賳鬲賮丕毓 賲賳 賲丨賮夭丕鬲賳丕 賵丿賵丕賮毓賳丕貙 賴匕丕 丕賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱匕賷 賷馗賴乇 亘丕丿賷 丕賱乇兀賷 噩卮毓丕 -賵賴賵 賰匕賱賰-貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賳毓丿丕賲賴 賰賲丕 賷丨賵賱 亘賷賳賳丕 賵亘賷賳 噩卮毓 丕賱鬲丕噩乇貙 賮廿賳賴 賷賯囟賷 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕賮毓 丕賱鬲賷 賳鬲噩鬲 毓賳 噩卮毓賴 賵丨乇氐賴 -丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賮賷 丕賱兀丿賵丕鬲 賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丞貙 賵乇睾丿 丕賱毓賷卮貙 廿賱禺-.
賵爻兀乇爻賲 賱賰 賲卮賴丿丕 賷鬲囟丨 亘賴 丕賱丨丿賷孬:
鈥溫ｂ€� 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賲爻鬲賵乇 丕賱丨丕賱 兀氐賷亘 亘賲乇囟 賲丕.
卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 鈥溫斥€� 鬲賵氐賱鬲 賱丿賵丕亍 賴匕丕 丕賱賲乇囟 賱賰賳賴丕 胤乇丨鬲賴 亘爻毓乇 鬲賰賱賮丞 毓丕賱賷 噩丿丕 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賴 鈥溫ｂ€�.
賰賱賮丞 丕賱鬲氐賳賷毓 賯賱賷賱丞貙 賵孬賲賳 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕賱賮毓賱賷 毓卮乇 兀毓卮丕乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賲亘賱睾貙 賵氐丕丨亘 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賯鬲丿乇 賷賰賮賷賴 佟侏販 賲賳 兀乇亘丕丨賴丕..
賲丕 鬲亘丿賵 毓賱賷賴 丕賱氐賵乇丞 兀賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱卮乇賰丞 卮乇賷乇丞貙 賵兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賲丕丿賷 -賵賴賵 賰匕賱賰-貙 賵兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 氐賳毓 賱賷鬲賲鬲毓 賮賷賴 丕賱兀孬乇賷丕亍 亘賰賱 賲賯賵賲丕鬲 丕賱毓賷卮 亘賱 賵丕賱鬲乇賮.
毓賱賶 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱丌禺乇 賲賳 丕賱賲卮賴丿:
賱賵 賱賲 鬲賯賲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 鈥溫斥€� 亘丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 亘乇丕亍丞 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 賱亘毓囟 兀丿賵賷鬲賴丕 賵囟賲丕賳 丕丨鬲賰丕乇賴丕貙 賱賲丕 賯丕賲鬲 亘囟禺 賰賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇丕鬲 丕賱囟禺賲丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕亘鬲賰丕乇 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕亘鬲丿丕亍貙 賮丕賱鬲賰賱賮丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 賱賱丿賵丕亍 賱賷爻鬲 賮賷 孬賲賳 鬲氐賳賷毓賴 亘賱 賲丕 兀賳賮賯 賮賷 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 賵丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲孬賱 丕賱賮卮賱 賮賷賴丕 賳爻亘丞 侃贍侏販 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 爻亘賷賱 賱鬲毓賵賷囟賴丕 廿賱丕 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 賴匕丕 丕賱丿賵丕亍 丕賱賳丕噩丨.
賲賳 賴賳丕 賰丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賲孬丕賱 賲氐丿丕賯 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 亘賵賱 賰乇賵噩賲丕賳: 鈥溫ベ� 丕賱毓賵賱賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷丨乇賰賴丕 丕賱爻毓賷 賱賱乇亘丨 賱丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙 賯丿 賯丿賲鬲 賲賳 丕賱禺賷乇 賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賲丕 賷賮賵賯 賲丕 賮毓賱鬲賴 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賲毓賵賳丕鬲 丕賱兀噩賳亘賷丞 賵丕賱賯乇賵囟 丕賱賲賷爻乇丞 賲賳 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 匕丕鬲 丕賱賳賷丕鬲 丕賱丨爻賳丞 賵丕賱賵賰丕賱丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱賷丞鈥� 孬賲 兀囟丕賮 丌爻賮丕: 鈥溬勝冑嗁嗁� -亘丨賰賲 丕賱禺亘乇丞- 兀丿乇賰 兀賳賳賷 亘賯賵賱賷 賴匕丕 賯丿 囟賲賳鬲 賱賳賮爻賷 爻賷賱丕 賲賳 禺胤丕亘丕鬲 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞鈥�.
賷亘丿賵 賰賱丕賲賴 賲賯亘賵賱丕 賵賲賮賴賵賲丕貙 賮丕賱禺胤胤 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賲賱 毓賱賶 鬲丨賮賷夭 丕賱亘卮乇 賵丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丿賵丕賮毓賴賲 賵鬲胤賱毓丕鬲賴賲貙 賴賷 賲丕 賷丿賮毓賴賲 賱賱毓賲賱 賵鬲丨爻賷賳 丕賱賲毓賷卮丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 鬲賮毓賱賴 丕賱賲毓賵賳丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞. 賵賴賵 乇兀賷 廿賷爻鬲乇賱賷 丕賱匕賷 賷賲賷賱 賱廿賯丕賲丞 賲卮丕乇賷毓 氐睾賷乇丞 賲賳丕爻亘丞 賱爻賷丕賯丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞 賵匕丕鬲 賲賳丕賮毓 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱賯賷丕爻 毓賱賶 賲爻丕毓丿鬲賴丕 亘賲毓賵賳丕鬲 禺賷乇賷丞貙 賮丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞 -賰賲丕 匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘- 賰丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞貙 毓丕丿丞 賲丕 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 毓丕丿丕鬲 亘丕賱睾丞 丕賱爻賵亍 鬲丨賵賱 亘賷賳賴賲 賵亘賷賳 丕賱丕賳鬲賮丕毓 亘丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丿賶 丕賱胤賵賷賱.
賳毓賲貙 賲丕 賷丿賵乇 亘匕賴賳賰 毓賳 禺賷丕賳鬲賷 賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱乇賮賷賯 兀賳噩賱夭 亘毓丿 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷亘丿賵 氐丨賷丨丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 鬲丐賰丿 賱賷 兀賳賴丕 兀賰孬乇 毓賯賱丕賳賷丞貙 賵鬲賲賱賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 賲賯丕亘賱 卮毓丕乇丕鬲 賵賲孬丕賱賷丞 丕賱賳馗賲 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞貙 賵兀鬲賮賯 賲毓賰 毓賱賶 兀賳 賴賳丕賱賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丨賱賵賱 兀賵 賱賳賯賱 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻丕賴賲 賮賷 鬲賯賱賷賱 丕賱賮噩賵丞 亘賷賳 丕賱胤亘賯丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲賷 兀睾賮賱賴丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賵兀賳 賲丕 匕賰乇賴 丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 賱賷爻 賲亘乇乇丕 賱噩卮毓 丕賱鬲噩丕乇 賵丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱賴賲貙 賱賰賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 兀賰爻亘賳賷 賮賴賲丕 賵丕賯毓賷丕 賱丌賱賷丞 丕賱毓賲賱 囟賲賳 賲馗賱丞 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵賲亘乇乇丕鬲賴.
賰賲丕 兀賳 賱爻丕賳 丨丕賱賴 賴賵: 兀賳 胤亘賷毓丞 毓賲賱賴 爻丕賴賲鬲 亘卮賰賱 賵丕囟丨 賵睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱 賱賱胤毓賳 賮賷 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賲匕賴賱 丕賱匕賷 賵氐賱 廿賱賷賴 丨丕賱賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲貙 丨鬲賶 兀囟丨鬲 賲毓丕賷賷乇 丕賱賮賯乇 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 毓賵丕賲賱 賱賲 賷丨賱賲 亘賴丕 兀孬乇賷丕亍 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賰丕賱賰賴乇亘丕亍貙 賵丕賲鬲賱丕賰 爻賷丕乇丞貙 賵丕賱丨氐賵賱 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲貙 賵賳丨賵賴.
賮廿賳 鬲爻亘亘 賮賷 丨乇賲丕賳 丕賱丨丿丕丿 賲賳 賱賯賲丞 毓賷卮賴 賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱兀丿賵丕鬲 賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丕鬲 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙 賮賯丿 爻丕賴賲 賮賷 丿禺賵賱 丕賱丌賱丕鬲 賱亘賷鬲賴 賵鬲賵賮賷乇 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賴 賮賷 鬲毓賱賲 賲丕 賯丿 賷賳賮毓賴 賵賷毓賵丿 毓賱賶 兀爻賱賵亘 丨賷丕鬲賴 亘丕賱乇禺丕亍 賵丕賱丕爻鬲賯乇丕乇.
兀馗賳 兀賳 鬲賮丕賵鬲 丌乇丕卅賳丕 賲賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賷卮亘賴 鬲乇丿丿賳丕 賮賷 廿毓胤丕亍 丕賱賲鬲爻賵賱 賲丕賱丕貨 丕賳胤賱丕賯丕 賲賳 賯賷賲賳丕 賵鬲毓丕賱賷賲賳丕貙 兀賵 賲賳毓賴貨 丨賮丕馗丕 毓賱賶 賲氐丕賱丨 賰亘乇賶 鬲氐亘 賮賷 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賲噩鬲賲毓賳丕.
賵賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賷匕賰乇賳賷 亘賳賯丕卮 兀夭賱賷 亘賷賳賷 賵亘賷賳 兀丨丿 兀禺賵丕賱賷 毓賳 兀夭賲丞 賲丕 賷丿毓賶 亘賭鈥澵з勝呚蒂勜� 賵丕賱賲賯丕氐丿鈥� 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵賲丕 賴賵 丕賱囟丕亘胤 丕賱匕賷 賷囟賲賳 賱賱賲賵丕胤賳 毓丿賲 亘胤卮 丕賱丿賵賱丞 亘丕爻賲 丕賱賲氐賱丨丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵囟賲丕賳 亘賯丕亍 丕賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷丨賮馗 亘賴丕 丨丕賱 丕賱賳丕爻.. 賵丕賱匕賷 兀賰丿 賱賷 兀賳 丨丿賷孬 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 賴賵 丕賱丨丿賷孬 丕賱匕賷 爻賷馗賱 賲胤乇賵丨丕 賲丕 亘賯賷 丕賱亘卮乇 賵賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲賴賲貙 賵兀賳賳丕 賳賰丕丿 賳鬲賮賯 毓賱賶 丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱賰亘乇賶貙 賱賰賳賳丕 賳禺鬲賱賮 賮賷 丨丿 丕賱囟賵丕亘胤 賵丌賱賷丞 丕賱毓賲賱 賵丕賱鬲胤亘賷賯.
賷噩賷亘 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賶 兀爻卅賱丞 賲賳 賯亘賷賱:
-賱賲丕匕丕 丿賮毓 氐丕丨亘 丕賱賰乇爻賷 丕賱匕賷 亘噩丕賳亘賷 賮賷 丕賱胤丕卅乇丞 孬賲賳丕 賲禺鬲賱賮丕 毓賲丕 丿賮毓鬲賴責
-兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕 亘賭鈥澷呚关顿勜� 丕賱爻噩賷賳鈥澵�
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 亘賱丿 廿乇爻丕賱 乇噩賱 廿賱賶 爻胤丨 丕賱賯賲乇 亘賷賳賲丕 賷賳丕賲 賮賷賴 亘毓囟 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賷 丕賱卮賵丕乇毓責
-賱賲丕匕丕 鬲賲丕乇爻 卮乇賰丞 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 丕賱噩卮毓 賮賷 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱胤亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲賳賯匕 丕賱賲乇囟賶責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷賳鬲亘賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賱禺亘乇 丕氐胤丿丕賲 胤丕卅乇丞 亘噩亘賱 賰賱賷賲賳噩丕乇賵 -毓賱賶 賯賱丞 丕賱廿氐丕亘丕鬲- 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲賯鬲賱 丕賱賲賱丕乇賷丕 賮賷 丿賵賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬 賲賱賷賵賳 卮禺氐丕 丿賵賳 兀賳 賷兀亘賴 賱賴賲 兀丨丿責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賵丨賷賳賲丕 賳爻丕賮乇 賱兀賯氐賶 丕賱兀乇囟 賳賮囟賱 鈥溬呚з冐堎嗀з勜测€� 毓賱賶 丕賱賲胤丕毓賲 丕賱兀禺乇賶 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲賯丿賲 兀賮囟賱 卮胤丕卅乇 賱丨賲 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲賳胤賯丞責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷鬲賯丕囟賶 賱丕毓亘 丕賱賰乇丞 兀囟毓丕賮 賲丕 賷鬲賯丕囟丕賴 乇賵亘乇鬲 爻賵賱賵 丕賱丨丕氐賱 毓賱賶 噩丕卅夭丞 賳賵亘賱 賮賷 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿責
-賴賱 賷賮賯丿 卮禺氐 賵馗賷賮鬲賴 賲賯丕亘賱 丨氐賵賱 丌禺乇 毓賱賷賴丕責
-賱賲丕匕丕 賷亘丿賵 孬賲賳 毓賱丕噩 賰賱亘賷 兀乇禺氐 賲賳 孬賲賳 毓賱丕噩賷 賲毓 鬲爻丕賵賷 丕賱賲賵丕丿 賵丕賱賰賱賮丞 丕賱鬲氐賳賷毓賷丞責
-賰賷賮 賳賯賷爻 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 丕賱賮乇丿責
-賴賱 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 爻毓乇 丕賱丿噩丕噩丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻 賲丿毓丕丞 賱賱卮賰賵賶責
-賲丕 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賳賷賴 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 兀賵 丕賳禺賮丕囟 賯賷賲丞 丕賱毓賲賱丞責
-賴賱 賲氐丕賳毓 丕賱爻禺乇丞 賴賷 丕賱爻亘亘 賮賷 鬲丿賳賷 兀噩賵乇 丕賱毓賲丕賱 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞責 賵賴賱 丕賱賲賯丕胤毓丞 賴賷 丕賱丨賱責
-賴賱 鬲賱賵孬 丕賱亘賷卅丞 賵丕賱丕丨鬲亘丕爻 丕賱丨乇丕乇賷 賵賵廿賱禺 賳鬲丕噩 毓賵賱賲丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞責
-賴賱 丕賱鬲亘乇毓丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞 賴賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲孬賱賶 賱賲爻丕毓丿丞 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞責
-賲丕 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞責
丕賯鬲亘丕爻丕鬲 毓賱賶 賴賷卅丞 禺賱丕氐丕鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞:
-賷鬲囟賲賳 賰賱 賯乇丕乇 賳鬲禺匕賴 賳賵毓丕 賲賳 丕賱賲賯丕賷囟丞貙 賮賱乇亘賲丕 賯丕賷囟賳丕 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 丕賱丌賳 亘鬲丨賯賷賯 賲賳賮毓丞 賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱. 廿賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞 鬲賯賵賲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賯丕賷囟丕鬲貙 賵賰匕賱賰 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿.
-賱丕 兀賯賵賱 廿賳 丕賱爻賵賯 賲噩乇丿 賲賳 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丕鬲貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賱丕 賷兀亘賴 賱賴丕. 賮丕賱爻賵賯 賷賰丕賮卅 賮賰乇丞 丕賱賳丿乇丞貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘丕賱賯賷賲丞 亘兀賷 卮賰賱 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賰丕賱.
-賱丕 賷賯丿賲 丕賱爻賵賯 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賳丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賷賴丕貙 賵廿賳賲丕 丕賱鬲賷 賳乇賷丿 卮乇丕亍賴丕貙 賵賴匕丕 賮丕乇賯 亘丕賱睾 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞.
-廿賳 賰賱丕 賲賳 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 賷鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 鬲賵夭賷毓 丕賱爻賱毓貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷 賷賮毓賱 匕賱賰 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱兀爻毓丕乇貙 兀賲丕 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲賷賵賳 賮賰丕賳賵丕 賷賮毓賱賵賳 匕賱賰 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丕賳鬲馗丕乇 賮賷 丕賱胤賵丕亘賷乇 (賯胤毓 丕賱賱丨賲 賲賳 丨馗 丕賱兀賵丕卅賱 賮賷 丕賱胤丕亘賵乇).
-賱丕 賷賲賳丨賳丕 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 廿噩丕亘丞 氐丨賷丨丞貙 亘賱 賷賲賳丨賳丕 賵丨爻亘 廿胤丕乇丕 鬲丨賱賷賱賷丕 賱賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賲賴賲丞.
-丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 鬲賵噩丿 賵賯鬲賲丕 賯丿賲 卮禺氐 爻賱毓丞 兀賵 禺丿賲丞 噩丿賷丿丞貙 兀賵 賵噩丿 胤乇賷賯丞 兀賮囟賱 兀賵 兀乇禺氐 賱鬲賯丿賷賲 爻賱毓丞 兀賵 禺丿賲丞 賯丿賷賲丞 -賵賴賷 丨賯賷賯丞 鬲丿丨囟 賲禺丕賵賮 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷賷賳 賲賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 賵丕賱賱丕噩卅賷賳 毓賱賶 賯胤丕毓 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮-.
-丕賱孬乇賵丞 丕賱賳爻亘賷丞 -丨噩賲 賮胤賷乇鬲賷 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丨噩賲 賮胤賷乇丞 噩丕乇賷- 毓丕賲賱 賲丨丿丿 賲賴賲 賱賱賲賳賮毓丞.
-廿賳 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 丕賱兀爻賴賲 賷卮亘賴 廿賱賶 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 兀賯氐乇 胤丕亘賵乇 丿賮毓 賮賷 賲鬲噩乇 丕賱亘賯丕賱丞.
-賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮丞 丕賱賮乇丿 賷鬲賵賯賮 毓賱賶 賲賯丿丕乇 丕賱爻賱毓 賵丕賱禺丿賲丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳賴 兀賳 賷丨氐賱 毓賱賷賴丕貙 賱丕 毓賱賶 丕賱爻毓乇 丕賱匕賷 賷馗賴乇 毓賱賶 賲丕賰賷賳丞 鬲爻噩賷賱 丕賱賳賯賵丿.
-賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 賲賳 賲亘乇乇 丨賯賷賯賷 賱賱卮賰賵賶 賲賳 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 爻毓乇 丕賱丿噩丕噩 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻貙 賮賯丿 鬲賯賱氐 毓丿丿 丕賱爻丕毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇亍 兀賳 賷賯囟賷賴丕 賮賷 丕賱毓賲賱 賱賷鬲賲賰賳 賲賳 卮乇丕亍 丿噩丕噩丞 丕賱賷賵賲 (孬賱丕孬賷賳 丿賯賷賯丞) 毓賳 丕賱兀賲爻 (爻丕毓鬲賷賳 賵爻亘毓 賵孬賱丕孬賷賳 丿賯賷賯丞) = 鬲賯賱賷氐 丕賱賵賯鬲 賲賯丕亘賱 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 丕賱爻毓乇.
-丕賱毓賲賱丞 丕賱囟毓賷賮丞 鬲禺丿賲 丕賱賲氐丿賾乇賷賳 賵鬲毓丕賯亘 丕賱賲爻鬲賵乇丿賷賳.
-賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓賷卮鬲賳丕 丕乇鬲賮毓貨 賱兀賳賳丕 丕爻鬲胤毓賳丕 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賲丕 賳丨爻賳 氐賳毓賴 賲賳 賲賴丕賲 賵賳鬲丕噩乇 賮賷 睾賷乇賴.
-賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 賱丕 賳禺賱胤 亘賷賳 丕賱爻亘亘 賵丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇. 賱賷爻鬲 賲氐丕賳毓 丕賱爻禺乇丞 丕賱賲鬲爻亘亘丞 賮賷 鬲丿賳賷 丕賱兀噩賵乇 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱賮賯賷乇丞貙 賵廿賳賲丕 賴賷 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲賯丿賲 賱賱毓賲丕賱 廿賱丕 亘丿丕卅賱 賯賱賷賱丞.
-賲賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丕 賯亘賱 亘賱賵睾賴 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賮賱丕 賯賱亘 賱賴貙 賵賲賳 馗賱 丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丕 亘毓丿 鬲禺胤賷賴 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賮賱丕 毓賯賱 賱賴.
-賱丿賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷賷賳: 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賴賷 鬲毓馗賷賲 丕賱賲賳賮毓丞 賱丕 鬲毓馗賷賲 丕賱丿禺賱.
賲卮賰賱丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 -賵賴賱 賳噩丕 賲賳賴丕 賰鬲丕亘責- 兀賳賴 賲氐亘賵睾 亘乇丐賶 賵兀賮賰丕乇 賵孬賯丕賮丞 氐丕丨亘賴貙 賵丕賱匕賷 賷亘丿賵 賱賷 兀賳賴 乇噩賱 兀賲乇賷賰賷 賱賷亘乇丕賱賷 兀亘賷囟貙 賷丿毓賲 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞貙 賵賷丨乇賰 賲禺丕賵賮賴 賮賷 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賵丕賱鬲亘乇賷乇 賲丕 賷丨乇賰 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賲賳 丿賵丕賮毓 賵賴賲賵賲貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賳賲胤 賳賲胤 賲賳丕爻亘 鬲賲丕賲丕 賮賷 馗賳賷 賱鬲亘賳賷 卮乇丨 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賱兀賳賴 賳鬲丕噩 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 丕賱兀亘賷囟 鈥�.廿賱禺貙 賮賲賳 丕賱噩賷丿 賮賴賲賴 囟賲賳 廿胤丕乇賴貙 賱賰賳 賲丕 丕賱匕賷 鬲賲賳賷鬲賴責 兀賳 兀賯乇兀 賱賵噩賴丕鬲 賳馗乇 兀禺乇賶 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞貙 賱兀賳賴 賷爻賴賱 丕賳胤賱丕亍 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 毓賱賷 賵丕賱鬲兀孬乇 亘賳馗乇丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱兀賲賷鬲賷 丕賱鬲丕賲丞 賮賷 亘丕亘 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵兀爻乇丕乇賴貙 賵賱賴賷賲賳丞 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賳馗丕賲丕 賵孬賯丕賮丞貙 賲賲丕 賷毓賳賷 賴賷賲賳丞 賲亘丕丿卅賴丕 賵賲亘乇乇丕鬲賴丕 賲賯丕亘賱 囟毓賮 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱丞.
賴賱 兀氐丕亘 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 兀胤乇賵丨丕鬲賴責
賳毓賲貙 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 賳馗乇 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞..
賱賰賳 賲賳 賯丕賱 亘兀賳賳丕 賳乇賶 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱夭丕賵賷丞 賮賯胤責
October 10, 2008
Apart from news articles, the last time I read any book on economics was high school. I found Naked Economics explained how Western (primarily US) economic systems worked in very simple, easy to understand language. Particularly in these troubled times, learning how the Federal Reserve and other government agencies try to tweak the economy to encourage fairness and stability. He is unabashedly pro-trade and explains his stance well, which helped me to understand it, though I can't say he addressed all my concerns.
I did have questions after reading the book because I wasn't sure where an economy like Syria fit into his description. (He's an American economist so I wasn't particularly expecting otherwise.) Private banks have only been legalized in the past couple of years, and though there is a healthy and thriving economy, it does not depend nearly so much on interest rates as the US economy does. Most businesses are small to medium sized. What are the strengths and weaknesses of such an economy? What are the benefits and drawbacks of large foreign investments? (Syria is undergoing a construction boom fueled primarily by Gulf companies.) I have a laywoman's ideas but I would have liked to hear the opinions of someone with more economic expertise. I'd also like to know what he thinks of the Islamic bank movement, and how it changes (or doesn't change) the rules of economic behavior? Wheelan fulfills my expectations but somehow I'm still hungry for more knowledge.
I did have questions after reading the book because I wasn't sure where an economy like Syria fit into his description. (He's an American economist so I wasn't particularly expecting otherwise.) Private banks have only been legalized in the past couple of years, and though there is a healthy and thriving economy, it does not depend nearly so much on interest rates as the US economy does. Most businesses are small to medium sized. What are the strengths and weaknesses of such an economy? What are the benefits and drawbacks of large foreign investments? (Syria is undergoing a construction boom fueled primarily by Gulf companies.) I have a laywoman's ideas but I would have liked to hear the opinions of someone with more economic expertise. I'd also like to know what he thinks of the Islamic bank movement, and how it changes (or doesn't change) the rules of economic behavior? Wheelan fulfills my expectations but somehow I'm still hungry for more knowledge.
November 23, 2017
Sometimes I think it is a fool鈥檚 errand to study economics and hope for enlightenment. Much economics knowledge is too simple for that goal鈥攆or example, the relationship of supply and demand to prices. Such facts are easy to grasp through direct personal experience. But beyond that, actual enlightenment never comes, because, as everybody knows, economics is not a science. Economists can鈥檛 even analyze the past with any precision or unanimity, much less the future. Because I thought highly of the explanations of monetary policy in Charles Wheelan鈥檚 "Naked Money," I hoped that by reading this book I would at least move further down the curve toward enlightenment. But even the best writers cannot spin straw into gold.
It鈥檚 not that "Naked Economics" is a bad book. It is very well and engagingly written, and funny to boot. The problem, for me, is that all the knowledge here is the first type鈥攅asy knowledge, mostly suitable for those totally unfamiliar with the basic building blocks of economics, such as (smart) elementary or high school students. For them, this book would be valuable. For someone who already knows the basics, and is hoping for deeper insight, you will be disappointed. You鈥檒l at least get a refresher, though, and you鈥檒l be treated to direct talk, such as that about Asian sweatshops: 鈥淥ne of two things must be true. Either (1) workers take unpleasant jobs in sweatshops because it is the best employment option they have; or (2) Asian sweatshop workers are persons of weak intellect who have many more attractive job offers but choose to work in sweatshops instead.鈥�
Sure, I might quibble with the book here and there. Some of Wheelan鈥檚 policy prescriptions are dubiously supported, and some of his facts are wrong. He confuses the existence of the administrative state with the rule of law. It is not true that the now-canceled Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator was located in Texas because George H.W. Bush was President鈥攖hat decision was made in the 1980s, and if a politician mattered, it was the corrupt Democratic Speaker of the House, Jim Wright. Nor did Arthur Laffer originate the idea that tax cuts might increase revenue鈥攖hat idea was well known to Calvin Coolidge, who carefully tested it in practice. It is also not true that 鈥渢rading [securities] on any information not available to the public is against the law.鈥� But none of these minor problems erode Wheelan鈥檚 basic analysis
The book does not answer any of my deeper questions, though, which tend to revolve around whether the received wisdom is true at all. For example, I have never been able to understand why a sharp distinction is drawn between 鈥渃onsumption鈥� and 鈥渋nvesting,鈥� when often they seem to ultimately amount to much the same thing. Wheelan says, 鈥渃onsider a family that has a spare $1,000 and is deciding between buying a big-screen television and squirreling the money away in an investment fund. . . . Choosing the investment makes capital available to firms that build plants, conduct research, train workers. These investments are the macro equivalents of a college education; they make us more productive in the long run and therefore richer. Buying the television, on the other hand, is current consumption. It makes us happy today but does nothing to make us richer tomorrow.鈥� Leaving aside that many college educations do not make us more productive (e.g., getting a major in Latino Studies), why is this true? Isn鈥檛 it true that buying the TV provides $1,000 to those involved in manufacturing and selling it, thereby enabling them to 鈥渂uild plants, conduct research, train workers,鈥� and if nobody bought TVs, none of those things would happen, at least in the TV industry? Putting the money in your mattress, or burning it, makes it unavailable for productive use, but buying things makes it available, just like putting it an 鈥渋nvestment fund.鈥� Wheelan seems to try to address this by claiming that 鈥淵es, money spent on the a television keeps the workers employed at the television factory. But if the same money were invested, it would create jobs somewhere else, say for scientists in a laboratory or workers on a construction site, while also making us richer in the long run.鈥� Why is that? Don鈥檛 the manufacturers and sellers of TVs also, if they 鈥渂uild plants, conduct research, train workers,鈥� also hire scientists and construction workers? It seems to me that there is not nearly as clear a dividing line as is commonly represented between spending that 鈥渕akes us richer in the long run鈥� and spending that doesn鈥檛.
Similarly, and of more political impact today, what of international free trade and comparative advantage? The orthodox view of the role and effect of comparative advantage in international trade is straightforward, and Wheelan offers it. 鈥淸International] trade is good for consumers. We pay less for shoes, cars, electronics, food, and everything else that can be made better or more cheaply somewhere else in the world (or is made more cheaply in this country because of foreign competition). Our lives are made better in thousands of little ways that have a significant cumulative effect.鈥� Moreover, such trade is also good for poor countries鈥攖he implicit argument being that it鈥檚 our moral duty, even at our own cost, to make that possible. And being richer also means the environment is treated better, another implicit moral duty. Yes, 鈥渢rade creates losers,鈥� often permanent losers, but on average, we are all better off, both now and even more so in the long run, and that鈥檚 the way it needs to be.
This view is subject to a variety of technical criticisms, many centering around the simplifications and assumptions that underlie it, as well as such things as the effect of technology and of diminishing vs. increasing returns to scale. And it does not answer why some other rich countries, to a greater or lesser degree, engage in activities that cut against a free market. Yes, it is true that the poorest countries are harmed by their own protectionism, because it prevents them from offering what little they have to offer, and thereby becoming richer. But how about Japan, China, and many other countries, which use a range of anti-competitive devices to benefit their own people, ranging from overt ones such as currency manipulation (the yuan) and subsidies (Airbus), to less overt devices, such as China making Boeing build a factory in China to access the Chinese market, transferring critical intellectual property? We don鈥檛 seem to do anything like that. We just try to make sure cheap goods flow to the masses, and, not coincidentally, the powerful are able to acquire abroad cheaper goods to sell at a profit to those masses.
These are important questions, and little public attention seems to be paid to them in most quarters, other than Trumpian mumblings (now quashed by Jared and Ivanka) and places like The American Conservative and the new American Affairs. Presumably that is because neoliberal Democrats and Chamber of Commerce Republicans like it that way. But I have a more overarching inquiry, though few answers. It revolves around an unaddressed question: what does 鈥渂etter off鈥� mean, given we are told making us collectively 鈥渂etter off鈥� is the role and goal of exalting international free trade above any other interest?
Implicit in the orthodox argument Wheelan offers is that any aggregate increase in wealth, measured by GDP, is adequate justification for taking the action that leads to the increase. This is subject to two obvious skirmishing attacks. First, as Wheelan acknowledges, the result is that some people are not better off. Arguably, any action should be required to be Pareto optimal鈥攎aking no one person worse off. Of course, that argument is easily countered鈥攊f the increase in aggregate wealth creates enough wealth to also compensate the person worse off, by so doing aggregate wealth can be increased while keeping conditions of Pareto optimality (ignoring transactions costs, in a Coasian manner). Second, and more subtly, even if Pareto optimality is achieved, inequality may be increased. Where, as in modern America, social mobility is sclerotic and freezing fast, with the ruling classes becoming ever more wealthy and insular, increasing inequality is a social harm. That does not imply any specific remedy, certainly not an increase in forced redistribution, but it is something that should concern us.
After the skirmishing, though, there is a more existential battle to be fought. The orthodox argument implies that the goal of our society, and thus the goal of our public policy, is an economy, a social structure, that allows the most disposable income for each person. That can鈥檛 be right. Yes, we all want more money, but the only people who always benefit from constantly rising incomes are the government (because it gets more money in real terms) and the ruling classes in general鈥攅specially the tech elites, Apple, Amazon, and so forth, who manage, through a variety of devices, to accrue ever-greater wealth to themselves. (Not to mention that, as is well known, most Americans haven鈥檛 had any real increase in income in decades, although that fact does not directly relate to the inherent worth of the goal.) The rest of us, it seems to me, may or may not be actually benefit from more money. At the extreme, for example, if I buy fentanyl with my extra money and inject it, we are all worse off.
Perhaps this is an example of bounded rationality, most on display at this Christmas season. If you go to any store, there is an infinite range of goods on offer. Yet does the ability to buy 5% more of these goods, or of the vast majority of those goods, really improve the lives of the purchasers? Probably not. And to the extent the purchase price goes overseas, as it often does, no American benefits at all鈥攖he Chinese-American current account balance just gets a little more out of whack, and American sovereignty erodes a little bit more too. On the other hand, being able to buy 5% more healthcare, or a 5% better car, is a real improvement in most people鈥檚 lives. Being able to buy 5% more education is also, as long as that education is actually a form of human capital improvement. More money is sometimes better. But is it always better? The answer has to be 鈥渘o.鈥� Thus, there must be some limiting principle by which we admit that some increases in per capita wealth do not benefit society. This suggests that if international free trade has costs, sometimes those costs are not outweighed by the benefits, contrary to Wheelan鈥檚 claim of universality. What, precisely, that implies for public policy, I am not sure. Yet.
A related question is what are the real, as opposed to apparent, benefits of constant aggregate growth? If it鈥檚 just enabling people to get fatter and buy more cheap, disposable goods, and for old people (who have the lowest poverty rate and second-highest per capita income of any age group) to leech transfer payments from the young so they can take constant (foreign) luxury cruises, these are dubious benefits. On the other hand, wealth allows us to fix problems, at least in theory. More wealth means more cures for disease, or for environmental problems, and as Wheelan points out, richer people are more willing to care about collective action problems such as environmental damage. But it seems to me that which of these buckets collect the increased wealth is the critical question, and it is not at all clear that the first bucket, worthless consumption, isn鈥檛 by far the bigger collector. (And that relates to my first question above鈥攊s 鈥渃onsumption鈥� really sharply distinct from 鈥渋nvestment鈥�?)
Really, these questions boil down to philosophical questions. What makes a better society鈥攐ne with more stuff, and more ability to buy more stuff? Or something else? Along the same lines, what makes a strong society, and a strong country? Lots of tchotchkes being bought and stuck in the closet after Christmas? Certainly, it鈥檚 not one where we invest in creating intellectual property, and due to the recent innovation of cheap communications, that IP is used to enrich other countries at our expense, as Richard Baldwin notes in "The Great Convergence." Is some degree of autarky beneficial, even at the cost of a somewhat reduced disposable per capita income? And there are many more questions along the same lines.
My own impulse, certainly, is to throw up my hands in despair at the complexity of answering these questions (and all this is just scratching the surface鈥攖here are many, many, other relevant principles, from the velocity of money to exchange rates). It is possible that I am just being obtuse, and that all my questions have easy answers that the right person could, if he would sit down with me, deliver quickly and effectively. I doubt it, though. I think that economists don鈥檛 want to address these questions, because they lead us into a morass of uncertainty. And not just any uncertainty, but an uncertainty that threatens to undermine the chokehold of the cross-party ruling class on the fruits of our society.
I suspect that, as with all Gordian Knot questions, approaching these questions on a policy basis from a relatively general level, and implementing policies at that level, without trying to tease out every thread, makes the most sense. So, for example, Congress could simply mandate that within five years, 50% of microprocessors in any consumer electronic device sold in the United States, and 100% of those in defense devices, be produced exclusively within the United States by American-owned companies. Such devices would become considerably more expensive鈥攂ut my bet is that we鈥檇 be a stronger country as a result. Tim Cook won鈥檛 like that. But as they say, that鈥檚 a feature, not a bug. (Actually, on a micro level, we have already done this in the firearms industry, by making it nearly impossible to import small arms for the civilian market, ensuring a strong and growing domestic industry. Yay!) That doesn鈥檛 mean we need to create a new mercantilism (not to be confused with Keynesian 鈥渘eo-mercantilism鈥�). It does mean that we need to look to our own interests, because foreigners, and Tim Cook, certainly won鈥檛.
It鈥檚 not that "Naked Economics" is a bad book. It is very well and engagingly written, and funny to boot. The problem, for me, is that all the knowledge here is the first type鈥攅asy knowledge, mostly suitable for those totally unfamiliar with the basic building blocks of economics, such as (smart) elementary or high school students. For them, this book would be valuable. For someone who already knows the basics, and is hoping for deeper insight, you will be disappointed. You鈥檒l at least get a refresher, though, and you鈥檒l be treated to direct talk, such as that about Asian sweatshops: 鈥淥ne of two things must be true. Either (1) workers take unpleasant jobs in sweatshops because it is the best employment option they have; or (2) Asian sweatshop workers are persons of weak intellect who have many more attractive job offers but choose to work in sweatshops instead.鈥�
Sure, I might quibble with the book here and there. Some of Wheelan鈥檚 policy prescriptions are dubiously supported, and some of his facts are wrong. He confuses the existence of the administrative state with the rule of law. It is not true that the now-canceled Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator was located in Texas because George H.W. Bush was President鈥攖hat decision was made in the 1980s, and if a politician mattered, it was the corrupt Democratic Speaker of the House, Jim Wright. Nor did Arthur Laffer originate the idea that tax cuts might increase revenue鈥攖hat idea was well known to Calvin Coolidge, who carefully tested it in practice. It is also not true that 鈥渢rading [securities] on any information not available to the public is against the law.鈥� But none of these minor problems erode Wheelan鈥檚 basic analysis
The book does not answer any of my deeper questions, though, which tend to revolve around whether the received wisdom is true at all. For example, I have never been able to understand why a sharp distinction is drawn between 鈥渃onsumption鈥� and 鈥渋nvesting,鈥� when often they seem to ultimately amount to much the same thing. Wheelan says, 鈥渃onsider a family that has a spare $1,000 and is deciding between buying a big-screen television and squirreling the money away in an investment fund. . . . Choosing the investment makes capital available to firms that build plants, conduct research, train workers. These investments are the macro equivalents of a college education; they make us more productive in the long run and therefore richer. Buying the television, on the other hand, is current consumption. It makes us happy today but does nothing to make us richer tomorrow.鈥� Leaving aside that many college educations do not make us more productive (e.g., getting a major in Latino Studies), why is this true? Isn鈥檛 it true that buying the TV provides $1,000 to those involved in manufacturing and selling it, thereby enabling them to 鈥渂uild plants, conduct research, train workers,鈥� and if nobody bought TVs, none of those things would happen, at least in the TV industry? Putting the money in your mattress, or burning it, makes it unavailable for productive use, but buying things makes it available, just like putting it an 鈥渋nvestment fund.鈥� Wheelan seems to try to address this by claiming that 鈥淵es, money spent on the a television keeps the workers employed at the television factory. But if the same money were invested, it would create jobs somewhere else, say for scientists in a laboratory or workers on a construction site, while also making us richer in the long run.鈥� Why is that? Don鈥檛 the manufacturers and sellers of TVs also, if they 鈥渂uild plants, conduct research, train workers,鈥� also hire scientists and construction workers? It seems to me that there is not nearly as clear a dividing line as is commonly represented between spending that 鈥渕akes us richer in the long run鈥� and spending that doesn鈥檛.
Similarly, and of more political impact today, what of international free trade and comparative advantage? The orthodox view of the role and effect of comparative advantage in international trade is straightforward, and Wheelan offers it. 鈥淸International] trade is good for consumers. We pay less for shoes, cars, electronics, food, and everything else that can be made better or more cheaply somewhere else in the world (or is made more cheaply in this country because of foreign competition). Our lives are made better in thousands of little ways that have a significant cumulative effect.鈥� Moreover, such trade is also good for poor countries鈥攖he implicit argument being that it鈥檚 our moral duty, even at our own cost, to make that possible. And being richer also means the environment is treated better, another implicit moral duty. Yes, 鈥渢rade creates losers,鈥� often permanent losers, but on average, we are all better off, both now and even more so in the long run, and that鈥檚 the way it needs to be.
This view is subject to a variety of technical criticisms, many centering around the simplifications and assumptions that underlie it, as well as such things as the effect of technology and of diminishing vs. increasing returns to scale. And it does not answer why some other rich countries, to a greater or lesser degree, engage in activities that cut against a free market. Yes, it is true that the poorest countries are harmed by their own protectionism, because it prevents them from offering what little they have to offer, and thereby becoming richer. But how about Japan, China, and many other countries, which use a range of anti-competitive devices to benefit their own people, ranging from overt ones such as currency manipulation (the yuan) and subsidies (Airbus), to less overt devices, such as China making Boeing build a factory in China to access the Chinese market, transferring critical intellectual property? We don鈥檛 seem to do anything like that. We just try to make sure cheap goods flow to the masses, and, not coincidentally, the powerful are able to acquire abroad cheaper goods to sell at a profit to those masses.
These are important questions, and little public attention seems to be paid to them in most quarters, other than Trumpian mumblings (now quashed by Jared and Ivanka) and places like The American Conservative and the new American Affairs. Presumably that is because neoliberal Democrats and Chamber of Commerce Republicans like it that way. But I have a more overarching inquiry, though few answers. It revolves around an unaddressed question: what does 鈥渂etter off鈥� mean, given we are told making us collectively 鈥渂etter off鈥� is the role and goal of exalting international free trade above any other interest?
Implicit in the orthodox argument Wheelan offers is that any aggregate increase in wealth, measured by GDP, is adequate justification for taking the action that leads to the increase. This is subject to two obvious skirmishing attacks. First, as Wheelan acknowledges, the result is that some people are not better off. Arguably, any action should be required to be Pareto optimal鈥攎aking no one person worse off. Of course, that argument is easily countered鈥攊f the increase in aggregate wealth creates enough wealth to also compensate the person worse off, by so doing aggregate wealth can be increased while keeping conditions of Pareto optimality (ignoring transactions costs, in a Coasian manner). Second, and more subtly, even if Pareto optimality is achieved, inequality may be increased. Where, as in modern America, social mobility is sclerotic and freezing fast, with the ruling classes becoming ever more wealthy and insular, increasing inequality is a social harm. That does not imply any specific remedy, certainly not an increase in forced redistribution, but it is something that should concern us.
After the skirmishing, though, there is a more existential battle to be fought. The orthodox argument implies that the goal of our society, and thus the goal of our public policy, is an economy, a social structure, that allows the most disposable income for each person. That can鈥檛 be right. Yes, we all want more money, but the only people who always benefit from constantly rising incomes are the government (because it gets more money in real terms) and the ruling classes in general鈥攅specially the tech elites, Apple, Amazon, and so forth, who manage, through a variety of devices, to accrue ever-greater wealth to themselves. (Not to mention that, as is well known, most Americans haven鈥檛 had any real increase in income in decades, although that fact does not directly relate to the inherent worth of the goal.) The rest of us, it seems to me, may or may not be actually benefit from more money. At the extreme, for example, if I buy fentanyl with my extra money and inject it, we are all worse off.
Perhaps this is an example of bounded rationality, most on display at this Christmas season. If you go to any store, there is an infinite range of goods on offer. Yet does the ability to buy 5% more of these goods, or of the vast majority of those goods, really improve the lives of the purchasers? Probably not. And to the extent the purchase price goes overseas, as it often does, no American benefits at all鈥攖he Chinese-American current account balance just gets a little more out of whack, and American sovereignty erodes a little bit more too. On the other hand, being able to buy 5% more healthcare, or a 5% better car, is a real improvement in most people鈥檚 lives. Being able to buy 5% more education is also, as long as that education is actually a form of human capital improvement. More money is sometimes better. But is it always better? The answer has to be 鈥渘o.鈥� Thus, there must be some limiting principle by which we admit that some increases in per capita wealth do not benefit society. This suggests that if international free trade has costs, sometimes those costs are not outweighed by the benefits, contrary to Wheelan鈥檚 claim of universality. What, precisely, that implies for public policy, I am not sure. Yet.
A related question is what are the real, as opposed to apparent, benefits of constant aggregate growth? If it鈥檚 just enabling people to get fatter and buy more cheap, disposable goods, and for old people (who have the lowest poverty rate and second-highest per capita income of any age group) to leech transfer payments from the young so they can take constant (foreign) luxury cruises, these are dubious benefits. On the other hand, wealth allows us to fix problems, at least in theory. More wealth means more cures for disease, or for environmental problems, and as Wheelan points out, richer people are more willing to care about collective action problems such as environmental damage. But it seems to me that which of these buckets collect the increased wealth is the critical question, and it is not at all clear that the first bucket, worthless consumption, isn鈥檛 by far the bigger collector. (And that relates to my first question above鈥攊s 鈥渃onsumption鈥� really sharply distinct from 鈥渋nvestment鈥�?)
Really, these questions boil down to philosophical questions. What makes a better society鈥攐ne with more stuff, and more ability to buy more stuff? Or something else? Along the same lines, what makes a strong society, and a strong country? Lots of tchotchkes being bought and stuck in the closet after Christmas? Certainly, it鈥檚 not one where we invest in creating intellectual property, and due to the recent innovation of cheap communications, that IP is used to enrich other countries at our expense, as Richard Baldwin notes in "The Great Convergence." Is some degree of autarky beneficial, even at the cost of a somewhat reduced disposable per capita income? And there are many more questions along the same lines.
My own impulse, certainly, is to throw up my hands in despair at the complexity of answering these questions (and all this is just scratching the surface鈥攖here are many, many, other relevant principles, from the velocity of money to exchange rates). It is possible that I am just being obtuse, and that all my questions have easy answers that the right person could, if he would sit down with me, deliver quickly and effectively. I doubt it, though. I think that economists don鈥檛 want to address these questions, because they lead us into a morass of uncertainty. And not just any uncertainty, but an uncertainty that threatens to undermine the chokehold of the cross-party ruling class on the fruits of our society.
I suspect that, as with all Gordian Knot questions, approaching these questions on a policy basis from a relatively general level, and implementing policies at that level, without trying to tease out every thread, makes the most sense. So, for example, Congress could simply mandate that within five years, 50% of microprocessors in any consumer electronic device sold in the United States, and 100% of those in defense devices, be produced exclusively within the United States by American-owned companies. Such devices would become considerably more expensive鈥攂ut my bet is that we鈥檇 be a stronger country as a result. Tim Cook won鈥檛 like that. But as they say, that鈥檚 a feature, not a bug. (Actually, on a micro level, we have already done this in the firearms industry, by making it nearly impossible to import small arms for the civilian market, ensuring a strong and growing domestic industry. Yay!) That doesn鈥檛 mean we need to create a new mercantilism (not to be confused with Keynesian 鈥渘eo-mercantilism鈥�). It does mean that we need to look to our own interests, because foreigners, and Tim Cook, certainly won鈥檛.
July 8, 2007
"Charles Wheelan Tells It Like It Is" would be an equally appropriate title for this fucking awesome overview on all things economic in this world. As someone who's read more than a few of the popular economics books currently glutting the market, and as a economics major in college, I was skeptical that this book could teach me anything I didn't already know or entertain me with wry anecdotes. What surprised me was actually that: the wry anecdotes and useful explanations such as what "fast-track authority" or "human development index"actually mean.
Less Freakanomics-y (quirky case studies) and more a broad overview of how economics applies to everything in our, well, economy, reading this book was the mental equivalent of cabinet refacing. All of the explanations were already there in my head but just needed to be re-articulated in a clever, clear writing style a la The Economist. From explaining the economic structures of the most basic transaction to those of the financial markets, Wheelan forced me to rack my brain for the left-wing rebuttals to his logical explanations of why trade protectionism is bad, why sweatshops are good (the problem with sweatshops apparently is that there aren't enough of them), and why a growing economic pie really is important to the small slice eaters. Try as I might, I couldn't argue with most of his points. They were clear, simple, interesting, and thankfully humorously self-deprecating.
Once I realized that I was going to give this book a full goodreads review, I found myself picking up my pad and pen every other page to try and appropriate some small revelation as my own. Perhaps I was learning by example as this book is chock full of thrilling (yes, thrilling) examples of the pioneering work of a multitude of visionary economists. A truly good read.
Less Freakanomics-y (quirky case studies) and more a broad overview of how economics applies to everything in our, well, economy, reading this book was the mental equivalent of cabinet refacing. All of the explanations were already there in my head but just needed to be re-articulated in a clever, clear writing style a la The Economist. From explaining the economic structures of the most basic transaction to those of the financial markets, Wheelan forced me to rack my brain for the left-wing rebuttals to his logical explanations of why trade protectionism is bad, why sweatshops are good (the problem with sweatshops apparently is that there aren't enough of them), and why a growing economic pie really is important to the small slice eaters. Try as I might, I couldn't argue with most of his points. They were clear, simple, interesting, and thankfully humorously self-deprecating.
Once I realized that I was going to give this book a full goodreads review, I found myself picking up my pad and pen every other page to try and appropriate some small revelation as my own. Perhaps I was learning by example as this book is chock full of thrilling (yes, thrilling) examples of the pioneering work of a multitude of visionary economists. A truly good read.
August 27, 2018
" 廿賳 賲毓馗賲 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲賴賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 鬲爻鬲鬲乇 禺賱賮 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賲賳 丕賱兀睾胤賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳胤賵賷 毓賱賶 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賲鬲賶 兀夭丨賳丕賴丕 毓賳賴丕貙 賳噩丿 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 亘丿賴賷丞 賮賷 丕賱兀氐賱貙 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱賲賯氐賵丿 亘丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕賸 "
鬲爻賵丿 賮賰乇丞 毓賳丿 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯乇丕亍 兀賳 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓賱賲 噩丕賮 賵賰卅賷亘貙 賵賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賴匕丕 丨賯丕 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀丨丕賷賷賳. 賮丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 -睾丕賱亘丕賸- 賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 賲賱賷卅丞 亘丕賱賲毓丕丿賱丕鬲 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 丕賱賲毓賯丿丞 賵丕賱噩丿丕賵賱 賵丕賱乇爻賵賲 丕賱亘賷丕賳賷丞 丕賱睾丕賲囟丞. 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱乇丕卅毓 賷丨丕賵賱 鬲睾賷賷乇 賴匕賴 丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱賳賲胤賷丞 賱賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 亘噩毓賱賴 兀賰孬乇 鬲卮賵賷賯丕賸 賵賯乇亘丕賸 賲賳 丨賷丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞.
~~~
賰鬲丕亘 兀賵氐賷 亘賴貙 賵亘卮丿丞.
December 1, 2019
亘毓丿 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳賯丿 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷貙 賮賯丿 賯乇兀鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵丕賱匕賷 賷卮乇丨 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞
賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賱鬲胤賱毓. 兀賳氐丨 亘賯乇丕卅鬲賴
賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賱鬲胤賱毓. 兀賳氐丨 亘賯乇丕卅鬲賴
June 30, 2018
The book is an interesting primer on economics. It is no doubt ideological but the author has given strong arguments for the ideological position he has taken. The book, however, is limited as it is only good for understanding market based economy. It doesn't shed light on feudalism and tribal societies economics and the complex socio-political and economic relations such societies wield. Apart from such limitations, the book convincingly give arguments for free trade, globalization and market based capitalist system. It doesn't touch on 'exploitation' and merely brushes it away by calling the more skilled earn more profit than the less skilled. The place where I live, the landowner who inherits his agricultural land makes money while his tenants toil for a far lower sum. The question of the skill and ability doesn't matter here. Here it is all about inheritance! The author takes the assumption that everyone starts from zero and develop skills in life which will decide his/her income -countries included- He misses the point that it is about their inheritance advantage too. A family/country already rich is more likely to remain rich and the same holds for poor families/countries.
If you like to learn about GDP, financial markets, monetary and fiscal policies, human capital etc. this is a good book to start with.
If you like to learn about GDP, financial markets, monetary and fiscal policies, human capital etc. this is a good book to start with.
September 3, 2015
I would like to thank my AP Economics teacher for recommending such a piece of shit :) It was a time well spent!
January 7, 2023
DNF
this is for school and i most definitely do not feel like finishing it馃槏馃槏
this is for school and i most definitely do not feel like finishing it馃槏馃槏
March 21, 2016
毓賱丕賯鬲賶 亘毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓賱丕賯丞 賲乇鬲亘賰丞 賱丕 鬲爻賷乇 毓賱賶 禺胤 賵丕丨丿
賱賰賳 賷爻賵丿賴丕 賮賶 丕賱兀睾賱亘 毓賱丕賯丞 囟噩乇 賵噩賮丕亍
亘丿兀 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賶 爻賳丞 2009 賰賳鬲 賵賯鬲賴丕 鬲賱賲賷匕丕 賮賶 丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱噩丕賲毓賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賲賳 賰賱賷丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賯爻賲 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 丕賱匕賶 賰丕賳 賷卮乇丨 賱賳丕 丕賱賲丕丿丞 賰丕賳 毓噩賵夭丕 鬲禺胤賶 丕賱爻亘毓賷賳 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 亘賲乇丕丨賱 ...亘匕賶亍 丕賱賱爻丕賳 噩丿丕 ..賱丕 賷鬲賵乇毓 毓賳 丕賱爻亘 賵丕賱卮鬲賲 兀賳 鬲噩乇兀 胤丕賱亘 賵爻兀賱賴 毓賳 賳賯胤丞 賲丕 賱丕 賷賮賴賲賴丕 ..賮賰丕賳 兀睾賱亘賳丕 賷賰鬲賮賶 亘丕賱爻賰賵鬲...亘毓丿 兀爻丕亘賷毓 丕賳賯胤毓鬲 丕賳丕 鬲賲丕賲丕 毓賳 丨囟賵乇 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丨丕囟乇丕鬲 丕賱亘丕乇丿丞 賵丕賰鬲賮賷鬲 亘丕賱毓賰賵賮 丕賱賰丕賲賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱匕賶 賳丿乇爻賴
... 賮賶 賵賯鬲賴丕 賰賳丕 賳丿乇爻
賲乇噩毓丕 兀噩賳亘賷丕 毓賳 賲亘丕丿賶亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕爻賲賴
Principles of Economics
賱兀爻鬲丕匕 卮賴賷乇 賲賳 噩丕賲毓丞 賴丕乇賮丕乇丿 廿爻賲賴
N. Gregory Mankiw
賰丕賳 亘 200 噩賳賷賴 賵賯鬲賴丕 :))
賲毓 乇賮囟賶 賮賶 爻賳丞 丕賵賱賶 丨囟賵乇 兀賷丞 丿乇賵爻 禺氐賵氐賷丞 噩丕賲毓賷丞 廿賱賱賶 賰賳鬲 卮丕賷賮賴丕 ' 毓賷亘 '...毓賷亘 兀賳 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 賵賮賶 噩丕賲毓丞 賷丕禺丿 丿乇爻 ...賵賲毓 爻賵亍 卮乇丨 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 ... 賵賲毓 噩賴賱賶 丕賱鬲丕賲 亘賲毓賳賶 賰賱賲丞 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵賯鬲賴丕 賲賳 丕賱兀爻丕爻 賵兀賷囟丕 囟毓賮賶 賮賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲匕丕賰乇丞 賲賳 丕賱賲乇噩毓 丕賱兀噩賳亘賶 兀卮亘賴 亘丕賱丕賳鬲丨丕乇 ....賮丕賰乇 賰賵賷爻 丕賳賶 賰賳鬲 亘匕丕賰乇 毓丿丿 賲賴賵賱 賲賳 丕賱爻丕毓丕鬲 .....賱賰賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賳鬲丨丕乇 賰丕賳 丕賳鬲丨丕乇丕 賱匕賷匕丕 賮賴賵 賯丿 爻丕賴賲 賵賯鬲賴丕 賮賶 鬲賯賵賷丞 賱睾鬲賷 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...
.賮賶 丌禺乇 爻賳丞 兀賵賱賶 賵賯毓 鬲丨鬲 丕賷丿賶 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕 賲鬲乇噩賲丕 賱賱毓亘賯乇賷
Wheelan
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿賴 賰丕賳 亘賲孬丕亘丞 胤賵賯 賳噩丕丞 ...爻毓丕丿鬲賶 亘賴 賱丕 鬲賵氐賮
賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 兀卮毓乇 廿賳賳賶 丕賮賴賲 賲丕 兀賯乇兀賴 賮賶 賰鬲丕亘
Mankiw
亘爻賴賵賱丞 賵賲賳 睾賷乇 丨丕噩丞 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱丨乇賮賷丞 賵氐賳丕毓丞 賵賯賵丕賲賷爻 禺丕氐丞 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲乇賴賯丞 賱賱睾丕賷丞
丕賳鬲賴賷鬲 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 ' 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕 ' 賵亘丿兀鬲 賮賶 賰鬲丕亘 丿乇賵爻 賲亘爻胤丞 賮賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賱賲賷乇賮賶 孬賲 丿賱賷賱 丕賱賲亘鬲丿卅賷賳 丕賱卮丕賲賱 賮賶 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿
賵賴賵 賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲丞 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丕賰孬乇賴丕 賲鬲毓丞 賮賶 賳馗乇賶
孬賲 賰鬲丕亘 ' 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賳丕 ' 賱賲丨賲丿 亘丕賯乇 丕賱氐丿乇 賵賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱睾 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 兀賷囟丕
亘睾囟 丕賱賳馗乇 毓賳 丕賳 賰丕鬲亘賴 卮賷毓賶 ' 賲禺乇賮 ' 賱賰賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 賴匕丕 賲賴賲 噩丿丕 賵賮乇賷丿 賮賶 亘丕亘賴 丕丨賯丕賯丕 賱賱丨賯
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丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 噩丿丕 賮賶 賳馗乇賶 賵賷爻丿 禺丕賳丞 賮賶 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丨鬲賶 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 賲鬲乇噩賲丕
賲噩乇丿 乇丐賷鬲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘 亘睾賱丕賮賴 丕賱兀禺囟乇 丕賱賲賲賷夭 賷亘毓孬 賮賶 賳賮爻賶 爻毓丕丿丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賵匕賰乇賷丕鬲 噩賲賷賱丞 亘毓丿 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲
賱賰賳 賷爻賵丿賴丕 賮賶 丕賱兀睾賱亘 毓賱丕賯丞 囟噩乇 賵噩賮丕亍
亘丿兀 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賶 爻賳丞 2009 賰賳鬲 賵賯鬲賴丕 鬲賱賲賷匕丕 賮賶 丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱噩丕賲毓賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賲賳 賰賱賷丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賯爻賲 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 丕賱匕賶 賰丕賳 賷卮乇丨 賱賳丕 丕賱賲丕丿丞 賰丕賳 毓噩賵夭丕 鬲禺胤賶 丕賱爻亘毓賷賳 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 亘賲乇丕丨賱 ...亘匕賶亍 丕賱賱爻丕賳 噩丿丕 ..賱丕 賷鬲賵乇毓 毓賳 丕賱爻亘 賵丕賱卮鬲賲 兀賳 鬲噩乇兀 胤丕賱亘 賵爻兀賱賴 毓賳 賳賯胤丞 賲丕 賱丕 賷賮賴賲賴丕 ..賮賰丕賳 兀睾賱亘賳丕 賷賰鬲賮賶 亘丕賱爻賰賵鬲...亘毓丿 兀爻丕亘賷毓 丕賳賯胤毓鬲 丕賳丕 鬲賲丕賲丕 毓賳 丨囟賵乇 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丨丕囟乇丕鬲 丕賱亘丕乇丿丞 賵丕賰鬲賮賷鬲 亘丕賱毓賰賵賮 丕賱賰丕賲賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱匕賶 賳丿乇爻賴
... 賮賶 賵賯鬲賴丕 賰賳丕 賳丿乇爻
賲乇噩毓丕 兀噩賳亘賷丕 毓賳 賲亘丕丿賶亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕爻賲賴
Principles of Economics
賱兀爻鬲丕匕 卮賴賷乇 賲賳 噩丕賲毓丞 賴丕乇賮丕乇丿 廿爻賲賴
N. Gregory Mankiw
賰丕賳 亘 200 噩賳賷賴 賵賯鬲賴丕 :))
賲毓 乇賮囟賶 賮賶 爻賳丞 丕賵賱賶 丨囟賵乇 兀賷丞 丿乇賵爻 禺氐賵氐賷丞 噩丕賲毓賷丞 廿賱賱賶 賰賳鬲 卮丕賷賮賴丕 ' 毓賷亘 '...毓賷亘 兀賳 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 賵賮賶 噩丕賲毓丞 賷丕禺丿 丿乇爻 ...賵賲毓 爻賵亍 卮乇丨 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 ... 賵賲毓 噩賴賱賶 丕賱鬲丕賲 亘賲毓賳賶 賰賱賲丞 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵賯鬲賴丕 賲賳 丕賱兀爻丕爻 賵兀賷囟丕 囟毓賮賶 賮賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲匕丕賰乇丞 賲賳 丕賱賲乇噩毓 丕賱兀噩賳亘賶 兀卮亘賴 亘丕賱丕賳鬲丨丕乇 ....賮丕賰乇 賰賵賷爻 丕賳賶 賰賳鬲 亘匕丕賰乇 毓丿丿 賲賴賵賱 賲賳 丕賱爻丕毓丕鬲 .....賱賰賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賳鬲丨丕乇 賰丕賳 丕賳鬲丨丕乇丕 賱匕賷匕丕 賮賴賵 賯丿 爻丕賴賲 賵賯鬲賴丕 賮賶 鬲賯賵賷丞 賱睾鬲賷 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 ...
.賮賶 丌禺乇 爻賳丞 兀賵賱賶 賵賯毓 鬲丨鬲 丕賷丿賶 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕 賲鬲乇噩賲丕 賱賱毓亘賯乇賷
Wheelan
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿賴 賰丕賳 亘賲孬丕亘丞 胤賵賯 賳噩丕丞 ...爻毓丕丿鬲賶 亘賴 賱丕 鬲賵氐賮
賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 兀卮毓乇 廿賳賳賶 丕賮賴賲 賲丕 兀賯乇兀賴 賮賶 賰鬲丕亘
Mankiw
亘爻賴賵賱丞 賵賲賳 睾賷乇 丨丕噩丞 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱丨乇賮賷丞 賵氐賳丕毓丞 賵賯賵丕賲賷爻 禺丕氐丞 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲乇賴賯丞 賱賱睾丕賷丞
丕賳鬲賴賷鬲 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 ' 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 毓丕乇賷丕 ' 賵亘丿兀鬲 賮賶 賰鬲丕亘 丿乇賵爻 賲亘爻胤丞 賮賶 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賱賲賷乇賮賶 孬賲 丿賱賷賱 丕賱賲亘鬲丿卅賷賳 丕賱卮丕賲賱 賮賶 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿
賵賴賵 賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲丞 毓賳 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丕賰孬乇賴丕 賲鬲毓丞 賮賶 賳馗乇賶
孬賲 賰鬲丕亘 ' 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賳丕 ' 賱賲丨賲丿 亘丕賯乇 丕賱氐丿乇 賵賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱睾 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 兀賷囟丕
亘睾囟 丕賱賳馗乇 毓賳 丕賳 賰丕鬲亘賴 卮賷毓賶 ' 賲禺乇賮 ' 賱賰賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 賴匕丕 賲賴賲 噩丿丕 賵賮乇賷丿 賮賶 亘丕亘賴 丕丨賯丕賯丕 賱賱丨賯
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丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 噩丿丕 賮賶 賳馗乇賶 賵賷爻丿 禺丕賳丞 賮賶 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丨鬲賶 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 賲鬲乇噩賲丕
賲噩乇丿 乇丐賷鬲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘 亘睾賱丕賮賴 丕賱兀禺囟乇 丕賱賲賲賷夭 賷亘毓孬 賮賶 賳賮爻賶 爻毓丕丿丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賵匕賰乇賷丕鬲 噩賲賷賱丞 亘毓丿 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲
October 2, 2014
Scariest book I've read in a while. Econ for people who never took Econ in school, what were we thinking?! A good read for anyone, a must read for young adults. Start investing, kids.
October 23, 2015
UPDATE (06/08/13):
I reread Charles Wheelan's Naked Economics, revisiting it now about four years later. It is still one of my favorite books, but I do have a more modest perspective of it now. I'll try to provide a better summary of Wheelan's book than I did four years ago.
A market economy is really just a name for the transaction of buying and selling goods and services, and the scarcer the goods and services and the more demand, the more people are willing to pay for them. This explains in part why LeBron James makes more money than I do. There are fewer people who play basketball exceptionally well than can teach, which is what I do (and remember, teachers are not paid on a sliding scale where the better teachers make more for their outstanding performance). So LeBron James's skills are scarcer, mine are not. Note, by the way, this is not making a value judgment. It is an explanation of the pay disparity. And it is unlikely that the demand would be there for LeBron James's basketball talents were we living in the 18th century, in which case I would have more human capital than someone who can put a ball in a hoop.
Human capital, by the way, is often neglected when thinking about practical economic matters. Here is a rough way to determine your human capital. Consider your work experience, in the different fields in which you've worked. Consider also the degrees you have. Consider also your had and soft skills: Hard skills for a poet, for example, would be knowing how to compose a sonata, whereas soft skills would be something like being a good public speaker (a little more difficult to determine, but which you might think you have abilities with). And consider your life experience: Where have you gone? What have you done? What kind of person does this reveal? Add all that together--work experience, educational experience, life experience, and skills. Now think of the jobs you would best be able to be of service to given your experience and skills. And ask yourself these questions: Is there a demand for more people in these professions or is this profession bloated? How would I compare, in terms of my experience and skills, with other people who would also be looking for these jobs? And if any of these jobs require examinations, compare your examination score to the average, another important determining factor. This is a rough and rocky way to measure your human capital, essentially, for better or for worse, your economic worth. Unfortunately, for many workers vis-a-vis the economy, it is difficult for people to find new jobs if they lose old ones because they don't have very much human capital (that is, their experiences and skills just aren't valued economically).
There are other important lessons in this book, but if you take away any two, for my money, it'd be the ones above: what a market economy is and what human capital is. Your interests may vary.
REVIEW AS OF (09/03/09):
The book promised a good explanation of economics, and it delivered. Author Charles Wheelan conveyed the basics of economic theory and discussed the myriad ways in which economic theory has direct and indirect impacts on everyone's lives. Especially enjoyable were his demonstrations backed by the data that without good government and good regulatory policy, a good, functioning economy is impossible; there can be no good economics without good government. Wheelan also argues for certain social policy positions, and any reader is likely to disagree with him at some points and for seemingly good reasons. However, Wheelan makes clear that these are his positions and that social issues that converge with economic issues are always up for debate. Indeed, that's all part of the dynamism of social and economic life generally. Yeah, read this book. It's a humdinger.
I reread Charles Wheelan's Naked Economics, revisiting it now about four years later. It is still one of my favorite books, but I do have a more modest perspective of it now. I'll try to provide a better summary of Wheelan's book than I did four years ago.
A market economy is really just a name for the transaction of buying and selling goods and services, and the scarcer the goods and services and the more demand, the more people are willing to pay for them. This explains in part why LeBron James makes more money than I do. There are fewer people who play basketball exceptionally well than can teach, which is what I do (and remember, teachers are not paid on a sliding scale where the better teachers make more for their outstanding performance). So LeBron James's skills are scarcer, mine are not. Note, by the way, this is not making a value judgment. It is an explanation of the pay disparity. And it is unlikely that the demand would be there for LeBron James's basketball talents were we living in the 18th century, in which case I would have more human capital than someone who can put a ball in a hoop.
Human capital, by the way, is often neglected when thinking about practical economic matters. Here is a rough way to determine your human capital. Consider your work experience, in the different fields in which you've worked. Consider also the degrees you have. Consider also your had and soft skills: Hard skills for a poet, for example, would be knowing how to compose a sonata, whereas soft skills would be something like being a good public speaker (a little more difficult to determine, but which you might think you have abilities with). And consider your life experience: Where have you gone? What have you done? What kind of person does this reveal? Add all that together--work experience, educational experience, life experience, and skills. Now think of the jobs you would best be able to be of service to given your experience and skills. And ask yourself these questions: Is there a demand for more people in these professions or is this profession bloated? How would I compare, in terms of my experience and skills, with other people who would also be looking for these jobs? And if any of these jobs require examinations, compare your examination score to the average, another important determining factor. This is a rough and rocky way to measure your human capital, essentially, for better or for worse, your economic worth. Unfortunately, for many workers vis-a-vis the economy, it is difficult for people to find new jobs if they lose old ones because they don't have very much human capital (that is, their experiences and skills just aren't valued economically).
There are other important lessons in this book, but if you take away any two, for my money, it'd be the ones above: what a market economy is and what human capital is. Your interests may vary.
REVIEW AS OF (09/03/09):
The book promised a good explanation of economics, and it delivered. Author Charles Wheelan conveyed the basics of economic theory and discussed the myriad ways in which economic theory has direct and indirect impacts on everyone's lives. Especially enjoyable were his demonstrations backed by the data that without good government and good regulatory policy, a good, functioning economy is impossible; there can be no good economics without good government. Wheelan also argues for certain social policy positions, and any reader is likely to disagree with him at some points and for seemingly good reasons. However, Wheelan makes clear that these are his positions and that social issues that converge with economic issues are always up for debate. Indeed, that's all part of the dynamism of social and economic life generally. Yeah, read this book. It's a humdinger.
February 9, 2017
"One of the fallacies of poverty is that developing countries are poor because they have rapid population growth. In fact, the causal relationship is best understood going the other direction:Poor people have many children because the cost of bearing and raising children is low. Birth control, no matter how dependable,works only to the extent that families prefer fewer children. As a result, one of the most potent weapons for fighting population growth is creating better economic opportunities for women,which starts by educating girls. Taiwan doubled the number of girls graduating from high school between 1966 and 1975.Meanwhile, the fertility rate dropped by half. In the developed world, where women have enjoyed an extraordinary range of new economic opportunities for more than a half century, fertility rates have fallen near or below replacement level, which is 2.1 births per woman."
April 17, 2020
"丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賴賵 賮賳 丕賱廿爻鬲賮丕丿丞 丕賱賯氐賵賶 賲賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞."
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲丕夭 賮賶 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓乇囟 賵丕賱卮乇丨貙 賵賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賰賲卮賰賱丕鬲 賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賱賷爻鬲 賰賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賲毓賯丿丞貙 賲賲丕 賷賰賲賳 丕賱賯丕乇卅 賲賳 兀賳 賷賮賴賲 丕賰亘乇 丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 亘卮賰賱 亘爻賷胤.
丕賱卮卅 丕賱爻賱亘賷 賮賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賳 兀睾賱亘 丕賱賮氐賵賱 睾賷乇 賲賯爻賲丞 廿賱賶 賲賵囟丕毓丕鬲 兀賵 廿賱賶 賳賯丕胤 賮乇毓賷丞 丿丕禺賱 賰賱 賮氐賱 賲賲丕 賷爻亘亘 丕賱鬲卮鬲鬲貙 賵禺氐賵氐丕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷爻鬲丿賱 亘丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賷匕賰乇 兀爻亘丕亘賴丕 賵丕賱丕乇丕亍 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賳賴丕 賵兀賯賵丕賱 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丿丕禺賱 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱賵丕丨丿.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲丕夭 賮賶 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓乇囟 賵丕賱卮乇丨貙 賵賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賰賲卮賰賱丕鬲 賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賱賷爻鬲 賰賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賲毓賯丿丞貙 賲賲丕 賷賰賲賳 丕賱賯丕乇卅 賲賳 兀賳 賷賮賴賲 丕賰亘乇 丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 亘卮賰賱 亘爻賷胤.
丕賱卮卅 丕賱爻賱亘賷 賮賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賳 兀睾賱亘 丕賱賮氐賵賱 睾賷乇 賲賯爻賲丞 廿賱賶 賲賵囟丕毓丕鬲 兀賵 廿賱賶 賳賯丕胤 賮乇毓賷丞 丿丕禺賱 賰賱 賮氐賱 賲賲丕 賷爻亘亘 丕賱鬲卮鬲鬲貙 賵禺氐賵氐丕 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷爻鬲丿賱 亘丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 賵賷匕賰乇 兀爻亘丕亘賴丕 賵丕賱丕乇丕亍 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賳賴丕 賵兀賯賵丕賱 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丿丕禺賱 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱賵丕丨丿.
March 15, 2015
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓 賵賮賰乇鬲賴 噩丿賷丿賴 賵胤賱亘賴 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賱賵 丿乇爻賵賴 亘噩丕賳亘 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱噩夭卅賷 賵丕賱賰賱賷 賴賷丨賱 賱賷賴賲 賲卮丕賰賱 賮賷 丕賱賮賴賲 賰鬲賷乇
毓賷亘賴 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賷 賮賷 3 丨丕噩丕鬲
丕賵賱丕 毓賳賵丕賳賴 賰丕賳 丕賱賲賮乇賵囟 賷賰賵賳
how American economy works.
孬丕賳賷丕 毓丿賲 丕噩賵丿 丕賷 丕胤丕乇 賲賮丕賴亘賲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘
孬丕賱孬丕 鬲亘賳賷 丕乇丕亍 亘賱 賵丕賱丿賮丕毓 丕賱賲爻鬲賲賷鬲 毓賳 賲丿乇爻丞 卮賷賰丕睾賵(丕賱賷亘乇丕賱賷賴 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞)
毓賷亘賴 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賷 賮賷 3 丨丕噩丕鬲
丕賵賱丕 毓賳賵丕賳賴 賰丕賳 丕賱賲賮乇賵囟 賷賰賵賳
how American economy works.
孬丕賳賷丕 毓丿賲 丕噩賵丿 丕賷 丕胤丕乇 賲賮丕賴亘賲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘
孬丕賱孬丕 鬲亘賳賷 丕乇丕亍 亘賱 賵丕賱丿賮丕毓 丕賱賲爻鬲賲賷鬲 毓賳 賲丿乇爻丞 卮賷賰丕睾賵(丕賱賷亘乇丕賱賷賴 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞)
December 31, 2013
賱鬲丨賲賷賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲噩丕賳丕
December 9, 2024
Fun book to make you more economically literate than most the population w/o needing a textbook. Good shit I recommend
January 29, 2008
Great primer on the often dull world of economics. No charts, calculus, or arcane math, lots of good examples of problems and issues that we all are affected by but don't have much understanding of. Things like the Fed, interest rates, trade balances, taxes, etc are covered and made easy to process. My biggest problem is the lack of discussion of things like outsourcing, debt, and currency issues and how they are actually affecting our economy. I'd like to see a book that is not so theoretical or hush hush about these kinds of issues. Aside from that, a good book that will leave you a little smarter then when you began.
December 5, 2018
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲毓 賵馗乇賷賮 賵毓馗賷賲 丕賱賮丕卅丿丞貙 賷鬲爻賲 賰丕鬲亘賴 亘禺賮賾丞 丕賱馗賱賾 賵丕賱賯丿乇丞 丕賱賲丿賴卮丞 毓賱賶 鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 -丕賱匕賷 睾丕賱亘丕 賲丕 賷賴乇亘 丕賱賲亘鬲丿卅賵賳 賲賳賴 賱賰賵賳賴 賲毓賯丿丕 賵賲賲賱丕 賵睾賷乇 賲賮賴賵賲- 賮賷 賯丕賱亘 胤乇賷賮 賵亘爻賷胤 賵賲購爻賱賺賾貙 賷購賳氐丨 亘賴 亘卮丿丞 賰亘丿丕賷丞 賱賱賯乇丕亍丞 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿.
December 11, 2020
I may or may not have just skimmed it instead of reading it.
May 4, 2021
Isn鈥檛 it fascinating that an emotionless discipline like economics can make people so incensed that they send economists hate mail? This is just one of the fun tidbits I learned from this compelling deep dive into basic economics. The book is full of anecdotes, studies, and examples (including the 2007 recession) that bring economics to life and make it approachable, interesting, and provocative.
For some reason Econ 101 was not a required course in the Humanities Department 馃槀 and I am pleased to have finally rectified that gap in my college education via this wonderful book. (I underlined passages, jotted down ideas for further reading, fell asleep mid-sentence, and furiously scribbled questions and rebuttals, all of which made it feel very much like a college course). Warning: since I have no professor to whom I can direct my questions and rebuttals, I will now be seeking out and cornering economists at parties.
For some reason Econ 101 was not a required course in the Humanities Department 馃槀 and I am pleased to have finally rectified that gap in my college education via this wonderful book. (I underlined passages, jotted down ideas for further reading, fell asleep mid-sentence, and furiously scribbled questions and rebuttals, all of which made it feel very much like a college course). Warning: since I have no professor to whom I can direct my questions and rebuttals, I will now be seeking out and cornering economists at parties.
December 28, 2017
袣薪懈卸泻邪 锌褉芯 褌械, 薪邪褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 械泻芯薪芯屑褨泻邪 锌褉芯薪懈蟹褍褦 薪邪褕械 卸懈褌褌褟 褨 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 褑械 薪械 蟹邪胁卸写懈 锌褉芯 谐褉芯褕褨, 邪谢械 褌邪泻芯卸 锌褉芯 utility, 薪邪褕械 斜邪卸邪薪薪褟 芯褌褉懈屑邪褌懈 褟泻薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 泻芯褉懈褋褌褨. 袨写薪邪 蟹 褌械蟹 邪胁褌芯褉邪, 褖芯 斜邪卸邪薪薪褟屑 utility 屑芯卸薪邪 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞胁邪褌懈 褨 写芯褋褟谐邪褌懈 械褎械泻褌褍 褕胁懈写褕械, 邪薪褨卸 蟹邪泻谢懈泻邪褞褔懈 谢褞写械泄 写芯 锌褉邪胁械写薪芯褋褌褨.
袉薪褕邪 褌械蟹邪 - 锌芯锌褉懈 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褍 薪械褉褨胁薪褨褋褌褜, 褟泻邪 褨褋薪褍褦/褨褋薪褍胁邪褌懈屑械, 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁邪 斜邪谐邪褌褕邪褞褌褜 褨 蟹 褑褜芯谐芯 泻芯褉懈褋褌邪褦屑芯 屑懈 胁褋褨, 斜芯 褉褨胁械薪褜 泻芯屑褎芯褉褌褍 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 锌褨写胁懈褖褍褦褌褜褋褟.
袗胁褌芯褉 薪邪胁芯写懈褌褜 写械褋褟褌泻懈 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨胁, 卸邪褉褌褨胁 褨 屑邪谢械薪褜泻懈褏 褨褋褌芯褉褨泄, 胁褨写 褔芯谐芯 褌械褋褌 写褉芯斜懈褌褜褋褟 褨 褔邪褋芯屑 褋褌邪褦 胁邪卸泻芯 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈 芯褋薪芯胁薪褍 写褍屑泻褍, 邪谢械 褔懈褌邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪锌褉芯褔褍写 谢械谐泻芯 褨 褑褨泻邪胁芯
袉薪褕邪 褌械蟹邪 - 锌芯锌褉懈 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褍 薪械褉褨胁薪褨褋褌褜, 褟泻邪 褨褋薪褍褦/褨褋薪褍胁邪褌懈屑械, 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁邪 斜邪谐邪褌褕邪褞褌褜 褨 蟹 褑褜芯谐芯 泻芯褉懈褋褌邪褦屑芯 屑懈 胁褋褨, 斜芯 褉褨胁械薪褜 泻芯屑褎芯褉褌褍 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 锌褨写胁懈褖褍褦褌褜褋褟.
袗胁褌芯褉 薪邪胁芯写懈褌褜 写械褋褟褌泻懈 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨胁, 卸邪褉褌褨胁 褨 屑邪谢械薪褜泻懈褏 褨褋褌芯褉褨泄, 胁褨写 褔芯谐芯 褌械褋褌 写褉芯斜懈褌褜褋褟 褨 褔邪褋芯屑 褋褌邪褦 胁邪卸泻芯 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈 芯褋薪芯胁薪褍 写褍屑泻褍, 邪谢械 褔懈褌邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪锌褉芯褔褍写 谢械谐泻芯 褨 褑褨泻邪胁芯
August 7, 2024
賮賷 兀賵賱 6 賮氐賵賱 噩丕亍 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賲賵丕丕囟賷毓 賲賴賲丞
兀毓噩亘賳賷 賮賷賴賲 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱爻丕丿爻 (丕賱廿賳鬲丕噩賷丞 賵乇兀爻 丕賱賲丕賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷)
賱丕賰賳 賲丕 賰丕賳 賲賵囟毓 廿賴鬲賲丕賲賷 賵囟乇賵乇賷 毓賱賷 賰賱 賯丕乇卅 毓乇亘賷 賯乇丕卅鬲賴 賴賵 賲丕 噩丕亍
賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 毓卮乇 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 : 廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷丞
賵賯丿 兀噩賲賱 賮賷賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 9 毓賳丕賵賷賳 賲丕 賷爻丕毓丿 毓賱賷 兀賳鬲卮丕賱
丿賵賱賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱亘丕卅爻丞 賲賳 氐賮賵賮 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱賳丕賲賷丞 賱氐賮賵賮 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賲鬲賯丿賲丞:
1)丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 丕賱賮毓丕賱丞
2)丨賯賵賯 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞
3)毓丿賲 丕賱廿賮乇丕胤 賮賷 爻賳 丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賷賳
4)乇丕爻 丕賱賲丕賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷
5)丕賱賲賵賯毓 丕賱噩睾乇丕賮賷
6)丕賱廿賳賮鬲丕丨 毓賱賷 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞
7)丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱囟乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱賳賯丿賷丞
7)兀爻毓丕乇 丕賱氐乇賮
8)賱賱賲賵丕乇丿 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 兀賯賱 兀賴賲賷丞
9)丕賱丿賷賲賵賯乇丕胤賷丞
兀毓噩亘賳賷 賮賷賴賲 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱爻丕丿爻 (丕賱廿賳鬲丕噩賷丞 賵乇兀爻 丕賱賲丕賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷)
賱丕賰賳 賲丕 賰丕賳 賲賵囟毓 廿賴鬲賲丕賲賷 賵囟乇賵乇賷 毓賱賷 賰賱 賯丕乇卅 毓乇亘賷 賯乇丕卅鬲賴 賴賵 賲丕 噩丕亍
賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 毓卮乇 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 : 廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳賲賷丞
賵賯丿 兀噩賲賱 賮賷賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 9 毓賳丕賵賷賳 賲丕 賷爻丕毓丿 毓賱賷 兀賳鬲卮丕賱
丿賵賱賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱亘丕卅爻丞 賲賳 氐賮賵賮 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱賳丕賲賷丞 賱氐賮賵賮 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賲鬲賯丿賲丞:
1)丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲賷丞 丕賱賮毓丕賱丞
2)丨賯賵賯 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞
3)毓丿賲 丕賱廿賮乇丕胤 賮賷 爻賳 丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賷賳
4)乇丕爻 丕賱賲丕賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷
5)丕賱賲賵賯毓 丕賱噩睾乇丕賮賷
6)丕賱廿賳賮鬲丕丨 毓賱賷 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞
7)丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱囟乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱賳賯丿賷丞
7)兀爻毓丕乇 丕賱氐乇賮
8)賱賱賲賵丕乇丿 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 兀賯賱 兀賴賲賷丞
9)丕賱丿賷賲賵賯乇丕胤賷丞
July 14, 2023
A crash course in common sense (the economics version). One thing is made astoundingly clear: economics is all about maximizing utility!
Reading Naked Economics feels like having a one-on-one Q&A session with a venerable author. The first six chapters touch upon the "essentials" of this famously dismal science: incentives, trade-offs, opportunity costs, human capital, and externalities. Wheelan spares us from having to work through potentially intimidating equations and strips economics bare so that we can develop a robust conceptual understanding of it. I particularly enjoyed sections where he explores certain paradoxes that we face as individuals and as a whole. He introduces us to the concept of perverse incentives - incentives that lead to unforeseen consequences. In a somewhat tragic way, we see how a concoction of good intention and bad policy can backfire spectacularly. For example, America's public education system is plagued by adverse selection, a form of selection that worsens an already dire situation; in this case, fixed salaries discourage a merit-based system. Good teachers aren't rewarded and, as a result, aren't compelled to stay in a profession that turns a blind eye to their potential. Underperforming teachers, on the other hand, are shielded and more likely to keep the job. Compounded onto that, American policymakers have instated more barriers for aspiring teachers to protect existing teachers from unemployment. All this inadvertently prevents the entry of talented individuals into an already compromised pool of teachers.
Reading the second half of the book feels as if I'm flipping between pages of a dictionary and a commentary. We cover fiscal and monetary policy, GDP (real and nominal) and other wealth indicators, ERM and currency (appreciation and depreciation) among many other things. Sounds dull, doesn't it? Luckily, Wheelan makes this a painless learning process with apt anecdotes and analogies. Although I could tell he is trying to lighten the mood here and there, I'm not entirely sure if his humor resonates with me (perhaps a little sarcasm just doesn't do it for me). Despite all that, I greatly appreciate his insight/criticism on tackling poverty in developing countries. Wheelan posits that developed countries are faced with the Samaritan's dilemma - an act of charity that may hinder the recipient's well-being in the long run. Paradoxically, developed countries are also thwarting economic growth in third world countries through protectionist sanctions, whether it be in the name of the environment, human rights, or poor competitiveness domestically. Commodities produced in developing countries are known to be cheaper but often expend greater amounts of energy by "inhumane" means. We may want to look beyond such shortcomings for now if we want to see these countries lifted from the merciless grip of poverty.
All in all, I think this was worth the read!
Reading Naked Economics feels like having a one-on-one Q&A session with a venerable author. The first six chapters touch upon the "essentials" of this famously dismal science: incentives, trade-offs, opportunity costs, human capital, and externalities. Wheelan spares us from having to work through potentially intimidating equations and strips economics bare so that we can develop a robust conceptual understanding of it. I particularly enjoyed sections where he explores certain paradoxes that we face as individuals and as a whole. He introduces us to the concept of perverse incentives - incentives that lead to unforeseen consequences. In a somewhat tragic way, we see how a concoction of good intention and bad policy can backfire spectacularly. For example, America's public education system is plagued by adverse selection, a form of selection that worsens an already dire situation; in this case, fixed salaries discourage a merit-based system. Good teachers aren't rewarded and, as a result, aren't compelled to stay in a profession that turns a blind eye to their potential. Underperforming teachers, on the other hand, are shielded and more likely to keep the job. Compounded onto that, American policymakers have instated more barriers for aspiring teachers to protect existing teachers from unemployment. All this inadvertently prevents the entry of talented individuals into an already compromised pool of teachers.
Reading the second half of the book feels as if I'm flipping between pages of a dictionary and a commentary. We cover fiscal and monetary policy, GDP (real and nominal) and other wealth indicators, ERM and currency (appreciation and depreciation) among many other things. Sounds dull, doesn't it? Luckily, Wheelan makes this a painless learning process with apt anecdotes and analogies. Although I could tell he is trying to lighten the mood here and there, I'm not entirely sure if his humor resonates with me (perhaps a little sarcasm just doesn't do it for me). Despite all that, I greatly appreciate his insight/criticism on tackling poverty in developing countries. Wheelan posits that developed countries are faced with the Samaritan's dilemma - an act of charity that may hinder the recipient's well-being in the long run. Paradoxically, developed countries are also thwarting economic growth in third world countries through protectionist sanctions, whether it be in the name of the environment, human rights, or poor competitiveness domestically. Commodities produced in developing countries are known to be cheaper but often expend greater amounts of energy by "inhumane" means. We may want to look beyond such shortcomings for now if we want to see these countries lifted from the merciless grip of poverty.
All in all, I think this was worth the read!
August 4, 2014
If you are like me, you have a vague sinking feeling from not having the gumption to pick up, let alone complete, Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century. You know somewhere deep down inside that an impressive tome by an erudite French economist would be just the ticket to help you thoughtfully contribute to the conversation at that gathering of MBAs, or progressives, or rich relatives that you somehow find yourself attending over the year. But you also know that, given the choice between plowing your way through the Picketty text and doing most anything else that is even remotely stimulating, reading a 577 page treatise on the finer points of political economy will lose out every time.
It is in this sort of everyday occurrence of semi-rational people facing tradeoffs about how to allocate their scarce resources that Wheelan's Naked Economics finds its voice. The book lucidly describes the key points of neoclassical economic thought in an informative, well-reasoned, and even entertaining way. This is not a towering achievement of pioneering research; most ideas presented have been around for centuries. This is not a gripping tale of powerful economic structures that perpetuate an unjust world order; the book mainly describes the economic principles that undergird policy decisions that generally engender mainstream approval. And this is not a dense, academic text requiring a careful read--eyes strained, hunched over a desk with a pen in hand; it is a light, yet illuminative, overview of concepts that are all too often obfuscated by social science technocrats.
This book isn't destined to live on as a classic of economic thought, and that's OK. It succeeds wonderfully in what it sets out to do: presenting some very important ideas in a way that doesn't put you to sleep. So, quit beating yourself up for not living up to your self-image as a refined, self-educated intellectual, and read a book that you will enjoy and will teach you something new. Naked Economics is a good place to start.
It is in this sort of everyday occurrence of semi-rational people facing tradeoffs about how to allocate their scarce resources that Wheelan's Naked Economics finds its voice. The book lucidly describes the key points of neoclassical economic thought in an informative, well-reasoned, and even entertaining way. This is not a towering achievement of pioneering research; most ideas presented have been around for centuries. This is not a gripping tale of powerful economic structures that perpetuate an unjust world order; the book mainly describes the economic principles that undergird policy decisions that generally engender mainstream approval. And this is not a dense, academic text requiring a careful read--eyes strained, hunched over a desk with a pen in hand; it is a light, yet illuminative, overview of concepts that are all too often obfuscated by social science technocrats.
This book isn't destined to live on as a classic of economic thought, and that's OK. It succeeds wonderfully in what it sets out to do: presenting some very important ideas in a way that doesn't put you to sleep. So, quit beating yourself up for not living up to your self-image as a refined, self-educated intellectual, and read a book that you will enjoy and will teach you something new. Naked Economics is a good place to start.
October 22, 2015
This is a fantastic economic primer which skillfully introduces the reader to the most important economic concepts in a humorous and mostly detached manner. There are of course some minor things that I would take issue with, especially some simplified categorizations - but I trust that Wheelan is quite aware of this and has not done this in order to shoehorn any of his own ideas, but rather to make life simpler for the reader. I'm now working my way through more complex books on economics, which I wouldn't be able to had I not read this book first.
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