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Routledge Studies in the Qur'an
丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賲丨賷胤賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷
"丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賲丨賷胤賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷" 毓賲賱 廿爻鬲孬賳丕卅賷 匕賵 賲氐丕丿乇 毓賱賲賷賾丞 兀爻丕爻賷賾丞 毓賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賳賮爻賴貙 賮兀睾賱亘 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 鬲購毓丕賱噩 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 毓丿爻丞 廿乇鬲噩丕毓賷賾丞 賲鬲賲孬賾賱丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲賮丕爻賷乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷賾丞 丕賱賲購鬲兀禺賾乇丞貙 兀賲丕 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱 賮賷購賯丿賽賾賲 賲賳馗賵乇丕賸 賲丨賷胤賷賾丕賸.
賵丕賱賯丕乇卅 賷賵丕噩賴 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲丨丿賷丕賸 賲夭丿賵噩丕賸貙 兀賵賱丕賸 兀賳 賷鬲兀賲賻賾賱 賮賷 丕賱噩丿丕賱丕鬲 丕賱毓馗賷賲丞 丨賵賱 賲毓賳賶 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵孬丕賳賷丕賸 兀賳 賷鬲兀賲賾賱 賮賷 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱噩丿賷丿 丕賱賾匕賷 賷夭毓購賲 兀賳賻賾賴 賷購賯丿賽賾賲 丨賱賾丕賸 丨丕爻賲丕賸 賱鬲賱賰 丕賱噩丿丕賱丕鬲.
賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱兀賵賻賾賱貙 賷鬲兀賲賾賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賷丿賮毓賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱兀賲丕賲 亘賳馗乇賷賾丕鬲 賲賳 兀噩賱 賮賴賲 噩丿賷丿 賱鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賮鬲胤乇丨 毓賱賶 亘爻丕胤 丕賱亘丨孬 賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷賾丞 - 丕賱丌乇丕賲賷賾丞 賱賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賱賵賰爻賷賳亘乇睾貙 賵賰匕賱賰 兀賴賲賷賾丞 丕賱賳賯賵卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘賷賾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷賾丞 丕賱賲賰鬲卮賮丞 丨丿賷孬丕賸.
賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賳賷貙 賷囟毓 丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 丕賱亘賷卅丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷賾丞 賱賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 丕賱賲鬲兀禺賽賾乇丞貙 賲購亘賻賷賽賾賳賷賳 賲丨丕丿孬鬲賴 賲毓 丕賱兀丿亘 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷 賵丕賱賲爻賷丨賷貙 賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬貙 賷鬲兀賲賻賾賱 丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯 亘鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵賷爻兀賱賵賳 毓賳 賰賷賮賷賾丞 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱丿賷賳賷.
賵丕賱賯丕乇卅 賷賵丕噩賴 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲丨丿賷丕賸 賲夭丿賵噩丕賸貙 兀賵賱丕賸 兀賳 賷鬲兀賲賻賾賱 賮賷 丕賱噩丿丕賱丕鬲 丕賱毓馗賷賲丞 丨賵賱 賲毓賳賶 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵孬丕賳賷丕賸 兀賳 賷鬲兀賲賾賱 賮賷 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱噩丿賷丿 丕賱賾匕賷 賷夭毓購賲 兀賳賻賾賴 賷購賯丿賽賾賲 丨賱賾丕賸 丨丕爻賲丕賸 賱鬲賱賰 丕賱噩丿丕賱丕鬲.
賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱兀賵賻賾賱貙 賷鬲兀賲賾賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賷丿賮毓賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱兀賲丕賲 亘賳馗乇賷賾丕鬲 賲賳 兀噩賱 賮賴賲 噩丿賷丿 賱鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賮鬲胤乇丨 毓賱賶 亘爻丕胤 丕賱亘丨孬 賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷賾丞 - 丕賱丌乇丕賲賷賾丞 賱賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賱賵賰爻賷賳亘乇睾貙 賵賰匕賱賰 兀賴賲賷賾丞 丕賱賳賯賵卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘賷賾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷賾丞 丕賱賲賰鬲卮賮丞 丨丿賷孬丕賸.
賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賳賷貙 賷囟毓 丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 丕賱亘賷卅丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷賾丞 賱賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 丕賱賲鬲兀禺賽賾乇丞貙 賲購亘賻賷賽賾賳賷賳 賲丨丕丿孬鬲賴 賲毓 丕賱兀丿亘 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷 賵丕賱賲爻賷丨賷貙 賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬貙 賷鬲兀賲賻賾賱 丕賱賰鬲賾丕亘 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯 亘鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵賷爻兀賱賵賳 毓賳 賰賷賮賷賾丞 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱丿賷賳賷.
431 pages, Paperback
First published September 28, 2007
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July 18, 2013
(賲賱丕丨馗丞: 兀賰鬲亘 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞 賲賳 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞貙 賱兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘毓賷丿 毓賳賷)
乇睾賲 兀賳賷 兀毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳噩賲鬲賷賳 賮賯胤貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賷 兀乇丕賴 賰鬲丕亘丕 賲賴賲丕 賵噩丿賷乇丕 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞貙 禺氐賵氐丕 賱賲賳 賰丕賳 賯丕丿乇丕 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 亘毓賷賳 賳丕賯丿丞 賵匕賴賳 賲賳賮鬲丨 賵毓賯賱 賵丕毓貙 賵賰丕賳 賲賲鬲賱賰丕 賱賱丌賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻賲丨 賱賴 亘賴匕賴 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞
兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲賰賲賳 賮賷 賰卮賮 兀丨丿孬 丕賱賲丨丕賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 兀亘丨丕孬 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲購丨丿賻孬賷賳貙 賵賴賷:
丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱匕賷 亘賷賳 兀賷丿賷賳丕 賱賷爻 賴賵 "丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷" 賵廿賳賲丕 賳爻禺丞 賲賳賯丨丞 賲賳賴 - 亘賷賳 賯丕卅賱 亘兀賳賴 賳賯丨 賮賷 夭賲賳 毓孬賲丕賳 兀賵 賳賯丨 賮賷 夭賲賳 毓亘丿丕賱賲賱賰/丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱兀賲賵賷丞
賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賳氐賵氐丕 鬲丨鬲賷丞 (sub-text) 賷賳亘睾賷 賰卮賮賴丕 賵賰卮賮 賲乇噩毓賷丕鬲賴丕 - 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞/丕賱廿賳噩賷賱/丕賱賲丕賳賵賷丞/丕賱夭乇丕丿卮鬲賷丞
賴賳丕賰 鬲兀孬賷乇 賲丕乇爻鬲賴 卮禺氐賷丕鬲/噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丿賷賳賷丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賳亘賷貙 賷賳亘睾賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 廿賲丕 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕 兀賵 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨賮乇 賮賷 賳氐賵氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賵丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 賲乇噩毓賷丕鬲賴丕
賷賳亘睾賷 廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇 賱賱賲氐丨賮 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 賯亘賱 鬲賳賯賷胤賴貙 賱兀賳 廿毓丕丿丞 鬲賳賯賷胤 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賮乇丿丕鬲 賷賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 賯乇丕亍丕鬲 噩丿賷丿丞 兀賵 廿毓丕丿丞 鬲卮賰賷賱 賱賱賳氐賵氐
賷賲賰賳 廿毓丕丿丞 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賮乇丿丕鬲 賱兀氐賵賱賴丕 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞/丕賱丨亘卮賷丞 賲賲丕 賷賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 賯乇丕亍丕鬲 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷
賳毓賵丿 丕賱丌賳 賱賳賯胤丞 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞: 賱賲丕匕丕 賳噩賲鬲丕賳 責
毓賳丿賲丕 鬲賯乇兀 賱兀丨丿 丕賱亘丕丨孬賷賳 丨丿賷孬賴 毓賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 廿賳噩賷賱 賲鬲賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賵丕賱丿賱賷賱貙 兀賳賴 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 (賵鬲乇賰賳丕 亘毓囟賴賲 賷賵賲卅匕 賷賲賵噩 賮賷 亘毓囟) 賵賮賷 廿賳噩賷賱 賲鬲賶 (賵賱賱亘丨乇 夭卅賷乇 賵賲賵噩)... 賮賱丕 兀毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 賳噩賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 鬲賮賷 賱賱鬲賯賷賷賲
賵賰匕賱賰 毓賳丿賲丕 賷鬲丨丿孬 兀丨丿賴賲 毓賳 噩匕賵乇 賰賱賲丞 "賲丕卅丿丞" 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賵丿 賱賱睾丞 丕賱丨亘卮賷丞貙 孬賲 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賯氐丞 賲丕卅丿丞 毓賷爻賶 丕賱賵丕乇丿丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 賳氐 賲賵丕夭 賱賴丕 賮賷 兀賷 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丕噩賷賱貙 孬賲 賷毓賷丿 兀氐賵賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賯氐丞 賱賳氐 丨亘卮賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賯丿賷爻賷賳 賰丕賳鬲 賱賴賲 賲丕卅丿丞 賷賳夭賱 毓賱賷賴丕 賳賵乇 賲賳 丕賱爻賲丕亍 !
賵賰匕賱賰 毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丿 兀丨丿賴賲 賯氐丞 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 賱賳氐 爻乇賷丕賳賷 爻賲丕賴 "禺乇丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇"貙 賮賷賴 卮亘賴 賰亘賷乇 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賳丕氐乇 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞 賲毓 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷 賱丿乇噩丞 賲匕賴賱丞 賮毓賱丕貙 孬賲 賷賰卮賮 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賳氐貙 兀賷 禺乇丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇貙 賷毓賵丿 賱賮鬲丨 賴乇賯賱 賱賱賯丿爻貙 兀賷 亘囟毓丞 兀卮賴乇 賯亘賱 賮鬲丨 丕賱賳亘賷 賱賲賰丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮 丕賱鬲賷 賷乇丿 賮賷賴丕 賳氐 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 爻賵乇丞 賲賰賷丞貙 兀賷 賳夭賱鬲 賯亘賱 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 毓卮乇 爻賳賵丕鬲貙 賮賷賯賮 兀賲丕賲 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲毓丕乇囟 丕賱匕賷 賷賳爻賮 賮賰乇丞 丕賯鬲亘丕爻 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷 賱賱賳氐 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷貙 亘賱 賷卮賷乇 廿賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻... 賱賷爻鬲賳鬲噩 兀賳 賯氐丞 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 鬲賲鬲 廿囟丕賮鬲賴丕 賱賱賲氐丨賮 亘賳爻禺鬲賴 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 亘鬲兀孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯氐丞 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 !
兀賰鬲賮賷 亘賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱賱鬲丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 爻亘亘 丕賱鬲賯賷賷賲 丕賱賲鬲丿賳賷... 賵賱賵賱丕 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨乇賰 賱丿賷 亘毓囟 丕賱賮囟賵賱貙 賮丿賮毓賳賷 賱賱亘丨孬 丨賵賱 亘毓囟 丕賱賳賯丕胤 丕賱賵丕乇丿丞 賮賷賴貙 賱亘禺賱鬲 毓賱賷賴 亘賳噩賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞
乇睾賲 兀賳賷 兀毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳噩賲鬲賷賳 賮賯胤貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賷 兀乇丕賴 賰鬲丕亘丕 賲賴賲丕 賵噩丿賷乇丕 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞貙 禺氐賵氐丕 賱賲賳 賰丕賳 賯丕丿乇丕 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 亘毓賷賳 賳丕賯丿丞 賵匕賴賳 賲賳賮鬲丨 賵毓賯賱 賵丕毓貙 賵賰丕賳 賲賲鬲賱賰丕 賱賱丌賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻賲丨 賱賴 亘賴匕賴 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞
兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲賰賲賳 賮賷 賰卮賮 兀丨丿孬 丕賱賲丨丕賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賯賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 兀亘丨丕孬 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲購丨丿賻孬賷賳貙 賵賴賷:
丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱匕賷 亘賷賳 兀賷丿賷賳丕 賱賷爻 賴賵 "丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷" 賵廿賳賲丕 賳爻禺丞 賲賳賯丨丞 賲賳賴 - 亘賷賳 賯丕卅賱 亘兀賳賴 賳賯丨 賮賷 夭賲賳 毓孬賲丕賳 兀賵 賳賯丨 賮賷 夭賲賳 毓亘丿丕賱賲賱賰/丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱兀賲賵賷丞
賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賳氐賵氐丕 鬲丨鬲賷丞 (sub-text) 賷賳亘睾賷 賰卮賮賴丕 賵賰卮賮 賲乇噩毓賷丕鬲賴丕 - 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞/丕賱廿賳噩賷賱/丕賱賲丕賳賵賷丞/丕賱夭乇丕丿卮鬲賷丞
賴賳丕賰 鬲兀孬賷乇 賲丕乇爻鬲賴 卮禺氐賷丕鬲/噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丿賷賳賷丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賳亘賷貙 賷賳亘睾賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 廿賲丕 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕 兀賵 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨賮乇 賮賷 賳氐賵氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賵丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 賲乇噩毓賷丕鬲賴丕
賷賳亘睾賷 廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇 賱賱賲氐丨賮 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 賯亘賱 鬲賳賯賷胤賴貙 賱兀賳 廿毓丕丿丞 鬲賳賯賷胤 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賮乇丿丕鬲 賷賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 賯乇丕亍丕鬲 噩丿賷丿丞 兀賵 廿毓丕丿丞 鬲卮賰賷賱 賱賱賳氐賵氐
賷賲賰賳 廿毓丕丿丞 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賮乇丿丕鬲 賱兀氐賵賱賴丕 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞/丕賱丨亘卮賷丞 賲賲丕 賷賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 賯乇丕亍丕鬲 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷
賳毓賵丿 丕賱丌賳 賱賳賯胤丞 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞: 賱賲丕匕丕 賳噩賲鬲丕賳 責
毓賳丿賲丕 鬲賯乇兀 賱兀丨丿 丕賱亘丕丨孬賷賳 丨丿賷孬賴 毓賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 廿賳噩賷賱 賲鬲賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賵丕賱丿賱賷賱貙 兀賳賴 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 (賵鬲乇賰賳丕 亘毓囟賴賲 賷賵賲卅匕 賷賲賵噩 賮賷 亘毓囟) 賵賮賷 廿賳噩賷賱 賲鬲賶 (賵賱賱亘丨乇 夭卅賷乇 賵賲賵噩)... 賮賱丕 兀毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 賳噩賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 鬲賮賷 賱賱鬲賯賷賷賲
賵賰匕賱賰 毓賳丿賲丕 賷鬲丨丿孬 兀丨丿賴賲 毓賳 噩匕賵乇 賰賱賲丞 "賲丕卅丿丞" 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賵丿 賱賱睾丞 丕賱丨亘卮賷丞貙 孬賲 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賯氐丞 賲丕卅丿丞 毓賷爻賶 丕賱賵丕乇丿丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 賳氐 賲賵丕夭 賱賴丕 賮賷 兀賷 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丕噩賷賱貙 孬賲 賷毓賷丿 兀氐賵賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賯氐丞 賱賳氐 丨亘卮賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賯丿賷爻賷賳 賰丕賳鬲 賱賴賲 賲丕卅丿丞 賷賳夭賱 毓賱賷賴丕 賳賵乇 賲賳 丕賱爻賲丕亍 !
賵賰匕賱賰 毓賳丿賲丕 賷乇丿 兀丨丿賴賲 賯氐丞 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 賱賳氐 爻乇賷丕賳賷 爻賲丕賴 "禺乇丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇"貙 賮賷賴 卮亘賴 賰亘賷乇 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賳丕氐乇 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞 賲毓 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷 賱丿乇噩丞 賲匕賴賱丞 賮毓賱丕貙 孬賲 賷賰卮賮 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賳氐貙 兀賷 禺乇丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇貙 賷毓賵丿 賱賮鬲丨 賴乇賯賱 賱賱賯丿爻貙 兀賷 亘囟毓丞 兀卮賴乇 賯亘賱 賮鬲丨 丕賱賳亘賷 賱賲賰丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮 丕賱鬲賷 賷乇丿 賮賷賴丕 賳氐 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 爻賵乇丞 賲賰賷丞貙 兀賷 賳夭賱鬲 賯亘賱 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 毓卮乇 爻賳賵丕鬲貙 賮賷賯賮 兀賲丕賲 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲毓丕乇囟 丕賱匕賷 賷賳爻賮 賮賰乇丞 丕賯鬲亘丕爻 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷 賱賱賳氐 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷貙 亘賱 賷卮賷乇 廿賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻... 賱賷爻鬲賳鬲噩 兀賳 賯氐丞 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 鬲賲鬲 廿囟丕賮鬲賴丕 賱賱賲氐丨賮 亘賳爻禺鬲賴 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 亘鬲兀孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯氐丞 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 !
兀賰鬲賮賷 亘賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱賱鬲丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 爻亘亘 丕賱鬲賯賷賷賲 丕賱賲鬲丿賳賷... 賵賱賵賱丕 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨乇賰 賱丿賷 亘毓囟 丕賱賮囟賵賱貙 賮丿賮毓賳賷 賱賱亘丨孬 丨賵賱 亘毓囟 丕賱賳賯丕胤 丕賱賵丕乇丿丞 賮賷賴貙 賱亘禺賱鬲 毓賱賷賴 亘賳噩賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞
May 6, 2015
丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓丞 賵亘毓囟賴丕 賲賴賲丞.. 賳毓賲 賷賵噩丿 亘亘毓囟 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 囟毓賮 賵賱賰賳 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賲丕 賷噩賲毓賴丕 丕賱胤乇丨 丕賱噩乇賷亍
兀鬲賲賳賶 賲賳 賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 丕賱噩賲賱 兀賳 鬲亘賯賶 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賶..
兀鬲賲賳賶 賲賳 賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 丕賱噩賲賱 兀賳 鬲亘賯賶 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賶..
December 27, 2015
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 13 丿乇丕爻丞 賱賰鬲丕亘 賲禺鬲賱賮賷賳.....鬲鬲賳丕賵賱 毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 亘丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞....4 丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賮賯胤 賴賷 賲丕 賵噩丿鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱毓賲賯 賵丕賱賮丕卅丿丞.....鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘賯氐丞 賲乇賷賲....賵賯氐丞 兀賴賱 丕賱賰賴賮.....賵賯氐丞 匕賷 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳......賵賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲 丕賱賲賯鬲乇丨丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲氐丨賷賮......
賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賱賰賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丨卮賵 賵丕賱丕賮鬲乇丕囟丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱賲丿毓賵賲丞 亘兀丿賱丞.....賱匕賱賰 兀毓胤賷賴 3 賳噩賲丕鬲 賮賯胤.....
賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賱賰賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丨卮賵 賵丕賱丕賮鬲乇丕囟丕鬲 睾賷乇 丕賱賲丿毓賵賲丞 亘兀丿賱丞.....賱匕賱賰 兀毓胤賷賴 3 賳噩賲丕鬲 賮賯胤.....
May 16, 2014
賰鬲丕亘 "丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賲丨賷胤賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷" 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 丕孬賳鬲丕 毓卮乇 賲賯丕賱丞 鬲爻鬲毓乇囟 丌禺乇 賲丕 賵氐賱 丕賱賷丞 丕賱賳賯丕卮 賮賷 丿賵丕卅乇 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 丕賱賲鬲亘毓賷賳 賱賲匕賴亘 丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 丨賵賱 丌賷丕鬲 丕賱匕賰乇 丕賱丨賰賷賲.
丕賱亘丨孬 賲賳 鬲噩賲賷毓 噩亘乇丕卅賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿夭 賵賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賲丨賵乇賷賳 丕爻丕爻賷賷賳
丕賱丕賵賱賶: 賱睾丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕 亘丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賵丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱兀孬賷賵亘賷丞 賵丕賱毓亘乇賷丞.
丕賱孬丕賳賷丞: 丕賱亘賳賷丞 丕賱鬲丨鬲賷丞 丕賵 "丕賱禺賱賮賷丞 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞" 賱賲囟丕賲賷賳 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱賯氐氐賷 賱賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲.
賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賱噩丿賱賷丞 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇丞 丨賵賱 丕賱賳氐賵氐 丕賱賰乇賷賲丞 鬲丿賵乇 丕爻丕爻丕 丨賵賱 賰鬲丕亘賷賳 乇卅賷爻賷賷賳貙 丕賱丕賵賱 "鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賯乇丌賳" 賱賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 孬賷賵丿賵乇 賳賵賱丿賰賴 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷 丿乇丕爻丞 賳卮乇鬲 賱賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賱賵賰爻賲亘乇睾 鬲丨鬲 賰賳賷丞 賲爻鬲毓丕乇丞 亘毓賳賵丕賳鈥澵з勝傌必ж∝� 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 鈥� 丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賱賱賯乇丌賳"貙 賵亘賷賳 丕禺匕 賵乇丿 毓賱賶 賲賯鬲乇丨丕鬲賷賴賲丕 賷卮乇丨 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱鬲丨丿賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵丕噩賴 丿乇丕爻丕鬲賴賲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞.
鬲鬲賰乇乇 賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賯氐丞 "賮鬲賷丞 兀賮爻爻" 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵賲乇丌鬲賴丕 賮賷 丕賷丕鬲 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮貙 賵賲丕 賱賴丕 賲賳 鬲丿丕毓賷丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕氐乇賷賳 賱賳馗乇賷丞 爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲氐丨賮 賱睾賵賷丕 賵丕賱賲禺丕賱賮賷賳 賱賴賲 丕賱賯丕卅賱賷賳 亘毓乇亘賷鬲賴 賵賱賰賳 爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 亘賳賷鬲賴 丕賱鬲丨鬲賷丞. 賰賲丕 賷鬲禺匕賵賳 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賯氐丞 賳賯胤丞 丕賳胤賱丕賯丞 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱亘賷卅丞 丕賱賱睾賵賷丞 賵丕賱毓賯丿賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 爻丕卅丿丞 賮賷 丕賱丨噩丕夭 賵丕賱卮丕賲 賵丕賱丨亘卮丞 丕亘丕賳 丕賱亘毓孬丞 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 丕賱卮乇賷賮丞.
賵賷鬲胤乇賯 亘毓囟 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賶 丕賱禺賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賵賯毓鬲 亘賷賳 賲爻丨賷賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 丨賵賱 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨 毓賱賷賴 丕賱爻賱丕賲 賵賰賷賮 丕賳胤賵賶 匕賱賰 賮賷 賲賵賯賮 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賳丕卮卅 賵賲丕 丕匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 丕賱丕賵丕卅賱 賯丿 鬲亘賳賵丕 噩賵丕賳亘 賲賳 毓賯丕卅丿 丕賱賴乇胤賵賯賷賷賳 亘禺丕氐丞 丕賱丕亘賷賵賳賷賵賷賳 丕賱賳丕賮賷賳 賱乇亘賵亘賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨 丕賱賲鬲賲爻賰賷賳 亘丕賱卮乇丕卅毓 丕賱賲賵爻賵賷丞 賵賲丿賶 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 賲匕賴亘賴賲 賵鬲乇賳賷賲丕鬲賴賲 丕賱鬲毓亘丿賷丞.
賵丕賱賲賮鬲丕丨 賱丨賱 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱丕卮賰丕賱 賴賵 丕賱毓賲賱 毓賱賶 乇丿賲 丕賱賴賵丞 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞 丨賵賱 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇賷亘丞 賵鬲胤賵乇賴丕 賯亘賱 丕賱亘毓孬丞 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 丕賱卮乇賷賮丞 賵毓賱丕賯丞 賲禺夭賵賳 賰賱賲丕鬲賴丕 賲毓 丕賱丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱爻丕賲賷丞 丕賱卮賯賷賯丞貙 賵賲賳賴丕 丕賱賶 乇爻賲 禺丕乇胤丞 賱丕爻鬲毓丕乇丕鬲賴丕 丕賱賱賮馗賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賱睾丕鬲 丕賱丕禺乇賶 丕賱睾賷乇 爻丕賲賷丞. 亘賴匕丕 賷賲賰賳 禺賱賯 氐賵乇丞 丕賵賱賷丞 鬲毓賰爻 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓賷丞 賱賱毓乇亘 丕賱匕賷 禺丕胤亘賴賲 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲.
賷噩亘 丕賱丕賳鬲亘丕賴 毓賳丿 賯乇丕亍丞 毓賲賱 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 賮賷賲丕 賷鬲毓賱賯 亘賲賳胤賯鬲賳丕 賵亘禺丕氐丞 賲丕 賴賵 丿賷賳賷 賲賳賴 丕賱賶 丕賳 毓丿丿 睾賷乇 賯賱賷賱 賲賳賴賲 賷賳丨丿乇 賲賳 禺賱賮賷丕鬲 丿賷賳賷丞 丕氐賵賱賷丞 鬲禺亘卅 賵乇丕亍 賲毓胤賮 丕賱亘乇賵爻賮賵乇賷丞 賲禺夭賵賳 賯乇賵爻胤賷 賲賳 丕賱賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丕賱賷丞 賱丕 夭丕賱 丕賱夭賲賳 毓丕噩夭 毓賳 胤賷賾賴.
賵賱丕 賳賳賰乇 丕賴賲賷丞 賴匕賴 丕賱丕亘丨丕孬 賵賱丕 賳賱賯賷 亘噩賲賷毓 丕賱丿丕乇爻賷賳 丕賱丕噩丕賳亘 賮賷 乇賰丕賲 賵丕丨丿貙 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 亘賵丕賰賷乇 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 亘孬賯丞 賵胤賲兀賳賷賳丞 賷鬲胤賱亘 賲卮丕乇賰丞 賮毓丕賱丞 賲賳 賯亘賱 賳禺亘丞 亘丨孬賷丞 毓乇亘賷丞 鬲賲鬲賱賰 丕賱丕丿賵丕鬲 丕賱賰賮賷賱丞 賱廿賰賲丕賱 賲丕 亘丿兀賴 噩賷賱 賲毓乇賵賮 丕賱乇氐丕賮賷 賵胤賴 丨爻賷賳貙 賵匕賱賰 亘睾賷丞 丕賱賵氐賵賱 丕賱賶 丕噩賵亘丞 卮丕賮賷丞 賱賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賲卮賵亘丞 亘丕賱囟亘丕亘賷丞.
丕毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 3 賳噩賲丕鬲貙 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 賮丕卅丿丞 毓賱賲賷丞 賵丕賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賲鬲毓爻乇丞 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕囟毓
丕賱亘丨孬 賲賳 鬲噩賲賷毓 噩亘乇丕卅賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿夭 賵賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賲丨賵乇賷賳 丕爻丕爻賷賷賳
丕賱丕賵賱賶: 賱睾丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕 亘丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賵丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱兀孬賷賵亘賷丞 賵丕賱毓亘乇賷丞.
丕賱孬丕賳賷丞: 丕賱亘賳賷丞 丕賱鬲丨鬲賷丞 丕賵 "丕賱禺賱賮賷丞 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞" 賱賲囟丕賲賷賳 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱賯氐氐賷 賱賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲.
賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賱噩丿賱賷丞 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇丞 丨賵賱 丕賱賳氐賵氐 丕賱賰乇賷賲丞 鬲丿賵乇 丕爻丕爻丕 丨賵賱 賰鬲丕亘賷賳 乇卅賷爻賷賷賳貙 丕賱丕賵賱 "鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賯乇丌賳" 賱賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 孬賷賵丿賵乇 賳賵賱丿賰賴 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷 丿乇丕爻丞 賳卮乇鬲 賱賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賱賵賰爻賲亘乇睾 鬲丨鬲 賰賳賷丞 賲爻鬲毓丕乇丞 亘毓賳賵丕賳鈥澵з勝傌必ж∝� 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 鈥� 丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賱賱賯乇丌賳"貙 賵亘賷賳 丕禺匕 賵乇丿 毓賱賶 賲賯鬲乇丨丕鬲賷賴賲丕 賷卮乇丨 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱鬲丨丿賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵丕噩賴 丿乇丕爻丕鬲賴賲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞.
鬲鬲賰乇乇 賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賯氐丞 "賮鬲賷丞 兀賮爻爻" 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵賲乇丌鬲賴丕 賮賷 丕賷丕鬲 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮貙 賵賲丕 賱賴丕 賲賳 鬲丿丕毓賷丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕氐乇賷賳 賱賳馗乇賷丞 爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲氐丨賮 賱睾賵賷丕 賵丕賱賲禺丕賱賮賷賳 賱賴賲 丕賱賯丕卅賱賷賳 亘毓乇亘賷鬲賴 賵賱賰賳 爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 亘賳賷鬲賴 丕賱鬲丨鬲賷丞. 賰賲丕 賷鬲禺匕賵賳 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賯氐丞 賳賯胤丞 丕賳胤賱丕賯丞 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱亘賷卅丞 丕賱賱睾賵賷丞 賵丕賱毓賯丿賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 爻丕卅丿丞 賮賷 丕賱丨噩丕夭 賵丕賱卮丕賲 賵丕賱丨亘卮丞 丕亘丕賳 丕賱亘毓孬丞 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 丕賱卮乇賷賮丞.
賵賷鬲胤乇賯 亘毓囟 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賶 丕賱禺賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賵賯毓鬲 亘賷賳 賲爻丨賷賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 丨賵賱 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨 毓賱賷賴 丕賱爻賱丕賲 賵賰賷賮 丕賳胤賵賶 匕賱賰 賮賷 賲賵賯賮 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賳丕卮卅 賵賲丕 丕匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 丕賱丕賵丕卅賱 賯丿 鬲亘賳賵丕 噩賵丕賳亘 賲賳 毓賯丕卅丿 丕賱賴乇胤賵賯賷賷賳 亘禺丕氐丞 丕賱丕亘賷賵賳賷賵賷賳 丕賱賳丕賮賷賳 賱乇亘賵亘賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨 丕賱賲鬲賲爻賰賷賳 亘丕賱卮乇丕卅毓 丕賱賲賵爻賵賷丞 賵賲丿賶 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 賲匕賴亘賴賲 賵鬲乇賳賷賲丕鬲賴賲 丕賱鬲毓亘丿賷丞.
賵丕賱賲賮鬲丕丨 賱丨賱 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱丕卮賰丕賱 賴賵 丕賱毓賲賱 毓賱賶 乇丿賲 丕賱賴賵丞 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞 丨賵賱 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇賷亘丞 賵鬲胤賵乇賴丕 賯亘賱 丕賱亘毓孬丞 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 丕賱卮乇賷賮丞 賵毓賱丕賯丞 賲禺夭賵賳 賰賱賲丕鬲賴丕 賲毓 丕賱丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱爻丕賲賷丞 丕賱卮賯賷賯丞貙 賵賲賳賴丕 丕賱賶 乇爻賲 禺丕乇胤丞 賱丕爻鬲毓丕乇丕鬲賴丕 丕賱賱賮馗賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賱睾丕鬲 丕賱丕禺乇賶 丕賱睾賷乇 爻丕賲賷丞. 亘賴匕丕 賷賲賰賳 禺賱賯 氐賵乇丞 丕賵賱賷丞 鬲毓賰爻 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓賷丞 賱賱毓乇亘 丕賱匕賷 禺丕胤亘賴賲 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲.
賷噩亘 丕賱丕賳鬲亘丕賴 毓賳丿 賯乇丕亍丞 毓賲賱 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 賮賷賲丕 賷鬲毓賱賯 亘賲賳胤賯鬲賳丕 賵亘禺丕氐丞 賲丕 賴賵 丿賷賳賷 賲賳賴 丕賱賶 丕賳 毓丿丿 睾賷乇 賯賱賷賱 賲賳賴賲 賷賳丨丿乇 賲賳 禺賱賮賷丕鬲 丿賷賳賷丞 丕氐賵賱賷丞 鬲禺亘卅 賵乇丕亍 賲毓胤賮 丕賱亘乇賵爻賮賵乇賷丞 賲禺夭賵賳 賯乇賵爻胤賷 賲賳 丕賱賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丕賱賷丞 賱丕 夭丕賱 丕賱夭賲賳 毓丕噩夭 毓賳 胤賷賾賴.
賵賱丕 賳賳賰乇 丕賴賲賷丞 賴匕賴 丕賱丕亘丨丕孬 賵賱丕 賳賱賯賷 亘噩賲賷毓 丕賱丿丕乇爻賷賳 丕賱丕噩丕賳亘 賮賷 乇賰丕賲 賵丕丨丿貙 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 亘賵丕賰賷乇 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 亘孬賯丞 賵胤賲兀賳賷賳丞 賷鬲胤賱亘 賲卮丕乇賰丞 賮毓丕賱丞 賲賳 賯亘賱 賳禺亘丞 亘丨孬賷丞 毓乇亘賷丞 鬲賲鬲賱賰 丕賱丕丿賵丕鬲 丕賱賰賮賷賱丞 賱廿賰賲丕賱 賲丕 亘丿兀賴 噩賷賱 賲毓乇賵賮 丕賱乇氐丕賮賷 賵胤賴 丨爻賷賳貙 賵匕賱賰 亘睾賷丞 丕賱賵氐賵賱 丕賱賶 丕噩賵亘丞 卮丕賮賷丞 賱賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賲卮賵亘丞 亘丕賱囟亘丕亘賷丞.
丕毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 3 賳噩賲丕鬲貙 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 賮丕卅丿丞 毓賱賲賷丞 賵丕賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賲鬲毓爻乇丞 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕囟毓
September 11, 2017
Very interesting and eye opening read about the critics and the orientalist research around the Quran, its origin, context and language. It needs some familiarity with the text or at least the history of the Quran, and for that I recommend the book : The Emergence of Islam by Gabriel Said Reynolds.
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November 7, 2015禺賲爻丞 兀爻卅賱丞 鬲丿賵乇 丨賵賱賴丕 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘兀氐賱 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賵乇爻丕賱鬲賴 賵賱睾鬲賴 賵鬲賵丕鬲乇賴 賵賲賰丕賳鬲賴 賵賰鬲丕亘鬲賴.. 丕賱賴丿賮 賴賵 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱賳氐 丕賱兀氐賱賷 丕賱匕賷 兀購禺匕 毓賳賴 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 氐賵乇鬲賴 丕賱鬲賷 亘賷賳 兀賷丿賷賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲
February 22, 2020
The book is in 3 parts. The first ("Linguistic and historical evidence") is rather erudite and really didn't mean a lot to someone like me, who isn't conversant with semitic languages.
The second part, "The religious context of the late antique near east", was for me the most interesting. In particular, I was interested to read about "The Alexander Legend" which I'd never heard of. Apparently it was circulating widely in the eastern empire in hte 7th century CE and claims that Alexander the Great prophesied invasions from the north as part of the end-times. The author of this chapter reckons that it was written to bolster the Emperor Heraclius (never heard of him either!) by making out that the empire and the emperor was part of God's plan for the salvation of the world from the beginning. That's a really interesting insight into the way that Christianity was transformed from a subversive movement proesting against the empire to one that was used to support it. Another fascinating thing that I learned from this book is that one of the stories about Jesus' birth, which appears in both apocryphal gospels and the Qur'an, bears an uncanny resemblance to accounts of the birth of Apollo in Greek mythology.
And then the 3rd part is about Muslim exegesis of the Qur'an. it was interesting to see how this compares with modern western Qur'anic study.
The second part, "The religious context of the late antique near east", was for me the most interesting. In particular, I was interested to read about "The Alexander Legend" which I'd never heard of. Apparently it was circulating widely in the eastern empire in hte 7th century CE and claims that Alexander the Great prophesied invasions from the north as part of the end-times. The author of this chapter reckons that it was written to bolster the Emperor Heraclius (never heard of him either!) by making out that the empire and the emperor was part of God's plan for the salvation of the world from the beginning. That's a really interesting insight into the way that Christianity was transformed from a subversive movement proesting against the empire to one that was used to support it. Another fascinating thing that I learned from this book is that one of the stories about Jesus' birth, which appears in both apocryphal gospels and the Qur'an, bears an uncanny resemblance to accounts of the birth of Apollo in Greek mythology.
And then the 3rd part is about Muslim exegesis of the Qur'an. it was interesting to see how this compares with modern western Qur'anic study.
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January 7, 2025賷鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿賲鬲 賮賷 賲丐鬲賲乇 毓賯丿 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 賳賵鬲乇丿丕賲 賮賷 賳賷爻丕賳 毓丕賲 2005 貙 賵賰丕賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱賲丐鬲賲乇 ( 賳丨賵 賯乇丕亍丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱賯乇丌賳 ) 丿毓丕 賮賷賴丕 廿賱賶 鬲賯賵賷賲 賳賯丿賷 賱賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 兀孬丕乇賴丕 丕賱亘丕丨孬賵賳 丕賱鬲賳賯賷丨賷賵賳 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲卮賰賰賷賳 亘丕賱賯乇丌賳 賰賰鬲丕亘 爻賲丕賵賷 貙 賮賰丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 孬賲乇丞 丕賱賲丐鬲賲乇 .賷賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱賲卮丕乇賰丞 賮賷 孬賱丕孬丞 兀賯爻丕賲 . 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱兀賵賱 鬲毓乇囟 賱賱賲卮丕賰賱 賵丕賱禺賱丕賮丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 貙 賮賷賲丕 乇賰夭 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賳賷 毓賱賶 毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 亘賲丨賷胤賴 丕賱廿賯賱賷賲賷 . 兀賲丕 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬 賮鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賳賯丿賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 . 賮賷 乇兀賷賷 貙 賱丕 亘兀爻 亘賲胤丕賱毓丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賲毓乇賮丞 賰賷賮 賷賳馗乇 丕賱亘丕丨孬賵賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賰丿賷賳 賵廿賱賶 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賰賰鬲丕亘 爻賲丕賵賷 .
February 14, 2025
乇睾賲 丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賲賯丕賱丕鬲賴 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賲賱賷丕賳 賮乇囟賷丕鬲 氐毓亘 毓賱賶 兀睾賱亘賴丕 廿孬亘丕鬲 賳賮爻賴丕 毓丕賱丕賯賱 賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱丨丕賱賷 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 賮乇囟賷丕鬲 亘鬲爻丕毓丿 毓賱賶 賮鬲丨 胤乇賯 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱賯乇丌賳 夭賷賴 夭賷 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲賯丿爻丞 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵賱睾賵賷丞 賲卮 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 兀鬲亘丕毓賴 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳
September 23, 2017
丕孬賳賷賳 丕賵 孬賱丕孬 賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賴賲 丕賱噩賷丿賷賳
丕賱亘丕賯賷 賷賮鬲賯丿 賵亘卮丿賴 丕賱鬲氐賵乇 賵丕賱丕亘丿丕毓
丕賱賲丨夭賳 丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 禺丕乇噩 丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱亘丨孬 丨鬲賷 賮賷 丕爻丕爻 丿賷賳賴賲
丕賱亘丕賯賷 賷賮鬲賯丿 賵亘卮丿賴 丕賱鬲氐賵乇 賵丕賱丕亘丿丕毓
丕賱賲丨夭賳 丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 禺丕乇噩 丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱亘丨孬 丨鬲賷 賮賷 丕爻丕爻 丿賷賳賴賲
March 1, 2019
賰鬲丕亘 賵賱丕 卮賰 賲賴賲 賲毓 兀賳 亘毓囟 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賰丕賳鬲 囟毓賷賮丞 賵毓賱賶 丕賱兀睾賱亘 鬲禺賲賷賳賷丞 賱賰賳 亘氐賵乇丞 毓丕賲丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷胤乇丨 丕爻卅賱丞 賲賴賲丞 賵賲賲賰賳 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 亘賵丕亘丞 賱賱賷 丨丕亘賷賳 賷亘丨孬賵賳 丕賰孬乇 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷.
May 18, 2022
Fantastic review of the current (c. 2005) state of the field and a good selection of essays
March 14, 2024
毓賲賵賲丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 噩丿丕
December 2, 2016
丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賲丨賷胤賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 ...
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 兀氐賱賴 賲噩賲賵毓丞 兀亘丨丕孬 鬲賲 鬲賯丿賷賲賴丕 賮賷 賲丐鬲賲乇 亘噩丕賲毓丞 賳賵鬲乇丿丕賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 " 賳丨賵 賯乇丕亍丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱賯乇丌賳 " 貙 賵賯丕賲 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 " 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 " 亘鬲乇鬲賷亘賴丕 賵丕賱鬲氐丿賷乇 賱賴丕 .
賲賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮廿賳 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 鬲賳胤賱賯 賲賳 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賰賳氐 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 囟賲賳 爻賷丕賯丕鬲賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 貙 賵賷賳賯爻賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賱賶 3 兀賯爻丕賲 :
1. 廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 鬲兀賱賷賮 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賲賳 賰賵賳賴 毓賲賱丕 噩賲丕毓賷丕 兀賲 賮乇丿賷丕 貙 賵丿乇丕爻丞 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賱賯氐丞 " 賳丕卅賲賵 廿賮爻爻" 賮賷 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵賲賯丕乇賳鬲賴丕 亘賯氐丞 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮 貙 賲毓 丿乇丕爻丞 賱賱賲禺胤賵胤丕鬲 賵丕賱賳賯賵卮 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賮賷 賮鬲乇丞 " 鬲賰賵賾賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 " .
2. 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲賷 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵 丕賱賱睾賵賷 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷 賮賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱賯乇丌賳 貙 賲毓 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賱賰賱 賲賳 賯氐鬲賷 賲乇賷賲 丕賱毓匕乇丕亍 賵丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇 丕賱賲賯丿賵賳賷
3. 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 胤丕賱鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賮鬲乇丞 賲丕 亘毓丿 鬲丿賵賷賳賴 賵丨鬲賶 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲鬲禺氐氐 賱賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 毓賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 貙 賵賲丐賱賮賴 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇賷賳 丕賱賮丕毓賱賷賳 賵丕賱賲賰孬乇賷賳 賲賳 丕賱廿賳鬲丕噩 賵丕賱鬲兀賱賷賮 .
賲乇賮賯 乇丕亘胤 賷鬲丨丿孬 賮賷 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 毓賳 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓
兀賳氐丨 亘賴 賱賱賲鬲禺氐氐賷賳 .
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 兀氐賱賴 賲噩賲賵毓丞 兀亘丨丕孬 鬲賲 鬲賯丿賷賲賴丕 賮賷 賲丐鬲賲乇 亘噩丕賲毓丞 賳賵鬲乇丿丕賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 " 賳丨賵 賯乇丕亍丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賱賯乇丌賳 " 貙 賵賯丕賲 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 " 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 " 亘鬲乇鬲賷亘賴丕 賵丕賱鬲氐丿賷乇 賱賴丕 .
賲賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮廿賳 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 鬲賳胤賱賯 賲賳 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賰賳氐 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 囟賲賳 爻賷丕賯丕鬲賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 貙 賵賷賳賯爻賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賱賶 3 兀賯爻丕賲 :
1. 廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 鬲兀賱賷賮 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賲賳 賰賵賳賴 毓賲賱丕 噩賲丕毓賷丕 兀賲 賮乇丿賷丕 貙 賵丿乇丕爻丞 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賱賯氐丞 " 賳丕卅賲賵 廿賮爻爻" 賮賷 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵賲賯丕乇賳鬲賴丕 亘賯氐丞 爻賵乇丞 丕賱賰賴賮 貙 賲毓 丿乇丕爻丞 賱賱賲禺胤賵胤丕鬲 賵丕賱賳賯賵卮 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱丌乇丕賲賷丞 賮賷 賮鬲乇丞 " 鬲賰賵賾賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 " .
2. 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲賷 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵 丕賱賱睾賵賷 丕賱爻乇賷丕賳賷 賮賷 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱賯乇丌賳 貙 賲毓 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賱賰賱 賲賳 賯氐鬲賷 賲乇賷賲 丕賱毓匕乇丕亍 賵丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇 丕賱賲賯丿賵賳賷
3. 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 胤丕賱鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賮賷 賮鬲乇丞 賲丕 亘毓丿 鬲丿賵賷賳賴 賵丨鬲賶 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲鬲禺氐氐 賱賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 毓賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 貙 賵賲丐賱賮賴 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇賷賳 丕賱賮丕毓賱賷賳 賵丕賱賲賰孬乇賷賳 賲賳 丕賱廿賳鬲丕噩 賵丕賱鬲兀賱賷賮 .
賲乇賮賯 乇丕亘胤 賷鬲丨丿孬 賮賷 噩丕亘乇賷賷賱 乇賷賳賵賱丿 毓賳 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓
兀賳氐丨 亘賴 賱賱賲鬲禺氐氐賷賳 .
August 17, 2023
賰鬲丕亘 丕夭 賲賯丿賲賴貙 丿乇丌賲丿 賵 爻賴 亘禺卮 鬲卮賰賷賱 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲. 賰鬲丕亘 亘賴 賵賷乇丕爻鬲丕乇賷 诏丕亘乇賷賱 爻毓賷丿 乇賷賳賵賱丿夭 賵 賳鬲賷噩賴 賴賲丕賷卮賷 丿乇 爻丕賱 佗贍贍佶 丕爻鬲.
亘禺卮 賷賰: 卮賵丕賴丿 夭亘丕賳賷 賵 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳: 賯乇丌賳 丿乇 倬跇賵賴卮 賴丕賷 丌賰丕丿賲賷賰 丕禺賷乇: 趩丕賱卮 賴丕 賵 賳賷丕夭賴丕貙 賰鬲賷亘賴 卮賳丕爻賷 賵 夭賲賷賳賴 夭亘丕賳 卮賳丕禺鬲賷 賯乇丌賳貙 倬跇賵賴卮 賴丕賷 丕禺賷乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 賯乇丌賳貙 亘丕夭賳诏乇賷 丿乇 賲爻卅賱賴 鬲丕賱賷賮 賯乇丌賳: 丌賷丕 賯乇丌賳 鬲丕 丨丿賷 孬賲乇賴 賰丕乇賷 鬲丿乇賷噩賷 賵 诏乇賵賴賷 丕爻鬲責 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴丕賷 賲爻賷丨賷 賵 賯乇丌賳 毓乇亘賷:"丕氐丨丕亘 睾丕乇" 丿乇 爻賵乇賴 賰賴賮 賵 丿乇 爻賳鬲 賲爻賷丨賷 爻乇賷丕賳賷
亘禺卮 丿賵: 亘丕賮鬲 丿賷賳賷 禺丕賵乇 賳夭丿賷賰 丿乇 毓賴丿 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賲鬲丕禺乇 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳:
鬲丕賲賱賷 丿乇 亘丕亘 鬲丕孬賷乇 丕賱賴賷丕鬲 賲爻賷丨賷 亘乇 賯乇丌賳貙 亘丕夭亘賷賳賷 鬲氐賵賷乇 賲乇賷賲 丿乇 賯乇丕賳貙 丕賮爻丕賳賴 丕爻賰賳丿乇 丿乇 賯乇丌賳貙 賮乇丕爻賵賷 鬲賰 賵丕跇賴 賴丕: 賲丕卅丿賴-卮賷胤丕賳-噩亘鬲 賵 胤丕睾賵鬲. 爻丕夭賵賰丕乇賴丕賷 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 亘賴 亘丕賷亘賱 丨亘卮賷(诏毓夭) 賵 賲鬲賳 賯乇丌賳貙 丕爻賱丕賲 賳賵倬丕 丿乇 賲賳丕亘毓 爻乇賷丕賳賷 爻丿賴 賴賮鬲賲
賷禺卮 爻賴: 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕賳鬲賯丕丿賷 賯乇丌賳 賵 爻賳鬲 鬲賮爻賷乇賷 丕爻賱丕賲賷 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳:
賷丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賴丕賷 丿乇亘丕乇賴 鬲氐丨賷丨 賴丕賷 賯乇丌賳 丿乇 爻丿賴 賴丕賷 賲賷丕賳賴 賵 丿賵乇丕賳 噩丿賷丿貙 爻乇賷丕賳賷 丿乇 賯乇丌賳: 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 賰賱丕爻賷賰 賲爻賱賲丕賳丕賳
禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 乇賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賳丿賷丿. 亘賴 丕賲賷丿 趩丕倬 噩賱丿 丿賵賲 賰鬲丕亘.
亘禺卮 賷賰: 卮賵丕賴丿 夭亘丕賳賷 賵 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳: 賯乇丌賳 丿乇 倬跇賵賴卮 賴丕賷 丌賰丕丿賲賷賰 丕禺賷乇: 趩丕賱卮 賴丕 賵 賳賷丕夭賴丕貙 賰鬲賷亘賴 卮賳丕爻賷 賵 夭賲賷賳賴 夭亘丕賳 卮賳丕禺鬲賷 賯乇丌賳貙 倬跇賵賴卮 賴丕賷 丕禺賷乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 賯乇丌賳貙 亘丕夭賳诏乇賷 丿乇 賲爻卅賱賴 鬲丕賱賷賮 賯乇丌賳: 丌賷丕 賯乇丌賳 鬲丕 丨丿賷 孬賲乇賴 賰丕乇賷 鬲丿乇賷噩賷 賵 诏乇賵賴賷 丕爻鬲責 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴丕賷 賲爻賷丨賷 賵 賯乇丌賳 毓乇亘賷:"丕氐丨丕亘 睾丕乇" 丿乇 爻賵乇賴 賰賴賮 賵 丿乇 爻賳鬲 賲爻賷丨賷 爻乇賷丕賳賷
亘禺卮 丿賵: 亘丕賮鬲 丿賷賳賷 禺丕賵乇 賳夭丿賷賰 丿乇 毓賴丿 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賲鬲丕禺乇 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳:
鬲丕賲賱賷 丿乇 亘丕亘 鬲丕孬賷乇 丕賱賴賷丕鬲 賲爻賷丨賷 亘乇 賯乇丌賳貙 亘丕夭亘賷賳賷 鬲氐賵賷乇 賲乇賷賲 丿乇 賯乇丕賳貙 丕賮爻丕賳賴 丕爻賰賳丿乇 丿乇 賯乇丌賳貙 賮乇丕爻賵賷 鬲賰 賵丕跇賴 賴丕: 賲丕卅丿賴-卮賷胤丕賳-噩亘鬲 賵 胤丕睾賵鬲. 爻丕夭賵賰丕乇賴丕賷 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 亘賴 亘丕賷亘賱 丨亘卮賷(诏毓夭) 賵 賲鬲賳 賯乇丌賳貙 丕爻賱丕賲 賳賵倬丕 丿乇 賲賳丕亘毓 爻乇賷丕賳賷 爻丿賴 賴賮鬲賲
賷禺卮 爻賴: 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕賳鬲賯丕丿賷 賯乇丌賳 賵 爻賳鬲 鬲賮爻賷乇賷 丕爻賱丕賲賷 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丕賱賴 賴丕賷賷 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳:
賷丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賴丕賷 丿乇亘丕乇賴 鬲氐丨賷丨 賴丕賷 賯乇丌賳 丿乇 爻丿賴 賴丕賷 賲賷丕賳賴 賵 丿賵乇丕賳 噩丿賷丿貙 爻乇賷丕賳賷 丿乇 賯乇丌賳: 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 賰賱丕爻賷賰 賲爻賱賲丕賳丕賳
禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 乇賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賳丿賷丿. 亘賴 丕賲賷丿 趩丕倬 噩賱丿 丿賵賲 賰鬲丕亘.
November 2, 2016
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷賲孬賱 鬲噩賲賷毓 賱 abstracts 賲賳 兀賵乇丕賯 亘丨孬賷丞 賮賷 賲丐鬲賲乇 賷亘丨孬 賮賷 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷 亘丿賵賳 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賱賰賳 亘丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱賱睾賵賷 賵 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賵 丕賱賳賯丿賷. 兀睾賱亘 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 亘賴丕 囟毓賮 賵 丕賳 賰丕賳 丕賱賯賱賷賱 賷丨賵賷 賳賯丿 毓賱賲賷 賯賵賷 賵 亘賳丕亍. 賰賳鬲 兀賵丿 兀賳 賷鬲囟賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘毓囟 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 毓賳 丕賱賳賯丿 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賱賱賲賳胤賯丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 賵賯鬲 馗賴賵乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟 亘賷賳 賲丕 鬲賲 鬲丿賵賷賳賴 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 賵 賲丕 鬲賲 丕賱毓孬賵乇 毓賱賷賴 賲賳 兀丿賱丞 丕乇賰賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賱賰賳 乇亘賲丕 賱賱丕亘鬲毓丕丿 睾丕賷丞 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱賳賯丿 丕賱賱睾賵賷 丕賱賮賷賱賵賱賵噩賷 賵 賴賵 賲賯氐賵丿 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賲 賷鬲囟賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賲亘丨孬. 毓賱賶 賰賱 丕賱丕丨賵丕賱 賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲毓 賵 卮賷賯 賵 賱賰賳賴 賱丕 賷睾賳賷 毓賳 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 丕賱賳氐賵氐 丕賱丕氐賱賷丞 賱賱亘丕丨孬賷賳 賮賷 丨賯賱 丕賱賱睾賵賷丕鬲 賵 丕賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱賳氐 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷.
August 2, 2015
賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 賮賷 賲賯丕賱丕鬲 丨賵賱 丕賱賯乇丕賳 囟賲賳 爻賷丕賯 鬲丕乇賷禺賴 賵毓氐乇賴
亘毓囟 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 囟毓賷賮 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴丕 噩賷丿丞 賵賲賮賷丿丞 賵鬲賮鬲丨 丕亘賵丕亘 賰孬賷乇丞
賵丕賱丕賴賲 丕賳賴 噩賲毓 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 丨賵賱 丕賱賯乇丕賳 爻賵丕亍 亘丕賱賯亘賵賱 丕賵 丕賱乇賮囟 貙 賱賰賳賴 毓乇囟 賱賴丕 亘卮賰賱 賲賮賷丿 賱賱賯丕乇卅
賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賯乇亘 鬲賮爻賷乇 賱亘毓囟 丕賱賯氐氐 丕賱賯乇丕賳賷 賴賵 丕賳賴丕 乇賲夭賷丞 賵賲賰鬲賵亘丞 亘賱睾丞 賮賳賷丞 賱丕 賷乇丕丿 賲賳賴丕 丨賯丕卅賯 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞
賷賳亘睾賷 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 賰鬲丕亘 賲丨賲丿 丕丨賲丿 禺賱賮 丕賱賱賴 賵賴賵 丕賱賮賳 丕賱賯氐氐賷 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丕賳
亘毓囟 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 囟毓賷賮 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴丕 噩賷丿丞 賵賲賮賷丿丞 賵鬲賮鬲丨 丕亘賵丕亘 賰孬賷乇丞
賵丕賱丕賴賲 丕賳賴 噩賲毓 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 丨賵賱 丕賱賯乇丕賳 爻賵丕亍 亘丕賱賯亘賵賱 丕賵 丕賱乇賮囟 貙 賱賰賳賴 毓乇囟 賱賴丕 亘卮賰賱 賲賮賷丿 賱賱賯丕乇卅
賵賷亘丿賵 丕賳 丕賯乇亘 鬲賮爻賷乇 賱亘毓囟 丕賱賯氐氐 丕賱賯乇丕賳賷 賴賵 丕賳賴丕 乇賲夭賷丞 賵賲賰鬲賵亘丞 亘賱睾丞 賮賳賷丞 賱丕 賷乇丕丿 賲賳賴丕 丨賯丕卅賯 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞
賷賳亘睾賷 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 賰鬲丕亘 賲丨賲丿 丕丨賲丿 禺賱賮 丕賱賱賴 賵賴賵 丕賱賮賳 丕賱賯氐氐賷 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丕賳
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