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袟 谢械泻褑褨泄 褌械芯褉褨褩 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯褋褌懈. 袘邪泄泻邪, 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁'褟, 锌褉懈锌芯胁褨写泻邪
袟袦袉小孝
袙褋褌褍锌薪邪 褋褌邪褌褌褟 鈥� 袨. 肖褨锌泻械谢褜 3鈥�21
袙褨写 褉械写邪泻褌芯褉褨胁-锌褉芯褎. 0. 袙械褌褍褏芯胁, 肖. 袟械谢懈薪褋褜泻懈泄 22鈥�25
袥械泻褑褨褟 锌械褉褕邪. 孝械屑邪 谢械泻褑褨褩 鈥� 胁蟹邪褦屑芯胁褨写薪芯褋懈薪懈 屑褨卸 褋谢芯胁芯屑 褌邪 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑. 效芯屑褍 胁蟹褟褌芯 蟹邪 芯褋薪芯胁褍 斜邪泄泻褍. 袧邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 蟹邪斜芯斜芯薪 褖芯写芯 卸懈褌褌褟 褋谢芯胁邪 褌邪 锌芯械蟹褨褩. 袘邪泄泻邪 胁 卸懈褌褌褨, 薪邪 泻芯褉械薪褨 褨 胁 蟹斜褨褉薪懈泻褍. 袘邪泄泻邪 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 褋泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹 写胁芯褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪: 褋邪屑芯褩 斜邪泄泻懈 (锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹褍) 褨 褌芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褜芯胁芯谐芯 褟胁懈褖邪, 褖芯 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯 薪械 胁懈蟹薪邪褔邪褦褌褜褋褟. 袩芯褉褨胁薪褟薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈 蟹 械屑斜谢械屑芯褞, 芯泻褉械屑懈屑 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 胁懈褋谢芯胁芯屑. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪邪 褉懈褋邪 斜邪泄泻懈 鈥� 写褨褟, 褦写薪褨褋褌褜 写褨褩 26鈥�36
袥械泻褑褨褟 写褉褍谐邪. 袨褋薪芯胁薪褨 褉懈褋懈 斜邪泄泻懈, 褟泻 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍 : 邪) 斜邪泄泻邪 褦 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写褜 薪邪 薪邪泄褋泻谢邪写薪褨褕褨 褟胁懈褖邪 卸懈褌褌褟, 斜) 褦写薪褨褋褌褜 写褨泄, 褖芯 褍胁褨褏芯写褟褌褜 褍 褩褩 褋泻谢邪写, 胁) 胁褨写褋褍褌薪褨褋褌褜 褋泻谢邪写薪懈褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻 写褨褦胁懈褏 芯褋褨斜, 芯锌懈褋褨胁 锌褉懈褉芯写懈 褌芯褖芯, 谐) 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪褨褋褌褜, 芯写薪芯-褉邪蟹芯胁褨褋褌褜, 褟泻 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 (芯写薪懈薪邪 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 屑薪芯卸懈薪懈) 37鈥�45
袥械泻褑褨褟 褌褉械褌褟. 袩芯械蟹褨褟 褨 锌褉芯蟹邪 鈥� 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 谢褞写褋褜泻芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟. 袘邪泄泻邪 褨 胁卸懈胁邪薪薪褟 褩褩 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 褌邪 斜邪泄泻邪 胁 蟹斜褨褉薪懈泻邪褏 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻褨胁. 孝褉懈 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈褑褜泻懈褏 褋锌芯褋芯斜懈 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈. 袩芯写胁褨泄薪邪 斜邪泄泻邪 褨 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪懈泄 胁懈褋薪芯胁芯泻. 袨褋薪芯胁薪邪 褏懈斜邪 袥械褋-褋褨薪谐芯胁芯谐芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈. 袨斜褉邪蟹, 写邪薪懈泄 褍 斜邪泄褑褨, 鈥� 锌芯械蟹褨褟, 邪 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 写芯 薪械褩鈥斝垦€芯蟹邪 37鈥�56
袥械泻褑褨褟 褔械褌胁械褉褌邪. 袘邪泄泻邪 薪械 褦 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 写芯 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 胁懈褋薪芯胁泻褍 褨 薪械 写芯胁芯写懈褌褜 泄芯谐芯. 袧邪褍泻芯胁械 (锌褉芯蟹芯胁械) 写芯胁械写械薪薪褟 褦 蟹邪胁卸写懈 邪薪邪谢褨蟹邪 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褌胁械褉写卸械薪薪褟 薪邪 褋泻谢邪写芯胁褨 褔邪褋褌懈薪懈, 邪 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 褦 芯写懈薪 蟹 屑芯屑械薪褌褨胁 褑褨褦褩 邪薪邪谢褨蟹懈. 些芯 褌邪泻械 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 褎邪泻褌? 袙蟹邪褦屑懈薪懈 屑褨卸 锌褉懈泻谢邪写芯屑 褨 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯褞 写褍屑泻芯褞, 屑褨卸 褎邪泻褌芯屑 褨 蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑, 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟屑. 袘邪泄泻邪 写邪褦 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪懈泄 褎邪泻褌, 袉 薪邪胁泻芯谢芯 薪褜芯谐芯 谐褉褍锌褍褦褌褜褋褟 写械泻褨谢褜泻邪 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪褜. 袉薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪袉褋褌褜 斜邪泄泻懈, 褋懈薪褌械褌懈褔薪褨褋褌褜 锌芯械蟹褨褩 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 蟹写芯斜褍胁邪褌懈 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟, 邪 薪械 写芯胁芯写懈褌懈 褩褏薪褞 锌褉邪胁写懈胁褨褋褌褜 57鈥�65
袥械泻褑褨褟 锌鈥櫻徰傂�. 孝械芯褉褨褟 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈, 褖芯斜 褨薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪褨褋褌褞 锌褉懈褏芯胁邪褌懈, 蟹褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌褉懈褦屑薪褨褕芯褞, 锌褉邪胁写懈胁褍 写褍屑泻褍. 袉薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪袉褋褌褜 斜邪泄泻褑 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 泻褉邪褖械 胁懈褋胁褨褌谢懈褌懈 写褍屑泻褍. 袩芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻� 蟹 斜邪泄泻懈 褕谢褟褏芯屑 褨薪胁械褉褋褨褩. 袩褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�, 褟泻 褋泻芯褉芯褔械薪懈泄 蟹屑褨褋褌 斜邪泄泻懈 66鈥�73
袥械泻褑褨褟 褕芯褋褌邪. 啸褍写芯卸薪褨 蟹邪褋芯斜懈 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 褋泻谢邪写薪芯谐芯 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍 胁 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�. 袟薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褑褜芯谐芯 锌褉芯褑械褋褍 写谢褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 褨 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 锌褉芯褑械褋 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟 褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 蟹谐褍褖械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩芯械蟹褨褟 薪械 褦 褟泻邪褋褜 锌褉懈泻褉邪褋邪 写褍屑泻懈, 邪 芯写薪邪 蟹 写胁芯褏 褎芯褉屑 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 蟹邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 褋谢芯胁邪. 袛胁邪 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褨 泻芯褉懈褋褌褍胁邪薪薪褟 褏褍写芯卸薪褨屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑. 袩褉芯褑械褋 胁懈薪懈泻薪械薪薪褟 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�, 褟泻 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍, 褨蟹 蟹胁懈褔邪泄薪芯谐芯 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟 蟹 卸懈褌褌褟. 袩褉懈锌芯胁褨写泻邪 (鈥炐啃拘承拘残狙€泻邪44), 褟泻 械谢械屑械薪褌 斜邪泄泻懈, 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻� (,锌芯褋谢芯胁懈褑褜褨邪) 74鈥�83
袥械泻褑褨褟 褋褜芯屑邪. 袝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 锌芯械蟹褨褩 鈥� 褋谢芯胁邪 芯斜褉邪蟹薪褨. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪褨 薪邪蟹胁懈 写械褟泻懈褏 褉芯褋谢懈薪. 袩械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏, 芯斜褉邪蟹薪懈褏 褋谢褨胁 薪邪 锌褉芯蟹芯胁褨, 斜械蟹芯斜褉邪蟹薪褨 褨 薪邪胁锌邪泻懈. 效械褉谐褍胁邪薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 泄 锌褉芯蟹芯胁芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟 84鈥�90
袥械泻褑褨褟 胁芯褋褜屑邪. 小谢芯胁芯 薪械 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 锌械褉械写邪胁邪薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩褉芯褑械褋 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 褕谢褟褏芯屑 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟薪薪褟 褨 薪邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褟 褔芯谐芯褋褜 褋谢芯胁芯屑 褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈 胁 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褨 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 褩褩. 袟薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褋谢芯胁邪 写谢褟 谢褞写懈薪懈, 褟泻 蟹薪邪褉褟写写褟 褉芯蟹褉芯斜谢械薪薪褟, 胁写芯褋泻芯薪邪谢械薪薪褟 胁谢邪褋薪芯褩 写褍屑泻懈. 小谢芯胁芯 泄 褏褍写芯卸薪褨泄 褌胁褨褉, 褟泻 蟹邪褋褨斜 芯斜鈥櫻斝貉傂感残把喲栄� 写褍屑泻懈 91 -95
袥械泻褑褨褟 写械胁'褟褌邪. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 褌胁褨褉 褦 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 邪泻褌 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟, 褖芯 泄写械 锌芯锌械褉械写褍 锌褉芯蟹芯胁芯谐芯, 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟. 袩褉芯褑械褋懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪褟, 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯褩 褌胁芯褉褔芯褋褌懈 褨 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪薪携袡(泻褉懈褌懈泻懈) 鈥� 芯写薪邪泻芯胁芯 褌胁芯褉褔褨 锌褉芯褑械褋懈. 袦薪芯谐芯蟹薪邪褔薪褨褋褌褜 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍. 96鈥�100
袥械泻褑褨褟 写械褋褟褌邪. 袟邪谐邪谢褜薪邪 褋褏械屑邪 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪邪 褌胁芯褉褔邪 写褨褟谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 鈥� 褉褟写 褋褌褍锌械薪褨胁 褋邪屑芯锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 邪斜芯 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 褋芯褑褨褟谢褜薪芯谐芯 芯褌芯褔械薪薪褟. 袨斜褉邪蟹 褍褌胁芯褉褞褦褌褜褋褟 薪械 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褔懈褌邪褔邪, 邪 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 胁褨薪 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪懈泄 褋邪屑芯屑褍 邪胁褌芯褉芯胁褨. 袛胁邪 褌懈锌懈 芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯褩 褨薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪芯褋褌懈: 1) 芯斜褉邪蟹 褍蟹褟褌芯 蟹 褨薪褕芯谐芯 泻芯谢邪 褟胁懈褖, 薪褨卸 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褑械 (屑械褌邪褎芯褉邪, 邪谢械谐芯褉褨褟); 2)芯斜褉邪蟹 袉 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 薪邪谢械卸邪褌褜 写芯 芯写薪芯谐芯 泻芯谢邪 褟胁懈褖 (褑械 褌懈锌芯胁褨褋褌褜, 芯写薪懈薪邪 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 屑薪芯卸懈薪懈). 袉谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 蟹 袥褦褉屑芯薪褌芯胁邪, 袩褍褕泻褨薪邪. 孝胁芯褉褔褨褋褌褜 写谢褟 褋械斜械 褨 写谢褟 褨薪褕懈褏 101 鈥� 110
袙褋褌褍锌薪邪 褋褌邪褌褌褟 鈥� 袨. 肖褨锌泻械谢褜 3鈥�21
袙褨写 褉械写邪泻褌芯褉褨胁-锌褉芯褎. 0. 袙械褌褍褏芯胁, 肖. 袟械谢懈薪褋褜泻懈泄 22鈥�25
袥械泻褑褨褟 锌械褉褕邪. 孝械屑邪 谢械泻褑褨褩 鈥� 胁蟹邪褦屑芯胁褨写薪芯褋懈薪懈 屑褨卸 褋谢芯胁芯屑 褌邪 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑. 效芯屑褍 胁蟹褟褌芯 蟹邪 芯褋薪芯胁褍 斜邪泄泻褍. 袧邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 蟹邪斜芯斜芯薪 褖芯写芯 卸懈褌褌褟 褋谢芯胁邪 褌邪 锌芯械蟹褨褩. 袘邪泄泻邪 胁 卸懈褌褌褨, 薪邪 泻芯褉械薪褨 褨 胁 蟹斜褨褉薪懈泻褍. 袘邪泄泻邪 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 褋泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹 写胁芯褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪: 褋邪屑芯褩 斜邪泄泻懈 (锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 芯斜褉邪蟹褍) 褨 褌芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褜芯胁芯谐芯 褟胁懈褖邪, 褖芯 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯 薪械 胁懈蟹薪邪褔邪褦褌褜褋褟. 袩芯褉褨胁薪褟薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈 蟹 械屑斜谢械屑芯褞, 芯泻褉械屑懈屑 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 胁懈褋谢芯胁芯屑. 啸邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪邪 褉懈褋邪 斜邪泄泻懈 鈥� 写褨褟, 褦写薪褨褋褌褜 写褨褩 26鈥�36
袥械泻褑褨褟 写褉褍谐邪. 袨褋薪芯胁薪褨 褉懈褋懈 斜邪泄泻懈, 褟泻 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍 : 邪) 斜邪泄泻邪 褦 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写褜 薪邪 薪邪泄褋泻谢邪写薪褨褕褨 褟胁懈褖邪 卸懈褌褌褟, 斜) 褦写薪褨褋褌褜 写褨泄, 褖芯 褍胁褨褏芯写褟褌褜 褍 褩褩 褋泻谢邪写, 胁) 胁褨写褋褍褌薪褨褋褌褜 褋泻谢邪写薪懈褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻 写褨褦胁懈褏 芯褋褨斜, 芯锌懈褋褨胁 锌褉懈褉芯写懈 褌芯褖芯, 谐) 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪褨褋褌褜, 芯写薪芯-褉邪蟹芯胁褨褋褌褜, 褟泻 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 (芯写薪懈薪邪 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 屑薪芯卸懈薪懈) 37鈥�45
袥械泻褑褨褟 褌褉械褌褟. 袩芯械蟹褨褟 褨 锌褉芯蟹邪 鈥� 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 谢褞写褋褜泻芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟. 袘邪泄泻邪 褨 胁卸懈胁邪薪薪褟 褩褩 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 褌邪 斜邪泄泻邪 胁 蟹斜褨褉薪懈泻邪褏 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻褨胁. 孝褉懈 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈褑褜泻懈褏 褋锌芯褋芯斜懈 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈. 袩芯写胁褨泄薪邪 斜邪泄泻邪 褨 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪懈泄 胁懈褋薪芯胁芯泻. 袨褋薪芯胁薪邪 褏懈斜邪 袥械褋-褋褨薪谐芯胁芯谐芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈. 袨斜褉邪蟹, 写邪薪懈泄 褍 斜邪泄褑褨, 鈥� 锌芯械蟹褨褟, 邪 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 写芯 薪械褩鈥斝垦€芯蟹邪 37鈥�56
袥械泻褑褨褟 褔械褌胁械褉褌邪. 袘邪泄泻邪 薪械 褦 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 写芯 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 胁懈褋薪芯胁泻褍 褨 薪械 写芯胁芯写懈褌褜 泄芯谐芯. 袧邪褍泻芯胁械 (锌褉芯蟹芯胁械) 写芯胁械写械薪薪褟 褦 蟹邪胁卸写懈 邪薪邪谢褨蟹邪 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褌胁械褉写卸械薪薪褟 薪邪 褋泻谢邪写芯胁褨 褔邪褋褌懈薪懈, 邪 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 褦 芯写懈薪 蟹 屑芯屑械薪褌褨胁 褑褨褦褩 邪薪邪谢褨蟹懈. 些芯 褌邪泻械 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈泄 褎邪泻褌? 袙蟹邪褦屑懈薪懈 屑褨卸 锌褉懈泻谢邪写芯屑 褨 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯褞 写褍屑泻芯褞, 屑褨卸 褎邪泻褌芯屑 褨 蟹邪泻芯薪芯屑, 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟屑. 袘邪泄泻邪 写邪褦 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪懈泄 褎邪泻褌, 袉 薪邪胁泻芯谢芯 薪褜芯谐芯 谐褉褍锌褍褦褌褜褋褟 写械泻褨谢褜泻邪 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪褜. 袉薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪袉褋褌褜 斜邪泄泻懈, 褋懈薪褌械褌懈褔薪褨褋褌褜 锌芯械蟹褨褩 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 蟹写芯斜褍胁邪褌懈 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟, 邪 薪械 写芯胁芯写懈褌懈 褩褏薪褞 锌褉邪胁写懈胁褨褋褌褜 57鈥�65
袥械泻褑褨褟 锌鈥櫻徰傂�. 孝械芯褉褨褟 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 斜邪泄泻懈, 褖芯斜 褨薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪褨褋褌褞 锌褉懈褏芯胁邪褌懈, 蟹褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌褉懈褦屑薪褨褕芯褞, 锌褉邪胁写懈胁褍 写褍屑泻褍. 袉薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪袉褋褌褜 斜邪泄泻褑 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 泻褉邪褖械 胁懈褋胁褨褌谢懈褌懈 写褍屑泻褍. 袩芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻� 蟹 斜邪泄泻懈 褕谢褟褏芯屑 褨薪胁械褉褋褨褩. 袩褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�, 褟泻 褋泻芯褉芯褔械薪懈泄 蟹屑褨褋褌 斜邪泄泻懈 66鈥�73
袥械泻褑褨褟 褕芯褋褌邪. 啸褍写芯卸薪褨 蟹邪褋芯斜懈 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 褋泻谢邪写薪芯谐芯 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍 胁 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�. 袟薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褑褜芯谐芯 锌褉芯褑械褋褍 写谢褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 褨 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 锌褉芯褑械褋 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟 褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 蟹谐褍褖械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩芯械蟹褨褟 薪械 褦 褟泻邪褋褜 锌褉懈泻褉邪褋邪 写褍屑泻懈, 邪 芯写薪邪 蟹 写胁芯褏 褎芯褉屑 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 蟹邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 褋谢芯胁邪. 袛胁邪 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褨 泻芯褉懈褋褌褍胁邪薪薪褟 褏褍写芯卸薪褨屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑. 袩褉芯褑械褋 胁懈薪懈泻薪械薪薪褟 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻�, 褟泻 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍, 褨蟹 蟹胁懈褔邪泄薪芯谐芯 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟 蟹 卸懈褌褌褟. 袩褉懈锌芯胁褨写泻邪 (鈥炐啃拘承拘残狙€泻邪44), 褟泻 械谢械屑械薪褌 斜邪泄泻懈, 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁鈥櫻� (,锌芯褋谢芯胁懈褑褜褨邪) 74鈥�83
袥械泻褑褨褟 褋褜芯屑邪. 袝谢械屑械薪褌邪褉薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 锌芯械蟹褨褩 鈥� 褋谢芯胁邪 芯斜褉邪蟹薪褨. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪褨 薪邪蟹胁懈 写械褟泻懈褏 褉芯褋谢懈薪. 袩械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏, 芯斜褉邪蟹薪懈褏 褋谢褨胁 薪邪 锌褉芯蟹芯胁褨, 斜械蟹芯斜褉邪蟹薪褨 褨 薪邪胁锌邪泻懈. 效械褉谐褍胁邪薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 泄 锌褉芯蟹芯胁芯谐芯 屑懈褋谢械薪薪褟 84鈥�90
袥械泻褑褨褟 胁芯褋褜屑邪. 小谢芯胁芯 薪械 褦 蟹邪褋褨斜 锌械褉械写邪胁邪薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈. 袩褉芯褑械褋 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 褕谢褟褏芯屑 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟薪薪褟 褨 薪邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褟 褔芯谐芯褋褜 褋谢芯胁芯屑 褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈 胁 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褨 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 褩褩. 袟薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褋谢芯胁邪 写谢褟 谢褞写懈薪懈, 褟泻 蟹薪邪褉褟写写褟 褉芯蟹褉芯斜谢械薪薪褟, 胁写芯褋泻芯薪邪谢械薪薪褟 胁谢邪褋薪芯褩 写褍屑泻懈. 小谢芯胁芯 泄 褏褍写芯卸薪褨泄 褌胁褨褉, 褟泻 蟹邪褋褨斜 芯斜鈥櫻斝貉傂感残把喲栄� 写褍屑泻懈 91 -95
袥械泻褑褨褟 写械胁'褟褌邪. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 褌胁褨褉 褦 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 邪泻褌 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟, 褖芯 泄写械 锌芯锌械褉械写褍 锌褉芯蟹芯胁芯谐芯, 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟. 袩褉芯褑械褋懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁谢械薪薪褟, 锌芯械褌懈褔薪芯褩 褌胁芯褉褔芯褋褌懈 褨 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪薪携袡(泻褉懈褌懈泻懈) 鈥� 芯写薪邪泻芯胁芯 褌胁芯褉褔褨 锌褉芯褑械褋懈. 袦薪芯谐芯蟹薪邪褔薪褨褋褌褜 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍. 96鈥�100
袥械泻褑褨褟 写械褋褟褌邪. 袟邪谐邪谢褜薪邪 褋褏械屑邪 褏褍写芯卸薪褜芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褍. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪邪 褌胁芯褉褔邪 写褨褟谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 鈥� 褉褟写 褋褌褍锌械薪褨胁 褋邪屑芯锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 邪斜芯 锌褨蟹薪邪薪薪褟 褋芯褑褨褟谢褜薪芯谐芯 芯褌芯褔械薪薪褟. 袨斜褉邪蟹 褍褌胁芯褉褞褦褌褜褋褟 薪械 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褔懈褌邪褔邪, 邪 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 胁褨薪 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪懈泄 褋邪屑芯屑褍 邪胁褌芯褉芯胁褨. 袛胁邪 褌懈锌懈 芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯褩 褨薪邪泻芯屑芯胁薪芯褋褌懈: 1) 芯斜褉邪蟹 褍蟹褟褌芯 蟹 褨薪褕芯谐芯 泻芯谢邪 褟胁懈褖, 薪褨卸 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褑械 (屑械褌邪褎芯褉邪, 邪谢械谐芯褉褨褟); 2)芯斜褉邪蟹 袉 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 薪邪谢械卸邪褌褜 写芯 芯写薪芯谐芯 泻芯谢邪 褟胁懈褖 (褑械 褌懈锌芯胁褨褋褌褜, 芯写薪懈薪邪 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 屑薪芯卸懈薪懈). 袉谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 蟹 袥褦褉屑芯薪褌芯胁邪, 袩褍褕泻褨薪邪. 孝胁芯褉褔褨褋褌褜 写谢褟 褋械斜械 褨 写谢褟 褨薪褕懈褏 101 鈥� 110
162 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1894
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About the author
Oleksander Potebnja
17听books2听followersOlexander Potebnja or Oleksander Opanasovich Potebnia (Russian: 袗谢械泻褋邪薪写褉 袗褎邪薪邪褋褜械胁懈褔 袩芯褌械斜薪褟; Ukrainian: 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写械褉 袨锌邪薪邪褋芯胁懈褔 袩芯褌械斜薪褟) was a Ukrainian philosopher and linguist active in the Russian Empire, who was a professor of linguistics at the University of Kharkiv. He translated part of Homer's Odyssey into Ukrainian, even though translating into that language was prohibited in the Russian Empire. He constructed a theory of language and consciousness that later influenced the thinking of his countryman the Psychologist Lev Vygotsky. His main work was "Language and Thought" (mysl' i jazyk) (1862). He was a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the foremost academic institution in the Russian Empire.
As a linguist Potebnja specialized in four areas: the philosophy of language, the historical phonetics of the East Slavic languages, etymology, and Slavic historical syntax. His major works on the philosophy of language are Mysl鈥� i iazyk (Thought and Language, 5 edns, 1862, 1892, 1913, 1922, 1926); O sviazi nekotorykh predstavlenii v iazyke (On the Relation among Some Representations in Language, 1864); his doctoral dissertation, Iz zapisok po russkoi grammatike (From Notes on Russian Grammar, vol 1, 1874; repr 1958); and the posthumously published 鈥業azyk i narodnost鈥� (Language and Nationality, in Vestnik Evropy, 1895). He was particularly interested in the relations among language, thought, and reality. Language for him was primarily the means by which the mind ordered the influx of impressions and stimuli. Words carry not only a meaning, but also the past experience of the individual and the nation, through which all new experience is filtered. Thus a word usually has three aspects: an external form, a meaning, and an internal form. It is through the internal form that the objective world is subjectivized. In many cases the internal form is rooted in myth and, hence, acts as a bridge between language and folklore (with its symbols). These ideas constitute the framework of Potebnja's master's thesis, O nekotorykh simvolakh v slavianskoi narodnoi poezii (On Some Symbols in Slavic Folk Poetry, 1860; expanded edn 1914), and his monumental work Obiasneniia malorusskikh i srodnykh narodnykh pesen (Explanations of Little Russian and Related Folk Songs, 2 vols, 1883, 1887). With time the consciousness of a word's internal form fades, and one of the tasks of literature is to restore this consciousness. According to this theory, literature is a hierarchy of genres; the simplest ones (the proverb, riddle, and fable) directly recall or renew the word's internal form, and the other genres do so in a more complicated, sometimes hardly detectable, way through a complex system of subjective (in poetry) or seemingly objective (in the novel) images. Potebnia's principal works on this subject were published posthumously: Iz lektsii po teorii slovesnosti: Basnia, poslovitsa, pogovorka (From Lectures on the Theory of Literature: The Fable, the Adage, the Proverb, 1894; repr 1970; Ukrainian trans 1930), Iz zapisok po teorii slovesnosti: Poeziia i proza, tropy i figury, myshlenie poeticheskoe i mificheskoe, prilozheniia (From Notes on the Theory of Literature: Poetry and Prose, Tropes and Figures, Poetic and Mythical Thought, Addenda, 1905; repr 1970), and 鈥楥hernovyia zametki ... o L.N. Tolstom i F.M. Dostoevskom鈥� (Preliminary Remarks ... on L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky) in Voprosy teorii i psikhologii tvorchestva (vol 5 [1914]).
As a linguist Potebnja specialized in four areas: the philosophy of language, the historical phonetics of the East Slavic languages, etymology, and Slavic historical syntax. His major works on the philosophy of language are Mysl鈥� i iazyk (Thought and Language, 5 edns, 1862, 1892, 1913, 1922, 1926); O sviazi nekotorykh predstavlenii v iazyke (On the Relation among Some Representations in Language, 1864); his doctoral dissertation, Iz zapisok po russkoi grammatike (From Notes on Russian Grammar, vol 1, 1874; repr 1958); and the posthumously published 鈥業azyk i narodnost鈥� (Language and Nationality, in Vestnik Evropy, 1895). He was particularly interested in the relations among language, thought, and reality. Language for him was primarily the means by which the mind ordered the influx of impressions and stimuli. Words carry not only a meaning, but also the past experience of the individual and the nation, through which all new experience is filtered. Thus a word usually has three aspects: an external form, a meaning, and an internal form. It is through the internal form that the objective world is subjectivized. In many cases the internal form is rooted in myth and, hence, acts as a bridge between language and folklore (with its symbols). These ideas constitute the framework of Potebnja's master's thesis, O nekotorykh simvolakh v slavianskoi narodnoi poezii (On Some Symbols in Slavic Folk Poetry, 1860; expanded edn 1914), and his monumental work Obiasneniia malorusskikh i srodnykh narodnykh pesen (Explanations of Little Russian and Related Folk Songs, 2 vols, 1883, 1887). With time the consciousness of a word's internal form fades, and one of the tasks of literature is to restore this consciousness. According to this theory, literature is a hierarchy of genres; the simplest ones (the proverb, riddle, and fable) directly recall or renew the word's internal form, and the other genres do so in a more complicated, sometimes hardly detectable, way through a complex system of subjective (in poetry) or seemingly objective (in the novel) images. Potebnia's principal works on this subject were published posthumously: Iz lektsii po teorii slovesnosti: Basnia, poslovitsa, pogovorka (From Lectures on the Theory of Literature: The Fable, the Adage, the Proverb, 1894; repr 1970; Ukrainian trans 1930), Iz zapisok po teorii slovesnosti: Poeziia i proza, tropy i figury, myshlenie poeticheskoe i mificheskoe, prilozheniia (From Notes on the Theory of Literature: Poetry and Prose, Tropes and Figures, Poetic and Mythical Thought, Addenda, 1905; repr 1970), and 鈥楥hernovyia zametki ... o L.N. Tolstom i F.M. Dostoevskom鈥� (Preliminary Remarks ... on L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky) in Voprosy teorii i psikhologii tvorchestva (vol 5 [1914]).
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April 10, 2025
斜邪泄泻褍 褟 褌邪泻 褨 薪械 锌芯谢褞斜懈谢邪, 邪谢械 斜褍谢芯 褑褨泻邪胁芯 锌芯谐谢褟薪褍褌懈 薪邪 薪械褩, 褟泻 薪邪 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 薪邪泄褋褌邪褉褨褕懈褏 卸邪薪褉褨胁, 薪邪 褩褩 锌械褉械褌褨泻邪薪薪褟 胁/胁懈芯泻褉械屑谢械薪薪褟 蟹 薪械褩 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁始褟. 鈥ㄢ€�
"... 胁褨写薪芯褋薪芯 写芯胁谐邪 芯锌芯胁褨写泻邪 写械写邪谢褨 斜褨谢褜褕械 褋褌懈褋泻邪褦褌褜褋褟, 蟹邪胁写褟泻懈 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁褋械 褨薪褕械, 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪械 写谢褟 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 胁懈褋谢芯胁褍, 褟泻懈泄 褋褌邪胁 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁始褟屑, 褌褉懈屑邪褦褌褜褋褟 褍 薪邪褕褨泄 写褍屑褑褨 褨 蟹邪 锌芯 褌褉械斜懈 屑芯卸械 谢械谐泻芯 胁褨写薪芯胁谢褞胁邪褌懈褋褟.
袗谢械 胁芯写薪芯褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 屑懈 泻邪卸械屑芯: 芦袣懈褋谢懈泄 胁懈薪芯谐褉邪写禄, 褍褋褜芯谐芯 蟹屑褨褋褌褍 斜邪泄泻懈 芦袥懈褋懈褑褟 褨 袙懈薪芯谐褉邪写禄 褍 薪邪褕懈褏 写褍屑泻邪褏 薪械屑邪褦, 屑懈 锌褉芯 薪械褩 薪械 写褍屑邪褦屑芯. 袛芯胁械褋褌懈 褑械 屑芯卸薪邪 斜械蟹锌芯褋械褉械写薪褨屑 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟屑. 袛械 卸 褌芯写褨 胁芯薪邪 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟? 携泻 屑懈 薪邪蟹胁械屑芯 褌芯泄 褋褌邪薪 写褍屑泻懈, 泻芯谢懈 胁芯薪邪 褍卸械 谐芯褌芯胁邪 褋褌邪褌懈 写褍屑泻芯褞, 邪谢械 薪械褞 褖械 薪械 褦? 袘械蟹 斜褍写褜-褟泻芯谐芯 薪邪谐邪写褍胁邪薪薪褟 胁懈 褋邪屑褨 屑芯卸械褌械 锌褉懈谐邪写邪褌懈 褑褞 斜邪泄泻褍, 邪谢械 褑褨褦褩 褏胁懈谢懈薪懈 胁懈 锌褉芯 薪械褩 薪械 写褍屑邪褦褌械: 胁芯薪邪 鈥� 蟹邪 锌芯褉芯谐芯屑 褋胁褨写芯屑芯褋褌懈." 鈥�
写谢褟 屑械薪械 褍褋械 薪邪泄褑褨泻邪胁褨褕械 锌芯褔邪谢芯褋褟 蟹 5 谢械泻褑褨褩.
袘邪泄泻邪 褌邪 褨薪褕褨 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褨 褌胁芯褉懈 锌芯褟褋薪褞褞褌褜 薪邪屑 褑械泄 锌芯芯写懈薪芯泻懈泄 胁懈锌邪写芯泻, 蟹胁芯写褟褌褜 斜械蟹谢褨褔 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌薪懈褏 褉懈褋, 褖芯 胁 薪褜芯屑褍 屑褨褋褌褟褌褜褋褟, 写芯 薪械胁械谢懈泻芯褩 泻褨谢褜泻芯褋褌懈.
孝械 褋邪屑械, 邪谢械 斜褨谢褜褕芯褞 屑褨褉芯褞, 褌芯斜褌芯 褋褌懈褋谢褨褕械, 褉芯斜懈褌褜 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁始褟. 袟胁褨褋薪芯, 锌芯褋谢褍谐邪 褑懈褏 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏 褌胁芯褉褨胁 写谢褟 写褍屑泻懈 斜褍谢邪 斜 谢懈褕械 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪芯褞, 斜褍谢邪 斜 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 薪械 锌芯褋谢褍谐芯褞, 褟泻斜懈 褌械 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌褌褟 褉懈褋, 褟泻械 蟹邪屑褨薪械薪芯 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑, 蟹薪懈泻谢芯 蟹 薪邪褕芯褩 锌邪屑始褟褌懈. 袗谢械 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻 薪械 斜褍胁邪褦. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 写邪褦 薪邪屑 蟹屑芯谐褍 蟹邪屑褨薪褞胁邪褌懈 斜械蟹谢褨褔 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌薪懈褏 写褍屑芯泻 胁褨写薪芯褋薪芯 薪械胁械谢懈泻懈屑懈 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁懈屑懈 胁械谢懈褔懈薪邪屑懈.
邪谢械 薪邪泄褍谢褞斜谢械薪褨褕邪 鈥斕佈屝拘夹�.
褉芯蟹斜懈褉邪褞褔懈 械褌懈屑芯谢芯谐褨褞 薪邪褉芯写薪懈褏 薪邪蟹胁 褉芯褋谢懈薪, 锌芯褌械斜薪褟 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写邪褦 锌褉芯 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏 械谢械屑械薪褌褨胁 褍 锌褉芯蟹芯胁褨, 邪 锌褉芯蟹芯胁懈褏 鈥� 褍 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褨. 鈥ㄐ狙佈� 锌褉芯 芦屑邪褌懈-泄-屑邪褔褍褏褍禄:
鈥�孝邪泻 锌芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 谢褞斜芯胁 屑邪褌械褉褨 褨 薪械谢褞斜芯胁 屑邪褔褍褏懈. 袪褨写薪邪 屑邪褌懈 谢褞斜懈褌褜, 褟泻 谢褨褌薪械 褋芯薪褑械 谐褉褨褦, 邪 屑邪褔褍褏邪 薪械 谢褞斜懈褌褜 - 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 褟泻 蟹懈屑芯胁械 褋芯薪褑械, 褟泻 蟹懈屑邪. 小邪屑械 褌邪泻懈泄 锌芯谐谢褟写 胁 芯褋薪芯胁褨 薪邪蟹胁懈 褌褨褦褩 褉芯褋谢懈薪懈, 锌褉芯 褟泻褍 褟 泻邪卸褍. 袊褩 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁褨褋褌褜, 褟泻褍 胁芯薪邪 锌芯写褨谢褟褦 蟹 斜邪谐邪褌褜屑邪 褨薪褕懈屑懈 褉芯褋谢懈薪邪屑懈, 锌芯谢褟谐邪褦 胁 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁械褉褏薪褟 锌谢芯褖懈薪邪 褩褩 谢懈褋褌褟 斜谢懈褋泻褍褔邪 褨 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 邪 薪懈卸薪褟 鈥� 薪械蟹械谢械薪邪, 斜褨谢褍胁邪褌邪, 屑始褟泻邪 褨 褌械锌谢邪, 薪邪褔械 胁泻褉懈褌邪 斜褨谢芯褞 锌邪胁褍褌懈薪芯褞. 孝芯屑褍, 褉芯褋谢懈薪邪 褦 褨 芦屑邪褌褨褉始褞禄, 褨 芦屑邪褔褍褏芯褞禄.
袨褌卸械, 褉褍褏 写褍屑泻懈 褍 薪邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褨 褑褨褦褩 褉芯褋谢懈薪懈 褌邪泻懈泄: 写邪薪芯 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨泄 蟹邪锌邪褋 写褍屑泻懈, 褖芯 锌芯谢褟谐邪褦 胁 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褨 谢褞斜芯胁褨 褌械锌谢芯屑 褨 薪械谢褞斜芯胁褨 褏芯谢芯写芯屑. 袪褨写薪邪 屑邪褌懈 鈥� 褌械锌谢芯, 褌芯斜褌芯 谢褞斜谢褟褔邪, 屑邪褔褍褏邪 鈥� 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 褌芯斜褌芯 薪械谢褞斜谢褟褔邪. 鈥�
锌褨褋谢褟 胁芯褋褜屑芯褩 谢械泻褑褨褩 屑械薪褨 褋褌邪谢芯 写懈胁薪芯 褉芯蟹屑芯胁谢褟褌懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈 褔械褉械蟹 褉芯褌)) 写芯 褉械褔褨, 写褟泻褍褞 蟹邪 锌褨写泻邪蟹泻褍 胁 泻芯屑械薪褌邪褉褟褏. 谐褨锌芯褌械蟹邪 褋械锌褨褉邪 - 胁芯褉褎邪 褉芯蟹谐谢褟写邪褦 屑芯胁懈 薪邪褉芯写褨胁 褟泻 褌邪泻褨, 褖芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褔邪褞褌褜 褋锌芯褋褨斜 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯谐芯 褋锌褉懈泄薪褟褌褌褟 薪邪胁泻芯谢懈褕薪褜芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌褍. 斜褨谢褜褕械 锌褉芯 薪械褩 屑芯卸薪邪 锌芯褔懈褌邪褌懈 . 褑褨泻邪胁芯, 褕芯 锌芯褌械斜薪褟 褎芯褉屑褍褦 褑褞 褨写械褞 蟹邪 ~70 褉芯泻褨胁 写芯 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈褏 泻芯谢械谐. 鈥�
袧邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褟 褋谢芯胁芯屑 鈥� 褑械 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟, 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械谐褉褍锌褍胁邪薪薪褟 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褜芯谐芯 蟹邪锌邪褋褍 写褍屑泻懈 锌褨写 褌懈褋泻芯屑 薪芯胁芯谐芯 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 邪斜芯 薪芯胁芯谐芯 蟹邪锌懈褌褍. 小谢芯胁芯 薪械 屑芯卸薪邪, 蟹谐褨写薪芯 蟹 褑懈屑, 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈 褟泻 胁懈褉邪蟹 褨 蟹邪褋褨斜 锌芯胁褨写芯屑谢械薪薪褟 谐芯褌芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈; 胁芯薪芯 鈥� 锌芯泻谢懈泻邪薪械 褉芯斜芯褌芯褞 写褍屑泻懈 胁 谢褞写懈薪褨; 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械写芯胁褋褨屑 锌芯褌褉械斜褍褦 褌芯泄, 褏褌芯 屑懈褋谢懈褌褜, 斜芯 胁 薪褜芯屑褍 胁芯薪芯 薪邪斜褍胁邪褦 褌邪泻懈褏 锌械褉械屑褨薪. 携泻褖芯 胁芯薪芯, 褟泻 薪邪屑 蟹写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 褦 蟹邪褋芯斜芯屑 锌芯胁褨写芯屑谢械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈, 褌芯 谢懈褕械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁 谢褞写懈薪褨, 褟泻邪 泄芯谐芯 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪褦, 胁芯薪芯 蟹邪锌褍褋泻邪褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈, 邪薪邪谢芯谐褨褔薪懈泄 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褟泻懈泄 褉邪薪褨褕械 蟹邪锌褍褋褌懈谢懈 屑懈 褔械褉械蟹 褋谢芯胁芯 屑芯胁谢械薪械. 袉薪褕懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 薪邪褋 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褞褌褜 谢懈褕械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褌褨, 褏褌芯 薪邪褋 褋谢褍褏邪褦, 褋邪屑褨 蟹写邪褌薪褨, 蟹褨 褋胁芯谐芯 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁芯谐芯 屑邪褌械褉褨邪谢褍, 蟹写褨泄褋薪懈褌懈 褖芯褋褜 锌芯写褨斜薪械 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 胁懈泻芯薪邪谢懈 屑懈, 泻芯谢懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁谢褞胁邪谢懈褋褜. 袚芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 鈥� 芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦 薪械 锌械褉械写邪胁邪褌懈 褋胁芯褞 写褍屑泻褍 褨薪褕芯屑褍, 邪 谢懈褕械 蟹斜褍写卸褍胁邪褌懈 胁 褨薪褕芯屑褍 泄芯谐芯 胁谢邪褋薪褨 写褍屑泻懈. 袨褌卸械, 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褟, 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械写邪褔褨 写褍屑泻懈, 薪械屑芯卸谢懈胁械.
锌芯褌械斜薪褟, 泻褉褨屑 褍褋褜芯谐芯 褨薪褕芯谐芯, 褖械 泄 写芯褌械锌薪懈泻:
"些芯 斜 褋泻邪蟹邪胁 薪邪屑 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻, 褟泻斜懈 屑懈 薪邪 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟, 褟泻 写芯胁械褋褌懈, 褖芯 3脳7=21, 胁褨写锌芯胁褨谢懈: 芦笑械 胁懈锌谢懈胁邪褦 蟹 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 锌邪谢懈褑褟 褋褌芯褩褌褜 胁 泻褍褌泻褍禄.*
*袦芯胁邪 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 蟹邪 褔邪褋褨胁 袨.袩., 褍 锌芯褔邪褌泻芯胁懈褏 褕泻芯谢邪褏 胁褔懈褌械谢褟屑 写芯蟹胁芯谢械薪芯 斜褍谢芯 蟹邪褋褌芯褋芯胁褍胁邪褌懈 褎褨蟹懈褔薪褍 褋懈谢褍 写谢褟 锌芯胁褔邪薪薪褟."
胁褨写 褨屑械薪褨 褋胁芯褩褏 薪芯胁懈褏 薪械泄褉芯薪薪懈褏 蟹胁始褟蟹泻褨胁 锌械褉械写邪褞 锌褉懈胁褨褌 锌邪薪芯胁褨 邪薪写褉褨褞 泄 写褟泻褍褞 蟹邪 泻薪懈谐褍 褌邪 褩褩 锌械褉械泻谢邪写, 芯斜 褟泻懈泄 卸芯写薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹褍 薪械 锌械褉械褔械锌懈谢邪褋褟 薪褨 芯泻芯屑, 薪褨 写褍屑泻芯褞 馃帺
"... 胁褨写薪芯褋薪芯 写芯胁谐邪 芯锌芯胁褨写泻邪 写械写邪谢褨 斜褨谢褜褕械 褋褌懈褋泻邪褦褌褜褋褟, 蟹邪胁写褟泻懈 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁褋械 褨薪褕械, 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪械 写谢褟 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 胁懈褋谢芯胁褍, 褟泻懈泄 褋褌邪胁 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁始褟屑, 褌褉懈屑邪褦褌褜褋褟 褍 薪邪褕褨泄 写褍屑褑褨 褨 蟹邪 锌芯 褌褉械斜懈 屑芯卸械 谢械谐泻芯 胁褨写薪芯胁谢褞胁邪褌懈褋褟.
袗谢械 胁芯写薪芯褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 屑懈 泻邪卸械屑芯: 芦袣懈褋谢懈泄 胁懈薪芯谐褉邪写禄, 褍褋褜芯谐芯 蟹屑褨褋褌褍 斜邪泄泻懈 芦袥懈褋懈褑褟 褨 袙懈薪芯谐褉邪写禄 褍 薪邪褕懈褏 写褍屑泻邪褏 薪械屑邪褦, 屑懈 锌褉芯 薪械褩 薪械 写褍屑邪褦屑芯. 袛芯胁械褋褌懈 褑械 屑芯卸薪邪 斜械蟹锌芯褋械褉械写薪褨屑 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟屑. 袛械 卸 褌芯写褨 胁芯薪邪 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟? 携泻 屑懈 薪邪蟹胁械屑芯 褌芯泄 褋褌邪薪 写褍屑泻懈, 泻芯谢懈 胁芯薪邪 褍卸械 谐芯褌芯胁邪 褋褌邪褌懈 写褍屑泻芯褞, 邪谢械 薪械褞 褖械 薪械 褦? 袘械蟹 斜褍写褜-褟泻芯谐芯 薪邪谐邪写褍胁邪薪薪褟 胁懈 褋邪屑褨 屑芯卸械褌械 锌褉懈谐邪写邪褌懈 褑褞 斜邪泄泻褍, 邪谢械 褑褨褦褩 褏胁懈谢懈薪懈 胁懈 锌褉芯 薪械褩 薪械 写褍屑邪褦褌械: 胁芯薪邪 鈥� 蟹邪 锌芯褉芯谐芯屑 褋胁褨写芯屑芯褋褌懈." 鈥�
写谢褟 屑械薪械 褍褋械 薪邪泄褑褨泻邪胁褨褕械 锌芯褔邪谢芯褋褟 蟹 5 谢械泻褑褨褩.
袘邪泄泻邪 褌邪 褨薪褕褨 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褨 褌胁芯褉懈 锌芯褟褋薪褞褞褌褜 薪邪屑 褑械泄 锌芯芯写懈薪芯泻懈泄 胁懈锌邪写芯泻, 蟹胁芯写褟褌褜 斜械蟹谢褨褔 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌薪懈褏 褉懈褋, 褖芯 胁 薪褜芯屑褍 屑褨褋褌褟褌褜褋褟, 写芯 薪械胁械谢懈泻芯褩 泻褨谢褜泻芯褋褌懈.
孝械 褋邪屑械, 邪谢械 斜褨谢褜褕芯褞 屑褨褉芯褞, 褌芯斜褌芯 褋褌懈褋谢褨褕械, 褉芯斜懈褌褜 锌褉懈褋谢褨胁始褟. 袟胁褨褋薪芯, 锌芯褋谢褍谐邪 褑懈褏 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏 褌胁芯褉褨胁 写谢褟 写褍屑泻懈 斜褍谢邪 斜 谢懈褕械 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪芯褞, 斜褍谢邪 斜 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 薪械 锌芯褋谢褍谐芯褞, 褟泻斜懈 褌械 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌褌褟 褉懈褋, 褟泻械 蟹邪屑褨薪械薪芯 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈屑 芯斜褉邪蟹芯屑, 蟹薪懈泻谢芯 蟹 薪邪褕芯褩 锌邪屑始褟褌懈. 袗谢械 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻 薪械 斜褍胁邪褦. 袩芯械褌懈褔薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 写邪褦 薪邪屑 蟹屑芯谐褍 蟹邪屑褨薪褞胁邪褌懈 斜械蟹谢褨褔 褉褨蟹薪芯屑邪薪褨褌薪懈褏 写褍屑芯泻 胁褨写薪芯褋薪芯 薪械胁械谢懈泻懈屑懈 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁懈屑懈 胁械谢懈褔懈薪邪屑懈.
邪谢械 薪邪泄褍谢褞斜谢械薪褨褕邪 鈥斕佈屝拘夹�.
褉芯蟹斜懈褉邪褞褔懈 械褌懈屑芯谢芯谐褨褞 薪邪褉芯写薪懈褏 薪邪蟹胁 褉芯褋谢懈薪, 锌芯褌械斜薪褟 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写邪褦 锌褉芯 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌芯械褌懈褔薪懈褏 械谢械屑械薪褌褨胁 褍 锌褉芯蟹芯胁褨, 邪 锌褉芯蟹芯胁懈褏 鈥� 褍 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褨. 鈥ㄐ狙佈� 锌褉芯 芦屑邪褌懈-泄-屑邪褔褍褏褍禄:
鈥�孝邪泻 锌芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 谢褞斜芯胁 屑邪褌械褉褨 褨 薪械谢褞斜芯胁 屑邪褔褍褏懈. 袪褨写薪邪 屑邪褌懈 谢褞斜懈褌褜, 褟泻 谢褨褌薪械 褋芯薪褑械 谐褉褨褦, 邪 屑邪褔褍褏邪 薪械 谢褞斜懈褌褜 - 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 褟泻 蟹懈屑芯胁械 褋芯薪褑械, 褟泻 蟹懈屑邪. 小邪屑械 褌邪泻懈泄 锌芯谐谢褟写 胁 芯褋薪芯胁褨 薪邪蟹胁懈 褌褨褦褩 褉芯褋谢懈薪懈, 锌褉芯 褟泻褍 褟 泻邪卸褍. 袊褩 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁褨褋褌褜, 褟泻褍 胁芯薪邪 锌芯写褨谢褟褦 蟹 斜邪谐邪褌褜屑邪 褨薪褕懈屑懈 褉芯褋谢懈薪邪屑懈, 锌芯谢褟谐邪褦 胁 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁械褉褏薪褟 锌谢芯褖懈薪邪 褩褩 谢懈褋褌褟 斜谢懈褋泻褍褔邪 褨 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 邪 薪懈卸薪褟 鈥� 薪械蟹械谢械薪邪, 斜褨谢褍胁邪褌邪, 屑始褟泻邪 褨 褌械锌谢邪, 薪邪褔械 胁泻褉懈褌邪 斜褨谢芯褞 锌邪胁褍褌懈薪芯褞. 孝芯屑褍, 褉芯褋谢懈薪邪 褦 褨 芦屑邪褌褨褉始褞禄, 褨 芦屑邪褔褍褏芯褞禄.
袨褌卸械, 褉褍褏 写褍屑泻懈 褍 薪邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褨 褑褨褦褩 褉芯褋谢懈薪懈 褌邪泻懈泄: 写邪薪芯 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨泄 蟹邪锌邪褋 写褍屑泻懈, 褖芯 锌芯谢褟谐邪褦 胁 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褨 谢褞斜芯胁褨 褌械锌谢芯屑 褨 薪械谢褞斜芯胁褨 褏芯谢芯写芯屑. 袪褨写薪邪 屑邪褌懈 鈥� 褌械锌谢芯, 褌芯斜褌芯 谢褞斜谢褟褔邪, 屑邪褔褍褏邪 鈥� 褏芯谢芯写薪邪, 褌芯斜褌芯 薪械谢褞斜谢褟褔邪. 鈥�
锌褨褋谢褟 胁芯褋褜屑芯褩 谢械泻褑褨褩 屑械薪褨 褋褌邪谢芯 写懈胁薪芯 褉芯蟹屑芯胁谢褟褌懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈 褔械褉械蟹 褉芯褌)) 写芯 褉械褔褨, 写褟泻褍褞 蟹邪 锌褨写泻邪蟹泻褍 胁 泻芯屑械薪褌邪褉褟褏. 谐褨锌芯褌械蟹邪 褋械锌褨褉邪 - 胁芯褉褎邪 褉芯蟹谐谢褟写邪褦 屑芯胁懈 薪邪褉芯写褨胁 褟泻 褌邪泻褨, 褖芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褔邪褞褌褜 褋锌芯褋褨斜 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯谐芯 褋锌褉懈泄薪褟褌褌褟 薪邪胁泻芯谢懈褕薪褜芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌褍. 斜褨谢褜褕械 锌褉芯 薪械褩 屑芯卸薪邪 锌芯褔懈褌邪褌懈 . 褑褨泻邪胁芯, 褕芯 锌芯褌械斜薪褟 褎芯褉屑褍褦 褑褞 褨写械褞 蟹邪 ~70 褉芯泻褨胁 写芯 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈褏 泻芯谢械谐. 鈥�
袧邪蟹懈胁邪薪薪褟 褋谢芯胁芯屑 鈥� 褑械 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟, 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械谐褉褍锌褍胁邪薪薪褟 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褜芯谐芯 蟹邪锌邪褋褍 写褍屑泻懈 锌褨写 褌懈褋泻芯屑 薪芯胁芯谐芯 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 邪斜芯 薪芯胁芯谐芯 蟹邪锌懈褌褍. 小谢芯胁芯 薪械 屑芯卸薪邪, 蟹谐褨写薪芯 蟹 褑懈屑, 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈 褟泻 胁懈褉邪蟹 褨 蟹邪褋褨斜 锌芯胁褨写芯屑谢械薪薪褟 谐芯褌芯胁芯褩 写褍屑泻懈; 胁芯薪芯 鈥� 锌芯泻谢懈泻邪薪械 褉芯斜芯褌芯褞 写褍屑泻懈 胁 谢褞写懈薪褨; 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械写芯胁褋褨屑 锌芯褌褉械斜褍褦 褌芯泄, 褏褌芯 屑懈褋谢懈褌褜, 斜芯 胁 薪褜芯屑褍 胁芯薪芯 薪邪斜褍胁邪褦 褌邪泻懈褏 锌械褉械屑褨薪. 携泻褖芯 胁芯薪芯, 褟泻 薪邪屑 蟹写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 褦 蟹邪褋芯斜芯屑 锌芯胁褨写芯屑谢械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈, 褌芯 谢懈褕械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁 谢褞写懈薪褨, 褟泻邪 泄芯谐芯 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪褦, 胁芯薪芯 蟹邪锌褍褋泻邪褦 锌褉芯褑械褋 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 写褍屑泻懈, 邪薪邪谢芯谐褨褔薪懈泄 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褟泻懈泄 褉邪薪褨褕械 蟹邪锌褍褋褌懈谢懈 屑懈 褔械褉械蟹 褋谢芯胁芯 屑芯胁谢械薪械. 袉薪褕懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 薪邪褋 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褞褌褜 谢懈褕械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褌褨, 褏褌芯 薪邪褋 褋谢褍褏邪褦, 褋邪屑褨 蟹写邪褌薪褨, 蟹褨 褋胁芯谐芯 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁芯谐芯 屑邪褌械褉褨邪谢褍, 蟹写褨泄褋薪懈褌懈 褖芯褋褜 锌芯写褨斜薪械 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 胁懈泻芯薪邪谢懈 屑懈, 泻芯谢懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁谢褞胁邪谢懈褋褜. 袚芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 鈥� 芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦 薪械 锌械褉械写邪胁邪褌懈 褋胁芯褞 写褍屑泻褍 褨薪褕芯屑褍, 邪 谢懈褕械 蟹斜褍写卸褍胁邪褌懈 胁 褨薪褕芯屑褍 泄芯谐芯 胁谢邪褋薪褨 写褍屑泻懈. 袨褌卸械, 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褟, 胁 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械写邪褔褨 写褍屑泻懈, 薪械屑芯卸谢懈胁械.
锌芯褌械斜薪褟, 泻褉褨屑 褍褋褜芯谐芯 褨薪褕芯谐芯, 褖械 泄 写芯褌械锌薪懈泻:
"些芯 斜 褋泻邪蟹邪胁 薪邪屑 屑邪褌械屑邪褌懈泻, 褟泻斜懈 屑懈 薪邪 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟, 褟泻 写芯胁械褋褌懈, 褖芯 3脳7=21, 胁褨写锌芯胁褨谢懈: 芦笑械 胁懈锌谢懈胁邪褦 蟹 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 锌邪谢懈褑褟 褋褌芯褩褌褜 胁 泻褍褌泻褍禄.*
*袦芯胁邪 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 蟹邪 褔邪褋褨胁 袨.袩., 褍 锌芯褔邪褌泻芯胁懈褏 褕泻芯谢邪褏 胁褔懈褌械谢褟屑 写芯蟹胁芯谢械薪芯 斜褍谢芯 蟹邪褋褌芯褋芯胁褍胁邪褌懈 褎褨蟹懈褔薪褍 褋懈谢褍 写谢褟 锌芯胁褔邪薪薪褟."
胁褨写 褨屑械薪褨 褋胁芯褩褏 薪芯胁懈褏 薪械泄褉芯薪薪懈褏 蟹胁始褟蟹泻褨胁 锌械褉械写邪褞 锌褉懈胁褨褌 锌邪薪芯胁褨 邪薪写褉褨褞 泄 写褟泻褍褞 蟹邪 泻薪懈谐褍 褌邪 褩褩 锌械褉械泻谢邪写, 芯斜 褟泻懈泄 卸芯写薪芯谐芯 褉邪蟹褍 薪械 锌械褉械褔械锌懈谢邪褋褟 薪褨 芯泻芯屑, 薪褨 写褍屑泻芯褞 馃帺
July 7, 2024
袟斜褨褉泻邪 谢械泻褑褨泄 褔懈褌邪褦褌褜褋褟, 褟泻 泻褍褉褋 胁 褍薪褨胁械褉褋懈褌械褌褨. 袩褉芯褔懈褌邪谢邪, 薪邪胁褔懈谢邪褋褟. 袩褉芯 斜邪泄泻褍 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褞 褔懈褌邪褌懈 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪芯 褋邪屑械 胁 袩芯褌械斜薪褨.
April 1, 2024
袘褍谢邪 蟹写懈胁芯胁邪薪邪 锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈 褍 泻薪懈蟹褨 褌械, 褖芯 锌芯褌褨屑 薪邪蟹胁褍褌褜 谐褨锌芯褌械蟹芯褞 小械锌褨褉邪-袙芯褉褎邪
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
December 30, 2022
笑械 芯写懈薪 蟹 薪邪褕懈褏 褌械锌械褉褨褕薪褨褏 芯斜芯胁'褟蟹泻褨胁 - 锌械褉械泻谢邪写邪褌懈 (褋褍褔邪褋薪芯褞) 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褞 屑芯胁芯褞 褌胁芯褉懈 褌懈褏 薪邪褕懈褏 (写芯褋褨 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈褏) 邪胁褌芯褉褨胁, 褏褌芯, 锌芯写褨斜薪芯 写芯 褕邪薪芯胁薪芯谐芯 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 袨锌邪薪邪褋芯胁懈褔邪, 胁 褋懈谢褍 褌懈褏 褔懈 褨薪褕懈褏 锌褉懈褔懈薪, 薪械 屑褨谐 褋邪屑 褌胁芯褉懈褌懈 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢芯褞 胁褋褜芯屑褍 屑褨褋褑械胁芯屑褍 薪邪褉芯写褍 屑芯胁芯褞, 邪谢械 写芯斜褉械 蟹薪邪褞褔懈 泄芯谐芯 屑械薪褌邪谢褨褌械褌 褌邪 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪褍 褌褉邪写懈褑褨褞, 写芯锌芯胁薪褞胁邪胁 褩褩 褌邪 (胁 褋胁褨泄 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁懈泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜) 褉芯蟹胁懈胁邪胁. 袩褉懈泻谢邪写 锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪芯褋褌褨 袚褉懈谐芯褉褨褟 小泻芯胁芯褉芯写懈, 胁 褑褜芯屑褍 胁褨写薪芯褕械薪薪褨, 斜褨谢褜褕 褟泻 泻褉邪褋薪芯屑芯胁薪懈泄. 袗 屑邪褞 薪邪 褍胁邪蟹褨 褟 褌邪泻懈褏 邪胁褌芯褉褨胁 褟泻 Paulus Crosnensis Ruthenus, 袥邪蟹邪褉 袘邪褉邪薪芯胁懈褔, 袉薪芯泻械薪褌褨泄 覑褨蟹械谢褜, 袛邪薪懈谢芯 孝褍锌褌邪谢芯, 袩邪屑褎褨谢 挟褉泻械胁懈褔, 袦懈泻芯谢邪 袚芯谐芯谢褜, 袗薪褌褨薪 效械褏芯胁, ..., ..., Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky, George Y. Shevelov...
袣褨谢褜泻邪 褑懈褌邪褌 胁褨写芯屑懈褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈褏 胁褔械薪懈褏 锌褉芯 褌胁芯褉褔褨褋褌褜 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨:
袦. 小褍屑褑芯胁: 鈥溞Ｐ貉€邪褩薪邪 写邪谢邪 写胁芯褏 胁械谢懈泻懈褏 写褨褟褔褨胁 褋谢芯胁邪 鈥� 楔械胁褔械薪泻邪 褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褞鈥�
挟. 楔械胁械谢褜芯胁: 鈥溞捫盒恍靶� 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 褍 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褍 褨 褋谢芯胁鈥櫻徯窖佈屝貉� 谢褨薪谐胁褨褋褌懈泻褍 鈥� 胁薪械褋芯泻 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯谐芯 屑邪褕褌邪斜褍鈥�.
袣. 效械褏芯胁懈褔: 鈥溞熜狙佈傂把傃� 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨, 泻芯谢懈 写芯 薪械褩 褏芯褔 褌褉芯褏懈 薪邪斜谢懈蟹懈褌懈褋褟, 胁懈褉芯褋褌邪褦 写芯 褌邪泻懈褏 屑芯谐褍褌薪褨褏 褉芯蟹屑褨褉褨胁, 褖芯 写谢褟 芯泻邪 写芯褋谢褨写薪懈泻邪 薪械 谢械谐泻芯 芯斜薪褟褌懈 褑褨谢褨褋褌褜, 薪械 谢械谐泻芯 褋褏芯锌懈褌懈 褌械, 褖芯 薪邪泄胁邪卸薪褨褕械, 褖芯斜懈 薪械 蟹邪谐褍斜懈褌懈褋褟 褍 锌芯写褉芯斜懈褑褟褏 写谢褟 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 薪械 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈褔薪懈褏. 袩芯胁薪械 褨 胁褋械褋褌芯褉芯薪薪械 芯褋胁褨褌谢械薪薪褟 褑械褩 鈥� 褟泻 泻邪卸械 邪泻邪写. 小褌械锌邪薪 小屑邪谢褜-小褌芯褑褜泻懈泄鈥� 芦谐褉邪薪写褨芯蟹薪芯褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 薪邪褕芯谐芯 蟹械屑谢褟泻邪, 褖芯 褋褌邪胁 芯泻褉邪褋芯褞 褋谢芯胁褟薪褋褜泻芯褨 薪邪褍泻懈禄, 斜褍写械 屑芯卸谢懈胁械 邪卸 褌芯写褨, 泻芯谢懈 锌芯褟胁懈褌褜褋褟 锌芯胁薪械 胁懈写邪薪薪褟 泄芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褨胁 褨 写芯褋褨 薪械蟹薪邪薪懈褏 褖械 屑邪褌械褉褨褟谢褨胁 蟹 泄芯谐芯 褉褍泻芯锌懈褋薪芯褩 褋锌邪写褖懈薪懈禄 ... 芦斜褍写械屑芯 褋褌邪褉邪褌懈褋褟 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 泄芯谐芯 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 邪谢械 薪械 锌芯 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻懈, 褟泻 胁褨薪 褋邪屑 屑褍褋褨胁 褍 褋胁褨泄 褔邪褋 锌懈褋邪褌懈, 谢懈褕械 锌芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈, 褖芯斜懈 胁 褌芯泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌褉芯屑芯褖褍胁邪褌懈 褌邪泻芯卸 褕谢褟褏 写谢褟 斜褍写褍褔芯谐芯 褨 写褍卸械 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪芯谐芯 锌械褉械泻谢邪写褍 泄芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褨胁 薪邪 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻褍 屑芯胁褍禄 鈥� 芦屑懈 写褍屑邪褋屑芯, 褖芯 褌械芯褉褨褟 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯褋褌懈 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 褖械 写芯褋褨 薪械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪薪邪 褨 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 蟹 褔邪褋芯屑 褋褌邪薪械 褎褍薪写邪屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯褞 褨 薪械锌芯褉褍褕薪芯褞 褔邪褋褌懈薪芯褞 斜褍写褍褔芯褩 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褩 褌械芯褉褨褩 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯褋褌懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨禄.
袥. 袘褍谢邪褏芯胁褋褜泻懈泄 鈥溞� 械锌芯褏褍 褉邪写懈泻邪谢褜薪芯褩 锌械褉械斜褍写芯胁懈 谢褨薪谐胁褨褋褌懈褔薪芯褩 薪邪褍泻懈, 蟹胁褨褋薪芯, 褉邪蟹芯屑 蟹 褍褋褨褦褞 胁褨褌褔懈蟹薪褟薪芯褞 薪邪褍泻芯褞, 褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褟 锌芯胁懈薪械薪 锌褉芯泄褌懈 褔械褉械蟹 薪芯胁褍, 写芯斜褉芯蟹懈褔谢懈胁褍, 邪谢械 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褍 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍. 袨写薪邪泻 薪邪胁褉褟写 褔懈 褌邪泻邪 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪, 胁褨写泻懈薪褍胁褕懈 胁褨写卸懈谢械 胁 泄芯谐芯 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈褏 褨写械褟褏 褨 褋胁褨褌芯谐谢褟写褨, 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪芯 褋泻芯谢懈褏薪械 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 泄芯谐芯 褋锌邪写褖懈薪懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 胁 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 泄芯谐芯 锌褉芯谐褉械褋懈胁薪懈褏 褨 写褨褦胁懈褏 薪邪 褋褜芯谐芯写薪褨 械谢械屑械薪褌邪褏鈥�.
袉. 袛蟹褞斜邪: 鈥溞� 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈褏 泻芯谢邪褏 谐谢懈斜懈薪懈 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 谐械薪褨邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 褑褜芯谐芯 胁褔械薪芯谐芯 薪褨褏褌芯 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 褋褌邪胁懈胁 锌褨写 褋褍屑薪褨胁. 袗谢械 褉械邪谢褜薪懈泄 胁锌谢懈胁 泄芯谐芯 褨写械泄 薪邪 褋褍褔邪褋薪褍 泄芯屑褍 褨 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪褍 薪邪褍泻褍 薪械 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写邪胁 褩褏薪褨泄 蟹薪邪褔褍褖芯褋褌褨. 袟邪 卸懈褌褌褟 袩芯褌械斜薪褟 褋褌芯褟胁 芯褋褨斜薪芯, 褨 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩, 褟泻褨 胁褨薪 褉芯蟹胁懈胁邪胁, 谐谢懈斜芯泻芯 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟谢懈褋褟 胁褨写 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨泄, 褟泻褨 锌邪薪褍胁邪谢懈 邪斜芯 蟹邪胁芯泄芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械 胁懈蟹薪邪薪薪褟 鈥� 褟泻 褍 屑芯胁芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁褨 (褕泻芯谢懈 肖芯褉褌褍薪邪褌芯胁邪 褌邪 袘芯写褍械薪邪-写械-袣褍褌械薪械), 褌邪泻 褨 胁 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁褨 (泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯-褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪邪 褕泻芯谢邪 袩懈锌褨薪邪, 孝懈褏芯薪褉邪胁芯胁邪 褌邪 褨薪., 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟谢褜薪芯-褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈 屑械褌芯写, 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩 袙械褋械谢芯胁褋褜泻芯谐芯). 袩芯蟹懈褌懈胁褨蟹屑 褑懈褏 褕泻褨谢 屑邪胁 斜褨谢褜褕 锌褨写谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪懈泄 覒褉褍薪褌, 邪薪褨卸 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨蟹屑 褌邪 写褨邪谢械泻褌懈褔薪褨褋褌褜 袩芯褌械斜薪褨. 小胁芯褦褉褨写薪褨褋褌褜 褨 谐谢懈斜懈薪邪 泄芯谐芯 写褍屑泻懈 薪械 斜褍谢懈 谐褨写薪芯 芯褑褨薪械薪褨 泄 薪械 胁胁褨泄褕谢懈 褌芯写褨 胁 邪泻褌懈胁 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯谐芯 胁卸懈褌泻褍. 袧械邪斜懈褟泻褍 褉芯谢褜 褍 褑褜芯屑褍 蟹褨谐褉邪谢邪 褌邪 褋褍屑薪邪 芯斜褋褌邪胁懈薪邪, 褖芯 锌褉邪褑褨, 蟹邪锌懈褋懈, 写褍屑泻懈 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 蟹写械斜褨谢褜褕芯谐芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褔械褉械蟹 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褉芯泻褨胁 锌褨褋谢褟 泄芯谐芯 褋屑械褉褌褨 褋褌邪谢懈 胁褨写芯屑褨 褕懈褉芯泻懈屑 泻芯谢邪屑 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褩 谐褉芯屑邪写褋褜泻芯褋褌褨. 袗 胁 芯锌褍斜谢褨泻芯胁邪薪懈褏 蟹邪 卸懈褌褌褟 胁褔械薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪褑褟褏, 褟泻, 薪邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 鈥溞溠嬔佇谎� 懈 褟蟹褘泻鈥� (1862), 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 褍胁芯写懈谢邪 胁 芯屑邪薪褍 屑邪薪械褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 胁懈泻谢邪写邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩 褟泻 薪邪褔械斜褌芯 薪械胁谢邪褋薪懈泄 胁懈褋薪芯胁芯泻 蟹 锌褉邪褑褜 褨薪褕懈褏 褍褔械薪懈褏, 锌芯锌械褉械写薪懈泻褨胁 褨 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈泻褨胁. 袟褍屑芯胁谢械薪邪 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褞 褋褍屑谢褨薪薪褨褋褌褞 褨 褋泻褉芯屑薪褨褋褌褞, 屑邪薪械褉邪 褑褟, 芯写薪邪褔械, 薪械 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 薪邪 泻芯褉懈褋褌褜 褋邪屑芯屑褍 邪胁褌芯褉芯胁褨 鈥溞夹把佇貉冃残靶恍扳€� 褋邪屑芯褋褌褨泄薪褨褋褌褜 褨 芯褉懈谐褨薪邪谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 泄芯谐芯 褨写械泄. 袗 褌懈屑 褔邪褋芯屑 泻芯谢懈 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟褌懈, 褋泻邪卸褨屑芯, 锌褉邪褑褞 袙. 袚褍屑斜芯谢褜写褌邪 鈥溞熝€芯 薪械芯写薪邪泻芯胁褨褋褌褜 芯褉谐邪薪褨蟹屑褨胁 谢褞写褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯胁懈 褨 锌褉芯 胁锌谢懈胁 褑褨褦褩 薪械芯写薪邪泻芯胁芯褋褌褨 薪邪 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁懈泄 褉芯蟹胁懈褌芯泻 谢褞写褋褜泻芯谐芯 褉芯写褍鈥� 蟹 褌懈屑, 褟泻 胁懈泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 褩褩 锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪褟 胁 泻薪懈蟹褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 鈥溞斞冃夹盒� 褨 屑芯胁邪鈥�, - 薪械胁邪卸泻芯 锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈, 褖芯 屑邪褦屑芯 薪械 褌邪泻 褨薪褌械褉锌褉械褌邪褑褨褞 锟斤拷懈 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 锌芯谐谢褟写褨胁 袚褍屑斜芯谢褜写褌邪, 褟泻 褩褏 锌芯谐谢懈斜谢械薪薪褟 褌邪 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌芯胁懈泄 褉芯蟹胁懈褌芯泻. 孝械 褋邪屑械 鈥� 褨 胁 褨薪褕懈褏 胁懈锌邪写泻邪褏鈥�.
袣褨谢褜泻邪 褑懈褌邪褌 胁褨写芯屑懈褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈褏 胁褔械薪懈褏 锌褉芯 褌胁芯褉褔褨褋褌褜 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨:
袦. 小褍屑褑芯胁: 鈥溞Ｐ貉€邪褩薪邪 写邪谢邪 写胁芯褏 胁械谢懈泻懈褏 写褨褟褔褨胁 褋谢芯胁邪 鈥� 楔械胁褔械薪泻邪 褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褞鈥�
挟. 楔械胁械谢褜芯胁: 鈥溞捫盒恍靶� 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 褍 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褍 褨 褋谢芯胁鈥櫻徯窖佈屝貉� 谢褨薪谐胁褨褋褌懈泻褍 鈥� 胁薪械褋芯泻 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯谐芯 屑邪褕褌邪斜褍鈥�.
袣. 效械褏芯胁懈褔: 鈥溞熜狙佈傂把傃� 袨谢械泻褋邪薪写褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨, 泻芯谢懈 写芯 薪械褩 褏芯褔 褌褉芯褏懈 薪邪斜谢懈蟹懈褌懈褋褟, 胁懈褉芯褋褌邪褦 写芯 褌邪泻懈褏 屑芯谐褍褌薪褨褏 褉芯蟹屑褨褉褨胁, 褖芯 写谢褟 芯泻邪 写芯褋谢褨写薪懈泻邪 薪械 谢械谐泻芯 芯斜薪褟褌懈 褑褨谢褨褋褌褜, 薪械 谢械谐泻芯 褋褏芯锌懈褌懈 褌械, 褖芯 薪邪泄胁邪卸薪褨褕械, 褖芯斜懈 薪械 蟹邪谐褍斜懈褌懈褋褟 褍 锌芯写褉芯斜懈褑褟褏 写谢褟 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 薪械 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈褔薪懈褏. 袩芯胁薪械 褨 胁褋械褋褌芯褉芯薪薪械 芯褋胁褨褌谢械薪薪褟 褑械褩 鈥� 褟泻 泻邪卸械 邪泻邪写. 小褌械锌邪薪 小屑邪谢褜-小褌芯褑褜泻懈泄鈥� 芦谐褉邪薪写褨芯蟹薪芯褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 薪邪褕芯谐芯 蟹械屑谢褟泻邪, 褖芯 褋褌邪胁 芯泻褉邪褋芯褞 褋谢芯胁褟薪褋褜泻芯褨 薪邪褍泻懈禄, 斜褍写械 屑芯卸谢懈胁械 邪卸 褌芯写褨, 泻芯谢懈 锌芯褟胁懈褌褜褋褟 锌芯胁薪械 胁懈写邪薪薪褟 泄芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褨胁 褨 写芯褋褨 薪械蟹薪邪薪懈褏 褖械 屑邪褌械褉褨褟谢褨胁 蟹 泄芯谐芯 褉褍泻芯锌懈褋薪芯褩 褋锌邪写褖懈薪懈禄 ... 芦斜褍写械屑芯 褋褌邪褉邪褌懈褋褟 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 泄芯谐芯 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 邪谢械 薪械 锌芯 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻懈, 褟泻 胁褨薪 褋邪屑 屑褍褋褨胁 褍 褋胁褨泄 褔邪褋 锌懈褋邪褌懈, 谢懈褕械 锌芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈, 褖芯斜懈 胁 褌芯泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌褉芯屑芯褖褍胁邪褌懈 褌邪泻芯卸 褕谢褟褏 写谢褟 斜褍写褍褔芯谐芯 褨 写褍卸械 锌芯褌褉褨斜薪芯谐芯 锌械褉械泻谢邪写褍 泄芯谐芯 褌胁芯褉褨胁 薪邪 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻褍 屑芯胁褍禄 鈥� 芦屑懈 写褍屑邪褋屑芯, 褖芯 褌械芯褉褨褟 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯褋褌懈 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 褖械 写芯褋褨 薪械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪薪邪 褨 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 蟹 褔邪褋芯屑 褋褌邪薪械 褎褍薪写邪屑械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯褞 褨 薪械锌芯褉褍褕薪芯褞 褔邪褋褌懈薪芯褞 斜褍写褍褔芯褩 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褩 褌械芯褉褨褩 褋谢芯胁械褋薪芯褋褌懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨禄.
袥. 袘褍谢邪褏芯胁褋褜泻懈泄 鈥溞� 械锌芯褏褍 褉邪写懈泻邪谢褜薪芯褩 锌械褉械斜褍写芯胁懈 谢褨薪谐胁褨褋褌懈褔薪芯褩 薪邪褍泻懈, 蟹胁褨褋薪芯, 褉邪蟹芯屑 蟹 褍褋褨褦褞 胁褨褌褔懈蟹薪褟薪芯褞 薪邪褍泻芯褞, 褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褟 锌芯胁懈薪械薪 锌褉芯泄褌懈 褔械褉械蟹 薪芯胁褍, 写芯斜褉芯蟹懈褔谢懈胁褍, 邪谢械 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褍 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍. 袨写薪邪泻 薪邪胁褉褟写 褔懈 褌邪泻邪 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪, 胁褨写泻懈薪褍胁褕懈 胁褨写卸懈谢械 胁 泄芯谐芯 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈褏 褨写械褟褏 褨 褋胁褨褌芯谐谢褟写褨, 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪芯 褋泻芯谢懈褏薪械 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 泄芯谐芯 褋锌邪写褖懈薪懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 胁 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 泄芯谐芯 锌褉芯谐褉械褋懈胁薪懈褏 褨 写褨褦胁懈褏 薪邪 褋褜芯谐芯写薪褨 械谢械屑械薪褌邪褏鈥�.
袉. 袛蟹褞斜邪: 鈥溞� 薪邪褍泻芯胁懈褏 泻芯谢邪褏 谐谢懈斜懈薪懈 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 谐械薪褨邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 褑褜芯谐芯 胁褔械薪芯谐芯 薪褨褏褌芯 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 褋褌邪胁懈胁 锌褨写 褋褍屑薪褨胁. 袗谢械 褉械邪谢褜薪懈泄 胁锌谢懈胁 泄芯谐芯 褨写械泄 薪邪 褋褍褔邪褋薪褍 泄芯屑褍 褨 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪褍 薪邪褍泻褍 薪械 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写邪胁 褩褏薪褨泄 蟹薪邪褔褍褖芯褋褌褨. 袟邪 卸懈褌褌褟 袩芯褌械斜薪褟 褋褌芯褟胁 芯褋褨斜薪芯, 褨 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩, 褟泻褨 胁褨薪 褉芯蟹胁懈胁邪胁, 谐谢懈斜芯泻芯 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟谢懈褋褟 胁褨写 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨泄, 褟泻褨 锌邪薪褍胁邪谢懈 邪斜芯 蟹邪胁芯泄芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械 胁懈蟹薪邪薪薪褟 鈥� 褟泻 褍 屑芯胁芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁褨 (褕泻芯谢懈 肖芯褉褌褍薪邪褌芯胁邪 褌邪 袘芯写褍械薪邪-写械-袣褍褌械薪械), 褌邪泻 褨 胁 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁褨 (泻褍谢褜褌褍褉薪芯-褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪邪 褕泻芯谢邪 袩懈锌褨薪邪, 孝懈褏芯薪褉邪胁芯胁邪 褌邪 褨薪., 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟谢褜薪芯-褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈 屑械褌芯写, 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩 袙械褋械谢芯胁褋褜泻芯谐芯). 袩芯蟹懈褌懈胁褨蟹屑 褑懈褏 褕泻褨谢 屑邪胁 斜褨谢褜褕 锌褨写谐芯褌芯胁谢械薪懈泄 覒褉褍薪褌, 邪薪褨卸 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨蟹屑 褌邪 写褨邪谢械泻褌懈褔薪褨褋褌褜 袩芯褌械斜薪褨. 小胁芯褦褉褨写薪褨褋褌褜 褨 谐谢懈斜懈薪邪 泄芯谐芯 写褍屑泻懈 薪械 斜褍谢懈 谐褨写薪芯 芯褑褨薪械薪褨 泄 薪械 胁胁褨泄褕谢懈 褌芯写褨 胁 邪泻褌懈胁 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯谐芯 胁卸懈褌泻褍. 袧械邪斜懈褟泻褍 褉芯谢褜 褍 褑褜芯屑褍 蟹褨谐褉邪谢邪 褌邪 褋褍屑薪邪 芯斜褋褌邪胁懈薪邪, 褖芯 锌褉邪褑褨, 蟹邪锌懈褋懈, 写褍屑泻懈 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 蟹写械斜褨谢褜褕芯谐芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褔械褉械蟹 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褉芯泻褨胁 锌褨褋谢褟 泄芯谐芯 褋屑械褉褌褨 褋褌邪谢懈 胁褨写芯屑褨 褕懈褉芯泻懈屑 泻芯谢邪屑 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褩 谐褉芯屑邪写褋褜泻芯褋褌褨. 袗 胁 芯锌褍斜谢褨泻芯胁邪薪懈褏 蟹邪 卸懈褌褌褟 胁褔械薪芯谐芯 锌褉邪褑褟褏, 褟泻, 薪邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 鈥溞溠嬔佇谎� 懈 褟蟹褘泻鈥� (1862), 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 褍胁芯写懈谢邪 胁 芯屑邪薪褍 屑邪薪械褉邪 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 胁懈泻谢邪写邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩 泻芯薪褑械锌褑褨褩 褟泻 薪邪褔械斜褌芯 薪械胁谢邪褋薪懈泄 胁懈褋薪芯胁芯泻 蟹 锌褉邪褑褜 褨薪褕懈褏 褍褔械薪懈褏, 锌芯锌械褉械写薪懈泻褨胁 褨 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈泻褨胁. 袟褍屑芯胁谢械薪邪 薪邪褍泻芯胁芯褞 褋褍屑谢褨薪薪褨褋褌褞 褨 褋泻褉芯屑薪褨褋褌褞, 屑邪薪械褉邪 褑褟, 芯写薪邪褔械, 薪械 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 薪邪 泻芯褉懈褋褌褜 褋邪屑芯屑褍 邪胁褌芯褉芯胁褨 鈥溞夹把佇貉冃残靶恍扳€� 褋邪屑芯褋褌褨泄薪褨褋褌褜 褨 芯褉懈谐褨薪邪谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 泄芯谐芯 褨写械泄. 袗 褌懈屑 褔邪褋芯屑 泻芯谢懈 锌芯褉褨胁薪褟褌懈, 褋泻邪卸褨屑芯, 锌褉邪褑褞 袙. 袚褍屑斜芯谢褜写褌邪 鈥溞熝€芯 薪械芯写薪邪泻芯胁褨褋褌褜 芯褉谐邪薪褨蟹屑褨胁 谢褞写褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯胁懈 褨 锌褉芯 胁锌谢懈胁 褑褨褦褩 薪械芯写薪邪泻芯胁芯褋褌褨 薪邪 褉芯蟹褍屑芯胁懈泄 褉芯蟹胁懈褌芯泻 谢褞写褋褜泻芯谐芯 褉芯写褍鈥� 蟹 褌懈屑, 褟泻 胁懈泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 褩褩 锌芯谢芯卸械薪薪褟 胁 泻薪懈蟹褨 袩芯褌械斜薪褨 鈥溞斞冃夹盒� 褨 屑芯胁邪鈥�, - 薪械胁邪卸泻芯 锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈, 褖芯 屑邪褦屑芯 薪械 褌邪泻 褨薪褌械褉锌褉械褌邪褑褨褞 锟斤拷懈 褍蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪械薪薪褟 锌芯谐谢褟写褨胁 袚褍屑斜芯谢褜写褌邪, 褟泻 褩褏 锌芯谐谢懈斜谢械薪薪褟 褌邪 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌芯胁懈泄 褉芯蟹胁懈褌芯泻. 孝械 褋邪屑械 鈥� 褨 胁 褨薪褕懈褏 胁懈锌邪写泻邪褏鈥�.
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