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丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱鬲賷 睾賷乇鬲 丕賱毓丕賱賲: 賰賷賮 亘賳鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵賯丿賲鬲 丕賱賲丐爻爻丞 丕賱毓丕亘乇丞 賱賱賯丕乇丕鬲
賳亘匕丞 賲賵賯毓 賲賰鬲亘丞 賳賵賳:
丨鬲賶 賲賳鬲氐賮 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇.. 賰丕賳 丕賱賲賷夭丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘賷賳 賰賱 賲賳 丕賱賴賳丿 賵丕賱氐賷賳 賲毓 廿賳噩賱鬲乇丕 賮賶 氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓賲賱丕賯賷賳 丕賱丌爻賷賵賷賷賳...賰賷賮 鬲睾賱亘鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 毓賱賶 匕賱賰責囟丿亘鬲 丕賱賴賳丿 17 賲噩丕毓丞 賮賶 兀賱賮賶 爻賳丞貙 賵囟乇亘鬲賴丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賶 34 賲噩丕毓丞 賮賶 兀賯賱 賲賳 賲丕卅鬲賶 爻賳丞...賲丕匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丨賰賵賲丕鬲 丕賱賲睾賵賱 賭 氐賳賵 丕賱鬲鬲丕乇 賭 鬲賮毓賱賴 賮賶 丕賱賲噩丕毓丕鬲貙 賵賲丕匕丕 賮毓賱鬲賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞責丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱丨乇丞... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 亘丕賱廿賰乇丕賴... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賮賶 丕鬲噩丕賴 賵丕丨丿... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 亘賯賵丞 丕賱爻賷賮貙 兀賵 賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿 丿賵噩賱丕爻... 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 賵丿乇賵爻... 丨丿賷孬丞 賯丿賷賲丞..丕賳賯丕匕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賳 丕賱廿賮賱丕爻 賵丕噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賱丕賳賯丕匕 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕.. 亘賱 賵兀賵乇賵亘丕.. 卮毓丕乇 賯丿賷賲 爻賲毓賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丨丿賷孬賸丕.丕賱匕賴亘 賵丕賱賮囟丞 丕賱賲噩丕賳賷丞 賲賳 賲賳丕噩賲 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿貙 賵丕賱爻賰乇 賲賳 賲夭乇丕毓賴貙 賵丕賱毓亘賷丿 賲賳 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕... 鬲賱賰 賰丕賳鬲 賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱丿賮毓... 兀賵 氐丕丿乇丕鬲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賱丌爻賷丕.
丨鬲賶 賲賳鬲氐賮 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇.. 賰丕賳 丕賱賲賷夭丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘賷賳 賰賱 賲賳 丕賱賴賳丿 賵丕賱氐賷賳 賲毓 廿賳噩賱鬲乇丕 賮賶 氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓賲賱丕賯賷賳 丕賱丌爻賷賵賷賷賳...賰賷賮 鬲睾賱亘鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 毓賱賶 匕賱賰責囟丿亘鬲 丕賱賴賳丿 17 賲噩丕毓丞 賮賶 兀賱賮賶 爻賳丞貙 賵囟乇亘鬲賴丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賶 34 賲噩丕毓丞 賮賶 兀賯賱 賲賳 賲丕卅鬲賶 爻賳丞...賲丕匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丨賰賵賲丕鬲 丕賱賲睾賵賱 賭 氐賳賵 丕賱鬲鬲丕乇 賭 鬲賮毓賱賴 賮賶 丕賱賲噩丕毓丕鬲貙 賵賲丕匕丕 賮毓賱鬲賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞責丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱丨乇丞... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 亘丕賱廿賰乇丕賴... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賮賶 丕鬲噩丕賴 賵丕丨丿... 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 亘賯賵丞 丕賱爻賷賮貙 兀賵 賲丕賰丿賵賳丕賱丿 丿賵噩賱丕爻... 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 賵丿乇賵爻... 丨丿賷孬丞 賯丿賷賲丞..丕賳賯丕匕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賳 丕賱廿賮賱丕爻 賵丕噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賱丕賳賯丕匕 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕.. 亘賱 賵兀賵乇賵亘丕.. 卮毓丕乇 賯丿賷賲 爻賲毓賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丨丿賷孬賸丕.丕賱匕賴亘 賵丕賱賮囟丞 丕賱賲噩丕賳賷丞 賲賳 賲賳丕噩賲 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿貙 賵丕賱爻賰乇 賲賳 賲夭乇丕毓賴貙 賵丕賱毓亘賷丿 賲賳 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕... 鬲賱賰 賰丕賳鬲 賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱丿賮毓... 兀賵 氐丕丿乇丕鬲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賱丌爻賷丕.
327 pages, Paperback
First published July 20, 2006
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2,972 people want to read
About the author
Nick Robins
39听books13听followersNick Robins is a geologist by profession, is acknowledged for setting maritime history within the bigger social and political picture.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 79 reviews
October 4, 2018
賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓 毓賳 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 兀卮賴乇 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵兀爻賵兀賴丕 賵賴賷 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞貙 賵丕賱鬲賷 賯丕賲鬲 亘丕賳卮丕卅賴丕 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賮賷 兀賵噩 賲丿賴丕 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷 賱鬲鬲賵賱賷 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞
February 25, 2015
This is a fabulously hit and miss book.
The good:
* Probably the most highlighted book I currently own -- long stretches of the book, especially on Plassay and Clive, are pure gold.
* Incredibly well sources and referenced.
* Index and bibliography is amazing.
* Great detail on incredibly fine minutae, which I adore out of a history book.
* Hilariously opinionated.
The bad:
* Terribly organized. The chapters are in some kind of linear order but the book itself careens like a car out of control back and forth through time. I would read a paragraph and go "what century was this in?"
* Expects the reader already to be an expert on John Company. It just leaves out various and crucial details like who some of these people were and why we care -- it just is like "And X did Blah blah terrible thing."
* The last chapter is totally worthless.
* Can be a real dry read in places.
So if you're doing heavy research on the British East India Company yes, you should add this to your reference library. Absolutely. If this is your first book on the subject, more intro and readable books exist.
The good:
* Probably the most highlighted book I currently own -- long stretches of the book, especially on Plassay and Clive, are pure gold.
* Incredibly well sources and referenced.
* Index and bibliography is amazing.
* Great detail on incredibly fine minutae, which I adore out of a history book.
* Hilariously opinionated.
The bad:
* Terribly organized. The chapters are in some kind of linear order but the book itself careens like a car out of control back and forth through time. I would read a paragraph and go "what century was this in?"
* Expects the reader already to be an expert on John Company. It just leaves out various and crucial details like who some of these people were and why we care -- it just is like "And X did Blah blah terrible thing."
* The last chapter is totally worthless.
* Can be a real dry read in places.
So if you're doing heavy research on the British East India Company yes, you should add this to your reference library. Absolutely. If this is your first book on the subject, more intro and readable books exist.
April 2, 2014
卮乇賰丞 丕賱卮乇 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞! 丕賵 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞!
賱賲 兀鬲賵賯毓 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 賴賳丕賰 亘卮乇 亘賴匕賴 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯! 丕賱鬲噩丕乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 亘丿兀賵 鬲噩丕乇鬲賴賲 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱孬丕賱孬 毓卮乇 賲賷賱丕丿 賲毓 亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵賲賱丕賷賵賷 ( 賲丕賱賷夭賷丕 丨丕賱賷丕) 賵廿賳丿賵賳賷爻賷丕 噩丕亍賵丕 兀爻丕爻丕賸 賰鬲噩丕乇 賱賰賳 丨爻賳 鬲毓丕賲賱賴賲 噩匕亘 丕賱賴賳丿賵爻 賵丕賱亘賵匕賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 丕賱賶 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵亘賯賵丕 丨鬲賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賱丨馗丞 賷賲孬賱賵賳 兀賰亘乇 丕賱噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞.
賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 毓卮乇 鬲兀爻爻鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 亘睾乇囟 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞貙 賱賰賳賴賲 亘丿兀賵 鬲噩丕乇鬲賴賲 亘爻賮賳 鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丨乇亘賷丞! 賱賲 賷賰鬲賮賵丕 亘丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賲毓 兀睾賳賶 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 ( 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱) 賵賱賰賳 兀乇丕丿賵丕 丕丨鬲賰丕乇 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賲毓 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賵賱丕. 孬賲 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵廿噩亘丕乇 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 賱賱毓賲賱 賱賲氐賱丨鬲賴賲!
賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 : 賮賷 匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賲 賷賰賳 賴賳丕賰 賲丕 賷丨鬲丕噩賴 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 爻賵賶 丕賱賮囟丞. 亘丕賱賲賯丕亘賱 卮睾賮 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷賵賳 毓賲賵賲丕 亘丕賱賲賳爻賵噩丕鬲 丕賱賯胤賳賷丞 丕賱賴賳丿賷丞 賵 丕賱亘賴丕乇丕鬲. 賱匕丕賱賰 賯乇乇鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賳 鬲賵賯賮 鬲丨賵賾賱 丕賱孬乇賵丞 賲賳 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賶 丕爻賷丕. 丕丨鬲賱鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賯賱賷賲 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵兀氐亘丨 賲賳 賰丕賳 賷鬲丕噩乇 賲毓賴丕 氐丕乇 賷卮鬲睾賱 亘丕賱爻禺乇丞 毓賳丿賴丕. 賮賱丕 睾乇丕亘丞 兀賳 鬲囟乇亘 丕賱賴賳丿 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨賰賲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 伲伽 賲噩丕毓丞. 丕丨丿 賴匕賴 丕賱賲噩丕毓丕鬲 賯鬲賱鬲 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱賷賷賳. 亘賷賳賲丕 賱賲 鬲鬲兀孬乇 兀乇亘丕丨 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲噩丕毓丞! 賷賯賵賱 噩賵丕賴乇 賱丕賱 賳賴乇賵:" 丕賳 兀賯賵賶 賲丐卮乇 毓賱賶 丕賱兀匕賶 丕賱匕賷 兀氐丕亘 丕賱賴賳丿 亘爻亘亘 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 賱賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴賵 兀賳 " 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱鬲賷 馗賱鬲 兀胤賵賱 賲賳 睾賷乇賴丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴賷 丕賱丕賮賯乇 丨鬲賶 賷賵賲賳丕 賴匕丕"
賱賲 鬲賰鬲賮賷 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘賴匕丕 賵賱賰賳 賱賰賷 鬲毓賵囟 丕賱賲賷夭丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賲毓 丕賱氐賷賳 亘爻亘亘 鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱卮丕賷. 亘丿丕賵 亘夭乇丕毓丞 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱禺丕囟毓丞 賱賴賲 亘丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵鬲賴乇賷亘賴 丕賱賶 丕賱氐賷賳! 賵毓賳丿賲丕 鬲噩乇兀鬲 丕賱氐賷賳 賵氐丕丿乇丞 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 丕賱賲賴乇亘. 兀毓賱賳鬲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 丕賱丨乇亘 毓賱賶 丕賱氐賷賳貙 賵賱賲 鬲賵賯賮 毓丿賵丕賳賴丕丕賱丕 亘毓丿賲丕 賵丕賮賯鬲 丕賱氐賷賳 毓賱賶 鬲毓賵賷囟 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱爻賲丕丨 亘亘賷毓 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳!
兀賷 噩賳賵賳 賵兀賷 噩卮毓 賰丕賳 賷賯賵丿 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱亘卮乇!
丕禺賷乇丕賸 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷賳賯氐賴 丕賱鬲爻賱爻賱 丕賱夭賲賳賷 賱賱兀丨丿丕孬. 賵賷賯賮夭 亘賷賳 丕賱丨賵丕丿孬 亘卮賰賱 賲乇亘賰丞. 賵賱賰賳 賱賲 賷賲賳毓賳賷 賴匕丕 賲賳 丕賱丕爻鬲賲鬲丕毓 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴.
賱賲 兀鬲賵賯毓 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 賴賳丕賰 亘卮乇 亘賴匕賴 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯! 丕賱鬲噩丕乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 亘丿兀賵 鬲噩丕乇鬲賴賲 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱孬丕賱孬 毓卮乇 賲賷賱丕丿 賲毓 亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵賲賱丕賷賵賷 ( 賲丕賱賷夭賷丕 丨丕賱賷丕) 賵廿賳丿賵賳賷爻賷丕 噩丕亍賵丕 兀爻丕爻丕賸 賰鬲噩丕乇 賱賰賳 丨爻賳 鬲毓丕賲賱賴賲 噩匕亘 丕賱賴賳丿賵爻 賵丕賱亘賵匕賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 丕賱賶 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵亘賯賵丕 丨鬲賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賱丨馗丞 賷賲孬賱賵賳 兀賰亘乇 丕賱噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞.
賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 毓卮乇 鬲兀爻爻鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 亘睾乇囟 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞貙 賱賰賳賴賲 亘丿兀賵 鬲噩丕乇鬲賴賲 亘爻賮賳 鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丨乇亘賷丞! 賱賲 賷賰鬲賮賵丕 亘丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賲毓 兀睾賳賶 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 ( 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱) 賵賱賰賳 兀乇丕丿賵丕 丕丨鬲賰丕乇 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賲毓 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賵賱丕. 孬賲 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵廿噩亘丕乇 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 賱賱毓賲賱 賱賲氐賱丨鬲賴賲!
賷賯賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 : 賮賷 匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賱賲 賷賰賳 賴賳丕賰 賲丕 賷丨鬲丕噩賴 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 爻賵賶 丕賱賮囟丞. 亘丕賱賲賯丕亘賱 卮睾賮 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷賵賳 毓賲賵賲丕 亘丕賱賲賳爻賵噩丕鬲 丕賱賯胤賳賷丞 丕賱賴賳丿賷丞 賵 丕賱亘賴丕乇丕鬲. 賱匕丕賱賰 賯乇乇鬲 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賳 鬲賵賯賮 鬲丨賵賾賱 丕賱孬乇賵丞 賲賳 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賶 丕爻賷丕. 丕丨鬲賱鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賯賱賷賲 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵兀氐亘丨 賲賳 賰丕賳 賷鬲丕噩乇 賲毓賴丕 氐丕乇 賷卮鬲睾賱 亘丕賱爻禺乇丞 毓賳丿賴丕. 賮賱丕 睾乇丕亘丞 兀賳 鬲囟乇亘 丕賱賴賳丿 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨賰賲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 伲伽 賲噩丕毓丞. 丕丨丿 賴匕賴 丕賱賲噩丕毓丕鬲 賯鬲賱鬲 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱賷賷賳. 亘賷賳賲丕 賱賲 鬲鬲兀孬乇 兀乇亘丕丨 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲噩丕毓丞! 賷賯賵賱 噩賵丕賴乇 賱丕賱 賳賴乇賵:" 丕賳 兀賯賵賶 賲丐卮乇 毓賱賶 丕賱兀匕賶 丕賱匕賷 兀氐丕亘 丕賱賴賳丿 亘爻亘亘 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 賱賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴賵 兀賳 " 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱鬲賷 馗賱鬲 兀胤賵賱 賲賳 睾賷乇賴丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴賷 丕賱丕賮賯乇 丨鬲賶 賷賵賲賳丕 賴匕丕"
賱賲 鬲賰鬲賮賷 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘賴匕丕 賵賱賰賳 賱賰賷 鬲毓賵囟 丕賱賲賷夭丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘匕丕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賲毓 丕賱氐賷賳 亘爻亘亘 鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱卮丕賷. 亘丿丕賵 亘夭乇丕毓丞 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱禺丕囟毓丞 賱賴賲 亘丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賵鬲賴乇賷亘賴 丕賱賶 丕賱氐賷賳! 賵毓賳丿賲丕 鬲噩乇兀鬲 丕賱氐賷賳 賵氐丕丿乇丞 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 丕賱賲賴乇亘. 兀毓賱賳鬲 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 丕賱丨乇亘 毓賱賶 丕賱氐賷賳貙 賵賱賲 鬲賵賯賮 毓丿賵丕賳賴丕丕賱丕 亘毓丿賲丕 賵丕賮賯鬲 丕賱氐賷賳 毓賱賶 鬲毓賵賷囟 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱爻賲丕丨 亘亘賷毓 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賮賷 丕賱氐賷賳!
兀賷 噩賳賵賳 賵兀賷 噩卮毓 賰丕賳 賷賯賵丿 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱亘卮乇!
丕禺賷乇丕賸 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷賳賯氐賴 丕賱鬲爻賱爻賱 丕賱夭賲賳賷 賱賱兀丨丿丕孬. 賵賷賯賮夭 亘賷賳 丕賱丨賵丕丿孬 亘卮賰賱 賲乇亘賰丞. 賵賱賰賳 賱賲 賷賲賳毓賳賷 賴匕丕 賲賳 丕賱丕爻鬲賲鬲丕毓 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴.
April 5, 2015
賰鬲丕亘 賲丿毓賾賲 亘丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 賷賮囟丨 賲丕賯丕賲鬲 亘賴 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱匕乇丕毓 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賱賱賲賲賱賰丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 兀孬賳丕亍 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賴丕 賱賱賴賳丿 賲賳 鬲噩丕乇鬲賴丕 賮賷 丕賱亘卮乇 丕賱賶 鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱廿賮賷賵賳 賵鬲氐丿賷乇賴 丕賱賶 丕賱氐賷賳貙 兀毓噩亘賳賷 兀賳 睾丕賱亘 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵丕賱賲賯賵賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 匕賰乇鬲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲乇氐賵丿丞 亘賲乇丕噩毓 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賱賯丕乇卅 丕賱鬲丨賯賯 賲賳賴丕
February 21, 2019
Better than Game of Thrones.
March 20, 2019
This is a history of the British East India Company, a corporate biography if you will. The author is a Professor of Practice at the London School of Economics and a prolific naval and maritime historian. I do not know the detailed history of the firm but the book reads as a careful study of the firm by a knowledgeable author and a superb writer.
The history of the East India Company is tied together with the heart of the British Imperial experience in India. While the firm dates from the early 17th century, it becomes most distinctive after 1757 when it becomes the ruler of India exercising primary governmental authority on behalf of the British Crown, including the exercise of military force, up through the commencement of direct British rules under the Raj following the Sepoy Mutiny/Indian Rebellion of 1857-58. So it is a corporation that exercised governmental authority of a huge land area and large population. Think about that - the rule of India outsourced to a profit making firm. This was the direction that the British Empire took after the loss of the American colonies and the rule of India was arguably the central foundation of the global reach of the British Empire under Victoria and into the 20th century. That is some company - there may be a few similar cases, such as De Beers, but not many.
This book is filled with interesting story lines and profiles. The firm was central to the rise of trade in tea, opium, and textiles for Britain. These were developments that shaped the history of India and China through various wars and campaigns of conquest as well as the British industrial revolution and subsequent dominance in global trade. The characters involved in the firm are the major actors in British politics and intellectual life at the time.
The history of the firm is tied up with triumphs and catastrophes. Recent histories of imperialism have not been kind to the British, with a few exceptions, and that comes across in Mr. Robins book. Fortunes were made, but this was hardly free market dynamics rather than the workings of a monopoly that plundered the colonies. The section on the 1770 Bengal famine is especially stark, although that was not the only Indian famine under British rule.
Perhaps the strongest part of the book is its treatment of corruption and 鈥渁gency problems鈥� in the management of the firm. These are huge problems in policy making towards corporations today and they were present from the start with the East India Company. On the one hand, shareholders and managers wanted a return on their investment and efforts. On the other hand, the lack of accountability to corporate standards coupled with the vast opportunities for self-dealing by agents of the firm made corruption certain. The parts of India that were under the rule of the firm for the longest time suffered the greatest economic impact and remain economically impaired to this day.
It is hard to read this history and not take note of the real deficiencies of corporate governance, the hundreds of millions of people who were affected by it, and the lasting consequences it has had in international politics and economics. No wonder there is such opposition to globalization today.
Robins also argues that the history of the East India Company has implications for corporate governance problems among contemporary corporations and he provides a nice discussion with lots of references for those wishing to read more.
This is not just of history of corporate excess but it is there and must be noted. For anyone wishing to learn more about the ways in which political economy has developed in India, Pakistan, and China, this book is highly informative, well-written, and should be required reading.
The history of the East India Company is tied together with the heart of the British Imperial experience in India. While the firm dates from the early 17th century, it becomes most distinctive after 1757 when it becomes the ruler of India exercising primary governmental authority on behalf of the British Crown, including the exercise of military force, up through the commencement of direct British rules under the Raj following the Sepoy Mutiny/Indian Rebellion of 1857-58. So it is a corporation that exercised governmental authority of a huge land area and large population. Think about that - the rule of India outsourced to a profit making firm. This was the direction that the British Empire took after the loss of the American colonies and the rule of India was arguably the central foundation of the global reach of the British Empire under Victoria and into the 20th century. That is some company - there may be a few similar cases, such as De Beers, but not many.
This book is filled with interesting story lines and profiles. The firm was central to the rise of trade in tea, opium, and textiles for Britain. These were developments that shaped the history of India and China through various wars and campaigns of conquest as well as the British industrial revolution and subsequent dominance in global trade. The characters involved in the firm are the major actors in British politics and intellectual life at the time.
The history of the firm is tied up with triumphs and catastrophes. Recent histories of imperialism have not been kind to the British, with a few exceptions, and that comes across in Mr. Robins book. Fortunes were made, but this was hardly free market dynamics rather than the workings of a monopoly that plundered the colonies. The section on the 1770 Bengal famine is especially stark, although that was not the only Indian famine under British rule.
Perhaps the strongest part of the book is its treatment of corruption and 鈥渁gency problems鈥� in the management of the firm. These are huge problems in policy making towards corporations today and they were present from the start with the East India Company. On the one hand, shareholders and managers wanted a return on their investment and efforts. On the other hand, the lack of accountability to corporate standards coupled with the vast opportunities for self-dealing by agents of the firm made corruption certain. The parts of India that were under the rule of the firm for the longest time suffered the greatest economic impact and remain economically impaired to this day.
It is hard to read this history and not take note of the real deficiencies of corporate governance, the hundreds of millions of people who were affected by it, and the lasting consequences it has had in international politics and economics. No wonder there is such opposition to globalization today.
Robins also argues that the history of the East India Company has implications for corporate governance problems among contemporary corporations and he provides a nice discussion with lots of references for those wishing to read more.
This is not just of history of corporate excess but it is there and must be noted. For anyone wishing to learn more about the ways in which political economy has developed in India, Pakistan, and China, this book is highly informative, well-written, and should be required reading.
April 15, 2014
Eh. This was tough as I really wanted to like it but ultimately I discovered that I wanted a book about the colonizing effect the East India Company had on India but really, this was a book that just sort of bounced across dozens of years discussing only the shady and exploitative business dealings. Sure, that's somewhat interesting, but scant attention is given to the Indians. The most moving part is just that; a description of the locals who cut off their thumbs rather than weave in near slave labor. Again, the business and political aspect is interesting, but the book felt like it was only telling 1/3 of the story really.
March 14, 2015
This is a great critical introduction to what the Company was, what it did, and how it relates to the corporate malfeasance we are so familiar with today.
Modern too, its insatiable greed and the split between this shareholder demand for profits and responsibility for any of the consequences.
Essentially this is the story of how the East India Company forced this to change in search of profit. It is a harrowing story intertwined with English history in ways that this book doesn't always tease out but bookmarks for us. For example, the literary figures who worked there, were surely influenced by their work even when not being explicit about it. Like Charles Lamb, Thomas Love Peacock, James and John Stuart Mill, James Bentham. On James Mill in particular there is this awesome anecdote:
This also connects to other histories of Empire, like one of those that fascinates me most -- the evangelical project to settle Sierra Leone (read an early account in relation to the Clapham Sect, another in relation to other trading companies , and a later more fuller one ). I had as yet only ever heard of it as a way to resettle free Blacks from London to Africa, but here it is presented very briefly through the lens of the Lascars in London, noted because John Lemon, 29-year-old lascar and hairdresser and cook from Bengal married an Englishwoman named Elizabeth before they set off as part of the Sierra Leone expedition, surviving the passage but from there their future is unknown (21).
That is an aside however, a trail to follow. It's almost a relief from the overwhelming anger and sadness this tale of greed inspires. Structural greed, as it's three main flaws accoridng to Robins (and these remain unchanged today) are these, which lead to what can only be called villainy in the search for 'immediate and excessive returns':
Executives and shareholders can pursue own profit to the detriment of all others -- there is no higher purpose of the corporation.
Limitation of liability frees shareholders and to a great extent executives of responsibility for their actions in the pursuit of these profits.
The separation of ownership and control allows executives to pursue profit and exploit the company for their own ends.
Within this greater framework of greed and exploitation, individuals were also on the look out to make their own fortunes:
What separated this form of corporation from the present one is primarily the risk and the power. Because the risks were, of course, much higher -- the round trip from India to London could take up to two years and there was limited communication or control possible. The East India Company also had to continually renew its royal charter, which required regularly justifying its existence outside of its investors at regular intervals.
On this other hand this royal charter allowed it to mint coin in oversees holdings, exercise justice, and the right to wage war -- thus their army changed from private security to a tool for land acquisition. Robins quotes Niels Steengard as saying -- 'the principal export of the pre-industrial Europe to the rest of the world was violence.' (44)
The history of the EIC is this its efforts to maximise its power, and to minimise risks and controls. Its impact on the monarchy was one example -- after the Glorious Revolution brought William of Orange and Mary to the throne, commercial rights were high on the list of priorities in the minds of the British elite in drawing up the 'unprecedented Bill of Rights that would bind the new monarchs' (52).
This was matched by a long-standing and complex web of corruption and bribery in the interests of the company. Post 1688 it centered around the figure of Governor Sir Thomas Cooke, subject of a special inquiry. The sums are staggering for the time: 拢107, 013 paid out in 'special services', 拢80,468 to win a new charter. Another 拢90,000 used by Cooke to buy stock to shore up the chartering process.
A number of fortunes were made in autocratic bids to gain more power and profit -- that of director Sir Josiah Child ('Perhaps more than any other of the Company's executives before or since, Josiah Child had demonstrated where an appetite for corporate power could lead' (57)). The Pitt fortunes emerged, of course, from the 'Pitt Diamond', 410 carat rock obtained by Thomas Pitt, governor of Madras.
That would be another interesting distraction to follow. More inspiring perhaps, in terms of distractions, is the brief mention of a weavers' insurrection in 1696, and their march on the East India House after 5,000 marched on Parliament against imports of Indian cloth. Later they ransacked and threatened homes of Company officials and very nearly sacked the Company storerooms. In view of what happens to weavers, you wish they had.
because we are about to come to the most horrifying period of the EIC's fairly horrifying history. The period in which it caused Bengal to go from one of the richest areas in the world -- hard to imagine today because it continues to be what the EIC made of it -- one of the poorest.
The Battle of Plassey, 23 June 1757, is the turning point. Robert Clive attacked and defeated the nawab of Bengal, capturing Calcutta and thus 'enabling the Company to achieve its long desired monopoly over the export trade, expanding into the internal market and appropriating the public revenues of Bengal for its own benefit' (77).
One estimate states that in the decade after Plassey, Bengal lost 2/3 of revenues.
Bengal's weavers were devastated -- they were not rich but good evidence shows they lived and worked under much better standards of living than the weavers in England, with more control over their production terms and conditions. Any power they held over their labour was smashed. Their history says they cut off their own hands so they couldn't be forced to work under the conditions demanded by the company. Rather than exporting cloth, Bengal began to export cotton and import cloth, devastating industry and all the lives that depended on it.
A new era of exploitation with impunity became the rule: 'A new catchphrase entered the language -- "a lass and a lakh [a lakh being Rs100,000] a day--to describe the lifestyle of the Company's executives in Bengal' (86).
They did not just devastate weaving, but all other systems of support and livelihood. When famine hit they continued exporting grain, and raised their taxes. I had not, until recently, even heard of this famine, this terrible murder of millions of people in 1770 (ish). Governor Warren Hastings gave the number of 10 million, a third of the population of Bengal. A hundred years later, another famine:
Robins writes:
which seems to me to be a bit of an understatement, a bit missing the point perhaps. Besides, it depends how you define mismanagement, the point of a corporation is to make a profit, and the EIC continued to make a profit through these years, difficult as they found it. This is the damning indictment of our times.
Robins then points out the ideological inconsistencies of corporations and their neoliberal supporters -- but they are a bundle of inconsistencies. Still, it is good to remember:
And through all of it, there is a particular ridiculousness and in-fighting:
There is the spectre of Edmund Burke arguing for the Indian people in the trial of Governor Warren Hastings -- and I do love that he was brought to trial. I also appreciate this in Burke:
But I haven't even started on the account of China yet, the stealing of their secrets of tea production, the enforced opium trade through war and smuggling. And slowly the EIC was losing its corporate character, though none of its greed.
If anything good can be said of them it was that they were entirely secular, but with the increased blending of public and private interests this was to change. Driven through by Wilberforce:
These changes solidified by the need for military force after the uprising of 1857:
Robins later mentions the Company's practice of blasting captured rebels from cannons as lampooned in a cartoon in Punch. Such caricatures only work utilising common knowledge, and it is not mocking the practice itself, rather the Company's bungling and mismanagement and corruption. This is the brutal experience of conquest and Empire that goes unspoken by Colonel Pargiter in. I wonder where else it lurks, all the places I never imagined from the ways in which history and literature are taught so as to hide it.
But thus we come to the end of the EIC as company, and onto India as part of the British Empire. Robins states:
A key inversion I think, but I am not sure what else I think about it, what it might mean for how Empire is both narrated and understood. I don't know enough yet. I will ponder. By 1858 the Company is done, the Crown has negotiated a long process to buy out stock in a structured deal that makes sure no one loses money.
To finish this very long review you can read more .
Established on a cold New Year's Eve, 1600, England's East India Company is the mother of the modern corporation. In its more than two and a half centuries of existence, it bridged the mercantilist world of chartered monopolies and the industrial age of corporations accountable solely to shareholders. The Company's establishment by royal charter, its monopoly of all trade between Britain and Asia and its semi-sovereign privileges to rule territories and raise armies certainly mark it out as a corporate institution from another time. Yet in its financing, structures of governance and business dynamics, the Company was undeniably modern (5).
Modern too, its insatiable greed and the split between this shareholder demand for profits and responsibility for any of the consequences.
From Roman times, Europe had always been Asia's commercial supplicant, shipping out gold ad silver in return for spices, textiles and other luxury goods. European traders were attracted to the East for its wealth and sophistication at a time when the western economy was a fraction of the size of Asia's. And for the first 150 years, the Company had to repeat this practice, as there was almost nothing that England could export that the East wanted to buy (7).
Essentially this is the story of how the East India Company forced this to change in search of profit. It is a harrowing story intertwined with English history in ways that this book doesn't always tease out but bookmarks for us. For example, the literary figures who worked there, were surely influenced by their work even when not being explicit about it. Like Charles Lamb, Thomas Love Peacock, James and John Stuart Mill, James Bentham. On James Mill in particular there is this awesome anecdote:
One account describes how "when particularly inspired he used, before sitting down to his desk, to not only strip himself of his coat and waistcoat, but of his trousers, and so set to work, alternately striding up and down the room and writing at great speed." (189)
This also connects to other histories of Empire, like one of those that fascinates me most -- the evangelical project to settle Sierra Leone (read an early account in relation to the Clapham Sect, another in relation to other trading companies , and a later more fuller one ). I had as yet only ever heard of it as a way to resettle free Blacks from London to Africa, but here it is presented very briefly through the lens of the Lascars in London, noted because John Lemon, 29-year-old lascar and hairdresser and cook from Bengal married an Englishwoman named Elizabeth before they set off as part of the Sierra Leone expedition, surviving the passage but from there their future is unknown (21).
That is an aside however, a trail to follow. It's almost a relief from the overwhelming anger and sadness this tale of greed inspires. Structural greed, as it's three main flaws accoridng to Robins (and these remain unchanged today) are these, which lead to what can only be called villainy in the search for 'immediate and excessive returns':
Executives and shareholders can pursue own profit to the detriment of all others -- there is no higher purpose of the corporation.
Limitation of liability frees shareholders and to a great extent executives of responsibility for their actions in the pursuit of these profits.
The separation of ownership and control allows executives to pursue profit and exploit the company for their own ends.
Within this greater framework of greed and exploitation, individuals were also on the look out to make their own fortunes:
For its executives, the purpose of a career with the Company was to achieve a 'competence', making enough money to be able to retire and adopt the conspicuous consumption patterns of the British landed gentry. This could bot be achieved by saving from the salaries received from the Company, which barely covered living expenses. As a result, the ambitious Company man had to use his position a a platform for patronage and private trade (29).
What separated this form of corporation from the present one is primarily the risk and the power. Because the risks were, of course, much higher -- the round trip from India to London could take up to two years and there was limited communication or control possible. The East India Company also had to continually renew its royal charter, which required regularly justifying its existence outside of its investors at regular intervals.
On this other hand this royal charter allowed it to mint coin in oversees holdings, exercise justice, and the right to wage war -- thus their army changed from private security to a tool for land acquisition. Robins quotes Niels Steengard as saying -- 'the principal export of the pre-industrial Europe to the rest of the world was violence.' (44)
The history of the EIC is this its efforts to maximise its power, and to minimise risks and controls. Its impact on the monarchy was one example -- after the Glorious Revolution brought William of Orange and Mary to the throne, commercial rights were high on the list of priorities in the minds of the British elite in drawing up the 'unprecedented Bill of Rights that would bind the new monarchs' (52).
This was matched by a long-standing and complex web of corruption and bribery in the interests of the company. Post 1688 it centered around the figure of Governor Sir Thomas Cooke, subject of a special inquiry. The sums are staggering for the time: 拢107, 013 paid out in 'special services', 拢80,468 to win a new charter. Another 拢90,000 used by Cooke to buy stock to shore up the chartering process.
A number of fortunes were made in autocratic bids to gain more power and profit -- that of director Sir Josiah Child ('Perhaps more than any other of the Company's executives before or since, Josiah Child had demonstrated where an appetite for corporate power could lead' (57)). The Pitt fortunes emerged, of course, from the 'Pitt Diamond', 410 carat rock obtained by Thomas Pitt, governor of Madras.
That would be another interesting distraction to follow. More inspiring perhaps, in terms of distractions, is the brief mention of a weavers' insurrection in 1696, and their march on the East India House after 5,000 marched on Parliament against imports of Indian cloth. Later they ransacked and threatened homes of Company officials and very nearly sacked the Company storerooms. In view of what happens to weavers, you wish they had.
because we are about to come to the most horrifying period of the EIC's fairly horrifying history. The period in which it caused Bengal to go from one of the richest areas in the world -- hard to imagine today because it continues to be what the EIC made of it -- one of the poorest.
The Battle of Plassey, 23 June 1757, is the turning point. Robert Clive attacked and defeated the nawab of Bengal, capturing Calcutta and thus 'enabling the Company to achieve its long desired monopoly over the export trade, expanding into the internal market and appropriating the public revenues of Bengal for its own benefit' (77).
One estimate states that in the decade after Plassey, Bengal lost 2/3 of revenues.
Bengal's weavers were devastated -- they were not rich but good evidence shows they lived and worked under much better standards of living than the weavers in England, with more control over their production terms and conditions. Any power they held over their labour was smashed. Their history says they cut off their own hands so they couldn't be forced to work under the conditions demanded by the company. Rather than exporting cloth, Bengal began to export cotton and import cloth, devastating industry and all the lives that depended on it.
A new era of exploitation with impunity became the rule: 'A new catchphrase entered the language -- "a lass and a lakh [a lakh being Rs100,000] a day--to describe the lifestyle of the Company's executives in Bengal' (86).
They did not just devastate weaving, but all other systems of support and livelihood. When famine hit they continued exporting grain, and raised their taxes. I had not, until recently, even heard of this famine, this terrible murder of millions of people in 1770 (ish). Governor Warren Hastings gave the number of 10 million, a third of the population of Bengal. A hundred years later, another famine:
Working in the midst of the terrible 1877 famine that he estimated had cost another 10 million lives, Cornelius Walford calculated that in the 120 years of British rule there had been 34 famines in India, compared with only 17 recorded famines in the entire previous two millenia (93).
Robins writes:
The Bengal Famine stands out as perhaps one of the worst examples of corporate mismanagement in history (97).
which seems to me to be a bit of an understatement, a bit missing the point perhaps. Besides, it depends how you define mismanagement, the point of a corporation is to make a profit, and the EIC continued to make a profit through these years, difficult as they found it. This is the damning indictment of our times.
Robins then points out the ideological inconsistencies of corporations and their neoliberal supporters -- but they are a bundle of inconsistencies. Still, it is good to remember:
Reading Smith afresh...it is shocking how his penetrating critique of the corporation has been so comprehensively suppressed. Nothing of his scepticism of corporations, their pursuit of monopoly and their faulty system of governance, enters into the speeches of today's neo-liberal advocates. Promoting his vision of free trade, they conveniently ignore that this can only be achieved with steadfast curbs on corporate power (119).
And through all of it, there is a particular ridiculousness and in-fighting:
General John Clavering, Philip Francis and George Monson--arrived in Calcutta in October 1774, tensions arose. Instead of the 21-gun salute they were expecting, Hastings had organised only 17 cannon to fire as they landed (126).
There is the spectre of Edmund Burke arguing for the Indian people in the trial of Governor Warren Hastings -- and I do love that he was brought to trial. I also appreciate this in Burke:
'Rather than viewing history as a civilisational contest between primitive and progressive nations, Burke believed that each society had its own intrinsic value, which should not be sacrificed to the interests of profit or power (141)
But I haven't even started on the account of China yet, the stealing of their secrets of tea production, the enforced opium trade through war and smuggling. And slowly the EIC was losing its corporate character, though none of its greed.
Military victory alone was insufficient to restore British fortunes in India. A new regime had to be introduced to confront the extreme oddities created by a sharehold-owned corporation ruling over tens of millions of people. The reforms of the 1770s and 1780s had punctured the Company's autonomy as a business, and the 1784 India Act had introduced a two-tier system -- a 'double government' -- with the Company maintaining a facade of authority, behind which the state pulled the strings through the Board of Control (173).
If anything good can be said of them it was that they were entirely secular, but with the increased blending of public and private interests this was to change. Driven through by Wilberforce:
After years of campaigning, Wilberforce and others managed to include in the 1813 charter Act provisions for the establihsmnet of a Church of England bishopric in India, as well as the removal of the Company's longstanding ban on missionary activity (182).
These changes solidified by the need for military force after the uprising of 1857:
When the company retook Kanpur...where rebel troops had slaughtered European women and children, captured sepoys were made to lick the blood from the floors before being hanged. Summary executions became the norm. According to one officer, "we hold court-martials on horseback, and every nigger we meet with we either string up or shoot." The Company's recapture of Delhi was followed by systematic sacking, and the surviving inhabitants were tured out of its gates to starve (195).
Robins later mentions the Company's practice of blasting captured rebels from cannons as lampooned in a cartoon in Punch. Such caricatures only work utilising common knowledge, and it is not mocking the practice itself, rather the Company's bungling and mismanagement and corruption. This is the brutal experience of conquest and Empire that goes unspoken by Colonel Pargiter in. I wonder where else it lurks, all the places I never imagined from the ways in which history and literature are taught so as to hide it.
But thus we come to the end of the EIC as company, and onto India as part of the British Empire. Robins states:
The Company is often regarded as an inevitable stepping-stone to the British Raj. Instead, the British Empire in India is better thought of as the product of the Company's failure (196).
A key inversion I think, but I am not sure what else I think about it, what it might mean for how Empire is both narrated and understood. I don't know enough yet. I will ponder. By 1858 the Company is done, the Crown has negotiated a long process to buy out stock in a structured deal that makes sure no one loses money.
To finish this very long review you can read more .
June 22, 2010
If anyone thought Enron or BP have misbehaved at an historic level, try starving millions of people for the sake of a dividend.
September 18, 2019
丕賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 賵丕賱匕賶 賱丕 賷鬲噩夭兀 毓賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賳噩賱鬲乇丕 賴賵 鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賳 丕賱睾夭賵 亘丕爻賲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 - 賰賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丨乇賵亘 丕賱氐賱賷亘賷丞 鬲睾夭賵 亘丕爻賲 丕賱賲爻賷丨 - 鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賳 丕賱爻賱亘 賵丕賱賳賴亘 賵丕賱賯鬲賱 賵丕賱丨氐丕乇 賵丕賱鬲噩賵賷毓 賵丕賱丕爻鬲毓亘丕丿 .
丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱鬲賶 鬲兀爻爻鬲 賲毓 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 毓卮乇 丕賱匕賶 卮賴丿 亘丿丕賷丞 噩賵賱丕鬲 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮賷丞 賮賶 賲賷丕賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘丕丨孬丞 毓賳 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲氐乇丞 貙 丕賱兀乇丕囟賶 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 丕賱睾賷乇 賲爻鬲賰卮賮丞 丕賵 丕賱睾賷乇 賲兀賴賵賱丞 貙 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱孬乇賵丕鬲 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 賵 毓賳 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賵賲賳丕胤賯 噩賱亘 丕賱毓亘賷丿 .
丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 丕賱丕賵乇賵亘賷丞 賳卮兀鬲 賮賶 匕丕鬲 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘丨孬丕 毓賳 丕賱孬乇賵丞 丕賱丕 丕賳 丕睾賱亘賴丕 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤毓 丕賱氐賲賵丿 丕賲丕賲 鬲賯賱亘 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賵 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 丕賱噩賵賷丞 賮賶 賯賱亘 丕賱亘丨丕乇 賵丕賱鬲賶 丕丿鬲 賱睾乇賯 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱丕賵賱賶 賱賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 . 丕賲丕 丕賱丕睾賱亘賷丞 賮賯丿 丕賳爻丨亘鬲 丕賵 丕賮賱爻鬲 亘爻亘亘 賴噩賲丕鬲 爻賮賳 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賶 賰丕賳鬲 賳賵毓丕 賲賳 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賶 毓夭夭鬲賴丕 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 賮賷賲丕 亘毓丿 亘丕賱丕爻丕胤賷賱 賮賶 亘毓囟 丨丕賱丕鬲 睾夭賵 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 賰丨乇亘 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賮賶 丕賱氐賷賳 .
賵賰丕賳 丕賱兀爻丕爻 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賶 丕賱匕賶 丕毓鬲賲丿鬲 毓賱賷賴 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賴賵 爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕丨鬲賰丕乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賶 兀爻賵丕賯賴丕 賵賴賵 賲丕 爻毓鬲 丕賱賷賴 賮賶 丕賱賴賳丿 賲亘賰乇丕賸 賮賶 毓賲賱賴丕 丕賱賶 丕賳 丕毓賲丕賴丕 丕賱噩卮毓 賱鬲賯賵賲 亘丕賱睾夭賵 賵丕賱鬲丨乇賷囟 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賵乇丕鬲 賵丕賱乇卮賵丞 賱鬲氐亘丨 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賴賶 丕賰亘乇 爻賱胤丞 賮賶 丕乇丕囟賶 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賯賵賲 賮賷賴丕 亘丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賵賴賵 丕賱丕賲乇 丕賱匕賶 亘丿兀 賮賶 廿賯賱賷賲 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賮賶 丕賱賴賳丿 丨鬲賶 丕氐亘丨 賱賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱丨賯 賮賶 噩亘丕賷丞 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘 賲賯丕亘賱 噩夭賷丞 亘丕爻賲 丕賱丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 丕賱賴賳丿賶 賮賶 丿賱賴賶 孬賲 賯丕賲賵丕 亘賲丨丕乇亘鬲賴 賵丕賱丕賲鬲賳丕毓 毓賳 鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱噩夭賷丞 . 賰賲丕 賯丕賲賵丕 亘丕賱丕爻鬲賷賱丕亍 毓賱賶 賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱賴賳賵丿 賵亘賷毓賴丕 賮賶 丕爻賵丕賯 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘賯丕毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘兀毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻毓丕乇 賵鬲賲 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕孬賲賳 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 賵丕賲賵丕賱 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘 賲賳 匕賴亘 丕賱賴賳丿 賵賮囟鬲賴 丕賱賶 丕賳噩賱鬲乇丕 . 賰賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷噩亘乇賵賳 丕賱賲夭丕乇毓賷賳 毓賱賶 夭乇丕毓丞 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賱鬲亘賷毓賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賱丨爻丕亘賴丕 賵賰丕賳 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賲賳 兀毓賱賶 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱乇亘丨 賱賱卮乇賰丞 .
賵乇睾賲 賲氐丕丿乇 孬乇賵丕鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丿丿丞 賮賶 丕賱丕賯賱賷賲 丕賱賵丕丨丿 賳噩丿賴丕 鬲鬲毓孬乇 賰孬賷乇丕 賵鬲睾乇賯 賮賶 丕賱丿賷賵賳 賵鬲鬲毓乇囟 亘毓賳賮 賱鬲賯賱亘丕鬲 爻賵賯 丕賱丕賵乇丕賯 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞 ( 亘賵乇氐丞 賱賳丿賳 ) 賮賴匕丕 賰丕賳 賲丐卮乇丕 賰亘賷乇丕 毓賱賶 賮爻丕丿 賲丿賷乇賷賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱匕賷賳 丕氐亘丨賵丕 賲賳 丕賱孬乇丕亍 賱丿乇噩丞 鬲賳丕賮爻 丕賱賲賱賵賰 賵丕賱丕賲乇丕亍 . 丕賱丕 丕賳 毓孬乇丕鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賴匕賴 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賯賷賱賴丕 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 亘鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱賯乇賵囟 丕賱囟禺賲丞 胤賵賷賱丞 丕賱丕賲丿 丕賵 睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賯乇賵囟 賮丕賱卮乇賰丞 兀睾乇賯鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 賵丨鬲賶 丕賱賲賱賰 - 噩賵乇噩 丕賱孬丕賳賶 賵丕賱孬丕賱孬 毓賱賶 丕賱丕禺氐 - 賮賶 亘丨賵乇 賲賰丕爻亘賴丕 賵賮爻丕丿賴丕 賮兀氐亘丨 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 丕爻賲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賶 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 賴賵 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賱孬乇丕亍 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賮丕爻丿賷賳. 賵丕賲丕 丕賱賲爻丕賴賲賷賳 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭 賮賱賲 賷賰賳 賷賴賲賴賲 丕賱丕 賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 亘夭賷丕丿丞 丨氐鬲賴賲 賮賶 丕賱乇亘丨 賵丕賱鬲賶 賵氐賱鬲 丕丨賷丕賳丕 丕賱賶 佗贍 侏 賲賳 丕賱賯賷賲丞 丕賱丕爻賲賷丞 賱賱兀爻賴賲 .
丕賱丕 丕賳 亘丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賴匕賴 丕賱丕夭賲丕鬲 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞 賵毓丿賲 賯丿乇丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賮丕亍 亘丿賷賵賳賴丕 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱鬲毓丕馗賲 丨噩賲 丕賱賮爻丕丿 丿丕禺賱賴丕 賵賳鬲賷噩丞 賱爻賵亍 丕賱丕丿丕乇丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賶 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賵丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵鬲丨賵賱 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷噩賶 賲賳 丕賱賲賴丕賲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱賶 丕賱賲賴丕賲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵睾夭賵丕鬲 丕賱爻賱亘 丕賱賵賳賴亘 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱睾賷乇 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賵賯賮鬲 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 鬲噩丿賷丿 毓賯丿 鬲兀爻賷爻 丕賱卮乇賰丞 - 賵丕賱鬲賶 賰丕賳鬲 鬲噩丿丿賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲毓 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 賰賱 毓卮乇賷賳 毓丕賲丕 鬲賯乇賷亘丕 賲賯丕亘賱 丿賮毓丞 賲賳 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丨氐丞 賲賳 丕賱丕乇亘丕丨 - 賵鬲爻賱賲鬲 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 丕丿丕乇丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘卮賰賱 賳賴丕卅賶 毓丕賲 佟侉侑伽 鬲夭丕賲賳丕賸 賲毓 爻胤賵毓 賳噩賲 丕賱丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵丕賳鬲卮丕乇 丕賱鬲賳丕賮爻 賮賶 賲噩丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 賮賶 兀賵乇賵亘丕 . 賱鬲氐亘丨 丕賱賴賳丿 亘匕賱賰 賱丕 爻賵賯丕賸 鬲噩丕乇賷丕賸 賱賱廿锟斤拷噩賱賷夭 亘賱 噩賵賴乇丞 孬賲賷賳丞 賮賶 鬲丕噩 廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷鬲賴賲 .
丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱鬲賶 鬲兀爻爻鬲 賲毓 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 毓卮乇 丕賱匕賶 卮賴丿 亘丿丕賷丞 噩賵賱丕鬲 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮賷丞 賮賶 賲賷丕賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘丕丨孬丞 毓賳 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲氐乇丞 貙 丕賱兀乇丕囟賶 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 丕賱睾賷乇 賲爻鬲賰卮賮丞 丕賵 丕賱睾賷乇 賲兀賴賵賱丞 貙 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱孬乇賵丕鬲 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 賵 毓賳 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賵賲賳丕胤賯 噩賱亘 丕賱毓亘賷丿 .
丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 丕賱丕賵乇賵亘賷丞 賳卮兀鬲 賮賶 匕丕鬲 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘丨孬丕 毓賳 丕賱孬乇賵丞 丕賱丕 丕賳 丕睾賱亘賴丕 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤毓 丕賱氐賲賵丿 丕賲丕賲 鬲賯賱亘 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賵 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 丕賱噩賵賷丞 賮賶 賯賱亘 丕賱亘丨丕乇 賵丕賱鬲賶 丕丿鬲 賱睾乇賯 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱丕賵賱賶 賱賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 . 丕賲丕 丕賱丕睾賱亘賷丞 賮賯丿 丕賳爻丨亘鬲 丕賵 丕賮賱爻鬲 亘爻亘亘 賴噩賲丕鬲 爻賮賳 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賶 賰丕賳鬲 賳賵毓丕 賲賳 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賶 毓夭夭鬲賴丕 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 賮賷賲丕 亘毓丿 亘丕賱丕爻丕胤賷賱 賮賶 亘毓囟 丨丕賱丕鬲 睾夭賵 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 賰丨乇亘 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賮賶 丕賱氐賷賳 .
賵賰丕賳 丕賱兀爻丕爻 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賶 丕賱匕賶 丕毓鬲賲丿鬲 毓賱賷賴 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賴賵 爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕丨鬲賰丕乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賶 兀爻賵丕賯賴丕 賵賴賵 賲丕 爻毓鬲 丕賱賷賴 賮賶 丕賱賴賳丿 賲亘賰乇丕賸 賮賶 毓賲賱賴丕 丕賱賶 丕賳 丕毓賲丕賴丕 丕賱噩卮毓 賱鬲賯賵賲 亘丕賱睾夭賵 賵丕賱鬲丨乇賷囟 毓賱賶 丕賱孬賵乇丕鬲 賵丕賱乇卮賵丞 賱鬲氐亘丨 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賴賶 丕賰亘乇 爻賱胤丞 賮賶 丕乇丕囟賶 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賯賵賲 賮賷賴丕 亘丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賵賴賵 丕賱丕賲乇 丕賱匕賶 亘丿兀 賮賶 廿賯賱賷賲 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賮賶 丕賱賴賳丿 丨鬲賶 丕氐亘丨 賱賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱丨賯 賮賶 噩亘丕賷丞 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘 賲賯丕亘賱 噩夭賷丞 亘丕爻賲 丕賱丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 丕賱賴賳丿賶 賮賶 丿賱賴賶 孬賲 賯丕賲賵丕 亘賲丨丕乇亘鬲賴 賵丕賱丕賲鬲賳丕毓 毓賳 鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱噩夭賷丞 . 賰賲丕 賯丕賲賵丕 亘丕賱丕爻鬲賷賱丕亍 毓賱賶 賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱賴賳賵丿 賵亘賷毓賴丕 賮賶 丕爻賵丕賯 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘賯丕毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘兀毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻毓丕乇 賵鬲賲 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕孬賲賳 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 賵丕賲賵丕賱 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘 賲賳 匕賴亘 丕賱賴賳丿 賵賮囟鬲賴 丕賱賶 丕賳噩賱鬲乇丕 . 賰賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷噩亘乇賵賳 丕賱賲夭丕乇毓賷賳 毓賱賶 夭乇丕毓丞 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賱鬲亘賷毓賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賱丨爻丕亘賴丕 賵賰丕賳 丕賱丕賮賷賵賳 賲賳 兀毓賱賶 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱乇亘丨 賱賱卮乇賰丞 .
賵乇睾賲 賲氐丕丿乇 孬乇賵丕鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丿丿丞 賮賶 丕賱丕賯賱賷賲 丕賱賵丕丨丿 賳噩丿賴丕 鬲鬲毓孬乇 賰孬賷乇丕 賵鬲睾乇賯 賮賶 丕賱丿賷賵賳 賵鬲鬲毓乇囟 亘毓賳賮 賱鬲賯賱亘丕鬲 爻賵賯 丕賱丕賵乇丕賯 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞 ( 亘賵乇氐丞 賱賳丿賳 ) 賮賴匕丕 賰丕賳 賲丐卮乇丕 賰亘賷乇丕 毓賱賶 賮爻丕丿 賲丿賷乇賷賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱匕賷賳 丕氐亘丨賵丕 賲賳 丕賱孬乇丕亍 賱丿乇噩丞 鬲賳丕賮爻 丕賱賲賱賵賰 賵丕賱丕賲乇丕亍 . 丕賱丕 丕賳 毓孬乇丕鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賴匕賴 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賯賷賱賴丕 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 亘鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱賯乇賵囟 丕賱囟禺賲丞 胤賵賷賱丞 丕賱丕賲丿 丕賵 睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賯乇賵囟 賮丕賱卮乇賰丞 兀睾乇賯鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 賵丨鬲賶 丕賱賲賱賰 - 噩賵乇噩 丕賱孬丕賳賶 賵丕賱孬丕賱孬 毓賱賶 丕賱丕禺氐 - 賮賶 亘丨賵乇 賲賰丕爻亘賴丕 賵賮爻丕丿賴丕 賮兀氐亘丨 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 丕爻賲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賶 丕賱丕爻賵丕賯 賴賵 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賱孬乇丕亍 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賮丕爻丿賷賳. 賵丕賲丕 丕賱賲爻丕賴賲賷賳 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭 賮賱賲 賷賰賳 賷賴賲賴賲 丕賱丕 賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 亘夭賷丕丿丞 丨氐鬲賴賲 賮賶 丕賱乇亘丨 賵丕賱鬲賶 賵氐賱鬲 丕丨賷丕賳丕 丕賱賶 佗贍 侏 賲賳 丕賱賯賷賲丞 丕賱丕爻賲賷丞 賱賱兀爻賴賲 .
丕賱丕 丕賳 亘丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賴匕賴 丕賱丕夭賲丕鬲 丕賱賲丕賱賷丞 賵毓丿賲 賯丿乇丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賮丕亍 亘丿賷賵賳賴丕 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱鬲毓丕馗賲 丨噩賲 丕賱賮爻丕丿 丿丕禺賱賴丕 賵賳鬲賷噩丞 賱爻賵亍 丕賱丕丿丕乇丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 賮賶 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賵丕賱丿丕禺賱 賵鬲丨賵賱 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷噩賶 賲賳 丕賱賲賴丕賲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷丞 丕賱賶 丕賱賲賴丕賲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵睾夭賵丕鬲 丕賱爻賱亘 丕賱賵賳賴亘 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 丕賱睾賷乇 賲卮乇賵毓丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賵賯賮鬲 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 鬲噩丿賷丿 毓賯丿 鬲兀爻賷爻 丕賱卮乇賰丞 - 賵丕賱鬲賶 賰丕賳鬲 鬲噩丿丿賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲毓 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 賰賱 毓卮乇賷賳 毓丕賲丕 鬲賯乇賷亘丕 賲賯丕亘賱 丿賮毓丞 賲賳 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丨氐丞 賲賳 丕賱丕乇亘丕丨 - 賵鬲爻賱賲鬲 丕賱賲賲賱賰丞 丕丿丕乇丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘卮賰賱 賳賴丕卅賶 毓丕賲 佟侉侑伽 鬲夭丕賲賳丕賸 賲毓 爻胤賵毓 賳噩賲 丕賱丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵丕賳鬲卮丕乇 丕賱鬲賳丕賮爻 賮賶 賲噩丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 賮賶 兀賵乇賵亘丕 . 賱鬲氐亘丨 丕賱賴賳丿 亘匕賱賰 賱丕 爻賵賯丕賸 鬲噩丕乇賷丕賸 賱賱廿锟斤拷噩賱賷夭 亘賱 噩賵賴乇丞 孬賲賷賳丞 賮賶 鬲丕噩 廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷鬲賴賲 .
June 29, 2020
Each section is in itself informative, wonderfully written and engaging. However, as others have notes, it suffers from an extremely confused structure, and a lack of focus.
It tries to be both a history of the East India Company and a manifesto of radical change in corporate practice. It succeeds to a limited extent in both these matters, and is useful, but not mandatory, reading for anyone interested in these subjects.
It tries to be both a history of the East India Company and a manifesto of radical change in corporate practice. It succeeds to a limited extent in both these matters, and is useful, but not mandatory, reading for anyone interested in these subjects.
October 5, 2010
Interesting revisionist take on the history of the British in India, centring on one of the earliest corporations, the Honourable East India Company.
I read this primarily as a quick overview of the history of the Company, needing a primer for some more detailed research on family members who served in the Company's hybrid private/public military force, the Bengal Army.
Robins has something of an agenda - his thesis is that the EIC is the template for the modern amoral corporation, and that a failure to remember the lessons of its history led inevitably to the 21st century corporate malfeasances of Enron and others. More deeply, he suggests that large corporations are inherently corrupting of markets, of their own executives, and ultimately of themselves. That they are, essentially, not a useful construct.
In passing he also makes a case that British imperialism in India was almost an afterthought - an artifact of the British state trying clumsily to deal with the aftermath of the EIC imploding. An interesting idea, rather at odds with the traditional historical model of the British Empire, but not without merit.
Well written, with a reasonably straight narrative of the main historical points, embellished with the theses noted above.
I read this primarily as a quick overview of the history of the Company, needing a primer for some more detailed research on family members who served in the Company's hybrid private/public military force, the Bengal Army.
Robins has something of an agenda - his thesis is that the EIC is the template for the modern amoral corporation, and that a failure to remember the lessons of its history led inevitably to the 21st century corporate malfeasances of Enron and others. More deeply, he suggests that large corporations are inherently corrupting of markets, of their own executives, and ultimately of themselves. That they are, essentially, not a useful construct.
In passing he also makes a case that British imperialism in India was almost an afterthought - an artifact of the British state trying clumsily to deal with the aftermath of the EIC imploding. An interesting idea, rather at odds with the traditional historical model of the British Empire, but not without merit.
Well written, with a reasonably straight narrative of the main historical points, embellished with the theses noted above.
September 5, 2018
賵丕囟丨 賰賲 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱乇賴賷亘 丕賱匕賷 亘匕賱賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賮賷 鬲兀賱賷賮 賰鬲丕亘 賷毓丿 賲乇噩毓 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 .
丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 賵丕囟丨 賮賷 賰賲 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱賲匕賰賵乇丞 賵 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱鬲賵孬賷賯賴丕 ...鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴丕 賲丐賱賲 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賲賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱廿丿丕賳丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘毓丿 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賯乇賵賳 賵 賮卮賱 賲毓馗賲 丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賱廿丿丕賳丞 賲丿賷乇賷賴丕 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲丕鬲 丕爻鬲賲乇鬲 賱爻賳賵丕鬲 ! 賲丿丕乇亍 賲丕夭丕賱 賷丨鬲賮賶 亘匕賰乇賴賲 毓賱賶 廿賳賴賲 賮丕鬲丨賷賳 賵 賲丕夭丕賱鬲 鬲賲丕孬賷賱賴賲 鬲夭賷賳 卮賵丕乇毓 廿賳噩賱鬲乇丕 .
賰鬲丕亘 賲乇賴賯 丕賳賯胤毓鬲 賮鬲乇丞 毓賳 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 賵 賱賰賳 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 鬲乇賰賴 禺丕氐賸丞 兀賳賳賷 賰賳鬲 兀鬲胤賱毓 賱賱賯乇丕亍丞 毓賳 丨乇亘 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賶 禺丕囟鬲賴丕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賱鬲噩亘乇 丕賱氐賷賳 毓賱賶 賲亘丕丿賱丞 丕賱卮丕賷 亘丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 ... 賵 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賳丕賵賱賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 .
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓胤賷 賮賰乇丞 毓賲賷賯丞 毓賳 兀孬乇 丨賰賲 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱賱鬲丨匕賷乇 賲賳 賲爻鬲賯亘賱 賰賲爻鬲賯亘賱 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 .. 賮賷 馗賱 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賳爻禺 卮亘賷賴丞 賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丨丕賱賷賸丕 禺丕氐賸丞 賮賷 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵 丌爻賷丕 .
兀賰孬乇 賲丕 兀孬丕乇 廿爻鬲睾乇丕亘賷 丕賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丨賰賲鬲 丕賱賴賳丿 賵 賲賳 亘毓丿賴丕 丕賱鬲丕噩 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賱賲丿丞 孬賱丕孬丞 賯乇賵賳 廿賱丕 乇亘毓 .. 賵 賱賲 賷鬲亘賷賳 兀丨丿 禺胤乇賴丕 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 !! 賵 丕賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丨丕乇亘 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 亘賲爻丕毓丿丞 噩賳賵丿 賴賳賵丿 !! 卮卅 賲孬賷乇 賵 賷丿毓賵 賱賱亘丐爻 .
賱賵賱丕 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱賲亘丕賱睾 賮賷賴 噩丿賸丕 賱賱賰丕鬲亘 賱亘毓囟 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賰賳鬲 兀毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 禺賲爻丞 賳噩賵賲 毓賳 噩丿丕乇丞 .
丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 賵丕囟丨 賮賷 賰賲 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱賲匕賰賵乇丞 賵 賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱鬲賵孬賷賯賴丕 ...鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴丕 賲丐賱賲 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賲賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱廿丿丕賳丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞 亘毓丿 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賯乇賵賳 賵 賮卮賱 賲毓馗賲 丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賱廿丿丕賳丞 賲丿賷乇賷賴丕 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲丕鬲 丕爻鬲賲乇鬲 賱爻賳賵丕鬲 ! 賲丿丕乇亍 賲丕夭丕賱 賷丨鬲賮賶 亘匕賰乇賴賲 毓賱賶 廿賳賴賲 賮丕鬲丨賷賳 賵 賲丕夭丕賱鬲 鬲賲丕孬賷賱賴賲 鬲夭賷賳 卮賵丕乇毓 廿賳噩賱鬲乇丕 .
賰鬲丕亘 賲乇賴賯 丕賳賯胤毓鬲 賮鬲乇丞 毓賳 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 賵 賱賰賳 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 鬲乇賰賴 禺丕氐賸丞 兀賳賳賷 賰賳鬲 兀鬲胤賱毓 賱賱賯乇丕亍丞 毓賳 丨乇亘 丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賶 禺丕囟鬲賴丕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賱鬲噩亘乇 丕賱氐賷賳 毓賱賶 賲亘丕丿賱丞 丕賱卮丕賷 亘丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 ... 賵 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賳丕賵賱賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 .
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓胤賷 賮賰乇丞 毓賲賷賯丞 毓賳 兀孬乇 丨賰賲 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱賱鬲丨匕賷乇 賲賳 賲爻鬲賯亘賱 賰賲爻鬲賯亘賱 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 .. 賮賷 馗賱 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賳爻禺 卮亘賷賴丞 賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丨丕賱賷賸丕 禺丕氐賸丞 賮賷 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵 丌爻賷丕 .
兀賰孬乇 賲丕 兀孬丕乇 廿爻鬲睾乇丕亘賷 丕賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丨賰賲鬲 丕賱賴賳丿 賵 賲賳 亘毓丿賴丕 丕賱鬲丕噩 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賱賲丿丞 孬賱丕孬丞 賯乇賵賳 廿賱丕 乇亘毓 .. 賵 賱賲 賷鬲亘賷賳 兀丨丿 禺胤乇賴丕 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 !! 賵 丕賳 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丨丕乇亘 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 亘賲爻丕毓丿丞 噩賳賵丿 賴賳賵丿 !! 卮卅 賲孬賷乇 賵 賷丿毓賵 賱賱亘丐爻 .
賱賵賱丕 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱賲亘丕賱睾 賮賷賴 噩丿賸丕 賱賱賰丕鬲亘 賱亘毓囟 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賰賳鬲 兀毓胤賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 禺賲爻丞 賳噩賵賲 毓賳 噩丿丕乇丞 .
May 14, 2019
鈥榥o civilised government ever existed on the face of this earth which was more corrupt, more perfidious, and more rapacious鈥� - George Cornewall Lewis MP speaking about the East India Company
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF THIS BOOK?
- This book is an attempt to...examine the meaning of the Company鈥檚 legacy for the global economy of the twenty-first century.
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY?
- The Company pioneered the shareholder model of corporate ownership and built the foundations for modern business administration.
CAUSED A GREAT DEAL OF SUFFERING
- The East India Company deserves to be looked at as it was 鈥揳 profit-making company that generated great wealth, but one that also contributed to immense suffering.
ONE OF MANY COMPANIES
- The East India Company was one of a number of companies granted a royal charter by the British state to take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the age of European expansion and exploration. Some of these directed their attentions eastwards, such as the Muscovy (1555) and Levant (1581) Companies. A succession of companies 鈥搃ncluding the Company of Royal Adventurers (1663) and the Royal African Company (1672) 鈥搘ere also founded to exploit the slave trade. Others focused on settlement and commerce in the New World, notably the Virginia (1606) and Hudson Bay (1670) Companies.
WHAT MADE IT SPECIAL IN NATURE?
- Unlike the pioneers of the Asia trade, the Portuguese, who adopted a wholly state-led strategy, or the Dutch, who introduced a mixed public鈥損rivate model, the English pushed forward a private sector strategy for tapping the wealth of the East. What makes the English East India Company special is the way it bridged the medieval concept of the corporation as an essentially public body with the industrial model of an enterprise acting primarily in the interests of its shareholders.
- Where the East India Company differed was in its fusion of the institutional structure of the public corporation with the financial mechanism of joint stock ownership.
A COMPANY WITH UNUSUAL RIGHTS, CAPABILITIES
- As part of its charter, the Company gained a whole series of special rights, including the right to mint coin in its overseas subsidiaries, to exercise justice in its settlements and, crucially, the right to wage war.
- Violence was intrinsic to the Company鈥檚 success, with its superiority at sea matched by an increasingly acquisitive army.
MONOPOLY
- The most valuable privilege of all, however, was the monopoly awarded to this London-based corporation of all trade between England and the lands beyond the Cape of Good Hope.
- The Company jealously guarded its exclusive rights over imports from Asia, lobbying and bribing the authorities to retain the barriers to entry that defined its charter. It also wanted to eliminate competition in Asia so that it could force down the costs of supply.
NOT MUCH COMPETITION IN OUR CURRENT SETTING EITHER
- Over 60 per cent of international commerce now takes place within corporations rather than in the open marketplace, making it idle to talk of free markets.
MADE QUITE THE PROFIT FOR THE BRITISH CROWN
- The Company was a corporate colossus, alone accounting for between 13 and 15 per cent of all Britain鈥檚 imports between 1699 and 1774.
STARTED WITH A NEED FOR PEPPER...
- had a strikingly simple mission 鈥撯€榣et us be sole masters of the pepper trade鈥�,
INDIA WAS NOT ORIGINALLY PART OF THE PLAN
- Their focus was the spice islands that now form modern Indonesia 鈥損epper from Java, cloves from the Moluccas, as well as mace and nutmeg from the Banda Islands; India played no part in its early commercial strategy.
INDIA WAS QUITE INDUSTRIOUS
- The Indian subcontinent was then the workshop of the world, accounting for almost a quarter of global manufacturing output in 1750,
NOT SO MUCH TRADE WITH INDIA, MORE LIKE THEFT
- 鈥榊our trade from hence may be considered more as a channel for conveying your revenues to Britain, than as only a mercantile system.鈥�
INDIA 'GOT SCREWED'
- Burke described this model of exchange as 鈥業ntercourse 鈥揻or it is not Commerce鈥�, with India suffering 鈥榳hat is tantamount to an Annual Plunder of its Manufactures and its Produce to the Value of Twelve hundred thousand Pounds鈥�. In effect, India was being screwed.
ENGLISH BRUTALITY IN INDIA, FAMINE
- More brutally, if merchants were found to have short-changed peasants during famines, an equivalent weight in human flesh would be taken from them in exchange.
- eye-witness accounts of the living feeding off the dead,
- Not only did the Company continue to collect its land revenues throughout the famine 鈥搃nstead of introducing some form of relief in the Mughal fashion 鈥揵ut it actually increased the rate.
- In 1772, Warren Hastings estimated that 10 million Bengalis had starved to death, equating to perhaps a third of the population. Hastings also concluded that the famine was caused by an artificial shortage of food supplies caused by market manipulation.
GETTING CHINA HOOKED ON OPIUM
- the Company endured a persistent balance of payments deficit with China. But after repeated efforts to liberalise the trade and expand the flow of British manufactured goods, the Company fell back on the one product that the Chinese would pay for: opium.
- In 1799, the Qing issued a definitive prohibition on opium, complaining of the spread of this 鈥榙estructive and ensnaring vice鈥�. But down in Canton, local officials were receiving a fixed fee per chest to look the other way.
TRADE WITH CHINA HIGHLY REGULATED
- A highly restrictive set of trading terms was then put in place to govern the Company鈥檚 trade in Canton,
- This arrangement was not the result of careful two-way negotiation, but simply the expression of the Qing Empire鈥檚 unilateral will.
TEA WAS HIGHLY LUCRATIVE
- The reason why the Company put up with all these indignities was simple: China was the world鈥檚 only source of tea.
USE THE NAVY TO ENABLE OPIUM TRADE
- In the Atlantic, the Royal Navy was proudly suppressing the slave trade; in the China seas, it would be deployed to enforce the rights of British traders to deal in opium.
STEAL FROM THE DEFEATED CHINESE
- Queen Victoria was amongst those who welcomed the victorious troops on their return to Britain in December 1860, and was delighted with her own trophy of the Summer Palace, a Pekinese dog, promptly nicknamed 鈥楲ooty鈥�,
EAST INDIA COMPANY BECOMES A FACADE FOR THE CROWN
- the 1784 India Act had introduced a two-tier system 鈥揳 鈥榙ouble government鈥� 鈥搘ith the Company maintaining a fa莽ade of authority, behind which the state pulled the strings through the Board of Control.
LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
- If there is one clear lesson that the Company鈥檚 history can bring to the twenty-first century, it is that the corporate form is not fixed, but eternally mutable.
- From this continual metamorphosis, four facets emerge most clearly for our times: the Company as entrepreneur, its role as a revolutionary force in world affairs, its tendency to imperial dominion and the struggle to make it accountable for its actions.
- a trinity of design flaws unite the Company with contemporary global corporations: the speculative temptations of executives and investors, the drive for monopoly control, and the absence of automatic remedy for corporate abuse.
KARMA: EAST INDIA COMPANY BOUGHT BY AN INDIAN
- In 2010, the right to use the East India Company trademarks was bought by Sanjiv Mehta, an Indian entrepreneur.
- For Mehta, 鈥榓s an Indian, I had this huge feeling of redemption 鈥搕his indescribable feeling of owning a company that once owned us鈥�.
***
FACTOIDS
- By the end of the eighteenth century, the average length of the voyage from India or China back to London was 114 days.
- 鈥榠t is significant that one of the Hindustani words which has become part of the English language is 鈥渓oot鈥濃€�.
- Feringhis (foreigners)
- Indian names for cloth also entered the English language, not least bandana, calico and chintz, dungaree, gingham, seersucker and taffeta.
- perquisites (or perks)
- From Italy came the invention of the compagnia, a name deriving from the Latin phrase for the act of sharing bread, cum panis. This was essentially a family firm, where fathers, brothers, sons and other relatives would pool their labour and capital.
- One of the few surviving examples of this model of the chartered corporation is the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), whose charter was renewed in 2007.
- Known today for his desert island story of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe was also a leading economic analyst of his age,
BONUS
- Brief animated history of how British conquered India:
- NPR Innovation Hub podcast (3 May 2019) 鈥楾he Company That Sparked Our Corporate World鈥�:
- Stuff You Missed in History Class podcast (30 Mar 2009) 鈥楬ow did the East India Company change the world?鈥� :
- East India Company walks:
- 鈥楻elaunch鈥� of East India Company in 2010 as luxury food store in London:
- Union Carbide toxic gas release in Bhopal, India (1984), 22,000 killed:
- Plassey / Clive:
- 'Tipu's Tiger' (an organ in the shape of a tiger eating a European):
- National Maritime Museum exhibit on East India Company:
WHAT IS THE GOAL OF THIS BOOK?
- This book is an attempt to...examine the meaning of the Company鈥檚 legacy for the global economy of the twenty-first century.
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY?
- The Company pioneered the shareholder model of corporate ownership and built the foundations for modern business administration.
CAUSED A GREAT DEAL OF SUFFERING
- The East India Company deserves to be looked at as it was 鈥揳 profit-making company that generated great wealth, but one that also contributed to immense suffering.
ONE OF MANY COMPANIES
- The East India Company was one of a number of companies granted a royal charter by the British state to take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the age of European expansion and exploration. Some of these directed their attentions eastwards, such as the Muscovy (1555) and Levant (1581) Companies. A succession of companies 鈥搃ncluding the Company of Royal Adventurers (1663) and the Royal African Company (1672) 鈥搘ere also founded to exploit the slave trade. Others focused on settlement and commerce in the New World, notably the Virginia (1606) and Hudson Bay (1670) Companies.
WHAT MADE IT SPECIAL IN NATURE?
- Unlike the pioneers of the Asia trade, the Portuguese, who adopted a wholly state-led strategy, or the Dutch, who introduced a mixed public鈥損rivate model, the English pushed forward a private sector strategy for tapping the wealth of the East. What makes the English East India Company special is the way it bridged the medieval concept of the corporation as an essentially public body with the industrial model of an enterprise acting primarily in the interests of its shareholders.
- Where the East India Company differed was in its fusion of the institutional structure of the public corporation with the financial mechanism of joint stock ownership.
A COMPANY WITH UNUSUAL RIGHTS, CAPABILITIES
- As part of its charter, the Company gained a whole series of special rights, including the right to mint coin in its overseas subsidiaries, to exercise justice in its settlements and, crucially, the right to wage war.
- Violence was intrinsic to the Company鈥檚 success, with its superiority at sea matched by an increasingly acquisitive army.
MONOPOLY
- The most valuable privilege of all, however, was the monopoly awarded to this London-based corporation of all trade between England and the lands beyond the Cape of Good Hope.
- The Company jealously guarded its exclusive rights over imports from Asia, lobbying and bribing the authorities to retain the barriers to entry that defined its charter. It also wanted to eliminate competition in Asia so that it could force down the costs of supply.
NOT MUCH COMPETITION IN OUR CURRENT SETTING EITHER
- Over 60 per cent of international commerce now takes place within corporations rather than in the open marketplace, making it idle to talk of free markets.
MADE QUITE THE PROFIT FOR THE BRITISH CROWN
- The Company was a corporate colossus, alone accounting for between 13 and 15 per cent of all Britain鈥檚 imports between 1699 and 1774.
STARTED WITH A NEED FOR PEPPER...
- had a strikingly simple mission 鈥撯€榣et us be sole masters of the pepper trade鈥�,
INDIA WAS NOT ORIGINALLY PART OF THE PLAN
- Their focus was the spice islands that now form modern Indonesia 鈥損epper from Java, cloves from the Moluccas, as well as mace and nutmeg from the Banda Islands; India played no part in its early commercial strategy.
INDIA WAS QUITE INDUSTRIOUS
- The Indian subcontinent was then the workshop of the world, accounting for almost a quarter of global manufacturing output in 1750,
NOT SO MUCH TRADE WITH INDIA, MORE LIKE THEFT
- 鈥榊our trade from hence may be considered more as a channel for conveying your revenues to Britain, than as only a mercantile system.鈥�
INDIA 'GOT SCREWED'
- Burke described this model of exchange as 鈥業ntercourse 鈥揻or it is not Commerce鈥�, with India suffering 鈥榳hat is tantamount to an Annual Plunder of its Manufactures and its Produce to the Value of Twelve hundred thousand Pounds鈥�. In effect, India was being screwed.
ENGLISH BRUTALITY IN INDIA, FAMINE
- More brutally, if merchants were found to have short-changed peasants during famines, an equivalent weight in human flesh would be taken from them in exchange.
- eye-witness accounts of the living feeding off the dead,
- Not only did the Company continue to collect its land revenues throughout the famine 鈥搃nstead of introducing some form of relief in the Mughal fashion 鈥揵ut it actually increased the rate.
- In 1772, Warren Hastings estimated that 10 million Bengalis had starved to death, equating to perhaps a third of the population. Hastings also concluded that the famine was caused by an artificial shortage of food supplies caused by market manipulation.
GETTING CHINA HOOKED ON OPIUM
- the Company endured a persistent balance of payments deficit with China. But after repeated efforts to liberalise the trade and expand the flow of British manufactured goods, the Company fell back on the one product that the Chinese would pay for: opium.
- In 1799, the Qing issued a definitive prohibition on opium, complaining of the spread of this 鈥榙estructive and ensnaring vice鈥�. But down in Canton, local officials were receiving a fixed fee per chest to look the other way.
TRADE WITH CHINA HIGHLY REGULATED
- A highly restrictive set of trading terms was then put in place to govern the Company鈥檚 trade in Canton,
- This arrangement was not the result of careful two-way negotiation, but simply the expression of the Qing Empire鈥檚 unilateral will.
TEA WAS HIGHLY LUCRATIVE
- The reason why the Company put up with all these indignities was simple: China was the world鈥檚 only source of tea.
USE THE NAVY TO ENABLE OPIUM TRADE
- In the Atlantic, the Royal Navy was proudly suppressing the slave trade; in the China seas, it would be deployed to enforce the rights of British traders to deal in opium.
STEAL FROM THE DEFEATED CHINESE
- Queen Victoria was amongst those who welcomed the victorious troops on their return to Britain in December 1860, and was delighted with her own trophy of the Summer Palace, a Pekinese dog, promptly nicknamed 鈥楲ooty鈥�,
EAST INDIA COMPANY BECOMES A FACADE FOR THE CROWN
- the 1784 India Act had introduced a two-tier system 鈥揳 鈥榙ouble government鈥� 鈥搘ith the Company maintaining a fa莽ade of authority, behind which the state pulled the strings through the Board of Control.
LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THE EAST INDIA COMPANY
- If there is one clear lesson that the Company鈥檚 history can bring to the twenty-first century, it is that the corporate form is not fixed, but eternally mutable.
- From this continual metamorphosis, four facets emerge most clearly for our times: the Company as entrepreneur, its role as a revolutionary force in world affairs, its tendency to imperial dominion and the struggle to make it accountable for its actions.
- a trinity of design flaws unite the Company with contemporary global corporations: the speculative temptations of executives and investors, the drive for monopoly control, and the absence of automatic remedy for corporate abuse.
KARMA: EAST INDIA COMPANY BOUGHT BY AN INDIAN
- In 2010, the right to use the East India Company trademarks was bought by Sanjiv Mehta, an Indian entrepreneur.
- For Mehta, 鈥榓s an Indian, I had this huge feeling of redemption 鈥搕his indescribable feeling of owning a company that once owned us鈥�.
***
FACTOIDS
- By the end of the eighteenth century, the average length of the voyage from India or China back to London was 114 days.
- 鈥榠t is significant that one of the Hindustani words which has become part of the English language is 鈥渓oot鈥濃€�.
- Feringhis (foreigners)
- Indian names for cloth also entered the English language, not least bandana, calico and chintz, dungaree, gingham, seersucker and taffeta.
- perquisites (or perks)
- From Italy came the invention of the compagnia, a name deriving from the Latin phrase for the act of sharing bread, cum panis. This was essentially a family firm, where fathers, brothers, sons and other relatives would pool their labour and capital.
- One of the few surviving examples of this model of the chartered corporation is the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), whose charter was renewed in 2007.
- Known today for his desert island story of Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe was also a leading economic analyst of his age,
BONUS
- Brief animated history of how British conquered India:
- NPR Innovation Hub podcast (3 May 2019) 鈥楾he Company That Sparked Our Corporate World鈥�:
- Stuff You Missed in History Class podcast (30 Mar 2009) 鈥楬ow did the East India Company change the world?鈥� :
- East India Company walks:
- 鈥楻elaunch鈥� of East India Company in 2010 as luxury food store in London:
- Union Carbide toxic gas release in Bhopal, India (1984), 22,000 killed:
- Plassey / Clive:
- 'Tipu's Tiger' (an organ in the shape of a tiger eating a European):
- National Maritime Museum exhibit on East India Company:
June 3, 2018
陌nsan toplumu i莽in "geli艧menin" anlam谋, ya艧am boyu kar艧谋la艧t谋臒谋 k谋s谋tlardan kurtulmak; ba艧lang谋莽tan bug眉ne "bir g眉n daha ya艧amak", geli艧menin g眉nl眉k ya艧am谋na etkisi belirgin olduk莽a buna eklenen bir di臒eri de "yar谋n bug眉nden daha rahat ya艧amak".
陌nsan, bunlar谋 "birlikte" daha kolay yapabilece臒ini fark etti臒inden beri (ki muhtemelen en ba艧tan beri), 枚nce topluluklar, geli艧meye paralel hem topluluklar b眉y眉y眉p hem de ili艧kiler 莽e艧itlendik莽e de topluluk i莽i -ama ayr谋ca- kurumlar olu艧turmu艧.
Y枚netim i艧leri i莽in "devlet", savunma -ya da zorla alma- i莽in "ordu", ticareti ke艧fedince de "艧irket"... Hepsi topluluk i莽inde olu艧mu艧 kurumlar. Ortak 枚zellikleri, birbiriyle kolay ili艧ki kurulabilir ge莽i艧kenli co臒rafya par莽alar谋nda gev艧ek莽e ya艧ayan topluluklar i莽erisinde, ama莽 odakl谋 donan谋ma sahip daha s谋k谋 枚rg眉tlenmeler olmas谋.
Sanayi geli艧ip de sahip olduklar谋 "antik asil kandan" dolay谋 y枚netme hakk谋na sahip oldu臒unu savunan soylulara rakip burjuva s谋n谋f ortaya 莽谋k谋p da serpildik莽e, burjuvazinin kurumsalla艧t谋rd谋臒谋 yap谋n谋n i莽erisinden bir de proleterya 莽谋kt谋. 脟谋kmakla da kalmad谋, hem burjuvazinin yaratt谋臒谋 kurumlar谋n hem de art谋k iyiden burjuvazinin y枚netimine girdi臒ini d眉艧眉nd眉臒眉 devletin y枚netimine de talip oldu.
Ba艧ta yenilik莽i olan谋n sonras谋nda geleneksel olmas谋 ve sonraki yenilik莽iyle 莽at谋艧mas谋, insanl谋k tarihinin geli艧me prati臒inin bir 枚zeti asl谋nda. 脟at谋艧ma bir 枚nceki dengeyi y谋k谋p yeni bir d眉zlemde yeniden dengeyi bulana kadar s眉r眉yor ama o yeni denge de, yeni bir 莽at谋艧man谋n ba艧lama noktas谋 sadece.
Burjuvazi ile proleteryan谋n 莽at谋艧mas谋n谋n 20. yy.'谋n ba艧谋nda vard谋臒谋 nokta, ilkinin Bat谋 Avrupa ile Amerika'da, ikincinin Do臒u Avrupa ve Asya'da kendi y枚netim modellerini devletle艧tirmeleri oldu. Birbirini askeri olarak ezemeyen ama birbirlerinin kontrol alanlar谋nda fikr卯 varl谋klar谋n谋 da s眉rd眉rebilen iki rakip g眉莽 haline gelmeleri ise so臒uk sava艧 d枚nemini olu艧turdu.
Askeri sava艧谋n yerini propaganda sava艧lar谋n谋n ald谋臒谋 bu d枚nemin, bu yaz谋ya k谋smen konu olan kar艧谋l谋kl谋 savlar谋 枚zetle 艧枚yleydi; bat谋 do臒u'yu, planl谋 ekonomiyle piyasa dinamizmini bast谋rmak ve dolay谋s谋yla toplumun geli艧mesinin 枚n眉ne ge莽mekle; do臒u bat谋'y谋, piyasan谋n k芒r h谋rs谋n谋 dizginlememek ve refah谋n谋 莽al谋艧anlar谋n ve ba艧ka 眉lkelerin insanlar谋n谋n ezilmesi pahas谋na s眉rd眉rmekle su莽lad谋.
Bat谋'n谋n entelekt眉ellerinin buna verdi臒i yan谋tsa, refah devletinin ekonomik alt yap谋s谋n谋n hisseleri halka a莽谋k 艧irketler oldu臒uydu. Bu sayede k芒r topluma geri d枚nebiliyor ve de piyasa dinamizmi de devam edebiliyordu.
Nick Robins'in "D眉nyay谋 De臒i艧tiren 艦irket, Do臒u Hindistan Kumpanyas谋'n谋n Modern 脟okuluslulu臒u 艦ekillendirmesi" kitab谋, bir yandan piyasa dinamizminin geli艧mede nelere kadir oldu臒unu ama 枚te yandan dizginsiz ve etik s谋n谋rlar谋 莽izilmemi艧 k芒r h谋rs谋n谋n da nelere sebep olabilece臒ini, bir yandan g眉n眉m眉zde Londra'n谋n "unutmaya 莽al谋艧t谋臒谋" Kumpanya tarihinden, di臒er yandan da arada ge莽i艧ler yapt谋臒谋 g眉n眉m眉z 艧irketlerinden 枚rneklerle aktar谋yor -ve bu haliyle Londra tarihsel arka planda "unutmaya" 莽al谋艧sa da modern 艧irketlerin "unutmam谋艧" olabileceklerini kula臒谋m谋za seslendiriyor.
Bir anlamda Robins (niyeti bu olmamas谋na ra臒men) Do臒u'nun ele艧tirilerinde hakl谋 olmu艧 olabilece臒ini, geni艧 tabanl谋 sermaye yap谋s谋na sahip 艧irketlerin da臒谋tt谋臒谋 k芒r, temett眉, hisse de臒erlerinde ki k芒rla orant谋l谋 y眉kseli艧lerden faydalanan insanlar谋n, sahip olduklar谋 refah seviyesi devam etti臒i s眉rece kendilerinden uzakta ya艧anan olumsuzluklar谋... pek de dert etmediklerini ortaya koyuyor.
陌ki y眉zy谋l 枚ncesine k谋yasla bilginin dola艧谋m h谋z谋 bug眉n muazzam artm谋艧 durumda. O zamanlar Londra'daki hissedarlar, k芒r h谋rs谋yla hareket eden Kumpanya'n谋n k谋tl谋k zaman谋nda Bengal'deki tah谋l 眉r眉nlerini stoklay谋p birka莽 misli fiyatla satt谋臒谋n谋 ve bu y眉zden tahminen iki milyon ki艧inin a莽l谋ktan 枚lmesine yol a莽t谋臒谋n谋 ancak birka莽 ay sonra 枚臒renebilmi艧lerdi ve pek di艧e dokunur bir tepki de vermemi艧lerdi. Bug眉nse d眉nyan谋n herhangi bir yerinden haber almak saniyeler i莽erisinde m眉mk眉n ama toplumlar谋n sava艧lardan ka莽an m眉ltecilere bak谋艧谋n谋 d眉艧眉n眉rsek, insan do臒as谋nda pek bir de臒i艧iklik oldu臒unu hen眉z s枚yleyemeyiz herhalde.
陌nsan, bunlar谋 "birlikte" daha kolay yapabilece臒ini fark etti臒inden beri (ki muhtemelen en ba艧tan beri), 枚nce topluluklar, geli艧meye paralel hem topluluklar b眉y眉y眉p hem de ili艧kiler 莽e艧itlendik莽e de topluluk i莽i -ama ayr谋ca- kurumlar olu艧turmu艧.
Y枚netim i艧leri i莽in "devlet", savunma -ya da zorla alma- i莽in "ordu", ticareti ke艧fedince de "艧irket"... Hepsi topluluk i莽inde olu艧mu艧 kurumlar. Ortak 枚zellikleri, birbiriyle kolay ili艧ki kurulabilir ge莽i艧kenli co臒rafya par莽alar谋nda gev艧ek莽e ya艧ayan topluluklar i莽erisinde, ama莽 odakl谋 donan谋ma sahip daha s谋k谋 枚rg眉tlenmeler olmas谋.
Sanayi geli艧ip de sahip olduklar谋 "antik asil kandan" dolay谋 y枚netme hakk谋na sahip oldu臒unu savunan soylulara rakip burjuva s谋n谋f ortaya 莽谋k谋p da serpildik莽e, burjuvazinin kurumsalla艧t谋rd谋臒谋 yap谋n谋n i莽erisinden bir de proleterya 莽谋kt谋. 脟谋kmakla da kalmad谋, hem burjuvazinin yaratt谋臒谋 kurumlar谋n hem de art谋k iyiden burjuvazinin y枚netimine girdi臒ini d眉艧眉nd眉臒眉 devletin y枚netimine de talip oldu.
Ba艧ta yenilik莽i olan谋n sonras谋nda geleneksel olmas谋 ve sonraki yenilik莽iyle 莽at谋艧mas谋, insanl谋k tarihinin geli艧me prati臒inin bir 枚zeti asl谋nda. 脟at谋艧ma bir 枚nceki dengeyi y谋k谋p yeni bir d眉zlemde yeniden dengeyi bulana kadar s眉r眉yor ama o yeni denge de, yeni bir 莽at谋艧man谋n ba艧lama noktas谋 sadece.
Burjuvazi ile proleteryan谋n 莽at谋艧mas谋n谋n 20. yy.'谋n ba艧谋nda vard谋臒谋 nokta, ilkinin Bat谋 Avrupa ile Amerika'da, ikincinin Do臒u Avrupa ve Asya'da kendi y枚netim modellerini devletle艧tirmeleri oldu. Birbirini askeri olarak ezemeyen ama birbirlerinin kontrol alanlar谋nda fikr卯 varl谋klar谋n谋 da s眉rd眉rebilen iki rakip g眉莽 haline gelmeleri ise so臒uk sava艧 d枚nemini olu艧turdu.
Askeri sava艧谋n yerini propaganda sava艧lar谋n谋n ald谋臒谋 bu d枚nemin, bu yaz谋ya k谋smen konu olan kar艧谋l谋kl谋 savlar谋 枚zetle 艧枚yleydi; bat谋 do臒u'yu, planl谋 ekonomiyle piyasa dinamizmini bast谋rmak ve dolay谋s谋yla toplumun geli艧mesinin 枚n眉ne ge莽mekle; do臒u bat谋'y谋, piyasan谋n k芒r h谋rs谋n谋 dizginlememek ve refah谋n谋 莽al谋艧anlar谋n ve ba艧ka 眉lkelerin insanlar谋n谋n ezilmesi pahas谋na s眉rd眉rmekle su莽lad谋.
Bat谋'n谋n entelekt眉ellerinin buna verdi臒i yan谋tsa, refah devletinin ekonomik alt yap谋s谋n谋n hisseleri halka a莽谋k 艧irketler oldu臒uydu. Bu sayede k芒r topluma geri d枚nebiliyor ve de piyasa dinamizmi de devam edebiliyordu.
Nick Robins'in "D眉nyay谋 De臒i艧tiren 艦irket, Do臒u Hindistan Kumpanyas谋'n谋n Modern 脟okuluslulu臒u 艦ekillendirmesi" kitab谋, bir yandan piyasa dinamizminin geli艧mede nelere kadir oldu臒unu ama 枚te yandan dizginsiz ve etik s谋n谋rlar谋 莽izilmemi艧 k芒r h谋rs谋n谋n da nelere sebep olabilece臒ini, bir yandan g眉n眉m眉zde Londra'n谋n "unutmaya 莽al谋艧t谋臒谋" Kumpanya tarihinden, di臒er yandan da arada ge莽i艧ler yapt谋臒谋 g眉n眉m眉z 艧irketlerinden 枚rneklerle aktar谋yor -ve bu haliyle Londra tarihsel arka planda "unutmaya" 莽al谋艧sa da modern 艧irketlerin "unutmam谋艧" olabileceklerini kula臒谋m谋za seslendiriyor.
Bir anlamda Robins (niyeti bu olmamas谋na ra臒men) Do臒u'nun ele艧tirilerinde hakl谋 olmu艧 olabilece臒ini, geni艧 tabanl谋 sermaye yap谋s谋na sahip 艧irketlerin da臒谋tt谋臒谋 k芒r, temett眉, hisse de臒erlerinde ki k芒rla orant谋l谋 y眉kseli艧lerden faydalanan insanlar谋n, sahip olduklar谋 refah seviyesi devam etti臒i s眉rece kendilerinden uzakta ya艧anan olumsuzluklar谋... pek de dert etmediklerini ortaya koyuyor.
陌ki y眉zy谋l 枚ncesine k谋yasla bilginin dola艧谋m h谋z谋 bug眉n muazzam artm谋艧 durumda. O zamanlar Londra'daki hissedarlar, k芒r h谋rs谋yla hareket eden Kumpanya'n谋n k谋tl谋k zaman谋nda Bengal'deki tah谋l 眉r眉nlerini stoklay谋p birka莽 misli fiyatla satt谋臒谋n谋 ve bu y眉zden tahminen iki milyon ki艧inin a莽l谋ktan 枚lmesine yol a莽t谋臒谋n谋 ancak birka莽 ay sonra 枚臒renebilmi艧lerdi ve pek di艧e dokunur bir tepki de vermemi艧lerdi. Bug眉nse d眉nyan谋n herhangi bir yerinden haber almak saniyeler i莽erisinde m眉mk眉n ama toplumlar谋n sava艧lardan ka莽an m眉ltecilere bak谋艧谋n谋 d眉艧眉n眉rsek, insan do臒as谋nda pek bir de臒i艧iklik oldu臒unu hen眉z s枚yleyemeyiz herhalde.
January 12, 2019
Excellent - but wouldn鈥檛 recommend for the uninitiated on the East India Company and the history of the period.
December 27, 2020
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丕賱睾乇賷亘 兀賳 賱丕 兀丨丿 賷丿賮毓 丕賱孬賲賳 賵兀賳 兀丨丿 乇丐爻丕亍 賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲丕夭丕賱 鬲賲孬丕賱賴 賲鬲乇亘毓丕 賮賷 賱賷賳丿賴賵賱 賮賷 賱賳丿賳 賵賱賲 賷丿賮毓 兀丨丿 丕賱孬賲賳 賯胤 !
賱賯丿 賰賳鬲 兀丿乇爻 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘睾乇囟 賲毓乇賮丞 丨丕賱丞 丕賱賱丕賵毓賷 丕賱鬲賷 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 夭賷丕丿丞 賯丕亘賱賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賰賷 丕賰鬲卮賮 兀賳 丕賱兀賲乇 兀賰亘乇貙 丕賱兀賲乇 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賰賱 賲丕賮毓賱賴 賴賵 丕賱鬲丨賵賱 賱氐賵乇 丌禺乇賶 亘氐賵乇丞 亘賵乇鬲賷乇賷賴丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賰丕賱毓丕賴乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲噩賲賱 賰賱 賲乇丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 爻乇賯丞 兀賲賵丕賱 丕賱夭亘丕卅賳 !
賱賯丿 賳卮卅鬲 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱匕賷 丕賳胤賱賯鬲 賮賷賴 丕賱賳馗乇賷鬲賷賳 丕賱丨丕賰賲鬲賷賳 賱賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賴丕噩賲賴丕 兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賳馗乇賷鬲賷賳貙 賮兀丿賲 爻賲賷孬 氐丕丨亘 丕賱賷丿 丕賱禺賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻鬲囟亘胤 丕賱爻賵賯 賲賳 丨丕賱丞 爻賷賵賱鬲賴 賵噩丿 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賵噩賴 丕賱爻賷亍 賱賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱爻賵賯 丕賱丨乇 賵丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 丕賱爻賵賯賷丞貙 賵賰丕乇賱 賲丕乇賰爻 賮賷 賲噩賱丿賴 丕賱兀賵賱 乇兀爻 丕賱賲丕賱 丕毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱胤亘賯賷 丕賱匕賷 兀氐亘睾 賰賱 卮賷亍 賯丕卅賱丕: 賰丕賳 丕賱賳亘賱丕亍 賷乇賷丿賵賳 睾夭賵 丕賱賴賳丿貙 賵丕賱兀孬乇賷丕亍 賳賴亘賴丕貙 賵兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賲氐丕賳毓 亘賷毓賴丕 亘爻毓乇 亘禺爻!
賵丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 兀賳 賲賵賯毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賳賴 賷賵囟丨 丨賱賯丞 賮賷 爻賱爻賱丞 賰賷賮 丨胤賲 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賰賷賮 爻賷胤乇 毓賱賶 賲賯丿乇丕鬲 丕賱卮毓賵亘 賵賳賴亘 孬乇賵丕鬲賴丕 賱賰賷 賷氐賳毓 賲丕丿賷鬲賴 丕賱丨賲賯丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 賷爻賷乇 亘賴丕 毓賱賶 兀噩爻丕丿 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱囟毓賷賮丞 ..
賰賱 賮氐賱 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 兀賳 噩匕賵乇 鬲賱賰 丕賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賵賱賷丿丞 丕賱賷賵賲貙 賮賯胤 丕賱氐賵乇丞 鬲噩賲賱鬲貙 賮丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 丕賱鬲賷 噩丕毓鬲 丨鬲賶 丕賱賲賵鬲 賲賳 兀噩賱 鬲賰丿賷爻 丕賱孬乇賵丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱亘賳賵賰 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 賱丕 賷賵噩丿 賮乇賯 亘賷賳賴丕 賵亘賷賳 爻賵乇賷丕 丕賱賲賳賰賵亘丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 爻賵賯 亘賷毓 丕賱爻賱丕丨 賵丕賱氐乇丕毓 丕賱噩賷賵亘賵賱賷鬲賷賰 亘賷賳 丕賱毓乇賵卮 丕賱賲賴鬲夭丞...
丕賱睾乇賷亘 兀賳 賱丕 兀丨丿 賷丿賮毓 丕賱孬賲賳 賵兀賳 兀丨丿 乇丐爻丕亍 賴匕賴 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賲丕夭丕賱 鬲賲孬丕賱賴 賲鬲乇亘毓丕 賮賷 賱賷賳丿賴賵賱 賮賷 賱賳丿賳 賵賱賲 賷丿賮毓 兀丨丿 丕賱孬賲賳 賯胤 !
賱賯丿 賰賳鬲 兀丿乇爻 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘睾乇囟 賲毓乇賮丞 丨丕賱丞 丕賱賱丕賵毓賷 丕賱鬲賷 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 夭賷丕丿丞 賯丕亘賱賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賰賷 丕賰鬲卮賮 兀賳 丕賱兀賲乇 兀賰亘乇貙 丕賱兀賲乇 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賰賱 賲丕賮毓賱賴 賴賵 丕賱鬲丨賵賱 賱氐賵乇 丌禺乇賶 亘氐賵乇丞 亘賵乇鬲賷乇賷賴丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賰丕賱毓丕賴乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲噩賲賱 賰賱 賲乇丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 爻乇賯丞 兀賲賵丕賱 丕賱夭亘丕卅賳 !
June 3, 2015
My first book-length history of the East India Company. Since my only previous information of this period of Indian history came from school history books, I have literally nothing to compare this with.
A fascinating story, badly told. The book is often repetitive and pays scant attention to chronology or narrative structure. Feels more like an info dump with little editing. On the positive side, I like the fact that the book does not let you forget that the EIC was a commercial enterprise and strives to never let you lose sight of the absurdity of its role as administrator to countries and arbiter of the lives of millions.
Moving on to 'The Honourable Company' by John Keay. The first few pages already feel refreshingly well written in comparison to 'The Corporation that Changed the World'.
A fascinating story, badly told. The book is often repetitive and pays scant attention to chronology or narrative structure. Feels more like an info dump with little editing. On the positive side, I like the fact that the book does not let you forget that the EIC was a commercial enterprise and strives to never let you lose sight of the absurdity of its role as administrator to countries and arbiter of the lives of millions.
Moving on to 'The Honourable Company' by John Keay. The first few pages already feel refreshingly well written in comparison to 'The Corporation that Changed the World'.
July 21, 2020
WOW! What an interesting read. After reading this I was lead to read Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Three hundred years of commercial and political corruption; social repression; piracy; financial misdeeds; war; murder; the list goes on. But it gives tremendous insight into how the world has organized itself around wealth acquisition.
January 12, 2021
Robins has taken a really interesting chapter of English history and made it a dry and mostly unreadable analysis of shareholder value, comparative stock prices and worse. I have an MBA and still found it boring as watching paint dry and did not finish the book. Disappointing.
October 2, 2021
賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲貙 賷丿賮毓賰 賱廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷丿丕乇 亘賴丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵睾丕賱亘丕賸 爻鬲丿乇賰 兀賳 丕賱賲丨乇賰 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷 賱賱丿賵賱 賱賷爻 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 兀賵 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 亘賲賮賴賵賲賴 丕賱毓丕賲貙 賵廿賳賲丕 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘賲賱丕賰 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 丕賱賰亘乇賶 兀賵 丕賱賲爻丕賴賲賷賳 丕賱賰亘丕乇 賮賷賴丕.
September 4, 2014
Amazing read! An as an Indian, you feel this intense rage....
September 10, 2022
卮卅 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賱卮毓賵亘 卮乇賯 丌爻賷丕 賵賰賷賮 賷爻鬲丨賰賲 丕賱噩卮毓 丕賱賲丕賱賷. 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賲賯丕亘賱 廿亘丕丿丞 卮毓賵亘 亘兀賰賲賱賴丕
May 15, 2020
....賱丕 鬲噩丕乇丞 亘丿賵賳 丨乇亘 賵賱丕 丨乇亘 亘丿賵賳 鬲噩丕乇丞 .... 賴匕賴 賮賰乇丞 賱兀賷 夭賲丕賳 賵賲賰丕賳
賲丕 賱賲 兀爻鬲氐睾賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓丿賲 鬲乇鬲賷亘 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲賲丕 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 丕賱賲孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲賰乇丕乇 丕賱賲賲賱
賲丕 賱賲 兀爻鬲氐睾賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓丿賲 鬲乇鬲賷亘 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲賲丕 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 丕賱賲孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲賰乇丕乇 丕賱賲賲賱
January 26, 2021
This book by Nick Robins could have been a classic. However, the author lets slip of the opportunity. The timing was also a crucial factor as the book released just before the crisis in 2006. If the book was written around the crisis time. am sure the author would have got a much better perspective and publicity. After all, the recent crisis has shown us the evil side of many a corporation, which the book also discusses on East India Company.
This book offers a fascinating account of the forerunner of the modern multinational: the British East India Company (1600-1874). Nick Robins shows how the East India Company pioneered the model of the corporation that we see today. Its innovations included the shareholder model of ownership, and the administrative framework of the modern firm. Global in reach, it achieved market dominance in Asia, trailblazing the British Empire in the East. In the process, the company shocked its age with the scale of its executive malpractice, stock market excess, and human rights abuse.
Offering a popular history of one of the world鈥檚 most famous companies, Nick Robins shows what it teaches us about corporations today. Ultimately, the East India Company succumbed to popular protest and outright rebellion, first in the Boston Tea Party and then in the Indian Mutiny. For Robins, the Company鈥檚 legacy shows how essential it is to break-up today鈥檚 over-mighty corporations, introduce new legal duties on corporate executives and establish effective mechanisms to hold companies to account wherever they operate
East India Company remains a topic for continued interest for most people, especially in India. India lost much of its glorious past due to this privately held company. There are many books that have gone onto document how the company marshaled by a few highly ambitious people turned a trading company into an imperialist superpower. The book has a really interesting account of how EIC went about its business and the way it manipulated politics on its rise to the top. The players which shaped EIC to the top and the critics who tried to pull it down.
This book takes a backseat and says EIC was just like a modern multinational of today鈥檚 times. EIC was very clear in its objective 鈥� make money for the shareholders (we give undue credit to Milton Friedman for this). This is the same passion shared by most multinationals as well. In this grand pursuit of profits, EIC committed some equally grand crimes as well.
There was huge criticism regarding EIC鈥檚 actions and by none other than Adam Smith. The author says this aspect of Adam Smith is skipped by most experts. Large corporations are considered as part and parcel of the Invisible hand and free markets world. Smith clearly disagreed and was shocked to see the conduct of EIC. He is a later edition of his Wealth of Nations tome wrote a critique of large corporations keeping EIC in mind.
Where the book misses out is to draw comparisons with modern multinationals in a more detailed manner. There is some discussion in the beginning but misses it in the middle and the end. A more nuanced discussion could have made the book a must-read classic.
Nevertheless, an interesting account. And it is a short one too (just about 190 pages).
This book offers a fascinating account of the forerunner of the modern multinational: the British East India Company (1600-1874). Nick Robins shows how the East India Company pioneered the model of the corporation that we see today. Its innovations included the shareholder model of ownership, and the administrative framework of the modern firm. Global in reach, it achieved market dominance in Asia, trailblazing the British Empire in the East. In the process, the company shocked its age with the scale of its executive malpractice, stock market excess, and human rights abuse.
Offering a popular history of one of the world鈥檚 most famous companies, Nick Robins shows what it teaches us about corporations today. Ultimately, the East India Company succumbed to popular protest and outright rebellion, first in the Boston Tea Party and then in the Indian Mutiny. For Robins, the Company鈥檚 legacy shows how essential it is to break-up today鈥檚 over-mighty corporations, introduce new legal duties on corporate executives and establish effective mechanisms to hold companies to account wherever they operate
East India Company remains a topic for continued interest for most people, especially in India. India lost much of its glorious past due to this privately held company. There are many books that have gone onto document how the company marshaled by a few highly ambitious people turned a trading company into an imperialist superpower. The book has a really interesting account of how EIC went about its business and the way it manipulated politics on its rise to the top. The players which shaped EIC to the top and the critics who tried to pull it down.
This book takes a backseat and says EIC was just like a modern multinational of today鈥檚 times. EIC was very clear in its objective 鈥� make money for the shareholders (we give undue credit to Milton Friedman for this). This is the same passion shared by most multinationals as well. In this grand pursuit of profits, EIC committed some equally grand crimes as well.
There was huge criticism regarding EIC鈥檚 actions and by none other than Adam Smith. The author says this aspect of Adam Smith is skipped by most experts. Large corporations are considered as part and parcel of the Invisible hand and free markets world. Smith clearly disagreed and was shocked to see the conduct of EIC. He is a later edition of his Wealth of Nations tome wrote a critique of large corporations keeping EIC in mind.
Where the book misses out is to draw comparisons with modern multinationals in a more detailed manner. There is some discussion in the beginning but misses it in the middle and the end. A more nuanced discussion could have made the book a must-read classic.
Nevertheless, an interesting account. And it is a short one too (just about 190 pages).
July 1, 2023
賮賷 9 賮氐賵賱 賷賯丿賲 丕賱噩賷賵賱賵噩賷 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賳賷賰 乇賵亘賳夭 丿乇丕爻丞 丨賵賱 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵丿賵乇賴丕 賮賷 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 丕賱賴賳丿 賵鬲丿賲賷乇 丕賱氐賷賳 賵賳賴亘 賵鬲禺乇賷亘 丕賱亘氐乇丞 (賮賷 賵賯鬲 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丕氐賯丕毓 賮賷賴 鬲亘丕毓 賵鬲卮鬲乇賶 賲孬賱 丕賱爻賱毓)
乇兀賷 卮禺氐賷: ( 賷亘賷賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱賲馗賱賲 賱賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賵丿賵乇賴丕 丕賱賯匕乇 禺賱丕賱 爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賵賳賴亘賴丕 賱禺賷乇丕鬲 丕賱卮毓賵亘 賵爻賵賮 賷鬲囟丨 賱賰 賰賷賮 賱毓亘鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 噩賳亘丕 丕賱賶 噩賳亘 賲毓 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賱毓亘丞 賴賷 丕亘毓丿 賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 毓賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵賷賯賵賱 賳丕 丕乇鬲賮丕賴 - 噩賷卮 丕賱卮乇賰丞- 賲賳 18 丕賱賮 丕賱賶 158 丕賱賮 賲賵馗賮 賷賯賵賲賵賳 亘賰賱 賲丕 賮賷 賵爻毓賴賲 賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賳賮賵匕 丕賵 賯鬲賱 胤賲賵丨 賱丿賶 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賵 賳賴亘 禺賷乇丕鬲 賱兀乇囟 賲丕 賵賴匕丕 賷賳噩賱賷 賮賷 丕賳賴丕 兀氐亘丨鬲 丕賱爻亘賷賱 丕賱賵丨賷丿 賱賳賴亘 禺賷乇丕鬲 丕賱賴賳丿.. 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 ,, 賵兀賯賵賱 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賲乇 鬲賰乇乇 兀賷囟丕 賮賷 2003 毓賳丿賲丕 睾夭鬲 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 丕賱毓乇丕賯 匕丕賰 丕賱睾夭賵 丕賱賲睾賵賱賷 丕賱亘乇亘乇賷 丕賱賴賲噩賷 丕賱匕賷 噩毓賱 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賷睾胤 賮賷 丕夭賲丞 賱賲 賷禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 丨鬲賶 丕賱丕賳 賵丕賱賰孬賷乇賷賳 賷毓鬲賯丿賵賳 丕賳賴 賷丨鬲丕噩 賱毓賯賵丿 賱賷禺乇噩 賲賳 丕夭賲鬲賴 賵賷賳鬲賮毓 賲賳 賳賮胤賴 賵禺賷乇丕鬲賴貙 賵賲丕 爻賵賮 鬲賯乇兀賴 賴賳丕 賱賷爻 亘亘毓賷丿貙 賱賰賳賴 賮賷 兀賲丕賰賳 賲鬲賮乇賯丞 貙 賵賱毓賱 丕賱賲噩乇賲 乇賵亘鬲 賰賱丕賷賮 丕賱匕賷 丕毓鬲氐乇 亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賱賷禺乇噩 賲丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 38 賲賱賷賵賳 噩賳賷丞 廿爻鬲乇賱賷賳賷 毓丕賲 1758 丕賱賶 1780 鬲賵賮賷 賴賵 賯亘賱 匕賱賰 賵賱賰賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯乇賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲爻鬲賲乇丞 賮賷 賳賴亘 丕賱賴賳丿 賵亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲鬲賵丨卮丞 賱鬲睾匕賷丞 丕賱禺夭賷賳丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賮賷 (丨乇亘 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱爻亘毓) 賰鬲丕亘 賲乇毓亘 賷賵囟丨 噩丕賳亘 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱賲 賷鬲胤乇賯 丕賱賷賴 丕賱丕 丕賱賯賱賷賱 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賵囟丨 賲丕 賳乇賷丿 丕賳 賳毓乇賮賴 賵賲丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷毓胤賷賳丕 賰賯乇丕 氐賵乇丞 亘丕賳賵乇丕賲賷丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 賴賳丕賰 禺賱丕賱 賮鬲乇丞 賲馗賱賲丞 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賴賳丿 賰賲丕 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷鬲賲 丕睾賮丕賱 丕賳賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 1695賲 鬲賲 丕噩乇丕亍 鬲丨賯賷賯 賲賳 賯亘賱 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷 賮賷 賮爻丕丿 丕賱卮乇賰丞).
賯乇丕亍丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 賵賲丐賱賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 賳賮爻賴 鬲亘丿兀 賲賳 賲賷賳丕亍 賰乇賵爻亘賷 ( 賱丕 鬲亘丨孬 賮賷 噩賵噩賱 毓賳賴 丕丨鬲乇賯 賮賷 丨乇賷賯 賱賳丿賳 1666賲) 賵丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘賲丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷鬲賲 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 賲賳 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賱丕亘毓丿 賲丿賶.
乇兀賷 卮禺氐賷: ( 賷亘賷賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱賲馗賱賲 賱賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賵丿賵乇賴丕 丕賱賯匕乇 禺賱丕賱 爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 賵賳賴亘賴丕 賱禺賷乇丕鬲 丕賱卮毓賵亘 賵爻賵賮 賷鬲囟丨 賱賰 賰賷賮 賱毓亘鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 噩賳亘丕 丕賱賶 噩賳亘 賲毓 丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 賱毓亘丞 賴賷 丕亘毓丿 賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 毓賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵賷賯賵賱 賳丕 丕乇鬲賮丕賴 - 噩賷卮 丕賱卮乇賰丞- 賲賳 18 丕賱賮 丕賱賶 158 丕賱賮 賲賵馗賮 賷賯賵賲賵賳 亘賰賱 賲丕 賮賷 賵爻毓賴賲 賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賳賮賵匕 丕賵 賯鬲賱 胤賲賵丨 賱丿賶 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賵 賳賴亘 禺賷乇丕鬲 賱兀乇囟 賲丕 賵賴匕丕 賷賳噩賱賷 賮賷 丕賳賴丕 兀氐亘丨鬲 丕賱爻亘賷賱 丕賱賵丨賷丿 賱賳賴亘 禺賷乇丕鬲 丕賱賴賳丿.. 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 ,, 賵兀賯賵賱 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賲乇 鬲賰乇乇 兀賷囟丕 賮賷 2003 毓賳丿賲丕 睾夭鬲 兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 丕賱毓乇丕賯 匕丕賰 丕賱睾夭賵 丕賱賲睾賵賱賷 丕賱亘乇亘乇賷 丕賱賴賲噩賷 丕賱匕賷 噩毓賱 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賷睾胤 賮賷 丕夭賲丞 賱賲 賷禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 丨鬲賶 丕賱丕賳 賵丕賱賰孬賷乇賷賳 賷毓鬲賯丿賵賳 丕賳賴 賷丨鬲丕噩 賱毓賯賵丿 賱賷禺乇噩 賲賳 丕夭賲鬲賴 賵賷賳鬲賮毓 賲賳 賳賮胤賴 賵禺賷乇丕鬲賴貙 賵賲丕 爻賵賮 鬲賯乇兀賴 賴賳丕 賱賷爻 亘亘毓賷丿貙 賱賰賳賴 賮賷 兀賲丕賰賳 賲鬲賮乇賯丞 貙 賵賱毓賱 丕賱賲噩乇賲 乇賵亘鬲 賰賱丕賷賮 丕賱匕賷 丕毓鬲氐乇 亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 賱賷禺乇噩 賲丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 38 賲賱賷賵賳 噩賳賷丞 廿爻鬲乇賱賷賳賷 毓丕賲 1758 丕賱賶 1780 鬲賵賮賷 賴賵 賯亘賱 匕賱賰 賵賱賰賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯乇賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲爻鬲賲乇丞 賮賷 賳賴亘 丕賱賴賳丿 賵亘賱丕丿 丕賱亘賳睾丕賱 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲鬲賵丨卮丞 賱鬲睾匕賷丞 丕賱禺夭賷賳丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賮賷 (丨乇亘 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱爻亘毓) 賰鬲丕亘 賲乇毓亘 賷賵囟丨 噩丕賳亘 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱賲 賷鬲胤乇賯 丕賱賷賴 丕賱丕 丕賱賯賱賷賱 賵賱賰賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賵囟丨 賲丕 賳乇賷丿 丕賳 賳毓乇賮賴 賵賲丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷毓胤賷賳丕 賰賯乇丕 氐賵乇丞 亘丕賳賵乇丕賲賷丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 賴賳丕賰 禺賱丕賱 賮鬲乇丞 賲馗賱賲丞 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賴賳丿 賰賲丕 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷鬲賲 丕睾賮丕賱 丕賳賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 1695賲 鬲賲 丕噩乇丕亍 鬲丨賯賷賯 賲賳 賯亘賱 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷 賮賷 賮爻丕丿 丕賱卮乇賰丞).
賯乇丕亍丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 賵賲丐賱賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 賳賮爻賴 鬲亘丿兀 賲賳 賲賷賳丕亍 賰乇賵爻亘賷 ( 賱丕 鬲亘丨孬 賮賷 噩賵噩賱 毓賳賴 丕丨鬲乇賯 賮賷 丨乇賷賯 賱賳丿賳 1666賲) 賵丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇賷 亘賲丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賷鬲賲 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 賲賳 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 賱丕亘毓丿 賲丿賶.
December 1, 2022
A good book, providing a business-centric history of the East India Company. The author, British Maritime Historian Nick Robins, explains the rise, fall, and legacy of the world鈥檚 first major corporation. Robins presents the East India Company鈥檚 history in a series of stages, from it鈥檚 beginning as one of many chartered joint stock company, to its 18th century dominance in the mercantilist economies, and finally its steady demise as it became the British government鈥檚 agent of expansion in India. Rather than a history of British colonization of India, the book maintains its business outlook, analyzing the Company鈥檚 governance, investments, and functions as a multinational trading firm. The Company鈥檚 advancement of commercial practices and maritime technology are discussed. But most of the work talks to the increasingly nefarious practices the Company undertook to maintain the profits necessary for its monopoly status. Robins does a good job explaining the voices of dissent against the Company鈥檚 opium trade and territorial acquisitions. His presentation of Adam Smith as an anti-corporate economist was especially interesting. A great book for anyone looking to better understand the dynamics of multinational corporations. Highly recommended for those interested in historic commercial enterprise.
June 6, 2020
This was a very thorough history of the British East India Company (EIC) and its influences around the world. It did feel a little bit disorganized in some parts of the book because things are not always presented in a chronological order, or in some easy to follow narrative, but I think part of the reason is due to the complexities of EIC鈥檚 history and the vastness of the research that the author has done on this topic. The book does a phenomenal job in giving you a sense of the injustices and the atrocities that were done at the hands of the company in India and China.
I also enjoyed the tidbits of narrative that the author throws in every now and then about how things in the present day resembles something that was done during EIC鈥檚 time. However, these are few and far between. So you may be disappointed if you read the title and expected more of how the EIC shaped the modern corporations.
While the book is definitely not the one I would recommend for a leisurely summer reading list, it is definitely a must read for anyone who is interested in general history or who is interested in learning about how the fate of modern western and eastern societies were shaped through commerce in the 17th and 18th century.
June 4, 2023
"廿賳 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 賱丕 鬲氐丨丨 兀禺胤丕亍賴丕 亘賳賮爻賴丕貙 賵賴賵 丕賱兀賲乇 丕賱匕賷 賱丕丨馗賴 "廿丿賲賵賳丿 亘賷乇賰" 亘氐賮丞 賲亘丕卮乇丞. 賮賱丕 賷賵噩丿 賮賷 賴賷賰賱賴丕 賲丕 賷丿毓賵 廿賱賶 賵賯賮 鈥徹з勜操娯ж� 賮賷 鬲賵爻毓 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯貙 兀賵 賷亘鬲毓丿 毓賳 丕賱鬲丿禺賱丕鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲賱丕毓亘 亘丕賱兀爻賵丕賯 賱賲氐賱丨丞 鬲賱賰 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲. 賵賱匕賱賰 賮廿賳 賴賳丕賰 丨丕噩丞 賲賱丨丞 鈥徺勝堌堌� 丌賱賷丕鬲 禺丕乇噩賷丞 賱賲丨丕爻亘丞 丕賱卮乇賰丕鬲 毓賱賶 爻賵亍 鬲氐乇賮賴丕... 賵賱賰賳 毓賳丿賲丕 賰購卮賮 丕賱賱孬丕賲 毓賳 賳馗丕賲 丕賱乇卮丕賵賷 賵丕爻毓 丕賱賳胤丕賯 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丿賷乇賴 鈥徹з勜簇辟冐┴� 賵丨丕賵賱 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 鬲賵噩賷賴 丕賱丕鬲賴丕賲 亘丕賱鬲賯氐賷乇 賵丕賱禺賷丕賳丞 賱乇卅賷爻 賲噩賱爻 丕賱賲賱賰貙 賱賲 賷賰賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賱賰 爻賵賶 兀賳 丨賱 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳..鈥�"
賴賰匕丕 賴賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賲賳匕 毓氐乇 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丨鬲賶 丕賱賷賵賲貙 廿賳 賰丕賳 乇兀爻 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 爻毓賷丿丕貙 賮賱賷匕賴亘 亘丕賯賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 廿賱賶 丕賱噩丨賷賲.
賰鬲丕亘 賲丐爻賮貙 賷卮乇丨 亘丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱 賯氐丞 氐毓賵丿 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴丕 賱噩丕乇鬲賴丕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賵賱賳丿賷丞 孬賲 爻賷胤乇鬲賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯貙 賲乇賵乇丕 亘丨乇賵亘 丕賱卮丕賷 賵丕賱賲賳爻賵噩丕鬲 賵丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賵丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕賱亘丕卅爻丞 賱賲賯丕賵賲丞 賮爻丕丿 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 賵禺丕乇噩賴丕. 賵兀禺賷乇丕貙 丕賳賴賷丕乇 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賯鬲氐丕乇 丿賵乇賴丕 賱鬲賰賵賳 賲賲孬賱丞 賱賱廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿貙 賯亘賱 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 丕賱氐乇賷丨 賱賱賴賳丿.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰孬賷乇 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賵賷賯賮夭 亘賷賳 丕賱鬲賵丕乇賷禺 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賱卮乇丨 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱賲鬲乇丕亘胤丞 賮賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞貙 賲賲丕 賷孬賷乇 亘毓囟 丕賱丕乇鬲亘丕賰 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞.
鬲乇噩賲丞 噩賷丿丞 賷亘丿賵 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱賲亘匕賵賱貙 乇睾賲 亘毓囟 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍貙 廿賱賶 噩丕賳亘 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 丕賱賴丕賲卮賷丞 丕賱睾丕囟亘丞 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賲賳 爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲 賲爻丐賵賱賷 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 丕賱爻丕卅丿丞.
賴賰匕丕 賴賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賲賳匕 毓氐乇 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丨鬲賶 丕賱賷賵賲貙 廿賳 賰丕賳 乇兀爻 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 爻毓賷丿丕貙 賮賱賷匕賴亘 亘丕賯賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 廿賱賶 丕賱噩丨賷賲.
賰鬲丕亘 賲丐爻賮貙 賷卮乇丨 亘丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱 賯氐丞 氐毓賵丿 卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賳丿 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴丕 賱噩丕乇鬲賴丕 丕賱卮乇賰丞 丕賱賴賵賱賳丿賷丞 孬賲 爻賷胤乇鬲賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀爻賵丕賯貙 賲乇賵乇丕 亘丨乇賵亘 丕賱卮丕賷 賵丕賱賲賳爻賵噩丕鬲 賵丕賱兀賮賷賵賳 賵丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕賱亘丕卅爻丞 賱賲賯丕賵賲丞 賮爻丕丿 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 賵禺丕乇噩賴丕. 賵兀禺賷乇丕貙 丕賳賴賷丕乇 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賯鬲氐丕乇 丿賵乇賴丕 賱鬲賰賵賳 賲賲孬賱丞 賱賱廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿貙 賯亘賱 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 丕賱氐乇賷丨 賱賱賴賳丿.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰孬賷乇 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賵賷賯賮夭 亘賷賳 丕賱鬲賵丕乇賷禺 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賱卮乇丨 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱賲鬲乇丕亘胤丞 賮賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱卮乇賰丞貙 賲賲丕 賷孬賷乇 亘毓囟 丕賱丕乇鬲亘丕賰 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞.
鬲乇噩賲丞 噩賷丿丞 賷亘丿賵 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱賲亘匕賵賱貙 乇睾賲 亘毓囟 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍貙 廿賱賶 噩丕賳亘 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 丕賱賴丕賲卮賷丞 丕賱睾丕囟亘丞 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賲賳 爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲 賲爻丐賵賱賷 丕賱卮乇賰丞 賵丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 丕賱爻丕卅丿丞.
January 24, 2018
Historical non-fiction worth every moment spent reading it. A huge list of speeches and books have been added to my list as a by-product of reading this book. This book itself serves as a good summary of the whole thing.
The writing might have been a bit more coherent and the author should have chosen to move chronologically forward from 1600, tracing the company's history. Instead, Robins skips around here and there, often talking about signs of Indian nationalism in 1806 while talking about the EIC in 1850s but never having mentioned anything about it before. Owing to all this, the book is disorienting, but nothing a little more time spent can't remedy.
I have seen the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata before, but I look forward to returning there: informed of what really transpired, with a list of the atrocities that Clive committed, that Curzon chose to memorialize and Queen Victoria chose to stand silently by.
The writing might have been a bit more coherent and the author should have chosen to move chronologically forward from 1600, tracing the company's history. Instead, Robins skips around here and there, often talking about signs of Indian nationalism in 1806 while talking about the EIC in 1850s but never having mentioned anything about it before. Owing to all this, the book is disorienting, but nothing a little more time spent can't remedy.
I have seen the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata before, but I look forward to returning there: informed of what really transpired, with a list of the atrocities that Clive committed, that Curzon chose to memorialize and Queen Victoria chose to stand silently by.
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