欧宝娱乐

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鬲噩乇亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴

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鬲噩乇亘賴贁 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴貨 賴乇 丌賳鈥屭嗁� 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕爻鬲 丕夭 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 讴賴 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 鬲丕孬蹖乇丕鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 賴賳乇蹖 賵 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿乇 噩賵丕賲毓 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�.
丿乇 賮氐賱 丕賵賱 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇 乇賵賳丿 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 亘乇 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�. 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 賳賲賵賳賴贁 蹖讴 鬲賵爻毓賴鈥屭� 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賵爻毓賴 賵 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲貙 賲噩亘賵乇 丕爻鬲 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 亘蹖丕賮乇蹖賳丿.
丿乇 賮氐賱 丿賵賲 亘乇賲賳 亘丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲 讴賲賵賳蹖爻鬲 賲丕乇讴爻貙 亘賴 賵噩賴 禺賵丿賲禺乇亘 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 賵蹖 亘丕 賳賯賱 毓亘丕乇丕鬲蹖 丕夭 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲 讴賲賵賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賲丕乇讴爻 亘賴 鬲噩賱蹖賱 丕夭 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖 乇爻丕賱鬲 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賲賴賲蹖 丿乇 乇賵賳丿 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 亘卮乇蹖鬲 乇丕 丕蹖賮丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
丿乇 賮氐賱 爻賵賲 亘丕 卮毓乇賴丕蹖 卮丕毓乇 賮乇丕賳爻賵蹖貙 卮丕乇賱 亘賵丿賱乇 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬�. 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 卮毓乇賴丕蹖 賵蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕 賵 禺蹖丕亘丕賳鈥屬囏й� 賲丿乇賳.
賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲 亘賴 賳賵毓 禺丕氐蹖 丕夭 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 讴賴 亘乇賲賳 丌賳 乇丕 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 鬲賵爻毓賴鈥屬嗃屫з佖� 賳丕賲 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�. 丕蹖賳 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 丕夭 亘丕賱丕貙 亘丕 賳賲賵賳賴贁 亘丕乇夭 丌賳 蹖毓賳蹖 卮賴乇 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 賵 亘賱賵丕乇 賲毓乇賵賮 賳賵賵爻讴蹖 賵 賳賯卮 丌賳 丿賵 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 乇賵爻蹖賴 (倬賵卮讴蹖賳貙 賳蹖讴賵賱丕蹖 诏賵诏賵賱貙 亘蹖賱蹖貙 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賵爻讴蹖 賵 賲丕賳丿賱卮鬲丕賲) 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
丿乇 賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 亘賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇丕鬲 賲禺乇亘 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 亘乇 卮賴乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 賵 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 賲丨賱賴贁 亘乇賵賳讴爻 讴賴 賲丨賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿賵乇丕賳 讴賵丿讴蹖 禺賵丿 亘乇賲賳 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘж簇� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�.

443 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1982

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8,013 people want to read

About the author

Marshall Berman

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Marshall Berman (born 1940, The Bronx, New York City) is an American philosopher and Marxist Humanist writer. He is currently Distinguished Professor of Political Science at The City College of New York and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, teaching Political Philosophy and Urbanism.

An alumnus of Columbia University, Berman completed his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1968. He is on the editorial board of Dissent and a regular contributor to The Nation, The New York Times Book Review, Bennington Review, New Left Review, New Politics and the Village Voice Literary Supplement.

His major work is All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience Of Modernity. His most recent publication is the anthology, New York Calling: From Blackout To Bloomberg, for which he was co-editor, with Brian Berger, and also wrote the introductory essay. In Adventures in Marxism, Berman tells of how while a Columbia University student in 1959, the chance discovery of Karl Marx's Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 proved a revelation and inspiration, and became the foundation for all his future work. This personal tone pervades his work, linking historical trends with individual observations and inflections from the situation.


Bibliography

* The Politics of Authenticity: Radical Individualism and the Emergence of Modern Society (1970)

* All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (1982)

* Adventures in Marxism (1999)

* On the Town: One Hundred Years of Spectacle in Times Square (2006)

* New York Calling: From Blackout to Bloomberg (2007), edited by Marshall Berman and Brian Berger.

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All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity, Marshall Berman

All That Is Solid Melts into Air is an academic text written by Marshall Berman between 1971 and 1981, and published in New York City in 1982. The book examines social and economic modernization and its conflicting relationship with modernism.

鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 賲丕賴 賲丕乇爻 爻丕賱1999賲蹖賱丕丿蹖

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賮賴乇爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱: 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賲鬲乇噩賲貨 爻倬丕爻诏夭丕乇蹖貨 丿蹖亘丕趩賴貙 賲賯丿賲賴: 芦賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿蹖乇賵夭 丕賲乇賵夭 賮乇丿丕 丕夭 氐11 鬲丕 氐49禄貨 芦蹖讴 - 賮丕賵爻鬲賽 诏賵鬲賴: 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 鬲賵爻毓賴 賵 乇卮丿貨 丕夭 氐50 鬲丕 氐106禄貨 芦丿賵 - 賴乇 丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲蹖卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖乇賵丿: 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳貙 丕夭 氐131貙 鬲丕 氐178禄貨 芦爻賴 - 亘賵丿賱乇: 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 丕夭 氐191貙 鬲丕 氐244禄貨 芦趩賴丕乇 - 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏: 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賽 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖貨 丿賴賴 蹖1860賲 丕賳爻丕賳賽 噩丿蹖丿 丿乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳貨 賯乇賳賽 亘蹖爻鬲賲: 馗賴賵乇 賵 賲丨賵 賽 卮賴乇禄貨 芦倬賳噩 - 丿乇 噩賳诏賱 賽 賳賲丕丿賴丕: 賳讴丕鬲蹖 倬蹖乇丕賲賵賳賽 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴禄貨

丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 芦賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳禄 丿诏乇诏賵賳蹖賴丕蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 讴賴 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳賴丕 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 賵 鬲兀孬蹖乇 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 亘乇 賴賳乇貙 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賵 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 爻賵賯 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿貨 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 芦賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳禄 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 亘乇禺賵乇丿 胤亘賯丕鬲貙 鬲丕乇蹖禺賴丕 賵 賮乇賴賳诏賴丕 賲蹖倬乇丿丕夭賳丿貙 賵 亘賴 趩卮賲 丕賳丿丕夭 禺賵丕賳卮诏乇丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 乇爻蹖丿賳 亘賴 乇丕亘胤賴 蹖 亘蹖賳 丌乇賲丕賳诏乇丕蹖蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賵 蹖讴 丕蹖丿丕賱蹖爻賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 賵 亘賵乇賵讴乇丕鬲蹖讴 賲蹖丕賳丿蹖卮賳丿貨 丕賳賯賱丕亘賴丕蹖 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 爻丿賴 蹖 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖貙 賳賵卮鬲賴 賴丕蹖 賲丨賵乇蹖 芦诏賵鬲賴禄貙 芦賲丕乇讴爻禄貙 芦丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賵爻讴蹖禄 賵 丿蹖诏乇丕賳貙 賵 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲丨蹖胤賴丕蹖 鬲丕夭賴 亘乇丕蹖 噩丕蹖诏夭蹖賳蹖 讴賴賳賴 賴丕貙 賴賲賴 乇丕 亘賴 爻賲鬲 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳貙 鬲囟丕丿賴丕 賵 丕亘賴丕賲丕鬲 爻賵賯 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿貨 丕夭 鬲賮爻蹖乇 丿賵亘丕乇賴 蹖 芦讴丕乇賱 賲丕乇讴爻禄 诏乇賮鬲賴貙 鬲丕 鬲兀孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇蹖 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丿乇賳 卮賴乇蹖貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴 賲蹖诏蹖乇丿 讴賴 爻丕夭诏丕乇蹖 亘丕 噩乇蹖丕賳 賲丿丕賵賲 丕賲讴丕賳倬匕蹖乇 丕爻鬲貙 賵 丕賲蹖丿 賴賲诏丕賳貙 丿乇 丿爻鬲蹖丕亘蹖 亘賴 蹖讴 噩丕賲毓賴 蹖 賵丕賯毓丕 賲丿乇賳貙 賳賴賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲

鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 29/12/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿貨 21/10/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
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丕蹖賳 賲鬲賳 氐賮丨賴 亘賴 氐賮丨賴貙 禺胤 亘賴 禺胤貙 讴賱賲賴 亘賴 讴賱賲賴 卮丕賴讴丕乇 亘賵丿. 趩蹖夭蹖 亘爻丕 賮乇丕鬲乇 丕夭 賴乇 趩賴 鬲丕 丕蹖賳 賱丨馗賴 禺賵丕賳丿賴鈥屫з�. 賵 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 丨鬲丕 丕诏乇 爻丕賱鈥屬囏� 亘毓丿 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇诏乇丿賲 賵 賮乇賲 賵 賲丨鬲賵丕卮 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 爻丕丿賴 賵 亘丿蹖賴蹖 亘蹖丕蹖丿 亘丕夭 賴賲 蹖讴 趩蹖夭 乇丕 賮乇丕賲賵卮 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�: 丕賵賱蹖賳 賱丨馗賴鈥屰� 賲賵丕噩賴賴.
倬蹖卮鈥屫� 丕蹖賳 丨爻 乇丕 丿乇 賲賵乇丿賽 賲毓丿賵丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬囏й屰� 賲孬賱賽 丕蹖丕夭 亘乇丕賴賳蹖貙 蹖丕 賮蹖賱賲鈥屬囏й屰� 賲孬賱賽 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 亘夭乇诏賽 爻賵乇賳鬲蹖賳賵 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з�. 丕丨爻丕爻 賵 賴蹖噩丕賳蹖 讴賴 丌賳蹖鈥屫池� 丕賲丕 趩賴 胤賵賱丕賳蹖貙 丨丕賱鬲蹖 讴賴 趩蹖夭蹖 丿乇 丿乇賵賳鬲 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖卮賴 丿诏乇诏賵賳 卮丿賴貙 丕賲丕 賳賴 亘賴 蹖丕丿 丿丕乇蹖 讴賴 倬蹖卮 丕夭 丌賳 趩诏賵賳賴 亘賵丿賴 賵 賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃� 賳亘賵丿賳卮 乇丕 鬲氐賵乇 讴賳蹖.

丕蹖賳讴賴 趩賴鈥屫焚堌� 讴賱賲丕鬲賽 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 倬蹖賲賵丿賲 賴賲 賯氐賴鈥屰� 睾乇蹖亘蹖鈥屫池�. 丿乇 賲丿鬲 夭賲丕賳蹖 賳爻亘鬲丕 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賴蹖 氐賮丨丕鬲 乇丕 噩賱賵 賵 毓賯亘 亘乇丿賲 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賲 賵 丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 亘蹖鈥屫坟з傌� 賵 亘蹖鈥屫蹿┷屫� 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘爻鬲賲 賵 讴賳丕乇 丕賳丿丕禺鬲賲. 亘毓丿 賲賳 賲丕賳丿賲 賵 爻丕蹖賴鈥屰� 爻賳诏蹖賳賽 賳诏丕賴蹖 讴賴 丕夭 賯賮爻賴鈥屰� 亘丕賱丕蹖 爻乇賲 夭賱 夭丿賲 亘賵丿 亘賴賲 讴賴 賴乇 亘丕乇 丕夭 禺賵丿賲 亘倬乇爻賲 賲丕 趩蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲責 噩賲丕毓鬲蹖 亘蹖讴丕乇責 禺賵丿丌夭丕乇責 賲鬲賵賴賲責 毓丿賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 爻乇 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 讴賴 鬲丕亘 亘蹖丕賵乇蹖賲 丕蹖賳 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖 賵 丕蹖賳 賴賵丕 乇丕責 賲卮鬲蹖 賲毓鬲丕丿 亘賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴賴 趩賵賳 噩夭 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇賽 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕夭 丿爻鬲卮 亘乇賳賲蹖鈥屫③屫� 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屫ж� 乇丕 倬丕蹖 賲鬲賳鈥屬囏� 鬲亘丕賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 賴匕蹖丕賳賽 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘貙 蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴貙 蹖讴 賲鬲乇噩賲貙 亘賴 噩丕賳鈥屫� 乇禺賳賴 讴賳丿 賵 丌乇丕賲卮 賵 禺蹖丕賱賽 乇丕丨鬲 乇丕 丕夭 丕賵 亘賯丕倬丿責
趩賳丿 乇賵夭 倬蹖卮 亘賴 鬲賲丕賲 丕蹖賳 爻賵丕賱鈥屬囏� 亘賱賴 诏賮鬲賲 賵 賱乇夭丕賳 丕賲丕 卮丕丿賲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丿爻鬲 诏乇賮鬲賲貙 讴賴 賵蹖乇丕賳 卮賵丿 丕蹖賳 丌爻賵丿诏蹖賽 禺蹖丕賱. 蹖丕 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 丌爻賵丿诏蹖 夭丿賳. 蹖丕 禺蹖丕賱賽 丌爻賵丿诏蹖. 蹖丕 賴乇 趩賴 讴賴 賲丕 賳丕趩丕乇蹖賲 亘賴 禺賵乇丿賽 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘丿賴蹖賲 讴賴 亘诏賵蹖蹖賲 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕 賵 丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 賮囟丕貙 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻胤丨 丕夭 亘丿亘禺鬲蹖貙 蹖丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻胤丨 丕夭 丌夭丕丿蹖貙 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻胤丨 丕夭 賯氐丕賵鬲 賵 丿卮賲賳蹖貙 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 爻胤丨 丕夭 禺賮賴鈥屭� 賴賲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴乇丿. 丿乇 夭賲丕賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 24 爻丕賱貙 丨讴賲賽 丨亘爻賽 丕賮讴丕乇蹖鈥屫池� 賲卮丕亘賴 丕賮讴丕乇賽 賲賳. 卮丕蹖丿 丨鬲丕 丕賮讴丕乇蹖 乇賯蹖賯鈥屫必� 賳乇賲鈥屫必� 毓丕賯賱丕賳賴鈥屫� 丕夭 賮讴乇賴丕蹖 賲賳.

讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 丿爻鬲 诏乇賮鬲賲. 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀池� 賲鬲賳蹖 讴賴 亘丕 卮乇丨賽 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 乇賵夭賴丕 禺卮賲 賵 丨爻乇鬲貙 丕賳丿賵賴 賵 丕賲蹖丿貙 鬲賱禺蹖 賵 乇賵卮賳蹖 乇丕 賴賲夭賲丕賳 亘賴 讴丕賲鈥屫� 亘乇蹖夭丿貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賴 倬丕乇蹖爻賽 丕賵丕禺乇賽 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴 賵 丕賵丕蹖賱賽 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲貙 蹖丕 爻賳鈥屬矩必藏ㄙ堌壁� 趩賴賱 爻丕賱 賯亘賱 丕夭 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賵 趩賴賱 爻丕賱賽 亘毓丿 丕夭 丕賳賯賱丕亘 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 趩賴 賲蹖夭丕賳 鬲賱禺蹖 賵 禺卮賲 賵 賵蹖乇丕賳蹖 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 卮诏賮鬲蹖貙 賳孬丕乇鬲 讴賳丿.
芦卮賴乇蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丌賴爻鬲诏蹖 丿乇 丨丕賱賽 賲乇诏 丕爻鬲 賵 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 鬲丕 丕亘丿 夭賳丿賴 賲蹖鈥屬呚з嗀�.禄
趩賴鈥屫焚堌� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕蹖賳 乇丕 禺賵丕賳丿 亘賴 讴賱丕賳卮賴乇賴丕蹖 丕蹖乇丕賳貙 鬲賴乇丕賳 蹖丕 賲卮賴丿 賮讴乇 賳讴乇丿責

芦趩賳蹖賳 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 讴賴 氐毓賵丿 賵 毓乇賵噩賽 丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖 賲乇丿賲貙 夭賵丕賱 賵 賴亘賵胤 丕禺賱丕賯蹖 丌賳丕賳 乇丕 爻乇毓鬲 亘禺卮蹖丿 丕爻鬲貨 賲乇丿賲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 鬲丕夭诏蹖 亘乇 爻乇賳賵卮鬲賽 禺賵蹖卮 丨丕讴賲 诏卮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 亘丕 卮鬲丕亘賽 賴乇趩賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿爻鬲 亘賴 讴丕乇 鬲讴乇丕乇 賵 禺賱賯賽 賲噩丿丿 爻蹖丕賴鬲乇蹖賳 賮氐賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺賽 丨讴賵賲鬲 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�.禄
趩賴 胤賵乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕蹖賳 乇丕 禺賵丕賳丿 賵 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺賽 賴賲蹖賳 趩賳丿 爻丕賱 丕禺蹖乇 賮讴乇 賳讴乇丿責

芦亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱貙 賴賲賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 卮賴乇 禺賵蹖卮貙 亘賴 賱胤賮賽 丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖 賲乇丿賲蹖貙 亘乇丕蹖 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 賵 趩賳丿 賴賮鬲賴 蹖丕 趩賳丿 賲丕賴貙 賲夭賴 卮蹖乇蹖賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵 亘乇丕丿乇蹖 乇丕 趩卮蹖丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 丕夭 賯丿賲 夭丿賳 丿乇 賮囟丕蹖 乇賵卮賳 賵 丌賮鬲丕亘蹖 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賴賲诏丕賳 賵丕噩丿 卮兀賳 賵 丨蹖孬蹖鬲賽 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 賵 卮賴乇賵賳丿丕賳蹖 丌夭丕丿 賵 亘乇丕亘乇賳丿貙 賱匕鬲 亘乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 爻倬爻 亘丕夭诏卮鬲賽 馗賱賲鬲 丕爻鬲亘丿丕丿 賵 亘賱丕賴鬲 賵 乇匕丕賱鬲 賵 卮讴爻鬲賽 賴賲賴 丕賲蹖丿賴丕蹖 乇賵卮賳 乇丕 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 亘丕乇 丿蹖诏乇 賲胤乇賵丿 賵 賲賳夭賵蹖 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 跇乇賮丕蹖 丕蹖賳 蹖兀爻 賵 丕賳丿賵賴 乇丕 丿乇 倬爻 賴賲蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 賳丕賲賵賮賯 丨爻 禺賵丕賴賳丿 讴乇丿.禄
趩賴 胤賵乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕蹖賳 倬丕賳賵蹖爻賽 賲鬲乇噩賲 乇丕 禺賵丕賳丿 賵 亘賴 丌爻賵丿诏蹖賽 禺蹖丕賱 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕丿責

賵 蹖丕 丕蹖賳 噩賲賱丕鬲賽 讴賵鬲丕賴 讴丕乇诏乇蹖 乇丕 禺賵丕賳丿 讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 倬賳噩丕賴 爻丕賱賽 倬蹖卮貙 亘賴 丿賱蹖賱 鬲馗丕賴乇丕鬲 賵 亘蹖丕賳賽 毓賯蹖丿賴鈥屫ж� 丕毓丿丕賲 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 爻丕讴鬲 賵 丌乇丕賲 氐賮丨賴鈥屰� 亘毓丿 乇丕 賵乇賯 夭丿責
芦賲賳 丿乇 胤賵賱賽 毓賲乇 丌诏丕賴賲 賵 丕夭 乇賵夭蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 卮賳丕禺鬲賲 丌乇夭賵 丿丕卮鬲賴鈥屫з� 蹖讴 卮賴乇賵賳丿 亘丕卮賲- 蹖毓賳蹖 卮禺氐蹖鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丕 睾乇賵乇 賵 亘賴 丌乇丕賲蹖 丕賳丿蹖卮賴鈥屰� 禺賵蹖卮 乇丕 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘乇丕蹖 丿賴 丿賯蹖賯賴 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲馗丕賴乇丕鬲貙 賲賳 蹖讴 卮賴乇賵賳丿 亘賵丿賲. 亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲丕 爻丕讴鬲 亘賵丿蹖賲 丕賲丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 丿蹖丿賲 讴爻丕賳賽 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賴賲 賴爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 丨丕囟乇賳丿 丕毓鬲乇丕囟 禺賵丿 乇丕 賴賲乇丕賴 亘丕 賲賳 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳賳丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵卮丨丕賱賲. 丕诏乇 讴爻 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫ㄙ堌� 亘賴 鬲賳賴丕蹖蹖 亘賴 賲蹖丿丕賳 爻乇禺 倬丕 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж簇�.禄

蹖丕 賵賯鬲蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲丨賱賴鈥屰� 芦賲丿乇賳賽禄 丿賵乇丕賳賽 讴賵丿讴蹖鈥屫ж� 丿乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 芦賲丿乇賳鈥屫� 卮丿賳禄 丿賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 丕卮讴 賲蹖鈥屫臂屫藏� 趩賴 鈥屫焚堌� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴乇 讴丿丕賲 丕夭 賲丕 丕夭 倬賳噩乇賴鈥屰� 丕鬲丕賯賲丕賳 爻乇賲丕賳 乇丕 亘蹖乇賵賳 賳亘乇蹖賲 賵 賵蹖乇丕賳賴鈥屫й� 丿乇 丨丕賱賽 爻丕禺鬲 丿乇 賲丨賱貙 蹖丕 丌賴賳鈥屬囏й� 丕賮乇丕卮鬲賴 鬲丕 賳賯胤賴鈥屫й� 讴賵乇 丿乇 丌爻賲丕賳 乇丕 賳亘蹖賳蹖賲責

亘禺賵丕賳蹖賲. 丨丕賱丕 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丿賴 丿賯蹖賯賴 賴賲 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屬� 趩蹖夭蹖 亘丕卮蹖賲 賵 丕诏乇 賵丕賯毓丕 丕蹖賳 鬲賳賴丕 讴丕乇蹖鈥屫池� 讴賴 丕夭 賲丕 爻丕禺鬲賴 丕爻鬲.. 亘禺賵丕賳蹖賲. 賵賱蹖 賳賴 亘丕 丌爻賵丿诏蹖 禺蹖丕賱. 賳賴 亘乇丕蹖 讴蹖賮... 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丿乇讴 丕蹖賳 毓匕丕亘 賵 賵蹖乇丕賳蹖.
Profile Image for J.
730 reviews537 followers
September 4, 2013
This is an amazing book. Most works that try to explicate modernity seem to take the French revolution as their starting point, but Berman's intense, wide-ranging examination is rooted much more in Germanic and Russian thought. He uses Goethe, Marx, Baudilare (ok, so some french), Dostoyevsky, Bely etc. to try and show how the sensibility of modernity itself has developed largely out of literature, and how we can see that sensibility at work in our own age with issues of geography and city planning. Not only does he offer brilliant examinations of those thinkers and their works, he re-contextualizes them with an intense, deep look of their work in order to develop and back up his own assertions of modern life. Berman's analysis is a wonder to behold. There aren't many writers capable of drawing out such large, powerful assertions about such an intellectually huge topic with such sustained focus and discipline (Edward Said and Susan Sontag come to mind). The writing in this book is fiercely original and pitiless.

That being said, the books very last section, in which he tries to examine the 1960's through the 1970's struck me as a bit weak, simply because it's more autobiographical, and obviously a bit more personal to write about your own age. But this work is 30 years old, and it's assertions about modernity, about the chaotic, constant forces of change and destruction that make our world what it is today, rings even truer now than it must have in the early 1980's. I can't believe something this brilliant has been so neglected.
Profile Image for Mohammad Ranjbari.
257 reviews165 followers
January 28, 2021
爻乇丌睾丕夭 賵 丕毓賱丕賲 丨囟賵乇 賲賵噩賵丿 亘蹖 卮丕禺 賵 丿賲 芦賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴禄 丕夭 丿賱 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 爻蹖丕賴鈥屫臂屬� 乇賲丕賳 (亘诏賵蹖蹖賲 丕爻胤賵乇賴 蹖丕 賮蹖讴卮賳蹖 亘丕賵乇倬匕蹖乇) 亘乇賲蹖鈥屫屫藏�. 賮丕賵爻鬲賵爻 讴賴 賯亘賱丕賸 丿乇 爻丕賱 1587 卮讴賱 诏乇賮鬲賴 賵 丿乇 賯賱賲 诏賵鬲賴 亘賴 丕賵噩 亘乇噩爻鬲诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屫必池�. 丕賲丕 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 亘乇賴賴 賵 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 賲丕噩乇丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲噩乇丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丿賵乇丕賳 賲丿乇賳 匕讴乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
卮丕禺氐踿 賲賴賲 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賳 丿乇 賲賵賯毓蹖鬲 賲鬲夭賱夭賱 賵 胤賱亘鈥屭必з嗁� 丕爻鬲. 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 丿乇 爻乇鬲丕爻乇 乇賲丕賳 賮丕賵爻鬲 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿. 鬲爻禺蹖乇- 鬲賳賴丕蹖蹖- 毓卮賯貙 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 禺賵丿 賵 噩賴丕賳貙 賴賲賴 鬲賱丕卮鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲毓丿丿蹖 丕爻鬲 亘乇丕蹖 乇賴丕蹖蹖 丕夭 鬲夭賱夭賱 丿乇 賮讴乇 賵 乇賵丨. 丕賲丕 卮蹖胤丕賳 賳蹖夭 丿乇 讴賲蹖賳 賳卮爻鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賲鬲乇氐丿 賮乇氐鬲 丕爻鬲 鬲丕 乇賵丨 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 丿乇賯亘囟踿 丕禺鬲蹖丕乇 禺賵丿 亘诏蹖乇丿.
卮蹖胤丕賳 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕禺賱丕賯蹖丕鬲 讴賲鈥屭┵� 丕賴賲蹖鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 鬲賳賴丕 氐丿丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屬呚з嗀� 氐丿丕蹖 賳蹖賱 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 丕爻鬲 讴賴 卮蹖胤丕賳 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 賵 爻乇賲丕蹖賴鈥屫ж臂� 氐賱丕蹖 丌賳 乇丕 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 賮丕賵爻鬲 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 亘丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺趩踿 賳賴 趩賳丿丕賳 丿賵乇卮 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏�. 丿乇爻鬲 賴賲丕賳 賱丨馗賴鈥屬囏й屰� 讴賴 丨乇讴鬲 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖 卮乇賵毓 卮丿. 丕蹖賳 亘蹖丕賳 乇賲夭蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 丨賯蹖賯鬲蹖鈥屫池� 讴賴 亘賴 丿爻鬲 噩丕賲毓賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 丕爻鬲毓丕乇蹖鈥屫� 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
賳賮爻 趩賳蹖賳 噩乇讴鬲 賵 賵噩賵丿 趩賳蹖賳 丨丕賱鬲鈥屬囏й屰屫� 賴賳乇 賵 噩丕賲毓賴 賵 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 賴乇 趩賴 亘蹖卮鈥屫� 亘賴 爻賲鬲 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖鈥屬囏й� 丿乇賵賳 賵 亘蹖乇賵賳 禺賵丕賴丿 亘乇丿.
鬲丕 夭賲蹖賳 賴爻鬲貙 睾賵賱 爻乇賲丕蹖賴鈥屫ж臂� 亘乇 丌賳 爻丕蹖賴 禺賵丕賴丿 丕賳丿丕禺鬲 賵 鬲賲丕賲蹖 賲丐賱賮賴鈥屬囏й� 丿蹖诏乇 倬爻賵賳丿蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 卮丿 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賵氐蹖賮 丿賯蹖賯鈥屫必� 賳賴 亘乇鬲乇蹖 賵 鬲爻賱胤 丌賳.
1399/10/28

丕賲丕 倬蹖诏蹖乇蹖 亘丨孬 丿乇 丕丿丕賲踿 讴鬲丕亘貙 賵 賳丕讴丕賲蹖 賲丕乇讴爻 丿乇 亘乇賯乇丕乇蹖 丕蹖丿賴鈥屫з� 禺賵蹖卮 丿乇 賳馗賲 噩賴丕賳蹖貙 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丨賯蹖賯鬲 乇賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 賲丐賱賮賴鈥屬囏й� 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丿乇 丿賵乇丕賳 賲丿乇賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 禺丕賱賯 丌賳貙 讴賴 鬲賲丕賲 噩賴丕賳 賵 賳馗丕賲鈥屬囏й� 賮讴乇蹖 乇丕 賳丕讴丕賲 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必�. 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖 鬲氐賲蹖賲丕鬲蹖 乇丕 倬蹖卮 讴卮蹖丿賴 讴賴 賲賳噩乇 亘賴 丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃� 賳卮丿賴鈥屫й� 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘蹖賳貙 乇賳噩 賵 爻禺鬲蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿爻鬲 賳禺賵乇丿賴 亘丕賯蹖 賲丕賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱丕鬲 乇丕 丿乇 噩賴丕賳 賴賳乇 賵 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴賳蹖賲貙 禺賵丕賴蹖賲 丿蹖丿 讴賴 賲丕乇讴爻蹖爻賲 賵 賴蹖趩 賲爻賱讴 賮讴乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賳蹖夭 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賳賯卮 鬲賲丕賲丕賸 禺賵亘 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 爻乇賲丕蹖賴鈥屫ж臂� 爻丕蹖賴鈥屫й屸€屫池� 亘乇 爻乇 賴賳乇 賵 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賵 丿乇 讴賱貙 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賴 賳賲蹖鈥屸€屫堌з� 賳賴 丌賳 乇丕 賲賴丕乇 讴乇丿 賵 蹖丕 鬲亘蹖蹖賳鈥屫ж� 賳賲賵丿.

賮氐賵賱 賲禺鬲賱賮 讴鬲丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇 毓丕賱賲丕賳賴 鬲兀賱蹖賮 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賯丿乇鬲 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 鬲賮賴蹖賲 賲胤丕賱亘 賳蹖夭 夭蹖亘丕爻鬲. 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賮丕蹖丿踿 丌賳 亘乇丕蹖 賳馗丕賲 賮讴乇蹖 賲毓丕氐乇 讴卮賵乇 賲丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 蹖讴 賲賳亘毓 賲賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 鬲亘蹖蹖賳 賲賮賴賵賲 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 亘賴乇賴 亘亘乇丿. 賮氐賱 芦倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏禄 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖禄 锟斤拷诏乇 趩賴 賮氐賱蹖 賲孬丕賱鈥屭堎嗁� 賵 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 賲丨爻賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 亘賴乇踿 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲蹖 趩賳丿丕賳蹖 賳丿丕卮鬲. 丿蹖诏乇 賮氐賵賱 鬲賵兀賲 亘丕 鬲丨賱蹖賱 賵 賳賯丿 賵 賳賲賵賳賴鈥屫囒� 賲賳丕爻亘蹖 賴賲乇丕賴 亘賵丿. 丿乇 讴賱 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕貙 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 丿丕賳卮 賲鬲乇噩賲 丌賳 蹖毓賳蹖 賲乇丕丿 賮乇賴丕丿倬賵乇 讴賴 丨丿賯賱 丿乇 鬲亘蹖蹖賳 賵 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 賲乇亘賵胤 {亘賴鈥屬堐屭樫� 丿乇 丿乇 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丕禺蹖乇 賵 丿乇 丨賵夭踿 賴賳乇 賵 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賵 賮賱爻賮賴} 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賵賮賯 毓賲賱 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 讴鬲丕亘蹖 賲賵賮賯 賵 賲乇噩毓 丿丕賳爻鬲.

1399/11/09


Profile Image for Murtaza.
701 reviews3,388 followers
May 19, 2017
In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx writes the following passage, from which the title of this book is taken:

All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.

What Marx was referring to was the nature of modern capitalist economies to mercilessly remake society again and again, taking human beings along for the ride and forcing them to adapt their own external and internal lives to the new world that comes into existence. In such a maelstrom no venerable old culture or metaphysics can last very long, being rapidly torn down and replaced just like the buildings and streets around us, driven at root by the dictates of the market.

Berman's book is a tour of modernism in thought, art and architecture, routed through the writings of Goethe, Marx and Baudelaire, and ending with reflections on two quintessentially modern places: St. Petersburg and New York. The fundamental argument of this book echoes Marx, pointing out that that capitalism as a mode of organizing society is geared for a perpetual revolution in society, both in the external environment and in the internal lives of men and women. "All that is solid melts into air," as the deliberate and conscientious upheavals that accompany capitalist modernity manufacture new types of people and societies just as it manufactures new products and fashions.

Transformations in literature and political writing offer a window into how human beings first encountered and were shaped by the forces of modernity. In Goethe's Faust, we are shown the cruelties of the old world, but also the angst of the modernizer, who feels driven to build grand projects that offer an opportunity for self-expansion, but also try to annihilate every last vestige of antiquity, haunted as they are by memories of the world they have lost and not wanting to be reminded of it. In this approach to development we see the entire ideology of modernity, not just indifferent but even hostile to memory, which it sees as, if not a threat, then a reproach to what they have created. In his reflections on Marx's writings, Berman describes the modern neoliberal elite as the authors of many great accomplishments, but also "the most destructive elite in human history" committed to burning down even their own most beautiful constructions in the name of profitable depreciation, demolition and replacement. The modern world treats its greatest monuments more like "temporary encampments" than the Pyramids or Coliseums of past civilizations. We are committed to an almost nihilistic view of life, based on a profitable "creative destruction" of our own achievements.

To this point, I really appreciated Berman's focus on the built environment as the site of modern experience, as this is the place where all of us are actually confronted and formed by the modern world - for both good and bad. The book focuses a lot on the "modernism of the streets," and how the very modern phenomena of boulevards, sidewalks and superhighways have shaped different types of modern experience. Le Corbusier's blasting open of the streets of Paris and the construction of the Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg both led to entirely new forms of human experience and interaction. In time they would even lead to earthquakes in political and social thought that no architect could ever envision. The structure of the modern city and its traffic compels a certain way of life out of its inhabitants. Movements that have sought to obstruct this traffic have a deep political semblance, taking ownership of their society by blocking its arteries and reclaiming its space. The "Underground Man" who gingerly took his first steps onto the Nevsky ended up changing the world, giving form to an entirely new type of modern human being who was, in turn, unable to maintain a stable identity in the modern world for long, as the nature of modernity itself compels.

All this change has had serious implications for the internal lives of human beings. In fairness, it is difficult for anyone to adapt to living in a world of perpetual revolution, and we all struggle with this to some degree whether we're cognizant of it or not. But these difficulties have also at times led whole societies into violent reaction. In one passage Berman writes of a type of modern man who "throws himself into parodies of the past; he needs history because that is where all the costumes are kept," a line which couldn't help but remind me of ISIS, neo-Crusaders, neo-Nazis and other terrifying, farcical responses to modern dilemmas. Keeping in mind such extreme examples of failed responses to modernity, it seems that our goal should be helping bring into being a type of human being comfortable with the idea of change, but still grounded in values that can give them identity and a sense of meaning.

The last section, examining the "modernization" of the author's own home of New York under the influence of Robert Moses is particularly touching, showing how the ideology of our modernism takes away even its own gifts (i.e. destroying beautiful modern boulevards in the Bronx to build a new expressway), when not checked by the active resistance of the people. Without a vision, modernism can, and often has, used the miracles of technology to create "grim, inexorable necessities and crushing routines" for human beings, rather than beauty and enchantment. Berman ends by writing, "I believe that we and those who come after us will go on fighting to make ourselves at home in this world, even as the homes we have made, the modern street, the modern spirit, go melting into air."

This is a fairly dense book, but its density contains a lot of value. Almost 200 years after the Communist Manifesto and three decades after this book, the dilemma entailed in "making our home" in such a world of constant change and vanishing certainties has not disappeared. But a good starting point for us would be to look at modernity and its products as something to examine, critique and engage with, rather than just passively consume or haughtily reject.
Profile Image for Maziyar Yf.
737 reviews523 followers
January 8, 2020
讴鬲丕亘 鬲噩乇亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 讴丕賲賱丕 丕夭 亘乇丿丕卮鬲蹖 讴賴 丿乇 匕賴賳 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿丕卮鬲賲 丿賵乇 賵 亘蹖诏丕賳賴 亘賵丿 . 鬲賲乇讴夭 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 賲賳 賴蹖趩 诏賵賳賴 丿丕賳卮蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丌賳賴丕 賳丿丕卮鬲賲 賵 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 賮賴賲蹖丿賳 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 讴鬲丕亘 賳蹖丕夭 亘賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 蹖丕 丿丕賳爻鬲賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 賳賴 丿乇 丨丿 賲賯丿賲丕鬲蹖 亘賱讴賴 讴賲蹖 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 讴鬲丕亘 丿丕卮鬲 .
鬲賲乇讴夭 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕孬乇丕鬲 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 貙 卮賴乇爻丕夭蹖 賵 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 貙 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 賲賮氐賱 賵 讴丕賲賱 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賮丕賵爻鬲 丕孬乇 诏賵鬲賴 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 卮乇丨 賲蹖 丿賴丿 貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇 噩丕賱亘 賲蹖 丌蹖丿 賵賱蹖 賲賳 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖 丿丕丿賲 噩丿丕诏丕賳賴 賵 賳賴 丿乇 丿賱 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丌賳乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳賲 .
丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 丿蹖诏乇 貙 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 倬丕乇蹖爻 賵 賲丿乇賳 爻丕夭蹖 丌賳 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 貙 丕夭 賴賵爻賲丕賳 讴亘蹖乇 貙 讴爻蹖 讴賴 賲丨賱丕鬲 讴賴賳賴 貙 賯丿蹖賲蹖 賵 讴孬蹖賮 倬丕乇蹖爻 乇丕 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿 賵 亘賴 噩丕蹖 丌賳 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕蹖 亘夭乇诏 亘丕 爻丕禺鬲賲丕賳賴丕蹖蹖 賴賲 丕賳丿丕夭賴 賵 讴丕賲賱丕 賲鬲賳丕爻亘 亘丕 賴賲 爻丕禺鬲 貙 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 讴賴 亘丕賱讴賳 賴賲賴 禺丕賳賴 賴丕 丿乇 蹖讴 乇丕爻鬲丕 賴爻鬲 賵 丕氐賵賱丕 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 倬丕乇蹖爻 乇丕 丕夭 賴賲賴 噩丕 賲鬲賲丕蹖夭 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲 .( 亘毓蹖丿 賲蹖 丿丕賳賲 讴爻蹖 毓讴爻 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲丨賱丕鬲 倬丕乇蹖爻 乇丕 亘亘蹖賳丿 賵亘賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 卮賴乇 乇丕 賲孬賱丕 賲丕丿乇蹖丿 蹖丕 亘乇賱蹖賳 蹖丕 賲丕乇爻蹖 丨丿爻 亘夭賳丿. ) 丕賲丕 丕賳亘賵賴 噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 倬丕乇蹖爻 賲丿乇賳 卮丕蹖丿 賲賳丕爻亘 讴爻蹖 亘丕 丿丕賳卮 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 蹖丕 卮賴乇 爻丕夭蹖 亘丕卮丿
爻倬爻 丿乇 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 鬲乇蹖賳 賮氐賱 賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 丕丨丿丕孬 卮賴乇 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 丿乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿 賵 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲毓乇賵賮 丌賳 亘賴 賳丕賲 賳賵賵爻讴蹖 賵 亘毓丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 噩夭卅蹖丕鬲 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘賴 賳賯卮 丕蹖賳 亘賱賵丕乇 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 乇賵爻蹖賴 貙 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賵爻讴蹖 貙 诏賵诏賵賱 賵 倬賵卮讴蹖賳 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賮賴賲 賲賳馗賵乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘丕蹖丿 丕卮乇丕賮 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 睾賳蹖 賵 卮丕蹖丿 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 乇賵爻蹖賴 丿丕卮鬲 .
賵 丿乇 丌禺乇 爻乇 丌賯丕蹖 亘乇賲賳 爻乇丕睾 賲丨賱賴 亘乇丕賳讴爻 貙 夭丕丿诏丕賴 禺賵丿 賵 賲丨賱賴 丿賵乇丕賳 讴賵丿讴蹖 禺賵丿 賲蹖 乇賵丿 賵 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 卮丕蹖丿 鬲賱禺 丕夭 賳丕亘賵丿蹖 亘丕賮鬲 賯丿蹖賲蹖 丌賳 賵 丕丨丿丕孬 丌夭丕丿乇丕 賴 賴丕蹖 噩丿蹖丿 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 .
讴鬲丕亘 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘蹖 丕胤賱丕毓蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 賲賳 乇丕 诏賲乇丕賴 賲蹖 讴賳丿 貙 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮賵丿 讴賴 讴丿丕賲 賳賵毓 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 賲胤賱賵亘 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 貙 鬲毓乇蹖賮 爻丕丿賴 賵 賯丕亘賱 賮賴賲蹖 丕夭 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 貙 賲丿乇賳 爻丕夭蹖 賵 丿蹖诏乇 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖蹖 丕乇丕卅賴 賳賲蹖 丿賴丿貙 亘賴 賲丕賳賳丿 讴賱丕爻 丿乇爻 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 丕蹖 賲蹖 賲丕賳丿 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕賳诏丕乇 丕賵丕蹖賱 賵 丕賵丕爻胤 丿乇爻 乇丕 丕夭 丿爻鬲 丿丕丿賴 賵 賮賯胤 亘賴 丌禺乇 讴賱丕爻 乇爻蹖丿賴 丕爻鬲 .
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588 reviews38 followers
October 25, 2014
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 禺賵賳丿賳蹖鈥屫臂屬� 賲賳丕亘毓 亘乇丕蹖 丿乇讴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 讴賴 賴乇趩賳丿 爻蹖 賵 丕賳丿蹖 爻丕賱 賲蹖鈥屭柏辟� 丕夭 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賳卮 賴賳賵夭 丨乇賮鈥屬囏ж� 鬲丕夭賴鈥屫池�. 讴鬲丕亘 賳賴 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 爻乇賳诏賵賳蹖 丕鬲丨丕丿 噩賲丕賴蹖乇 卮賵乇賵蹖 乇賵 丕夭 爻乇 诏匕乇賵賳丿賴貙 賳賴 丕賳賮噩丕乇 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賵 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 乇賵 賵 賳賴 賮乇賵 乇蹖禺鬲賳 亘乇噩鈥屬囏й� 丿賵賯賱賵 乇賵. 丕賲丕 賯囟蹖賴 賵賯鬲蹖 噩丕賱亘 賲蹖卮賴 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屬佡囐呟� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賮氐賱 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 诏乇蹖夭蹖 賴賲 賲蹖鈥屫操嗁� 亘賴 丕賳賯賱丕亘 讴卮賵乇 賲丕. 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴乇丿賳 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 爻乇 夭丿賴 亘賴 爻乇趩卮賲賴鈥屬囏� 賵 丕爻賱丕賮 賵 賴賲蹖賳 乇丕夭 賲賵賳丿诏丕乇蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴爻鬲.
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵卮鈥屫堎� 乇賵 賵 賲禺氐賵氐丕 卮丕賴讴丕乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 賮氐賱 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 乇賵 亘賴 賴賲賴 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 丿乇 讴賳丕乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 爻乇蹖 賴賲 亘夭賳蹖丿 亘賴 "讴鬲丕亘 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賵 賮賱爻賮賴"丕蹖 讴賴 丿乇 爻丕賱 1380 趩丕倬 卮丿賴. (鬲賵蹖 爻丕蹖鬲 賳賵乇賲诏夭 賲賵噩賵丿 賴爻鬲) 賲蹖夭诏乇丿蹖 賴爻鬲 亘丕 丨囟賵乇 賲鬲乇噩賲 讴鬲丕亘 賵 丿讴鬲乇 賲蹖乇爻倬丕爻蹖 賵 蹖賵爻賮 丕亘丕匕乇蹖 讴賴 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 亘賴 丿乇讴 噩丕蹖诏丕賴 讴鬲丕亘 賵 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴
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76 reviews13 followers
April 20, 2023
趩賳丿蹖賳 乇賵夭 丕爻鬲 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 鬲賲丕賲 讴乇丿賲
賮蹖賱鬲乇 卮讴賳 蹖丕乇蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 鬲丕 倬爻鬲卮 讴賳賲 ..
听 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖 乇丕 夭賳丿诏蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 責
丿乇 賴賲蹖賳 丕賵賱 讴丕乇听 亘诏賵蹖賲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 丌賳 鬲噩乇亘賴 賴丕蹖 賮讴乇蹖 亘蹖 賳馗蹖乇 丕爻鬲 貙
卮亘蹖賴 蹖讴 爻賮乇 賲丕亘蹖賳 趩賳丿蹖賳 賵 趩賳丿 丕孬乇 賴賳乇蹖 賲丕噩乇丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賵 丕賳诏丕乇 乇賵蹖 賳賯丕胤 毓胤賮 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳 诏丕賲 賲蹖 夭丿蹖賲
丕夭 丕爻胤賵乇賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 賵 亘丕 賳诏丕賴 卮丕蹖丿 賲孬亘鬲 诏賵鬲賴 亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 卮乇賵毓 賲蹖讴賳賴
亘賴 噩丕蹖诏丕賴 賲丕乇讴爻
賲爻卅賱賴 乇賵卮賳賮讴乇丕賳 賵 禺賵丿 賮乇賵禺鬲诏蹖 賲禺氐賵氐 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇 賳馗丕賲 爻乇賲丕蹖賴
丕蹖賳讴賴 亘賱丕禺乇賴 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲 讴賲賵賳蹖爻賲 乇賵 讴賳丕乇 噩乇蹖丕賳 賲丿乇賳 卮丿賳 亘亘蹖賳蹖賲 蹖丕 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱卮 乇賵 賴賲 亘丨孬 賲蹖讴賳賴
賵 亘毓丿 亘賵丿賱乇
鬲氐賵蹖乇 囟丿 倬丕爻鬲賵乇丕賱
爻賵丕乇讴丕乇 賲賮乇賯蹖賳 倬賵卮讴蹖賳 賵 鬲賲丕賲 丕蹖賳 乇賵爻 賴丕 亘丕 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賮乇賲丕蹖卮蹖 賳蹖賲 亘賳丿卮賵賳 鬲賯丕亘賱 卮賴乇 賴丕蹖 賲爻讴賵 賵 爻賳鬲 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏
鬲賯賱丕蹖 噩丕賲毓賴 亘乇丕蹖 乇爻蹖丿賳 亘賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 賲丕噩乇丕蹖
亘賱賵丕乇 賳賵爻讴蹖 趩卮賲 丕賳丿丕夭賴 卮賴乇蹖
诏賵诏賵賱
乇爻蹖丿賳 亘賴 賳蹖賵乇讴
賲丨賱賴 亘乇丕賳讴爻 賵 丕賳诏丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕蹖賳 噩丕 亘賴 蹖讴 噩賵乇 丕賵噩 賲蹖乇爻賴
亘丕 丕蹖賳 噩賲賱賴 讴賴 爻賳鬲 亘乇丕賳讴爻 責:亘夭賳 亘賴 趩丕讴
賮賯胤 蹖丕丿 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賵 丕蹖賳 鬲讴丕倬賵 賮乇丕乇 賵 丕倬賱丕蹖 丕賮鬲丕丿賲
禺賱丕氐賴 讴賴 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 丕蹖賳 噩丕 賳賵卮鬲賲
鬲賴 賲丕賳丿賴 丌賳趩蹖夭蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺丕胤乇賲 賲丕賳丿
丨噩賲 夭蹖丕丿 賴賲匕丕鬲 倬賳丿丕乇蹖賲
賵 丨噩賲 夭蹖丕丿 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賲睾夭賲 乇賵丕賳 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 賯胤毓丕 毓賵丕賲賱 丕蹖噩丕丿 賵噩丿 賵 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕丿卮 亘賵丿
禺賵丕賳丿卮 乇丕 賴賲 丨爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖讴賳賲
May 13, 2018
賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 夭丕賵蹖賴 賮乇賴賳诏 賵賴賳乇 賵 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘賴 賲乇丕鬲亘 卮讴賱鈥�
诏蹖乇蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 賵乇賵丿 讴乇丿賴. 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賮丕賵賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 丌睾丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘丕 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 亘賵丿賱乇 賵 爻賳鈥屬矩坟必藏ㄙ堌壁� 賵 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 鬲賲丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賲乇丕丿 賮乇賴丕丿倬賵乇 賴賲 丿乇 鬲乇噩賲賴 鬲賱丕卮 賮乇丕賵丕賳 讴乇丿賴.
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171 reviews170 followers
August 25, 2015
鬲噩乇亘賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳 芦鬲噩乇亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴禄 蹖讴 鬲噩乇亘賴 賳丕亘 丕爻鬲: 鬲噩乇亘賴 蹖讴 賲賵丕噩賴賴 丕夭 亘丕賱丕 亘丿賵賳 禺購乇丿 讴乇丿賳 賲鬲賳貨 鬲噩乇亘賴 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 芦禺賵丕賳卮禄 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 丕氐蹖賱 賵 丿爻鬲 丕賵賱 丌賳貨 賵 鬲噩乇亘賴 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘丿賵賳 噩丿丕 讴乇丿賳 丌賳 丕夭 賲鬲賳 夭賳丿诏蹖
賴乇 亘禺卮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 毓丕賱蹖 亘賵丿 (賴乇趩賳丿 亘禺卮 丕賵賱貙 丿賵賲 賵 趩賴丕乇賲 丿乇禺卮卮 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 丿丕卮鬲). 丿乇 噩丕蹖 噩丕蹖 丌賳 賳讴丕鬲 亘丿蹖毓 賵 丕賮賯賴丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖 讴賴 匕賴賳 禺賵丿卮 賲丕賳賳丿 賲賵賱賮 賲卮賵卮 賵 锟斤拷賱賲卮睾賵賱 賳爻亘鬲 胤乇丨賵丕乇賴 賴丕蹖 丕賳鬲夭丕毓蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕氐蹖賱 亘丕 乇賵丕蹖鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖 賵 丿乇賴賲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丿乇賳 丕爻鬲 蹖丕賮鬲 賲蹖卮賵丿 (亘禺氐賵氐 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖 讴賴 賴賳賵夭 丿乇 芦賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖禄 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿)乇
丿睾丿睾賴 丕氐賱蹖 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賳 賳賵毓蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕氐蹖賱 賵 賲丿乇賳 丕爻鬲: 賳賵毓蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 讴賴 丿乇 賲鬲賳 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丿乇賳 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 芦賴乇 丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲貙 丿賵丿 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖乇賵丿禄 丕氐丕賱鬲 賵 乇蹖卮賴 丿丕乇蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 丨賮馗 賲蹖讴賳丿. 乇丕賴 丨賱 卮蹖乇蹖賳 丕賲丕 賯丕亘賱 鬲乇丿蹖丿 亘乇賲賳 乇丕 亘丕 亘蹖丕賳 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖讴賳賲

丿乇亘丕乇賴 賲丨鬲賵丕
讴鬲丕亘 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 蹖讴 賲賯丿賲賴 (亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴 賳賯卮賴 乇丕賴) 賵 倬賳噩 亘禺卮 丕氐賱蹖 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
賲賯丿賲賴 丕孬乇 亘賴 賳賯丿 讴賱 诏乇丕蹖蹖 丿乇鬲賮爻蹖乇 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 (賳賯丿蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 爻賳鬲 诏乇丕蹖丕賳 賵 倬爻鬲-賲丿乇賳賴丕)貙 賳賯丿 賳禺亘賴 诏乇丕蹖蹖 丕賮乇丕胤蹖 (賳賯丿蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳賴囟鬲 趩倬 賳賵) 賵 賳鬲蹖噩鬲丕賸 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 賲賴賲 噩賱賵賴 丿丕丿賳 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 亘賴 乇蹖卮賴 賴丕蹖 丕賳卮賯丕賯 賵 毓乇囟賴 丕賲讴丕賳 亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖 賳賵毓蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丕氐蹖賱貙 賮毓丕賱 賵 乇蹖卮賴 丿丕乇 賲蹖倬乇丿丕夭丿
亘禺卮 丕賵賱 亘丕 賳丕賲 芦賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴: 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 鬲賵爻毓賴 賵 乇卮丿禄 亘丕 禺賵丕賳卮蹖 鬲賲丕賲 毓蹖丕乇 丕夭 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 (亘丕 丨噩賲 蹖讴 爻賵賲 丕賲丕 卮蹖賵丕蹖蹖 丿賵 趩賳丿丕賳 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 丕孬乇 倬乇丕賴賲蹖鬲蹖 賲孬賱 禺賵丕賳卮 賮丕爻鬲 賱賵讴丕趩) 爻毓蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿 賳卮丕賳 丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丕夭 丿賱 毓賲蹖賯 鬲乇蹖賳 賳蹖丕夭賴丕蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 爻乇亘賱賳丿 賲蹖 讴賳丿. 丕夭 賳馗乇 亘乇賲賳 賴賲蹖賳 賳诏丕賴 毓賲蹖賯 诏賵鬲賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 賳賲賵賳賴 賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 賮丕賵爻鬲 賲鬲賲丕蹖夭 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲
亘禺卮 丿賵賲 毓賳賵丕賳蹖 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 夭蹖乇毓賳賵丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 賴爻鬲: 芦賴乇丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲貙 丿賵丿 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖 乇賵丿: 賲丕乇讴爻貙 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳禄. 趩賴乇賴 丕蹖 讴賴 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丕夭 賲丕乇讴爻 鬲乇爻蹖賲 賲蹖讴賳丿貙 丿乇 賲賯丕賲 爻鬲丕蹖卮诏乇 鬲賲丕賲 賯丿 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖貙 趩賴乇賴 丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕賱亘 鬲賵噩賴 賵 (丨丿丕賯賱 亘乇 賲亘賳丕蹖 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲) 丿乇爻鬲-賳賲丕爻鬲. 亘乇賲賳 爻毓蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 亘丕 鬲賵爻賱 亘賴 賳亘賵睾 匕賴賳蹖 賲丕乇讴爻 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丕夭 賴乇丌賳趩賴 賳賯丿 賵 丨鬲蹖 囟丿 丕賵爻鬲 亘乇丕蹖 鬲睾匕蹖賴 賵 睾賳丕 賵 鬲賵爻毓賴 禺賵丿 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 賲蹖讴賳丿
亘禺卮 爻賵賲: 芦亘賵丿賱乇: 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳禄. 亘乇賲賳 讴賴 丿乇 賮氐賱 賯亘賱貙 丿乇-賴賲-鬲賳蹖丿诏蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 亘丕 讴賲讴 鬲賮爻蹖乇 噩丕賱亘蹖 丕夭 丕卮毓丕乇 亘賵丿賱乇 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 賴賳乇 賵 乇賵夭賲乇賴 賲乇丿賲 亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿 賵 亘賴 鬲賵丕賳賲賳丿爻丕夭蹖 丌賳 賲丿丿 賲蹖乇爻丕賳丿. 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 趩诏賵賳賴 賮乇丿蹖 讴賴 賯氐丿 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 丌卮賵亘 匕丕鬲蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 丿丕乇丿貙 禺賵丿 亘賴 丕蹖噩丕丿 丕蹖賳 丌卮賵亘 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳丿
亘禺卮 趩賴丕乇賲 讴賴 芦倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏: 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賵 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖禄 賳丕賲 丿丕乇丿貙 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賲賵賱賮賴 賴丕蹖 毓賲蹖賯蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丿賵亘禺卮 倬蹖卮貙 乇賵 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 丿乇 倬蹖 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲賵丕噩賴賴 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖 亘丕 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲貙 蹖毓賳蹖 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 鬲賲丕賲 噩賵丕賲毓 丿乇丨丕賱 诏匕丕乇 乇丕 亘丕 鬲賲乇讴夭 亘乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 乇賵爻 (丕夭 倬賵卮讴蹖賳 鬲丕 賲丕賳丿賱卮鬲丕賲) 丿乇 讴賮 禺蹖丕亘丕賳賴丕 賵 卮賴乇賴丕 (讴賴 賯賴乇賲丕賳丕賳 賵丕賯毓蹖 乇賵丕蹖鬲賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕蹖賳 噩賵丕賲毓賳丿) 賵 鬲賯賱丕蹖 丕蹖賳 噩賵丕賲毓 亘乇丕蹖 蹖丕賮鬲賳 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丕氐蹖賱 禺賵丿 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖乇 亘讴卮丿. 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丿乇 禺賵丕賳卮 丌孬丕乇 乇賵爻蹖 丨賯蹖賯鬲丕 亘蹖 賳馗蹖乇 丕爻鬲
賵 丕賲丕 亘禺卮 丌禺乇 讴賴 亘丕 鬲噩乇亘賴 夭蹖爻鬲賴 賲賵賱賮 丿乇丌賲蹖禺鬲賴 賵 丕賵 賴賲 氐賲蹖賲丕賳賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 賲乇讴夭 丌賳 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖丿賴丿 丿乇亘丕乇賴 芦噩賳诏賱 賳賲丕丿賴丕: 賳讴丕鬲蹖 倬蹖乇丕賲賵賳 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴禄 丕爻鬲. 乇丕亘乇鬲 賲賵夭夭 囟丿賯賴乇賲丕賳 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱貙 丿乇亘乇丕亘乇 賯賴乇賲丕賳 亘禺卮 爻賴貙 賴賵爻賲丕賳貙 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖诏蹖乇丿: 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴 丿乇 亘乇丕亘乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 (亘賱賵丕乇). 亘乇賲賳 賯氐丿 丿丕乇丿 亘丕 賳卮丕賳賴 卮賳丕爻蹖 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴貙 丕夭 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 爻禺賳 亘诏賵蹖丿: 卮賴乇 蹖毓賳蹖 禺蹖丕亘丕賳貙 賵 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴 蹖毓賳蹖 賳賴 禺蹖丕亘丕賳蹖 賵 賳賴 賲乇丿賲蹖. 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 蹖毓賳蹖 賲丨賱 丕噩鬲賲丕毓貙 乇賵亘乇賵卮丿賳貙 賲賵丕噩賴賴貙 丕賱賴丕賲貙 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 亘賴 賲乇丿賲 賵 氐丿丕賱亘鬲賴 丌诏丕賴蹖貨 丕賲丕 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴 蹖毓賳蹖 毓亘賵乇 賲丨囟貙 毓丿賲 賲賵丕噩賴賴貙 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 亘賴 氐乇賮 賮囟丕 賵 诏乇賮鬲賳 夭賲蹖賳蹖 讴賴 夭賲蹖賳賴 丨囟賵乇 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 賮乇丕賴賲 賲蹖讴乇丿 (賴賲賴 丕賳賯賱丕亘賴丕 丿乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 乇禺 丿丕丿 丕爻鬲). 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 蹖讴 鬲賯乇蹖乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賵趩讴 丕賲丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿乇禺卮丕賳 賮賲蹖賳蹖爻鬲蹖貙 丨鬲蹖 賳賵毓 噩丿蹖丿 丕夭 亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 賵 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿: 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 禺丕賳賴 丿乇賲賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 亘夭乇诏乇丕賴 賵 丨鬲蹖 禺蹖丕亘丕賳

亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 亘乇丕蹖 亘乇賲賳 讴賴 诏賵蹖蹖 丕丨蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲 乇丕 丕賱賯丕 賲蹖讴賳丿貙 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賲禺丕胤亘 乇丕 亘賴 蹖丕丿 賮蹖賱賲 賲鬲賵爻胤 丕賱丨丕賱 賵賵丿蹖 丌賱賳貙 賳蹖賲賴 卮亘 丿乇 倬丕乇蹖爻貙 亘蹖丕賳丿丕夭丿. 卮丕蹖丿 亘乇賲賳 乇丕 亘丕 賯賴乇賲丕賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳貙 噩蹖賱 (賵 蹖丕 丨鬲蹖 賯賴乇賲丕賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 讴賴 噩蹖賱 賲蹖禺賵丕賴丿 丌賳 乇丕 亘賳賵蹖爻丿) 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 亘诏蹖乇蹖丿. 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賯胤毓丕 賳丕丿乇爻鬲 丕爻鬲. 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 倬蹖 芦丕丨蹖丕禄蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲蹖 賳蹖爻鬲貙 丕賵 賳賲蹖禺賵丕賴丿 賲丕賳賳丿 噩蹖賱 亘賴 诏匕卮鬲賴 亘丕夭诏乇丿丿 蹖丕 诏匕卮鬲賴 乇丕 夭賳丿賴 讴賳丿貙 亘乇毓讴爻 亘賴 賳馗乇 丕賵 芦賲丿乇賳 亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 鬲噩乇亘賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴 诏乇丿丕亘蹖 毓馗蹖賲 賵 乇賵蹖丕乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 丕蹖賳 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 讴賴 丌丿賲蹖 賵 噩賴丕賳 丕賵 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 丿乇丨丕賱 賮乇賵倬丕卮蹖 賵 鬲噩丿蹖丿 丨蹖丕鬲 賵 丌賲蹖禺鬲賴 亘賴 乇賳噩貙 毓匕丕亘 賵 鬲賳丕賯囟 賵 丕亘賴丕賲 丕爻鬲: 賲丿乇賳 亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 鬲毓賱賯 丿丕卮鬲賳 賴 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賴乇丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲蹖卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖乇賵丿. 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲 亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 禺賵诏乇賮鬲賳 亘丕 丕蹖賳 诏乇丿丕亘貙 倬蹖乇賵蹖 丕夭 囟乇亘 丌賴賳诏賴丕蹖 丌賳 賵 丨乇讴鬲 丿乇 亘胤賳 噩乇蹖丕賳賴丕蹖 丿乇賵賳蹖 丌賳 亘賴 賯氐丿 蹖丕賮鬲賳 丌賳 氐賵乇蹖 丕夭 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲貙 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖貙 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵 毓丿丕賱鬲 讴賴 趩乇禺卮 鬲賵賮賳丿賴 賵 賲賴賱讴 诏乇丿丕亘 賲噩丕夭 賲蹖卮賲丕乇丿.禄乇
倬爻 鬲丕 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘乇賲賳 丕氐蹖賱 亘賵丿賳 賲乇丿賳蹖爻賲 乇丕 亘賴 賲卮丕乇讴鬲 賲蹖丿丕賳丿 賵 賲卮丕乇讴鬲 蹖毓賳蹖 丿賵 趩蹖夭: 倬匕蹖乇卮 賯丕毓丿賴 亘丕夭蹖 (賮乇賵倬丕卮蹖 賲丿丕賲) 賵 賮毓丕賱 亘賵丿賳 (亘賴 賯氐丿 蹖丕賮鬲賳 丌賳 氐賵乇 丨乇讴鬲 讴乇丿賳). 倬爻 亘乇賲賳 噩蹖賱 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕賲丕 卮亘丕賴鬲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘丕 乇丕賵蹖 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 (賵賵丿蹖 丌賱賳) 丿丕乇丿 趩賵賳 賲蹖丿丕賳丿 賴乇趩賳丿 亘賴 毓賯亘 亘乇诏卮鬲賳 賴蹖趩 倬丕爻禺蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 丕乇丕卅賴 賳賲蹖讴賳丿貙 丕賲丕 亘賴 毓賯亘 賳诏乇蹖爻鬲賳 賲丕 乇丕 丿乇 蹖丕賮鬲賳 倬丕爻禺 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳丿: 芦鬲丿丕賵賲 丨蹖丕鬲 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲毓賳丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲賴丕 賴乇诏夭 賳賲蹖鬲賵丕賳賳丿 倬蹖賵賳丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 诏匕卮鬲賴 乇丕 亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 賯胤毓 讴賳賳丿: 爻丕蹖賴 诏匕卮鬲賴 賴賲蹖卮賴 賴賲乇丕賴 丌賳賴丕 禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿 賵 丌賳丕賳 賳蹖夭 亘賴 乇賴丕爻丕夭蹖 丕卮亘丕丨 诏匕卮鬲賴 賵 亘丕夭丌賮乇蹖賳蹖 丌賳 丕丿丕賲賴 禺賵丕賴賳丿 丿丕丿貙 丨鬲蹖 亘賴 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 爻乇诏乇賲 丿賵亘丕乇賴 爻丕夭蹖 賳賮爻 賵 噩賴丕賳 禺賵蹖卮賳丿禄.乇
亘乇賲賳 诏丕賲 爻賵賲蹖 賴賲 亘乇賲蹖丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳亘丕乇 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 禺賵丿 賵賵丿蹖 丌賱賳 賴賲 倬蹖卮 賲蹖丿丕乇丿 賵 丌賳 倬蹖 噩賵蹖蹖 賮賴賲 賲毓囟賱 丕爻鬲: 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 胤乇賮蹖 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲 賲丕 蹖讴 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賳丿丕乇蹖賲貙 賵 噩乇蹖丕賳賴丕蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲蹖 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳賳丿 禺賵亘貙 亘丿 蹖丕 亘乇丕蹖 卮乇丕蹖胤蹖 禺賵亘 賵 亘乇丕蹖 卮乇丕蹖胤蹖 亘丿 亘丕卮賳丿. 丕夭 胤乇賮 丿蹖诏乇 亘乇賲賳 賴賲乇丕賴 诏賵丿賲賳 (賵 亘毓丿賴丕 賴丕亘乇賲丕爻貙 賴賲乇丕賴 亘乇賲賳) 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 芦丕诏乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 噩賵丕賳丕賳 丕賲乇賵夭蹖 倬賵趩 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賴蹖趩 丌蹖賳丿賴 倬乇丕賮鬲禺丕乇 蹖丕 丨鬲蹖 亘丕賲毓賳丕蹖蹖 丿乇 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丌賳丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲貙 丿賱蹖賱 丌賳 乇賵丨 噩丕賲毓賴 賲丿乇賳 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 亘乇毓讴爻貙 毓賱鬲 丕氐賱蹖 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 乇賵丨 賴賳賵夭 亘賴 賯丿乇 讴丕賮蹖 鬲丨賯賯 賳蹖丕賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲禄. 丕蹖賳 噩爻丕乇鬲 亘乇賲賳 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 讴賳丕乇 賮乇丕爻鬲 丕賵 丿乇 賳賯丿 讴賱 賳诏乇蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 亘诏匕丕乇蹖賲 鬲丕 丿賯鬲 丕賵 乇丕 (丨鬲蹖 賮乇丕鬲乇 丕夭 诏賵丿賲賳) 賲鬲賵噩賴 卮賵蹖賲: 噩乇蹖丕賳 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 賳賴 噩丕蹖 賮乇丕乇 丿丕乇丿 賵 賳賴 丨鬲蹖 噩丕蹖 鬲丕爻賮貙 丕賲丕 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 亘賴 丕賳丨乇丕賮 讴卮蹖丿賴 卮賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 賲丕蹖蹖賲 讴賴 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳蹖賲 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 噩丕蹖 丕氐蹖賱 禺賵丿 亘丕夭诏乇丿丕賳蹖賲. 乇丕賴 丨賱 亘乇賲賳貙 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 讴賱丕爻蹖讴 丕賲丕 亘賳馗乇賲賳 賲賵孬乇 丕爻鬲: 乇丕賴 丨賱 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丕毓鬲乇丕囟丕鬲 禺蹖丕亘丕賳蹖 丕卮讴丕賱 噩丿蹖丿 賵 賲賵孬乇 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲. 乇丕賴 丨賱蹖 讴賴 丕夭 卮賱蹖賳诏 鬲丕 丌丿賵乇賳賵 鬲讴乇丕乇 卮丿賴 賵 賴賳賵夭 賲蹖卮賵丿

賳讴鬲賴 丌禺乇 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 蹖讴 賲爻卅賱賴 鬲丕乇蹖讴 丕爻鬲: 賴乇丕爻 賳賴賮鬲賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵丕噩賴賴. 鬲噩乇亘賴 丕蹖 讴賴 賴乇诏賵賳賴 丕賲蹖丿 亘賴 孬亘丕鬲 乇丕 亘賴 賳丕 丕賲蹖丿蹖 賲蹖讴卮丕賳丿. 丕賲丕 亘賳馗乇 卮丕蹖丿 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 乇丕賴 丨賱 賲賵丕噩賴賴 賴乇趩賴 夭賵丿鬲乇 亘丕 賴賲蹖賳 賳丕 丕賲蹖丿 亘丕卮丿. 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 賳馗乇 賲賳 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 賳馗乇 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 爻蹖丕爻蹖 賲毓丕氐乇貙 噩賵乇噩蹖賵 丌诏丕賲亘賳貙 乇丕 噩賵蹖丕 卮丿: 芦亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 鬲賮賰乇 趩賳蹖賳 賲毓賳丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇丿: 卮噩丕毓鬲 賳丕丕賲蹖丿蹖. 丌蹖丕 丕蹖賳 亘丕賱丕鬲乇 丕夭 丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇蹖 賳蹖爻鬲責禄乇



丿乇亘丕乇賴 鬲乇噩賲賴
丨賯蹖賯鬲丕 亘丕蹖丿 诏賮鬲 賲乇丕丿 賮乇賴丕丿倬賵乇 丿乇 丕蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 (賲孬賱 亘丕賯蹖 鬲乇噩賲賴 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕夭 丕賵 禺賵丕賳丿賲 賵 賮乇丕鬲乇 丕夭 賴賲賴) 爻賳诏 鬲賲丕賲 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲. 亘噩夭 蹖讴蹖 丿賵 賲賵乇丿 賳丕丿乇貙 賲毓丕丿賱賴丕貙 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 噩賲賱賴 賴丕 賵 倬丕賳賵蹖爻賴丕蹖 鬲賵囟蹖丨蹖 賴賲诏蹖 毓丕賱蹖爻鬲. 丕夭 賴賲賴 賲賴賲鬲乇 賱丨賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賮乇丕禺賵乇 賴蹖噩丕賳丕鬲 亘乇賲賳貙 讴丕賲賱丕 賲賳鬲賯賱 賲蹖卮賵丿 賵 丕夭 丕蹖賳 乇賵 亘丕蹖丿 亘丿賵賳 賴乇诏賵賳賴 鬲讴賱賮 賲鬲乇噩賲 乇丕 賯丿乇 卮賳丕禺鬲


倬蹖 賳賵卮鬲: 賳卮乇蹖賴 丌爻賲丕賳 丕蹖賳 卮賲丕乇賴貙 芦鬲噩乇亘賴 卮賴乇蹖禄 丿蹖賵蹖丿 賴丕乇賵蹖 乇丕 亘丕 芦鬲噩乇亘賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴禄 亘乇賲賳 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 讴乇丿賴 賵 賴丕乇賵蹖 乇丕 亘乇賲賳 趩倬賴丕 禺賵丕賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 诏匕卮鬲賴 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 (亘乇賲賳 趩倬賴丕!) 毓賱丕賯賴 賲賳 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳 鬲噩乇亘賴 卮賴乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 讴乇丿
Profile Image for Amirsaman.
487 reviews261 followers
September 22, 2018
鈥� 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 賲噩賱賴鈥屫з呪€� 乇丕 亘蹖乇賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫ж呚� 丿乇 丌賳 丕夭 賮賱爻賮賴 賵 賲讴丕賳蹖讴 讴賵丕賳鬲賵賲 诏乇賮鬲賴貙 鬲丕 賮賲蹖賳蹖爻賲 賵 爻蹖賳賲丕貙 爻鬲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堌簇�. 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳貙 丿乇賴丕蹖 賲鬲毓丿丿蹖 乇丕 賳卮丕賳鬲 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 賵 丕賳爻丕賳 賲丿乇賳 賵爻賵爻賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴乇 丿乇蹖 乇丕 賲賯丿丕乇蹖 亘丕夭 讴賳丿貨 賲賯丿丕乇蹖貙 賵 賳賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇. 賲丕 賲丿乇賳蹖賲 賵 賴蹖趩 賳賯卮 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖鈥屫й� 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 胤賵乇 讴丕賲賱 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲賵氐蹖賮 讴賳丿貨 倬爻 丨乇氐 讴爻亘 賴賵蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫堌簇�.
賴賲賴鈥屬呚з� 鬲丕 丨丿蹖 睾匕丕 倬禺鬲賳 亘賱丿蹖賲貙 讴丕乇 亘丕 賲丕卮蹖賳鈥屬勜ㄘж斥€屫促堐屰屫� 丿乇賲丕賳 爻乇賲丕禺賵乇丿诏蹖貙 賵 乇丕賳賳丿诏蹖.
(賵 亘賴 卮讴賱 賲鬲賳丕賯囟蹖貙 氐賳毓鬲 丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賳賵貙 鬲禺氐氐蹖 卮丿賴. 丿蹖诏乇 氐賮乇 鬲丕 氐丿賽 讴卮鬲 亘乇賳噩 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳 讴卮丕賵乇夭蹖 乇丕 蹖讴 賳賮乇 丕賳噩丕賲 賳賲蹖鈥屫囏� 蹖讴蹖 卮睾賱卮 鬲乇丕讴鬲賵乇乇丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲貙 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丿乇诏賵賳蹖鈥屭┴必嗁� 賲丨氐賵賱.)

鈥� 丿乇 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳貙 亘丕蹖丿 丕夭 賴賲賴鈥屭嗃屫� 亘蹖鈥屫必呚з嗁� 讴丕乇 讴卮蹖丿 賵 亘賴 爻賵蹖 鬲賵賱蹖丿 賴噩賵賲 亘乇丿. 賵 賴賲蹖賳 丕爻鬲 丨乇賮賽 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 賲丨蹖胤鈥屫槽屫池� 賵 噩賲丕毓鬲 囟丿賮丕賵爻鬲蹖貙 讴賴 亘爻 丕爻鬲 亘賴乇賴鈥屭┴篡� 丕夭 胤亘蹖毓鬲. 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇 亘乇賲賳貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 芦讴賵趩讴 賮讴乇 讴賳蹖賲禄. 丕賲丕 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 賲丿乇賳貙 鬲賳賴丕 芦亘夭乇诏 賮讴乇 讴乇丿賳禄 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賲賳噩乇 亘賴 讴賵趩讴 賮讴乇讴乇丿賳 賵 鬲賲乇讴夭夭丿丕蹖蹖 卮賵丿.
鬲賵爻毓賴鈥屰� 賲丿乇賳 賮丕賵爻鬲蹖貙 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 乇丕賳丿賳 賳蹖丕夭貙 賮賯乇貙 诏賳丕賴 賵 丿賱爻賵夭蹖 丕爻鬲. 丕賲丕 诏賵鬲賴 賲夭丕蹖丕蹖蹖 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳 亘乇賲蹖鈥屫促呚ж必�. 诏乇趩賳 (丿禺鬲乇蹖 讴賴 亘讴丕乇鬲卮 賯乇亘丕賳蹖 禺賵丕爻鬲 賮丕賵爻鬲賽 賲丿乇賳鈥屫焚勜� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�)貙 丕夭 丿賳蹖丕蹖 讴賵趩讴 賵 爻賳鬲蹖 禺賵丿 噩丿丕 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 鬲丕 丕夭 賯蹖丿賵亘賳丿賴丕蹖 (賲孬賱丕賸 噩賳爻蹖) 丌賳 噩丿丕 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 乇賴丕蹖蹖 亘乇爻丿. 亘賯賵賱 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳貙 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賳賵爻鬲丕賱跇蹖讴鈥屬堌ж必� 禺賵丕賴丕賳 毓氐乇 倬蹖卮丕賲丿乇賳 賵 賴賲賴鈥屰� 毓賯亘鈥屬呚з嗀屸€屬囏й� 賮乇賴賳诏蹖鈥屫ж� 亘賵丿. 噩丕賲毓賴貙 禺賵丿 賲蹖賱 卮丿蹖丿蹖 丿丕乇丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 鬲賵爻毓賴鈥屰� 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲蹖.

鈥� 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳貙 毓氐乇 倬蹖卮乇賮鬲 賵 鬲讴丕倬賵蹖 亘丿賵賳 賲賱丕丨馗賴 丕爻鬲貨 丕蹖爻鬲丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕亘乇 亘丕 賳丕亘賵丿蹖 丕爻鬲 (賯乇丕乇丿丕丿 賮丕賵爻鬲 賵 卮蹖胤丕賳). 賵 賳爻賱 亘毓丿 --丿賴賴鈥屰� 郾酃鄱郯--貙 賳爻賱 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й屰� 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賱丨馗賴鈥屰� 丨丕賱 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬嗀� 亘賲丕賳貙 賳爻賱 賴蹖倬蹖鈥屬囏�.
丿乇 賵丕賯毓 亘乇禺賱丕賮 丿賵乇丕賳 亘毓丿 丕夭 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賴 芦賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳禄 丿乇 氐賳毓鬲 賵 倬賱鈥屫池ж槽屸€屬囏й� 毓馗蹖賲 卮丿鬲 诏乇賮鬲賳丿貙 賵 倬蹖丕丿賴鈥屫辟堎囏� 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇賵夭賲乇賴 胤乇丿 卮丿賳丿貙 丿賴賴鈥屰� 卮氐鬲貙 鬲丕讴蹖丿卮 亘乇 芦賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲禄 賴賳乇蹖 亘賵丿貨 丿乇賴賲鈥屫①呟屫槽� 賴賳乇 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇賵夭賲乇賴. 賴賲丕賳鈥屫焚堌� 讴賴 丿乇 賮蹖賱賲鈥屬囏й� 禺蹖丕亘丕賳鈥屬呚堌辟� 跇丕賳 賱賵讴 诏丿丕乇 蹖丕 丌賴賳诏鈥屬囏й� 亘丕亘 丿蹖賱賳 蹖丕 亘毓丿鬲乇 丿乇 丕卮毓丕乇 亘賵讴賵賮爻讴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬�. (亘乇賲賳 丕毓鬲賯丕丿蹖 亘賴 倬爻鬲鈥屬呚辟� 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳 乇丕 鬲賲丕賲鈥屬嗀簇� 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀�.)
丕夭 賴賲丕賳 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲貙 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 賲毓賳丕蹖 賵蹖跇賴鈥屫й� 丿乇 賮乇賴賳诏 賲丿乇賳 丿丕卮鬲. 禺蹖丕亘丕賳鈥屬囏й� 賲丿乇賳貙 噩丕蹖蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 丿爻鬲 賲毓卮賵賯鬲 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫臂� 賵 芦禺賱賵鬲禄 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 賳賲丕蹖卮 芦毓賲賵賲蹖禄 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж臂�. 讴丕賮賴鈥屬囏й� 讴賳丕乇 倬蹖丕丿賴鈥屫辟堎囏� 賲賴蹖丕讴賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 丨乇蹖賲 卮禺氐蹖 丿乇 蹖讴 賮囟丕蹖 毓賲賵賲蹖 丕賳丿. 噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 亘賯蹖賴 亘丕蹖丿 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 卮賲丕 丿賵 賳賮乇賿 睾乇蹖亘賴貙 丿乇 匕賴賳卮丕賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘爻丕夭賳丿. 賮乇賲 丕賲乇賵夭蹖 卮亘讴賴鈥屬囏й� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賴賲 丕丿丕賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲蹖賳 爻賳賾鬲 丕爻鬲貨 趩卮賲鈥屭嗀必з嗃屬� 禺蹖丕亘丕賳蹖 丨丕賱丕 亘賴 毓乇氐賴鈥屰� 氐賮丨丕鬲 賲噩丕夭蹖 賵 毓讴爻鈥屬囏й� 丕蹖賳爻鬲丕诏乇丕賲蹖 賲賳鬲賯賱 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.

鈥� 芦鬲賯丿爻鈥屫藏й屰屄� 蹖讴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 毓賲丿賴鈥屰� 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳 丕爻鬲. 鈥屬呚ж壁┴� 丿乇 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲 讴賲賵賳蹖爻鬲貙 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 丿丕乇丿 賮賵丕蹖丿 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖 乇丕 亘乇賲蹖鈥屫促呚必� 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭蹖 丌賳 鬲賯丿爻蹖 乇丕 讴賴 卮睾賱鈥屬囏й屰� 賲孬賱 倬夭卮讴蹖 賵 賵讴丕賱鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳丿貙 夭丿賵丿貙 賵 倬夭卮讴丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 讴丕乇诏乇丕賳 賲夭丿诏蹖乇 禺賵丿 鬲亘丿蹖賱 讴乇丿.
賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 賴賲蹖賳 賲賮賴賵賲 乇丕 丿乇 卮毓乇 芦诏賱 賵 賱丕蹖 賲讴丕丿丕賲賽禄 亘賵丿賱乇 賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ�. 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 賴丕賱賴鈥屰� 丿賵乇 爻乇 卮丕毓乇蹖 丿乇 诏賱 賵 賱丕蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з佖� 賵 亘賴 毓亘丕乇鬲蹖 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳貙 亘噩丕蹖 鬲丨賯蹖乇 鬲賵丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇丿賲貙 丨蹖丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丕夭 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇賵夭賲乇賴 賲蹖鈥屭屫必�.

鈥� 丕夭 賵蹖跇诏蹖鈥屬囏й� 丿蹖诏乇 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲貙 讴丕乇賲賳丿 夭蹖乇夭賲蹖賳蹖鈥屫й� 丕爻鬲 讴賴 禺賵丕賴丕賳 亘乇丕亘乇蹖 亘丕 丕賮爻乇丕賳 丕爻鬲貙 賵 鬲賱丕卮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 亘丕 鬲賳賴 夭丿賳 亘賴 賲丕賮賵賯丕賳 禺賵蹖卮 丿乇 亘賱賵丕乇 賳賵爻讴蹖貙 丕夭 丨賯丕乇鬲 賲賵卮鈥屬堌ж必з嗁団€屰� 禺賵丿 亘讴丕賴丿. 賲囟賲賵賳 乇賴丕蹖蹖 丕夭 亘乇丿诏蹖貙 倬蹖卮 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賵賮爻讴蹖 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 賯乇賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賲賵噩賵丿 亘賵丿賴. 丕賲丕 賳丕賲賴鈥屬囏й� 夭蹖乇夭賲蹖賳蹖貙 丿蹖丿賴鈥屬嗀簇嗁� 倬丕蹖蹖賳鈥屫池屸€屬囏� 乇丕 丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 噩丿蹖丿蹖 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 馗丕賴乇丕賸 乇丕蹖 亘賴 賱睾賵 亘乇丿诏蹖 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲.
Profile Image for Andrew.
2,196 reviews885 followers
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June 30, 2011
First off, subject matter aside, Marshall Berman is a beautiful damn writer. He can take four weighty, academic ideas-- the relationship between Faust and modern technology, Baudelaire's conception of Paris, the role of St. Petersburg in Russian modernization, and the effects of modernist planning on New York-- and make them sing and dance. Especially the New York essay. He's on home turf, and he is as rapturous as Woody Allen in the opening scenes of Manhattan.

In the introduction, he denounces Foucault. As a Foucault fan, I am keen to read negative criticism of the man's works. However, he doesn't denounce the godless postmoderns as many old modernists are wont to do. Rather, he lets the merits of modernism stand on their own right. He merely wants to show us the process. Let Baudelaire, Goethe, Bely, and Dostoyevsky speak for themselves. The result of this is that his thesis and his actual material don't really match up. It's best not to read it as an argument, but as an exposition.

So he doesn't sound like a curmudgeon. He does, however, sound like a tragic. While it's supposed to be a clarion call for modernism, it sounds more like a eulogy. Not that this is a bad thing; I think modernism deserves a fitting eulogy, but maybe this isn't what he intended.
Profile Image for Ian "Marvin" Graye.
932 reviews2,682 followers
March 20, 2021
CRITIQUE:

Dialectical Hegelian Epigraph (Tarrying with the Negative)

"Spirit is a power only by looking the negative in the face and living with it. Living with it is the magical power that converts the negative into being."

Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (1807)


"A Rich and Complex, Trenchant and Compelling Perspective"

"All That is Solid" is a superlative exercise in both literary and cultural criticism, that somehow unexpectedly, but consistently with its overall (Marxist) perspective, morphs into a polemic on urban and environmental planning.

While contemplating what adjectives I could use to describe the style of the book, I recalled some comments that Berman had made on other non-fiction (Marx and Engels, Jane Jacobs) or poetry and fiction (Goethe, Baudelaire, Pushkin, Gogol, Chernyshevsky, Dostoyevsky, Bely and Mandelstam) in his work. On reflection, these descriptions apply equally to his own book, perhaps because they reflect his predilections and priorities:

"It is fascinating and beautifully realised..." (275)

"I want to convey the richness of [her/his] thought." (315)

"[Her/His] perspective is rich and complex, trenchant and compelling..." (322)

"[She/He] has the ability to create individual scenes - whether actual or mythical, past or present, imagined or directly experienced - with a remarkable directness and luminous clarity." (334)


Modern Roots

The subtitle of the work is "The Experience of Modernity". This is broader in scope than what I had subconsciously expected, which was an analysis of Modernism. In fact, Berman analyses three related subjects, each of which has its root in the word "modern". They are:

* Modernisation;

* Modernity; and

* Modernism.

Berman doesn't define all three of these words in any one place in his book. However, this is what I gleaned about how he intended to use them, at least comparatively.

Modernisation is the economic, technological, social and cultural development of society. Berman's description reveals his Marxist perspective:

"The industrialisation of production, which transforms scientific knowledge into technology, creates new human environments and destroys old ones, speeds up the whole tempo of life, generates new forms of corporate power and class struggle; immense demographic upheavals, severing millions of people from their ancestral habitats, hurtling them half-way across the globe into new lives; rapid and often cataclysmic urban growth; systems of mass communication, dynamic in their development, enveloping and binding together the most diverse people and societies; increasingly powerful national states, bureaucratically structured and operated, constantly striving to expand their powers; mass social movements of people, and peoples, challenging their political and economic rulers, striving to gain some control over their lives; finally, bearing and driving all these people and institutions along, an ever-expanding, drastically fluctuating capitalist world market." (16)

Modernity, therefore, is the present stage of development, i.e., the stage of development at which we now find ourselves, especially in the global capitalist West.

Modernism is a/the cultural response to Modernisation:

"[The world-historical processes of Modernisation] have nourished an amazing variety of visions and ideas that aim to make men and women the subjects as well as the objects of modernisation, to give them the power to change the world that is changing them, to make their way through the maelstrom and make it their own...This book is a study in the dialectics of Modernisation and Modernism." (16)

"[Early Modernists] used Modernisation as a source of creative material and energy. Marx, Baudelaire and many others strove to grasp this world-historical process and appropriate it for mankind: to transform the chaotic energies of economic and social change into new forms of meaning and beauty, of freedom and solidarity; to help their fellow men and help themselves to become the subjects as well as objects of Modernisation." (174)


Phases of Modernity

Berman divides the history of Modernity into three phases:

1. From the start of the sixteenth century to the end of the eighteenth century (early Modernity);

2. From the American and French Revolutions to the end of the nineteenth century (classical Modernity); and

3. The twentieth century to the present (late Modernity).

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Wide and tree-lined Boulevard Montmartre, Paris, 1906

Descended From Holy Ghosts Into the Maelstrom

Initially, Berman focuses on phase 2, within which he places Karl Marx and "The Communist Manifesto" (from which he derives the title of the book):

"All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and men at last are forced to face...the real conditions of their lives and their relations with their fellow men." (21)

In his discussion of Modernism, Berman suggests that "to be modern [or a Modernist] is to experience personal and social life as a maelstrom, to find one's world and oneself in perpetual disintegration and renewal, trouble and anguish, ambiguity and contradiction; to be part of a universe in which all that is solid melts into air. To be a Modernist is to make oneself somehow at home in the maelstrom, to make its rhythms one's own, to move within its currents in search of the forms of reality, of beauty, of freedom, of justice, that its fervid and perilous flow allows." (346)

Berman highlights the dialectic of Modernism:

"Modernists can never be done with the past: they must go on forever haunted by it, digging up its ghosts, recreating it even as they remake their world and themselves."

Modernism Survives the Threat of Post-Modernism

This leads Berman to assess Post-Modernism (which he seems to comprehend as a wrong-headed variety of Modernism):

"The Modernism of the 1970s was distinguished by its desire and power to remember, to remember so much of what modern societies - regardless of what their ideologies and who their ruling classes are - want to forget. But when contemporary Modernists lose touch with and deny their own Modernity, they only echo the ruling class self-delusion that it has conquered the troubles and perils of the past, and meanwhile they cut themselves off, and cut us off, from a primary source of their own strength." (346)

In contrast, Berman argues that Modernism will survive and continue to develop:

"The culture of Modernism will go on developing new visions and expressions of life: for the same economic and social drives that endlessly transform the world around us, both for good and for evil, also transform the inner lives of the men and women who fill this world and make it go.

"The process of Modernisation, even as it exploits and torments us, brings our energies and imaginations to life, drives us to grasp and confront the world that Modernisation makes, and to strive to make it our own. I believe that we and those who come after us will go on fighting to make ourselves at home in this world, even as the homes we have made, the modern street, the modern spirit, go on melting into air." (348)

"Realism in literature and thought must develop into Modernism, in order to grasp the unfolding, fragmenting, decomposing and increasingly shadowy ealities of modern life." (257)


The ideologues of Post-Modernism will continue to lament "Modernity's stubborn refusal to fade out...The modern economy is likely to go on growing, though probably in new directions, adapting itself to the chronic energy and environmental crises that its success has created. Future adaptations will require great social and political turmoil; but Modernisation has always thrived on trouble, on an atmosphere of 'everlasting uncertainty and agitation' in which, as The Communist Manifesto says, 'All fixed, fast-frozen relations...are swept away.' " (347)

description
Construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, 1950

Modernisation and the Environment

Berman tries to show "a dialectical interplay between unfolding Modernisation of the environment - particularly the urban environment - and the development of Modernist art and thought."

He argues that this dialogue had stopped dead by the 1950s, when Robert Moses created an "expressway world", particularly the Cross-Bronx Expressway that tore the Bronx in two, and displaced 1,500 families.

"So often the price of ongoing and expanding Modernity is the destruction not merely of 'traditional' and 'pre-Modern' institutions and environments but - and here is the real strategy - of everything most vital and beautiful in the Modern world itself." (295)

"One of the crucial tasks for Modernists in the 1960s was to confront the expressway world; another was to show that this was not the only possible modern world, that there were other, better directions in which the modern spirit could move." (313)

In contrast to his experience with inter-city development, Robert Moses would say of the residents of the Bronx and their homes:

"There are more houses in the way...more people in the way...that's all."

Whatever environment, lifestyle and culture they had established for themselves was irrelevant to him and his project. He was more interested in cars, commuters and traffic.

Modernism can inspire citizens "with visions of symbolic action and interaction that can help them to act as men [and women] and citizens there: modes of passionately intense encounter and conflict and dialogue through which they can at once assert themselves and confront each other and challenge the powers that control them all. It can help them to become...both personally and politically 'more alive' in the elusively shifting light and shadow of the city streets." (286)

The Dual Character of Modernism

Berman argues that, particularly in the developed world, Modernism must both support and protest against Modernisation, whichever is more appropriate. The same applies in the underdeveloped world, where development can be motivated and driven by Stalinist tyranny.

"The Modernism of underdevelopment is forced to build on fantasies and dreams of Modernity, to nourish itself on an intimacy and a struggle with mirages and ghosts." (232)

"All forms of Modernist art and thought have a dual character: they are at once expressions of and protests against the process of Modernisation." (235)

Likewise, Marshall Berman's book is both articulate expression and protest, a Modernist work in its own right, as well as a Marxist one.


Epilogue

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SOUNDTRACK:
Profile Image for Talie.
318 reviews45 followers
July 29, 2022

"賴乇 丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲蹖 卮賵丿."
丿乇 卮賴乇 讴賵趩讴蹖 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖 讴賳賲 賴乇 乇賵夭 鬲毓丿丕丿 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 丕夭 禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖 賯丿蹖賲蹖 賲丨賵 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 賵 噩丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘賴 丌倬丕乇鬲賲丕賳 賴丕 蹖 趩賳丿 胤亘賯賴 賵 丌爻賲丕賳 禺乇丕卮 賴丕 賲蹖 丿賴賳丿. 氐丿丕蹖 趩讴卮 賵 賲鬲賴 賵 丿爻鬲诏丕賴 噩賵卮 賵... 賲賵爻蹖賯蹖 夭賲蹖賳賴 蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕賲 卮丿賳丿. 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 乇卮丿 賵 鬲賵爻毓賴 賮丕賵爻鬲蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 亘爻丕夭 亘賮乇賵卮 賴丕蹖 卮賴乇 賲賳 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱听 鬲賵爻毓賴 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿. 賮丕囟賱丕亘 賴丕蹖 丌爻賲丕賳 禺乇丕卮 賴丕 丿乇 丿乇蹖丕 賵 讴賮 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 乇賴丕 卮丿賴 丕賳丿. 丿乇 诏賵卮賴 蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕夭 卮賴乇 讴賵趩讴 賲賳 丨賱亘蹖 丌亘丕丿賴丕 賯丕乇趩 賵丕乇 丿乇 丨丕賱 诏爻鬲乇卮 賴爻鬲賳丿. 亘爻丕夭 亘賮乇賵卮 賴丕 賲孬賱 乇丕亘乇鬲 賲賵夭夭 丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖蹖 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 诏乇趩賴 "乇丕賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘丕 爻丕胤賵乇 亘丕夭 賲蹖 讴乇丿"貙 丕賱鬲賮丕鬲蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賮囟丕賴丕蹖 毓賲賵賲蹖 丿丕卮鬲. 丕蹖賳噩丕 鬲賳賴丕 賮囟丕蹖蹖 讴賴听 亘賴 丌賳 毓賳賵丕賳 倬丕乇讴 賲蹖 卮丿 丿丕丿貙 亘乇丕蹖 爻丕禺鬲賳 倬賱蹖 鬲禺乇蹖亘 卮丿 讴賴 爻丕賱 賴丕 丕爻鬲 丿乇 丨丕賱 爻丕禺鬲 丕爻鬲. 賲賳 丕蹖賳 倬賱 乇丕 倬賱 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 賲蹖 賳丕賲賲. 蹖讴 爻賲鬲 倬賱 亘丕 鬲禺乇蹖亘 賵 賯胤毓 丿乇禺鬲 賴丕蹖 倬賱丕讴 丿丕乇听 爻丕禺鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕賲丕 爻賲鬲 丿蹖诏乇 倬賱 丿乇 賴賵丕 賲毓賱賯 丕爻鬲 賵 賲賳丕爻亘 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 賵 倬乇鬲 卮丿賳 丿乇 乇賵丿禺丕賳賴. 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳蹖 丿乇 讴丕乇 賳蹖爻鬲 鬲賳賴丕 孬乇賵鬲賲賳丿 卮丿賳 禺賵丕氐 丕爻鬲 丕夭 禺乇蹖丿 賵 賮乇賵卮 夭賲蹖賳 賵 亘爻丕夭 亘賮乇賵卮蹖. 丕蹖賳噩丕 丕夭听 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏蹖 賴賲 禺亘乇蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. " 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲蹖 讴賴 毓賱蹖賴 禺賵丿 賲蹖 卮賵乇丿 賵 禺賵丿 乇丕 卮讴賳噩賴 賲蹖 丿賴丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賳蹖爻鬲 蹖讴 鬲賳賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 乇丕 毓賵囟 讴賳丿鈥�" 亘賴 噩丕蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 賴丕蹖 夭蹖乇夭賲蹖賳蹖 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏蹖貙 丕蹖賳噩丕 丌丿賲 賴丕 賱亘 丿乇蹖丕 爻賱賮蹖 賲蹖 诏蹖乇賳丿 賵 倬賵爻鬲 禺乇亘夭賴 倬乇鬲 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿.







Profile Image for Jeroen Vandenbossche.
131 reviews31 followers
May 8, 2025
One of the greatest works of 20th century literary cum social criticism in my opinion, right up there with Roland Barthes鈥檚 S/Z, Bakhtin鈥檚 Dostoevsky and Luk谩cs Theory of the Novel.

The chapter on the images of St. Petersburg in the works of Pushkin, Gogol and Dostoevsky is probably the least great and still very good; the one on Goethe鈥檚 Faust is very illuminating and the one on Baudelaire鈥檚 experience of modernity is absolutely masterful. Strolling down the Paris boulevards will never be same again.

Highly recommended.
Profile Image for Mohammadreza.
184 reviews36 followers
December 25, 2016
丕蹖賳 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 乇賵 鬲賵 丿賵乇丕賳 讴丕乇卮賳丕爻蹖貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘丕 賳卮乇蹖踿 丕賳噩賲賳 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 賴賲讴丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 賵 亘乇丕蹖 亘禺卮 賮乇賴賳诏蹖鈥屫� 賳賵卮鬲賲 賵 丨丕賱丕 亘丕 讴賲蹖 丨讴 賵 丕氐賱丕丨 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲蹖丕乇賲卮. 蹖賴 丕賳乇跇蹖 賵 丨爻 噩賵丕賳丕賳賴 賴爻鬲 鬲賵 丕蹖賳 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 丿賵爻卮 丿丕乇賲貙 賲禺氐賵氐丕 賵賯鬲蹖 蹖丕丿賲 賲蹖丕丿 讴賴 趩賯丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賵 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲 賵 丿賵亘丕乇 禺賵賳丿賲卮.
賴乇 丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲賷 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲賷 乇賵丿
丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 鬲賱丕卮賷 丕爻鬲 亘乇丕賷 丿乇賰 賲賮賴賵賲賷 丨賯賷賯賷 丕夭 夭賳丿诏賷 賲丿乇賳 賵 鬲賳丕賯氐丕鬲 賵 爻乇丿乇诏賲賷鈥屬囏з� 丌賳貙 丌賳诏賵賳賴 賰賴 賴爻鬲 丕夭 胤乇賷賯 亘乇乇爻賷 賵 賰賳賰丕卮 賲賷丕賳 趩賳丿 賰鬲丕亘 亘乇噩爻鬲賴 丕丿亘賷 賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷 賰賴 丨丕氐賱 鬲賮賰乇 亘乇鬲乇 亘卮乇 賴爻鬲賳丿. 賰鬲丕亘鈥屬囏з娰� 賰賴 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏з娰� 丕夭 夭賳丿诏賷 賲丿乇賳 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇 賵 鬲毓丕乇囟丕鬲 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 鬲賯丕亘賱 亘丕 丿賳賷丕賷賷 賲鬲丨賵賱 賵 倬賵賷丕貙 丿乇 丕賳丿賷卮賴鈥屬� 賳賵賷爻賳丿诏丕賳 丌賳賴丕 乇丕貙 丌卮賰丕乇 賲賷鈥屬冑嗀�.
賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 爻毓賷 賲賷鈥屬冑嗀� 丕賳丿賷卮賴鈥屬囏з� 賲丿乇賳賷爻鬲賷 乇丕 丕夭 禺賱丕賱 賲鬲賳 賰鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 丕爻鬲禺乇丕噩 賰乇丿賴 賵 賴賲乇丕賴 亘丕 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘賴 賯囟丕賵鬲 賵 賳賯丿 丌賳 亘賳卮賷賳丿. 丕賳丿賷卮賴鈥屬囏з娰� 賰賴 诏爻鬲乇賴鈥屫з� 賵爻賷毓 乇丕 丿乇 亘乇 賲賷鈥屭娯必�: 丕夭 丕卮鬲賷丕賯 賵 丨乇氐 丕賳爻丕賳 亘乇丕賷 丌賮乇賷賳卮 賷賰 噩賴丕賳 亘乇鬲乇 賵 倬賷卮乇賮鬲賴 賵 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 丌賳 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕賷 賳丕亘賵丿 賰乇丿賳 丌禺乇賷賳 賰賱亘賴鈥屬� 賷賰 夭賵噩 倬賷乇貙 丿乇 芦賮丕賵爻鬲禄 诏賵鬲賴貙 噩賳亘卮賴丕賷 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賽 鬲賵丿賴 賴丕賷 賲乇丿賲賷賽 賰丕乇诏乇 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 亘賵乇跇賵丕夭賷 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賽 丕乇賵倬丕 丿乇 芦 賲丕賳賷賮爻鬲 賰賲賵賳賷爻鬲禄 丕孬乇 賲丕乇賰爻貙 鬲丕 毓賲賯 賮丕噩毓賴 亘賷賲丕乇賷 乇賵丕賳賷 賵 鬲賳賴丕賷賷 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 毓氐乇 賲丿乇賳 丿乇 芦賷丕丿丿丕卮鬲 賴丕賷 夭賷乇 夭賲賷賳賷禄 丿丕爻鬲丕賷賮爻賰賷貨 賵 亘賴 毓賰爻 賳卮丕胤 賵 乇賵丨鈥屫ㄘ促� 夭賳丿诏賷 賲丿乇賳 丿乇 鬲賰丕倬賵賷 倬丕賷丕賳 賳丕倬匕賷乇 丌賳貙 丿乇 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕貙 丌賲賵禺鬲賳 賴賳乇 賱丕賷賷 賰卮賷丿賳 丕夭 賲賷丕賳 丕鬲賵賲亘賷賱鈥屬囏з� 丿乇 丨丕賱 诏匕乇 亘乇丕賷 乇爻賷丿賳 亘賴 丌賳 爻賲鬲 禺賷丕亘丕賳 (亘賵丿賱乇) 賵 丨鬲賷 丿乇 丕毓鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 賲匕賴亘賷 賵 亘丕賵乇賴丕賷 禺乇丕賮賷.
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賰賱丕賲賲 乇丕 亘丕 噩賲賱賴 丕賷 丕夭 倬賷卮诏賮鬲丕乇 賰鬲丕亘 倬丕賷丕賳 賲賷 亘乇賲:
芦 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 賲賷 賰賵卮丿 睾賳丕賷 賲毓賳賵賷 賮乇賴賳诏 賲丿乇賳賷爻鬲賷 乇丕 亘乇丕賷 賲乇丿丕賳 賵 夭賳丕賳 賰賵趩賴 賵 亘丕夭丕乇 賵 賴賲賴 丕賳爻丕賳賴丕賷 賲丿乇賳 丕丨賷丕 賰賳丿貙 賵 賳卮丕賳 丿賴丿 趩诏賵賳賴貙 亘乇丕賷 賲丕 賲丿乇賳賷爻賲 賴賲丕賳 乇卅丕賱賷爻賲 丕爻鬲.禄
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鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 讴鬲丕亘蹖鈥屫池� 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿賴 丿乇 丿賴賴 賴卮鬲丕丿 亘乇丕蹖 卮乇丨 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 讴賴 丿乇 賳馗乇 亘乇賲賳 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賲鬲賮讴乇丕賳 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲蹖 賲賳丕爻亘丕鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賳爻賱 賲毓丕氐乇 丨丕囟乇 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 爻毓蹖 丿乇 亘爻胤 丌賳 丿丕卮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 丕賲丕 丕賴賲蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇賲賳 噩丿丕 丕夭 賴賵卮 賮賵賯鈥屫з勜关ж団€屰� 丕賵 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘乇賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 卮乇丨 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿乇 丿賴賴 賴賮鬲丕丿 賵 賴卮鬲丕丿 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丕夭 夭賲丕賳 禺賵丿卮 賮丕氐賱賴 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 亘賴 丿賴賴鈥屬囏� 賯亘賱 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭必�. 亘乇賲賳 爻乇丕睾 賲鬲賮讴乇丕賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屫簇з� 亘丕 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 丿乇诏蹖乇 亘賵丿賴 賵 爻毓蹖 丿丕乇丿 亘丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 丌孬丕乇 賵 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屸€屬囏й� 讴爻丕賳蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 诏賵鬲賴 賲丕乇讴爻 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賮爻讴蹖 賵 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 亘賴 卮乇丨蹖 噩丕賲毓 丕夭 夭賲丕賳賴鈥屰� 禺賵丿 亘乇爻丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 夭賲丕賳蹖 亘乇賲賳 爻乇丕睾 卮丕毓乇丕賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲鬲賮讴乇丕賳 賵 丨鬲蹖 賲毓賲丕乇丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 卮乇丨 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲賲 賮乇丕鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й屫� 乇丕 讴卮賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 賴賲鈥屭嗁嗃屬� 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 趩诏賵賳賴 賲鬲賮讴乇丕賳 亘夭乇诏 賯乇賳 丕禺蹖乇 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 丕蹖賳 丕鬲賮丕賯 丿趩丕乇 鬲囟丕丿賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘賵丿賳丿. 亘賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 鬲賲丕賲蹖 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 賵 賲鬲賮讴乇丕賳 亘賴 丕蹖賳 噩賲賱賴 乇爻蹖丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿: 賲丿乇賳
.亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 夭蹖爻鬲賳 蹖讴 夭賳丿诏蹖 爻乇卮丕乇 丕夭 賲毓賲丕 賵 鬲賳丕賯囟
丿乇 倬丕蹖丕賳 賲賯丿賲賴鈥� 亘乇賲賳 丕卮丕乇賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�: 倬爻 卮丕蹖丿 賳賴丕蹖鬲丕 賲毓賱賵賲 卮賵丿 毓賯亘 乇賮鬲賳貙 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賳賵毓蹖 噩賱賵 乇賮鬲賳 亘丕卮丿: 丕蹖賳讴賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 丌賵乇丿賳 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲賴丕蹖 賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賯丿乇鬲 禺蹖丕賱 賵 卮噩丕毓鬲 禺賱賯 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲賴丕蹖 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲 賵 蹖讴賲 乇丕 亘賴 賲丕 毓胤丕 讴賳丿. 丕蹖賳 讴賳卮 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 丌賵乇丿賳 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 賲丕 讴賲讴 讴賳丿 鬲丕 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 乇丕 亘賴
.乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й屫� 亘丕夭诏乇丿丕賳蹖賲貙 鬲丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 胤乇蹖賯 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲睾匕蹖賴 賵 丕丨蹖丕 讴賳丿貙 賵 亘丕 賲丕噩乇丕 賵 禺胤乇丕鬲 讴賴 丿乇 倬蹖卮 丕爻鬲貙 乇賵亘乇賵 卮賵丿
Profile Image for Foroogh.
55 reviews27 followers
November 4, 2019
亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇鈥� 夭賲蹖賳賴 卮賳丕禺鬲 鬲兀孬蹖乇 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 亘乇 卮賴乇 賵 丕賳爻丕賳.
爻蹖乇 賲丿乇賳 卮丿賳 賴乇 丕賳爻丕賳 丕夭 丿蹖丿 亘乇賲賳 亘丕蹖丿 賮乇丿蹖 亘丕卮丿貙 蹖毓賳蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 蹖讴 鬲噩乇亘賴 卮禺氐蹖 丕爻鬲.
Profile Image for Maru Kun.
221 reviews550 followers
December 6, 2019
Modernism: that dull old Boomer dad who's always telling his Postmodern teenage son they should be reading some decent books occasionally instead of endlessly watching Tik Tok videos because Tik Tok videos aren鈥檛 clever or ironic or self-referential or anything much because in fact they're crap.

I doubt there are many books being written about Modernism these days, which is a shame as all the best literature and art work of the past century or two could be called Modernist. This book is a rare exception, and despite sounding as though it was written by an ex-hippy in full possession of an old-age pension it still has some interesting and relevant things to say. I only need to substitute a few words in a forty or so year old passage - 鈥渋nformation highway鈥� for 鈥渆xpressway鈥� - to bring it up to date:
鈥�...The [information highway] world, the modern environment that emerged after the [invention of the internet] would reach a pinnacle of power and self confidence in the [early 21st century]...the developers and devotees of the [information highway] presented it as the only possible modern world; to oppose them and their works was to oppose modernity itself, to fight history and progress, to be a Luddite, an escapist, afraid of life and adventure and change and growth. This strategy was effective because, in fact, the vast majority of modern men and women do not want to resist modernity: they feel its excitement and believe in its promise, even when they find themselves in its way鈥︹€�
The books looks at the idea of Modernism as expressed in, mainly, works of Modernist literature: Goethe鈥檚 Faust (I didn鈥檛 know that this was a Modernist work either, but the case is made), The Communist Manifesto, Russian literature focusing on St Petersburg as a city conceived by Peter the Great as the greatest Modernist work of art ever, and ending with a look at New York including how Robert Moses impacted the city. The section on St Petersburg was by far the best and has persuaded me to read Andrei Bely鈥檚 .

I would have liked to have given this five stars based on the Petersburg section alone, but I always mark a book down one percent of a star every time the word 鈥渄ialectic鈥� appears which, in combination with the rather dull and overly academic parts, brings the final tally back to three.
Profile Image for Miss Ravi.
Author听1 book1,149 followers
May 7, 2020
鈥�
賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 丕蹖丿賴鈥屰� 丕氐賱蹖鈥� 讴鬲丕亘卮 乇丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 诏夭丕乇賴 丕夭 賲丕賳蹖賮爻鬲 讴賲賵賳蹖爻鬲 賲丕乇讴爻 诏乇賮鬲賴 讴賴:鈥� 芦賴乇 丌賳鈥屭嗁� 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲貙 丿賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 賴乇 丌賳鈥屭嗁� 賲賯丿爻 丕爻鬲 丿賳蹖賵蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 丿爻鬲 丌禺乇 丌丿賲蹖丕賳 賳丕趩丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 亘丕 氐亘乇 賵 毓賯賱 亘丕 賵囟毓蹖鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 乇賵丕亘胤 亘丕 賴賲賳賵毓丕賳 禺賵蹖卮 乇賵亘賴鈥屫辟� 诏乇丿賳丿禄.
賯乇丕卅鬲 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 鬲丕夭賴 亘賵丿. 丿爻鬲鈥屭┵� 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 爻禺鬲鈥屬堌ж池堌ж� 讴賴 賲丿鬲鈥屬囏ж池� 丿賵丿 卮丿賴 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 賲賯丿爻 讴賴 丿乇 丨丕賱 丿賳蹖賵蹖 卮丿賳鈥屫з嗀� 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘丕 賵囟賵丨 亘蹖卮鈥屫臂� 亘亘蹖賳賲. 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 卮乇丨 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屫й� 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 丕夭 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 讴賴 亘丕 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘賴 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賵 丌孬丕乇 趩賳丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 乇禺 丿丕丿賴貙 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 丿乇 匕賴賳 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 卮賮丕賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 禺賱丕賱 乇賵丕蹖鬲 乇丕賵蹖丕賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘賴 丕卮讴丕賱 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 讴賴 丿乇 噩睾乇丕賮蹖丕蹖蹖 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 乇禺 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀�. 噩匕丕亘鈥屫臂屬� 鬲賮爻蹖乇 賯胤毓丕賸 賲鬲毓賱賯 亘賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 趩賳丿 亘乇賴賴鈥� 讴賴 賮丕賵爻鬲 丕夭 丌賳 毓亘賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 乇賵賷丕亘蹖賳貙 毓丕卮賯貙 鬲賵爻毓賴鈥屭�. 亘乇賲賳 亘毓丿 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賮爻讴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 亘丕 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲鈥屬囏й� 夭蹖乇夭賲蹖賳蹖貙 賳丨賵賴鈥屰� 賲賵丕噩賴賴鈥屰� 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й� 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 賳賵爻讴蹖 乇丕 亘丕 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 卮乇丨 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 賵 賲爻讴賵 卮丕賴丿 丌賳 丕爻鬲貙 賴賲丕賳 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴鈥屫й� 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屫ж� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 卮丕蹖丿 賴賲蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 丌丿賲蹖 亘賴 賮讴乇 亘乇賵丿 賵 丨爻乇鬲 亘禺賵乇丿 讴賴 趩胤賵乇 讴爻蹖 賲孬賱 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丌賳 卮讴賱 禺丕氐 丕夭 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 亘噩賵乇丿 賵 亘乇乇爻蹖 賵 孬亘鬲 讴賳丿. 賲丕 趩胤賵乇 亘賴 丕爻鬲賯亘丕賱 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇賮鬲賴鈥屫й屬呚� 亘乇賲賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 賲丿乇賳 亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 鬲毓賱賯 丿丕卮鬲賳 亘賴 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賴乇 丌鈥屬嗏€屭嗁� 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲貙 丿賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖爻鬲 亘賵丿賳 蹖毓賳蹖 禺賵 诏乇賮鬲賳 亘丕 丕蹖賳 诏乇丿丕亘貙 倬蹖乇賵蹖 丕夭 囟乇亘鈥屫①囐嗂€屬囏й� 丌賳 賵 丨乇讴鬲 丿乇 亘胤賳 噩乇蹖丕賳鈥屬囏й� 丿乇賵賳蹖 丌賳 亘賴 賯氐丿 蹖丕賮鬲賳 丌賳 氐賵乇蹖 丕夭 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲貙 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖貙 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵 毓丿丕賱鬲 讴賴 趩乇禺卮 鬲賵賮賳丿賴 賵 賲賴賱讴 诏乇丿丕亘 賲噩丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促呚ж必�.
Profile Image for Andrea.
Author听8 books205 followers
February 2, 2015
I loved this book, loved its provocations on how capitalism and literature and our strivings in the world are intertwined, loved how a new dialectic is brought into Marxist thought and this is tied into our dreams for the future and our visions for a full life, loved that its is grounded in the pain, and yet excitement and vision too, of capitalist destruction. Entirely dialectical, restless, searching, wary of solutions and 'end stages' and static utopias. It is also entirely based on the voices of white men, frustrating, especially in the chapter on under-development. At the same time it manages to capture, I think, what is both great and what is terrifying about capitalism and its visions, and since these emerge from white men I forgive it this focus. I'm glad it's done. I don't think it needs to be done again.

It's based around this wonderful quote from Marx:
To be modern is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. It is to be overpowered by the immense bureaucratic organizations that have the power to control and often to destroy all communities, value, lives; and yet to be undeterred in our determination to face those forces, to fight to change their world and make it our own. It is to be both revolutionary and conservative: alive to new possibilities (13) for experience and adventure, frightened by the nihilistic depths to which so many modern adventures lead, longing to create and to hold on to something even as everything melts (13-14).

What I love about Marx, this book, and this aspect of Modernism itself I suppose, is the understanding that the drive to profit through exploitation must be fought, yet that everything is flux and process and overwhelming odds and even so we must 'be undeterred in our determination to face those forces, to fight to change the world and make it our own'. I agree in the feeling that this is something that has slipped away from many Marxists and many post-Modernists alike. Berman continues:
Meanwhile, social scientists, embarrassed by critical attacks on their techno-pastoral models, have fled from the task of building a model that might be truer to modern life. Instead, they have split modernity into a series of separate components 鈥� industrialization, state-building, urbanization, development of markets, elite formation 鈥� and resisted any attempt to integrate them into a whole. This has freed them from extravagant generalizations and vague totalities鈥攂ut also from thought that might engage their own lives and works and their place in history (33-34)

He critiques the over-totalisation of Foucault as well, its all-encompassing microcosms of power without discussion of struggle against them, and this is where my own frustrations lie. I am all about how we fight I realise:
Foucault鈥檚 totalities swallow up every facet of modern life. He develops these themes with obsessive relentlessness and, indeed, with sadistic flourishes, clamping his ideas down on his readers like iron bars, twisting each dialectic into our flesh like the turn of the screw (34).

Berman has also convinced me to re-read Goethe. I was at most 17 when I last/first read it, and only remember it wasn't the camp devil-meets-man-who-sells-his-soul I was expecting, so I am curious to see what I think now. Especially after Berman's uncovering of so much of the soul of capitalist dreams here, their beauty along with their deadliness. This is such an amazing attempt to really grapple with the fascinations and promises of capitalism, so much a part of its longevity, surely one of its great supports alongside the misery and destitution and destruction it creates.
Faust begins in an epoch whose thought and sensibility are modern in a way that twentieth-century readers can recognize at once, but whose material and social conditions are still medieval; the work ends in the midst of the spiritual and material upheavals of an industrial revolution. It starts in an intellectual鈥檚 lonely room, in an abstracted and isolated realm of thought; it ends in the midst of a far-reaching realm of production and exchange, ruled by giant corporate bodies and complex organizations, which Faust鈥檚 thought is helping to create, and which are enabling him to create more (39).

This is an interesting insight as well, about how this process took place:
One of the most original and fruitful ideas in Goethe鈥檚 Faust is the idea of an affinity between the cultural ideal of self-development and the real social movement toward economic development (40).

There is a freedom for self-development promised by all of these vast and tumultuous changes capitalism was bringing to the landscape. I am sad that the only voice of women in here is via Goethe in the form of Faust's love Gretchen, but Berman does draw out the tragedy of her situation and that of all women in the period bound up in strong webs of social rules and limits. She is a fairly flat and pathetic construction (I shake my fist at the sky), but embodies this process of modern times that is still happening today. I left home too, didn't I:
Gretchen鈥檚 successors will get the point: where she stayed and died, they will leave and live. In the two centuries between Gretchen's time and ours, thousands of "little worlds" will be emptied out, transformed into hollow shells, while their young people head for great cities, for open frontiers, for new nations, in search of freedom to think and love and grow...Unwilling or unable to develop along with its children, the closed town will become a ghost town. Its victims' ghosts will be left with the last laugh (59).

Modernity contains this promise of self-fulfillment, that we can be
...like Faust himself, 迟盲迟颈驳-蹿谤别颈, free to act, freely active. They have come together to form a new kind of community: a community that thrives not on the repression of free individuality in order to maintain a closed social system, but on free constructive action in common to protect the collective resources that enable every individual to become 迟盲迟颈驳-蹿谤别颈 (66).

Of course, this comes with huge cost. People stand in the way of progress, refuse to sell their land or give up their traditions. Two older people are murdered to pave the way for Faust's plans, revealing that
It appears that the very process of development, even as it transforms a wasteland into a thriving physical and social space, recreates the wasteland inside the developer himself. This is how the tragedy of development works (68).

An interesting window opened up into why people do bad things, and how that stays within them. It is a personal choice, but also something larger:
But there is another motive for the murder that springs not merely from Faust's personality, but from a collective, impersonal drive that seems to be endemic to modernization: the drive to create a homogenous environment, a totally modernized space, in which the look and feel of the old world have disappeared without a trace (68).

I love, too, the understanding that it is not just greed or self-interest driving Faust, but vision. This seems to me one of the most important insights Berman gives us, allowing us to understand not just the tragedy of capitalism, but also the tragedy of those initially socialist societies we have known in our times:
If we want to locate Faustian visions and designs in the aged Goethe's time, the place to look is not in the economic and social realities of that age but in its radical and Utopian dreams; and, moreover, not in the capitalism of that age, but in its socialism (72).

He uses Saint-Simon as an example, with his 'long-range development projects on an enormous scale', and states:
It is only in the twentieth century that Faustian development has come into its own. In the capitalist world it has emerged most vividly in the proliferation of "public authorities" and superagencies designed to organize immense construction projects, especially in transportation and energy... (74)

The section ends with this, a sentence that challenges us to think about where we stand ourselves:
Faust's unfinished construction site is the vibrant but shaky ground on which we must all stake out and build up our lives (86).

Then he turns to Marx in a most innovative and provocative way that I loved as much as his analysis of Goethe. A few choice quotes that turn around traditional understandings of Marxist thought:
We will soon see how the real force and originality of Marx's "historical materialism" is the light it sheds on modern spiritual life (88).

Marx can shine new light...he can clarify the relationship between modernist culture and the bourgeois economy and society--the world of "modernization"--from which it has sprung (90).

Although Marx identifies himself as a materialist, he is not primarily interested in the things that the bourgeoisie creates. What matters to him is the processes, the powers, the expressions of human life and energy: men working, moving, cultivating, communicating, organizing and reworking nature and themselves--the new and endlessly renewed modes of activity that the bourgeoisie brings into being (93).

I think this is precisely the power of Marx's thought. And I love where this insight takes us:
Alas to the bourgeois' embarrassment, they cannot afford to look down the roads they have opened up: the great wide vistas may turn into abysses. They can go on playing their revolutionary role only by denying its full extent and depth. But radical thinkers and workers are free to see where the roads lead, and to take them. If the good life is a life of action, why should the range of human activities be limited to those that are profitable? And why should modern men, who have seen what men's activity can bring about, passively accept the structure of their society as it is given? Since organized and concerted action can change the world in so many ways, why not organize and work together and fight to change it still more? (94).

Going back to the main quote about melting into air, I think this understanding of what we fight is pivotal, because change is intrinsic to capitalism which benefits from it, but as part of our own interior selves it must also be part of what we build to replace it:
Our lives are controlled by a ruling class with vested interests not merely in change but in crisis and chaos. "Uninterrupted disturbance, everlasting uncertainty and agitation," instead of subverting the society, actually serve to strengthen it. Catastrophes are transformed into lucrative opportunities for redevelopment and renewal; disintegration works as a mobilizing and hence an integrating force (95).

If we look behind the sober scenes that the members of our bourgeoisie create, and see the way they really work and act, we see that these solid citizens would tear down the world if it paid (100).

Thus where Marx sees a stable communist, collective sharing society that needs to be formed, Berman argues that these dynamic forces within us will still work to destabilize any future solidity, and any attempts to hold and control this change will only serve to damage and ossify what we have won.
But the problem is that, given the nihilistic thrust of modern personal and social development, it is not at all clear what political bonds modern men can create. Thus the trouble in Marx's thought turns out to be a trouble that runs through the whole structure of modern life itself (128).

Another key understanding is the way that capitalism changes and survives through incorporation and subsummation:
When Marx says that other values are "resolved into" exchange value, his point is that bourgeois society does not efface old structures of value but subsumes them. Old modes of honor and dignity do not die; instead, they get incorporated into the market, take on price tags, gain a new life as commodities. Thus, any imaginable mode of human conduct becomes morally permissible the moment it becomes economically possible, becomes "valuable"; anything goes if it pays. This is what modern nihilism is all about (111).

This is just a lovely quote that summarises modern society:
How Marx 'develops the themes by which modernism will come to define itself: the glory of modern energy and dynamism, the ravages of modern disintegration and nihilism, the strange intimacy between them: the sense of being caught in a vortex where all facts and values are whirled, exploded, decomposed, recombined: a basic uncertainty about what is basic, what is valuable, even what is real; a flaring up of the most radical hopes in the midst of their radical negations (121).

Berman returns to literature specific to Paris as he examines Haussman and Baudelaire, the tensions between celebrating everyday life of the people, making the city better, redeveloping some things out of existence while creating the possibility for growth and positive change. This is from the poet Theodore de Banville's tribute at Baudelaire's grave:
He accepted modern man in his entirety, with his weakness, his aspirations and his despair. He had thus been able to give beauty to sights that did not possess beauty in themselves, not by making them romantically picturesque, but by bringing to light the portion of the human soul hidden in them; he had thus revealed the sad and often tragic heart of the modern city. That was why he haunted, and would always haunt, the minds of modern men, and move them when other artists left them cold (132).

On Haussman's work in Paris:
...it opened up the whole of the city, for the first time in its history, to all its inhabitants. Now, at last, it was possible to move not only within neighborhoods, but through them. Now, after centuries of life as a cluster of isolated cells, Paris was becoming a unified physical and human space (151).

And it is here in Paris we meet the 'modern man' (and man it is), see the obsession with crowds, traffic, movement, change:
The archetypal modern man, as we see him here, is a pedestrian thrown into the maelstrom of modern city traffic, a man alone contending against an agglomeration of mass and energy that is heavy, fast and lethal. The burgeoning street and boulevard traffic knows no spatial or temporal bounds, spills over into every urban space, imposes its tempo on everybody's time, transforms the whole modern environment into a "moving chaos." The chaos here lies not in the movers themselves...but in their interaction, in the totality of their movements in a common space. This makes the boulevard a perfect symbol of capitalism's inner contradictions: rationality in each capitalistic unit, leading to anarchic irrationality in the social system that brings all these units together (157).

This was so reminiscent of the film it was a little spooky. This life and art to be found in traffic is such an interesting thing:
...poets will become more deeply and authentically poetic by becoming more like ordinary men. If he throws himself into the moving chaos of everyday life in the modern world -- a life of which the new traffic is a primary symbol -- he can appropriate this life for art (160).

And I love this way of thinking about streets, how they have changed, how they are defined by us and define us, how they make new ideas of collectivity possible:
For one luminous moment, the multitude of solitudes that make up the modern city come together in a new kind of encounter, to make a people. "The streets belong to the people": they seize control of the city's elemental matter and make it their own. For a little while the chaotic modernism of solitary brusque moves gives way to an ordered modernism of mass movement (164).

I like thinking about the shifts in how encounters take place in the street:
for most of our century, urban spaces have been systematically designed and organized to ensure that collisions and confrontations will not take place here. The distinctive sign of nineteenth-century urbanism was the boulevard, a medium for bringing explosive material and human forces together; the hallmark of twentieth-century urbanism has been the highway, a means for putting them asunder. We see a strange dialectic here, in which one mode of mdoernism both energizes and exhausts itself trying to annihilate another, all in modernism's name (165).

And I really like what he likes about Baudelaire, though there is more to dislike:
a will to wrestle to the end of his energy with modern life's complexities and contradictions, to find and create himself in the midst of the anguish and beauty of its moving chaos (170).

It is a desire to live openly with the split and unreconciled character of our lives, and to draw energy from our inner struggles, wherever they may lead us in the end. If we learned through modernism to construct halos around our spaces and ourselves, we can learn from another modernism -- one of the oldest but also, we can see now, one of the newest -- to lose our halos and find ourselves anew (171).

There's a whole chapter on St Petersburg, which gave me a long list of Russian authors to read or revisit (you know I loved that), and was interesting but I didn't feel it compared to the first two chapters. Perhaps because it is looking at those societies who haven't gone through this upheaval, who are stuck or behind in terms of development. A good thing to do, but he tries to make the same kind of sweeping statements, using Russia to potentially understand the rest of the world which I think is a really bad idea. Really. Bad.I won't go into vastly different histories of 'discovery', colonialism, slavery, genocide, centuries of outside exploitation, the solidifying of structural racism and etc.

That said, I was quite delighted to find a discussion of the impact that Crystal Palace, South London's own Crystal Palace, had on some key Russian authors (why don't I remember this from Dostoevsky?) and utopian thought. I'm looking forward to thinking more about that. There was also an amazing word brought from English into Russian: infiltrazya - Soviet word expressing the fear of the 'flow of new words and things from other shores'. Awesome.

Anyway, this comes back to its own when it comes back to NY and Berman's beloved Bronx, destroyed through these very forces he is working to describe. He wrestles here with what made the destruction of his neighbourhood possible, and I haven't really read people wrestling with this before though I think it is so vital...

Out of space! Finish it and Berman's thoughts on being a committed intellectual
Profile Image for 賲丨賲丿 卮賮蹖毓蹖.
Author听3 books115 followers
April 1, 2019
丕夭 丕賵賱蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵賳丿賲 丿乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 丿丕卮鬲賲 丕夭 賮賳蹖 亘賴 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 賮丕夭 賲蹖丿丕丿賲貙 禺蹖賱蹖 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 亘賵丿貙 亘丕蹖丿 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘禺賵賳賲 鬲丕 亘鬲賵賳賲 賳馗乇 丿賯蹖賯 亘丿賲貙 丕賵賳 爻鬲丕乇賴 賴丕 乇賵 賴賲 亘乇 丕爻丕爻 丨爻蹖 讴賴 亘賴卮 丿丕乇賲 丿丕丿賲... 亘丕夭賲 賲蹖禺賵賳賲卮 丕诏乇 禺丿丕 亘禺賵丕丿 鬲賵 賴賲蹖賳 爻丕賱
Profile Image for Meg.
472 reviews212 followers
January 9, 2012
I found Berman's analysis to be lacking in the rigor necessary for this type of project to really turn out well. The culling of literary texts and historical moments for archetypes of the experience of modernity is already, in my mind, a dubious enterprise; to then use these archetypes to form normative judgments which mask themselves as historical description - St. Petersburg as a model of "the modernism of underdevelopment" - only strengthens my skepticism of Berman's conclusions.
I heard someone describe Berman's text as an enactment of the very modernity it is seeking to capture and move away from, and that seems accurate to me.
And while the writing is not bad, Berman's style and the general lack of focus in his argument led me to skim through a lot of it.
Profile Image for Armin ard.
6 reviews6 followers
March 30, 2017
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕賵賱蹖賳 賲賵丕噩賴賴 蹖 乇賵卮賲賳丿 賲賳 亘丕 賲丕乇讴爻蹖爻賲 亘賵丿
賴賳賵夭 囟乇亘賴 蹖 毓賲蹖賯蹖 讴賴 丕夭卮 禺賵乇丿賲 乇賵 蹖丕丿賲 賳賲蹖乇賴..
亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖 賲毓乇讴賴 爻鬲
Profile Image for Sepehr Omidvaar.
84 reviews31 followers
September 14, 2023
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й屰� 丕爻鬲 讴賴 禺賵丕賳丿賲. 丿乇爻鈥屬囏й� 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭卮 诏乇賮鬲賲 賵 亘賴賲 讴賲讴 賮乇丕賵丕賳蹖 讴乇丿 鬲丕 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 賲賴賲 噩賴丕賳 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 乇丕 賴賲 亘賴鬲乇 亘卮賳丕爻賲 賵 亘賮賴賲賲 賵 賴賲 丿乇 丌蹖賳丿賴 爻乇丕睾卮丕賳 亘乇賵賲.

Profile Image for Anna.
2,016 reviews950 followers
November 30, 2016
I love the Marx quote that this book is titled after and centred around:

All that is solid melts into air, all that is sacred is profaned, and men at last are forced to face鈥� the real conditions of their lives and their relations with their fellow men.


As well as having a beautiful ring to it, this statement proves fruitful as a means of discussing what modernism and modernisation are in different historical, geographical, and disciplinary contexts, as well as the dialectic between them. Berman writes in a thoughtful, readable style, using a series of case studies to examine modernity. These include Goethe鈥檚 鈥楩aust鈥�, Baudelaire鈥檚 writings on the streets of Paris, and New York city planning in the 20th century. The eclectic mixture of sources is a joy in itself - poets, planners, and revolutionaries all crop up. My favourite section, the longest, is concerned with the political and literary history of St Petersburg. I was fascinated to learn about this strange city, built by order of Tsar Peter I and an illusionary outpost of modernism in pre-modern Russia. In fact, this section reads well with , which discusses contemporary manifestations of Russian unreality.

Although published in 1982, this book has important resonances today. Many of Berman鈥檚 insights still seem very apposite, for example:

The first point here is the immense power of the market in modern men鈥檚 inner lives: they look to the price list for answers to questions not merely economic but metaphysical - questions of what is worthwhile, what is honorable, even what is real. When Marx says that other values are 鈥榬esolved into鈥� exchange value, his point is that bourgeois society does not efface old structures of value but subsumes them. Old modes of honor and dignity do not die; instead, they get incorporated into the market, take on price tags, gain new life as commodities. Thus, any imaginable mode of human contact becomes morally permissible the moment it becomes economically possible, becomes 鈥榲aluable鈥�; anything goes if it pays. This is what modern nihilism is all about.


There are plenty of other quote-worthy points to be found, however that was the most memorable to me. What I was left wondering, however, is what would constitute an end to modernism. Berman is dismissive of postmodernism as misinterpretation and seems to believe that, although it evolves continually, the essential character of modernism remains dominant. I suppose this is due to its paradoxical nature as constant change, everything solid melting into air. Perhaps the only end to modernism as Berman describes it would be an end to change, a freezing of the built environment, social relations, and economic activity into stasis. (cf ? Which proved extremely premature.) I am not particularly comfortable with the term late modernity, though. What can come next - later modernity? Very late modernity? Post-modernity? The choice seems to depend on whether there is sufficient continuity between past and present. Clearly I need to read some more books on this, as the cross-disciplinary perspective taken by Berman is very thought-provoking. I was especially pleased that he supports a point I make in my PhD thesis - that the constant movement enabled by cars is a key characteristic of modernity. However, I argued that technology and behaviour were changing this and that the social significance of cars was evolving. After all, this book was written before I was born and a lot can alter in 34 years. If modernity is constant redevelopment and change, then I suppose it is still with us. If the ways that we think about it in politics and literature have also changed (as is undoubtedly the case), is that a sign of some new modernity? Like I said, evidently more reading is needed.
Profile Image for Matthew Taylor.
9 reviews1 follower
December 12, 2024
One of the most endearing things about this book is its hugely ambitious scope and range, sampling from all kinds of artistic, literary, and political movements as well as theories of urban life and architecture throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. It feels like a relic in its own right, since so much scholarly writing now is forced by academic imperatives to constrain itself to some subfield of an already hyper-specific discipline.

It鈥檚 a shame, because this kind of thing is fun as hell to read even when you aren鈥檛 totally on board鈥攖here was plenty I found unconvincing, especially aspects of his 鈥榬einterpretation鈥� of Marx, but those still never felt like a demerit to the project as a whole. The St. Petersburg section鈥攖he longest in the book鈥攚as a high point and would be worth reading on its own.

The book鈥檚 central argument about modernism and modernization isn鈥檛 mind blowing in and of itself, but the way it鈥檚 used as the connective tissue between so many figures and places and historical moments that don鈥檛 seem at first glance to belong together in the same book is consistently exciting.
Profile Image for Burcu.
391 reviews47 followers
Read
April 26, 2019
Let me tell you this much, it gets even better the second time around. I read this years ago as I was still trying to figure out where my thesis was going, it provided some valuable paths for research. Now that all that is past and then some, it provided me a lot of insight that becomes even more meaningful with life experience and in our current times.
Profile Image for zeyno.
114 reviews60 followers
September 20, 2016
modernizmi, s眉rekli de臒i艧en bir d眉nyada kendimizi evimizde hissetmek i莽in yap谋lan bir m眉cadele olarak d眉艧眉nd眉臒眉m眉zde, modernizmin hi莽bir tarz谋n谋n asla tan谋malay谋c谋 olamayaca臒谋n谋 g枚r眉r眉z. kurduklar谋m谋z ve ba艧ard谋klar谋m谋z aras谋nda en yarat谋c谋 olanlar谋 bile, e臒er hayat devam edecekse, bizim ya da 莽ocuklar谋m谋z谋n onlardan ka莽may谋 ya da d枚n眉艧t眉rmeyi isteyece臒imiz hapishanelere ya da kabirlere d枚necektir. / 12

ileti艧im / 16

saint-preux, metropoldeki hayata ili艧kin deneyimini 艧枚yle anlat谋r: 'her daim 莽arp谋艧谋p duran gruplar ve hizipler, durmaks谋z谋n ortaya 莽谋k谋veren, yenilenen 枚nyarg谋lar ve 莽at谋艧an kanaatler... herkes s眉rekli kendisiyle 莽eli艧kide,' ve 'her 艧ey sa莽ma ama hi莽bir 艧ey 莽arp谋c谋 de臒il, 莽眉nk眉 herkes her 艧eyi kan谋ksam谋艧.' 枚yle bir d眉nya ki bu 'iyi, k枚t眉, g眉zel, 莽irkin, hakikat, erdem sadece yerel ve s谋n谋rl谋 olarak varoluyor.' ... 'g枚zlerimin 枚n眉nden ge莽ip duran b枚ylesine 莽ok say谋da nesne ba艧谋m谋 d枚nd眉r眉yor. beni etkileyen t眉m bu 艧eyler aras谋nda y眉re臒imi saran bir tek 艧ey bile yok. yine de hepsi birden hislerimi sars谋yor; 枚yle ki ne oldu臒umu, neye ait oldu臒umu unutuyorum.' / 31

marx, nietzsche / 38

gretchen, faust / 83

gretchen'in ard谋ndan gelenler meseleyi kavrayacaklard谋r: gretchen kalm谋艧 ve 枚lm眉艧t眉; onlarsa gidecek ve ya艧ayacaklard谋r. gretchen'in zaman谋ndan bizimkine iki y眉zy谋l i莽inde binlerce 'k眉莽眉k d眉nya' bo艧alm谋艧, i莽i oyuk kabuklara d枚n眉艧m眉艧, buralardaki gen莽 insanlarsa d眉艧眉nme, sevme ve b眉y眉me 枚zg眉rl眉臒眉 pe艧inde b眉y眉k 艧ehirlere, a莽谋k s谋n谋rlara, yeni uluslara do臒ru yola koyulacaklard谋r gretchen'in k眉莽眉k d眉nya taraf谋ndan y谋k谋m谋, ironik bir bi莽imde, bizzat k眉莽眉k d眉nyan谋n y谋k谋m谋nda hayati bir evredir. 莽ocuklar谋yla birlikte geli艧meyen veya geli艧mek istemeyen kapal谋 kasaba bir hayalet kasaba halini alacak, son g眉len ise onun kurbanlar谋n谋n hayaletleri olacakt谋r. / 90

milyonlarca insan, megalomanyak莽a tasarlanan, vah艧ice ve duyars谋zca icra edilen ve sonu莽ta y枚neticilerin servet ve iktidar谋n谋 artt谋rmaktan ba艧ka i艧e yaramayan, sonu felaketle bitmi艧 geli艧im projelerine kurban edildi. 眉莽眉nc眉 d眉nyan谋n sahte faustlar谋, ancak bir ku艧a臒谋n 枚mr眉n眉 kaplayan bir zaman dilimi i莽inde ilerlemenin imaj ve sembollerini manipule etmekte dikkate de臒er bir beceri kazand谋lar. ... ama do臒urduklar谋 ger莽ek sefalet ve tahribat谋 telafi edecek ger莽ek bir ilerleme sa臒lamakta g枚zle g枚r眉l眉r bir bi莽imde beceriksizdiler. zaman zaman 艧u veya bu halk, tepesindeki sahte geli艧tiriciyi devirmeyi ba艧arabiliyor, ... e臒er pek 艧anslar谋 yoksa, k谋sa s眉ren devrimci eylem anlar谋 hi莽bir yere g枚t眉rmeyen yeni ac谋lar yarat谋r sonunda. / 113

d眉nyan谋n en geli艧mi艧 b枚lgelerinde bile t眉m bireyler, gruplar ve topluluklar s眉rekli olarak kendilerini yeniden in艧aya zorlarn谋yorlar; bir an durdular m谋, ne olursa olsunlar, s眉p眉r眉l眉p at谋l谋rlar. faust'un 艧eytanla yapt谋臒谋 anla艧man谋n en 枚nemli maddesi -bir an olsun durup 'verweile doch, du bist so sch枚n' dedi臒inde yokolaca臒谋 艧art谋- her g眉n milyonlar谋n hayat谋nda ac谋 sonu yarat谋yor. / 114

norman o. brown'un 枚l眉me kar艧谋 ya艧am'谋 (life against death, 1958) faust莽u geli艧me idealinin 莽arp谋c谋 bir ele艧tirisini sunuyordu: 'insan谋n tarih i莽inderi faustvari huzursuzlu臒u g枚steriyor ki, insanlar bilin莽li arzular谋n谋n tatmin edilmesiyle tatmin olmazlar.' brown, radikal bi莽imde yorumlanan psikanalitik d眉艧眉ncenin 'bitmek bilmez 'ilerleme' karabasan谋ndan ve bitmek bilmez faust huzursuzlu臒undan bir 莽谋k谋艧 yolu, insan nevrozundan bir 莽谋k谋艧 yolu, tarihten bir 莽谋k谋艧 yolu' 枚nerece臒ini umuyordu. brown faust'u esas olarak tarihsel eylem ve endi艧enin bir simgesi olarak g枚r眉yordu. 'faustvari insan tarih yapan insand谋r.' ama, cinsel ve psi艧ik bas谋t谋rma bir 艧ekilde altedilebilirse -brown'un umudu buydu- o zaman 'insan tarih yapmak yerine ya艧amaya haz谋r olabilir.' o zaman 'faustvari insan谋n huzursuz kariyeri son bulacakt谋r, 莽眉nk眉 tatmin olacak ve verweile doch, du bist so sch枚n diyebilecektir.' / 115

modern egemen s谋n谋fa ger莽ekten korku salan ve onun kendi imgesinde yaratt谋臒谋 d眉nyau谋 ger莽ekten tehdit eden tek bir hayalet var ki bu, geleneksel elitlerin (ve dolay谋s谋yla geleneksel kitlelerin) hep 枚zleyip durduklar谋 艧ey: kal谋c谋, kat谋 istikrar. bu d眉nyada istikrar谋n tek anlam谋, antropi ve yava艧 yava艧 枚lmek. ilerleme ve b眉y眉me hissimiz ise ya艧ad谋臒谋m谋z谋 bilemenin tek yolu. toplumumuzun 莽枚z眉lmekte oldu臒unu s枚ylemek, onun canl谋 kanl谋 oldu臒unu s枚ylemekten ba艧ka bir 艧ey de臒il asl谋nda.
... hangi s谋n谋ftan olursa olsun, insanlar谋n modern toplumda varl谋klar谋n谋 s眉rd眉rebilmeleri i莽in ki艧iliklerin de bu toplumun ak谋艧kan ve a莽谋k bi莽imine girmesi gerekiyor. modern insanlar de臒i艧imi arzulamay谋 枚臒renmek, ki艧isel ve toplumsal hayatlar谋nda de臒i艧ikli臒e a莽谋k olmaktan 枚te, onu pozitif anlamda istemek, aktif olarak pe艧inde ko艧mak ve ona uymak zorundalar. ger莽ek ya da fantazile艧mi艧 bir ge莽mi艧in 'yerle艧ik, donuk ili艧kileri'ne nostaljik g枚z ya艧lar谋 d枚kmek yerine, hareketlilikten haz duymay谋, yenilenme pe艧inde ko艧may谋; ya艧am ko艧ullar谋 ve di臒er insanlarla ili艧kilerinde ileriye, gelecekteki geli艧melere bakmay谋 枚臒renmek zorundalar.

kapitalizmin sorunu, her 艧eyde oldu臒u gibi burada da, yaratt谋臒谋 insani olanaklar谋 yoketmesindedir. herkesin kendini geli艧tirmesini te艧vik eder, hatta bunu zorlar. ama insanlar ancak s谋n谋rl谋 ve 莽arp谋t谋lm谋艧 艧ekillerde geli艧ebilirler. piyasan谋n kullanabilece臒i 枚zellik, g眉d眉 ve yetenekler (莽o臒u zaman yeterince olgunla艧maya f谋rsat bulamadan) geli艧meye itelenir ve geride hi莽bir 艧ey kalmayana de臒in s谋k谋l谋r, suyu 莽谋kar谋l谋r. bunun d谋艧谋nda, i莽imizde pazarlanmas谋 m眉mk眉n olmayan ne varsa ya zorbaca bast谋r谋l谋r, ya kullan谋lmamaktan k枚relir ya da hayata ge莽ecek f谋rsat谋 bile bulamaz. / 136 - 137 / 枚zg眉nl眉臒眉n politikas谋 145-159

18. y眉zy谋lda, hakikat anlam谋nda 莽谋plakl谋k ve kendini ke艧fetme anlam谋nda soyunma metaforlar谋, yeni bir politik t谋n谋 kazan谋r. montesquieu鈥檔眉n pers mektuplar谋鈥檔da iranl谋 kad谋nlar谋n giymeye zorland谋臒谋 pe莽eler, geleneksel toplumsal hiyerar艧ilerin insanlara uygulad谋臒谋 bask谋y谋 simgeler. paris sokaklar谋nda pe莽elerin olmay谋艧谋 ise, tam tersine, yeni t眉r bir toplumu, 鈥樏秡g眉rl眉k ve e艧itli臒in h眉k眉m s眉rd眉臒眉鈥� bir toplumu simgeler; bundan dolay谋 鈥榟er 艧ey a莽谋k莽a dile gelir, her 艧ey g枚r眉n眉r, her 艧ey duyulur. y眉rek kendini y眉z gibi a莽谋kl谋kla g枚sterir.鈥� rousseau ise sanat ve bilim 眉zerine s枚ylevler鈥檌nde 莽a臒谋n谋 gizleyen 鈥榢ibarl谋臒谋n bir枚rnek ve aldat谋c谋 pe莽esi鈥檔i ele艧tirir ve der ki 鈥榠yi insan 莽谋r谋l莽谋plak bo臒u艧may谋 seven bir atlettir; g眉莽lerinin kullan谋m谋n谋 engelleyen t眉m o i臒ren莽 s眉slerden nefret eder.鈥� / 153

脟谋plakl谋k diyalekti臒ine Marx鈥櫮眓ki kadar g眉zel olmayan, ama en az onun kadar olas谋 ba艧ka sonlar da tahayy眉l etmek m眉mk眉nd眉r. Modem insanlar Rousseau tarz谋 ko艧ullanmam谋艧 bir benli臒in yaln谋zl谋k i莽indeki pathos ve g枚rkemini ya da Burke tarz谋 politik maskenin kollektif ve bir枚rnek rahatl谋臒谋n谋, Marx鈥櫮眓 bu ikisini en iyi 艧ekilde kayna艧t谋rma 莽abas谋na tercih edebilirler pekala. Hatta, di臒er insanlarla olan ba臒lar谋n谋 benli臒in b眉t眉nl眉臒眉ne y枚neltilmi艧 bir tehdit olarak g枚r眉p onlardan 眉rken ve ka莽谋nan t眉rden bir bireycilik veya benli臒i toplumsal rol眉 i莽inde eritmeyi ama莽layan t眉rden bir kollektivizm, entelekt眉el ve duygusal a莽谋dan daha kolay oldu臒u i莽in Marks莽谋 sentezden daha cazip g枚r眉nebilir. / 154-155

Nihilizm sorunu Marx鈥檓, bir sonraki sat谋r谋nda yine ortaya 莽谋kar: 鈥淏urjuvazi her t眉rl眉 ki艧isel onur ve sayg谋nl谋臒谋 de臒i艧im de臒eri i莽inde eritti; insanlar谋n u臒runa sava艧t谋臒谋 t眉m 枚zg眉rl眉klerin yerine ilkesiz bir tek 枚zg眉rl眉臒眉 koydu: serbest ticaret.鈥� Burada ilk 枚nemli nokta piyasan谋n modern insanlar谋n i莽 ya艧amlar谋 眉zerindeki m眉thi艧 etkisidir: insanlar sadece ekonomik sorular谋n de臒il, metafizik sorular谋n -neyin de臒erli, neyin onurlu, hatta neyin ger莽ek oldu臒u gibi sorular谋n- yan谋tlar谋n谋 bulmak i莽in de fiyat listesine bakmaktad谋rlar. Marx鈥櫮眓 di臒er de臒erlerin de臒i艧im de臒eri i莽inde 鈥溍秡眉nd眉臒眉n眉鈥� s枚ylerken vurgulad谋臒谋 nokta, burjuva toplumunun eski de臒er yap谋lar谋n谋 silmeyip massetmi艧 oldu臒udur. Eski tarz onur ve sayg谋nl谋k 枚lmemi艧; bilakis piyasayla b眉t眉nle艧mi艧, 眉stlerine fiyat etiketleri konmu艧, emtia niteli臒iyle yeni bir ya艧ama kavu艧mu艧lard谋r. Bu y眉zden, akla gelebilecek her t眉rden insan davran谋艧谋 ekonomik a莽谋dan m眉mk眉n, 鈥渄e臒erli鈥� oldu臒u andan itibaren ahlaki a莽谋dan kabul edilebilir hale gelir; kazan莽 sa臒lad谋ktan sonra her 艧ey uyar. Modern nihilizm budur i艧te. Dostoyevski, Nietzsche ve 20. y眉zy谋ldaki ard谋llar谋 bu derdin kayna臒谋n谋 bilimde, rasyonalizmde, Tanr谋鈥檔谋n 枚l眉m眉nde g枚receklerdir. Marx ise bunun temelinin 莽ok daha somut ve d眉nyevi oldu臒unu s枚yler: burjuva ekonomik d眉zeninin -insani de臒erimizi piyasa fiyat谋m谋za, ne eksik ne fazla bu fiyata e艧it g枚ren ve bizleri, fiyat谋m谋z谋 olabildi臒ince y眉kseltmek i莽in geni艧lemeye zorlayan d眉zenin- s谋radan g眉ndelik i艧leyi艧inin bir par莽as谋d谋r bu. / 156 - 157

ancak i艧 bulabildikleri m眉ddet莽e ya艧arlar ve ... ancak emekleri sermayeyi artt谋rd谋臒谋 m眉ddet莽e i艧 bulabilirler. Kendilerini par莽a par莽a satmak zorunda olan bu i艧莽iler di臒er her ticari mal gibi birer metad谋rlar dolay谋s谋yla rekabetin ini艧 莽谋k谋艧lar谋na, piyasan谋n dalgalanmalar谋na tabidirler. (479)
Bu y眉zden, ancak sermayesi olan birileri onlara para verdi臒i s眉rece kitap yazabilir, resim yapabilir, fizik veya tarih yasalar谋n谋 ke艧fedebilir, hayatlar谋n谋 idame ettirebilirler. Ama burjuva toplumun bask谋lar谋 o d眉zeydedir ki kar艧谋l谋臒谋n谋 vermeden, yani eserleriyle 艧u veya bu 艧ekilde 鈥渟ermayeyi artt谋rmadan鈥� kimse onlara para vermez. Onlar谋n beyinlerim s枚m眉rerek k芒r sa臒lamaya istekli bir i艧verene 鈥渒endilerini par莽a par莽a satmak鈥� zorundad谋rlar. Kendilerini en k芒rl谋 艧ekilde arz edebilmek i莽in u臒ra艧谋p didinmeleri gerekir; s谋rf 莽al谋艧malar谋n谋 s眉rd眉rebilmek i莽in sat谋n al谋nma imtiyaz谋 u臒runa (莽o臒u kez amans谋z ve ac谋mas谋zca) rekabet etmek zorundad谋rlar. Eser tamamland谋臒谋nda onlar da, di臒er t眉m i艧莽iler gibi kendi emeklerinin 眉r眉n眉nden kopar谋lm谋艧 olurlar. / 164

Baudelaire鈥檈 g枚re al谋nmas谋 gereken ders 艧udur: Modern hayat谋n ay谋rdedici ve otantik bir g眉zelli臒i olmas谋na kar艧谋n, bu onun do臒as谋ndan kaynaklanan sefalet ve kayg谋 duygusundan, modern insan谋n 枚demesi gereken faturadan ayr谋lamaz.

Ortaya koydu臒u yeni zevkler 枚l莽眉s眉nde insanl谋臒谋 zarifle艧tiren s谋n谋rs谋z ilerlemenin en zalim ve en saf i艧kence olup olamayaca臒谋 sorusunu bir yana b谋rak谋yorum; kendi kendini yads谋yarak ilerleyi艧inin durmaks谋z谋n yenilenen bir intihar bi莽imi olup olmad谋臒谋 sorusunu hummal谋 ilahi mant谋k 莽emberine hapsedilmi艧, kendini bizzat kendi kuyru臒uyla sokan bir akrep olup olmaya ca臒谋 sorusunu da- ilerleme, bizzat kendi ebedi kederi ne d枚n眉艧en o ebedi arzu! / 195

Benjamin鈥檌n Paris yaz谋lar谋 Greta Garbo鈥檔un Ninotchka's谋na 艧a艧谋rt谋c谋 bir benzerlik g枚steren dramatik bir performans sergilemektedir. Y眉re臒i ve duyarl谋臒谋, kar艧谋 konulmaz bir 艧ekilde 艧ehrin parlak 谋艧谋klar谋na, g眉zel kad谋nlar谋na, moda d眉nyas谋na, l眉kse, par谋lt谋l谋 y眉zeylerin ve 谋艧谋lt谋l谋 sahnelerin ak谋艧谋na 莽eker onu; Marksist vicdan谋ysa onu bu tutkudan al谋koyar, t眉m bu par谋lt谋l谋 d眉nyan谋n 莽枚km眉艧, bo艧, i莽eriksiz, ruhsuz, proletaryay谋 ezici, tarih taraf谋ndan mahkum edilmi艧 oldu臒unu s枚yler durur ona. Paris tutkusundan korunabilmek i莽in ardarda ideolojik a莽谋klamalar s谋ralar- ama, d枚n眉p bulvara ya da 艧ehrin 谋艧谋klar谋na son bir kez daha bakmadan edemez; kurtar谋lmak istemektedir, ama hen眉z de臒il. / 201

Haussmann, Orta莽a臒dan kalma eski teneke mahalleleri y谋karken, fark谋nda olmadan geleneksel kent yoksullann谋n i莽e d枚n眉k ve d谋艧ar谋ya s谋ms谋k谋 kapal谋 d眉nyas谋n谋 da y谋km谋艧t谋r. En yoksul mahallelerin ortas谋nda kocaman delikler a莽an bulvarlar yoksullar谋n bu deliklerden ge莽ip kendi y谋k谋k d枚k眉k mahallelerinden 莽谋kmas谋n谋, ilk kez 艧ehrin ve hayat谋n geri kalan k谋sm谋n谋n neye benzedi臒ini ke艧fetmelerini sa臒lar. Ve g枚r眉rken g枚r眉l眉rler de: g枚r眉nt眉, tezah眉r iki y枚nl眉d锟斤拷r. B眉y眉k mek芒nlar谋n ortas谋nda, parlak 谋艧谋klar谋n alt谋nda g枚rmezden gelmek m眉mk眉n de臒ildir. I艧谋lt谋, y谋k谋nt谋lar谋 ayd谋nlat谋r ve bu parlak 谋艧谋klar谋n bedelini 枚deyen insanlar谋n karanl谋k hayatlar谋n谋 ortaya serer.* Balzac bu eski mahalleleri Afrika鈥檔谋n en karanl谋k cang谋l谋na benzetir, Eug猫ne Sue ise 鈥淧aris鈥檌n Esrarlar谋鈥� diyordu onlara. Haussmann鈥檓 bulvarlar谋 egzotik olan谋 yakma getirmektedir; bir zamanlar bir esrar olan sefalet art谋k bir olgudur.
Modern 艧ehirdeki s谋n谋f b枚l眉nmelerinin ortaya 莽谋kmas谋 modern benlik i莽inde yeni b枚l眉nmeler do臒urur. A艧谋klar ans谋z谋n yan谋 ba艧lar谋nda biten bu partal insanlar谋 nas谋l kar艧谋layacaklard谋r? Bu noktada modern a艧k masumiyetini yitirir. Yoksullar谋n varl谋臒谋 艧ehrin 谋艧谋lt谋s谋n谋n 眉zerine ac谋mas谋z bir g枚lge d眉艧眉r眉r. B眉y眉l眉 bi莽imde a艧k谋 esinleyen dekor art谋k bir ters b眉y眉 yapmakta, a艧谋klar谋 kendi romantik s谋n谋rlar谋ndan 莽ekip daha geni艧 ve daha az 枚zg眉r a臒lar谋n i莽ine yerle艧tirmektedir. Bu yeni 谋艧谋kta ki艧isel mutluluk bir s谋n谋f imtiyaz谋 gibi g枚r眉n眉r. Bulvar politik davranmaya zorlar onlan. / 209 - 210

Baudelaire, adam谋n da kad谋n谋n da tepkilerinin, liberal duyarl谋l谋kla gerici ac谋mas谋zl谋臒谋n, ayn谋 derecede 莽谋kmaz oldu臒unu bilmektedir. Bir yanda, yoksullar谋 rahat insanlar ailesine katman谋n bir yolu yoktur; 枚te yanda, onlan uzun s眉re g枚z 枚n眉nden uzakla艧t谋racak bir bask谋 bi莽imi de mevcut de臒ildir - daima geri d枚neceklerdir. Ancak modern toplumun k枚kten bir yeniden in艧as谋 bulvar谋n ayd谋nl谋臒a 莽谋kartt谋臒谋 yaralan -toplumsal oldu臒u kadar ki艧isel yaralan- iyi edebilir. Ama, ne var ki k枚kl眉 莽枚z眉m de 莽o臒u kez y谋k谋mdan pek farkl谋 olmuyor: Bulvarlan y谋kmak, parlak 谋艧谋klan s枚nd眉rmek, insanlar谋 oradan oraya g枚nderip yeniden yerle艧tirmek, modem 艧ehrin var etti臒i g眉zellik ve co艧ku kaynaklar谋n谋 枚ld眉rmek. Baudelaire鈥檌n bir zamanlar umdu臒unu bizler de umabiliriz, 艧ehir 谋艧谋klar谋 gibi g眉zellik ve co艧kunun herkes莽e payla艧谋ld谋臒谋 bir gelece臒i. Ama bu umudumuz, Baudelaire鈥檌n 艧ehrinin atmosferini dolduran o ironik 眉z眉nt眉den ar谋namaz bir t眉rl眉. / 211 - 212

Meta ekonomisinin 枚nde gelen 枚zelliklerinden biri, Marx鈥檌n a莽谋klad谋臒谋na g枚re, piyasa de臒erlerinin sonsuz ba艧kala艧谋m谋d谋r. Bu ekonomide kazan莽 sa臒lad谋ktan sonra her 艧ey uyar ve hi莽bir insan卯 olanak kitaplardan silinmez; k眉lt眉r bir g眉n tekrar sat谋labilir umuduyla her 艧eyin stokta tutuldu臒u devasa bir depo halini al谋r. / 220 - 221

Bir ayd谋nlanma an谋nda, modern 艧ehri olu艧turan yaln谋zl谋klar y谋臒谋n谋 yeni bir ili艧kiyle bir araya gelerek bir halk olu艧turur. 鈥淪okaklar halka aittir鈥�: 艧ehrin unsurlar谋na el koyar ve onu kendilerinin k谋larlar. K谋sa bir s眉re i莽in, yaln谋z ve tek tek ani hareketlerin modernizminin yerini kitle hareketinin d眉zenli modernizmi al谋r. / 222

Mitolojik 鈥渧ah艧i bat谋鈥漬谋n 枚nemli bir 枚zelli臒i de s谋n谋fs谋zl谋臒谋d谋r. 陌ki adam, bireysel olarak, bir bo艧luk i莽inde kar艧谋 kar艧谋ya gelirler. Vah艧i bat谋 mitolojisini g眉莽l眉 ve 莽ekici k谋lan medeniyet 枚ncesi 鈥渄o臒a insanlar鈥澞� demokrasisi hayalidir. / 293

Azgeli艧mi艧li臒in modernizmi modernli臒in d眉艧lem ve hayallerine dayanmaya, seraplar ve hayaletlerle yak谋nl谋k kurarak, sava艧arak beslenmeye zorlan谋yor. Kaynakland谋臒谋 hayat bi莽imi ve sad谋k kalabilmek i莽in sorunlu, tuhaf, tutars谋z olmak zorunda kal谋yor. Kolayca tarih yapamad谋臒谋 i莽in kendi i莽ine kapan谋p kendine eziyet ediyor - ya da tarihin t眉m y眉k眉n眉 眉stlenmek i莽in 枚l莽眉s眉z giri艧imlere at谋l谋yor. 脟谋lg谋na d枚nm眉艧莽esine kendini a艧a臒谋l谋yor ve ancak 枚z-ironi yetisiyle ayakta kalabiliyor. Ama bu modernizmin i莽inden do臒up b眉y眉d眉臒眉 tuhaf ger莽eklik ve alt谋nda ya艧ay谋p hareket etti臒i tahamm眉l edilmez bask谋lar -toplumsal ve politik oldu臒u kadar ruhsal bask谋lar- bu d眉nyada yerini bulmu艧 olan Bat谋 modernizminin hi莽 ula艧amad谋臒谋 g枚z眉kara bir 谋艧谋lt谋yla dolduruyor onu. / 311

鈥淜amuyu severdi o, halk谋 de臒il鈥�: Dostoyevski, 鈥渋nsanl谋臒a鈥� duyulan sevginin, ger莽ek insanlara duyulan nefretle birlikte gitmesinin modern politikan谋n 枚l眉mc眉l tersliklerinden biri oldu臒u konusunda defalarca uyarm谋艧t谋 bizi. / 404

Birinci D眉nya Sava艧谋鈥檔谋n ard谋ndan gelen bolluk d枚neminde 莽a臒da艧l谋臒谋n 枚nde gelen simgesi ye艧il 谋艧谋kt谋. 陌kinci D眉nya Sava艧谋 sonras谋 ola臒an眉st眉 bollu臒un temel simgesi, federal ekspresyol sistemiydi. S眉r眉c眉ler, bu ekspresyol 眉zerinde bir k谋y谋dan bir k谋y谋ya hi莽bir 谋艧谋臒a rastlamadan gidebilirdi. Ama 1970鈥檒erin 莽a臒da艧 toplumlar谋, h谋z s谋n谋n ve dur i艧aretinin g枚lgesi alt谋nda ya艧amak durumundayd谋. Toplumsal hareketlili臒in azald谋臒谋 bu yeni d枚nemde modern insanlar gitmek istedikleri y枚n ve uzakl谋k konusunda derin derin d眉艧眉nmek, onlan bir yerlere g枚t眉rebilecek ara莽lar谋n pe艧ine d眉艧mek zorundayd谋. / 439

S枚yledi臒im 艧uydu: Modern olmak, ki艧isel ve toplumsal ya艧am谋 bir girdap deneyimi gibi ya艧amak; insan谋n kendini ve d眉nyas谋n谋 s眉rekli bir 莽枚z眉l眉艧, yenilenme, s谋k谋nt谋, kayg谋, belirsizlik ve 莽eli艧ki i莽inde bulmas谋 demektir. K谋saca, kat谋 olan her 艧eyin ergiyip havaya kar谋艧t谋臒谋 bir evrenin par莽alan olmak... 脰te yandan bir modernist olmak, insan谋n kendini bu girdab谋n i莽inde bile bir 艧ekilde evinde hissetmeyi ba艧armas谋, bu girdab谋n ritimlerini 枚z眉msemesi; bu girdab谋n ak谋nt谋lan aras谋nda, mahvedici ak谋艧谋n谋n ortaya 莽谋kmas谋na izin verdi臒i ger莽eklik, g眉zellik, 枚zg眉rl眉k ve adalet bi莽imleri aray谋艧谋nda olmak demektir. / 460
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September 5, 2014


賴乇 丌賳趩賴 爻禺鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 丿賵丿 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 亘賴 賴賵丕 賲蹖 乇賵丿

卮乇丨 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 賲蹖 卮賵丿 丕夭 爻卅賵丕賱 賮賱爻賮蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 趩蹖爻鬲 責 卮乇賵毓 讴乇丿 蹖丕 丕夭 丿蹖丿诏丕賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 趩诏賵賳賴 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 丌賲丿 責 蹖丕 夭賲蹖賳賴 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 趩乇丕 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 丌賲丿 責 蹖丕 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 賲爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賵賱蹖 賲丕乇卮丕賱 亘乇賲賳 亘丕 賯賱賲 卮蹖賵丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕賴蹖 乇丕 亘乇诏夭蹖丿 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 丿乇 賳诏丕賴 丕賵賱 讴賱丕跇蹖 賴賳乇蹖 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 讴鬲丕亘貙 賮乇賲 丿蹖丕賱讴鬲蹖讴蹖 丿丕乇丿 賵 丿乇爻鬲 賵賯鬲蹖 亘丕 賴蹖噩丕賳 賵 鬲丨爻蹖賳 丕夭 賲丕乇讴爻 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 趩賳丿 氐賮丨賴 亘毓丿 亘賴 賳賯丿 噩丿蹖 亘乇禺蹖 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 丕賵 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿

亘乇賲賳 丿丕賳卮 賵爻蹖毓 禺賵丿 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 噩丕賲毓賴 卮賳丕爻蹖 賵 賮賱爻賮賴 乇丕 賱夭賵賲賳 亘丕 鬲卅賵乇蹖 賵 丕毓丿丕丿 賵 丕乇賯丕賲 亘蹖丕賳 賳賲蹖 讴賳丿 亘賱讴賴 亘賴 丿丕禺賱 丿乇蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 卮蹖乇噩賴 賲蹖 夭賳丿 賵 蹖丕 卮丕毓乇丕賳賴 鬲乇 亘诏賵蹖賲 丕夭 亘丕乇丕賳 賳賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿 禺賵丿 賲蹖 亘丕乇丿. 讴賲鬲乇 讴鬲丕亘蹖 乇丕 爻乇丕睾 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 丿乇 丨噩賲 400 氐賮丨賴 賴賲夭賲丕賳 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴 卮毓乇 賵 賵 乇賲丕賳 賵 丌孬丕乇 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 賵 賳賯丕卮蹖 亘倬乇丿丕夭丿 賵 賴賲 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮賱爻賮蹖 鈥� 爻蹖丕爻蹖 鈥� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 乇丕 丿乇 毓賲賯 亘爻胤 丿賴丿 賵 賴賲 丕鬲賵亘蹖賵诏乇丕賮蹖 亘丕卮丿 賵 賴賲 夭賳丿诏蹖賳丕賲賴 賵 賵賯丕蹖毓 丿賯蹖賯 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 . 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 蹖讴 賲賵夭賴 蹖 夭賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 卮賴乇 賮乇賳诏蹖 丕夭 賮乇賴賳诏 賵 鬲賱丕卮 賴丕蹖 丌丿賲蹖丕賳蹖 讴賴 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 亘乇 倬丕 讴乇丿賳丿. 鬲乇鬲蹖亘 賮氐賵賱 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 丌賳讴賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕賳丿 賴賲夭賲丕賳 噩睾乇丕賮蹖丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇賳丿 賵 丿乇 毓蹖賳 丨丕賱 诏丕賴 亘丕 丨乇讴鬲 睾蹖乇禺胤蹖 丿乇 夭賲丕賳 讴丕乇蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿 讴賴 丨賵氐賱賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 (賲孬賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳賯丿 丕丿亘蹖 乇賳賴 賵賱讴) 爻乇 賳乇賵丿. 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 噩丕 丿丕乇丿 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 鬲乇賲 丕賵賱 鬲賲丕賲 乇卮鬲賴 賴丕蹖 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴蹖 鬲丿乇蹖爻 卮賵丿 趩賵賳 匕賴賳 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 賳乇賲 賵 賲賳毓胤賮 賵 丌賲丕丿賴 賵 賲丿乇賳 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 亘賴 丕賵 賲蹖 丌賲賵夭丿 讴噩丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴. 卮丕蹖丿 噩丕賱亘 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 丨鬲蹖 趩賳丿 噩丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 鬲賴乇丕賳 賲丕 爻乇 賲蹖 夭賳丿 賵賱蹖 蹖讴 噩丕 亘賳丿 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 丕夭 亘乇賱蹖賳 亘賴 倬丕乇蹖爻 賵 爻賳 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 丿乇 丌禺乇 亘賴 賲丨賱賴 蹖 禺賵丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 賲蹖 乇爻丿. 亘乇賲賳 讴賲鬲乇 丕夭 蹖讴爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 賲乇丿 丕賲丕 诏賲丕賳 賲蹖 讴賳賲 丨丿丕賯賱 丿乇 噩乇蹖丕賳 乇賵卮賳賮讴乇蹖 賵 賲蹖丕賳 噩賵丕賳丕賳 賲丕 噩丕蹖诏丕賴 賲賲鬲丕夭蹖 丿丕乇丿 趩賳丕賳趩賴 賵賯鬲蹖 亘毓丿 丕夭 賲丿鬲蹖 亘丕夭 丕噩丕夭賴 鬲噩丿蹖丿 趩丕倬 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 馗乇賮 趩賳丿 乇賵 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賳丕蹖丕亘 賲蹖 卮賵丿.

賮氐賵賱 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 卮乇丨 亘乇禺蹖 噩夭蹖蹖丕鬲 禺賵丕賳丿賴 禺賵丿賲 毓亘丕乇鬲賳丿 丕夭:
1- 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 (鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 鬲賵爻毓賴 賵 乇卮丿) (夭賲丕賳 : 賯乇賳 18鈥� 賲讴丕賳: 丌賱賲丕賳- 跇丕賳乇 讴賱丕跇: 卮毓乇 / 賳賲丕蹖卮賳丕賲賴 / 賳賯丿 爻蹖丕爻蹖-丕丿亘蹖)
鬲賮爻蹖乇 爻蹖丕爻蹖 亘乇賲賳 丕夭 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 亘爻蹖 丿賱賳卮蹖賳 丕爻鬲 賵賯鬲蹖 丕氐賱 卮毓乇 乇丕 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賲 鬲賯賱丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 讴乇丿賲 賵 趩卮賲丕賳賲 乇丕 禺賵丕亘 诏乇賮鬲 鬲丕 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 倬丕蹖丕賳 亘乇爻丕賳賲 丕賲丕 賵賯鬲蹖 鬲賮爻蹖乇 亘乇賲賳 乇丕 丿蹖丿賲 亘丕 丕卮鬲蹖丕賯 亘賴 賴乇 噩丕 讴賴 丕卮丕乇賴 賲蹖 讴乇丿 賲蹖 倬乇蹖丿賲 賵 趩賳丿 亘丕乇 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賲卮
賳賲賵賳賴 賲鬲賳: 毓氐乇 賲丕 毓氐乇 賮丕賵爻鬲蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 賴賲诏蹖 毓夭賲蹖 乇丕爻禺 丿丕乇蹖賲 鬲丕 倬蹖卮 丕夭 丌賳讴賴 丿禺賱 賴賲賴 賲丕賳 亘蹖丕蹖丿 禺丿丕 蹖丕 卮蹖胤丕賳 乇丕 賲賱丕賯丕鬲 讴賳蹖賲 賵 丌賳 乇诏賴 诏乇蹖夭賳丕倬匕蹖乇 丕氐丕賱鬲 蹖诏丕賳賴 讴賱蹖丿 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 賯賮賱 丕爻鬲.
2- 賲丕乇讴爻 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖夭丕爻蹖賵賳 (夭賲丕賳: 19 賯乇賳 賲讴丕賳: 丕乇賵倬丕 鈥� 跇丕賳乇 讴賱丕跇: 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 / 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖/ 賮賱爻賮蹖)
丕爻賲 賲丕乇讴爻蹖 丌丿賲 乇丕 蹖丕丿 賲丕乇讴爻蹖爻賲 賵 卮賵乇賵蹖 爻丕亘賯 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿 賵賱蹖 亘乇賲賳 賲丕乇讴爻 丿蹖诏乇蹖 乇丕 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿 讴賴 鬲賳丿亘丕丿 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴 乇丕 賯亘賱 丕夭 爻丕蹖乇 噩丕賲毓賴 卮賳丕爻丕賳 賵 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳 亘賴 丿賯鬲 乇氐丿 讴乇丿賴 賵 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 丕夭 禺蹖丕賱 丿賵丿 卮丿賳 賵 賴賵丕 乇賮鬲賳 貙 禺賵丿鬲禺乇蹖亘蹖 丕亘丿丕毓蹖貙 亘乇賴賳诏蹖 賵 毓乇蹖丕賳蹖貙 丿诏乇丿蹖爻蹖 丕乇夭卮 賴丕 賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 乇賮鬲賳 賴丕賱賴 鬲賯丿爻 賲蹖 诏賵蹖丿. 噩丕賱亘蹖 讴丕乇 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 趩蹖丿賳 丕蹖賳 賯胤毓賴 讴賳丕乇 賯胤毓賴 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賲孬賱 丕夭 丿爻鬲 乇賮鬲賳 賴丕賱賴 鬲賯丿爻 亘賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲 亘賵丿賱乇 賵 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 賳賯丿 賵 鬲賲噩蹖丿 賴賲夭賲丕賳 丕夭 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 丿乇 亘禺卮 賮丕賵爻鬲 诏賵鬲賴 丕爻鬲.

3- 亘賵丿賱乇 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 (夭賲丕賳: 賯乇賳 19 鈥� 賲讴丕賳: 倬丕乇蹖爻 鈥� 跇丕賳乇 讴賱丕跇: 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 / 卮賴乇爻丕夭蹖 / 卮毓乇)
卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕蹖蹖 讴賴 卮丕毓乇丕賳賲丕賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 丿賴 賵 讴賵趩賴 亘丕睾 噩丕 賲丕賳丿賴 丕賳丿 乇丕亘胤賴 亘蹖賳 卮賴乇 賵 卮毓乇 趩賳丿丕賳 賲賱賲賵爻 賳亘丕卮丿 丕賲丕 亘乇賲賳 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳賴 丕蹖賳 乇丕亘胤賴 亘蹖賳 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕蹖 賴賵爻賲丕賳蹖 倬丕乇蹖爻 賵 卮毓乇 亘賵丿賱乇 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿. 卮毓乇 诏賱 賵 賱丕蹖 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 卮丕毓乇蹖 賴丕賱賴 鬲賯丿爻 丕卮 夭賲蹖賳 賲蹖 丕賮鬲丿 丿乇 毓蹖賳 胤賳夭 倬乇賲丕蹖賴 賵 亘乇賳丿賴 乇诏賴 蹖 賳丕亘蹖 丕夭 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 丿丕乇丿 賵 賲丕 乇丕 蹖丕丿 乇蹖蹖爻 噩賲賴賵乇 倬蹖卮蹖賳賲丕賳 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿 讴賴 賴丕賱賴 丕卮 乇丕 丕夭 诏賲 讴乇丿. 丿賵 倬丕乇丕诏乇丕賮 噩丕賱亘 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 乇丕 毓蹖賳賳 賳賯賱 賲蹖 讴賳賲:
丕賵 (賳賯丕卮 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丿乇賳) 丕夭 讴丕賱爻讴賴 賴丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕 賵 丕爻亘丕賳 賲睾乇賵乇 亘賴 賵噩丿 賲蹖 丌蹖丿貙 丕夭 丌乇丕爻鬲诏蹖 禺蹖乇賴 讴賳賳丿賴 賳賵讴乇賴丕貙 噩賱丿蹖 賵 趩丕亘讴蹖 倬丕丿賵賴丕貙 诏丕賲 賴丕蹖 禺乇丕賲丕賳 賵 倬蹖趩丕賳 夭賳丕賳貙 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 讴賵丿讴丕賳 讴賴 丕夭 夭賳丿賴 亘賵丿賳 賵 丌乇丕爻鬲诏蹖 噩丕賲賴 蹖 禺賵蹖卮 禺賵卮丨丕賱賳丿. 丿乇 蹖讴 讴賱丕賲 丕賵 丕夭 讴賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘賴 賵噩丿 賲蹖 丌蹖丿. 丕诏乇 賲丿 蹖丕 亘乇卮 賱亘丕爻蹖 禺丕氐 丕賳丿讴蹖 丿爻鬲讴丕乇蹖 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丕诏乇 賳賵丕乇 倬乇賵丕賳賴 丕蹖 蹖丕 賮乇丿丕乇 噩丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 诏賱 賳賵丕乇 丿丕丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丕诏乇 丕賳丿丕夭賴 亘丕賵賱賴 賴丕 亘夭乇诏 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 卮蹖賳蹖賵賳賴丕 丕賳丿讴蹖 亘賴 爻賲鬲 倬爻 诏乇丿賳 倬丕蹖蹖賳 丌賲丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丕诏乇 讴賲乇 賱亘丕爻 賴丕 亘丕賱丕鬲乇 乇賮鬲賴 賵 丿丕賲賳賴丕 丕賮卮丕賳鬲乇 卮丿賴 亘丕卮賳丿貙 賲胤賲卅賳 亘丕卮蹖丿 丕夭 趩卮賲丕賳 毓賯丕亘 诏賵賳賴 蹖 丕賵 倬賳賴丕賳 賳禺賵丕賴丿 賲丕賳丿.
亘乇丕蹖 禺賱賯 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 丨賲丕爻蹖 賴蹖趩 讴賲亘賵丿蹖 亘賴 賱丨丕馗 賲囟丕賲蹖賳 亘丕 乇賳诏 賴丕 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿. 丌賳 賳賯丕卮 丨賯蹖賯蹖 讴賴 賲丕 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 丕賵 賴爻鬲蹖賲貙 讴爻蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 丕夭 丿賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕賲乇賵夭蹖 禺氐賱鬲 丨賲丕爻蹖 丌賳 乇丕 亘蹖乇賵賳 讴卮丿 賵 丕蹖賳 丨爻 乇丕 丿乇 賲丕 亘乇丕賳诏蹖夭丿 讴賴 賲丕 (丌丿賲蹖丕賳 賲丿乇賳) 亘丕 讴乇賵丕鬲 賴丕 賵 趩讴賲賴 賴丕蹖 趩乇賲蹖 賲丕賳 趩賯丿乇 亘丕卮讴賵賴 賵 卮丕毓乇丕賳賴 丕蹖賲. 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 爻丕賱 賴丕 亘毓丿 噩賵蹖賳丿诏丕賳 丨賯蹖賯蹖 賴賳乇 賵噩丿 賵 卮毓賮 賮賵賯 丕賱毓丕丿賴 賳賴賮鬲賴 丿乇 爻鬲丕蹖卮 丕夭 馗賴賵乇 丕賲乇 賳賵 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 亘賴 丕乇賲睾丕賳 丌賵乇賳丿.
4- 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 鬲賵爻毓賴 賳蹖丕賮鬲诏蹖 (夭賲丕賳: 賯乇賳 賴丕蹖 19 賵 20賲讴丕賳 : 倬鬲乇夭亘賵乇诏 鈥� 跇丕賳乇 讴賱丕跇: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 / 噩丕賲毓賴 卮賳丕爻蹖 / 爻蹖丕爻蹖 / 乇賲丕賳 / 卮毓乇 賵 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 )
丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 亘蹖 賳馗蹖乇 讴賴 賳氐賮 丨噩賲 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿乇 亘乇 丿丕乇丿 亘蹖 丕賳丿丕夭賴 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 賳賵丕乇 卮讴爻鬲 賴丕 賵 亘乇禺丕爻鬲賳 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賲丕 丕夭 賲卮乇賵胤賴 鬲丕 讴賳賵賳 賳夭丿蹖讴 丕爻鬲. 蹖丕丿賲 丕爻鬲 賵賯鬲蹖 倬丕乇爻丕賱 亘乇丕蹖 倬賳噩賲蹖賳 亘丕乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賲 賵 亘丕 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 丕卮 诏倬 賲蹖 夭丿蹖賲貙 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 丿丕丿賲 亘賴 胤賵乇 鬲胤亘蹖賯蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賲毓丕氐乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 乇丕 賴賲 亘禺賵丕賳蹖賲 讴賴 亘賴 胤乇夭 卮诏賮鬲 丕賳诏蹖夭蹖 亘丕 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賲胤乇丨 卮丿賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 噩賵乇 丿乇 賲蹖 丌賲丿. 亘乇丕蹖 丕夭 亘蹖賳 賳乇賮鬲賳 卮蹖乇蹖賳蹖 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 賳賲蹖 丿賴賲 賮賯胤 丌賳讴賴 丌賳趩賴 丕夭 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 乇賵爻蹖賴 丕夭 倬賵卮讴蹖賳 賵 诏賵诏賵賱 賵 丿丕爻鬲丕蹖賵賮爻讴蹖 賵 亘丕蹖賱蹖 丿乇 毓乇囟 丕蹖賳 150 氐賮丨賴 禺賵丕賳丿賲 賯丕亘賱 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 亘丕 賴夭丕乇丕賳 賲乇丕噩毓 賲卮丕亘賴 丕夭 讴丕乇 禺賵亘 禺卮丕蹖丕乇 丿蹖賴蹖賲蹖 鬲丕 氐丨亘鬲 賴丕蹖 丌鬲卮 亘乇 丌亘 賳亘賵丿 毓賱丕賵賴 亘乇 丌賳讴賴 賮乇賲 讴賱丕跇诏賵賳賴 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 丿乇禺卮丕賳 丕爻鬲 賵 鬲賲丕賲 鬲讴賴 賴丕蹖 馗丕賴乇賳 亘蹖 乇亘胤 亘丕 賳禺蹖 賳丕賲乇卅蹖 亘賴 賴賲 賵氐賱 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿.
賳賲賵賳賴 丕蹖 丕夭 卮乇丨 诏賵诏賵賱 丕夭 亘賱賵丕乇 賳賵爻讴蹖 讴賴 賯丕亘賱 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賵 鬲胤亘蹖賯 亘丕 亘賱賵丕乇賴丕蹖 賴賵爻賲丕賳蹖 賮氐賱 亘賵丿賱乇 丕爻鬲:
丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 爻亘蹖賱 賴丕蹖 卮诏賮鬲 丌賵乇蹖 蹖丕賮鬲 讴賴 賯賱賲賵蹖 賴蹖趩 賳賯丕卮蹖 賯丕丿乇 亘賴 鬲賵氐蹖賮 賵 鬲氐賵乇卮丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲. 爻亘蹖賱 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 爻丕賱 賴丕蹖 毓賲乇 蹖讴 丕賳爻丕賳 賵賯賮 倬乇賵乇卮 丌賳 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 丌賳 賴賲 亘賴 賱胤賮 乇賵夭賴丕 賵 卮亘 賴丕 賲乇丕賯亘鬲 賵 倬丕爻丿丕乇蹖 胤賵賱丕賳蹖... 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 賴夭丕乇丕賳 诏賵賳賴 蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕夭 讴賱丕賴 賴丕 貙 丿丕賲賳 賴丕 貙 賵 丿爻鬲賲丕賱 賴丕蹖 馗乇蹖賮 夭賳丕賳賴 蹖 禺賵卮乇賳诏 賵 讴賵趩讴 蹖丕賮鬲 讴賴 诏賴诏丕賴 亘乇丕蹖 丿賵 乇賵夭 讴丕賲賱 賲丨亘賵亘 氐丕丨亘丕賳 禺賵蹖卮 亘丕賯蹖 賲蹖 賲丕賳賳丿. 趩賳丕賳 賲蹖 賳賲丕蹖丿 讴賴 诏賵蹖蹖 丿乇蹖丕蹖蹖 丕夭 倬乇賵丕賳賴 賴丕 賳丕诏賴丕賳 丕夭 氐丿賴丕 卮丕禺賴 蹖 诏賱 亘賴 賴賵丕 亘乇禺賵丕爻鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賴賲趩賵賳 丕亘乇蹖 鬲丕亘賳丕讴 亘乇 賮乇丕夭 爻乇 爻賵爻讴 賴丕蹖 爻蹖丕賴 噩賳爻 賲匕讴乇 賲賵噩 賲蹖 夭賳丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 讴賲乇賴丕蹖蹖 蹖丕賮鬲 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 丕賳爻丕賳 锟斤拷鬲蹖 亘賴 禺賵丕亘 賴賲 賳丿蹖丿賴 丕爻鬲. 讴賲乇賴丕蹖蹖 趩賳丕賳 賳丕夭讴 讴賴 丌丿賲蹖 亘丕 賲卮丕賴丿賴 蹖 丌賳賴丕 丿趩丕乇 鬲乇爻 賵 賱乇夭 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 賲亘丕丿丕 鬲賳賮爻 睾蹖乇賲丨鬲丕胤丕賳賴 丕卮 丌爻蹖亘蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 馗乇蹖賮 鬲乇蹖賳 丕孬乇 胤亘蹖毓鬲 賵 賴賳乇 亘乇爻丕賳丿. 賵 趩賴 亘诏賵蹖賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 丌爻蹖鬲蹖賳 賴丕蹖 夭賳丕賳賴 丕蹖 讴賴 丿乇 亘賱賵丕乇 賳賵爻讴蹖 蹖丕賮鬲 賲蹖 卮賵丿! 丌爻鬲蹖賳 賴丕蹖蹖 倬賮 讴乇丿賴 賳馗蹖乇 丿賵 亘丕賱賵賳貙 讴賴 丕诏乇 丌賯丕蹖 賲鬲卮禺氐蹖 氐丕丨亘 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賲丨讴賲 賳诏蹖乇丿貙 趩賴 亘爻丕 讴賴 禺丕賳賲蹖 賳丕诏賴丕賳 亘賴 賴賵丕 亘賱賳丿 卮賵丿.丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 賱亘禺賳丿賴丕蹖 賲賳丨氐乇 亘賴 賮乇丿蹖 蹖丕賮鬲 讴賴 賲丨氐賵賱 賵丕賱丕鬲乇蹖賳 賳賵毓 賴賳乇丕賳丿.
丕丨鬲賲丕賱賳 丕诏乇 噩賳丕亘 诏賵诏賵賱 倬丕蹖卮 亘賴 賲蹖丿丕賳 鬲噩乇蹖卮 蹖丕 賴賮鬲 丨賵囟 賵 禺蹖丕亘丕賳 賵賱蹖毓氐乇 賲蹖 乇爻蹖丿 賵 丌賳趩賴 丿蹖丿賴 亘賵丿 乇丕 亘丕 爻亘讴 爻賵乇卅丕賱 禺賵丿 卮乇丨 賲蹖 丿丕丿 賲丕 氐丕丨亘 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 睾賳蹖 鬲乇 賵 夭賳丿賴 鬲乇蹖 賲蹖 卮丿蹖賲.
5- 丿乇 噩賳诏賱 賳賲丕丿賴丕: 賳讴丕鬲蹖 倬蹖乇丕賲賵賳 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲 丿乇 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 (夭賲丕賳: 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲賲 鈥� 賲讴丕賳 賳蹖賵蹖賵乇讴 鈥� 跇丕賳乇 讴賱丕跇: 卮賴乇卮賳丕爻蹖/ 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 / 賳賯丕卮蹖 / 賲噩爻賲賴 爻丕夭蹖/ 爻蹖丕爻蹖 / 丕噩鬲賲毓丕蹖 / 賮乇賴賳诏蹖 / 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖)
賵賯鬲蹖 亘乇賲賳 乇賵爻蹖賴 賳乇賮鬲賴 丕蹖賳 賯丿乇 禺賵亘 丕夭 賯乇賳 19 丌賳 卮賴乇 賲蹖 诏賮鬲 賵丕囟丨 丕爻鬲 丕夭 噩丕蹖蹖 丿賳蹖丕 丌賲丿賴 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴乇丿賴 賴賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 卮丕蹖爻鬲賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 乇賵丕蹖鬲 禺賵丕賴丿 讴乇丿 丕夭 卮賴乇丿丕乇 乇丕亘乇鬲 賲賵夭夭 賵 賲毓賲丕乇丕賳蹖 賳馗蹖乇 賱賵讴賵乇亘賵夭蹖賴 賵 噩蹖賲夭 賲乇蹖賱 鬲丕 诏蹖賳夭亘乇诏 讴賴 夭賵夭賴 賲蹖 讴卮丿: 讴丿丕賲 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖 爻蹖賲丕賳 賵 丌賱賵賲蹖賳蹖賵賲 噩賲噩賲賴 賴丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 卮讴丕賮鬲 賵 賲睾夭 賵 鬲禺蹖賱 卮丕賳 乇丕 禺賵乇丿賴 責 ... 賲賱賵讴 讴賴 亘賳丕賴丕蹖卮 丨讴賲 賳賴丕蹖蹖 丕賳丿 ...

讴賴 賲丕 乇丕 賮賵乇蹖 蹖丕丿 丌賯丕蹖 卮賴乇丿丕乇 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿


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