What do you think?
Rate this book
丕賱丿賷賳 賵丕賱丿賲: 廿亘丕丿丞 卮毓亘 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻
鬲賳鬲賴賷 賯氐丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻. 兀賵 兀賷亘賷乇賷丕 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 賱丿賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇賷賳 毓賳丿賲丕 毓丕賲 1492 賲. 賵賱丕 賷毓賱賲賵賳 兀貙 賲丕 賷賯乇亘 賲賳 賳氐賮 賲賱賷賵賳 賲爻賱賲 馗賱賵丕 賷毓賷卮賵賳 賮賶 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤 丌禺乇 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞: 睾乇賳丕胤丞. 賱賰賳 賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 賵賲丕匕丕 丨丿孬 賱卮毓亘賴丕責 賴賱 睾丕丿乇賵丕 丕賱亘賱丕丿 廿賱賶 卮賲丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 兀賵 睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 亘賱丕丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲毓 丨賰丕賲賴賲 丕賱賲賴夭賵賲賷賳貙 兀賲 亘賯賵丕 賮賷賴丕 賵毓丕卮賵丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿責 賵賲丕匕丕 丨丿孬 賱賲賳 賯亘賱賵丕 丕賱毓賷卮 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞貙 賵賰賷賮 爻丕乇鬲 丨賷丕鬲賴賲貙 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 毓賱丕賯丕鬲賴賲 亘丕賱丿賵賱丞貙 賵丕賱賰賳賷爻丞貙 賵"賲賵丕胤賳賷賴賲" 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶責 賴賱 匕丕亘賵丕 賮賷 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞貙 賵鬲賱丕卮鬲 禺胤賵胤 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賮氐賱賴賲 毓賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賮賷 夭賲賳 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞責 賵賰賷賮 鬲毓丕賲賱鬲 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賲毓 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷 禺囟毓賵丕 賱爻賱胤丕賳賴丕責 賷噩賷亘 賰鬲丕亘 "丕賱丿賷賳 賵丕賱丿賲" 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賱丕鬲 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙 毓亘乇 鬲賳丕賵賱 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 乇氐賷賳貙 賵賲丨丕賷丿貙 賵賲鬲賵丕夭賳貙 賵卮丕賲賱貙 賱賯氐丞 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賵賲氐賷乇賴賲 丕賱賲兀爻丕賵賷貙 亘丿丕賷丞 賲賳 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 毓丕賲 1492賲貙 丨鬲賶 胤乇丿賴賲 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 賲賳 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 毓丕賲 1614賲.
588 pages, Paperback
First published August 11, 2009
125 people are currently reading
3,482 people want to read
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 30 of 115 reviews
February 27, 2016
丕亘賰 賲孬賱 丕賱賳爻丕亍 賲賱賰賸丕 賲囟丕毓賸丕 賱賲 鬲丨丕賮馗 毓賱賷賴 賲孬賱 丕賱乇噩丕賱
賰毓乇亘賷丞 賲爻賱賲丞貙 賲賳 丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟 兀賳 丕亘丿兀 賲乇丕噩毓鬲賷 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱 丕賱噩賲賷毓 亘丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賱賶 丕賱兀胤賱丕賱 賵賰鬲丕亘丞 丕賱賲乇孬賷丕鬲 毓賳 兀賳丿賱爻 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲賮賯賵丿
兀毓鬲乇賮 兀賳賳賷 乇亘賲丕 丨賷賳 亘丿兀鬲 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 卮毓乇鬲 兀賳 賴匕丕 賴賵 賲丕 爻鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賷賴 賲乇丕噩毓鬲賷貙 賱賰賳 賰賱賲丕 鬲賵睾賱鬲 兀賰孬乇 賮賷 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賱賲丕 卮毓乇鬲 亘丨噩賲 丕賱賲兀爻丕丞
丨噩賲 丕賱賲兀爻丕丞 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲毓丿賶 丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賱賶 "賯胤毓丞 兀乇囟" 賰丕賳鬲 賮賷 賲賱賰賷丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 兀賵 賱賲 鬲賰賳貙 賲賴賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丨賲賱 賴匕賴 丕賱兀乇囟 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 賵丿賷賳 賵丨囟丕乇丞 賱丕 鬲爻丕賵賷 賮賷 賳馗乇賷 乇賵丨 賵丕丨丿丞 賱廿賳爻丕賳貙 賷購囟胤賴丿 賵賷購毓匕亘 賵賷購賯鬲賱
賱賰賳 賱賱兀爻賮 賱丕 賷毓亘兀 丕賱賰孬賷乇賷賳 亘賴匕賴 丕賱兀乇賵丕丨貙 丕賱賲賴賲 賴賵 賯胤毓丞 丕賱兀乇囟
丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 丕賱賲賮賯賵丿!
賵賷爻賵丿 亘賷賳 毓丕賲丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賲賷賱 廿賱賶 乇亘胤 賳賴丕賷丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 亘毓丕賲 1492 丕賱亘丕賱睾 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞貙 丕賱匕賷 鬲賵丨丿鬲 賮賷賴 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷貙 賲毓 鬲噩丕賴賱 丨賯賷賯丞 兀賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賳氐賮 賲賱賷賵賳 賲爻賱賲 亘賯賵丕 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺.
賷亘丿兀 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳匕 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵鬲爻賱賷賲 兀亘賷 毓亘賷丿賱 丕賱賲丿賷賳丞 賱賮乇賷賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕- 賵丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓亘賾乇 毓賳賴丕 賱賵丨丞 丕賱賮賳丕賳 賮乇丕賳孬賷爻賰賵 亘乇丕丿賷丕 兀賵乇鬲賷孬 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞- 孬賲 賲氐賷乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳匕 賴匕賴 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱賮丕氐賱丞 賵賴賵 賳賮爻 丕賱賲氐賷乇 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賷賵丕噩賴 丕賱賷賴賵丿貙 亘賷賳 丕賱賳賮賷 賵丕賱鬲毓賲賷丿.
賵賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱匕賷 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 賮賷賴 丕賱賷賴賵丿 丕賱廿賮賱丕鬲 禺丕乇噩 丕賱亘賱丕丿 亘丨賰賲 賲賰丕賳鬲賴賲 丕賱兀賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賰賲乇丕亘賷賳 賵兀氐丨丕亘 乇丐賵爻 兀賲賵丕賱貙 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賷卮賰賱賾賵賳 兀睾賱亘賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賵賯鬲 賲賳 丕賱賮乇丕乇貙 賵亘丿兀鬲 丨賮賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷 賱兀賳賴 鈥撠官勝� 丨丿 鬲毓亘賷乇 賮賷乇賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕- 廿匕丕 賱賲 賷氐亘丨賵丕 賳氐丕乇賶 氐丕丿賯賷賳貙 賮廿賳 兀胤賮丕賱賴賲 賵兀丨賮丕丿賴賲 爻賷賮毓賱賵賳.
賲賳 賴賳丕 亘丿兀鬲 賲乇丨賱丞 噩丿賷丿丞 鬲丨賵賾賱 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賲購毓賲丿賷賳 丨丿賷孬賸丕 廿賱賶 "賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳"貙 兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 氐睾丕乇貙 兀賵 賳氐丕乇賶 噩丿丿 兀賵 賰賲丕 賷丨賱賵 賱賰 兀賳 鬲爻賲賷賴賲!
丕賱賲賴賲 兀賳 毓賱賶 賴丐賱丕亍 賲賳 丕賱丌賳 賮氐丕毓丿賸丕 丕賱廿賳爻賱丕禺 賲賳 賴賵賷鬲賴賲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賷鬲丨賵賱賵丕 廿賱賶 兀爻亘丕賳 賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷賷賳貙 賵亘丿兀鬲 爻賱爻賱丞 丕賱賲丨馗賵乇丕鬲 鬲囟賲賳鬲 毓丿賲 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞- 毓丿賲 睾賱賯 兀亘賵丕亘 丕賱亘賷賵鬲 兀賷丕賲 丕賱噩購賲毓 賱囟賲丕賳 毓丿賲 丕賱鬲毓亘丿- 賲賳毓 丕賱賲賱丕亘爻 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 賵鬲睾胤賷丞 丕賱賵噩賴 賱賱賳爻丕亍 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷丕鬲- 賲賳毓 丕賱丕爻鬲丨賲丕賲 賵睾賱賯 丕賱丨賲丕賲丕鬲 丕賱毓丕賲丞!! ... 廿賱禺
賵毓賱賶 賲丿丕乇 鬲毓丕賯亘 丕賱賲賱賵賰 賲賳匕 賮賷乇賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 孬賲 卮丕乇賱 賵氐賵賱丕賸 廿賱賶 賮賷賱賷亘 丕賱匕賷 爻鬲亘丿兀 賮賷 毓賴丿賴 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱胤乇丿貙 爻賷鬲毓乇囟 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賱兀賯氐賶 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賯賲毓 亘丿亍賸丕 賲賳 丕賱丿賷丕賳丞 丕賱賲賮乇賵囟丞 賰乇賴賸丕 賵囟乇賵乇丞 丕賱鬲氐乇賮 亘賲丕 賷賵丨賷 亘廿賱鬲夭丕賲 賵廿丨鬲乇丕賲 賴匕賴 丕賱丿賷丕賳丞貙 孬賲 丕賱鬲毓亘丿 亘丿賷丕賳丞 兀禺乇賶 禺賮賷丞 賵囟乇賵乇丞 丕賱鬲氐乇賮 鈥撠官勜з嗁娯�- 亘賲丕 賷賵丨賷 亘丕賱毓丿丕亍 賵丕賱鬲噩乇丿 賱賴匕賴 丕賱丿賷丕賳丞
賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 丕賱鬲賷 鬲胤賱賯 丕鬲賴丕賲丕鬲 睾丕賷丞 賮賷 丕賱爻禺丕賮丞 賵丕賱爻禺乇賷丞貙 亘兀爻丕賱賷亘 鬲毓匕賷亘 卮賳賷毓丞!
氐乇丕丨丞 廿賳賴 廿匕丕 賱賲 賷賲鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱賯賲毓 賵丕賱廿囟胤賴丕丿貙 賮賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 爻鬲鬲賰賮賱 亘匕賱賰
鬲禺賱賱 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 孬賵乇丕鬲 兀毓丿賴丕 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 亘鬲賳馗賷賲 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 賵亘賱丕 鬲賳馗賷賲 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 兀禺乇賶貙 丕賳鬲氐乇賵丕 賮賷 亘毓囟賴丕 賵鬲賲鬲 廿亘丕丿鬲賴賲 毓賳 亘賰乇丞 兀亘賷賴賲 賮賷 丕賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇 賵兀賲丕 賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賮賰丕賳 賲氐賷乇賴賲 亘毓丿 兀毓賵丕賲 胤賵賷賱丞 賴賵 丕賱胤乇丿貙 賵亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 兀賳 丕賱胤乇丿 賴賳丕 賷亘丿賵丕 禺賱丕氐 賵丕賳鬲氐丕乇 廿賱丕 兀賳 賴賳丕賰 賲夭賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲賵鬲 賵丕賱禺乇丕亘 賷賳鬲馗乇賴賲
賮亘毓囟 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱鬲賷 丨賲賱鬲 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 睾乇賯鬲 賵亘毓囟賴丕 爻購賱亘鬲 賵鬲賲 丕睾鬲氐丕亘 賲賲鬲賱賰丕鬲 賲賳 亘賴丕 賵賯鬲賱賴賲 賲賳 賯賽亘賱 賯乇丕氐賳丞 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賲賳 賯賽亘賱 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱賲爻卅賵賱賷賳 毓賳 丕賱爻賮賳 兀賳賮爻賴賲!
噩丿賷乇 亘丕賱匕賰乇貙 兀賳 氐乇丕毓 賵丨乇亘 賰賴匕賴 賱丕 鬲賲鬲 亘兀賷 氐賱丞 賱丕 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵賱丕 賱賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 賵賱丕 鬲爻毓賶 賱賳氐乇丞 丕賱丿賷賳 賰賲丕 賷丿毓賷賾 丕賱亘毓囟 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 鬲爻毓賶 賱賱爻賱胤丞 賵丕賱賳賮賵匕 賵丕賱孬乇賵丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 爻鬲噩賳賷賴丕貙 賵賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 匕賱賰 賷爻鬲賱夭賲 "廿亘丕丿丞" 賰賱 賲丕 賷毓鬲乇囟 胤乇賷賯賰 丨鬲賶 賵廿賳 賰丕賳鬲 "兀乇賵丕丨" 兀禺乇賶 賵賱賳 鬲毓丿賲 丕賱丨噩丞 賮賲乇丞 丕賱丿賷賳貙 賵賲乇丞 丕賱賱賵賳貙 賵賲乇丞 丕賱兀乇囟... 廿賱禺
賱賰賳 鬲購氐亘丨 兀賰孬乇 亘卮丕毓丞 賵丿賲賵賷丞 丨賷賳 鬲乇鬲丿賷 孬賵亘 丕賱丿賷賳
賲丕 兀亘卮毓 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲購乇鬲賰亘 亘丕爻賲 丕賱廿賱賴!
丕賰鬲賮賷鬲 亘鬲賱禺賷氐 丕賱禺胤賵胤 丕賱毓乇賷囟丞 賱賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳貙 賴賳丕賰 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱卮賳丕毓丕鬲 丕乇鬲購賰亘鬲 亘丨賯賴賲 丨鬲賶 兀賳 丕賱卮賷賵禺 賵丕賱賳爻丕亍 賵丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賱賲 賷爻賱賲賵丕 賲賳賴丕 亘兀賷 丨丕賱 賲賳 丕賱兀丨賵丕賱 賵賱賰賳 賱丕 賷爻毓 匕賰乇賴丕 賮賷 賲乇丕噩毓丞 氐睾賷乇丞 亘賱 丕賱兀賮囟賱 賯乇丕卅鬲賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳賮爻賴貙 賮賴匕丕 兀丨丿 丕賱賰購鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳賴賷賴丕 賵鬲禺丕胤亘 賳賮爻賰 "兀賳鬲 賲賳匕 丕賱丌賳 睾賷乇賰".
賵丕賱賰丕鬲亘 睾丕賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丿賷丞 賵賴賵 賲丕 兀匕賴賱賳賷 氐乇丕丨丞貙 禺丕氐丞 賵兀賳丕 賱丕 兀毓賱賲 賰孬賷乇賸丕 毓賳
賴賵賷鬲賴 賵丕賳鬲賲丕亍賴 乇睾賲 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲賷 賱賱亘丨孬
賱賰賳 卮毓乇鬲 亘丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱廿賳氐丕賮 賵兀賳丕 丕賯乇兀 賱賴
兀賲丕 毓賳 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賮賱丕 賷爻毓賳賷 爻賵賶 丕賱賯賵賱 兀賳賴丕 乇丕卅毓丞!
賲賴賲丕 鬲丨丿孬鬲 賱賳 兀賵賮賷 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 丨賯賴貙 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 卮毓乇鬲 兀賳 廿囟丕賮丕鬲賴 賰孬賷乇丞 亘卮賰賱 賷卮鬲鬲賳賷賾 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 賵賱丕 兀爻鬲胤賷毓 賲毓賴 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭
賱賰賳賳賷 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 兀丿乇賰鬲 賮囟賱賴 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賮賷 賲爻丕毓丿鬲賷 毓賱賶 廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱賰鬲丕亘
賮噩丕賴賱丞 賲孬賱賷賾 賮賷 賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕 丕賱兀賵賱賶 毓賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵毓賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丨賱丞 賮賷賲丕 亘毓丿 丕賱爻賯賵胤 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賱鬲賯丿乇 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲賰賲丕賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿賵賳 丕賱亘丨孬 亘毓丿 賰賱 氐賮丨丞 賵兀禺乇賶 賮賷 噩賵噩賱 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵賲丨丕賵賱丞 鬲噩賲賷毓賴丕 賲賳 賴賳丕 賵賴賳丕賰
賱賰賳 噩丕亍鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 鬲賵囟賷丨賷丞 賵丨鬲賶 廿囟丕賮丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賰丕賳鬲 賲賲鬲毓丞 賵睾夭賷乇丞 賵鬲賵丨賷賾 亘丨噩賲 孬賯丕賮鬲賴 賵鬲禺氐氐賴 賮賷 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱匕賷 賷賯賵賲 亘鬲乇噩賲鬲賴.
賱丕 兀毓賱賲 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 兀丨丿 爻賷賯乇兀 賰賱 賴匕丕貙 賱賰賳 卮賰乇賸丕 兀賷賸丕 賰丕賳 丨噩賲 賲丕 賯乇兀鬲 :)
鬲賲賾鬲
May 26, 2019
Astonishing book. Expecting to learn about a remote historical event, I ended up finding in the fate of the Spanish Moriscos a story that is obviously relevant to our own time. Over the course of the Reconquista of Spain, the Jewish population of the country was expelled, thus creating a Sephardic Jewish diaspora that continues to exist today. By the time the last stronghold of al-Andalus 鈥� the city of Granada 鈥� was conquered in 1492, the Spanish Crown had also taken control of a far larger population of Muslims. These "Moors" were the descendants of people who had arrived with the 8th century Arab conquests, as well as locals who had converted to Islam over the centuries. This huge population were ultimately Spaniards, though of a different religion than the Catholic conquistadors.
The presence of this non-Christian population raised a dilemma. On one hand their continued presence seemed necessary for economic purposes. They were also essentially Spaniard in most respects, having lived in the peninsula for centuries and mostly lacking connections to the outside world. The Spanish Crown initially decided to forcibly baptize these Moors, thus creating a new population known as Moriscos. But despite being converted to Christianity, the Moriscos were not given equal rights as their new coreligionists. Subject to crushing taxation, they were treated as a despised class. Resentful of being forcibly converted to a new religion, on starkly unequal terms no less, the Moriscos chafed at the oppression of their new rulers, though over time many did become sincere Christians. They were subject to the Inquisition, which surveilled them in the most intimate ways. For longer than a century, the Moriscos suffered under what was then the world's most sophisticated bureaucratic police state. Efforts were made to ban their native language, Arabic, even though many had yet to learn Castillan. The almalafa veil was gradually banned and Morisco homes, funerals and weddings were surveilled in a paranoid effort to ensure that Islamic rites were not still secretly being practiced. Ever more extreme measures aimed at both assimilating and exploiting the Moriscos ultimately led to doomed armed responses. At least two major rebellions were crushed by the Crown, forcing the Moriscos into deeper and deeper decline.
In 1609 the Spanish Crown ultimately decided the Moriscos were unassimilable by blood and deported them to North Africa. Thus ended nearly 900 years of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula. Reading this story, I could not help but see some parallels with the present. A fanatic discomfort with difference in society continues to manifest in Europe and beyond. The Inquisitors obsession with the Muslim veil and the desire to pry open domestic space to ensure immediate, coercive assimilation, rather than assimilation gradually over time, is familiar. Even the belief that the Moriscos had secret links to North African pirates and thus posed a security threat is reminiscent of modern fifth columnist rhetoric about transnational terrorism. Today, Muslims are generally being made to assimilate to liberalism, which is undoubtedly much more flexible and egalitarian than 16th century Spanish Catholicism. Still, the demand to assimilate under threat rather than with the natural flow of time can lead to oppressive and even violent outcomes. And for those of less liberal inclination such assimilation is impossible anyways. In some quarters the demand for expulsion, or worse, can be heard not-so-subtly expressed today.
Muslim al-Andalus was never a pristine arcadia of tolerance. It allowed different communities to live permanently in Spain, but with fluctuating levels of respect and freedom and subject to the dhimma system. The social order put in place after the Reconquista however was something radically different. It was our first recognizably modern example of ethnic cleansing. There was no question of anything existing but a totalitarian system under the control of the Crown and Catholic Church. They somehow took it as natural that people whose lineage in Spain went back nine centuries had no claim to belong there. Ultimately the expulsion of the Moriscos ended up being an early episode in the decline of the Spanish Empire, which continued to suffer self-inflicted wounds from its own fanaticism and inflexibility.
The story of the Sephardic Jews and the Moriscos documented here is harrowing. Carr's writing is excellent and the story somehow reads like a thriller, albeit a tragic one. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in European or Islamic history, as well as those concerned with contemporary debates over immigration and diversity. I was surprised to find this to be one of the most urgent and important books I've read in some time.
The presence of this non-Christian population raised a dilemma. On one hand their continued presence seemed necessary for economic purposes. They were also essentially Spaniard in most respects, having lived in the peninsula for centuries and mostly lacking connections to the outside world. The Spanish Crown initially decided to forcibly baptize these Moors, thus creating a new population known as Moriscos. But despite being converted to Christianity, the Moriscos were not given equal rights as their new coreligionists. Subject to crushing taxation, they were treated as a despised class. Resentful of being forcibly converted to a new religion, on starkly unequal terms no less, the Moriscos chafed at the oppression of their new rulers, though over time many did become sincere Christians. They were subject to the Inquisition, which surveilled them in the most intimate ways. For longer than a century, the Moriscos suffered under what was then the world's most sophisticated bureaucratic police state. Efforts were made to ban their native language, Arabic, even though many had yet to learn Castillan. The almalafa veil was gradually banned and Morisco homes, funerals and weddings were surveilled in a paranoid effort to ensure that Islamic rites were not still secretly being practiced. Ever more extreme measures aimed at both assimilating and exploiting the Moriscos ultimately led to doomed armed responses. At least two major rebellions were crushed by the Crown, forcing the Moriscos into deeper and deeper decline.
In 1609 the Spanish Crown ultimately decided the Moriscos were unassimilable by blood and deported them to North Africa. Thus ended nearly 900 years of their presence in the Iberian Peninsula. Reading this story, I could not help but see some parallels with the present. A fanatic discomfort with difference in society continues to manifest in Europe and beyond. The Inquisitors obsession with the Muslim veil and the desire to pry open domestic space to ensure immediate, coercive assimilation, rather than assimilation gradually over time, is familiar. Even the belief that the Moriscos had secret links to North African pirates and thus posed a security threat is reminiscent of modern fifth columnist rhetoric about transnational terrorism. Today, Muslims are generally being made to assimilate to liberalism, which is undoubtedly much more flexible and egalitarian than 16th century Spanish Catholicism. Still, the demand to assimilate under threat rather than with the natural flow of time can lead to oppressive and even violent outcomes. And for those of less liberal inclination such assimilation is impossible anyways. In some quarters the demand for expulsion, or worse, can be heard not-so-subtly expressed today.
Muslim al-Andalus was never a pristine arcadia of tolerance. It allowed different communities to live permanently in Spain, but with fluctuating levels of respect and freedom and subject to the dhimma system. The social order put in place after the Reconquista however was something radically different. It was our first recognizably modern example of ethnic cleansing. There was no question of anything existing but a totalitarian system under the control of the Crown and Catholic Church. They somehow took it as natural that people whose lineage in Spain went back nine centuries had no claim to belong there. Ultimately the expulsion of the Moriscos ended up being an early episode in the decline of the Spanish Empire, which continued to suffer self-inflicted wounds from its own fanaticism and inflexibility.
The story of the Sephardic Jews and the Moriscos documented here is harrowing. Carr's writing is excellent and the story somehow reads like a thriller, albeit a tragic one. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in European or Islamic history, as well as those concerned with contemporary debates over immigration and diversity. I was surprised to find this to be one of the most urgent and important books I've read in some time.
June 30, 2016
鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 (丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱匕賷賳 亘賯賵丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻) 毓亘乇 賲丕亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤 亘賱丕丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賲賳 兀賺賯賵賶 丕賱賮鬲乇丕鬲 丕賱丨乇噩丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 乇睾賲 爻賯賵胤 丿賵賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 廿賱丕 孬賲丞 毓乇亘 賲賳毓鬲賴賲 馗乇賵賮賴賲 賲賳 丕賱爻賮乇 賵毓丿賲賵丕 丕賱賵爻賷賱丞 賱賱禺乇賵噩 賳丨賵 丕賱賲睾乇亘貙 賮亘毓丿賴賲 禺乇噩 賱賴丕 賰兀賯乇亘 賲賯乇 毓乇亘賷 廿爻賱丕賲賷 賵亘毓囟賴賲 賴乇亘 賱賮乇賳爻丕 賵亘毓囟賴賲 賴乇亘 丨鬲賶 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱賰卮賵賮丕鬲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 (兀賲乇賷賰丕) 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 鈥� 賵賴賷 賳賯胤丞 亘丨孬 賳丕丿乇丞 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱賵 賵亘毓囟賴賲 睾丕丿乇 賳丨賵 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 鈥� 賵賴賲 賯賱丞 鈥� 賵賱賰賳 丨丿賷孬 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賳 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 亘賯賵丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 鈥� 賲賲賱賰丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賮賷賲丕 亘毓丿 鈥� 賵丿賮毓賵丕 孬賲賳 亘賯丕卅賴賲 賲丕亘賷賳 賲賵鬲 賵毓匕丕亘 賵賮賯丿 賱賱毓乇囟 賵丕賱卮乇賮 賵鬲丨賵賷賱賴賲 賱賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 亘丕賱賯賵丞 賵丕賱廿賰乇丕賴.
乇睾賲 兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賲 賷毓丕賲賱賵丕 丕賱賯賵胤 賵丕賱乇噩賲丕賳 賵爻賰丕賳 卮亘賴 噩夭賷乇丞 廿賷亘乇賷丕 鈥� 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵丕賱亘乇鬲睾丕賱 賵亘賱丕丿 丕賱睾丕賱 賵賲丕 丨賵賱賴丕 鈥� 亘毓賳氐乇賷丞 賵廿噩亘丕乇賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 廿賱丕 兀賳 乇丿丞 丕賱賮毓賱 賲賳 賯亘賱 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賰丕賳鬲 賵丨卮賷丞. 乇睾賲 兀賳賳賷 賰賲鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 (丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶) 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷 鈥� 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷 兀賯賵賱賴丕 賵賴賷 鬲賲孬賱 禺賱丕氐丞 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賷 賮賷 兀賳 丿禺賵賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻 (廿丨鬲賱丕賱) 賵賱賷爻 賴匕丕 賲賵囟毓 丨丿賷孬賷 丕賱丌賳 賮賴賵 兀賲乇 丌禺乇. 賱賰賳 兀鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賵丨卮賷丞 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰丕賳 賳氐賷亘 亘賱丕卅賴賲 賵毓馗賲 賵賯毓 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賷賴賲 兀卮丿 賵兀賳賰賶. 丨賷孬 鬲賲 鬲兀爻賷爻 賲賳馗賲丞 賵丨賰賵賲丞 丿丕禺賱 賲賲賱賰丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賵乇賴亘丕賳賴 賮賷 "賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮" 賱鬲鬲賵賱賶 鬲毓匕賷亘 (丌賱丕鬲 賵賵爻丕卅賱 鬲毓匕賷亘 禺丕氐丞) 賱鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱賳乇丕賳賷丞 亘賱 賲賳 卮賰賵丕 賮賷 兀賳賴 賷賰匕亘 賮賷 鬲丨賵賷賱賴 賷賯鬲賱 賵亘賯乇 賱亘胤賵賳 丕賱賳爻丕亍 賵丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵賯胤毓 丕賱兀胤乇丕賮 賵賰乇丕爻賷 賲禺氐氐丞 賱賱鬲毓匕賷亘 亘賯賷丕丿丞 乇噩丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賷賳 賴匕丕 睾賷乇 賲氐丕丿乇丞 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 賵丕賱兀賲賵丕賱 賵賴丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 賵賲賳毓 兀賷 賲馗丕賴乇 廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 毓乇亘賷丞 亘兀賷 賵爻亘丞 賰丕賳鬲.
賲丕亘毓丿 (1492賲) 鬲亘丿兀 賮氐賵賱 丕賱丨賰丕賷丞 亘毓丿 兀賳 爻賯胤鬲 兀禺乇 賲毓丕賯賱 丕賱鬲賵丕噩丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 (睾乇賳丕胤丞) 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 亘賳賷 賳氐乇 (丌賱 丕賱兀丨賲乇) 賵鬲爻賱賲賵丕 賲賮鬲丕丨賴丕 賲賳 兀亘賷 毓亘丿 丕賱賱賴 丕賱氐睾賷乇 "毓亘丿賵賱" 賰賲丕 鬲爻賲賷賴 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵睾丕丿乇賴丕 氐賵亘 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵賮毓賱賵丕 賲孬賱賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賵賱賰賳 亘賯賷 乇賯賲 賲禺賷賮 鬲賵乇丿賴 亘毓囟 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賮鬲賵氐賱丞 賱賭(賳氐賮 丕賱賲賱賷賵賳)!. 賵賱丕 兀爻鬲亘毓丿 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱乇賯賲 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賮賳丨賳 賳鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賳鬲丕噩 兀賰孬乇 (6 賯乇賵賳) 賲賳 丕賱鬲賵丕噩丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷. 賲丕亘賷賳 (1492 廿賱賶 1614賲) 鬲賳丨氐乇 賲乇丨賱丞 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賳 兀賵 賰賲丕 賷胤賱賯 毓賱賷賴賲 (丕賱賲賵乇 : 賲賮乇丿 賲賵乇爻賰賷 : 廿爻亘丕賳賷 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱) 賵賴賷 賰賱賲丞 毓賳氐乇賷丞 賵賲丕匕丕 爻賷賰賵賳 鬲兀孬賷乇賴丕 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 賵丕賱賲賵鬲 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮.
賱賯丿 兀賳氐賮 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 賲丕賯丕亘賱 丕賱賲鬲丿賷賳賷賳 睾賷乇 丕賱賲爻賷丨 賮賷賲丕 賵噩丿賵丕 亘毓丿 賯賷丕賲 賲賲賱賰丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕貙 賵廿賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 亘賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賵兀毓馗賲 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賱賰賳 兀賺賵賱 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賲丿 賵乇噩毓 賱賰鬲亘 賵賲禺胤賵胤丕鬲 賵賵孬丕卅賯 賱賲 鬲乇賶 丕賱賳賵乇 賲賳 賯亘賱 賵賴匕丕 賲賴賲 噩丿賸丕 賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丐賷丞 睾乇亘賷丞 賵噩丿賷丿丞 鬲丨鬲丕噩賴丕 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
胤亘毓賸丕 賲丕 亘毓丿 (1614賲) 爻賷賰賵賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 廿噩亘丕乇賸丕 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賱毓賱 賴匕丕 丕賱胤乇丿 賴賵 兀禺乇 賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳賴賲 毓賱賶 賯賷丿 丕賱丨賷丕丞.
丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷(賲丕孬賷賵) 賱丿賷丞 亘丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞 賰鬲丕亘 賱賷爻 亘亘毓賷丿 毓賳 賮賰乇丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賯丞 亘丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 亘毓賳賵丕賳 (丕賱賲丕賰賳丞 丕賱噩賴賳賲賷丞 : 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘) 兀賳氐丨 亘賴 賴賵 丕賱丌禺乇
赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌
賴匕丕 賵賲丕夭丕賱 賲賲賱賰丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 鬲丨鬲賮賱 爻賳賵賷賸丕 亘胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵兀馗賳 兀丨鬲賮丕賱賴賲 賴匕丕 賲丕賴賵 廿賱丕 賴賵賱賵賰賵爻鬲 廿爻亘丕賳賷 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.
赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌
兀賳馗乇 賰匕賱賰 :
賵賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 : 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱乇丕亘毓 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲賳鬲氐乇賷賳 : 賲丨賲丿 毓亘丿丕賱賱賴 毓賳丕賳.
丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賵賳 賮賶 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 : 賲賷睾賷賱 兀賳禺賷賱 亘賵賳賷爻 廿賷亘丕乇丕.
丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賵爻 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 亘廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵丿賵乇賴賲 禺丕乇噩賴丕 : 賲丨賲丿 賯卮鬲賷賱賷賵.
兀禺亘丕乇 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 : 賵丕卮賳胤夭 廿賷乇賮賳睾.
丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賵賳 賵賴噩乇丕鬲賴賲 廿賱賶 丕賱賲睾乇亘 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 16 賵 17 : 賲丨賲丿 乇夭賵賯.
賲丨賳丞 賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 毓卮賷丞 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵賲丕 亘毓丿賴丕 : 丿. 賲丨賲丿 丨鬲丕賲賱賴.
賵睾賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇.
乇睾賲 兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賲 賷毓丕賲賱賵丕 丕賱賯賵胤 賵丕賱乇噩賲丕賳 賵爻賰丕賳 卮亘賴 噩夭賷乇丞 廿賷亘乇賷丕 鈥� 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵丕賱亘乇鬲睾丕賱 賵亘賱丕丿 丕賱睾丕賱 賵賲丕 丨賵賱賴丕 鈥� 亘毓賳氐乇賷丞 賵廿噩亘丕乇賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 廿賱丕 兀賳 乇丿丞 丕賱賮毓賱 賲賳 賯亘賱 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賰丕賳鬲 賵丨卮賷丞. 乇睾賲 兀賳賳賷 賰賲鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 (丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶) 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷 鈥� 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷 兀賯賵賱賴丕 賵賴賷 鬲賲孬賱 禺賱丕氐丞 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賷 賮賷 兀賳 丿禺賵賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻 (廿丨鬲賱丕賱) 賵賱賷爻 賴匕丕 賲賵囟毓 丨丿賷孬賷 丕賱丌賳 賮賴賵 兀賲乇 丌禺乇. 賱賰賳 兀鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賵丨卮賷丞 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰丕賳 賳氐賷亘 亘賱丕卅賴賲 賵毓馗賲 賵賯毓 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賷賴賲 兀卮丿 賵兀賳賰賶. 丨賷孬 鬲賲 鬲兀爻賷爻 賲賳馗賲丞 賵丨賰賵賲丞 丿丕禺賱 賲賲賱賰丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賵乇賴亘丕賳賴 賮賷 "賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮" 賱鬲鬲賵賱賶 鬲毓匕賷亘 (丌賱丕鬲 賵賵爻丕卅賱 鬲毓匕賷亘 禺丕氐丞) 賱鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱賳乇丕賳賷丞 亘賱 賲賳 卮賰賵丕 賮賷 兀賳賴 賷賰匕亘 賮賷 鬲丨賵賷賱賴 賷賯鬲賱 賵亘賯乇 賱亘胤賵賳 丕賱賳爻丕亍 賵丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵賯胤毓 丕賱兀胤乇丕賮 賵賰乇丕爻賷 賲禺氐氐丞 賱賱鬲毓匕賷亘 亘賯賷丕丿丞 乇噩丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賷賳 賴匕丕 睾賷乇 賲氐丕丿乇丞 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 賵丕賱兀賲賵丕賱 賵賴丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 賵賲賳毓 兀賷 賲馗丕賴乇 廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 毓乇亘賷丞 亘兀賷 賵爻亘丞 賰丕賳鬲.
賲丕亘毓丿 (1492賲) 鬲亘丿兀 賮氐賵賱 丕賱丨賰丕賷丞 亘毓丿 兀賳 爻賯胤鬲 兀禺乇 賲毓丕賯賱 丕賱鬲賵丕噩丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 (睾乇賳丕胤丞) 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 亘賳賷 賳氐乇 (丌賱 丕賱兀丨賲乇) 賵鬲爻賱賲賵丕 賲賮鬲丕丨賴丕 賲賳 兀亘賷 毓亘丿 丕賱賱賴 丕賱氐睾賷乇 "毓亘丿賵賱" 賰賲丕 鬲爻賲賷賴 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵睾丕丿乇賴丕 氐賵亘 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵賮毓賱賵丕 賲孬賱賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賵賱賰賳 亘賯賷 乇賯賲 賲禺賷賮 鬲賵乇丿賴 亘毓囟 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賮鬲賵氐賱丞 賱賭(賳氐賮 丕賱賲賱賷賵賳)!. 賵賱丕 兀爻鬲亘毓丿 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱乇賯賲 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賮賳丨賳 賳鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賳鬲丕噩 兀賰孬乇 (6 賯乇賵賳) 賲賳 丕賱鬲賵丕噩丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷. 賲丕亘賷賳 (1492 廿賱賶 1614賲) 鬲賳丨氐乇 賲乇丨賱丞 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賳 兀賵 賰賲丕 賷胤賱賯 毓賱賷賴賲 (丕賱賲賵乇 : 賲賮乇丿 賲賵乇爻賰賷 : 廿爻亘丕賳賷 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱) 賵賴賷 賰賱賲丞 毓賳氐乇賷丞 賵賲丕匕丕 爻賷賰賵賳 鬲兀孬賷乇賴丕 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 賵丕賱賲賵鬲 賮賷 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮.
賱賯丿 兀賳氐賮 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 賲丕賯丕亘賱 丕賱賲鬲丿賷賳賷賳 睾賷乇 丕賱賲爻賷丨 賮賷賲丕 賵噩丿賵丕 亘毓丿 賯賷丕賲 賲賲賱賰丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕貙 賵廿賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 亘賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賵兀毓馗賲 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賱賰賳 兀賺賵賱 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賲丿 賵乇噩毓 賱賰鬲亘 賵賲禺胤賵胤丕鬲 賵賵孬丕卅賯 賱賲 鬲乇賶 丕賱賳賵乇 賲賳 賯亘賱 賵賴匕丕 賲賴賲 噩丿賸丕 賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丐賷丞 睾乇亘賷丞 賵噩丿賷丿丞 鬲丨鬲丕噩賴丕 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
胤亘毓賸丕 賲丕 亘毓丿 (1614賲) 爻賷賰賵賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 廿噩亘丕乇賸丕 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賱毓賱 賴匕丕 丕賱胤乇丿 賴賵 兀禺乇 賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳賴賲 毓賱賶 賯賷丿 丕賱丨賷丕丞.
丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷(賲丕孬賷賵) 賱丿賷丞 亘丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞 賰鬲丕亘 賱賷爻 亘亘毓賷丿 毓賳 賮賰乇丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賯丞 亘丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 亘毓賳賵丕賳 (丕賱賲丕賰賳丞 丕賱噩賴賳賲賷丞 : 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘) 兀賳氐丨 亘賴 賴賵 丕賱丌禺乇
赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌
賴匕丕 賵賲丕夭丕賱 賲賲賱賰丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 鬲丨鬲賮賱 爻賳賵賷賸丕 亘胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵兀馗賳 兀丨鬲賮丕賱賴賲 賴匕丕 賲丕賴賵 廿賱丕 賴賵賱賵賰賵爻鬲 廿爻亘丕賳賷 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.
赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌赌
兀賳馗乇 賰匕賱賰 :
賵賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 : 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱乇丕亘毓 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲賳鬲氐乇賷賳 : 賲丨賲丿 毓亘丿丕賱賱賴 毓賳丕賳.
丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賵賳 賮賶 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 : 賲賷睾賷賱 兀賳禺賷賱 亘賵賳賷爻 廿賷亘丕乇丕.
丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賵爻 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 亘廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵丿賵乇賴賲 禺丕乇噩賴丕 : 賲丨賲丿 賯卮鬲賷賱賷賵.
兀禺亘丕乇 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 : 賵丕卮賳胤夭 廿賷乇賮賳睾.
丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賵賳 賵賴噩乇丕鬲賴賲 廿賱賶 丕賱賲睾乇亘 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賯乇賳賷賳 16 賵 17 : 賲丨賲丿 乇夭賵賯.
賲丨賳丞 賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 毓卮賷丞 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵賲丕 亘毓丿賴丕 : 丿. 賲丨賲丿 丨鬲丕賲賱賴.
賵睾賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇.
August 13, 2014
鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 毓賳丿 賮卅丞 賰亘賷乇丞 丨鬲賶 賱丕 兀賯賵賱 丕賱兀睾賱亘賷丞 賲賳丕 賷賳鬲賴賷 爻賳丞 1492 亘爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 丕禺乇 廿賲丕乇丞 廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵 賲毓乇賮鬲賳丕 鬲賰丕丿 鬲賳毓丿賲 亘毓丿 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴丕 兀賰孬乇 賮鬲乇丞 賲馗賱賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷 .丨賷賳 鬲爻賯胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 鬲亘丿兀 賯氐丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲賱賷賵賳 賵 賳氐賮 賲賵乇爻賰賷 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 賱賱鬲胤賴賷乇 丕賱毓乇賯賷 賵 丕賱廿囟胤賴丕丿 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賱賰賳賴丕 丨爻亘 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 賯氐丞 毓賳 丕賱賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕賱爻賷卅丞 賵 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱乇丿賷卅丞 賵 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷
亘丿兀鬲 賲馗丕賴乇 丕賱廿賳丨胤丕胤 賵 丕賱鬲賯賴賯乇 賱賮賯丿丕賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賮賷 兀賵丕禺乇 丕賱賯乇賳 12 賵 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賯乇賳 13 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱兀爻亘丕亘 毓乇賯賷丞 賵 賯亘賱賷丞 兀丿鬲 賱廿賳丿賱丕毓 孬賵乇丕鬲 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 鬲賮鬲賷鬲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 廿賱賶 賲丕 賷毓乇賮 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕 亘丿賵賱丞 丕賱胤賵丕卅賮 賵 亘廿賳鬲氐丕賮 丕賱賯乇賳 廿爻鬲乇噩毓鬲 賲賲賱賰丞 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 賵 兀乇丕睾賵賳 亘丨乇賵亘 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丿丕丿 丕賱丿丕賲賷丞 賲毓馗賲 廿賷亘賷乇賷丕 亘毓丿 兀賳 賮卮賱 丕賱賲賵丨丿賵賳 賮賷 鬲賵丨賷丿 丕賱胤賵丕卅賮 賵 廿賷賯丕賮 丕賱夭丨賮 丕賱氐賱賷亘賷 賵 賱賲 鬲亘賯賶 爻賵賶 廿賲丕乇丞 睾乇賳丕胤丞 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷
亘夭賵丕噩 廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賵 賮賷乇賳丕賳丿 丕賱兀乇睾賵丕賳賷 兀氐亘丨 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賲丨鬲賵賲丕 亘爻亘亘 丕賱丨乇賵亘 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷丞 亘賷賳 兀賲乇丕亍賴丕 賵廿賳賯胤丕毓 丕賱賲爻丕毓丿丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱卮賲丕賱 丕賱廿賮乇賷賯賷 賵賵噩賵丿 丕賱丨丕賰賲 丕賱賲鬲禺丕丿賱 賵 丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳 賲毓 丕賱毓丿賵 賱丨乇氐賴 毓賱賶 廿賲鬲賱丕賰 丕賱廿賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 亘毓丿 丕賱爻賯賵胤 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丨乇氐賴 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賯丕賵賲丞
丨氐丕乇 丕賱噩賷賵卮 丕賱氐賱賷亘賷丞 賱睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵 鬲噩賵賷毓 丕賱爻賰丕賳 賱丨孬賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻鬲爻賱丕賲 丨賷孬 廿囟胤乇 丕賱睾乇賳丕胤賷賵賳 廿賱賶 兀賰賱 禺賷賵賱賴賲 賵賰賱丕亘賴賲 賵 丨鬲賶 丕賱噩乇匕丕賳 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷爻鬲賷賯馗賵丕 賷賵賲 6賷賳丕賷乇 1492 賱賷噩丿賵丕 乇丕賷丕鬲 丕賱氐賱賷亘賷賳 鬲乇賮乇賮 丿丕禺賱 丕賱賲丿賷賳丞 賵 兀賳 丕賱丨丕賰賲 賯丕賲 亘丨爻賲 賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱丨乇亘 賵 鬲爻賱賷賲 丕賱賲丿賷賳丞 賵 賴賵 丕賱兀賲乇 丕賱匕賷 兀丨爻賳 鬲丿亘賷乇賴 賱鬲賮丕丿賷 廿胤丕丨丞 丕賱孬賵丕乇 亘賴
賰丕賳 丕賱廿賳鬲賯丕賲 丕賱毓乇賯賷 賵 丕賱丨賲丕爻丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞 丕賱胤亘賯賷丞 賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲賷 兀丿鬲 廿賱賶 丕賱賲匕丕亘丨 丕賱鬲賷 廿乇鬲賰亘鬲 亘丨賯 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賮賷 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賲丕亘賷賳 1391/1412 賰丕賳 丕賱賷賴賵丿 丕賱囟丨賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賱賱鬲毓氐亘 賵 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 廿鬲噩丕賴 賲賳 兀爻賲鬲賴賲 亘丕賱賰賮丕乇 孬賲 賯丕賲鬲 亘鬲乇丨賷賱 賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳賴賲 禺丕乇噩 丕賱亘賱丕丿
亘毓丿 丕賱賷賴賵丿 噩丕亍 丿賵乇 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丨賷孬 丕賯鬲賷丿賵丕 廿賱賶 兀丨賵丕囟 丕賱鬲毓賲賷丿 鬲丨鬲 丨丿 丕賱爻賷賮 賵 乇睾賲 鬲賳氐賷乇賴賲 丕賱賯爻乇賷 匕亘丨 賳丨賵600 賲爻賱賲 賮賷 亘賱丿丞 亘賵賱賵亘 亘毓丿 兀賳
毓賲丿賵丕
亘毓丿 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 噩丕亍 丿賵乇 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 丕賱鬲賷 廿鬲禺丿鬲 賯乇丕乇丕鬲 賵 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 廿鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 亘丿亍丕 亘毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱兀賰賱 賮賲賳毓鬲 賮賷 胤賱賷胤賱丞 兀賰賱 丕賱賰爻賰爻賷 賵 毓匕亘鬲 亘胤乇賯 亘卮毓丞 賲賳 乇賮囟 兀賰賱 賱丨賲 丕賱禺賳夭賷乇 賰賲丕 賲賳毓 廿乇鬲丿丕亍 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱賳爻丕卅賷 賱賱賲乇兀丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 賵 廿爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵 廿爻鬲亘丿賱鬲 亘丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賵 丕囟胤乇賵丕 廿賱賶 鬲睾賷賷乇 兀爻賲丕卅賴賲 賵 賯亘賵賱賴賲 丕賱鬲毓賲賷丿 賵 胤賯賵爻 丕賱夭賵丕噩 賵 丕賱丿賮賳 丨爻亘 丕賱兀毓乇丕賮 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 賵 廿賲鬲丿鬲 賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱賲賲賳賵毓丕鬲 賱鬲卮賲賱 丕賱睾賳丕亍 賵 丕賱乇賯氐 賵 毓丿賲 睾賱賯 亘丕亘 丕賱亘賷鬲 賷賵賲 丕賱噩賲毓丞 賵 丨鬲賶 廿乇鬲賷丕丿 丕賱丨賲丕賲丕鬲 賵 胤賯賵爻 丕賱廿睾鬲爻丕賱 賰丕賳 賷毓鬲亘乇 噩乇賷賲丞 賯丿 鬲乇亘胤賴丕 丕賱賲丨賰賲丞 亘丕賱胤賯賵爻 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱胤賲爻 丕賱賴賵賷丞 賵 丕賱賲毓鬲賯丿 丕賱賯丿賷賲 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵 鬲丨賵賷賱賴賲 賱賳氐丕乇賶 丨賯賷賯賷賷賳 賯丕賲鬲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賵 賱兀爻亘丕亘 鬲丕賮賴丞 亘廿賳夭丕賱 毓賯賵亘丕鬲 卮丿賷丿丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 鬲氐賱 廿賱賶 丕賱丨乇賯 丨賷丕 毓賱賶 禺丕夭賵賯
丕丨丿 賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘
兀孬賳丕亍 鬲乇丨賷賱賴賲 賲丕鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賲賳 丕賱噩賵毓 賵 鬲毓乇囟鬲 賯賵丕賮賱賴賲 賱賱爻乇賯丞 賲賳 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱賲乇丕賮賯賷賳 賱賴賲 丨賷孬 丕睾鬲氐亘鬲 賳爻丕卅賴賲 賵 爻賱亘鬲 賲賲鬲賱賰丕鬲賴賳 賵 禺胤賮 兀胤賮丕賱賴賲 兀賵 賮賯丿賵賴賲 亘爻亘亘 丕賱賮賵囟賶 賮賷 丨賷賳 鬲乇賰 亘毓囟賴賲 兀胤賮丕賱賴賲 鬲丨鬲 乇毓丕賷丞 賳氐丕乇賶
毓賱賶 賲鬲賳 丕賱爻賮賳 丕賱禺丕氐丞 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 賱賱賯鬲賱 賲賳 胤乇賮 丕賱亘丨丕乇丞 賵 乇賲賷賴賲 賮賷 丕賱亘丨乇 亘毓丿
兀賳 鬲賲 爻賱亘賴賲 賵 丕禺鬲胤賮鬲 丕賱賳爻丕亍 賵 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵 亘賷毓賵丕 毓亘賷丿丕
丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 賱賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳 賵 丕賱賯鬲賱 賵 丕賱賳賴亘 賲賳 胤乇賮 丕賱亘丨丕乇丞 賰兀賳賴丕 賱賲 賷賰賳 賰丕賮賷丞 賵 賱兀賳 丕賱賲氐丕卅亘 賱丕 鬲兀鬲賷 賮乇丕丿賶 貙 亘賵氐賵賱 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賵賳 賱卮賵丕胤卅 卮賲丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賱賲 賷爻賱賲賵丕 賲賳 丕賱爻乇賯丞 丨賷孬 賯丿乇 丕賱賲丐乇禺賵賳 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳 兀賳 孬賱丕孬丞 兀乇亘丕毓賴賲 賲丕鬲賵丕 噩賵毓丕 賵 毓胤卮丕
September 20, 2018
丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賷孬賷乇 丕賱卮噩賳
賰鬲丕亘 賲丨丕賷丿 賷乇氐丿 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕囟胤賴丕丿 賵鬲賴噩賷乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵丕賱氐乇丕毓 亘賷賳 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳
兀毓噩亘賳賷 丕毓鬲賲丕丿 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓賱賶 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賲賲丕 賷毓胤賷 賲氐丿丕賯賷丞 兀賰亘乇 賱賱毓賲賱
賰鬲丕亘 賲丨丕賷丿 賷乇氐丿 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕囟胤賴丕丿 賵鬲賴噩賷乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵丕賱氐乇丕毓 亘賷賳 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳
兀毓噩亘賳賷 丕毓鬲賲丕丿 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓賱賶 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賲賲丕 賷毓胤賷 賲氐丿丕賯賷丞 兀賰亘乇 賱賱毓賲賱
September 23, 2016
賮賷 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱丕 賷賮賷丿 賰孬賷乇丕 丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賱賶 賱亘賳 賲爻賰賵亘
賴匕丕 賲丕 賯丕賱賴 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賮賷 丕丨丿賶 丨賵丕卮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賴賵 賲丨賯 賮賷 賲丕 賯丕賱 賮賱丕 賷賮賷丿賳丕 丕賱賳賵丕丨 賵賱丕 丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賳丿 賯乇丕亍丞 賰鬲亘 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 鬲鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賲噩丕丿 丕賱丕賲丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱賲丕囟賷丞 .
丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 貙 賰賲爻賱賲賷賳 爻賲毓賳丕 毓賳賴丕 亘胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱丨丕賱 賵兀丨亘亘賳丕賴丕 賵丨夭賳丕 毓賱賶 囟賷丕毓賴丕 賵賱賰賳賳丕 { 丕賵 丕睾賱亘賳丕 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賯賱 } 賱賲
賷賯乇丕 爻賵賶 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱賲卮乇賯 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 貙 賵賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 毓賳丿 賲毓馗賲賳丕 鬲賳鬲賴賷 爻賳丞 1492 亘爻賯賵胤 丌禺乇 賲毓丕賯賱
丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 睾乇賳丕胤丞
賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 鬲氐賵賷乇 賱賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘毓丿 1492 丕賵 賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 貙 賮丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷亘丿兀 亘鬲爻賱賷賲 丕亘賵 毓亘賷丿賱 賲賮鬲丕丨 睾乇賳丕胤丞 丕賱賶 賮乇丿賷賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 賵爻賯賵胤 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘睾賷乇 乇噩毓丞 賵賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻賷賷賳
賮賲毓丕賳丕鬲賴賲 賱賲 鬲禺鬲氐乇 毓賱賶 賮賯丿丕賳 丕賱鬲乇丕亘 賵賯胤毓丞 丕賱丕乇囟 亘賱 鬲毓丿鬲 丕亘毓丿 賲賳 匕賱賰 賱鬲賲爻 丕賱乇賵丨 賵丕賱噩爻丿 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳賷賷賳
賮賲氐賷乇賴賲 賰丕賳 賷丨鬲賲賱 胤乇賷賯賷賳 丕賲丕 丕賱賳賮賷 丕賵 丕賱鬲毓賲賷丿 賵丕賱賳賮賷 賱賲 賷賰賳 亘鬲賱賰 丕賱爻賴賵賱丞
賮毓賲丿賵丕 賵賳氐乇賵丕 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳賴賲 賵賱賰賳 丨鬲賶 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 丕賱馗丕賴乇賷 賱賲 賷爻賱賲賴賲 賲賳 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賵賱丕 賲賳 丕賱賲囟丕賷賯丕鬲
賮賰賲丕 賳毓賱賲 賴賲丕 丕夭丕亍 丨丕賰賲賷賳 丕爻賯胤丕 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 貙 丨丕賰賲賷賳 匕賰賷賷賳 賮毓賱賲賵丕 丕賳 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 賰丕賳 馗丕賴乇賷丕 毓賳丿 丕賱丕賰孬乇賷丞 亘賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷禺賮賵賳 丕爻賱丕賲賴賲 賮賷 賯賱賵亘賴賲 賮亘丿丕賵 亘丨賲賱丕鬲 賱廿禺乇丕噩賴賲 賲賳 噩賱丿鬲賴賲 賵賳夭毓 賴賵賷鬲賴賲 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻賷丞 丕賱賶 丕賱丕亘丿 貙 賮賲賳毓鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賲丕鬲 貙 賵丕賱賲賱丕亘爻 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳賵丕 賷乇鬲丿賵賳賴丕 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賱丕亘爻 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賵丨馗乇 丕睾賱丕賯 丕亘賵丕亘 賲賳丕夭賱 丕賱賲賵爻賰賷賷賳 賰賲丕 丕氐亘丨賵丕 賷爻賲賵賳 賲禺丕賮丞 賲賳 丕賯丕賲丞 氐賱丕丞 噩賲丕毓賷丞 賮賷 丕賱禺賮丕亍 丕賱禺 ..
賵兀賲丕 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷 丕賱匕賷 賷乇賮囟 丕賰賱 賱丨賲 丕賱禺賳夭賷乇 丕賵 卮乇亘 丕賱禺賲乇 賮賰丕賳 賷賳丕賱 賲丕 賱丕 賷丨賲丿 毓賯亘丕賴
賵丨鬲賶 賲賳 丕氐亘丨 賳氐乇丕賳賷丕 亘賲賱兀 丕乇丕丿鬲賴 賱賲 賷爻賱賲 賲賳 丕賱賲囟丕賷賯丕鬲 賵賲賳 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賵賰丕賳 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丨賱 卮賰 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賱爻賱胤丕鬲
賮賰丕賳賵丕 賷丿禺賱賵賳賴賲 丕賱爻噩賵賳 賵 賷鬲乇賰賵賳 賯囟丕賷丕賴賲 賲毓賱賯丞 鬲氐賱 賱爻賳賵丕鬲 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 賮賯胤 賲賳 丕噩賱 丕亘鬲夭丕夭賴賲 賵爻乇賯丞 丕乇丕囟賷賴賲 賵賲丨賱丕鬲賴賲 賵賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷賲賱賰賵賳
賵賱丕 丕乇賷丿 匕賰乇 胤乇賯 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 丕賱亘卮毓丞 丕賱鬲賷 胤亘賯鬲 賮賷賴賲 貙 賮丨鬲賶 丕賱丨噩乇 賵丕賱噩賲丕丿 賷亘賰賷 毓賳丿 匕賰乇賴丕 賵賱丕 賳賷丞 賱賷 賱賮鬲丨 噩乇丕丨 丕賱賲丕囟賷
毓賱賶 丕賳 毓賴丿 丕賱賲賱賰賷賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷賷賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 亘賯爻賵丞 賲賳 噩丕亍 亘毓丿賴賲 賲賳 丨賰丕賲
丕賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賱賲 賷亘賯賵丕 賲賰鬲賵賮賷 丕賱丕賷丿賷 亘賱 丨丕賵賱賵丕 賵丨丕乇亘賵丕 毓丿丞 賲乇丕鬲 賱丕爻鬲乇噩丕毓 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賵丕賱鬲賷 亘丕亍鬲 賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賶 丕賱賮卮賱
賵賰丕賳鬲 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱胤乇丿 賮賱賲 賷毓丿 丕賱丨賰丕賲 賷丨鬲賲賱賵賳 賵噩賵丿賴賲 亘賷賳賴賲 賮賴賲 毓賱賶 丨爻丕亘賴賲 賷賱賵孬賵賳 丕賱賳賯丕亍 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷 賵丕賱賵丨丿丞 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳賵丕 賷乇賷丿賵賳賴丕 賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 賮胤乇丿賵丕 丕賱賶 卮賲丕賱 丕賮乇賷賯賷丕 毓賱賶 丕賳 賲氐賷乇 丕睾賱亘賴賲 賰丕賳 爻賷卅丕 賵賱賰賳賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賯賱 賵噩丿賵丕 丕賱丨乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯賷丕賲 亘卮毓丕卅乇賴賲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賳賯賱賵丕 鬲乇丕孬丕 丕賳丿賱爻賷丕 睾賳丕卅賷丕 賵賱亘丕爻丕 賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲睾乇亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷 ..
賴匕丕 噩夭亍 賲賲丕 噩丕亍 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱丕賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱乇丕卅毓 賱賰丕鬲亘賴 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 丕賱匕賷 丨丕賵賱 丕賳 賷爻乇丿 丕賱丕丨丿丕孬 亘胤乇賷賯丞 丨賷丕丿賷 賱賲 賷賰賳 賰睾賷乇賴 賲賳 乇賵丕丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷賳丨丕夭 丕賱賶 亘賱丿賴 丕賵 丿賷賳賴 丕賵 丕賲鬲賴 賵賰賳鬲 丕賳賵賷 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷丞 賱氐睾乇 丨噩賲 氐賮丨丕鬲賴丕 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵賯賱鬲 賮賷 賳賮爻賷 丕賱賳爻禺丞 丕賱丕氐賱賷丞 丕氐睾乇 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲丞 賵賱賲 丕賮賴賲 丕賱爻亘亘 禺氐賵氐丕 丕賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賲賴賲鬲賴 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賮賯胤 賵賱賰賳 賱賲 丕噩丿賴丕 賮丕囟胤乇乇鬲 賱賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕 亘丕賱賳爻禺丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵賱賰賳 亘毓丿 賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕 賮賴賲鬲 丕賱爻亘亘 貙 賮賱賵賱丕 鬲丿禺賱丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賵卮乇丨賴 賵鬲毓乇賷賮賴 賱賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 賵噩丿 丕賳賴丕 賲噩賴賵賱丞 賱賱賯乇丕亍 賱賲丕 賮賴賲鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賱賲丕 賮賴賲鬲 爻賷乇 丕丨丿丕孬賴 賮卮賰乇丕 賱賱爻賷丿 賲氐胤賮賶 丕賱賯丕爻賲 毓賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱賲賲鬲毓丞
丕賵乇賵亘丕 毓丕賲丞 賵丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 禺丕氐丞 賱賴丕 鬲丕乇賷禺 馗丕賱賲 賵馗丕賱賲 噩丿丕 丕夭丕亍 噩賲賷毓 賲賳 賰丕賳賵丕 賷锟斤拷丕賱賮賵賳賴賲 丕賱丿賷賳 賵亘丕賱兀禺氐 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷 匕丕賯賵丕 賲乇丕乇丞 丕賱鬲卮乇丿 賵丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 賵丕賱爻亘 賵丕賱卮鬲賲 賰孬賷乇丕 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷爻 爻賵賶 丿賱賷賱 亘爻賷胤 毓賳 匕賱賰 丕賱賲丕囟賷 ..
March 9, 2013
Victory was not enough. Once control was wrested from the Moors, the Spanish monarchs wanted a Christian country. Perhaps they believed they were doing God's work or perhaps they feared or hated the "other". Whatever the initial impetus, what began with a quest for religious purity devolved into acts of incredible cruelty.
Each element, such as the idea that silencing people equals converting them, to dehumanizing minorities to the stellar detachment of the officials who ultimately drafted the expulsion plans, has relevance for today. Carr has a good discussion of this at the end.
Carr shows how everyday people fared in this purge. There were winners and losers. There are almost no Morisco winners. Whether they left their homes in tears or with heads held high, the odds were heavily against a successful relocation. Carr tells individual stories. Many who left with little had clothes stolen off their backs and/or soon died of hunger or thirst. The wealthy were vulnerable to pirates and greedy transport providers. Many were sold into slavery.
Winners included those who purchased Morisco lands at bargain prices, those who stole from the fleeing Moriscos, those who owed money or property to Moriscos. Christian losers include those who relied on the Morisco labor (both manual and professional) and those who loaned Moriscos money. In the broader picture, Spain lost due to no longer having the cultural and economic contributions of the Moors and to public and international opinion.
Was the act of taking children from parents to raise them as Christians a humanitarian act? What of giving children under 4 the choice as to whether to say in Spain and live with Christian families or leave the country with their parents? Is a woman who marries and "Old Christian" or joins a convent to avoid expulsion a "winner"? What are the expectations that a coerced conversion is a sincere conversion? How was a large segment of the population, already "un" and undereducated to learn a new language without teachers?
Carr tells a stunning story. His avoidance of sensational terms makes it all the more compelling. He takes the broad concepts and shows many examples of how this played out in individuals lives.
I recommend this for all history readers interested purges/pogroms or this particular period of Spanish history.
Each element, such as the idea that silencing people equals converting them, to dehumanizing minorities to the stellar detachment of the officials who ultimately drafted the expulsion plans, has relevance for today. Carr has a good discussion of this at the end.
Carr shows how everyday people fared in this purge. There were winners and losers. There are almost no Morisco winners. Whether they left their homes in tears or with heads held high, the odds were heavily against a successful relocation. Carr tells individual stories. Many who left with little had clothes stolen off their backs and/or soon died of hunger or thirst. The wealthy were vulnerable to pirates and greedy transport providers. Many were sold into slavery.
Winners included those who purchased Morisco lands at bargain prices, those who stole from the fleeing Moriscos, those who owed money or property to Moriscos. Christian losers include those who relied on the Morisco labor (both manual and professional) and those who loaned Moriscos money. In the broader picture, Spain lost due to no longer having the cultural and economic contributions of the Moors and to public and international opinion.
Was the act of taking children from parents to raise them as Christians a humanitarian act? What of giving children under 4 the choice as to whether to say in Spain and live with Christian families or leave the country with their parents? Is a woman who marries and "Old Christian" or joins a convent to avoid expulsion a "winner"? What are the expectations that a coerced conversion is a sincere conversion? How was a large segment of the population, already "un" and undereducated to learn a new language without teachers?
Carr tells a stunning story. His avoidance of sensational terms makes it all the more compelling. He takes the broad concepts and shows many examples of how this played out in individuals lives.
I recommend this for all history readers interested purges/pogroms or this particular period of Spanish history.
June 27, 2010
Excellent history of the forced conversion and eventual expulsion of Muslims and people of Muslim ancestry from Spain in the 17th Century. Imagine being told that you must convert or leave your home. But, if you chose to leave, you would have to leave most of what you owned, you could not leave by way of the easiest exits (ports, etc.), AND YOU MUST LEAVE YOUR CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 12 to be raised as Christians. Unsurprisingly, most of the Muslims chose to convert only to be greatly discriminated against regardless of their behavior. Carr's description of the final brutal expulsion is heart breaking. And everyone should read his final cautionary chapter on contemporary anti-Muslim feelings.
June 27, 2016
(賱賷爻 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲毓賳賷賸丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 噩賴賵丿 丕賱爻丕亘賯賷賳 兀賵 兀賳 賷爻鬲賰卮賮 兀乇囟賸丕 噩丿賷丿丞貙賮賴丿賮賷 兀賰孬乇 鬲賵丕囟毓賸丕 賲賳 匕賱賰貙賵賴賷 鬲賯丿賷賲 賯氐丞 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷賳 賱賱賯乇丕亍貙丕賱匕賷賳 乇亘賲丕 賱賲 賷爻賲毓賵丕 毓賳賴丕 卮賷卅丕貙賵賴賷 賯氐丞 賲毓賯丿丞 賵賲孬賷乇丞 賱賱丕囟胤賴丕丿 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賵丕賱孬賵乇丞 賵丕賱鬲毓氐亘 賵丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞貙賱賰賳賴丕 賯氐丞 丕賱賮乇氐 丕賱囟丕卅毓丞 兀賷囟 賵丕賱賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕賱爻賷卅丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱乇丿賷卅丞 賵丕賱賲賳馗賵乇丕鬲 賵丕賱廿賲賰丕賳丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 兀購賴賲賱鬲 賵兀購賴丿乇鬲.賵丕賱賷賵賲 兀乇賷丿 兀賳 兀賯丿賲 賱賱賯丕乇卅 賴匕丕 丕賱賮氐賱 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷貙賵丕爻鬲禺賱氐 賲賳賴 丕賱丿乇賵爻 丕賱賲賲賰賳丞 賱賲兀夭賯賳丕 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙廿賳 賵購噩丿鬲.)
賷氐丕乇丨賳丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賳賷鬲賴 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵乇睾亘鬲賴 丕賱毓賲賷賯丞 賮賷 鬲兀賵賷賱 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷爻丕毓丿賳丕 毓賱賶 賮賴賲 丕賱丨丕囟乇 賵丕賱鬲乇賯亘 賱丕乇鬲賰丕亘 賳賮爻 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 賵丕賱鬲氐乇賮丕鬲 丕賱賰丕乇孬賷丞貙 賵賷乇丕賴賳 賴賳丕 毓賱賶 賳囟噩 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵鬲兀孬乇賴.
丕賱兀賳丿賱爻:匕賱賰 丕賱丕爻賲 丕賱毓鬲賷賯 賵丕賱丿賱丕賱丞 丕賱丨賷丞 賵丕賱噩乇丨 丕賱丿丕賲賷 賮賷 噩亘賷賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙鬲賱賰 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賲賱兀鬲 丕賱丿賳賷丕 賵氐賳毓鬲 丕賱兀賲噩丕丿 賵賰丕賳鬲 賲丨胤 丕賱兀賳馗丕乇貙丿賵賷賱丞 毓丕卮鬲 亘丿乇丕賲賷丞 賵丕賳鬲賴鬲 亘丿乇丕賲賷丞貙賵賰孬賷乇賵賳 賷馗賳賵賳 兀賳 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賵賲爻賱賲賷賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賲 1592 毓賳丿丕 爻賱賾賲 丌禺乇 賲賱賵賰 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賲賮鬲丕丨 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賱賱廿爻亘丕賳 賵夭賮乇 夭賮鬲賴 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 賵亘賰賶貙賮賯丕賱鬲 賱賴 兀賲賴:廿亘賰 賰丕賱賳爻丕亍 賲購賱賰賸丕 賲購囟丕毓賸丕 賱賲 鬲丨丕賮馗 毓賱賷賴 賰丕賱乇噩丕賱.
賲賴賱丕 賷丕 爻丕丿丞貙 鬲賱賰 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞貙賮賴賳丕賰 亘毓丿賴丕 賳賴丕賷丕鬲 兀禺乇賶 賵亘卮乇 丿賮毓賵 丕賱孬賲賳 睾丕賱賷貙賱丕 賱卮卅 廿賱丕 丨賲賱丞 丿賷賳 賵兀丨賮丕丿 丨賲賱丞 丿賷賳貙賳丕爻 兀鬲賵丕 廿賱賶 卮亘賴 丕賱噩夭賷乇丞 賵丕爻鬲賵胤賳賵賴丕貙賮賱賲 賷賰賳 賱賴賲 匕賳亘 賵賱丕 賷丿 賮賷賲丕 賮毓賱賴 兀爻賱丕賮賴賲賲賳(賮鬲丨 兀賵 睾夭賵 兀賵 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 賮賱鬲爻賲賴 賲丕 卮卅鬲)貙丕賱賲賴賲 兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丿禺賱賵丕 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱兀賵賱 賲賳 丕賱賴噩乇丞 賵賱賲 鬲賱亘爻 亘毓丿 賳氐賮 賯乇賳 兀賳 兀氐亘丨鬲 賲賯乇 禺賱丕賮丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 氐賯乇 賯乇賷卮貙 賵賷卮丕亍 丕賱賯丿乇 兀賳 鬲氐亘丨 鬲賱賰 丕賱丿賵賷賱丞 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞 鬲賳丕賮爻 丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱毓亘丕爻賷賷賳 賮賷 兀賵噩 賲噩丿賴丕 貙 賵賰丕賳鬲 賲丿賳 賲孬賱 胤賱賷胤賱丞 賵睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵賯乇胤亘丞 賯丕丿乇丞 毓賱賶 賲賳丕賮爻丞 賲噩丿 亘睾丿丕丿 賵丕賱賯丕賴乇丞貙賵丿丕乇 丕賱夭賲丕賳 丿賵乇鬲賴 賵賱兀賳 賱賰賱 卮卅 廿匕丕 賲丕 鬲賲 賳賯氐丕賳貙賮賯丿 亘賱睾鬲 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 丨丿 丕賱賰賲丕賱 賮亘丿兀鬲 賮賷 丕賱鬲丌賰賱 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷 孬賲 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷 賮賰丕賳鬲 丕賱胤丕賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲卮乇匕賲 賵丕賱丕賳賯爻丕賲 賵丕鬲鬲 丕賱賯丕囟賷丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 賮乇賷丿賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕.
賳丨賳 賴賳丕 賱丕 賳賳賯丕卮 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵丕爻鬲丨賯丕賯 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷賴丕貙亘賱 賳賳丕賯卮 丕賱亘卮乇 丕賱匕賷賳 丕購爻鬲亘毓丿賵丕 賵爻購賮賰鬲 丿賲丕亍賴賲 賵胤購乇丿賵丕 賲賳 丿賷丕乇 丕鬲禺匕賵賴丕 賲賵胤賳賸丕 賱賴賲 賮賰丕賳鬲 賱賴賲 賵胤賳 鬲賳賰乇.(賵賱賱丨賯 賱丕 兀賲賱賰 賳賮爻賷 賴賳丕 廿賱丕 賵毓賯丿 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賵囟毓賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘賷賴賵丿 賮賱爻胤賷賳貙賱廿睾匕丕 丿丕乇 丕賱夭賲丕賳 丿賵乇鬲賴 賵丨丿孬鬲 賲毓噩夭丞 賵鬲丨乇乇鬲 賮賱爻胤賷賳 賮賲丕 賲氐賷乇 爻丕賰賳賷賴丕責 賴賱 爻賷賰賵賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賳胤賯賷 廿亘丕丿丞 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丨鬲賶 賱賵 賰丕賳 兀噩丿丕丿賴賲 賵賴賲 賳賮爻賴賲 馗丕賱賲賷賳責
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲乇賰 賰賱 賲丕 鬲鬲賳丕賵賱賴 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓丕丿賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙賵氐亘 噩賲 鬲乇賰賷夭賴 毓賱賶 賲爻賱賲賷 賲丕 亘毓丿 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲貙賲丕匕丕 噩乇賶 賱賴賲 賵賰賷賮 毓丕卮賵丕 賵賰賷賮 鬲毓丕賲賱鬲 賲毓賴賲 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙賵賰賷賮 兀購亘賷丿賵丕 亘丕賱鬲丿乇賷噩 毓賳 亘賰乇丞 兀亘賷賴賲.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓馗賷賲 亘丨賯貙卮乇丨 賲亘丕爻胤 賵廿丿乇丕賰 賱賱賯囟賷丞 賵賲丨賵乇賴丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷 賵鬲氐賵賷乇賴 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱鬲賱賰 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲賮賯賵丿丞貙賵丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賰丕賳鬲 賲賵賮賯丞 賱賱睾丕賷丞 亘丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍 亘毓囟 賴賵丕賲卮 丕賱賲賯丿賲丞 亘丌乇丕亍賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞.
賷氐丕乇丨賳丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賳賷鬲賴 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵乇睾亘鬲賴 丕賱毓賲賷賯丞 賮賷 鬲兀賵賷賱 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷爻丕毓丿賳丕 毓賱賶 賮賴賲 丕賱丨丕囟乇 賵丕賱鬲乇賯亘 賱丕乇鬲賰丕亘 賳賮爻 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 賵丕賱鬲氐乇賮丕鬲 丕賱賰丕乇孬賷丞貙 賵賷乇丕賴賳 賴賳丕 毓賱賶 賳囟噩 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵鬲兀孬乇賴.
丕賱兀賳丿賱爻:匕賱賰 丕賱丕爻賲 丕賱毓鬲賷賯 賵丕賱丿賱丕賱丞 丕賱丨賷丞 賵丕賱噩乇丨 丕賱丿丕賲賷 賮賷 噩亘賷賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙鬲賱賰 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 賲賱兀鬲 丕賱丿賳賷丕 賵氐賳毓鬲 丕賱兀賲噩丕丿 賵賰丕賳鬲 賲丨胤 丕賱兀賳馗丕乇貙丿賵賷賱丞 毓丕卮鬲 亘丿乇丕賲賷丞 賵丕賳鬲賴鬲 亘丿乇丕賲賷丞貙賵賰孬賷乇賵賳 賷馗賳賵賳 兀賳 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賵賲爻賱賲賷賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賲 1592 毓賳丿丕 爻賱賾賲 丌禺乇 賲賱賵賰 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賲賮鬲丕丨 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賱賱廿爻亘丕賳 賵夭賮乇 夭賮鬲賴 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 賵亘賰賶貙賮賯丕賱鬲 賱賴 兀賲賴:廿亘賰 賰丕賱賳爻丕亍 賲購賱賰賸丕 賲購囟丕毓賸丕 賱賲 鬲丨丕賮馗 毓賱賷賴 賰丕賱乇噩丕賱.
賲賴賱丕 賷丕 爻丕丿丞貙 鬲賱賰 賱賷爻鬲 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞貙賮賴賳丕賰 亘毓丿賴丕 賳賴丕賷丕鬲 兀禺乇賶 賵亘卮乇 丿賮毓賵 丕賱孬賲賳 睾丕賱賷貙賱丕 賱卮卅 廿賱丕 丨賲賱丞 丿賷賳 賵兀丨賮丕丿 丨賲賱丞 丿賷賳貙賳丕爻 兀鬲賵丕 廿賱賶 卮亘賴 丕賱噩夭賷乇丞 賵丕爻鬲賵胤賳賵賴丕貙賮賱賲 賷賰賳 賱賴賲 匕賳亘 賵賱丕 賷丿 賮賷賲丕 賮毓賱賴 兀爻賱丕賮賴賲賲賳(賮鬲丨 兀賵 睾夭賵 兀賵 丕丨鬲賱丕賱 賮賱鬲爻賲賴 賲丕 卮卅鬲)貙丕賱賲賴賲 兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丿禺賱賵丕 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱兀賵賱 賲賳 丕賱賴噩乇丞 賵賱賲 鬲賱亘爻 亘毓丿 賳氐賮 賯乇賳 兀賳 兀氐亘丨鬲 賲賯乇 禺賱丕賮丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 氐賯乇 賯乇賷卮貙 賵賷卮丕亍 丕賱賯丿乇 兀賳 鬲氐亘丨 鬲賱賰 丕賱丿賵賷賱丞 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞 鬲賳丕賮爻 丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱毓亘丕爻賷賷賳 賮賷 兀賵噩 賲噩丿賴丕 貙 賵賰丕賳鬲 賲丿賳 賲孬賱 胤賱賷胤賱丞 賵睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵賯乇胤亘丞 賯丕丿乇丞 毓賱賶 賲賳丕賮爻丞 賲噩丿 亘睾丿丕丿 賵丕賱賯丕賴乇丞貙賵丿丕乇 丕賱夭賲丕賳 丿賵乇鬲賴 賵賱兀賳 賱賰賱 卮卅 廿匕丕 賲丕 鬲賲 賳賯氐丕賳貙賮賯丿 亘賱睾鬲 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 丨丿 丕賱賰賲丕賱 賮亘丿兀鬲 賮賷 丕賱鬲丌賰賱 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷 孬賲 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷 賮賰丕賳鬲 丕賱胤丕賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲卮乇匕賲 賵丕賱丕賳賯爻丕賲 賵丕鬲鬲 丕賱賯丕囟賷丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 賮乇賷丿賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕.
賳丨賳 賴賳丕 賱丕 賳賳賯丕卮 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵丕爻鬲丨賯丕賯 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷賴丕貙亘賱 賳賳丕賯卮 丕賱亘卮乇 丕賱匕賷賳 丕購爻鬲亘毓丿賵丕 賵爻購賮賰鬲 丿賲丕亍賴賲 賵胤購乇丿賵丕 賲賳 丿賷丕乇 丕鬲禺匕賵賴丕 賲賵胤賳賸丕 賱賴賲 賮賰丕賳鬲 賱賴賲 賵胤賳 鬲賳賰乇.(賵賱賱丨賯 賱丕 兀賲賱賰 賳賮爻賷 賴賳丕 廿賱丕 賵毓賯丿 賲賯丕乇賳丞 賵囟毓賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘賷賴賵丿 賮賱爻胤賷賳貙賱廿睾匕丕 丿丕乇 丕賱夭賲丕賳 丿賵乇鬲賴 賵丨丿孬鬲 賲毓噩夭丞 賵鬲丨乇乇鬲 賮賱爻胤賷賳 賮賲丕 賲氐賷乇 爻丕賰賳賷賴丕責 賴賱 爻賷賰賵賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賳胤賯賷 廿亘丕丿丞 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丨鬲賶 賱賵 賰丕賳 兀噩丿丕丿賴賲 賵賴賲 賳賮爻賴賲 馗丕賱賲賷賳責
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲乇賰 賰賱 賲丕 鬲鬲賳丕賵賱賴 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓丕丿賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙賵氐亘 噩賲 鬲乇賰賷夭賴 毓賱賶 賲爻賱賲賷 賲丕 亘毓丿 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲貙賲丕匕丕 噩乇賶 賱賴賲 賵賰賷賮 毓丕卮賵丕 賵賰賷賮 鬲毓丕賲賱鬲 賲毓賴賲 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙賵賰賷賮 兀購亘賷丿賵丕 亘丕賱鬲丿乇賷噩 毓賳 亘賰乇丞 兀亘賷賴賲.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓馗賷賲 亘丨賯貙卮乇丨 賲亘丕爻胤 賵廿丿乇丕賰 賱賱賯囟賷丞 賵賲丨賵乇賴丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷 賵鬲氐賵賷乇賴 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱鬲賱賰 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲賮賯賵丿丞貙賵丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賰丕賳鬲 賲賵賮賯丞 賱賱睾丕賷丞 亘丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍 亘毓囟 賴賵丕賲卮 丕賱賲賯丿賲丞 亘丌乇丕亍賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞.
January 8, 2021
兀爻賵兀 丕賱丌賱丕賲 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 兀卮毓乇 亘賴丕 毓賳丿 丕胤賱丕毓賷 毓賱賶 賯氐氐 丕爻鬲卅氐丕賱 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賵 丨囟丕乇丞 賲丕貙 亘丕卅丿丞 賰丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱兀氐賱賷賷賳 賮賷 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷鬲賷賳貙 兀賵 爻丕卅丿丞 賰賲丕 賷丨丕賵賱 丕賱賰賷丕賳 丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷 賮毓賱賴 賮賷 夭賲丕賳賳丕 亘丨賯 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷賷賳. 賴匕賴 丕賱賯氐氐 鬲卮毓乇賳賷 兀賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 鬲賮賯丿 卮賷卅丕賸 賲賳 乇賵丨賴丕貙 鬲亘賴鬲貙 鬲睾乇賯 賮賷 馗賱丕賲 賲禺賷賮. 乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳 匕賱賰 賲丕 賷賮爻乇 賲賯鬲賷 丕賱卮丿賷丿 賱賱乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 賵毓賵賱賲鬲賴丕 丕賱鬲賷 丨賵賱鬲 賰賱 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱賶 氐賵乇丞 賲賲爻賵禺丞 賲賳 孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱兀亘賷囟.
賴賳丕賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳丕賵賱鬲 賳賴賵囟 賵爻賯賵胤 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 賵賱賰賳 睾丕賱亘賷鬲賴丕 賱賲 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 毓賯丿丞 丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賱賶 丕賱賱亘賳 丕賱賲爻賰賵亘 賵丕賱丨賳賷賳 賱賱賲丕囟賷 丕賱賲噩賷丿. 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 毓亘乇 (賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇) 爻乇賷毓丕賸 賮賵賯 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賵乇賰夭 亘丨孬賴 毓賱賶 賲丕 丨賱 亘丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤 丨囟丕乇鬲賴賲. 賰丕賳 丕賴鬲賲丕賲 (賰丕乇) 賲賳氐亘丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丨丿賴 賵賲毓丕賳丕鬲賴貙 賵賱賲 賷賰賳 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賴 賴匕丕 毓亘孬賷丕賸 賵賱賲 賷賯氐丿 賲賳 賵乇丕卅賴 賳賰兀 丕賱噩乇賵丨 亘賱 丨丕賵賱 兀賳 賷爻禺乇賴 賱丕爻鬲禺賱丕氐 丕賱毓亘乇 賵丕賱丿乇賵爻 賲賳 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘賲丕 賷賳賮毓賳丕 賮賷 夭賲丕賳賳丕 賴匕丕 丨賷孬 鬲賳丨賵 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賳丨賵 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 賮賷 賳馗乇鬲賴丕 賱賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 廿賱賷賴丕. 丕賳鬲賴賶 (賰丕乇) 廿賱賶 鬲兀賰賷丿 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 毓馗賷賲丞 賳賯賱賴丕 毓賳 毓丕賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱賳賵亘賱賷 兀賲賵乇鬲賵 卮賷賳 鬲乇賮囟 "賮賰乇丞 丕賱丕賳賯爻丕賲丕鬲 丕賱賵丕囟丨丞 亘賷賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 賵丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲"貙 賵鬲丿賮毓 亘兀賳 "丕賱亘卮乇 賴賲 丨丕氐賱 噩賲毓 賴賵賷丕鬲賴賲 賵丕賳鬲賲丕亍丕鬲賴賲 丕賱噩賲毓賷丞 賵丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳鬲卮乇 毓亘乇 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲". 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賴匕賴 賰賮賷賱丞 亘鬲禺賮賷賮 賱賷爻 賮賯胤 鬲賵鬲乇 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 亘賱 賵兀賷囟丕賸 丕賱鬲賵鬲乇丕鬲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱胤丕卅賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓氐賮 亘毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷 丕賱賷賵賲 亘鬲賵噩賷賴丕鬲 爻賷丕爻賷丞 亘丕乇毓丞 鬲爻鬲睾賱 鬲賳賵毓賳丕 丕賱賮爻賷賮爻丕卅賷 丕賱噩賲賷賱 賵鬲賵噩賴賴 賱禺丿賲丞 賲氐丕賱丨賴丕 丕賱囟賷賯丞.
賴賳丕賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳丕賵賱鬲 賳賴賵囟 賵爻賯賵胤 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 賵賱賰賳 睾丕賱亘賷鬲賴丕 賱賲 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 毓賯丿丞 丕賱亘賰丕亍 毓賱賶 丕賱賱亘賳 丕賱賲爻賰賵亘 賵丕賱丨賳賷賳 賱賱賲丕囟賷 丕賱賲噩賷丿. 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 毓亘乇 (賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇) 爻乇賷毓丕賸 賮賵賯 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賵乇賰夭 亘丨孬賴 毓賱賶 賲丕 丨賱 亘丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤 丨囟丕乇鬲賴賲. 賰丕賳 丕賴鬲賲丕賲 (賰丕乇) 賲賳氐亘丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丨丿賴 賵賲毓丕賳丕鬲賴貙 賵賱賲 賷賰賳 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賴 賴匕丕 毓亘孬賷丕賸 賵賱賲 賷賯氐丿 賲賳 賵乇丕卅賴 賳賰兀 丕賱噩乇賵丨 亘賱 丨丕賵賱 兀賳 賷爻禺乇賴 賱丕爻鬲禺賱丕氐 丕賱毓亘乇 賵丕賱丿乇賵爻 賲賳 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘賲丕 賷賳賮毓賳丕 賮賷 夭賲丕賳賳丕 賴匕丕 丨賷孬 鬲賳丨賵 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賳丨賵 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 賮賷 賳馗乇鬲賴丕 賱賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 廿賱賷賴丕. 丕賳鬲賴賶 (賰丕乇) 廿賱賶 鬲兀賰賷丿 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 毓馗賷賲丞 賳賯賱賴丕 毓賳 毓丕賱賲 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱賳賵亘賱賷 兀賲賵乇鬲賵 卮賷賳 鬲乇賮囟 "賮賰乇丞 丕賱丕賳賯爻丕賲丕鬲 丕賱賵丕囟丨丞 亘賷賳 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 賵丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲"貙 賵鬲丿賮毓 亘兀賳 "丕賱亘卮乇 賴賲 丨丕氐賱 噩賲毓 賴賵賷丕鬲賴賲 賵丕賳鬲賲丕亍丕鬲賴賲 丕賱噩賲毓賷丞 賵丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳鬲卮乇 毓亘乇 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲". 賵噩賴丞 丕賱賳馗乇 賴匕賴 賰賮賷賱丞 亘鬲禺賮賷賮 賱賷爻 賮賯胤 鬲賵鬲乇 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲賴丕噩乇賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 亘賱 賵兀賷囟丕賸 丕賱鬲賵鬲乇丕鬲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱胤丕卅賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓氐賮 亘毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷 丕賱賷賵賲 亘鬲賵噩賷賴丕鬲 爻賷丕爻賷丞 亘丕乇毓丞 鬲爻鬲睾賱 鬲賳賵毓賳丕 丕賱賮爻賷賮爻丕卅賷 丕賱噩賲賷賱 賵鬲賵噩賴賴 賱禺丿賲丞 賲氐丕賱丨賴丕 丕賱囟賷賯丞.
February 5, 2013
Carr's Blood and Faith provides an insight into the purging of not only Muslims, but also of Jews in a way that consistently speaks to the reader as being relevant in our contemporary context. Carr constructs the purging of Muslims within the history of the purging of the Jews, evoking the spectre of Pastor Niemoller as he does so - the lack of recognition of oppression against Jews, ultimately led to the demise of the Muslims.
The particular tragedy of this book, however, lies in the debates that surround Muslims and Islam in the modern world. Whether the arguments relate to the hijab, niqaab or even the way certain ceremonies are practised, the rhetoric surrounding these outward manifestation of Islam have changed very little. By the end of the book, one can only feel a great deal of sadness over the manner in which the Moriscos attempted to hold on to any last vestige of their culture or history.
One can only hope, that with the increase of Islamaphobia across the European continent, we are not heading in a similar direction.
The particular tragedy of this book, however, lies in the debates that surround Muslims and Islam in the modern world. Whether the arguments relate to the hijab, niqaab or even the way certain ceremonies are practised, the rhetoric surrounding these outward manifestation of Islam have changed very little. By the end of the book, one can only feel a great deal of sadness over the manner in which the Moriscos attempted to hold on to any last vestige of their culture or history.
One can only hope, that with the increase of Islamaphobia across the European continent, we are not heading in a similar direction.
September 20, 2014
賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲丨丿孬 亘廿爻賴丕亘 毓賳 丕賱噩乇丕卅賲 賵丕賱賲氐丕毓亘 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕賯丕賴丕 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 毓賱賶 丕賷丿賷 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賳 亘毓丿 賲丕 爻賯胤鬲 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘兀賷丿賷賴賲貙 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷賴 鬲賮氐賷賱 丿賯賷賯 賵亘賲氐丕丿乇 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 毓賳 丕賱鬲睾賷乇 賮賷 丕賱丕賵囟丕毓 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賵丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 賱丿賶 爻賰丕賳 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤賴丕
June 6, 2014
噩購賱 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 賰購鬲亘鬲 毓賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 鬲亘丿兀 丨丿賷孬賴丕 毓賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賲毓 毓丕賲 22 賴賭 毓賳丿 賮鬲丨 毓賲乇賵 亘賳 丕賱毓丕氐 賱賲氐乇貙 賲乇賵乇丕賸 亘賯丕丿丞 丕賱噩賴丕丿 賵 丕賱賮鬲賵丨 賮賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 賰毓賯亘丞 亘賳 賳丕賮毓 賵 丨爻丕賳 丕賱睾爻丕賳賷貙 孬賲 賵氐賵賱丕賸 廿賱賶 胤丕乇賯 亘賳 夭賷丕丿 賵 賲賵爻賶 亘賳 賳氐賷乇 賵 兀禺賷乇丕 亘爻賱爻賱丞 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賯賵胤 毓丕賲 1492 賲. 賰賱 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賯丞 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賮賷 丕賱賲賰鬲賷丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賱丕 鬲鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱賯囟賷丞 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷丞 亘丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱賲賵噩賵丿丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賵 丕賱亘毓囟 賲賳賴丕 賮賯胤 賷賲乇 毓賱賷賴丕 賲乇賵乇丕賸 爻乇賷毓丕賸.
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿亘鬲丿兀 賲賳 丨賷孬 廿賳鬲賴賶 丕賱丕禺乇賵賳. 鬲亘丿兀 爻賱爻賱丞 兀丨丿丕孬賴 亘鬲爻賱賷賲 賲賮丕鬲賷丨 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賱兀賱賮賵賳爻賵 賵 廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 廿賱賶 廿毓賱丕賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 賱賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 毓丕賲 1609 賲 賵 丨鬲賶 丕賱廿賳鬲賴丕亍 賲賳賴. 賮氐賾賱 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 賮賷 賵氐賮 賵 爻乇丿 毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱胤乇丿 賵 禺乇賵噩 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷賳 丕賱賶 丿賵賱 丕賱賲睾乇亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賵 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞 賵 丕賱廿賴丕賳丞 賵 丕賱鬲毓乇囟 賱賱爻乇賯丞 賵 丕賱廿睾鬲氐丕亘 賵 賴賲 賮賷 胤乇賷賯賴賲 廿賱賶 賲賳賮丕賴賲 賵 鬲乇賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓丕卅賱丕鬲 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷丞 兀胤賮丕賱賴賲 賯爻乇丕賸 賱賱賰賴賳丞 賵 兀爻丕賯賮丞 丕賱賰賳丕卅爻 賱鬲賳卮卅鬲賴賲 賳卮兀丞 賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 丨賯賷賯賷丞. 賰賲丕 賵氐賮 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賵 丕賱廿賯胤丕毓賷 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賵賱丞 亘毓丿 禺乇賵噩 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 賲賳 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵 毓丿賲 丕賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賴丿賮 乇噩丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賰丕賳賵丕 賷丨賱賲賵賳 亘丿賵賱丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 賳賲丕賲丕賸 賱丕 賷賵爻亘賴丕 毓賽乇賯 丕禺乇 賵 賱丕 丿賷賳 丕禺乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賷賹丿賲賷 賱賴 丕賱賯賱亘 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 兀賴賵丕賱 丨賱賾鬲 亘丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 賵 鬲卮乇丿賴賲 賮賷 丕賱兀乇囟.
卮賰乇丕 賱賲卮乇賵毓 (賰賱賲丞) 丕賱匕賷 鬲乇噩賲 賱賳丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞. 賵 卮賰乇丕 賱賲毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 賲丿賷賳丞 丕賱乇賷丕囟 丕賱匕賷 兀爻鬲囟丕賮 賴賷卅丞 兀亘賵馗亘賷 賱賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賵 丕賱爻賷丕丨丞.
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿亘鬲丿兀 賲賳 丨賷孬 廿賳鬲賴賶 丕賱丕禺乇賵賳. 鬲亘丿兀 爻賱爻賱丞 兀丨丿丕孬賴 亘鬲爻賱賷賲 賲賮丕鬲賷丨 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賱兀賱賮賵賳爻賵 賵 廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 廿賱賶 廿毓賱丕賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 賱賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 毓丕賲 1609 賲 賵 丨鬲賶 丕賱廿賳鬲賴丕亍 賲賳賴. 賮氐賾賱 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 賮賷 賵氐賮 賵 爻乇丿 毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱胤乇丿 賵 禺乇賵噩 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷賳 丕賱賶 丿賵賱 丕賱賲睾乇亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賵 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞 賵 丕賱廿賴丕賳丞 賵 丕賱鬲毓乇囟 賱賱爻乇賯丞 賵 丕賱廿睾鬲氐丕亘 賵 賴賲 賮賷 胤乇賷賯賴賲 廿賱賶 賲賳賮丕賴賲 賵 鬲乇賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓丕卅賱丕鬲 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷丞 兀胤賮丕賱賴賲 賯爻乇丕賸 賱賱賰賴賳丞 賵 兀爻丕賯賮丞 丕賱賰賳丕卅爻 賱鬲賳卮卅鬲賴賲 賳卮兀丞 賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 丨賯賷賯賷丞. 賰賲丕 賵氐賮 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱廿賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賵 丕賱廿賯胤丕毓賷 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賵賱丞 亘毓丿 禺乇賵噩 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 賲賳 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵 毓丿賲 丕賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賴丿賮 乇噩丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賰丕賳賵丕 賷丨賱賲賵賳 亘丿賵賱丞 廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 賳賲丕賲丕賸 賱丕 賷賵爻亘賴丕 毓賽乇賯 丕禺乇 賵 賱丕 丿賷賳 丕禺乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賷賹丿賲賷 賱賴 丕賱賯賱亘 賱賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 兀賴賵丕賱 丨賱賾鬲 亘丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賳 賵 鬲卮乇丿賴賲 賮賷 丕賱兀乇囟.
卮賰乇丕 賱賲卮乇賵毓 (賰賱賲丞) 丕賱匕賷 鬲乇噩賲 賱賳丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞. 賵 卮賰乇丕 賱賲毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 賲丿賷賳丞 丕賱乇賷丕囟 丕賱匕賷 兀爻鬲囟丕賮 賴賷卅丞 兀亘賵馗亘賷 賱賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賵 丕賱爻賷丕丨丞.
December 29, 2021
鈥徺娯百冐� 丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 毓丕賲 佟伽侃佗 亘丕賱毓丕賲 丕賱匕賷 兀亘丨乇 賮賷賴 賰賵賱賵賲亘賵爻 賵丕賰鬲卮賮 '丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿' 賱賰賳賴 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賷毓賳賷 丕賱毓丕賲 丕賱匕賷 爻賯胤鬲 賮賷賴 睾乇賳丕胤丞 兀禺乇 賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賱賰賳 賲丕賱賲 兀毓賱賲賴 - 鬲賯氐賷乇賸丕 賲賳賷 -賴賵 兀賳 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕爻鬲賲乇 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 佟贍贍 毓丕賲貙 賷丨賰賷 賱賳丕 丕賱丿賷賳 賵丕賱丿賲 賯氐丞 廿亘丕丿鬲賴賲 丕賱賲乇賵毓丞.
鈥徺娯ㄘ� 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 亘爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵鬲爻賱賷賲 賲賮丕鬲賷丨賴丕 廿賱賶 丕賱賲賱賰 賮賷乇丿賳丕賳丿 賲賳 兀乇丕噩賵賳 賵丕賱賲賱賰丞 廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕 賲賳 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 丕賱賱匕丕賳 賵丨丿丕 賲賲丕賱賰 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 亘夭賵丕噩賴賲丕 賵丕鬲锟斤拷丿賵丕 囟丿 毓丿賵賴賲 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰.
鈥徺佖ㄙ娰嗁呚� 賰丕賳鬲 睾乇賳丕胤丞 鬲睾乇賯 賮賷 丕賱丨乇賵亘 賵丕賱賲毓丕乇賰 丕賱兀賴賱賷丞 賰丕賳鬲 賯賵賶 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 鬲鬲噩賲毓 禺丕乇噩 兀爻賵丕乇賴丕 鬲賳鬲馗乇 賮乇氐鬲賴丕 賱賱廿賳賯囟丕囟 毓賱賶 賲丕 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳 丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 丕賱毓馗賷賲丞.
鈥徺堎勜� 賷購賱丕賲 賴賳丕 爻賵賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 兀賳賮爻賴賲 丕賱匕賷賳 爻賲丨賵丕 亘賴匕丕 賱兀賳 丕賳賯爻丕賲賴賲 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷 賵丕爻鬲毓丕賳鬲 亘毓囟賴賲 亘丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賱賰賷 賷賯丕鬲賱賵丕 丕禺賵丕賳賴賲 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 兀胤丕丨 亘丕賱賵丨丿丞 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷丞 賵卮賯 氐賮賵賮賴賲 廿賱賶 兀賳 兀氐亘丨賵丕 噩賲丕毓丕鬲 賲賮賰賰丞 兀囟毓賮 賲賳 兀賳賴丕 鬲賵丕噩賴 噩賷賵卮 賮賷乇丿賳丕賳丿 賵廿賷夭丕亘賷賱丕.
鈥徹迟勝� 兀賲賷乇 睾乇賳丕胤丞 毓亘丿丕賱賱賴 賲賮丕鬲賷丨 丕賱賲丿賳賷丞 賵鬲賲 丕毓胤丕亍 賳賵毓 賲賳 丕賱兀賲丕賳 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賰賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 胤丕賱賲丕 賳馗乇賵丕 廿賱賷賴賲 亘毓賷賳 丕賱毓丿丕亍 亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 兀賳賴賲 兀氐亘丨賵丕 乇毓丕賷丞 賱賱鬲丕噩 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷貙 賱賰賳 賵賰賲丕 賷鬲囟丨 丿丕卅賲丕 亘兀賳 丕鬲賮丕賯賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲爻賱丕賲 賲丕 賴賷 廿賱丕 丨賱賵賱 賲丐賯鬲丞 廿賱賶 兀賳 鬲爻鬲鬲亘 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 賱賱賲賳鬲氐乇 賮賷鬲睾賷乇 賲賵賯賮賴 賲賳 丕賱賲賴夭賵賲.
鈥徺堌ㄘ� 丕賱賳馗乇丞 丕賱賮賵賯賷丞 賱賱賲賳鬲氐乇賷賳 毓賱賶 賲賵丕胤賷賳賴賲 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱鬲爻賲賷丞 賮賷氐亘丨 丕爻賲 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 爻丕亘賯賸丕 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 兀賷 '丕賱丕賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱氐睾丕乇' 丕賵 '兀賳氐丕賮 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳' 賵匕賱賰 丕丨鬲賯丕乇丕賸 賱賴賲 賵丿賱丕賱丞 毓賱賶 毓丿賲 孬賯鬲賴賲 亘賴賲 丨鬲賶 亘毓丿 兀賳 鬲賻賳賻氐賻賾乇賵丕 亘丕賱賯賵丞.
鈥徺堎冑呚� 卮睾賱鬲 '丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷丞' 匕賴賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 兀亘丕賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賱賯丿 卮睾賱鬲 '丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷丞' 匕賴賳 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賲賳匕 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 賵氐賵賱賸丕 賱賱丨賱 丕賱匕賷 鬲噩賱賶 賮賷 胤乇丿賴賲 賲賳 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 亘丕賱賰丕賲賱 賮賷 毓丕賲 佟佴贍侃.
鈥徺堎佡� 丕賱賲囟賲賵賳 賱丕 賷禺鬲賱賮 賴丿賮 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 毓賳 賴丿賮 丕賱賲賱賰丕賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丕賳 賵賲賳 鬲亘毓賴賲丕 賮噩賲賷毓賴賲 賳賮匕賵丕 氐賵乇丞 賲賳 氐賵乇 丕賱鬲胤賴賷乇 丕賱毓乇賯賷 賮亘賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賷賲賵鬲賵賳 賮賷 賲毓爻賰乇丕鬲 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕賱 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 賳乇賶 亘兀賳 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰 賰丕賳賵丕 賷賯鬲賱賵賳 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 毓賱賶 丕賱禺賵丕夭賷賯 亘毓丿 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 丕賱卮丿賷丿.
鈥徺堎勜� 賷禺賮賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賯丕乇卅 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘兀賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 丕乇鬲賰亘賵丕 丨賲丕賯丕鬲 毓賳丿賲丕 乇賮囟賵丕 賵噩賵丿 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賱賲噩乇丿 兀賳賴賲 賷賴賵丿 賰賲丕 睾賱胤 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 毓賳丿賲丕 胤乇丿賵丕 丕賱賲賵乇賷賰爻賷賷賳 亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 賰賵賳賴賲 賯賵賶 毓丕賲賱丞 賲賴賲丞 賮賷 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷 賲賲丕 爻亘亘 賰賵丕乇孬 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕卮鬲賰賶 賲賳賴賲 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳 丕賳賮爻賴賲
鈥徺佖ㄘз勜必嘿� 賲賳 丕賱丕丨鬲賮丕賱丕鬲 賵丕賱亘賴乇噩丞 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕胤 丕賱賲賱賰賷 賮賱賲 賷卮丕乇賰賴賲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賲卮丕毓乇 禺丕乇噩 丕賱毓丕氐賲丞貙 賵賴匕丕 賲賲丕 賴賵 胤亘賷毓賷 亘賱丕 卮賰 賮賱丕 賷毓賯賱 兀賳 鬲胤乇丿 賳爻亘丞 賱賷爻鬲 亘賯賱賷賱丞 賲賳 丕賱爻賰丕賳 賵鬲鬲賵賯毓 亘兀賳 鬲爻鬲賲乇 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱賲毓賷卮賷丞 賰賲丕 賴賷 亘賱丕 鬲睾賷賷乇 賱賱兀爻賵兀.
賵賲賳 丕賱賲孬賷乇 賱賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷乇賷賳丕 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賲賳 賴匕賴 '丕賱丨賲賱丞 丕賱賲賯丿爻丞' 丕賱鬲賷 卮賳鬲賴丕 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 賵丕賱鬲賷 丕賳鬲賴鬲 亘丕賱鬲賴噩賷乇 丕賱賯爻乇賷貙
鈥徺佖ㄘ关顿囏� 禺丕賱賮 鬲賵賯毓丕鬲賷 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賳賮爻賴 丨賷孬 兀賳賴 賵氐賮 胤乇丿 兀胤賮丕賱 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 亘兀賳賴 "毓賲賱丕賸 賯丕爻賷丕賸"
鈥徺堌з勜迟佡娯� 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭賷 賮賷 賲丿乇賷丿 丕賱賱賵乇丿 賮乇丕賳爻賷夭 賰賵鬲賳睾賴丕賲 丕賱匕賷 賵氐賮 丕賱胤乇丿 亘兀賳賴 "賵丨卮賷丞 賱賲 賷毓乇賮 賱賴丕 賲孬賷賱 賮賷 兀賷 毓氐乇."
鈥徺堌з勝堌操娯� 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷 丨賷孬 賯丕賱 亘兀賳賴丕 "兀賰孬乇 丕賱兀賮毓丕賱 丨賲丕賯丞 賵賴賲噩賷丞 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞."
鈥徹关必� 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賵賳 賱兀卮丿 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱丕囟胤賴丕丿 賮亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 亘毓囟賴賲 賱賱鬲賳氐乇 賯亘賱 丕賱胤乇丿 賮賱賲 賷爻賱賲賵丕 賲賳 丕賱卮賰賵賰 丕賱賲丨賷胤丞 亘賴賲 丨賷孬 兀賳賴 賱賲 賷賰賳 賲爻賲賵丨 賱賴賲 亘兀賳 賷睾賱賯賵丕 丕亘賵丕亘 亘賷賵鬲賴賲 兀賷丕賲 丕賱噩購賲毓 兀賵 賷鬲丨丿孬賵丕 亘丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵賷賱亘爻賵丕 賲賱丕亘爻賴賲 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞 賵匕賱賰 兀鬲賶 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 賲丨賵 賵胤賲爻 兀賷 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 亘賷賳賴賲 賵亘賷賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰.
鈥徺堎勝� 賷毓賳賷 鬲賳氐賷乇 丕賱賲賵乇爻賷賰賷賳 卮賷亍 兀賲丕賲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賮賱賲 賷賱亘孬賵丕 賯賱賷賱丕 丨鬲賶 亘丿兀鬲 丕賱丕鬲賴丕賲丕鬲 鬲鬲丿賮賯 囟丿賴賲 亘兀賳賴賲 賰丕賳賵丕 賷馗賴乇賵賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 賵賷禺賮賵賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲貙
鈥徺堌Ｙ嗁囐� 賷乇丕爻賱賵賳 丕賱爻賱胤丕賳 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 賰賷 賷爻丕毓丿賵賴 賮賷 睾夭賵 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲賲丕 噩毓賱賴賲 賷亘丿賵賳 賰丕賱兀毓丿丕亍 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷賷賳 賵賱賯丿 賵氐賮 兀丨丿 丕賱賯爻丕賵爻丞 賵丕噩亘 丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷 丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 丨賷孬 賯丕賱 兀賳賴 賷噩亘 丕噩鬲孬丕孬 "丕賱噩匕毓 丕賱匕賷 鬲賳亘鬲 賲賳賴 賴匕賴 丕賱亘乇丕毓賲 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳賷丞."
鈥徹焚徹必� 丨賵丕賱賷 伲佶贍貙贍贍贍 賲賳 乇噩丕賱 賵賳爻丕亍 賵兀胤賮丕賱 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 賲賳 丿賷丕乇賴賲 賮乇丨賱 亘毓囟賴賲 廿賱賶 丕賱賲睾乇亘 賵廿賱賶 鬲賵賳爻 賵賲氐乇 賵廿賱賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵亘丨丿 毓賱賲賷 賱賲 丕賯乇兀 卮賷亍 賷卮賷乇 廿賱賶 毓丿丿 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賵氐賱賵丕 亘兀賲丕賳 賵丕爻鬲賯乇賵丕 賮賷 亘賱丿丕賳賴賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞.
鈥徹必勜� 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 賱賲 鬲賰賳 爻賴賱丞 賮賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴賲 賵賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 丕賱兀睾賱亘賷丞 廿賲丕 賯鬲賱賵丕 賮賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯 兀賵 賳賴亘賵丕 賵丕睾鬲氐亘賵丕 賵賲賳賴賲 賲賳 賲丕鬲 噩賵毓賸丕 賵廿賳 丨丿孬 賵賵氐賱鬲 賯賱丞 賲賳賴賲 廿賱賶 亘賱丿丕賳賴賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲乇丕鬲 賱賱廿囟胤賴丕丿 賱賰賵賳賴賲 賳氐丕乇賶 丕賵 賲乇鬲丿賷賳貙
鈥徺佖Ｘ地ㄘ堌� 亘匕賱賰 賲賳 兀卮賯賶 丕賱賳丕爻 廿匕 兀賳賴賲 賰丕賳賵丕 賲賰乇賵賴賷賳 賲賳 賯亘賱 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 兀賲孬丕賱賴賲 賮賷 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵賲賰乇賵賴賷賳 賲賳 賯亘賱 亘毓囟 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丿賷丕乇賴賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賰賵賳賴賲 賯丿 賳購氐賽賾乇賵丕 賵亘毓丿 丕賱鬲賴噩賷乇 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷 丕賳丿孬乇鬲 兀禺乇 亘賯丕賷丕 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻丞.
鈥徺娰徺嗁囐� 賲丕孬賷賵 賰丕乇 賰鬲丕亘賴 亘匕賰乇 兀睾賳賷丞 兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 鬲丿丕賵賱鬲賴丕 兀噩賷丕賱 賲賳 丕賱賲賵乇賷賰爻賷賷賳 亘毓丿 丕賱胤乇丿 賵賱賲 兀噩丿 胤乇賷賯丞 兀賮囟賱 賱廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓丞 賲賳 兀賳 兀賳賴賷賴丕 賰賲丕 兀賳賴賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
" 丌賴 賱賵 賷亘賱賱賰 丕賱賲胤乇 丕賱賲鬲爻丕賯胤 !
賱賯丿 賰丕賳鬲 兀丨亘 兀賷丕賲賷 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻
賱賯丿 賲乇 夭賲丕賳賳丕 賲毓賸丕 爻乇賷毓賸丕 賰丨賱賲 賳丕卅賲
兀賵 賱丨馗丞 丕禺鬲賱爻鬲 賲賳 丕賱夭賲賳."
November 12, 2015
Read this over a long time because the detail and the subject were hard going at times - but well worth it. Excellently written so a pleasure to read despite the horrors of what was happening. And we have to work against a drift to madness as movements in Europe are using the same false accusations against Muslim populations in our own communities here and now. If you think the book looks a hard read then read the epilogue and I'm sure you will be inspired to read the rest.
January 1, 2023
賰孬賷乇賵賳 賲賲賾賳 賷賴鬲賲賵賳 亘丕賱卮兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賾 賷鬲賵賯賾賮 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賴賲 毓賳丿 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮貙 賵爻賯賵胤 睾賽乇賳丕胤丞貙 賵禺乇賵噩 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳賴丕貙 兀賲賾丕 賲乇丨賱丞 賲丕 亘毓丿賻 丕賱禺購乇賵噩 賮賲購賴賲賻賱丞 鬲賲丕賲賸丕貙 賲丕 賲氐賷乇 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賾賳 丕賱賳丕噩賷賳 -爻賵丕亍 丕賱匕賷賳 馗賱賾賵丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 兀賵 賲賳 禺乇噩賻 賲賳賴丕-責 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓乇囟 廿噩丕亘丞 卮丕賮賷丞 賵賵丕賮賷丞 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙 賵亘乇兀賷賷 賷毓丿購賾 賲乇噩賽毓賸丕 鬲丕乇賷禺賷賸賾丕 賲賴賲賸賾丕 賵兀爻丕爻賷賸賾丕 賱賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱丕爻鬲賯乇丕亍 賵丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 賱卅賱賾丕 鬲馗賱賾 賴匕賴 丕賱噩夭卅賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺氐 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 賲鬲賵丕乇賷丞 毓賳 兀毓賷購賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賵兀匕賴丕賳賴賲.
February 26, 2015
賰鬲丕亘 賯賷賾賲 賵賲賴賲 賵丕賴賲賷鬲賴 賱丕 鬲賰賲賳 賮賯胤 賮賷 鬲賳丕賵賱賴 賱賲兀爻丕丞 胤乇丿 賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 亘毓丿 爻賯賵胤賴丕 賵毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕亘丕丿丞 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱賱賷 丨氐賱鬲 賱賴賲 賱賰賳賴 賴賷禺賱賷賰 鬲毓賷丿 鬲乇鬲賷亘 賰鬲賷乇 賲賳 丨爻丕亘丕鬲賰 賵丕賮賰丕乇賰 丨賵丕賱賷賳 賲賵囟賵毓 氐乇丕毓 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 賵丕賱丨乇亘 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱丕賴賲 丕賳賴 卮賴丕丿丞 賲賳 賰丕鬲亘 睾乇亘賷
April 16, 2015
乇丕卅毓 賵賲丨丕賷丿 噩丿丕
賰鬲丕亘 賱丕亘丿 丕賳 賷賯乇兀賴 賰賱 賲丨亘 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻
賰鬲丕亘 賱丕亘丿 丕賳 賷賯乇兀賴 賰賱 賲丨亘 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻
March 31, 2016
賱賳 鬲丿乇賰 鬲賲丕賲丕 賱賲丕匕丕 鬲賳賮毓賱 亘賯囟賷丞 賲丕 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 睾賷乇賴丕 賵賱賲丕匕丕 鬲丨亘 卮賷卅丕 亘丕賱匕丕鬲 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 爻賵丕賴 ...
丨賷賳 賯乇兀鬲 " 孬賱丕孬賷丞 睾乇賳丕胤丞 " 賵噩丿鬲 賳賮爻賷 賲丿賮賵毓丞 賳丨賵 賰賱 賲丕 賷賲賰賳賳賷 賲毓乇賮鬲賴 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賰丕賳 賰鬲丕亘 " 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 丕賱卮賴賷丿丞 " 丕賱匕賷 兀賳氐丨 亘賴 亘卮丿丞 賵賴賵 賲賳 鬲兀賱賷賮 丿 . 毓丕丿賱 爻毓賷丿 丕賱亘卮鬲丕賵賷 賵丕賱匕賷 賷乇賰夭 毓賱賶 賳賮爻 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳丕賵賱賴丕 賰鬲丕亘賳丕 賴匕丕 ...
賲丕 賷賲賷夭 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 鬲丨賱賷賱賴 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱賱丿賵丕賮毓 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘乇乇 亘賴丕 賲賱賵賰 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲丕 丕乇鬲賰亘賵賴 賲賳 賲匕丕亘丨 賵胤乇丿 賵鬲賳氐賷乇 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賮賯丿 丨丕賵賱 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 _ 毓賱賶 賯賱丞 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 丕賱賲鬲丕丨丞 _ 兀賳 賷丿乇爻 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱匕賷 兀賮乇夭 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丕鬲 丕賱卮賳賷毓丞 孬賲 賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓賴丕 賰兀賳賴丕 丕賳鬲氐丕乇丕鬲 賲噩賷丿丞 貙 賵賷鬲鬲亘毓 丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丿丕禺賱丞 賵丕賱賲鬲卮丕亘賰丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賵丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賵賰賷賮 鬲賳賵毓鬲 亘賷賳 賰乇賴 賵丨賯丿 賵賯鬲丕賱 賵亘賷賳 鬲毓丕賵賳 賵丕賳丿賲丕噩 ...
賱賰賳 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賲乇丕亍 賮賷賴 賵丕賱匕賷 兀賰丿賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 亘丨賷丕丿賷丞 鬲丕賲丞 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵丕噩賴賵丕 兀亘卮毓 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賲賵乇爻鬲 囟丿 卮毓亘 毓賱賶 賲丿丕乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 貙 賮毓賱賶 賲丿賶 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲丕卅丞 毓丕賲 " 1492 _1609 " 賮賯丿 卮毓亘 賰丕賲賱 丿賷賳賴 賵兀乇囟賴 賵丨賷丕鬲賴 丿賵賳 匕乇丞 鬲毓丕胤賮 賵丿賵賳 兀賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱賳氐乇鬲賴 .
賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵 賱兀賳 賲丕 賵賯毓 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿氐賱丕丨賴 賷丨丕賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕爻鬲禺賱丕氐 丕賱丿乇賵爻 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲兀爻丕丞 賮賷乇亘胤 亘賷賳 賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賯丿賷賲丕 賵賲丕 賷丨丕賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賲乇賷賰丕賳 廿毓丕丿鬲賴 丕賱丌賳 毓亘乇 兀賮賰丕乇 毓賳氐乇賷丞 賲乇賷囟丞 賲賴賵賵爻丞 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱賲賴賷賲賳丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷禺囟毓 賱賴丕 賰賱 賮乇丿 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 ....
賱丿賷賾 賲賱丕丨馗鬲丕賳 賲鬲卮丕亘賰鬲丕賳 : 丕賱兀賵賱賶 兀賳 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丨噩噩 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰 丕賱賲鬲毓氐亘賷賳 賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱賲鬲賴賲賷賳 亘丕賱賰賮乇 賲賳 兀噩賱 鬲賳賯賷丞 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱兀爻亘丕賳賷 賲賳賴賲 賴賷 賱賱兀爻賮 賳賮爻 丕賱丨噩噩 丕賱鬲賷 賷爻賵賯賴丕 賲噩鬲賲毓賳丕 丕賱賲乇賷囟 賵丨賰丕賲賴 丕賱賯鬲賱丞 賱賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 鬲賷丕乇 賲噩鬲賲毓賷 賰丕賲賱 賵賰賱 賲賳 卮丕亘賴賴 兀賵 爻丕賳丿賴 兀賵 丕毓鬲乇囟 毓賱賶 馗賱賲賴 貙 賴匕丕 賲毓 兀賳 丕賱丿賷賳 賵丕丨丿 賵丕賱毓乇賯 賵丕丨丿 貙
賵丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 : 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 _ 乇睾賲 賴賵丕賲卮賴 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賷丞 丕賱賲賲賷夭丞 _ 廿賱丕 兀賳 丌乇丕亍賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 兀氐乇 亘睾乇丕亘丞 毓賱賶 丨卮乇賴丕 賮賷 賴賵丕賲卮賴 賰丕賳鬲 亘睾賷囟丞 賵賲鬲丨賷夭丞 亘賱 賵賲毓丕賰爻丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賱賲丕 賷賵丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賷氐丕賱賴 賵賲丕 賷夭毓賲 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賳賮爻賴 兀賳賴 賷乇賷丿 廿賷氐丕賱賴 賱賱賯丕乇賷亍 .
丨賷賳 賯乇兀鬲 " 孬賱丕孬賷丞 睾乇賳丕胤丞 " 賵噩丿鬲 賳賮爻賷 賲丿賮賵毓丞 賳丨賵 賰賱 賲丕 賷賲賰賳賳賷 賲毓乇賮鬲賴 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱亘賱丕丿 賵賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賰丕賳 賰鬲丕亘 " 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷丞 丕賱卮賴賷丿丞 " 丕賱匕賷 兀賳氐丨 亘賴 亘卮丿丞 賵賴賵 賲賳 鬲兀賱賷賮 丿 . 毓丕丿賱 爻毓賷丿 丕賱亘卮鬲丕賵賷 賵丕賱匕賷 賷乇賰夭 毓賱賶 賳賮爻 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳丕賵賱賴丕 賰鬲丕亘賳丕 賴匕丕 ...
賲丕 賷賲賷夭 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 鬲丨賱賷賱賴 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱賱丿賵丕賮毓 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘乇乇 亘賴丕 賲賱賵賰 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲丕 丕乇鬲賰亘賵賴 賲賳 賲匕丕亘丨 賵胤乇丿 賵鬲賳氐賷乇 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賮賯丿 丨丕賵賱 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 _ 毓賱賶 賯賱丞 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 丕賱賲鬲丕丨丞 _ 兀賳 賷丿乇爻 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱匕賷 兀賮乇夭 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賲丕乇爻丕鬲 丕賱卮賳賷毓丞 孬賲 賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓賴丕 賰兀賳賴丕 丕賳鬲氐丕乇丕鬲 賲噩賷丿丞 貙 賵賷鬲鬲亘毓 丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丿丕禺賱丞 賵丕賱賲鬲卮丕亘賰丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賵丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賵賰賷賮 鬲賳賵毓鬲 亘賷賳 賰乇賴 賵丨賯丿 賵賯鬲丕賱 賵亘賷賳 鬲毓丕賵賳 賵丕賳丿賲丕噩 ...
賱賰賳 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賲乇丕亍 賮賷賴 賵丕賱匕賷 兀賰丿賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮 亘丨賷丕丿賷丞 鬲丕賲丞 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵丕噩賴賵丕 兀亘卮毓 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賲賵乇爻鬲 囟丿 卮毓亘 毓賱賶 賲丿丕乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 貙 賮毓賱賶 賲丿賶 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲丕卅丞 毓丕賲 " 1492 _1609 " 賮賯丿 卮毓亘 賰丕賲賱 丿賷賳賴 賵兀乇囟賴 賵丨賷丕鬲賴 丿賵賳 匕乇丞 鬲毓丕胤賮 賵丿賵賳 兀賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱賳氐乇鬲賴 .
賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵 賱兀賳 賲丕 賵賯毓 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿氐賱丕丨賴 賷丨丕賵賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕爻鬲禺賱丕氐 丕賱丿乇賵爻 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲兀爻丕丞 賮賷乇亘胤 亘賷賳 賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賯丿賷賲丕 賵賲丕 賷丨丕賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷賵賳 賵丕賱兀賲乇賷賰丕賳 廿毓丕丿鬲賴 丕賱丌賳 毓亘乇 兀賮賰丕乇 毓賳氐乇賷丞 賲乇賷囟丞 賲賴賵賵爻丞 亘丕賱賯賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱賲賴賷賲賳丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷禺囟毓 賱賴丕 賰賱 賮乇丿 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 ....
賱丿賷賾 賲賱丕丨馗鬲丕賳 賲鬲卮丕亘賰鬲丕賳 : 丕賱兀賵賱賶 兀賳 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丨噩噩 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰 丕賱賲鬲毓氐亘賷賳 賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱賲鬲賴賲賷賳 亘丕賱賰賮乇 賲賳 兀噩賱 鬲賳賯賷丞 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱兀爻亘丕賳賷 賲賳賴賲 賴賷 賱賱兀爻賮 賳賮爻 丕賱丨噩噩 丕賱鬲賷 賷爻賵賯賴丕 賲噩鬲賲毓賳丕 丕賱賲乇賷囟 賵丨賰丕賲賴 丕賱賯鬲賱丞 賱賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 鬲賷丕乇 賲噩鬲賲毓賷 賰丕賲賱 賵賰賱 賲賳 卮丕亘賴賴 兀賵 爻丕賳丿賴 兀賵 丕毓鬲乇囟 毓賱賶 馗賱賲賴 貙 賴匕丕 賲毓 兀賳 丕賱丿賷賳 賵丕丨丿 賵丕賱毓乇賯 賵丕丨丿 貙
賵丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 : 兀賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 _ 乇睾賲 賴賵丕賲卮賴 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賷丞 丕賱賲賲賷夭丞 _ 廿賱丕 兀賳 丌乇丕亍賴 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 兀氐乇 亘睾乇丕亘丞 毓賱賶 丨卮乇賴丕 賮賷 賴賵丕賲卮賴 賰丕賳鬲 亘睾賷囟丞 賵賲鬲丨賷夭丞 亘賱 賵賲毓丕賰爻丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賱賲丕 賷賵丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賷氐丕賱賴 賵賲丕 賷夭毓賲 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賳賮爻賴 兀賳賴 賷乇賷丿 廿賷氐丕賱賴 賱賱賯丕乇賷亍 .
Read
July 17, 2016賵賰兀賳賷 賱賲 兀賰賳 兀毓賱賲 卮卅丕 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 兀賳賳賷 賯乇兀鬲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲亘 毓賳 丕賱丕賳丿賱爻 賵賲賯丕賱丕鬲 毓賲丕 丨丿孬亘毓丿"丕爻鬲乇丿丕丿賴丕" 胤乇賯 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘 丕賱賵丨卮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 鬲卮毓乇賰 亘丕賱囟賷賯 賵丕賱兀賱賲 賱丿乇噩丞 兀賳賰 鬲乇賷丿 賲丨賵 兀爻胤乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱毓賱 匕丕賰 丕賱毓匕丕亘 賷禺鬲賮賷
October 2, 2014
丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 乇丕卅毓丞 噩丿丕賸貙 賵丕賱鬲賵囟賷丨丕鬲 賱亘毓囟 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 貙 賴賳丕賰 賰賲賷丞 賲賳 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 丕賱胤賵賷賱 丕賱賲賲賱 丕丨賷丕賳丕賸 賰丕賳 亘丕爻鬲胤丕毓丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丕賱丕爻鬲睾賳丕亍 毓賳賴丕 貙 丕賳氐丨 賵亘卮丿丞 賲胤丕賱毓丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘
March 4, 2018
亘毓丿 兀賳 賯乇兀鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲乇鬲賷賳 禺賱丕賱 毓丕賲賷賳貙 賵亘毓丿 兀賳 兀孬乇 賮賷 毓丕胤賮賷丕賸 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇貙 兀乇丿鬲 兀賳 兀亘丿兀 亘爻乇丿 毓賳 賳馗乇鬲賷 賱賲丕 丨賲賱賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷 賯亘賱 兀賳 兀毓乇噩 毓賱賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳賮爻賴 :
夭乇丕毓丞 孬賲 丕賯鬲賱丕毓貙貙 賰卮噩乇丞 夭賷鬲賵賳 睾購乇爻鬲 孬賲 丨賷賳 毓賲乇鬲 丕賯鬲購賱毓鬲貙 賴賰匕丕 賴賲 賲毓匕亘賵 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲賱禺賷氐 賱亘毓丿 廿賳爻丕賳賷 賲賮賯賵丿 賮賷 兀匕賴丕賳 賰孬賷乇 賲賲賳 賷賮鬲禺乇賵賳 亘丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 賱賳 兀亘丕賱睾 賵兀賯賵賱 賲賮賯賵丿 亘賱 賲購睾賷亘貙 兀賯賵賷丕亍 噩丿 賳丨賳 賮賷 丕爻鬲匕賰丕乇 丕賱兀賲噩丕丿 賵丕賱鬲睾賳賷 亘賴丕 賵囟毓丕賮 噩丿丕賸 賮賷 鬲賯賷賷賲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 兀賵 乇丐賷鬲賴丕 賲賳 賰賱 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷貙毓賱賶 兀賳 賯賵賱賷 賴匕丕 賱丕 兀丨賲賱 賮賷賴 兀賷 賳賯丿 賲亘鬲匕賱 賰丕賱匕賷 賷丨賲賱賴 丕賱亘毓囟 賱賱毓乇亘 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賲噩乇丿 賮鬲丨賴賲 兀賵 睾夭賵賴賲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵賵氐賲賴賲 亘丕賱丿賲賵賷丞 賵丕賱爻丕丿賷丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙 賮匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賰丕賳 賵賯鬲 睾夭賵 賵睾夭賵 賲囟丕丿貙 賱賷爻 賮賷賴 亘乇賷卅 丕亘丿丕賸 賵卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱賯賵賷 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱睾夭賵 賲毓鬲賲丿丞 毓賱賶 丨丕賲賱 丿賷賳賷 賷睾匕賷 丕賱賳賮賵爻 賵賷丿毓賲賴丕 賵賷賯賵賷賴丕 貙 賰丕賳 丕賱賮鬲丨 賵丕賱鬲賳賵賷乇 賵丕賱鬲亘卮賷乇 賲爻賵睾丕 賰賲丕 匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲賵囟毓 貙廿賳賲丕 毓賳賷鬲 兀賳 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱亘卮乇 毓丕賳賵丕 賵賯鬲賱賵丕 賵丕睾鬲氐亘賵丕 兀孬賳丕亍 賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴賲 賵兀丨賷丕賳丕賸 噩乇賶 賰賱 賲丕 爻亘賯 乇睾賲 禺囟賵毓賴賲 丕賱賲賳胤賯賷貙 賱賰賳 賯賱丞 賯賱賷賱丞 噩丿丕賸 鬲匕賰乇賴賲貙 鬲鬲毓丕胤賮 賲毓賴賲貙 鬲爻鬲毓賷丿 丨賰丕賷丕賴賲貙 毓丕賱賲賴賲 丕賱賲賵丕夭賷貙 賯賱丞 鬲毓乇賮 丕賳 賲賳賴賲 毓丕卮 睾乇賷亘丕賸 賮賷 亘賱丿賴 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷胤乇丿 賵毓丕卮 睾乇賷亘丕賸 賮賷 亘賱丿 賱丕 賷毓乇賮 毓賳賴丕 卮賷卅丕賸 廿賱丕 兀賳 丨賰丕賲 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賯丿 賳爻亘賵賴 賱賴丕貙 乇睾賲 兀賳 賲賳賴賲 賲賳 兀氐亘丨 賳氐乇丕賳賷丕賸 賵鬲氐丕賱丨 賲毓 賵丕賯毓賴 賱賰賳 賱賲 賷卮賮毓 賱賴 賴匕丕 賮賷 氐乇丕毓 丕賱噩賳賵賳貙 氐乇丕毓 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 氐乇丕毓 丕賱丿賲貙 氐乇丕毓 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱匕賷 賱賲 賷毓乇賮 丕鬲亘丕毓賴 丕賷 乇丨賲丞 貙 賲賳 賷匕賰乇 兀賳賴賲 鬲購乇賽賰賵丕 賵丨賷丿賷賳 賰賲丕 賷丨氐賱 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賲毓 丕賱賲爻丕賰賷賳貙 賷賰賵賳賵丕 丨胤亘丕賸 賱賱丨乇賵亘 賵賲卮丕毓賱丕賸 "賱賱噩賴丕丿" 賵 乇賲賵夭丕賸 賱賱氐賲賵丿貙 賷匕賰乇賴賲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賮賷 賳氐乇賴賲貙 賵賷賳爻賶 賯賴乇賴賲 賵丨夭賳賴賲貙 賵兀丨賷丕賳丕賸 賷賳亘匕賴賲 賱兀賳賴賲 兀氐亘丨賵丕 賳氐丕乇賶 兀賵 鬲賰賳賵丕 亘兀爻賲丕亍 兀毓噩賲賷丞 .
听鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賴賷 鬲噩乇亘丞 鬲卮亘賴 賵丕賯毓賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷 丕賱賷賵賲 賰孬賷乇丕賸貙 賮賰賲 賲賳丕 賷毓賷卮 丨賷丕丞 賲賵丕夭賷丞 賱兀賮賰丕乇 賱丕 鬲毓噩亘 丨賰丕賲 賵胤賵丕睾賷鬲貙 賰賲 賲賳 卮禺氐 爻購噩賳 賱兀賳 賯乇兀 賰鬲丕亘丕賸 賲賲賳賵毓 賳卮乇賴貙 兀賵 鬲丿丕賵賱 乇兀賷丕 賲丨馗賵乇 丕賱賰賱丕賲 賮賷賴 貙 賵賰賲 賲賳丕 賴購噩乇 賵胤乇丿 賲賳 亘賱丿賴貙 丕賯鬲購賱賽毓 賲賳 兀乇囟賴貙 賵兀賳丕 兀賯乇兀 毓賳 賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕鬲禺賷賱 賵丕賱丿賷 丕賱匕賷 兀噩亘乇 毓賱賶 鬲乇賰 亘賱丿賴 毓丕賲 2012 賮賷 丕賱 62 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 賵丕賳鬲賯賱 廿賱賶 亘賱丿 丌禺乇 賲噩亘乇丕賸貙 賲孬賱 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賷賯賷賲 賮賷 亘賱丿 賱丕 賷毓乇賮 賱睾鬲賴丕 賰賲丕 賰丕賳 賲毓馗賲賴賲 貙 賵兀賲賷 丕賱鬲賷 賮丕乇賯鬲 丕丨賮丕丿賴丕 睾氐亘丕賸貙 丕禺賵鬲賷 丕賱匕賷賳 亘丕鬲 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賮賷 亘賱丿貙 丕賱賮丕乇賯 丕賱賵丨賷丿 兀賳賳丕 賱丕 賳賳鬲賲賷 丕賱丕 賴賳丕-丕賱賲丕賳賷丕 - 兀亘丿丕 賵賲賳 胤乇丿賳丕 賲賳 丿賷丕乇賳丕 賴賲 兀賴賱賳丕 賵兀亘賳丕亍 噩賱丿鬲賳丕貙 賱賰賳 鬲噩乇亘鬲賳丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞貙 賵丕賱賯賴乇 賵丕賱丕賯鬲賱丕毓 兀噩丿賴丕 賯乇賷亘丞 噩丿丕賸貙 丕噩丿 丕賱胤乇丿 卮亘賷賴丕賸 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇貙 禺丕氐丞 兀賳賳賷 丕鬲丨丿乇 賲賳 丨賲氐 賵爻胤 爻賵乇賷丕貙 賲賳 賲賳胤賯丞 卮賴丿鬲 氐乇丕毓丕賸 丨購賵賽賱 廿賱賶 氐乇丕毓 賲匕賴亘賷 丕賳鬲賴賶 亘乇賮毓 乇丕賷丞 "賷丕 丨爻賷賳 " 毓賱賶 賲爻噩丿 爻賳賷 賲賳 賯亘賱 賲賯丕鬲賱賷賳 賱亘賳丕賳賷賷賳 賯丿賲賵丕 賳氐乇丞 賱夭賷賳亘 賵丕賱丨爻賷賳.......
賰賲丕 丕賱兀賲乇 賲毓 丕賱賲毓匕亘賷賳 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱毓乇丕賯賷賷賳貙 丕賱賱亘賳丕賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱噩夭丕卅乇賷賷賳貙...... 丕賱禺貙 賰賲 丕丿賱爻賷丕賸 亘丕賰賷丕賸 毓賱賶 兀胤賱丕賱 亘賷鬲賴 賮賷 毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲責
賴賱 丕爻鬲賮丿賳丕 賲賳 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賵賴賱 丕丨爻爻賳丕 亘毓賲賯 噩乇丨賴賲責 賴賱 賳丨賳 丕賱賷賵賲 賳丨爻 亘賵噩毓 賲賳 賷毓賷卮 賳賮爻 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞責賴賱 賱丿賷賳丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 鬲賯亘賱 賲賳 賷亘丿賵賳 兀毓丿丕亍貙 賴賱 賷賲賰賳賳丕 丕賱鬲毓丕胤賮 賲毓賴賲責 賰賷賮 賱丕 賵賳丨賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 禺購匕賽賱貙 賵賯購鬲賱
**
賮賷賲丕 賷禺氐 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘卮賰賱 賲禺鬲氐乇 :
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳噩賲丞 毓馗賷賲丞 鬲賵囟毓 毓賱賶 氐丿乇 丕賱鬲爻丕賲丨 丕賱匕賷 鬲賯賵丿賴 賳禺亘丞 賲賳 丕賱卮噩毓丕賳 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷貙 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 亘胤乇賷賯丞 乇丕卅毓丞 爻乇丿 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞貙 賷鬲禺賱賱賴丕 丿禺賵賱 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 睾丕亘鬲 毓賳 兀賱賷 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賷 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕. 賷賳丕賯卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿禺賵賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱丕賳丿賱爻貙 賵賵囟毓 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲貙 賵賷賳鬲賯賱 亘爻乇毓丞 賱鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 賵氐賵賱丕賸 賱賲乇丨賱丞 丕賱囟毓賮 賵丕賳丨爻丕乇听 賵賲丨丕氐乇丞 鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賱賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳 丕賳丿賱爻賷賷賳貙 氐乇丕毓丕鬲 丕賱兀賲乇丕亍 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丨鬲賶 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 丕賱賲丿賵賷 丕賵賱 賱賷丕賱賷 賷賳丕賷乇 1492.
賵賲賳 賴賳丕 鬲亘丿兀 丕賱丨賰丕賷丞貙貙 賱賲 賷賰賳 鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱 賲賳鬲氐乇賷賳 賲毓 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賲丿賮賵毓丕賸 賮賯胤 亘賰乇賴 賱賱睾夭丕丞貙 亘賱 賰丕賳 賷丨賲賱 卮毓賵乇丕賸 亘丕賱鬲賮賵賯貙 賵賷禺亘兀 鬲丨鬲賴 賰爻乇丕 賰亘賷乇丕賸 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 "丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳" 丕賱兀賯賱 賲乇鬲亘丞貙 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賰賮丕乇貙 丕賱賴丕噩乇賷賷賳貙 丕賱賴賲噩 丕賱亘乇丕亘乇丞貙 賯胤丕毓 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱賲睾鬲氐亘賵賳貙 賯丿 丕丨鬲賱賵丕 兀乇囟賴賲貙 賰賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱氐賮丕鬲 賵睾賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賱賯賶 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲貙 賰丕賳鬲 卮丕卅毓丞 亘丿賷賴賷丞. 賰乇賴 毓馗賷賲 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 賲禺賷賮丞 丕爻鬲賴丿賮鬲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵賳丕賱鬲 賲賳 丨乇賷鬲賴賲貙 賷爻賵賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賲孬賱丞 毓丿賷丿丞 毓賲 鬲爻丕賲丨 賵毓丿賱 丨賲賱賴 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賱賱賷賴賵丿 賵丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 毓丿賱 賴卮 賵鬲爻丕賲丨 賱賲 賷賰賳 丿丌卅賲丕 賴賵 丕賱睾丕賱亘 賱賰賳賴 亘賰賱 鬲兀賰賷丿 賱賲 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 兀賷 丿乇噩丞 賲賳 丿乇噩丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 丕賱噩賳賵賳賷 丕賱匕賷 賲賷夭 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 亘毓丿 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丿丕丿貙賷乇噩毓 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 亘丨匕丕賯丞 馗丕賴乇丞 廿賱賶 兀爻亘丕亘賴丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱賳賮爻賷丞貙 賷氐賮 賱賳丕 賰孬賷乇丕賸 丕賱丨爻丕爻賷丕鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱毓賲丕賱 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賵賰乇賴賴賴賲 賱賱毓賲丕賱 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 亘爻亘亘 鬲賮囟賷賱 丕賱丕賯胤丕毓賷賳 賱賴賲 賱丨爻賳 毓賲賱賴賲 賵乇禺氐 兀噩乇賴賲....
賷乇賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲胤賵乇 賲毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賰賱 毓賱賶 丨丿丞貙 賷毓賵丿 亘賳丕 賮賷 賰賱 賲賳賴丕 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 賷乇賵賷 賯氐氐丕賸 賲毓 兀爻賲丕亍 丿賯賷賯丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱亘丨孬 賲賲賷夭貙 鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱兀賲乇 亘丿亍丕賸 賲賳 氐賵賳 丕賱賲賱賰賷賷賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷賳 賱亘毓囟 毓賴賵丿賴賲 賵丨鬲賶 鬲噩乇賷丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賲賳 賰賱 丨賯 賵賮乇囟 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 毓賱賷賴賲貙 賵賲賳 孬賲 鬲賴噩賷乇賴賲 賵鬲賵夭賷毓賴賲 毓賱賶 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵賲丕 乇丕賮賯 匕賱賰 賲賳 賯鬲賱 賵睾丿乇貙 賵丨鬲賶 丕鬲禺丕匕 賯乇丕乇 丕賱胤乇丿 毓賱賶 賷丿 賲賱賰 賲賴夭賵夭.
賵賰賲丕 丕賱賷賵賲 丕禺匕 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賰賱賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 賵賴賷 賲賵囟賵毓 賱丨丿 丕賱賷賵賲 賲爻鬲賲乇貙 賲賯鬲賵丕 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱禺丕氐 賱賱賳爻丕亍 賵丕賱乇噩丕賱貙 馗賳賵丕 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賷鬲賰丕孬乇賵賳 亘爻乇毓丞 賵賷囟毓賵賳 禺胤胤丕 賵賲丐丕賲乇丕鬲 -賴丿賮賴丕 賮乇囟 兀睾賱亘賷丞 爻賰丕賳賷丞 賰禺胤丞 亘毓賷丿丞 丕賱賲丿賶貙 丕賱賲丐丕賲乇丞 丕賱賲夭毓賵賲丞 賰丕賳 賲賮乇賵囟丕賸 兀賳 賷賳賮匕賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賲賳 丕賱亘爻胤丕亍 丕賱匕賷賳 賱賲 賷噩乇兀賵丕 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賰賱賲 亘賱睾鬲賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賱賳 賵兀購噩亘乇賵丕 毓賱賶 鬲乇賰 兀亘賵丕亘賴賲 賲賮鬲賵丨丞 丕賷丕賲 丕賱噩賲毓 賵兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱兀毓乇丕爻 賱賰賷 賱丕 賷毓賷卮賵丕 胤賯賵爻丕 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 賵鬲丿禺賱鬲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賮賷 兀丿賯 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丨賷丕鬲賴賲.
賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱賲囟丨賰丞 丕賱賲亘賰賷丞 噩丿丕 兀賳 賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賰賵賱賲亘賵爻 賰丕賳 賷丨丕賵賱 賲丨丕氐乇丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 禺賱丕賱 丕賰鬲卮丕賮賴 廿賱賶 兀賲賷乇賰丕 .
賲賳 兀賰孬乇 賲丕 丕丿賴卮賳賷 賴賵 兀賳 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵亘毓丿 毓賯賵丿 賲賳 賮乇囟 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賴賵賷丞貙 賵毓賳丿 胤乇丿賴賲 廿賱賶 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 禺乇噩賵丕 賷鬲睾賳賵賳 亘兀賴丕夭賷噩 賰丕賳鬲 賲丨馗賵乇丞 胤賷賱丞 爻賳賵丕鬲 禺賱鬲貙 賰丕賳 賯爻賲 賲賳賴賲 賮乇丨丕 爻毓賷丿丕賸 賱賷爻 賱兀賳賴賲 爻賷睾丕丿乇賵賳 丿賷丕乇賴賲 亘賱 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 鬲賲丕賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賲賰賱賵賲賷賳 賲馗賱賵賲賷賳 丨夭賷賳賷賳貙 賵廿賳賲丕 鬲丨丿賷丕賸 賲賳賴賲 賱胤丕乇丿賷賴賲貙 賲丨丕賵賱丞 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賳氐乇 兀賲丕賲 賲毓匕亘賷賴賲貙 丕賱賳氐乇 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賱賴賲.......
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷氐賵乇 亘卮賰賱 賲賲賷夭 兀賷囟丕 丕賱賵囟毓 賮賷 兀賵乇亘丕 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞貙 賷囟毓賳丕 亘卮賰賱 賲爻鬲賲乇 賮賷 賲丕 賰丕賳 賷丨賷胤 亘丕賱丕爻亘丕賳 賲賳 丨賵賱賴賲貙 賵丕禺亘丕乇 "賮鬲賵丨丕鬲賴賲" 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賲毓丕乇賰賴賲 賮賷 兀賵乇亘丕.
听
賱賲 賷賰賳 胤乇丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 卮賷卅丕 毓丕丿賷丕貙 賰丕賳 噩乇賷賲丞 賲賳馗賲丞貙 賮賱賲 賷賰賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱丕 兀亘賳丕亍 賱兀乇囟 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕貙 丕卮鬲丕賯賵丕 賱賴丕 賰孬賷乇丕賸貙 丕丨亘賵賴丕 乇睾賲 賯賴乇 丨賰丕賲賴丕 賱賴賲貙 毓丕丿 亘毓囟賴賲 禺賱爻丞貙 賮賷賲丕 鬲毓丕賷卮 丕賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇 賲毓 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱噩丿賷丿 賮賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 賵亘丿兀賵丕 賲乇丨賱丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賲賳 丕賱丕賳丿賲丕噩 賮賷 賲噩鬲賲毓 睾乇賷亘 毓賱賷賴賲貙 丨鬲賶 賱賵 賰丕賳 亘毓囟賴賲 賷賮鬲禺乇 亘兀氐賵賱賴 丕賱卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丞 丕賱丕 丕賳賴賲 賰丕賳賵 睾乇亘丕亍 賱睾丞 賵卮賰賱 賵兀爻賲丕亍貙 賵乇睾賲 胤賷亘丞 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賲囟賷賮丞 丕賱丕 丕賳 乇賵丕賷丕鬲 兀賰丿鬲 兀賳賴賲 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 兀賷囟丕 賱賳馗乇丞 爻賱亘賷丞 賰賵賳賴賲 賳氐丕乇賶 兀賵 鬲禺賱賵丕 毓賳 丿賷賳賴賲 兀賵 亘爻亘亘 卮賰賱賴賲 賵賱亘丕爻賴賲.
禺丕鬲賲丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賲賯丕乇賳丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱賱賲丕囟賷 亘丕賱丨丕囟乇貙 乇亘胤 氐賵乇 鬲賮噩賷乇丕鬲 丕賱賯丕毓丿丞 賮 賲丿乇賷丿貙 賱賳丿賳貙 賵氐毓賵丿 丕賱賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱睾乇亘賷 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 氐毓賵丿 賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 丿賲賵賷賷賳 賮賷 卮乇賯賳丕 丕賱賲毓匕亘貙 賵卮賰賱 氐丿丕賲 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 賰丕賳 賴丕賲丕賸 噩丿丕貙 賱賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賴賲丕賸 兀亘丿丕賸 廿匕丕 賱賲 賳丨賵賱賴 廿賱賶 賲卮丕毓賱 賱丕賳丕乇丞 丿乇賵亘賳丕貙 賲賳 睾賷乇 丕賱賲賯亘賵賱 兀賳 賳毓賷丿 鬲丕乇賷禺丕 丨氐賱 賯亘賱 賯乇賵賳 賵丕賳 賳賰賵賳 囟丨丕賷丕賴 賵鬲賰賵賳 丕賳爻丕賳賷鬲賳丕 賲賳夭賵毓丞 賲卮賵賴丞 鬲爻鬲賷睾 賯鬲賷賱丕賸 賵鬲賲孬賷賱丕賸 賮賯胤 賱兀賳賳丕 賲禺鬲賱賮賵賳貙 賱兀賳賳丕 賲賮囟賱賵賳 賲賳 毓丕賱賷 丕賱爻賲丕亍 兀乇賮毓 毓賯賷丿丞 賵丕爻賲賶 兀禺賱丕賯丕賸 賵丕賱賰賱丕賲 賴賳丕 賷卮賲賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷賳 丕賱卮乇賯賷 賵丕賱睾乇亘賷 貙 賲毓 兀賳賴 賵賱賱兀爻賮 賷毓丕丿 賵賷賰乇乇 賮賷 馗賱 丕賱氐毓賵丿 賱賱卮毓賵亘賷賳 賵丕賱賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 賲賳 丕賱胤乇賮賷賳 亘賷賳 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 賵丕賱賮鬲乇丞 .
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿亘丿丕毓 丨賯賷賯賷貙 賷賳氐丨 亘賴 賱賱賯賱賵亘 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱賴丕 丕賱丿賴乇 兀爻賵丿貙 丕賱乇兀賮丞 亘丕賱禺氐賲 禺氐賱丞 賰乇賷賲丞....
夭乇丕毓丞 孬賲 丕賯鬲賱丕毓貙貙 賰卮噩乇丞 夭賷鬲賵賳 睾購乇爻鬲 孬賲 丨賷賳 毓賲乇鬲 丕賯鬲購賱毓鬲貙 賴賰匕丕 賴賲 賲毓匕亘賵 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲賱禺賷氐 賱亘毓丿 廿賳爻丕賳賷 賲賮賯賵丿 賮賷 兀匕賴丕賳 賰孬賷乇 賲賲賳 賷賮鬲禺乇賵賳 亘丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 賱賳 兀亘丕賱睾 賵兀賯賵賱 賲賮賯賵丿 亘賱 賲購睾賷亘貙 兀賯賵賷丕亍 噩丿 賳丨賳 賮賷 丕爻鬲匕賰丕乇 丕賱兀賲噩丕丿 賵丕賱鬲睾賳賷 亘賴丕 賵囟毓丕賮 噩丿丕賸 賮賷 鬲賯賷賷賲 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 兀賵 乇丐賷鬲賴丕 賲賳 賰賱 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷貙毓賱賶 兀賳 賯賵賱賷 賴匕丕 賱丕 兀丨賲賱 賮賷賴 兀賷 賳賯丿 賲亘鬲匕賱 賰丕賱匕賷 賷丨賲賱賴 丕賱亘毓囟 賱賱毓乇亘 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賲噩乇丿 賮鬲丨賴賲 兀賵 睾夭賵賴賲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵賵氐賲賴賲 亘丕賱丿賲賵賷丞 賵丕賱爻丕丿賷丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙 賮匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 賰丕賳 賵賯鬲 睾夭賵 賵睾夭賵 賲囟丕丿貙 賱賷爻 賮賷賴 亘乇賷卅 丕亘丿丕賸 賵卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱賯賵賷 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱睾夭賵 賲毓鬲賲丿丞 毓賱賶 丨丕賲賱 丿賷賳賷 賷睾匕賷 丕賱賳賮賵爻 賵賷丿毓賲賴丕 賵賷賯賵賷賴丕 貙 賰丕賳 丕賱賮鬲丨 賵丕賱鬲賳賵賷乇 賵丕賱鬲亘卮賷乇 賲爻賵睾丕 賰賲丕 匕賰乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 賲賵囟毓 貙廿賳賲丕 毓賳賷鬲 兀賳 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱亘卮乇 毓丕賳賵丕 賵賯鬲賱賵丕 賵丕睾鬲氐亘賵丕 兀孬賳丕亍 賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴賲 賵兀丨賷丕賳丕賸 噩乇賶 賰賱 賲丕 爻亘賯 乇睾賲 禺囟賵毓賴賲 丕賱賲賳胤賯賷貙 賱賰賳 賯賱丞 賯賱賷賱丞 噩丿丕賸 鬲匕賰乇賴賲貙 鬲鬲毓丕胤賮 賲毓賴賲貙 鬲爻鬲毓賷丿 丨賰丕賷丕賴賲貙 毓丕賱賲賴賲 丕賱賲賵丕夭賷貙 賯賱丞 鬲毓乇賮 丕賳 賲賳賴賲 毓丕卮 睾乇賷亘丕賸 賮賷 亘賱丿賴 賯亘賱 兀賳 賷胤乇丿 賵毓丕卮 睾乇賷亘丕賸 賮賷 亘賱丿 賱丕 賷毓乇賮 毓賳賴丕 卮賷卅丕賸 廿賱丕 兀賳 丨賰丕賲 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕 賯丿 賳爻亘賵賴 賱賴丕貙 乇睾賲 兀賳 賲賳賴賲 賲賳 兀氐亘丨 賳氐乇丕賳賷丕賸 賵鬲氐丕賱丨 賲毓 賵丕賯毓賴 賱賰賳 賱賲 賷卮賮毓 賱賴 賴匕丕 賮賷 氐乇丕毓 丕賱噩賳賵賳貙 氐乇丕毓 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 氐乇丕毓 丕賱丿賲貙 氐乇丕毓 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱匕賷 賱賲 賷毓乇賮 丕鬲亘丕毓賴 丕賷 乇丨賲丞 貙 賲賳 賷匕賰乇 兀賳賴賲 鬲購乇賽賰賵丕 賵丨賷丿賷賳 賰賲丕 賷丨氐賱 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賲毓 丕賱賲爻丕賰賷賳貙 賷賰賵賳賵丕 丨胤亘丕賸 賱賱丨乇賵亘 賵賲卮丕毓賱丕賸 "賱賱噩賴丕丿" 賵 乇賲賵夭丕賸 賱賱氐賲賵丿貙 賷匕賰乇賴賲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賮賷 賳氐乇賴賲貙 賵賷賳爻賶 賯賴乇賴賲 賵丨夭賳賴賲貙 賵兀丨賷丕賳丕賸 賷賳亘匕賴賲 賱兀賳賴賲 兀氐亘丨賵丕 賳氐丕乇賶 兀賵 鬲賰賳賵丕 亘兀爻賲丕亍 兀毓噩賲賷丞 .
听鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賴賷 鬲噩乇亘丞 鬲卮亘賴 賵丕賯毓賳丕 丕賱毓乇亘賷 丕賱賷賵賲 賰孬賷乇丕賸貙 賮賰賲 賲賳丕 賷毓賷卮 丨賷丕丞 賲賵丕夭賷丞 賱兀賮賰丕乇 賱丕 鬲毓噩亘 丨賰丕賲 賵胤賵丕睾賷鬲貙 賰賲 賲賳 卮禺氐 爻購噩賳 賱兀賳 賯乇兀 賰鬲丕亘丕賸 賲賲賳賵毓 賳卮乇賴貙 兀賵 鬲丿丕賵賱 乇兀賷丕 賲丨馗賵乇 丕賱賰賱丕賲 賮賷賴 貙 賵賰賲 賲賳丕 賴購噩乇 賵胤乇丿 賲賳 亘賱丿賴貙 丕賯鬲購賱賽毓 賲賳 兀乇囟賴貙 賵兀賳丕 兀賯乇兀 毓賳 賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕鬲禺賷賱 賵丕賱丿賷 丕賱匕賷 兀噩亘乇 毓賱賶 鬲乇賰 亘賱丿賴 毓丕賲 2012 賮賷 丕賱 62 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 賵丕賳鬲賯賱 廿賱賶 亘賱丿 丌禺乇 賲噩亘乇丕賸貙 賲孬賱 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賷賯賷賲 賮賷 亘賱丿 賱丕 賷毓乇賮 賱睾鬲賴丕 賰賲丕 賰丕賳 賲毓馗賲賴賲 貙 賵兀賲賷 丕賱鬲賷 賮丕乇賯鬲 丕丨賮丕丿賴丕 睾氐亘丕賸貙 丕禺賵鬲賷 丕賱匕賷賳 亘丕鬲 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賮賷 亘賱丿貙 丕賱賮丕乇賯 丕賱賵丨賷丿 兀賳賳丕 賱丕 賳賳鬲賲賷 丕賱丕 賴賳丕-丕賱賲丕賳賷丕 - 兀亘丿丕 賵賲賳 胤乇丿賳丕 賲賳 丿賷丕乇賳丕 賴賲 兀賴賱賳丕 賵兀亘賳丕亍 噩賱丿鬲賳丕貙 賱賰賳 鬲噩乇亘鬲賳丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞貙 賵丕賱賯賴乇 賵丕賱丕賯鬲賱丕毓 兀噩丿賴丕 賯乇賷亘丞 噩丿丕賸貙 丕噩丿 丕賱胤乇丿 卮亘賷賴丕賸 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇貙 禺丕氐丞 兀賳賳賷 丕鬲丨丿乇 賲賳 丨賲氐 賵爻胤 爻賵乇賷丕貙 賲賳 賲賳胤賯丞 卮賴丿鬲 氐乇丕毓丕賸 丨購賵賽賱 廿賱賶 氐乇丕毓 賲匕賴亘賷 丕賳鬲賴賶 亘乇賮毓 乇丕賷丞 "賷丕 丨爻賷賳 " 毓賱賶 賲爻噩丿 爻賳賷 賲賳 賯亘賱 賲賯丕鬲賱賷賳 賱亘賳丕賳賷賷賳 賯丿賲賵丕 賳氐乇丞 賱夭賷賳亘 賵丕賱丨爻賷賳.......
賰賲丕 丕賱兀賲乇 賲毓 丕賱賲毓匕亘賷賳 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱毓乇丕賯賷賷賳貙 丕賱賱亘賳丕賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱噩夭丕卅乇賷賷賳貙...... 丕賱禺貙 賰賲 丕丿賱爻賷丕賸 亘丕賰賷丕賸 毓賱賶 兀胤賱丕賱 亘賷鬲賴 賮賷 毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱賷賵賲責
賴賱 丕爻鬲賮丿賳丕 賲賳 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賵賴賱 丕丨爻爻賳丕 亘毓賲賯 噩乇丨賴賲責 賴賱 賳丨賳 丕賱賷賵賲 賳丨爻 亘賵噩毓 賲賳 賷毓賷卮 賳賮爻 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞責賴賱 賱丿賷賳丕 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 鬲賯亘賱 賲賳 賷亘丿賵賳 兀毓丿丕亍貙 賴賱 賷賲賰賳賳丕 丕賱鬲毓丕胤賮 賲毓賴賲責 賰賷賮 賱丕 賵賳丨賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 禺購匕賽賱貙 賵賯購鬲賱
**
賮賷賲丕 賷禺氐 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘卮賰賱 賲禺鬲氐乇 :
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賳噩賲丞 毓馗賷賲丞 鬲賵囟毓 毓賱賶 氐丿乇 丕賱鬲爻丕賲丨 丕賱匕賷 鬲賯賵丿賴 賳禺亘丞 賲賳 丕賱卮噩毓丕賳 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷貙 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 亘胤乇賷賯丞 乇丕卅毓丞 爻乇丿 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞貙 賷鬲禺賱賱賴丕 丿禺賵賱 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘毓丕丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 睾丕亘鬲 毓賳 兀賱賷 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賷 廿爻亘丕賳賷丕. 賷賳丕賯卮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿禺賵賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱丕賳丿賱爻貙 賵賵囟毓 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲貙 賵賷賳鬲賯賱 亘爻乇毓丞 賱鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 賵氐賵賱丕賸 賱賲乇丨賱丞 丕賱囟毓賮 賵丕賳丨爻丕乇听 賵賲丨丕氐乇丞 鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賱賲賳 鬲亘賯賶 賲賳 丕賳丿賱爻賷賷賳貙 氐乇丕毓丕鬲 丕賱兀賲乇丕亍 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬 丨鬲賶 爻賯賵胤 睾乇賳丕胤丞 丕賱賲丿賵賷 丕賵賱 賱賷丕賱賷 賷賳丕賷乇 1492.
賵賲賳 賴賳丕 鬲亘丿兀 丕賱丨賰丕賷丞貙貙 賱賲 賷賰賳 鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱 賲賳鬲氐乇賷賳 賲毓 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賲丿賮賵毓丕賸 賮賯胤 亘賰乇賴 賱賱睾夭丕丞貙 亘賱 賰丕賳 賷丨賲賱 卮毓賵乇丕賸 亘丕賱鬲賮賵賯貙 賵賷禺亘兀 鬲丨鬲賴 賰爻乇丕 賰亘賷乇丕賸 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 "丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳" 丕賱兀賯賱 賲乇鬲亘丞貙 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賰賮丕乇貙 丕賱賴丕噩乇賷賷賳貙 丕賱賴賲噩 丕賱亘乇丕亘乇丞貙 賯胤丕毓 丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱賲睾鬲氐亘賵賳貙 賯丿 丕丨鬲賱賵丕 兀乇囟賴賲貙 賰賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱氐賮丕鬲 賵睾賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賱賯賶 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲貙 賰丕賳鬲 卮丕卅毓丞 亘丿賷賴賷丞. 賰乇賴 毓馗賷賲 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 賲禺賷賮丞 丕爻鬲賴丿賮鬲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵賳丕賱鬲 賲賳 丨乇賷鬲賴賲貙 賷爻賵賯 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀賲孬賱丞 毓丿賷丿丞 毓賲 鬲爻丕賲丨 賵毓丿賱 丨賲賱賴 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賱賱賷賴賵丿 賵丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻貙 毓丿賱 賴卮 賵鬲爻丕賲丨 賱賲 賷賰賳 丿丌卅賲丕 賴賵 丕賱睾丕賱亘 賱賰賳賴 亘賰賱 鬲兀賰賷丿 賱賲 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 兀賷 丿乇噩丞 賲賳 丿乇噩丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 丕賱噩賳賵賳賷 丕賱匕賷 賲賷夭 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 亘毓丿 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丿丕丿貙賷乇噩毓 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 亘丨匕丕賯丞 馗丕賴乇丞 廿賱賶 兀爻亘丕亘賴丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱賳賮爻賷丞貙 賷氐賮 賱賳丕 賰孬賷乇丕賸 丕賱丨爻丕爻賷丕鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱毓賲丕賱 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 賵賰乇賴賴賴賲 賱賱毓賲丕賱 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 亘爻亘亘 鬲賮囟賷賱 丕賱丕賯胤丕毓賷賳 賱賴賲 賱丨爻賳 毓賲賱賴賲 賵乇禺氐 兀噩乇賴賲....
賷乇賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲胤賵乇 賲毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賲丕賱賰 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 賰賱 毓賱賶 丨丿丞貙 賷毓賵丿 亘賳丕 賮賷 賰賱 賲賳賴丕 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 賷乇賵賷 賯氐氐丕賸 賲毓 兀爻賲丕亍 丿賯賷賯丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱亘丨孬 賲賲賷夭貙 鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱兀賲乇 亘丿亍丕賸 賲賳 氐賵賳 丕賱賲賱賰賷賷賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷賳 賱亘毓囟 毓賴賵丿賴賲 賵丨鬲賶 鬲噩乇賷丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賳 賲賳 賰賱 丨賯 賵賮乇囟 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 毓賱賷賴賲貙 賵賲賳 孬賲 鬲賴噩賷乇賴賲 賵鬲賵夭賷毓賴賲 毓賱賶 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵賲丕 乇丕賮賯 匕賱賰 賲賳 賯鬲賱 賵睾丿乇貙 賵丨鬲賶 丕鬲禺丕匕 賯乇丕乇 丕賱胤乇丿 毓賱賶 賷丿 賲賱賰 賲賴夭賵夭.
賵賰賲丕 丕賱賷賵賲 丕禺匕 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賰賱賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 賵賴賷 賲賵囟賵毓 賱丨丿 丕賱賷賵賲 賲爻鬲賲乇貙 賲賯鬲賵丕 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱禺丕氐 賱賱賳爻丕亍 賵丕賱乇噩丕賱貙 馗賳賵丕 兀賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賷鬲賰丕孬乇賵賳 亘爻乇毓丞 賵賷囟毓賵賳 禺胤胤丕 賵賲丐丕賲乇丕鬲 -賴丿賮賴丕 賮乇囟 兀睾賱亘賷丞 爻賰丕賳賷丞 賰禺胤丞 亘毓賷丿丞 丕賱賲丿賶貙 丕賱賲丐丕賲乇丞 丕賱賲夭毓賵賲丞 賰丕賳 賲賮乇賵囟丕賸 兀賳 賷賳賮匕賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賲賳 丕賱亘爻胤丕亍 丕賱匕賷賳 賱賲 賷噩乇兀賵丕 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賰賱賲 亘賱睾鬲賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賱賳 賵兀購噩亘乇賵丕 毓賱賶 鬲乇賰 兀亘賵丕亘賴賲 賲賮鬲賵丨丞 丕賷丕賲 丕賱噩賲毓 賵兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱兀毓乇丕爻 賱賰賷 賱丕 賷毓賷卮賵丕 胤賯賵爻丕 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 賵鬲丿禺賱鬲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 賮賷 兀丿賯 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丨賷丕鬲賴賲.
賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱賲囟丨賰丞 丕賱賲亘賰賷丞 噩丿丕 兀賳 賰乇賷爻鬲賵賮 賰賵賱賲亘賵爻 賰丕賳 賷丨丕賵賱 賲丨丕氐乇丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 禺賱丕賱 丕賰鬲卮丕賮賴 廿賱賶 兀賲賷乇賰丕 .
賲賳 兀賰孬乇 賲丕 丕丿賴卮賳賷 賴賵 兀賳 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵亘毓丿 毓賯賵丿 賲賳 賮乇囟 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賴賵賷丞貙 賵毓賳丿 胤乇丿賴賲 廿賱賶 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 禺乇噩賵丕 賷鬲睾賳賵賳 亘兀賴丕夭賷噩 賰丕賳鬲 賲丨馗賵乇丞 胤賷賱丞 爻賳賵丕鬲 禺賱鬲貙 賰丕賳 賯爻賲 賲賳賴賲 賮乇丨丕 爻毓賷丿丕賸 賱賷爻 賱兀賳賴賲 爻賷睾丕丿乇賵賳 丿賷丕乇賴賲 亘賱 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 鬲賲丕賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賲賰賱賵賲賷賳 賲馗賱賵賲賷賳 丨夭賷賳賷賳貙 賵廿賳賲丕 鬲丨丿賷丕賸 賲賳賴賲 賱胤丕乇丿賷賴賲貙 賲丨丕賵賱丞 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賳氐乇 兀賲丕賲 賲毓匕亘賷賴賲貙 丕賱賳氐乇 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賱賴賲.......
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷氐賵乇 亘卮賰賱 賲賲賷夭 兀賷囟丕 丕賱賵囟毓 賮賷 兀賵乇亘丕 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞貙 賷囟毓賳丕 亘卮賰賱 賲爻鬲賲乇 賮賷 賲丕 賰丕賳 賷丨賷胤 亘丕賱丕爻亘丕賳 賲賳 丨賵賱賴賲貙 賵丕禺亘丕乇 "賮鬲賵丨丕鬲賴賲" 賮賷 兀賲賷乇賰丕 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賲毓丕乇賰賴賲 賮賷 兀賵乇亘丕.
听
賱賲 賷賰賳 胤乇丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 卮賷卅丕 毓丕丿賷丕貙 賰丕賳 噩乇賷賲丞 賲賳馗賲丞貙 賮賱賲 賷賰賳 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 丕賱丕 兀亘賳丕亍 賱兀乇囟 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕貙 丕卮鬲丕賯賵丕 賱賴丕 賰孬賷乇丕賸貙 丕丨亘賵賴丕 乇睾賲 賯賴乇 丨賰丕賲賴丕 賱賴賲貙 毓丕丿 亘毓囟賴賲 禺賱爻丞貙 賮賷賲丕 鬲毓丕賷卮 丕賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇 賲毓 丕賱賵丕賯毓 丕賱噩丿賷丿 賮賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 賵亘丿兀賵丕 賲乇丨賱丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賲賳 丕賱丕賳丿賲丕噩 賮賷 賲噩鬲賲毓 睾乇賷亘 毓賱賷賴賲貙 丨鬲賶 賱賵 賰丕賳 亘毓囟賴賲 賷賮鬲禺乇 亘兀氐賵賱賴 丕賱卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丞 丕賱丕 丕賳賴賲 賰丕賳賵 睾乇亘丕亍 賱睾丞 賵卮賰賱 賵兀爻賲丕亍貙 賵乇睾賲 胤賷亘丞 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賲囟賷賮丞 丕賱丕 丕賳 乇賵丕賷丕鬲 兀賰丿鬲 兀賳賴賲 鬲毓乇囟賵丕 兀賷囟丕 賱賳馗乇丞 爻賱亘賷丞 賰賵賳賴賲 賳氐丕乇賶 兀賵 鬲禺賱賵丕 毓賳 丿賷賳賴賲 兀賵 亘爻亘亘 卮賰賱賴賲 賵賱亘丕爻賴賲.
禺丕鬲賲丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賲賯丕乇賳丞 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱賱賲丕囟賷 亘丕賱丨丕囟乇貙 乇亘胤 氐賵乇 鬲賮噩賷乇丕鬲 丕賱賯丕毓丿丞 賮 賲丿乇賷丿貙 賱賳丿賳貙 賵氐毓賵丿 丕賱賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱睾乇亘賷 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 氐毓賵丿 賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 丿賲賵賷賷賳 賮賷 卮乇賯賳丕 丕賱賲毓匕亘貙 賵卮賰賱 氐丿丕賲 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 賰丕賳 賴丕賲丕賸 噩丿丕貙 賱賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賴賲丕賸 兀亘丿丕賸 廿匕丕 賱賲 賳丨賵賱賴 廿賱賶 賲卮丕毓賱 賱丕賳丕乇丞 丿乇賵亘賳丕貙 賲賳 睾賷乇 丕賱賲賯亘賵賱 兀賳 賳毓賷丿 鬲丕乇賷禺丕 丨氐賱 賯亘賱 賯乇賵賳 賵丕賳 賳賰賵賳 囟丨丕賷丕賴 賵鬲賰賵賳 丕賳爻丕賳賷鬲賳丕 賲賳夭賵毓丞 賲卮賵賴丞 鬲爻鬲賷睾 賯鬲賷賱丕賸 賵鬲賲孬賷賱丕賸 賮賯胤 賱兀賳賳丕 賲禺鬲賱賮賵賳貙 賱兀賳賳丕 賲賮囟賱賵賳 賲賳 毓丕賱賷 丕賱爻賲丕亍 兀乇賮毓 毓賯賷丿丞 賵丕爻賲賶 兀禺賱丕賯丕賸 賵丕賱賰賱丕賲 賴賳丕 賷卮賲賱 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷賳 丕賱卮乇賯賷 賵丕賱睾乇亘賷 貙 賲毓 兀賳賴 賵賱賱兀爻賮 賷毓丕丿 賵賷賰乇乇 賮賷 馗賱 丕賱氐毓賵丿 賱賱卮毓賵亘賷賳 賵丕賱賲鬲胤乇賮賷賳 賲賳 丕賱胤乇賮賷賳 亘賷賳 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 賵丕賱賮鬲乇丞 .
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿亘丿丕毓 丨賯賷賯賷貙 賷賳氐丨 亘賴 賱賱賯賱賵亘 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱賴丕 丕賱丿賴乇 兀爻賵丿貙 丕賱乇兀賮丞 亘丕賱禺氐賲 禺氐賱丞 賰乇賷賲丞....
November 11, 2023
鈥溫Ｙ娰� 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱毓丕丿賷 丕賱匕賷 賷賯乇兀 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲賯丿爻貙 兀賵 丕賱匕賷 賷丿乇爻 丕賱廿賳噩賷賱 兀賵 丕賱兀賳亘賷丕亍 兀賵 丕賱丨賵丕乇賷賷賳責 賵丕丨爻乇鬲丕賴! 賱賯丿 睾丿丕 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 丕賱賲賵賴賵亘賵賳 噩賲賷毓丕賸 賷賯乇丐賵賳 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵賷丿乇爻賵賳賴丕 亘丨賲丕爻貙 賵賷噩賲毓賵賳 賲賰鬲亘丕鬲 囟禺賲丞 亘兀賲賵丕賱 賰孬賷乇丞貙 賵賷丨鬲賯乇賵賳 丕賱兀丿亘 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷 賱賰賵賳賴 睾賷乇 噩丿賷乇 亘丕賴鬲賲丕賲賴賲 賵賳爻賵丕 賱睾鬲賴賲 賱丿乇噩丞 兀賳賴 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 賰賱 卮禺氐 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 賰鬲丕亘丞 乇爻丕賱丞 賱氐丿賷賯 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞貙 兀賱賮 卮禺氐 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 兀賳賮爻賴賲 亘賱睾丞 毓乇亘賷丞 亘賱賷睾丞貙 賵賷賰鬲亘賵賳 賯氐丕卅丿 亘賴匕賴 丕賱賱睾丞 兀賮囟賱 賲賳 丕賱毓乇亘 兀賳賮爻賴賲鈥�
兀賯乇兀 丕賱賳氐 囟丕丨賰丞 賲賳 鬲亘丿賱 丕賱兀丨賵丕賱貙 孬賲 兀賰賲賱 亘賯賷丞 丕賱賳氐賵氐 賱兀鬲兀賲賱 賰賷賮 賷賰乇乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賳賮爻賴貙 賮賷 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 孬賯丕賮丞貙 賵囟賲賵乇 兀禺乇賶貙 賮賷 丕賱賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷毓丕賲賱 亘賴丕 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱丌禺乇 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮貙 賵賰賷賮 賷馗賳 兀賳賴 鬲噩丕賵夭 賲丕囟賷賴 賵賴賵 賲鬲噩匕乇 賮賷賴 丨丿 丕賱賳禺丕毓貙 賵賱毓賱 兀卮亘賴 氐賵乇丞 賮賷 賵丕賯毓賳丕 丕賱丨丕囟乇 亘賲丕 丨氐賱 賱廿禺賵丕賳賳丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賴賵 賲丕 賷丨丿孬 丕賱賷賵賲 賱賱卮毓亘 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷貙 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賴噩賷乇 賵丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱卮丕賲賱丞 賱孬賯丕賮鬲賴賲 賵丿賷賳賴賲貙 賵賲氐丕丿乇丞 兀乇丕囟賷賴賲貙 賵兀乇噩賵 兀賳 鬲毓賷丿 賱賳丕 夭賱丕賯丞 兀禺乇賶 賮賱爻胤賷賳 賯亘賱 兀賳 鬲丐賵賱 廿賱賶 兀賳丿賱爻 兀禺乇賶貙 鈥溬佡佡� 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賳賷賵 1511 氐丿乇 賲乇爻賵賲 賲賱賰賷 亘丨馗乇 丕賱匕亘丨 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賵兀賲乇 亘兀賳 賷賯賵賲 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 丕賱賯丿丕賲賶 亘匕亘丨 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 兀賵 兀賳 賷丨丿孬 匕賱賰 鬲丨鬲 廿卮乇丕賮賴賲. 賵賲賳毓 賲乇爻賵賲 孬丕賱孬 丕賱禺賷丕胤賷賳 丕賱睾乇賳丕胤賷賷賳 賲賳 氐賳毓 丕賱賱亘丕爻 芦丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷禄貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱鬲卮乇賷毓 賰丕賳 賲賵噩賴丕 亘丕賱兀爻丕爻 廿賱賶 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱賳爻丕卅賷. 賵賮賷 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 賵丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賱賷賵 1513貙 卮噩亘 賲乇爻賵賲 乇丕亘毓 丕賱賳爻丕亍 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷丕鬲 丕賱賱丕鬲賷 賰賳 賷賲卮賷賳 亘睾胤丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴貙 賵兀毓胤賶 賱賴賳 賲賴賱丞 爻賳鬲賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 鬲亘賱賶 賲賱丨賮丕鬲賴賳貙 賵亘毓丿 匕賱賰 鬲鬲毓乇囟 丕賱賲乇兀丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮丕賴丿 亘睾胤丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴 賱爻賱爻賱丞 鬲氐丕毓丿賷丞 賲賳 丕賱毓賯賵亘丕鬲 鬲亘丿兀 亘賲氐丕丿乇丞 賯胤毓丞 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱賲禺丕賱賮丞 賮賷 丕賱賲禺丕賱賮丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 孬賲 廿賱賶 丕賱噩賱丿 賵丕賱賳賮賷.鈥�
鈥溬娰冑堎� 賲賳馗乇 丕賱賱丨賷丞 賮賷賴丕 兀賵 賯賲賷氐 丕賱卮賱賵丕乇 兀賵 丕賱賳賯丕亘 丿賱賷賱丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 兀賵 乇賮囟 丕賱丕賳丿賲丕噩 賵賰賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丨丕賱 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 毓卮乇貙 賷賲賷賱 鬲氐賵賷乇 賲爻賱賲賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 兀賳賴賲 噩賲丕毓丕鬲 賲卮鬲亘賴 賮賷賴丕 廿賱賶 鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賵丕賱丿賷賳賷貙 爻賵丕亍 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷 兀賵 丕賱賲鬲禺賷賱 賮丨爻亘鈥�
賴賱 鬲噩丕賵夭賳丕 丕賱丨賯亘 丕賱賲馗賱賲丞 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丨賯丕賸責
鈥溬佖官勝� 禺賱丕賮 丕賱賷賴賵丿貙 賳丕丿乇丕賸 賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賷卮睾賱賵賳 賲賵丕賯毓 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賵廿丿丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷貙 賵賱賲 賷乇鬲亘胤賵丕 賰匕賱賰 亘丕賱賲賴賳 丕賱賲丨鬲賯乇丞 賲孬賱 噩賲毓 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘. 賵賮賷 賲噩鬲賲毓 賳氐乇丕賳賷 賰丕賳 賷丨鬲賯乇 丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱賷丿賵賷貙 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲賰丕賳丞 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賵丕囟毓丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 鬲賵賱丿 賳丨賵賴賲 丕賱丕夭丿乇丕亍 賵賱賷爻 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞. 賵賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 毓賷賳賴 賰丕賳鬲 卮賴乇丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱丕毓鬲丿丕賱 賵丕賱鬲丿亘賷乇 賵丕賱賰丿 鬲噩毓賱賴賲 噩匕丕亘賷賳 噩丿丕賸 賱兀乇亘丕亘 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 賵賲賱丕賰 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賲夭丕賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 亘賯賷鬲 賮賷 兀賲孬丕賱 賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賲孬賱: 鈥淨uien tiene moro tiene oro鈥� = 賲賳 賷賲鬲賱賰 兀賳丿賱爻賷丕賸 賷賲鬲賱賰 匕賴亘丕賸 賵 鈥渃uanto mas moros mas ganancia鈥�= (夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 鬲毓賳賷 夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱乇亘丨). 賮賰丕賳 丕賱毓丕賲賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲 爻賱毓丞 孬賲賷賳丞 賵亘禺丕氐丞 賮賷 亘賱賳爻賷丞鈥�
賱丕丨馗: 鈥溫з勜ж藏必ж� 賵賱賷爻 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞鈥� 兀馗賳賳丕 賳毓賷卮 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丨賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賳鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賴賳丕 賮丨爻亘貙 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 賷丿毓賵 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱兀亘賷囟 廿賱賶 賳亘匕 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞貙 賵賱賰賳賴 賮賷 丿丕禺賱 賳賮爻賴 賱賲 賷賲賳毓锟斤拷丕 賲賳 丕丨鬲賯丕乇 賴匕丕 丕賱丌禺乇 賵丕夭丿乇丕卅賴.
賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 丕賱匕賷賳 鈥溬佡� 鬲賳丕賵賱賴賲 賱賱胤毓丕賲貙 賷兀賰賱賵賳 丿丕卅賲丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 亘賱丕 胤丕賵賱丞 兀賵 兀賷 賯胤毓丞 兀孬丕孬 兀禺乇賶貙 賲賲丕 賷賯乇賮 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳... 兀賲丕 賲丕 賷兀賰賱賵賴 賮賴賵 兀卮賷丕亍 丨賯賷乇丞... 賰丕賱禺囟乇丕賵丕鬲 賵丕賱丨亘賵亘 賵丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 賵丕賱毓爻賱 賵丕賱丨賱賷亘 賵賱丕 賷卮乇亘賵賳 丕賱賳亘賷匕 賵賱丕 賷兀賰賱賵賳 丕賱賱丨賲 廿賱丕 廿匕丕 匕亘丨賵賴 亘兀賳賮爻賴賲... 賵賷丨亘賵賳 丕賱卮毓賵匕丞 賵丕賱賯氐氐 賵丕賱乇賯氐 賵丕賱鬲賳夭賴 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丕賳丨乇丕賮丕鬲 丕賱亘賴賷賲賷丞 ... 賵賷毓賲賱賵賳 亘賲賴賳 賱丕 鬲鬲胤賱亘 毓賲賱丕賸 賰孬賷乇丕賸 賲孬賱 丕賱賳爻噩 賵丕賱禺賷丕胤丞 賵氐賳毓 丕賱兀丨匕賷丞 賵丕賱賳噩丕乇丞 賵賲丕 卮丕亘賴 賵 賴賲 亘丕毓丞 賲鬲噩賵賱賵賳 賱賱夭賷鬲 賵丕賱爻賲賰 賵丕賱毓爻賱 賵丕賱爻賰乇 賵丕賱亘賷囟 賵丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶貙 賵賴賲 卮賴賵丕賳賷賵賳 賵睾丕丿乇賵賳鈥澵� 鈥溬堎囐� 氐睾丕乇貙 賵賷鬲賰丕孬乇賵賳 賰丕賱兀毓卮丕亘 丕賱囟丕乇丞貙 賮賷夭丨賲賵賳 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳 賵賷賱賵孬賵賳賴丕鈥�. 賴匕賴 毓賷賳賴丕 氐賵乇丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賮賷 毓賷賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯貙 孬賲 賷馗賳 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 兀賳賴 鬲噩丕賵夭 賲丕 賰丕賳 賷丿毓賵賴 鈥溫з勝傌辟堎� 丕賱賵爻胤賶鈥�.
賱丕 夭丕賱 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲 賵丕賱毓乇亘賷 賲賴賲丕 賵囟乇賵乇賷丕 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇 賵丕賱賲丨鬲賱貙 賱丕 賱兀賳賴 賷賯丿乇 丕賱鬲賳賵毓 丕賱毓乇賯賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷貙 亘賱 賱兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賳賵毓 賴賵 賲丕 賷鬲賷丨 賱賴 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱丨賯賷乇丞 毓亘乇 乇賲賷 賲爻丐賵賱賷鬲賴丕 廿賱賶 賴丐賱丕亍.
丨鬲賶 賮賷 毓氐乇 胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱丕 爻賷賲丕 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴貙 賰丕賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓 卮亘賷賴丕 亘賵丕賯毓 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 鈥溫з勝呚敦扁€澵� 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱禺賱丕賮 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賵丕賱毓乇賯賷 亘丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱賴 賵馗賷賮賷丕貙 賵賷鬲賷丨 賱賴 賰賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 丕賱賲丨鬲賱丞 亘賵囟賵丨 賲毓 丕賱囟賮丞 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞 亘噩毓賱賴丕 鈥溬呝冐� 賳賮丕賷丕鬲賴丕鈥� 賵丕賱賲爻丐賵賱 丕賱丨氐乇賷 賱賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱睾賷乇 賲乇睾賵亘 亘賴丕貙 賵丕賱兀賷丿賷 丕賱毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱乇禺賷氐丞 賱廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱賲卮丕乇賷毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶.
鈥溬勝傌� 賵賯毓鬲 丕丨鬲賷丕賱丕鬲 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賳賵毓 亘賱丕 卮賰貙 賵賰丕賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賴賲 丕賱噩賳丕丞 賮賷 兀睾賱亘 丕賱兀丨賷丕賳. 賲毓 匕賱賰 賰丕賳 丕賱囟丨丕賷丕 丕賱乇卅賷爻賵賳 賱賱噩賳丞 爻丕賳鬲賷丕睾賵 賴賲 丕賱賲夭丕乇毓賵賳 賵丕賱賮賱丕丨賵賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 氐賵丿乇鬲 兀乇丕囟賷賴賲 賱兀賳 賲賱丕賰賴丕 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵丕 兀賳 賷兀鬲賵丕 亘氐賰賵賰 賲賱賰賷丞 乇爻賲賷丞貙 廿匕 賰丕賳 賲賵乇爻賰賷賵賳 賰孬乇 賷丨賲賱賵賳 爻賳丿丕鬲 賲賱賰賷丞 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞貙 賵賰丕賳賵丕 睾賷乇 賲賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賵賱匕賱賰 賱賲 賷鬲賲賰賳賵丕 賲賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 毓賱賶 賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賲賮賵囟賷賳 賮賷 賲丨賰賲丞 丕賱丕爻鬲卅賳丕賮 丕賱睾乇賳丕胤賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲禺囟毓 賱爻賷胤乇丞 禺氐賵賲賴賲鈥�
兀賱丕 賷匕賰乇賰 賴匕丕 亘丕賱兀爻賱賵亘 丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷 賮賷 賲氐丕丿乇鬲賴 賱賱兀乇丕囟賷責
丕賱鬲賮賳賳 賮賷 兀丿賵丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘:
鈥溬冐з嗀� 鬲賮囟賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱丨亘丕賱 丕賱賲卮丿賵丿丞 亘廿丨賰丕賲 毓賱賶 丕賱兀匕乇毓 賵丕賱兀乇噩賱 賵丕賱卮丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賽禺賿賱賻毓丞 賵丕賱賯賲丕卮丞 賵丕賱賲丕亍貙 (賵賴賵 卮賰賱 賲賲丕 賳爻賲賷賴 丕賱賷賵賲 丕賱廿睾乇丕賯 丕賱賰丕匕亘)貙 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱丨丿賷丿 丕賱丨丕乇賯 兀賵 丕賱賱賵賱亘. 賵亘禺賱丕賮 丕賱賯囟丕丞 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷賷賳貙 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賲丨賰賲丞 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 鬲兀賲乇 亘賯胤毓 兀賱爻賳丞 丕賱夭賳丕丿賯丞 賯亘賱 廿毓丿丕賲賴賲 賱丨乇賲丕賳賴賲 賲賳 丕賱氐賱丕丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賰毓賲賴賲 毓賵囟丕賸 毓賳 匕賱賰.鈥�
賵賲毓 賰賱 賲丕 爻亘賯貙 賲丕 夭丕賱鬲 丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷丞 賱賴丐賱丕亍 丨賱賲丕 賷丿丕毓亘 禺賷丕賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷貙 賵賷馗賴乇 賮賷 賮賱鬲丕鬲 賱爻丕賳賴 丨鬲賶 賷賵賲賳丕 丕賱丨丕囟乇:
鈥溬堎冐з� 賲賳 丕賱賲賯鬲乇丨丕鬲 丕賱兀賵賱賶 禺賱丕賱 賲丿丕賵賱丕鬲 賲噩賱爻 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賮賷 賱卮亘賵賳丞 賮賷 毓丕賲賷 1581-1582貙 丕賱鬲賷 毓丕賵丿鬲 丕賱馗賴賵乇 毓賱賶 丕賱爻胤丨 賱丕丨賯丕 賮賷 賲賳丕賯卮丕鬲 乇爻賲賷丞 兀禺乇賶貙 卮丨賳 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 噩賲賷毓賴賲 毓賱賶 爻賮賳 亘賱丕 兀卮乇毓丞 鬲丐禺匕 廿賱賶 丕賱亘丨乇 孬賲 鬲禺乇賯 丕賱廿睾乇丕賯 乇賰丕亘賴丕. 賮賮賷 賲匕賰乇丞 胤賵賷賱丞 廿賱賶 賮賷賱賷亘 賮賷 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賱賷賵 1597貙 丕賯鬲乇丨 兀爻賯賮 爻賯賵乇亘丞 賲丕乇鬲賳 丿賷 爻丕賱亘鬲賷乇丞 賳賯賱 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 廿賱賶 賰賷亘 讴賵丿 Cape Cod 賵 賳蹖賵 賮賳丿賱賳丿 Newfoundland 亘兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 賵賴賳丕賰 鬲乇丕賯亘賴賲 丕賱丨丕賲賷丞 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賵賴賲 賷賳賯乇囟賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕禺 丕賱賯丕爻賷貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯鬲乇丨 丕賱兀爻賯賮 丕賱鬲毓噩賷賱 亘賴丕 毓亘乇 禺氐賷 丕賱乇噩丕賱 賵鬲毓賯賷賲 丕賱賳爻丕亍鈥�.
芦廿禺賵丕賳賳丕 丕賱賯丕亘囟賷賳 毓賱賶 丿賷賳賴賲貙 賲賳 兀噩夭賱 丕賱賱賴 孬賵丕亘賴賲 賮賷賲丕 賱賯賵丕 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴貙 賵氐亘乇賵丕 丕賱賳賮賵爻 賵丕賱兀賵賱丕丿 賮賷 賲乇囟丕鬲賴貙 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 丕賱賯乇亘丕亍 賲賳 賲噩丕賵乇丞 賳亘賷賴 賮賷 丕賱賮乇丿賵爻 丕賱兀毓賱賶 賲賳 噩賳丕鬲賴貙 賵丕乇孬賵 爻亘賷賱 丕賱爻賱賮 丕賱氐丕賱丨 賮賷 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲卮丕賯 賵廿賳 亘賱睾鬲 丕賱賳賮賵爻 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲乇丕賯 ... 賲賳 毓亘賷丿 丕賱賱賴 兀氐睾乇 毓亘賷丿賴 賵兀丨賵噩賴賲 廿賱賶 毓賮賵賴 賵 賲夭賷丿賴 兀丨賲丿 丕亘賳 亘賵噩賲毓丞 丕賱賲睾乇丕賵賷 孬賲 丕賱賵賴乇丕賳賷: 賰丕賳 丕賱賱賴 賱賱噩賲賷毓 亘賱胤賮賴 賵爻鬲乇賴 ... 賵賲丐賰丿丕賸 毓賱賷賰賲 賮賷 賲賱丕夭賲丞 丿賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 丌賲乇蹖賳 亘賴 賲賳 亘賱睾 賲賳 兀賵賱丕丿賰賲 廿賳 賱賲 鬲禺丕賮賵丕 丿禺賵賱 卮乇 毓賱賷賰賲 賲賳 廿毓賱丕賲 毓丿賵賰賲 亘胤賵賷鬲賰賲貙 賮胤賵亘賶 賱賱睾乇亘丕亍 丕賱匕賷賳 賷氐賱丨賵賳 廿匕丕 賮爻丿 丕賱賳丕爻貙 賵廿賳 匕丕賰乇 丕賱賱賴 亘賷賳 丕賱睾丕賮賱賷賳 賰丕賱丨賷 亘賷賳 丕賱賲賵鬲賶 賮丕毓賱賲賵丕 兀賳 丕賱兀氐賳丕賲 禺卮亘 賲賳噩賵乇 賵丨噩乇 噩賱賲賵丿 賱丕 賷囟乇 賵賱丕 賷賳賮毓 賵丕賳 丕賱賲賱賰 賲賱賰 丕賱賱賴 賲丕 丕鬲禺匕 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 賵賱丿 賵賲丕 賰丕賳 賲毓賴 賲賳 廿賱賴 賮丕毓亘丿賵賴 賵丕氐胤亘乇賵丕 賱毓亘丕丿鬲賴 賮丕賱氐賱丕丞 賵賱賵 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕亍貙 賵丕賱夭賰丕丞 賵賱賵 賰兀賳賴丕 賴丿賷丞 賱賮賯賷乇賰賲 兀賵 乇賷丕亍貙 賱兀賳 丕賱賱賴 賱丕 賷賳馗乇 廿賱賶 氐賵乇賰賲 賵賱賰賳 廿賱賶 賯賱賵亘賰賲貙 賵丕賱睾爻賱 賲賳 丕賱噩賳丕亘丞 賵賱賵 毓賵賲丕賸 賮賷 丕賱亘丨賵乇 賵廿賳 賲賳毓鬲賲 賮丕賱氐賱丕丞 賯賮丕亍 亘丕賱賱賷賱 賱丨賯 丕賱賳賴丕乇 賵鬲爻賯胤 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賲 胤賴丕乇丞 丕賱賲丕亍 賵毓賱賷賰賲 亘丕賱鬲賷賲賲 賵賱賵 賲爻丨丕賸 亘丕賱兀賷丿賷 賱賱丨賷胤丕賳 賮廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 賮丕賱賲卮賴賵乇 爻賯賵胤 丕賱氐賱丕丞 賵賯囟丕丐賴丕 賱毓丿賲 丕賱賲丕亍 賵丕賱氐毓賷丿 廿賱丕 兀賳 賷賲賰賳賰賲 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賷賴 亘丕賱兀賷丿賷 賵丕賱賵噩賴 廿賱賶 鬲乇丕亘 胤丕賴乇 兀賵 丨噩乇 兀賵 卮噩乇 賲賲丕 賷鬲賷賲賲 亘賴貙 賮丕賯氐丿賵丕 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕亍 ... 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 賮賷 賵賯鬲 氐賱丕丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻噩賵丿 賱賱兀氐賳丕賲 兀賵 丨囟賵乇 氐賱丕鬲賴賲 賮兀丨乇賲賵丕 亘丕賱賳賷丞 賵丕賳賵賵丕 氐賱丕鬲賰賲 丕賱賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵兀卮賷乇賵丕 賱賲丕 賷卮賷乇賵賳 廿賱賷賴 賲賳 氐賳賲 賵賲賯氐賵丿賰賲 丕賱賱賴. 賵廿賳 丕賱鬲賵噩賴 廿賱賶 丕賱賯亘賱丞 賷爻賯胤 賮賷 丨賯賰賲 賰氐賱丕丞 丕賱禺賵賮 毓賳丿 丕賱丕賱鬲丨丕賲 賵廿賳 兀噩亘乇賵賰賲 毓賱賶 卮乇亘 禺賲乇 賮丕卮乇亘賵賴 賱丕 亘賳賷丞 丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱賴. 賵廿賳 賰賱賮賵丕 毓賱賷賰賲 禺賳夭賷乇丕賸 賮賰賱賵賴 賳丕賰乇賷賳 廿賷丕賴 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 賵賲毓鬲賯丿賷賳 鬲丨乇賷賲賴. 賵賰匕丕 廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 賲丨乇賲. 賵廿賳 夭賵噩賵賰賲 亘賳丕鬲賴賲 賮噩丕卅夭 賱賰賵賳賴賲 兀賴賱 賰鬲丕亘 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 廿賳賰丕丨 亘賳丕鬲賰賲 賲賳賴賲 賮丕毓鬲賯丿賵丕 鬲丨乇賷賲賴 賱賵賱丕 丕賱廿賰乇丕賴貙 賵兀賳賰賲 賳丕賰乇賵賳 賱匕賱賰 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 賵賱賵 賵噩丿鬲賲 賯賵丞 賱睾賷乇鬲賲賵賴. 賵賰匕丕 廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 乇亘丕 兀賵 丨乇丕賲 賮丕賮毓賱賵丕 賲賳賰乇賷賳 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 孬賲 賱賷爻 毓賱賷賰賲 廿賱丕 乇丐賵爻 兀賲賵丕賱賰賲 賵鬲鬲氐丿賯賵丕 亘丕賱亘丕賯賷貙 廿賳 鬲亘鬲賲 丕賱賱賴 鬲毓丕賱賶貙 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 賰賱賲丞 丕賱賰賮乇 賮廿賳 兀賲賰賳賰賲 丕賱鬲賵亘丞 賵丕賱廿賱睾丕夭 賮丕賮毓賱賵丕貙 賵廿賱丕 賮賰賵賳賵丕 賲胤賲卅賳賷賳 丕賱賯賱賵亘 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 廿賳 賳胤賯鬲賲 亘賴丕 賳丕賰乇賷賳 賱匕賱賰 賵廿賳 賯丕賱賵丕 丕卮鬲賲賵丕 賲丨賲丿丕賸 賮廿賳賴賲 賷賯賵賱賵賳 賱賴 賲購賲丿 賮丕卮鬲賲賵丕 賲丨賲丿丕賸貙 賳丕賵賷賳 兀賳賴 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳 兀賵 賲賲丿 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賮賰孬賷乇 亘賴賲 丕爻賲賴 ... 賵賲丕 賷毓爻乇 毓賱賷賰賲 賮丕亘毓孬賵丕 賮賷賴 廿賱賷賳丕 賳乇卮丿賰賲 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴 毓賱賶 丨爻亘 賲丕 鬲賰鬲亘賵賳 亘賴. 賵廿賳丕 賳爻兀賱 丕賱賱賴 兀賳 賷丿賷賱 丕賱賰乇丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 丨鬲賶 鬲毓亘丿賵丕 丕賱賱賴 馗丕賴乇丕賸 亘丨賵賱 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 睾賷乇 賲丨賳丞 賵賱丕 賵噩賱貙 亘賱 亘氐丿賲丞 丕賱鬲乇賰 丕賱賰乇丕賲 賵賳丨賳 賳卮賴丿 賱賰賲 亘賷賳 賷丿賷 丕賱賱賴 兀賳賰賲 氐丿賯鬲賲 丕賱賱賴 賵乇囟賷鬲賲 亘賴 賵賱丕亘丿 賲賳 噩賵丕亘賰賲 賵丕賱爻賱丕賲 毓賱賷賰賲 噩賲賷毓丕賸. 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴 鬲毓丕賱賶禄
-賮鬲賵賶 兀丨賲丿 亘賳 亘賵 噩賲毓丞 丕賱賲睾乇丕賵賷 毓丕賱賲 兀賳丿賱爻賷 賲賳 亘賱丿丞 丕賱賲睾乇賵 亘賲賯丕胤毓丞 亘賱丿丞 乇亘丕丨貙 賵丕賱賮鬲賵賶 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱孬丕賲賳 毓卮乇 賲賳 賳賵賮賲亘乇貙 1504賲.
鈥溬傌焚娯� 賵丕丨丿 .. 乇丕毓 賵丕丨丿
廿賳賳丕 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賶 兀賳 賳氐賱賷 賲毓賴賲 賮賷 卮毓丕卅乇賴賲 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 丿賵賳 睾爻賱貙 賵兀賳 賳賵賯乇 兀賵孬丕賳賴賲 丕賱賲乇爻賵賲丞貙 賵賲賴夭賱丞 丕賱禺賮賷 丕賱毓馗賷賲. 賱丕 兀丨丿 賷鬲噩丕爻乇 毓賱賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟貙 賵賱丕 兀丨丿 賷噩乇丐 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 賰賱賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓亘乇 毓賳 丕賱賰乇亘 丕賱匕賷 賰鬲亘 毓賱賷賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳 亘丕賱賱賴責鈥�
-賲丨賲丿 亘賳 丿丕賵賵丿貙 兀睾賳賷丞 卮毓亘賷丞 賲賵乇爻賰賷丞貙 1568賲.
賱賲丕匕丕 賳賯乇兀 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲孬賷乇 丕賱丨賳賯 賵賱丕 鬲鬲賷丨 丕賱賲噩丕賱 賱賲丨丕賰賲丞 丕賱賲匕賳亘賷賳 賱兀賳賴賲 兀囟丨賵丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺責
鈥溬堌ヘ柏� 賰賳丕 賱丕 賳爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賳丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 兀賵 亘丕賱兀丨乇賶 丕賱賲匕賳亘賷賳 賮賷賴貙 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賳丕 胤亘毓丕賸貙 賮亘廿賲賰丕賳賳丕 兀賳 賳爻鬲禺丿賲 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賰賷 賳丨丕賰賲 兀賳賮爻賳丕 孬賲 賳氐丨丨 乇丐丕賳丕鈥�.
禺丕鬲賲丞:
鈥溫ベ� 丕賱禺胤 丕賱賮丕氐賱 亘賷賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賲丕丿賷 賵丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 賷賲賰賳 丿丕卅賲丕賸 毓亘賵乇賴 亘爻賴賵賱丞鈥�.
兀賯乇兀 丕賱賳氐 囟丕丨賰丞 賲賳 鬲亘丿賱 丕賱兀丨賵丕賱貙 孬賲 兀賰賲賱 亘賯賷丞 丕賱賳氐賵氐 賱兀鬲兀賲賱 賰賷賮 賷賰乇乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賳賮爻賴貙 賮賷 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 孬賯丕賮丞貙 賵囟賲賵乇 兀禺乇賶貙 賮賷 丕賱賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷毓丕賲賱 亘賴丕 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱丌禺乇 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮貙 賵賰賷賮 賷馗賳 兀賳賴 鬲噩丕賵夭 賲丕囟賷賴 賵賴賵 賲鬲噩匕乇 賮賷賴 丨丿 丕賱賳禺丕毓貙 賵賱毓賱 兀卮亘賴 氐賵乇丞 賮賷 賵丕賯毓賳丕 丕賱丨丕囟乇 亘賲丕 丨氐賱 賱廿禺賵丕賳賳丕 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賴賵 賲丕 賷丨丿孬 丕賱賷賵賲 賱賱卮毓亘 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷貙 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賴噩賷乇 賵丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱卮丕賲賱丞 賱孬賯丕賮鬲賴賲 賵丿賷賳賴賲貙 賵賲氐丕丿乇丞 兀乇丕囟賷賴賲貙 賵兀乇噩賵 兀賳 鬲毓賷丿 賱賳丕 夭賱丕賯丞 兀禺乇賶 賮賱爻胤賷賳 賯亘賱 兀賳 鬲丐賵賱 廿賱賶 兀賳丿賱爻 兀禺乇賶貙 鈥溬佡佡� 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賳賷賵 1511 氐丿乇 賲乇爻賵賲 賲賱賰賷 亘丨馗乇 丕賱匕亘丨 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賵兀賲乇 亘兀賳 賷賯賵賲 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 丕賱賯丿丕賲賶 亘匕亘丨 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 兀賵 兀賳 賷丨丿孬 匕賱賰 鬲丨鬲 廿卮乇丕賮賴賲. 賵賲賳毓 賲乇爻賵賲 孬丕賱孬 丕賱禺賷丕胤賷賳 丕賱睾乇賳丕胤賷賷賳 賲賳 氐賳毓 丕賱賱亘丕爻 芦丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷禄貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱鬲卮乇賷毓 賰丕賳 賲賵噩賴丕 亘丕賱兀爻丕爻 廿賱賶 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱賳爻丕卅賷. 賵賮賷 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 賵丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賱賷賵 1513貙 卮噩亘 賲乇爻賵賲 乇丕亘毓 丕賱賳爻丕亍 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷丕鬲 丕賱賱丕鬲賷 賰賳 賷賲卮賷賳 亘睾胤丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴貙 賵兀毓胤賶 賱賴賳 賲賴賱丞 爻賳鬲賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 鬲亘賱賶 賲賱丨賮丕鬲賴賳貙 賵亘毓丿 匕賱賰 鬲鬲毓乇囟 丕賱賲乇兀丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮丕賴丿 亘睾胤丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴 賱爻賱爻賱丞 鬲氐丕毓丿賷丞 賲賳 丕賱毓賯賵亘丕鬲 鬲亘丿兀 亘賲氐丕丿乇丞 賯胤毓丞 丕賱賱亘丕爻 丕賱賲禺丕賱賮丞 賮賷 丕賱賲禺丕賱賮丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 孬賲 廿賱賶 丕賱噩賱丿 賵丕賱賳賮賷.鈥�
鈥溬娰冑堎� 賲賳馗乇 丕賱賱丨賷丞 賮賷賴丕 兀賵 賯賲賷氐 丕賱卮賱賵丕乇 兀賵 丕賱賳賯丕亘 丿賱賷賱丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 兀賵 乇賮囟 丕賱丕賳丿賲丕噩 賵賰賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丨丕賱 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 毓卮乇貙 賷賲賷賱 鬲氐賵賷乇 賲爻賱賲賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 兀賳賴賲 噩賲丕毓丕鬲 賲卮鬲亘賴 賮賷賴丕 廿賱賶 鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賵丕賱丿賷賳賷貙 爻賵丕亍 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷 兀賵 丕賱賲鬲禺賷賱 賮丨爻亘鈥�
賴賱 鬲噩丕賵夭賳丕 丕賱丨賯亘 丕賱賲馗賱賲丞 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丨賯丕賸責
鈥溬佖官勝� 禺賱丕賮 丕賱賷賴賵丿貙 賳丕丿乇丕賸 賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賷卮睾賱賵賳 賲賵丕賯毓 丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賵廿丿丕乇賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷貙 賵賱賲 賷乇鬲亘胤賵丕 賰匕賱賰 亘丕賱賲賴賳 丕賱賲丨鬲賯乇丞 賲孬賱 噩賲毓 丕賱囟乇丕卅亘. 賵賮賷 賲噩鬲賲毓 賳氐乇丕賳賷 賰丕賳 賷丨鬲賯乇 丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱賷丿賵賷貙 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲賰丕賳丞 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賵丕囟毓丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳 鬲賵賱丿 賳丨賵賴賲 丕賱丕夭丿乇丕亍 賵賱賷爻 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞. 賵賮賷 丕賱賵賯鬲 毓賷賳賴 賰丕賳鬲 卮賴乇丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱丕毓鬲丿丕賱 賵丕賱鬲丿亘賷乇 賵丕賱賰丿 鬲噩毓賱賴賲 噩匕丕亘賷賳 噩丿丕賸 賱兀乇亘丕亘 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 賵賲賱丕賰 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賲夭丕賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 亘賯賷鬲 賮賷 兀賲孬丕賱 賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賲孬賱: 鈥淨uien tiene moro tiene oro鈥� = 賲賳 賷賲鬲賱賰 兀賳丿賱爻賷丕賸 賷賲鬲賱賰 匕賴亘丕賸 賵 鈥渃uanto mas moros mas ganancia鈥�= (夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 鬲毓賳賷 夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱乇亘丨). 賮賰丕賳 丕賱毓丕賲賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲 爻賱毓丞 孬賲賷賳丞 賵亘禺丕氐丞 賮賷 亘賱賳爻賷丞鈥�
賱丕丨馗: 鈥溫з勜ж藏必ж� 賵賱賷爻 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞鈥� 兀馗賳賳丕 賳毓賷卮 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丨賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賳鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賴賳丕 賮丨爻亘貙 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 賷丿毓賵 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱兀亘賷囟 廿賱賶 賳亘匕 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞貙 賵賱賰賳賴 賮賷 丿丕禺賱 賳賮爻賴 賱賲 賷賲賳毓锟斤拷丕 賲賳 丕丨鬲賯丕乇 賴匕丕 丕賱丌禺乇 賵丕夭丿乇丕卅賴.
賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 丕賱匕賷賳 鈥溬佡� 鬲賳丕賵賱賴賲 賱賱胤毓丕賲貙 賷兀賰賱賵賳 丿丕卅賲丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 亘賱丕 胤丕賵賱丞 兀賵 兀賷 賯胤毓丞 兀孬丕孬 兀禺乇賶貙 賲賲丕 賷賯乇賮 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳... 兀賲丕 賲丕 賷兀賰賱賵賴 賮賴賵 兀卮賷丕亍 丨賯賷乇丞... 賰丕賱禺囟乇丕賵丕鬲 賵丕賱丨亘賵亘 賵丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 賵丕賱毓爻賱 賵丕賱丨賱賷亘 賵賱丕 賷卮乇亘賵賳 丕賱賳亘賷匕 賵賱丕 賷兀賰賱賵賳 丕賱賱丨賲 廿賱丕 廿匕丕 匕亘丨賵賴 亘兀賳賮爻賴賲... 賵賷丨亘賵賳 丕賱卮毓賵匕丞 賵丕賱賯氐氐 賵丕賱乇賯氐 賵丕賱鬲賳夭賴 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱丕賳丨乇丕賮丕鬲 丕賱亘賴賷賲賷丞 ... 賵賷毓賲賱賵賳 亘賲賴賳 賱丕 鬲鬲胤賱亘 毓賲賱丕賸 賰孬賷乇丕賸 賲孬賱 丕賱賳爻噩 賵丕賱禺賷丕胤丞 賵氐賳毓 丕賱兀丨匕賷丞 賵丕賱賳噩丕乇丞 賵賲丕 卮丕亘賴 賵 賴賲 亘丕毓丞 賲鬲噩賵賱賵賳 賱賱夭賷鬲 賵丕賱爻賲賰 賵丕賱毓爻賱 賵丕賱爻賰乇 賵丕賱亘賷囟 賵丕賱賲賳鬲噩丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶貙 賵賴賲 卮賴賵丕賳賷賵賳 賵睾丕丿乇賵賳鈥澵� 鈥溬堎囐� 氐睾丕乇貙 賵賷鬲賰丕孬乇賵賳 賰丕賱兀毓卮丕亘 丕賱囟丕乇丞貙 賮賷夭丨賲賵賳 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳 賵賷賱賵孬賵賳賴丕鈥�. 賴匕賴 毓賷賳賴丕 氐賵乇丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賮賷 毓賷賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯貙 孬賲 賷馗賳 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 兀賳賴 鬲噩丕賵夭 賲丕 賰丕賳 賷丿毓賵賴 鈥溫з勝傌辟堎� 丕賱賵爻胤賶鈥�.
賱丕 夭丕賱 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲 賵丕賱毓乇亘賷 賲賴賲丕 賵囟乇賵乇賷丕 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇 賵丕賱賲丨鬲賱貙 賱丕 賱兀賳賴 賷賯丿乇 丕賱鬲賳賵毓 丕賱毓乇賯賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷貙 亘賱 賱兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賳賵毓 賴賵 賲丕 賷鬲賷丨 賱賴 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱丨賯賷乇丞 毓亘乇 乇賲賷 賲爻丐賵賱賷鬲賴丕 廿賱賶 賴丐賱丕亍.
丨鬲賶 賮賷 毓氐乇 胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱丕 爻賷賲丕 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丕鬲賴貙 賰丕賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓 卮亘賷賴丕 亘賵丕賯毓 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 鈥溫з勝呚敦扁€澵� 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱禺賱丕賮 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 賵丕賱毓乇賯賷 亘丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱賴 賵馗賷賮賷丕貙 賵賷鬲賷丨 賱賴 賰賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 丕賱賲丨鬲賱丞 亘賵囟賵丨 賲毓 丕賱囟賮丞 丕賱賮賱爻胤賷賳賷丞 亘噩毓賱賴丕 鈥溬呝冐� 賳賮丕賷丕鬲賴丕鈥� 賵丕賱賲爻丐賵賱 丕賱丨氐乇賷 賱賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱睾賷乇 賲乇睾賵亘 亘賴丕貙 賵丕賱兀賷丿賷 丕賱毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱乇禺賷氐丞 賱廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱賲卮丕乇賷毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶.
鈥溬勝傌� 賵賯毓鬲 丕丨鬲賷丕賱丕鬲 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賳賵毓 亘賱丕 卮賰貙 賵賰丕賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 賴賲 丕賱噩賳丕丞 賮賷 兀睾賱亘 丕賱兀丨賷丕賳. 賲毓 匕賱賰 賰丕賳 丕賱囟丨丕賷丕 丕賱乇卅賷爻賵賳 賱賱噩賳丞 爻丕賳鬲賷丕睾賵 賴賲 丕賱賲夭丕乇毓賵賳 賵丕賱賮賱丕丨賵賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 氐賵丿乇鬲 兀乇丕囟賷賴賲 賱兀賳 賲賱丕賰賴丕 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵丕 兀賳 賷兀鬲賵丕 亘氐賰賵賰 賲賱賰賷丞 乇爻賲賷丞貙 廿匕 賰丕賳 賲賵乇爻賰賷賵賳 賰孬乇 賷丨賲賱賵賳 爻賳丿丕鬲 賲賱賰賷丞 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞貙 賵賰丕賳賵丕 睾賷乇 賲賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賵賱匕賱賰 賱賲 賷鬲賲賰賳賵丕 賲賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 毓賱賶 賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賲賮賵囟賷賳 賮賷 賲丨賰賲丞 丕賱丕爻鬲卅賳丕賮 丕賱睾乇賳丕胤賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲禺囟毓 賱爻賷胤乇丞 禺氐賵賲賴賲鈥�
兀賱丕 賷匕賰乇賰 賴匕丕 亘丕賱兀爻賱賵亘 丕賱氐賴賷賵賳賷 賮賷 賲氐丕丿乇鬲賴 賱賱兀乇丕囟賷責
丕賱鬲賮賳賳 賮賷 兀丿賵丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓匕賷亘:
鈥溬冐з嗀� 鬲賮囟賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱丨亘丕賱 丕賱賲卮丿賵丿丞 亘廿丨賰丕賲 毓賱賶 丕賱兀匕乇毓 賵丕賱兀乇噩賱 賵丕賱卮丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賽禺賿賱賻毓丞 賵丕賱賯賲丕卮丞 賵丕賱賲丕亍貙 (賵賴賵 卮賰賱 賲賲丕 賳爻賲賷賴 丕賱賷賵賲 丕賱廿睾乇丕賯 丕賱賰丕匕亘)貙 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱丨丿賷丿 丕賱丨丕乇賯 兀賵 丕賱賱賵賱亘. 賵亘禺賱丕賮 丕賱賯囟丕丞 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷賷賳貙 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賲丨賰賲丞 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞 鬲兀賲乇 亘賯胤毓 兀賱爻賳丞 丕賱夭賳丕丿賯丞 賯亘賱 廿毓丿丕賲賴賲 賱丨乇賲丕賳賴賲 賲賳 丕賱氐賱丕丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賰毓賲賴賲 毓賵囟丕賸 毓賳 匕賱賰.鈥�
賵賲毓 賰賱 賲丕 爻亘賯貙 賲丕 夭丕賱鬲 丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷丞 賱賴丐賱丕亍 丨賱賲丕 賷丿丕毓亘 禺賷丕賱丕鬲 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷貙 賵賷馗賴乇 賮賷 賮賱鬲丕鬲 賱爻丕賳賴 丨鬲賶 賷賵賲賳丕 丕賱丨丕囟乇:
鈥溬堎冐з� 賲賳 丕賱賲賯鬲乇丨丕鬲 丕賱兀賵賱賶 禺賱丕賱 賲丿丕賵賱丕鬲 賲噩賱爻 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賮賷 賱卮亘賵賳丞 賮賷 毓丕賲賷 1581-1582貙 丕賱鬲賷 毓丕賵丿鬲 丕賱馗賴賵乇 毓賱賶 丕賱爻胤丨 賱丕丨賯丕 賮賷 賲賳丕賯卮丕鬲 乇爻賲賷丞 兀禺乇賶貙 卮丨賳 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 噩賲賷毓賴賲 毓賱賶 爻賮賳 亘賱丕 兀卮乇毓丞 鬲丐禺匕 廿賱賶 丕賱亘丨乇 孬賲 鬲禺乇賯 丕賱廿睾乇丕賯 乇賰丕亘賴丕. 賮賮賷 賲匕賰乇丞 胤賵賷賱丞 廿賱賶 賮賷賱賷亘 賮賷 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賲賳 賷賵賱賷賵 1597貙 丕賯鬲乇丨 兀爻賯賮 爻賯賵乇亘丞 賲丕乇鬲賳 丿賷 爻丕賱亘鬲賷乇丞 賳賯賱 丕賱賲賵乇爻賰賷賷賳 廿賱賶 賰賷亘 讴賵丿 Cape Cod 賵 賳蹖賵 賮賳丿賱賳丿 Newfoundland 亘兀賲乇賷賰丕貙 賵賴賳丕賰 鬲乇丕賯亘賴賲 丕賱丨丕賲賷丞 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 賵賴賲 賷賳賯乇囟賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕禺 丕賱賯丕爻賷貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯鬲乇丨 丕賱兀爻賯賮 丕賱鬲毓噩賷賱 亘賴丕 毓亘乇 禺氐賷 丕賱乇噩丕賱 賵鬲毓賯賷賲 丕賱賳爻丕亍鈥�.
芦廿禺賵丕賳賳丕 丕賱賯丕亘囟賷賳 毓賱賶 丿賷賳賴賲貙 賲賳 兀噩夭賱 丕賱賱賴 孬賵丕亘賴賲 賮賷賲丕 賱賯賵丕 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴貙 賵氐亘乇賵丕 丕賱賳賮賵爻 賵丕賱兀賵賱丕丿 賮賷 賲乇囟丕鬲賴貙 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 丕賱賯乇亘丕亍 賲賳 賲噩丕賵乇丞 賳亘賷賴 賮賷 丕賱賮乇丿賵爻 丕賱兀毓賱賶 賲賳 噩賳丕鬲賴貙 賵丕乇孬賵 爻亘賷賱 丕賱爻賱賮 丕賱氐丕賱丨 賮賷 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲卮丕賯 賵廿賳 亘賱睾鬲 丕賱賳賮賵爻 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲乇丕賯 ... 賲賳 毓亘賷丿 丕賱賱賴 兀氐睾乇 毓亘賷丿賴 賵兀丨賵噩賴賲 廿賱賶 毓賮賵賴 賵 賲夭賷丿賴 兀丨賲丿 丕亘賳 亘賵噩賲毓丞 丕賱賲睾乇丕賵賷 孬賲 丕賱賵賴乇丕賳賷: 賰丕賳 丕賱賱賴 賱賱噩賲賷毓 亘賱胤賮賴 賵爻鬲乇賴 ... 賵賲丐賰丿丕賸 毓賱賷賰賲 賮賷 賲賱丕夭賲丞 丿賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 丌賲乇蹖賳 亘賴 賲賳 亘賱睾 賲賳 兀賵賱丕丿賰賲 廿賳 賱賲 鬲禺丕賮賵丕 丿禺賵賱 卮乇 毓賱賷賰賲 賲賳 廿毓賱丕賲 毓丿賵賰賲 亘胤賵賷鬲賰賲貙 賮胤賵亘賶 賱賱睾乇亘丕亍 丕賱匕賷賳 賷氐賱丨賵賳 廿匕丕 賮爻丿 丕賱賳丕爻貙 賵廿賳 匕丕賰乇 丕賱賱賴 亘賷賳 丕賱睾丕賮賱賷賳 賰丕賱丨賷 亘賷賳 丕賱賲賵鬲賶 賮丕毓賱賲賵丕 兀賳 丕賱兀氐賳丕賲 禺卮亘 賲賳噩賵乇 賵丨噩乇 噩賱賲賵丿 賱丕 賷囟乇 賵賱丕 賷賳賮毓 賵丕賳 丕賱賲賱賰 賲賱賰 丕賱賱賴 賲丕 丕鬲禺匕 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 賵賱丿 賵賲丕 賰丕賳 賲毓賴 賲賳 廿賱賴 賮丕毓亘丿賵賴 賵丕氐胤亘乇賵丕 賱毓亘丕丿鬲賴 賮丕賱氐賱丕丞 賵賱賵 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕亍貙 賵丕賱夭賰丕丞 賵賱賵 賰兀賳賴丕 賴丿賷丞 賱賮賯賷乇賰賲 兀賵 乇賷丕亍貙 賱兀賳 丕賱賱賴 賱丕 賷賳馗乇 廿賱賶 氐賵乇賰賲 賵賱賰賳 廿賱賶 賯賱賵亘賰賲貙 賵丕賱睾爻賱 賲賳 丕賱噩賳丕亘丞 賵賱賵 毓賵賲丕賸 賮賷 丕賱亘丨賵乇 賵廿賳 賲賳毓鬲賲 賮丕賱氐賱丕丞 賯賮丕亍 亘丕賱賱賷賱 賱丨賯 丕賱賳賴丕乇 賵鬲爻賯胤 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賲 胤賴丕乇丞 丕賱賲丕亍 賵毓賱賷賰賲 亘丕賱鬲賷賲賲 賵賱賵 賲爻丨丕賸 亘丕賱兀賷丿賷 賱賱丨賷胤丕賳 賮廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 賮丕賱賲卮賴賵乇 爻賯賵胤 丕賱氐賱丕丞 賵賯囟丕丐賴丕 賱毓丿賲 丕賱賲丕亍 賵丕賱氐毓賷丿 廿賱丕 兀賳 賷賲賰賳賰賲 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賷賴 亘丕賱兀賷丿賷 賵丕賱賵噩賴 廿賱賶 鬲乇丕亘 胤丕賴乇 兀賵 丨噩乇 兀賵 卮噩乇 賲賲丕 賷鬲賷賲賲 亘賴貙 賮丕賯氐丿賵丕 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕亍 ... 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 賮賷 賵賯鬲 氐賱丕丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻噩賵丿 賱賱兀氐賳丕賲 兀賵 丨囟賵乇 氐賱丕鬲賴賲 賮兀丨乇賲賵丕 亘丕賱賳賷丞 賵丕賳賵賵丕 氐賱丕鬲賰賲 丕賱賲卮乇賵毓丞 賵兀卮賷乇賵丕 賱賲丕 賷卮賷乇賵賳 廿賱賷賴 賲賳 氐賳賲 賵賲賯氐賵丿賰賲 丕賱賱賴. 賵廿賳 丕賱鬲賵噩賴 廿賱賶 丕賱賯亘賱丞 賷爻賯胤 賮賷 丨賯賰賲 賰氐賱丕丞 丕賱禺賵賮 毓賳丿 丕賱丕賱鬲丨丕賲 賵廿賳 兀噩亘乇賵賰賲 毓賱賶 卮乇亘 禺賲乇 賮丕卮乇亘賵賴 賱丕 亘賳賷丞 丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱賴. 賵廿賳 賰賱賮賵丕 毓賱賷賰賲 禺賳夭賷乇丕賸 賮賰賱賵賴 賳丕賰乇賷賳 廿賷丕賴 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 賵賲毓鬲賯丿賷賳 鬲丨乇賷賲賴. 賵賰匕丕 廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 賲丨乇賲. 賵廿賳 夭賵噩賵賰賲 亘賳丕鬲賴賲 賮噩丕卅夭 賱賰賵賳賴賲 兀賴賱 賰鬲丕亘 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 廿賳賰丕丨 亘賳丕鬲賰賲 賲賳賴賲 賮丕毓鬲賯丿賵丕 鬲丨乇賷賲賴 賱賵賱丕 丕賱廿賰乇丕賴貙 賵兀賳賰賲 賳丕賰乇賵賳 賱匕賱賰 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 賵賱賵 賵噩丿鬲賲 賯賵丞 賱睾賷乇鬲賲賵賴. 賵賰匕丕 廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 乇亘丕 兀賵 丨乇丕賲 賮丕賮毓賱賵丕 賲賳賰乇賷賳 亘賯賱賵亘賰賲 孬賲 賱賷爻 毓賱賷賰賲 廿賱丕 乇丐賵爻 兀賲賵丕賱賰賲 賵鬲鬲氐丿賯賵丕 亘丕賱亘丕賯賷貙 廿賳 鬲亘鬲賲 丕賱賱賴 鬲毓丕賱賶貙 賵廿賳 兀賰乇賴賵賰賲 毓賱賶 賰賱賲丞 丕賱賰賮乇 賮廿賳 兀賲賰賳賰賲 丕賱鬲賵亘丞 賵丕賱廿賱睾丕夭 賮丕賮毓賱賵丕貙 賵廿賱丕 賮賰賵賳賵丕 賲胤賲卅賳賷賳 丕賱賯賱賵亘 亘丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 廿賳 賳胤賯鬲賲 亘賴丕 賳丕賰乇賷賳 賱匕賱賰 賵廿賳 賯丕賱賵丕 丕卮鬲賲賵丕 賲丨賲丿丕賸 賮廿賳賴賲 賷賯賵賱賵賳 賱賴 賲購賲丿 賮丕卮鬲賲賵丕 賲丨賲丿丕賸貙 賳丕賵賷賳 兀賳賴 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳 兀賵 賲賲丿 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賮賰孬賷乇 亘賴賲 丕爻賲賴 ... 賵賲丕 賷毓爻乇 毓賱賷賰賲 賮丕亘毓孬賵丕 賮賷賴 廿賱賷賳丕 賳乇卮丿賰賲 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴 毓賱賶 丨爻亘 賲丕 鬲賰鬲亘賵賳 亘賴. 賵廿賳丕 賳爻兀賱 丕賱賱賴 兀賳 賷丿賷賱 丕賱賰乇丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 丨鬲賶 鬲毓亘丿賵丕 丕賱賱賴 馗丕賴乇丕賸 亘丨賵賱 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 睾賷乇 賲丨賳丞 賵賱丕 賵噩賱貙 亘賱 亘氐丿賲丞 丕賱鬲乇賰 丕賱賰乇丕賲 賵賳丨賳 賳卮賴丿 賱賰賲 亘賷賳 賷丿賷 丕賱賱賴 兀賳賰賲 氐丿賯鬲賲 丕賱賱賴 賵乇囟賷鬲賲 亘賴 賵賱丕亘丿 賲賳 噩賵丕亘賰賲 賵丕賱爻賱丕賲 毓賱賷賰賲 噩賲賷毓丕賸. 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴 鬲毓丕賱賶禄
-賮鬲賵賶 兀丨賲丿 亘賳 亘賵 噩賲毓丞 丕賱賲睾乇丕賵賷 毓丕賱賲 兀賳丿賱爻賷 賲賳 亘賱丿丞 丕賱賲睾乇賵 亘賲賯丕胤毓丞 亘賱丿丞 乇亘丕丨貙 賵丕賱賮鬲賵賶 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱孬丕賲賳 毓卮乇 賲賳 賳賵賮賲亘乇貙 1504賲.
鈥溬傌焚娯� 賵丕丨丿 .. 乇丕毓 賵丕丨丿
廿賳賳丕 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賶 兀賳 賳氐賱賷 賲毓賴賲 賮賷 卮毓丕卅乇賴賲 丕賱賳氐乇丕賳賷丞 丿賵賳 睾爻賱貙 賵兀賳 賳賵賯乇 兀賵孬丕賳賴賲 丕賱賲乇爻賵賲丞貙 賵賲賴夭賱丞 丕賱禺賮賷 丕賱毓馗賷賲. 賱丕 兀丨丿 賷鬲噩丕爻乇 毓賱賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟貙 賵賱丕 兀丨丿 賷噩乇丐 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 賰賱賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓亘乇 毓賳 丕賱賰乇亘 丕賱匕賷 賰鬲亘 毓賱賷賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳 亘丕賱賱賴責鈥�
-賲丨賲丿 亘賳 丿丕賵賵丿貙 兀睾賳賷丞 卮毓亘賷丞 賲賵乇爻賰賷丞貙 1568賲.
賱賲丕匕丕 賳賯乇兀 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲孬賷乇 丕賱丨賳賯 賵賱丕 鬲鬲賷丨 丕賱賲噩丕賱 賱賲丨丕賰賲丞 丕賱賲匕賳亘賷賳 賱兀賳賴賲 兀囟丨賵丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺責
鈥溬堌ヘ柏� 賰賳丕 賱丕 賳爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賳丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 兀賵 亘丕賱兀丨乇賶 丕賱賲匕賳亘賷賳 賮賷賴貙 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賳丕 胤亘毓丕賸貙 賮亘廿賲賰丕賳賳丕 兀賳 賳爻鬲禺丿賲 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賰賷 賳丨丕賰賲 兀賳賮爻賳丕 孬賲 賳氐丨丨 乇丐丕賳丕鈥�.
禺丕鬲賲丞:
鈥溫ベ� 丕賱禺胤 丕賱賮丕氐賱 亘賷賳 丕賱胤乇丿 丕賱賲丕丿賷 賵丕賱廿亘丕丿丞 賷賲賰賳 丿丕卅賲丕賸 毓亘賵乇賴 亘爻賴賵賱丞鈥�.
October 22, 2021
A terrific history of a long spun-out, bleak chapter in Spanish history. Having gone to Andalusia regularly since early childhood, I've been increasingly fascinated by the idea that 'this was al-Andalus', with very little to go on beyond the 1492 basics and the physical presence of countless former mosques and forts (and of course the Alhambra). We used to go to a bar called 'Los Moriscos' in the seventies and eighties, and even then there was an aura around 'The Moors' of mystery, romance and something oppressed (I think they'd been Communists during the Franco era).
This one really fills in a lot of blanks for me. It's an episode with depressingly familiar echoes of the early stages of the Holocaust, Bosnia, etc. As someone with a bit of a repeat interest in erased civilisations (see also: Prussia, French Algeria, etc), the idea of lingering cultural memory and artefacts fascinates me: from dishes to influences in music and vocabulary (Spanish seems to have a ton of leftover Morisco words). Likewise, the influence of the deported populations on the Maghreb is similarly bloody interesting (see the Andalus-inflected 'malouf' music and the assorted quarters and villages in Tunisia). Even that hat they wear in Tunisia.
Shockingly, so much of this was the work of the Catholic Church, who were still beatifying assorted monsters from the period until the sixties. It's a little bit like learning about Himmler being canonised for his contribution to German spiritual growth, or something. Naturally, genocidal passions and torture were an everyday matter in early modernity, but still - the mind boggles.
The book signs off with a warning about contemporary expressions of ethnic 'othering' and far right 'replacement' myths. Spain's made remarkable progress since the seventies, really. I'd love the idea of some sort of reconciliation-led mosque in the Mesqita in Cordoba. What a gesture that could be.
Excellent book. Highly recommended for anyone's Spanish shelf.
This one really fills in a lot of blanks for me. It's an episode with depressingly familiar echoes of the early stages of the Holocaust, Bosnia, etc. As someone with a bit of a repeat interest in erased civilisations (see also: Prussia, French Algeria, etc), the idea of lingering cultural memory and artefacts fascinates me: from dishes to influences in music and vocabulary (Spanish seems to have a ton of leftover Morisco words). Likewise, the influence of the deported populations on the Maghreb is similarly bloody interesting (see the Andalus-inflected 'malouf' music and the assorted quarters and villages in Tunisia). Even that hat they wear in Tunisia.
Shockingly, so much of this was the work of the Catholic Church, who were still beatifying assorted monsters from the period until the sixties. It's a little bit like learning about Himmler being canonised for his contribution to German spiritual growth, or something. Naturally, genocidal passions and torture were an everyday matter in early modernity, but still - the mind boggles.
The book signs off with a warning about contemporary expressions of ethnic 'othering' and far right 'replacement' myths. Spain's made remarkable progress since the seventies, really. I'd love the idea of some sort of reconciliation-led mosque in the Mesqita in Cordoba. What a gesture that could be.
Excellent book. Highly recommended for anyone's Spanish shelf.
October 26, 2011
This book was great! It has both the military and political history leading up to the expulsion of the Moriscos and the underlying cultural history that others may be more inclined to. The epilogue is also quite illuminating, where it compares today's European Muslims to the Moriscos of the 17th century. Just the right amount of pages to not make it too short but not so long that it makes me lose hope of finishing it. Besides a few typos (the siege of Vienna was in 1683 and not 1783) I would recommend this book to anyone who wanted to be introduced to the history of Islamic Spain.
June 8, 2019
One of many sad episodes in Spanish history, how to hate your neighbour because he looks different or his ancestors were Muslim. Moriscos represented the last remnant of Spanish Islamic tradition and therefore they to be expelled in order to construct a homogeneous state. Terrible story. A lot to learn from it in current times, when some Spanish politicians pretend to go back to such myths as blood purity and an all Catholic state.
November 23, 2019
兀賳鬲賴賷鬲 賲賳 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳匕 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 兀爻亘賵毓 賵賰丕賳 賴賳丕賱賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賰賱丕賲 丕賱賲毓丿 賱賯賵賱賴 毓賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賳 爻丕賰鬲賮賷 亘噩賲賱丞 賵丕丨丿丞 " 賲賳 兀賮囟賱 孬賱丕孬丞 兀毓賲丕賱 賯乇丕卅鬲賴丕 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賲 "
November 23, 2018
" 賮賷 乇兀賷賷 兀賳 兀丨丿丕賸 賱賲 賷亘賰賷 毓賱賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丨賳丞 賲孬賱 兀亘賳丕亍 睾乇賳丕胤丞 .... 賷丕 亘賳賷 廿賳賳賷 賱丕 兀亘賰賷 毓賱賷 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賱兀賳賴 賱賳 賷毓賵丿貙 賱賰賳賷 兀亘賰賷 毓賱賷 賲丕 爻鬲乇賵賳賴 兀賳鬲賲 賮賷 賯丕丿賲 兀賷丕賲賰賲貙 賵賲丕 賷賳鬲馗乇賰賲 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱兀乇囟 -廿賳 卮丕亍 丕锟斤拷賱賴 賵亘亘乇賰丞 賯乇丌賳賳丕 丕賱毓夭賷夭 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲孬亘鬲 丕賱兀賷丕賲 兀賳 賲丕 兀賯賵賱賴 亘賱丕 兀爻丕爻貙 賵兀賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 賱賳 鬲匕賴亘 賮賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱匕賷 兀乇丕賴 賱賰賳 賲毓 匕賱賰 爻賷毓丕賳賷 丿賷賳賳丕_ 賮廿匕丕 賰賳丕 賯丿 丕囟胤乇乇賳丕 亘毓丿 賴匕賴 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱賯氐賷乇丞 賱賱賰賮丕丨 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕賱亘賯丕亍貙 賮賲丕匕丕 爻賷賮毓賱 丕賱賳丕爻 丨賷賳 鬲兀鬲賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賮氐賱責 賵廿匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱兀亘丕亍 賯丿 兀賴賲賱賵丕 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱丌賳 賮賰賷賮 爻賷賲噩丿賴 丕丨賮丕丿 丕丨賮丕丿賴賲責 賵廿匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱睾丕夭賷 賱賲 賷丨賮馗 賰賱賲鬲賴 賮賲丕匕丕 鬲賳鬲馗乇 賲賳 禺賱賮丕卅賴責 " 賷賵爻賷 亘賳賷睾賷卮
賱賯丿 亘賰賷賳丕 毓賱賷 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賵賱賲 賳亘賰賷 毓賱賷 鬲禺賵賮丕鬲賰 -鬲禺賵賮丕鬲賰 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 噩賱賴丕 氐丕卅亘- 賱賲 賳毓 賲賳胤賯 賰賱丕賲賰 賵賱丕 丨賰賲丞 乇兀賷賰 賵馗賱鬲 賲乇爻賷丕鬲賳丕 鬲鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲丕囟賷 丕賱毓賲乇丕賳 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱賮鬲丨 賵丕賱卮毓乇 賵丕賱丨亘 賵噩賵 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 丕賱禺賷丕賱賷 賱賰賳 賱賲 賳亘賰賷 賱丨馗丞 賵丕丨丿丞 毓賱賷 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞
賲毓丕賳丕丞 鬲鬲噩爻丿 賮賷 賰賱賲丕鬲 賲丨賲丿 亘賳 丿丕賵賵丿 "廿賳賳丕 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賷 兀賳 賳氐賱賷 賲毓賴賲 賮賷 卮毓丕卅乇賴賲 丿賵賳 睾爻賱貙 賵兀賳 賳賵賯乇 兀賵孬丕賳賴賲 丕賱賲乇爻賵賲丞 賵賲賴夭賱丞 丕賱禺賮賷 丕賱毓馗賷賲.
賱丕 兀丨丿 賷鬲噩丕爻乇 毓賱賷 丕賱兀毓鬲乇丕囟貙 賵賱丕 兀丨丿 賷噩乇丐 毓賱賷 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 賰賱賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓亘乇 毓賳 丕賱賰乇亘 丕賱匕賷 賰鬲亘 毓賱賷賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳 亘丕賱賱賴責"
丨鬲賷 亘毓丿 丕賱丕噩亘丕乇 毓賱賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賲毓鬲賯丿 賱賲 鬲鬲賵賯賮 丕賱賲胤丕賱亘 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 毓賳丿 賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿 亘賱 兀賲鬲丿鬲 廿賱賷 丕賱賱睾丞 (乇睾賲 兀賳 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賱賲 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賱睾丞 賲賵丨丿丞 賯胤) 賮賴賲 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 賱睾鬲賴賲 賵毓丕丿丕鬲賴賲 賲賱亘爻賴賲 賵賲馗賴乇賴賲 賵丨鬲賷 丕賱賰卮賮 毓賳 丕賱賳賵丕賷丕 賵鬲賲鬲丨賳 囟賲丕卅乇賴賲 賵賱賲 鬲鬲賵賯賮 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞 毓賳丿 賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿 亘賱 丕賲鬲丿鬲 丕賱卮賰賵賰 賵丕賱馗賳賵賳 廿賱賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱賲噩丕賵乇丞 賵兀賴賱 丕賱賲賱丞 丕賱賵丕丨丿丞 賵賷馗賴乇 賮賷 賰賱丕賲 丕亘賳 噩賴賵乇 :
"廿賳賳丕 賳毓丕賲賱 亘賷賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賷 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵賳丨鬲賯乇 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳貙 賮賷 丨賷賳 賷毓丕賲賱賳丕 廿禺賵丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賲睾丕乇亘丞 賱丕 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵廿賳賲丕 賰賲乇鬲丿賷賳 兀賵 賳氐丕乇賷 貙 賵賱丕 賷賲丿 賱賳丕 賴丐賱丕亍 賵賱丕 兀賵賱卅賰 賷丿 丕賱毓賵賳 兀賵 賷孬賯賵賳 亘賳丕貙 廿賳賳丕 賲丨乇賲賵賳 賲賳 賰賱 賲丕 賷噩毓賱 丕賱丨賷丕丞 噩賷丿丞貙 賵賱丕 賷購爻賲丨 賱賳丕 丨鬲賷 亘丕賱丿賮丕毓 毓賳 丕賳賮爻賳丕貙 賱賯丿 賲賳毓賵賳丕 賲賳 鬲丨丿孬 賱睾鬲賳丕貙 賲毓 丕賳賳丕 賱丕 賳賮賴賲 賯卮鬲丕賱賷鬲賴賲 亘兀賷 賱睾丞 賳鬲亘丕丿賱 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賵賳胤賱亘 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賵賳毓胤賷 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍責 廿賳 丕賱賳丕爻 亘賱丕 賱睾丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 兀賳 賷鬲毓丕賲賱賵丕 賲毓 亘毓囟賴賲 貙 亘賱 兀賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賳賮爻賴丕 睾賷乇 賲丨乇賵賲丞 賲賳 賮賴賲 丕賱兀氐賵丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞貙 賵賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷賯賵賱 廿賳 丕賱兀賳爻丕賳 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓鬲賳賯 卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱賳亘賷 賲丨賲丿 兀賵 兀賳 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷鬲賲爻賰 亘卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱爻賷丿 毓賷爻賷責"
賲毓 賰賱 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲囟賷賯 賵丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱賴賲噩賷 丕賱亘乇亘乇賷 賲賳 賯賽亘賱 爻賱胤丕鬲 賯鬲卮丕賱丞 馗賴乇鬲 兀氐賵丕鬲 鬲丨丕賵賱 兀賳 鬲毓胤賷 賱賱賲賳胤賯 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱丨賰賲 賮賷賲丕 賷丨丿孬 賵兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賲乇噩毓丕 亘丿賱丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱賲賵噩賴 賰賮乇丕賳孬賷爻賰賵 賳賵賳賷孬 賲賵賱丕賷 丕賱匕賷 丿丕賮毓 毓賳 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷丞 亘賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱兀丿賱丞 :
"丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 .."廿賳 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 賰丕賳 廿噩亘乇丕賷丕 賵賲賳丕賯囟丕 賱賱賲毓丕賴丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵賯毓賴丕 丕賱賲賱賰丕賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丕賳..."
"丕賱兀賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞: .. "孬賲 賴匕賴 丕賱廿賷乇丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻鬲賮賷丿 賲賳 丕賱亘囟丕卅毓 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷丞 .. 賱賲丕匕丕 賷禺爻乇賴丕 丕賱賲賱賰責"
丕賱廿孬賳賷丞:.. "廿賳 賱亘丕爻賳丕 丕賱禺丕氐 亘丕賱賳爻丕亍 賱賷爻 賱亘丕爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 亘賱 賴賵 夭賷 廿賯賱賷賲賷貙 賲孬賱 夭賷 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 賵丕賱夭賷 丕賱禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲禺丿賲賴 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賷 兀賲丕賰賳 兀禺乇賷 賮賷 丕賱夭賷賳丞 賵 丕賱丕禺匕賷丞貙 賵賲賳 丕賱匕賷 賷賳賰乇 兀賳 夭賷賳丕 賲禺丕賱賮 賱夭賷 丕賱兀鬲乇丕賰 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳責.."
"丕賱胤亘賷丞: ... " 亘賱 賴賷 毓丕丿丞 賱鬲賳馗賷賮 丕賱乇兀爻貙 廿匕丕 鬲禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 兀賷 賯匕丕乇丞 賵賴賵 兀賲乇 氐丨賷貙 賵廿匕丕 賵囟毓 賲毓 丕賱丨匕丕亍 卮卅 賮匕賱賰 賱氐亘睾 丕賱卮毓乇貙.. 亘賱 賴賵 卮卅 賲賮賷丿 賵賷毓丕賱噩 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟..."
"丿賷賳賷丞: .." 毓賳 丨賮賱丕鬲 丕賱乇賯氐 賵丕賱睾賳丕亍 毓賳丿 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳.. 亘賱 兀賳賳賷 賱丕 兀丿乇賷 賰賷賮 賷賯賵賱 兀丨丿賴賲 丕賳賴丕 丨賮賱丕鬲 賲爻賱賲賷賷賳貙 賱兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲 丕賱氐丕賱丨 賱丕 賷鬲賵丕噩丿 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳"
賵乇睾賲 賲賳胤賯賷丞 丨噩噩 賵丿賮丕毓丕鬲 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱爻賱胤丕鬲 兀爻鬲賲乇鬲 賮賷 胤乇賷賯賴丕 賱賲 鬲丨丿賷丿 毓賳賴 賮賷 廿賰賲丕賱 鬲胤賴賷乇 兀乇囟 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲賳 兀賷 丿賷賳 兀禺乇 兀賵 毓乇賯賷丞 兀禺乇賷 _鬲乇賷 賮賷賴丕 兀賳賴丕 賲賱賵孬丞 賵賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲睾囟亘 丕賱乇亘_ 賮賲丕 賰丕賳 兀賲丕賲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 廿賱丕 兀賳 賷孬賵乇賵丕 兀賮乇丕丿丕 賵噩賲丕毓丕鬲
"賲丕匕丕 賰賳鬲賲 鬲馗賳賵賳責 兀賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 爻賷馗賱 毓丕賱賲賰賲責 賵賱兀賳賰賲 兀賱亘爻鬲賲賵賳丕 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲毓賷賳丞 爻賳氐賷乇 賳氐丕乇賷責 毓賱賷 賰賱貙 賮丕賳賳丕 賰賳丕 爻賳馗賱 賳賮毓賱 賲丕 賳乇賷丿 賱兀賳賳丕 賰賳丕 兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵爻賳馗賱 兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳" 丕賱爻賷丿丞 賰賵賳爻鬲丕賳爻丕 兀孬賳丕亍 賲丨丕賰賲鬲賴丕 兀賲丕賲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮
丕賳丨氐乇鬲 丕賱乇丐賷丞 丕賱爻賱胤賵賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 賮賷 兀賲賵乇 3 亘鬲賵毓丕鬲賴丕 兀賲丕 :
1-丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 -賷賯氐丿 亘賴 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱賰賳爻賷 兀賵 丕賱丿賷賳賷_
2-兀賵 丕賱胤乇丿 _賵賷卮賲賱 丨鬲賷 丕賱兀亘丕丿丞 賵丕賱賲賵鬲 兀賵 禺氐賷 丕賱乇噩丕賱 賵鬲毓賯賷賲 丕賱賳爻丕亍_
3- 兀賵 丕賱丕爻鬲毓亘丕丿 _ 賵賷卮賲賱 丕賱禺丿賲丞 毓賱賷 丕賱賯賵丕丿爻 丕賱亘丨乇賷丞 兀賵 丕乇爻丕賱賴賲 丕賱賷 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賲乇賷賰丕 兀賵 丕賱毓賲賱 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕噩賲-
賵賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 鬲丨鬲賲 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賷 胤乇丿賴賲 廿賱賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 亘毓賷丿丕 毓賳 亘賱丕丿賴賲
" 毓賳丿賲丕 賷賰賵賳 丕賱卮毓亘 丕賱匕賷 賷毓丕賳賷 丕賱兀丨鬲賱丕賱 賲鬲賮賵賯丕 賮賷 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 賵丕賱匕賰丕亍 毓賱賷 丕賱賲鬲睾賱亘賷賳 賮廿賳 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲鬲睾亘賵賳 賷賳氐賴乇賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲丨鬲賱賷賳 貙 賰賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱氐賷賳 賲毓 丕賱鬲鬲乇 賵賱兀賵乇賵亘丕 賲毓 賴賲噩 丕賱卮賲丕賱 賮亘賲乇賵乇 亘囟毓丞 賯乇賵賳 丕亘鬲賱毓鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇鬲賷賳 丕賱氐賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱乇賵賲丕賳賷丞 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲丨鬲賱賷賳.
兀賲丕 丕賱丕噩賳丕爻 匕丕鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲賵丕囟毓丞 貙 賰丕賱鬲賷 爻賰賳鬲 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲賳 丕賱亘乇丕賳爻 廿賱賷 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 賮廿賳賴丕 鬲禺卮賷 賲賳 丕賱兀賯鬲乇丕賳 亘噩賳爻 兀賰孬乇 丨囟丕乇丞 賰卮兀賳 丕賱毓亘乇賷賷賳 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 毓卮乇貙 賮賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丨丕賱丞 賵噩亘 毓賱賷賴賲 亘兀賰孬乇 毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱亘鬲乇 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 廿賷賱丕賲丕 賱賲丨賵 丌孬丕乇 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞.... 廿賳 胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿 賲賳 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 卮賰賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 丕賱賮馗賷毓 毓賱賷 賴匕丕.." 爻丕乇賲賷賳鬲賵 乇賷爻 丕賱丕乇噩賳鬲賷賳 1868-1874
"賰丕賳 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 賮賷 賳馗乇 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 丿丕卅賲丕 賴賵 賲噩丿賴丕貙 賵賮賷 賳馗乇 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賴賵 禺夭賷賴丕" 乇賷鬲卮丕乇丿 賮賵乇丿
"丌賴 賱賵 賷亘賱賱賰 丕賱賲胤乇 丕賱賲鬲爻丕賯胤
賱賯丿 賰賳鬲 兀丨亘 兀賷丕賲賷 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻
賱賯丿 賲乇 夭賲丕賳賳丕 賲毓丕 爻乇賷毓丕 賰丨賱賲 賳丕卅賲
兀賵 賱丨馗丞 兀禺鬲賱爻鬲 賲賳 丕賱夭賲賳 "
兀睾賳賷丞 兀賳丿賱爻賷丞.
賱賯丿 亘賰賷賳丕 毓賱賷 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賵賱賲 賳亘賰賷 毓賱賷 鬲禺賵賮丕鬲賰 -鬲禺賵賮丕鬲賰 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 噩賱賴丕 氐丕卅亘- 賱賲 賳毓 賲賳胤賯 賰賱丕賲賰 賵賱丕 丨賰賲丞 乇兀賷賰 賵馗賱鬲 賲乇爻賷丕鬲賳丕 鬲鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賲丕囟賷 丕賱毓賲乇丕賳 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵丕賱賮鬲丨 賵丕賱卮毓乇 賵丕賱丨亘 賵噩賵 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 丕賱禺賷丕賱賷 賱賰賳 賱賲 賳亘賰賷 賱丨馗丞 賵丕丨丿丞 毓賱賷 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞
賲毓丕賳丕丞 鬲鬲噩爻丿 賮賷 賰賱賲丕鬲 賲丨賲丿 亘賳 丿丕賵賵丿 "廿賳賳丕 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賷 兀賳 賳氐賱賷 賲毓賴賲 賮賷 卮毓丕卅乇賴賲 丿賵賳 睾爻賱貙 賵兀賳 賳賵賯乇 兀賵孬丕賳賴賲 丕賱賲乇爻賵賲丞 賵賲賴夭賱丞 丕賱禺賮賷 丕賱毓馗賷賲.
賱丕 兀丨丿 賷鬲噩丕爻乇 毓賱賷 丕賱兀毓鬲乇丕囟貙 賵賱丕 兀丨丿 賷噩乇丐 毓賱賷 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 賰賱賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓亘乇 毓賳 丕賱賰乇亘 丕賱匕賷 賰鬲亘 毓賱賷賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳 亘丕賱賱賴責"
丨鬲賷 亘毓丿 丕賱丕噩亘丕乇 毓賱賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賲毓鬲賯丿 賱賲 鬲鬲賵賯賮 丕賱賲胤丕賱亘 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 毓賳丿 賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿 亘賱 兀賲鬲丿鬲 廿賱賷 丕賱賱睾丞 (乇睾賲 兀賳 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賱賲 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘賱睾丞 賲賵丨丿丞 賯胤) 賮賴賲 賲噩亘乇賵賳 毓賱賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 賱睾鬲賴賲 賵毓丕丿丕鬲賴賲 賲賱亘爻賴賲 賵賲馗賴乇賴賲 賵丨鬲賷 丕賱賰卮賮 毓賳 丕賱賳賵丕賷丕 賵鬲賲鬲丨賳 囟賲丕卅乇賴賲 賵賱賲 鬲鬲賵賯賮 丕賱賲毓丕賳丕丞 毓賳丿 賴匕丕 丕賱丨丿 亘賱 丕賲鬲丿鬲 丕賱卮賰賵賰 賵丕賱馗賳賵賳 廿賱賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱賲噩丕賵乇丞 賵兀賴賱 丕賱賲賱丞 丕賱賵丕丨丿丞 賵賷馗賴乇 賮賷 賰賱丕賲 丕亘賳 噩賴賵乇 :
"廿賳賳丕 賳毓丕賲賱 亘賷賳 丕賱賳氐丕乇賷 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵賳丨鬲賯乇 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳貙 賮賷 丨賷賳 賷毓丕賲賱賳丕 廿禺賵丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賲睾丕乇亘丞 賱丕 賰兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵廿賳賲丕 賰賲乇鬲丿賷賳 兀賵 賳氐丕乇賷 貙 賵賱丕 賷賲丿 賱賳丕 賴丐賱丕亍 賵賱丕 兀賵賱卅賰 賷丿 丕賱毓賵賳 兀賵 賷孬賯賵賳 亘賳丕貙 廿賳賳丕 賲丨乇賲賵賳 賲賳 賰賱 賲丕 賷噩毓賱 丕賱丨賷丕丞 噩賷丿丞貙 賵賱丕 賷購爻賲丨 賱賳丕 丨鬲賷 亘丕賱丿賮丕毓 毓賳 丕賳賮爻賳丕貙 賱賯丿 賲賳毓賵賳丕 賲賳 鬲丨丿孬 賱睾鬲賳丕貙 賲毓 丕賳賳丕 賱丕 賳賮賴賲 賯卮鬲丕賱賷鬲賴賲 亘兀賷 賱睾丞 賳鬲亘丕丿賱 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賵賳胤賱亘 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賵賳毓胤賷 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍責 廿賳 丕賱賳丕爻 亘賱丕 賱睾丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓賵賳 兀賳 賷鬲毓丕賲賱賵丕 賲毓 亘毓囟賴賲 貙 亘賱 兀賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賳賮爻賴丕 睾賷乇 賲丨乇賵賲丞 賲賳 賮賴賲 丕賱兀氐賵丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞貙 賵賲賳 匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷賯賵賱 廿賳 丕賱兀賳爻丕賳 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賯卮鬲丕賱賷丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷毓鬲賳賯 卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱賳亘賷 賲丨賲丿 兀賵 兀賳 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷鬲賲爻賰 亘卮乇賷毓丞 丕賱爻賷丿 毓賷爻賷責"
賲毓 賰賱 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲囟賷賯 賵丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱賴賲噩賷 丕賱亘乇亘乇賷 賲賳 賯賽亘賱 爻賱胤丕鬲 賯鬲卮丕賱丞 馗賴乇鬲 兀氐賵丕鬲 鬲丨丕賵賱 兀賳 鬲毓胤賷 賱賱賲賳胤賯 丕賱丨賯 賮賷 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱丨賰賲 賮賷賲丕 賷丨丿孬 賵兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賲乇噩毓丕 亘丿賱丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱賲賵噩賴 賰賮乇丕賳孬賷爻賰賵 賳賵賳賷孬 賲賵賱丕賷 丕賱匕賷 丿丕賮毓 毓賳 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷丞 亘賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱兀丿賱丞 :
"丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 .."廿賳 丕賱鬲賳氐賷乇 賰丕賳 廿噩亘乇丕賷丕 賵賲賳丕賯囟丕 賱賱賲毓丕賴丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵賯毓賴丕 丕賱賲賱賰丕賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丕賳..."
"丕賱兀賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞: .. "孬賲 賴匕賴 丕賱廿賷乇丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻鬲賮賷丿 賲賳 丕賱亘囟丕卅毓 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷丞 .. 賱賲丕匕丕 賷禺爻乇賴丕 丕賱賲賱賰責"
丕賱廿孬賳賷丞:.. "廿賳 賱亘丕爻賳丕 丕賱禺丕氐 亘丕賱賳爻丕亍 賱賷爻 賱亘丕爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 亘賱 賴賵 夭賷 廿賯賱賷賲賷貙 賲孬賱 夭賷 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 賵丕賱夭賷 丕賱禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷 賷爻鬲禺丿賲賴 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賷 兀賲丕賰賳 兀禺乇賷 賮賷 丕賱夭賷賳丞 賵 丕賱丕禺匕賷丞貙 賵賲賳 丕賱匕賷 賷賳賰乇 兀賳 夭賷賳丕 賲禺丕賱賮 賱夭賷 丕賱兀鬲乇丕賰 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳責.."
"丕賱胤亘賷丞: ... " 亘賱 賴賷 毓丕丿丞 賱鬲賳馗賷賮 丕賱乇兀爻貙 廿匕丕 鬲禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 兀賷 賯匕丕乇丞 賵賴賵 兀賲乇 氐丨賷貙 賵廿匕丕 賵囟毓 賲毓 丕賱丨匕丕亍 卮卅 賮匕賱賰 賱氐亘睾 丕賱卮毓乇貙.. 亘賱 賴賵 卮卅 賲賮賷丿 賵賷毓丕賱噩 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟..."
"丿賷賳賷丞: .." 毓賳 丨賮賱丕鬲 丕賱乇賯氐 賵丕賱睾賳丕亍 毓賳丿 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳.. 亘賱 兀賳賳賷 賱丕 兀丿乇賷 賰賷賮 賷賯賵賱 兀丨丿賴賲 丕賳賴丕 丨賮賱丕鬲 賲爻賱賲賷賷賳貙 賱兀賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲 丕賱氐丕賱丨 賱丕 賷鬲賵丕噩丿 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳"
賵乇睾賲 賲賳胤賯賷丞 丨噩噩 賵丿賮丕毓丕鬲 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱爻賱胤丕鬲 兀爻鬲賲乇鬲 賮賷 胤乇賷賯賴丕 賱賲 鬲丨丿賷丿 毓賳賴 賮賷 廿賰賲丕賱 鬲胤賴賷乇 兀乇囟 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲賳 兀賷 丿賷賳 兀禺乇 兀賵 毓乇賯賷丞 兀禺乇賷 _鬲乇賷 賮賷賴丕 兀賳賴丕 賲賱賵孬丞 賵賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲睾囟亘 丕賱乇亘_ 賮賲丕 賰丕賳 兀賲丕賲 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 廿賱丕 兀賳 賷孬賵乇賵丕 兀賮乇丕丿丕 賵噩賲丕毓丕鬲
"賲丕匕丕 賰賳鬲賲 鬲馗賳賵賳責 兀賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 爻賷馗賱 毓丕賱賲賰賲責 賵賱兀賳賰賲 兀賱亘爻鬲賲賵賳丕 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲毓賷賳丞 爻賳氐賷乇 賳氐丕乇賷責 毓賱賷 賰賱貙 賮丕賳賳丕 賰賳丕 爻賳馗賱 賳賮毓賱 賲丕 賳乇賷丿 賱兀賳賳丕 賰賳丕 兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳 賵爻賳馗賱 兀賳丿賱爻賷賷賳" 丕賱爻賷丿丞 賰賵賳爻鬲丕賳爻丕 兀孬賳丕亍 賲丨丕賰賲鬲賴丕 兀賲丕賲 賲丨丕賰賲 丕賱鬲賮鬲賷卮
丕賳丨氐乇鬲 丕賱乇丐賷丞 丕賱爻賱胤賵賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱賲賵乇賷爻賰賷賷賳 賮賷 兀賲賵乇 3 亘鬲賵毓丕鬲賴丕 兀賲丕 :
1-丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 -賷賯氐丿 亘賴 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱賰賳爻賷 兀賵 丕賱丿賷賳賷_
2-兀賵 丕賱胤乇丿 _賵賷卮賲賱 丨鬲賷 丕賱兀亘丕丿丞 賵丕賱賲賵鬲 兀賵 禺氐賷 丕賱乇噩丕賱 賵鬲毓賯賷賲 丕賱賳爻丕亍_
3- 兀賵 丕賱丕爻鬲毓亘丕丿 _ 賵賷卮賲賱 丕賱禺丿賲丞 毓賱賷 丕賱賯賵丕丿爻 丕賱亘丨乇賷丞 兀賵 丕乇爻丕賱賴賲 丕賱賷 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲 丕賱丕爻亘丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賲乇賷賰丕 兀賵 丕賱毓賲賱 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕噩賲-
賵賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 鬲丨鬲賲 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賷 胤乇丿賴賲 廿賱賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 亘毓賷丿丕 毓賳 亘賱丕丿賴賲
" 毓賳丿賲丕 賷賰賵賳 丕賱卮毓亘 丕賱匕賷 賷毓丕賳賷 丕賱兀丨鬲賱丕賱 賲鬲賮賵賯丕 賮賷 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 賵丕賱匕賰丕亍 毓賱賷 丕賱賲鬲睾賱亘賷賳 賮廿賳 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲鬲睾亘賵賳 賷賳氐賴乇賵賳 賮賷 丕賱賲丨鬲賱賷賳 貙 賰賲丕 丨丿孬 賱賱氐賷賳 賲毓 丕賱鬲鬲乇 賵賱兀賵乇賵亘丕 賲毓 賴賲噩 丕賱卮賲丕賱 賮亘賲乇賵乇 亘囟毓丞 賯乇賵賳 丕亘鬲賱毓鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇鬲賷賳 丕賱氐賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱乇賵賲丕賳賷丞 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲丨鬲賱賷賳.
兀賲丕 丕賱丕噩賳丕爻 匕丕鬲 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲賵丕囟毓丞 貙 賰丕賱鬲賷 爻賰賳鬲 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 賲賳 丕賱亘乇丕賳爻 廿賱賷 賯卮鬲丕賱丞 賮廿賳賴丕 鬲禺卮賷 賲賳 丕賱兀賯鬲乇丕賳 亘噩賳爻 兀賰孬乇 丨囟丕乇丞 賰卮兀賳 丕賱毓亘乇賷賷賳 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 毓卮乇貙 賮賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丨丕賱丞 賵噩亘 毓賱賷賴賲 亘兀賰孬乇 毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱亘鬲乇 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 廿賷賱丕賲丕 賱賲丨賵 丌孬丕乇 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞.... 廿賳 胤乇丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿 賲賳 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 卮賰賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 丕賱賮馗賷毓 毓賱賷 賴匕丕.." 爻丕乇賲賷賳鬲賵 乇賷爻 丕賱丕乇噩賳鬲賷賳 1868-1874
"賰丕賳 丕賱鬲毓氐亘 賮賷 賳馗乇 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 丿丕卅賲丕 賴賵 賲噩丿賴丕貙 賵賮賷 賳馗乇 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賴賵 禺夭賷賴丕" 乇賷鬲卮丕乇丿 賮賵乇丿
"丌賴 賱賵 賷亘賱賱賰 丕賱賲胤乇 丕賱賲鬲爻丕賯胤
賱賯丿 賰賳鬲 兀丨亘 兀賷丕賲賷 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻
賱賯丿 賲乇 夭賲丕賳賳丕 賲毓丕 爻乇賷毓丕 賰丨賱賲 賳丕卅賲
兀賵 賱丨馗丞 兀禺鬲賱爻鬲 賲賳 丕賱夭賲賳 "
兀睾賳賷丞 兀賳丿賱爻賷丞.
April 2, 2019
The best way I can describe this book is as a long, painful heartbreak.
A heartbreak dragged out over 100 years and with its scars still visible today.
We start at the end of official Islamic Rule in Spain following the conquest of Granada and the fall of the Nasrid Dynasty. Many books would leave the story there, but in reality we are missing the conclusion which is its own story in its own right.
Our starting point is one focused on a people at the mercy of their conquerors, by default they are under threat and subject to the whims of their new overlords. Despite the promises of peace and security, we are led to feel the tensions in the air at the time and how they started the ball rolling onto bigger events that led to the persecution and expulsion of the Morisco Muslim population of Spain.
Many of the events that occurred to the Muslim population such as the Inquisitorial Tribunals and expulsions previously happened to the Jewish community in Spain first. The exception here was that Spanish Jewry were given the opportunity to convert if they wanted to stay in Spain, a liberty only initially offered to the conquered Muslim population before being effectively recalled and scrapped entirely.
Blood and Faith walks us through step by step the frustrations that the Catholic Spanish had with the conquered Muslim population in that although many had 鈥榗hosen鈥� or been forcefully pressured to convert to Catholicism, their faith and level of adherence to the Religion was deemed insufficient and insincere. Bishops, Priests and other religious officials constantly noted and reported to the Royal Officials that the 鈥淣ew Christians鈥�, as they were called, seemed to not only pay little important to their new faith, but at time seemed to be defiantly still retaining their own faith in secret, sometimes doing little to hide their true beliefs.
This constant defiance against the assimilation into Christianity frustrated the Catholic Church and led to increasingly severe measures against the entire Morisco population, despite the fact that some Moriscos did sincerely become Christians. On the other hand, we read the inspirational accounts of Muslim Moors who fought tooth and nail to retain their identities in the face of state and societal persecution. We hear of Muslims building tunnels linking to underground classrooms which taught the Qur鈥檃an, we hear of Muslims who despite being cut off from the global Muslim community and having their books burnt, learnt the practises and rituals of the Islamic Religion by looking at the very Legal Edicts that banned them from these practises in detail in the first place. There are undoubtedly many more examples which have forever been lost to history, or are yet waiting to be unearthed in the future, but the examples provided in this book are enough to paint the inspiring picture of human resilience, defiance and firm will in the face of persecution and adversity.
The story isn鈥檛 all one sided either, we are informed of the Moriscos who genuinely converted to Christianity, served the Crown and preferred to die as Christians when their lives were in peril. There were also elements within Royal circles who advocated lenience in policy towards the Moriscos and justified this with the same theological backing as those who were in favour of their continued persecution. As is sometimes the nature of events in history, these voices of reason were eventually overcome. It is a service to them that they were mentioned and a fitting reminder that the common theme of humanity has always persisted even in the most dire of situations.
Before I had read this book, I only had little knowledge of the Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain and I asked the same questions anyone would.
鈥淲hy didn鈥檛 they just leave?鈥�
The reality is much more difficult. The Moriscos were widely forbidden from leaving, and when they were allowed to do so, they had to sell their entire estate and wealth for little value, leave behind children under a certain age to be raised as Christian, were forbidden to travel to Muslim countries at war with Spain (at that time this excluded many Muslim neighbours) and faced predatory attacks from robbers and bandits along the way. Leaving was either downright impossible or extremely difficult, it is easier to understand the motivations of the Muslims at the time as to why they stayed. I can only imagine that at the time it didn鈥檛 seem so obvious that their widespread persecution and expulsion was near.
Matthew Carr does an excellent job at highlight external factors and pressures that played their part in influencing Spanish internal policy towards its Morisco population. With mounting fears from attacks coming from the might of the Ottoman Empire as well as wars with its own European-Christian rivals, Spain at the time was just about able to hold its own. This feeling of having an internal threat who was feared to be collaborating with a contemporary enemy of Spain only heightened fears and tensions. It was all these factors combined that led to the eventual demonisation, then dehumanisation of the Morisco population.
Mention is also made of the Limpieza Doctrine which enshrined the concept of racial purity into Spanish society. This effectively meant that even Moriscos who had converted to Christianity were persistently suspected as regards to their loyalty and their status as the 鈥榦ther鈥� became a part of their identity. This was a major factor of the slippery slope into which Spanish society would soon fall.
Though the Moriscos tried to fight back for their right to exist in Spain, these were ultimately unsuccessful and the rest of the story is recorded history. We have brief mention of the journey the Muslims took to North Africa where they chose to settle or even further ahead where they ended up in places like Egypt, Syria or Jordan, there is even a mention of an Andalusian community in Timbuktu, Mali. This makes for an interesting topic of research in its own right.
The book ends with an Epilogue contrasting the state of society in the 16th Century and the state that European Muslims find themselves in today. Alarmingly, there are many similarities in the way the most visible objects of identity such as the Female Islamic dress code has been used to influence public opinion about a whole section of society, how fears of population increase are used to incite fear amongst native populations. It seems these arguments and tactics have not changed over the years, as such it is all the more important for us to educate ourselves on these similar past events so that we may learn and not repeat the mistakes of yesterday today.
I will finish with a quote from the epilogue, itself a quote from writer Stefan Zweig:
鈥淓ach new era uncovers a fresh group of unhappy persons upon whom to empty the vials of collective hatred. Sometimes it is on account of their religion, sometimes on account of the colour of their skin, their race, their origin, their social ideal, their philosophy, that the members of some comparatively small and weak group are made targets for the annihilative energies latent in so many of us.鈥�
The past can be a preventative cure for the future.
A heartbreak dragged out over 100 years and with its scars still visible today.
We start at the end of official Islamic Rule in Spain following the conquest of Granada and the fall of the Nasrid Dynasty. Many books would leave the story there, but in reality we are missing the conclusion which is its own story in its own right.
Our starting point is one focused on a people at the mercy of their conquerors, by default they are under threat and subject to the whims of their new overlords. Despite the promises of peace and security, we are led to feel the tensions in the air at the time and how they started the ball rolling onto bigger events that led to the persecution and expulsion of the Morisco Muslim population of Spain.
Many of the events that occurred to the Muslim population such as the Inquisitorial Tribunals and expulsions previously happened to the Jewish community in Spain first. The exception here was that Spanish Jewry were given the opportunity to convert if they wanted to stay in Spain, a liberty only initially offered to the conquered Muslim population before being effectively recalled and scrapped entirely.
Blood and Faith walks us through step by step the frustrations that the Catholic Spanish had with the conquered Muslim population in that although many had 鈥榗hosen鈥� or been forcefully pressured to convert to Catholicism, their faith and level of adherence to the Religion was deemed insufficient and insincere. Bishops, Priests and other religious officials constantly noted and reported to the Royal Officials that the 鈥淣ew Christians鈥�, as they were called, seemed to not only pay little important to their new faith, but at time seemed to be defiantly still retaining their own faith in secret, sometimes doing little to hide their true beliefs.
This constant defiance against the assimilation into Christianity frustrated the Catholic Church and led to increasingly severe measures against the entire Morisco population, despite the fact that some Moriscos did sincerely become Christians. On the other hand, we read the inspirational accounts of Muslim Moors who fought tooth and nail to retain their identities in the face of state and societal persecution. We hear of Muslims building tunnels linking to underground classrooms which taught the Qur鈥檃an, we hear of Muslims who despite being cut off from the global Muslim community and having their books burnt, learnt the practises and rituals of the Islamic Religion by looking at the very Legal Edicts that banned them from these practises in detail in the first place. There are undoubtedly many more examples which have forever been lost to history, or are yet waiting to be unearthed in the future, but the examples provided in this book are enough to paint the inspiring picture of human resilience, defiance and firm will in the face of persecution and adversity.
The story isn鈥檛 all one sided either, we are informed of the Moriscos who genuinely converted to Christianity, served the Crown and preferred to die as Christians when their lives were in peril. There were also elements within Royal circles who advocated lenience in policy towards the Moriscos and justified this with the same theological backing as those who were in favour of their continued persecution. As is sometimes the nature of events in history, these voices of reason were eventually overcome. It is a service to them that they were mentioned and a fitting reminder that the common theme of humanity has always persisted even in the most dire of situations.
Before I had read this book, I only had little knowledge of the Inquisition and the expulsion of Muslims from Spain and I asked the same questions anyone would.
鈥淲hy didn鈥檛 they just leave?鈥�
The reality is much more difficult. The Moriscos were widely forbidden from leaving, and when they were allowed to do so, they had to sell their entire estate and wealth for little value, leave behind children under a certain age to be raised as Christian, were forbidden to travel to Muslim countries at war with Spain (at that time this excluded many Muslim neighbours) and faced predatory attacks from robbers and bandits along the way. Leaving was either downright impossible or extremely difficult, it is easier to understand the motivations of the Muslims at the time as to why they stayed. I can only imagine that at the time it didn鈥檛 seem so obvious that their widespread persecution and expulsion was near.
Matthew Carr does an excellent job at highlight external factors and pressures that played their part in influencing Spanish internal policy towards its Morisco population. With mounting fears from attacks coming from the might of the Ottoman Empire as well as wars with its own European-Christian rivals, Spain at the time was just about able to hold its own. This feeling of having an internal threat who was feared to be collaborating with a contemporary enemy of Spain only heightened fears and tensions. It was all these factors combined that led to the eventual demonisation, then dehumanisation of the Morisco population.
Mention is also made of the Limpieza Doctrine which enshrined the concept of racial purity into Spanish society. This effectively meant that even Moriscos who had converted to Christianity were persistently suspected as regards to their loyalty and their status as the 鈥榦ther鈥� became a part of their identity. This was a major factor of the slippery slope into which Spanish society would soon fall.
Though the Moriscos tried to fight back for their right to exist in Spain, these were ultimately unsuccessful and the rest of the story is recorded history. We have brief mention of the journey the Muslims took to North Africa where they chose to settle or even further ahead where they ended up in places like Egypt, Syria or Jordan, there is even a mention of an Andalusian community in Timbuktu, Mali. This makes for an interesting topic of research in its own right.
The book ends with an Epilogue contrasting the state of society in the 16th Century and the state that European Muslims find themselves in today. Alarmingly, there are many similarities in the way the most visible objects of identity such as the Female Islamic dress code has been used to influence public opinion about a whole section of society, how fears of population increase are used to incite fear amongst native populations. It seems these arguments and tactics have not changed over the years, as such it is all the more important for us to educate ourselves on these similar past events so that we may learn and not repeat the mistakes of yesterday today.
I will finish with a quote from the epilogue, itself a quote from writer Stefan Zweig:
鈥淓ach new era uncovers a fresh group of unhappy persons upon whom to empty the vials of collective hatred. Sometimes it is on account of their religion, sometimes on account of the colour of their skin, their race, their origin, their social ideal, their philosophy, that the members of some comparatively small and weak group are made targets for the annihilative energies latent in so many of us.鈥�
The past can be a preventative cure for the future.
Read
June 19, 2024As someone who has Moricos blood ancestry, I can't say on how many passages I holded tears from eyes. 馃ス馃ス
This is the result of religious fanatism and lack of compassion. I want to salute 馃 the great work done by the author, some things I was aware of as been told by my parents and grandparents who themselves heard those stories from their ancestors, but other parts are new to me. 10/10
This is the result of religious fanatism and lack of compassion. I want to salute 馃 the great work done by the author, some things I was aware of as been told by my parents and grandparents who themselves heard those stories from their ancestors, but other parts are new to me. 10/10
Displaying 1 - 30 of 115 reviews
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get help and learn more about the design.