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The Pastoral Poems

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An early Penguin edition of Virgil's Eclogues.

151 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 40

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About the author

Virgil

3,669books1,768followers
born 15 October 70 BC
died 21 September 19 BC

Roman poet Virgil, also Vergil, originally Publius Vergilius Maro, composed the Aeneid , an epic telling after the sack of Troy of the wanderings of Aeneas.

Work of Virgil greatly influenced on western literature; in most notably Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 205 reviews
Profile Image for Daniel Chaikin.
593 reviews68 followers
Read
December 3, 2016
I did actually read this in the sense that my brain processed the words coming into through my eyes and getting silently pronounced in my head. Please don't ask me anything else about them. I have hardly any clue what I actually read.

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70. The Eclogues by Virgil
composed: 37 bce
format: ~46 page project Gutenberg public domain translation (translator unknown)
acquired: Project Gutenberg, here:
read: Nov 26-27
rating: ??

Profile Image for Blake.
195 reviews37 followers
March 26, 2012
Our familiar Virgil tempers the grandeur of the epic with loss, and strikes ambiguous moods in the midst of war glory; but, the lesser known Virgil floods the senses with a rustic imagination drunk on the colourful singing of country air through mountains and over streams. Here the world turns over, like a grave person all wrapped up in earth, and the furniture of the universe weeps with joy for one special child to be seated.

True to his peculiar habits of adopting striking contrasts and raising them as natural siblings, Arcadia is temporary and present few times through this poetic life. For under the romantic ground of transformed nature lies a familiar world of political realism and untrammeled power. If Virgil had chosen otherwise than to transfigure, the Eclogues might not have been as lasting as they have been through all proceeding time.
Profile Image for Davide.
500 reviews129 followers
Shelved as 'letto-in-parte'
December 6, 2017
Impotenza e potenza della poesia
(ecloga VIII)
[dicembre 2017]


Il ritornello di Damone è: «Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus». Il canto menalio (dal monte Mènalo in Arcadia), indica il canto pastorale, arcadico appunto; ma trionfa la crudeltà di Amore e l’unica soluzione è il suicidio. Il ribaltamento conclusivo del ritornello è uno sconsolato invito a cessare il canto che si è dimostrato impotente: «Desine Maenadios, iam desine, tibia, versus».

Il ritornello di Alfesibeo, che canta a nome di un’amante-maga che desidera il ritorno dalla città dell’amato Dafni è: «Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnin.» Ora il motivo per cessare il canto è, all'opposto, il successo della poesia-incantesimo: «Parcite, ab urbe venit, iam parcite carmina, Daphnis». L'amato invocato sta tornando e non è quindi necessario continuare a cantare, ma nemmeno urge gettarsi a capofitto nelle onde dalla vetta di un alto monte.

Anche il poeta che presenta la situazione all'inizio (sintesi?) descrive gli effetti "magici" prodotti dalla gara poetica, la quiete, lo stupore e l'ammirazione che invadono la natura: la giovenca rimane immemore dell’erba, le linci stupefatte, i fiumi fermano il loro fluire.
Profile Image for max theodore.
609 reviews196 followers
Read
January 17, 2023
“Not to the deaf we sing; the forests answer all.�

i’ll admit i don’t totally get the appeal of pastoral poetry, but i have to hype my boyfriend publius by saying that the latin here is excellent. delightful. the guy has a way with words <3 in fact, he (probably) coined the phrase “omnia vincit amor,� or “love conquers all,� which serves as one of the overarching themes of the collection. beyond the language, i appreciate the hints of political commentary (lots about land confiscations and julius caesar)—vergil has a fascinating tendency toward ambiguity of language that lets him say two completely different things at once; he does this with the aeneid in its entirety and i think about it NOT INFREQUENTLY! i also liked the homoeroticism.

favorite poem was definitely Eclogue II, where corydon bemoans that his love alexis doesn’t even CARE that he has so many SHEEP, man, and he has milk all year LONG! (no, seriously, the lines go, “You scorn me, Alexis, never asking who I am, / How rich in flocks, how affluent in snowy milk. / My thousand ewe-lambs range the hills of Sicily; / Come frost, come summer, never do I lack fresh milk.�)

i also really enjoyed this specific edition, because it has the latin on the left-hand-page and the english on the right! i am not nearly good enough at latin to actually read the poems in latin, but i had fun skimming over it and looking up the words i didn’t know and making clumsy guesses at what it said. this translation, as a result, deliberately sticks very close to the original text, which is awesome if you’re doing what i did, but makes the english stiffer than it might have been; for a more musical english translation, i recommend the other edition i am also reading because i put “vergil books� on my birthday list and two different friends got me two different editions. my reputation as #1 vergil stan in the friend group endures

“Love conquers all; we also must submit to Love.�
Profile Image for Skye.
216 reviews1 follower
May 5, 2014
I'm a Latin teacher, so I figured I had to read this book start to finish! I think I kind of have to like it because it's written by the same poet who wrote The Aeneid, but to be honest I was pretty disappointed. It's beautiful writing and I definitely underlined some areas just because the poetry was so exquisite, and I loved learning about this completely different world of shepherding and flute playing.

I guess I was hoping it would be more narrative, like the Aeneid, and instead it was like a strange play, with shepherds singing to each other and processing their relationships as well as the devastating impact of Caesar Augustus' land redistributions. So I learned a bit and enjoyed reading this in such a short time (one day!). I've read sections of it in Latin and it's beautiful in the original as well. I don't think, however, that I'll be rereading all of it in Latin anytime soon because it just didn't really pique my interest in the English either. Shepherds singing to each other might be beautiful, but it's not exactly a page-turner.

If you're looking for a unique Latin text to read, I recommend The Golden Ass by Apuleius (translated by Sarah Ruden). It's a book that still is full of magic two thousand years later, and is universally appealing in a way that I just didn't find the Eclogues to be. That said, I think sometimes a good teacher can bring an ancient text to life, so maybe I'll feel differently about it if I meet someone who loves it. For now, only a weak 3 stars from me : (
Profile Image for Uroš Đurković.
834 reviews212 followers
March 10, 2020
U eklogama glavni lik je prostor � irealno međuprožimanje čoveka i prirode. Čovek ekloge nije homo faber, onaj koji svetu pristupa sa umećem, već je homo pastor � bukolikos. U takvom svetu nema vremena � ni cikličnog ni linearnog � vremenska ravan je zapravo negde iza, ali ne i vremensko proticanje. Ipak, u tom bezvremenom vremenu, ima darova prirode i tragova vremena, ali oni nisu plodovi trajanja nego prizor koji je mnogo brži likovnim nego književnim strategijama. Tako arkadijska slika može podrazumevati korpu punu voća bez obzira na njegov period zrenja � a njegovo jezgro uvek je prostor drveta koje odašilje svoju zaštitničku senku (bukva, cer, hrast...), a tu su i čempresi, jedino drveće koje raste i na ovom i na onom svetu.

U Vergilijevim eklogama ima i izuzetno zanimljivih momenata vezanih za menjanje ideje o bogu (koja postaje dekonkretizovana) i slobodi, (E1), prirodu ljubavi (E2), stvaranje sveta (E6) i čuveni momenat predviđanja pojave odabranog dečaka koji će iskupiti čovečanstvo (E4) � da, da, za mnoge, najava Hrista (čuveni Eliotov esej!).

Antičkim tekstovima valja se vraćati zato što osvešćuju kodove koji nam promiču, neretko i zbog njihove očite prisutnosti. Tako smo kao čitaoci, deluje, postali misaono lenji prema nedostatku dešavanja, deskripciji, idealitetu uopšteno � a on ni ne može da nas razbudi jer nema niti vreme, niti konflikt. Međutim, širi književni obuhvat oživljava ono što uziamamo zdravo za gotovo. Pejzaž, zapravo, nikad nije samo okvir � on je sam dešavanje po sebi. Čitajući Vergilija, rveći se sa pastoralnom dokolicom, čitam i sve ono što je napisano nakon njega � jasniji mi je govor nemih stvari, bliži mi je kod.

I kao što su robovi u Rimu ceo život radili da otkupe svoju slobodu i tek kad to učine imaju pravo da makar njihovi sinovi budu punopravni rimski građani, tako mi se nekad čini da svi strastveni čitaoci kao da štede za taj zapravo nikad dostižni trenutak. Čitanje je istovremeno i želja za slobodom i ostvarivanje slobode uranjanjem u tekst, ali i pokoravanje tekstu � nesloboda. Pa ko se bolje snađe! Plodovi su tu.
Profile Image for G.
Author36 books189 followers
January 31, 2018
Diez poemas bucólicos de Virgilio, su primera gran obra. Se supone que se trata de pastores poetas que cantan sobre cabras, árboles, flores y así, pero no es del todo así. Son poemas escritos desde la ciudad que hablan acerca del campo. Más todavía, el tema central no es campestre, sino erótico, lo dice Virgilio explícitamente en la Décima Bucólica. Es decir, hay cabras, árboles y flores, pero el guía dantesco se la pasa hablando de relaciones pasionales, la mayoría homosexuales, como en la Segunda Bucólica. Otras tantas son mitológicas, como ocurre en la mayor parte del libro, en diálogo con Homero. Hay algo extraordinario en la cuarta. El pasaje del plural al singular en una misma frase -aunque no tengo idea de la versificación original- genera un efecto calculado de violencia. Tremendo recurso estético-político. Más allá de la saturación erudita de estas bucólicas, creo que ahí radica su fuerza, en la música, en los recursos sintácticos que producen efectos semánticos y pragmáticos. Quizás leer traducciones no sirva de mucho.
Profile Image for John Pistelli.
Author10 books331 followers
March 15, 2017
I read this, mistakenly, because of Willa Cather; it wasn't until I brought it all the way home from the library that I checked again and saw that she was quoting not the Eclogues but the Georgics in . I read it anyway.

The Eclogues (c.39 BC)—also and more descriptively known as the Bucolics—is a set of ten rural vignettes (hence "eclogue," or selection). This is moreover, according to Wikipedia, among the first collections of what we would call lyric poetry consciously organized by its author as a book; in other words, Virgil here helps to invent the "slim volume" as a unit of poetic composition. Adapted in part from the third-century Greek poet Theocritus's idylls, this first major work of Virgil may be regarded as a revisionist approach to the pastoral genre.

Virgil innovates by setting his rural tales of poet-shepherds against the chaotic backdrop of Augustus's land reforms, as David Ferry explains in his translation's explanatory matter. Having attained victory in the Battle of Philippi (familiar to contemporary American readers as the battle dramatized at the conclusion of that high-school staple, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar), Augustus expropriated land with which to reward his soldiers. The Eclogues thus begins with a duet between Tityrus and Meliboeus; the former is a manumitted slave who has saved enough money to buy a small plot of land and enjoy his old age in the countryside, a happy turn of events he credits to "a god," whom Ferry glosses as Augustus, while the latter has been expropriated and will be driven with the rest of the dispossessed farmers,
Some to thirsty deserts of Africa,
Some to Scythia, some to the region where
Oaxes rushes over its chalky bed,
Some as far away as the Britons,
Utterly cut off from all the world.
This note of melancholy and fading glory persists throughout the book, but Tityrus's keen gratitude to Augustus, expressed with the eroticism that also suffuses Virgil's poetry, strikes a glorious contrast. This bittersweet tone of fading grandeur is probably what anyone who might use the adjective "Virgilian" would mean by it:
Stags will browse in the pastures of the air
And the sea will cast up its fish on the naked shore,
The exiled Parthian drink from the river Saône
And the German drink from the Tigris, before that face,
The way he looked at me, will fade from my heart.
Note the imagery of tumult, change, upheaval, and loss even in this passage of triumph and thanksgiving.

The second eclogue gives us the comic lament of Corydon, longing for the "beautiful boy" Alexis, and the third, like the seventh and eighth, dramatizes a singing contest between two rural poets. There is probably a limit to how much the reader without Latin can really appreciate this verse in translation, since I assume that in the poems of poetic agon between competing shepherds Virgil is stressing his characters' lyrical virtuosity. Ferry's much-acclaimed 1999 translation is clear, brisk, and even at times conversational (I would compare him to Robert Fagles among classical translators), but he probably could not have matched what Virgil was trying to do in some of these poems—though I do wonder what a severer approach, such as , could accomplish.

Even if some of the poetry is lost in translation, I appreciate the whole atmosphere of these troubled idylls: the sense of languidly erotic poetic camaraderie and rivalry in a paradoxical mood of laid-back crisis, the feeling of myth suffusing and heightening the everyday, even as the everyday brings myth comically to earth. Much of what we take to be defining features of modern literature—as, for instance, in the last novel I read, —is actually classical. Virgil's urban and imperial yearning for a poetry of nature and freedom, of pansexual desire and unalienated labor—what is it but a presentiment of bohemia?

Other highlights of this book include the sixth eclogue, in which two boys tie up the hungover satyr Silenus (tutor of Bacchus) with his own garlands and make him sing for them; the rest of the poem is a summation in indirect discourse of his songs, which dwell upon some of the more grotesque tales in the mythological repertoire, such as that of Scylla or that of Pasiphaë:
In pity he sings the tale of Pasiphaë�
She would have been lucky if there had never been cattle�
Who hopelessly fell in love with a snow-white bull.
Ah, poor unhappy maiden, what was this madness?
Proteus' maddened daughters thought they were cows;
Their mooing filled the fields as if they were;
And yet, though in her madness each of them feared
The yoke about her neck and often fingered
Her smooth brow for the signs of bovine horns,
There wasn't one of them who ever really
Desired vile copulation with a beast.
Ah, poor unhappy maiden, now you wander
Along somewhere in the hills; meanwhile, the bull
Couching his snow-white flank on hyacinth flowers,
Lies in the shade of the ilex, chewing on pale grasses,
Or follows after some heifer in the herd.
"Dictaean Nymphs," cries out Pasiphaë,
"Surround the upland pastures and close them in.
It may be that I'll see his hoofprint signs.
It may be that some meadow down below
Will tempt him or the sight of cows in the herd
As they come home will lead him down to our stables."
Virgil's "pity" for transgressive desire, his distanced and ironical retelling of an old story crossed with an unmistakable poignance and passion, again shows the reader more used to modern writing that it may not be so modern after all.

Finally, I can't neglect the fourth eclogue. Ferry explains that Virgil intended it as a panegyric to the son of Augustus's sister, Octavia, with Marc Antony, prophesying in grand terms the "peace and prosperity" the child's eventual reign would bring; but as the couple had no son and as political developments went otherwise than toward utopia, Virgil reworked the poem to create a sense of "mystery, or mystification" (Ferry here quotes Wendell Clausen's judgment). As we have it, the fourth eclogue's specific politics are muted, and we read not a timely tract but a timeless wish for a redeemed society and even a redeemed nature—a world fit for poetry:
Your cradle will be a cornucopia
Of smiling flowers blossoming around you;
Nowhere will there be serpents anymore,
And nowhere plants in which a poison hides;
And everywhere the Assyrian spice will flourish.

…]

No longer then will merchant ships set forth
Laden with things to trade in foreign places;
Each land will bear of itself what it needs for itself;
The earth will suffer the harrow's tooth no longer
Nor vines suffer the claw of the pruning-hook;
No longer need cloth learn to imitate colors;
Out in the meadow the fleece of the ram will change
Of its own accord from purple to saffron yellow;
In the meadow the lambs will graze in bright red coats.
Virgil's depoliticizing redactions of the fourth eclogue famously allowed centuries of Christian commentators to read it as typologically as they read the Hebrew Bible—to see in it, that is, a prophesy of the birth not of Antony's son but rather of Christ. (This is among the reasons for Virgil's privileged position in Dante's Christian corpus.) I see in the poem a different lesson,* however: local politics, no matter how urgent they seem when we are in the midst of them, are very quickly forgotten, while great poetry will be remembered for two thousand years.

_____________________________

* One more possible lesson for the present from Virgil. While I am not a scholar of classical, medieval, or early modern European literature—you will really want to consult a Highet or a Curtius, to say nothing of more recent talents!—it is my dim understanding that Virgil's career furnished a model of the poetic vocation through the Renaissance and even, by some accounts, into modernism. Virgil wrote two short books, perfectly arranged, in a somewhat modest genre, and then he composed an epic as the summa of his achievement. Some contingency was involved in his choices—he died in middle age, for one thing, and for another he did not even intend for us to read his masterpiece. Nevertheless, his path through poetry was followed by Dante, Spenser, Milton, and even Joyce: all began by perfecting small-scale apprentice work in minor genres (sonnet, ballad, idyll, masque, elegy, short story) before mounting up to such epics as the Divine Comedy and Ulysses. This model of development tends to work best economically in a patronage system; the poet does not have to churn out work on an industrial scale for the market, but is supported in the perfection of his art by a powerful or wealthy sponsor. Our market-based literature disallows such a developmental plan, even though Joyce updated it for the age of the novel; we novelists and poets are obliged to produce, produce, produce. Even today's literary patronage system—i.e., the university—works on a publish-or-perish model that replicates market demands where it is neither necessary nor appropriate to do so. But I wonder if Virgil's way is not more natural; it probably allows writers the freedom and time to create better work, while also encouraging them to strive consciously toward a larger end. Obviously there is the question of what to do after writing one's masterpiece, should one peak young or be long-lived. Lover of Ulysses that I am, I have never read all the way through Finnegans Wake; a writer who voyages so far up his own orifice has no right to ask the rest of us to follow. Perhaps the market's encouragement of public address, while it can be taken too far toward oversimplification or sensationalism, helps to avoid the opposite extremes of hermeticism or solipsism. But if we could all work in the Virgilian way, wouldn't the result be wonderful: fewer and better books? Such a system might even be more humane; the Ralph Ellisons of the world would not have to feel guilty for falling silent, and the Emily Brontës need not fear dying young.
Profile Image for AB.
200 reviews5 followers
November 18, 2020
The Eclogues holds a special place for me. The First Eclogue was the first piece of nonepic Classical poetry that I ever read, and I immediately loved it. The opening lines of the first Eclogue are up there as some of my favorite lines of poetry. Its beautiful when read in both English and Latin. For a whole host of reasons, I never continued past the first Eclogue. After having been surprised by The Georgics I was keenly interested in trying out the Eclogues and was I happy that I did so. They may not be as flashy as the Aeneid, but they really are masterpieces of Latin poetry.

Over the course of two sittings, I read every poem twice. It’s a small collection but I was entranced by the beauty of several of the poems. All the poems dealt with a pastoral lifestyle. There were singing matches, tales of unrequited love, and the trauma of the Caesarian resettlement of Italy. I was naturally attracted towards the ones that dealt with the rustic details of life, but I found myself enjoying all of them. It really speaks volumes to the Genius of Virgil that every extant piece of poetry he wrote is amazing.


You, Tityrus, lie under the canopy of a spreading beech, wooing the woodland Muse on slender reed, but we are leaving our country’s bounds and sweet fields. We are outcasts from our country; you, Tityrus, at ease beneath the shade, teach the woods to re-echo “fair Amaryllis.

Profile Image for Monty Milne.
986 reviews68 followers
October 5, 2022
I once spoke with a young goatherd on a wild Greek hillside and imagined for a moment I was in Arcadia, but I was rapidly aware of the disconnect between fantasy and reality. I could just about imagine him playing a flute but he and his goats exuded a very pungent and not very appealing odour, and although the music of the goats and their tinkling bells blended pleasingly with the music of the cicadas, the turd-littered rocky setting, spiky thorns and harsh sunlight were not really the stuff of rural idyll. No matter � Virgil knew that Arcadia is mostly in the mind � why else would he call his shepherds Arcadians when they are on the banks of the Po, a long way from the Peleponnese?

Shepherds in antiquity didn’t spend all their time reclining on flowery meads reciting poetry and talking about lost love. In reality, their life was harsh, they were unlikely to be particularly bright or attractive, and they almost certainly smelled bad. Never mind � the scenes that Virgil presents are, to my mind, deeply and powerfully attractive. And who has not been moved by poetry, or suffered the pangs of lost love, or been deeply moved by contemplating a rustic landscape? These poems and the life they evoke are wonderful. E V Rieu’s sensitive introduction and excellent notes on each poem are as perfectly pitched as the notes of an Arcadian flute. I am so grateful that I live far from any urban conurbation, buried in the green heart of the countryside. But even if my window overlooked a smoky urban roofscape, my heart would dwell in Arcadia.
Profile Image for Cirano.
185 reviews10 followers
April 13, 2018
Un giorno Dafni sedeva all'ombra di un'elce frusciante,
e Coridone e Tirsi vi avevano radunato greggi,
Tirsi le pecore, Coridone le capre colme di latte;
ambedue nel fiore dell'età, esperti nelle arti di Arcadia,
pari nel canto, e pronti ugualmente a ribattere:
là mi s'era sperduto proprio il caprone del gregge,
mentre difendevo dal freddo il tenero mirto.
Vedo Dafni. Anch'egli mi vede. "Presto", dice.
"Vieni qui, Melibeo, il tuo capro è salvo,
e anche i capretti; se puoi fermarti, riposati all'ombra.
Qui verranno per i prati ad abbeverarsi i giovenchi,
qui il Mincio costeggia di tenere canne le rive,
e dalla sacra quercia si sentono ronzare gli sciami".
Che fare? Non avevo con me Alcippe nè Fillide
che potessero chiudermi in casa gli agnelli svezzati,
ma era una gara importante, Coridone con Tirsi! [...]

Questo brano trasmette un senso di pace e tranquillità proprio di quei tempi in cui i ritmi della vita erano dettati dalla natura. Come doveva essere bella la mia pianura allora!
Profile Image for Ayah.
184 reviews
January 11, 2015
قد يكون مستغربا أن أمنح فرجيل العظيم أهم و أعظم الشعراء في تراث الرومانيين نجمتين فقط ..
إذن جميل أن أعلل ذلك على الأقل لنفسي فأقول إن هذه الأناشيد المسماة بأناشيد الرعاة و التي كنبها فرجيل ملهم الشعر اللاتيني قاطبة قد كتب ما كتب محاولا النسج على منوال الإغريق و إن لم يصل إلى درجة إتقانهم إذ يبقى التراث اليوناني له قصب السبق في الشعر و المسرح و مختلف الفنون الأدبية .. و حتى لا يضيع الخيط مني أقول :نعم لقد وصف فرجيل الطبيعة حوله و كانت أناشيده العشرة عبارة عن محاورات بين رعاة حول قضايا مختلفة لكنني و بكثير من الثقة أقول إنها ابنة عصرها ..
أيا ما يكن الأمر ؛ ثمة لفتات جميلة لكنها لا تستحق أكثر من هذا التقييم ..
أمين سلامة المترجم و الباحث و المؤرخ صدقني إن عملك جد جبار و ما قمت به من شروح و ملخصات و فهارس للأعلام و ملحق للصور مع التعليق عليها عمل جبار يستأهل كل احترام و تقدير .. فألف شكر لك ..
Profile Image for CivilWar.
223 reviews
May 5, 2023
Man, this one is just unfortunate.

Okay so, the thing about Virgil, is that the man was a perfectionist - the reason he's remembered as the best Latin stylist is because of the amount of detail and care he put into his poems - he was known to spend a morning writing a whole slew of verses and then trimming them down to what he thought were a few perfect ones, licking them into shape "as a mother bear would her cubs" so to say. There is the famous anecdote which reports him taking a whole day to write out a single verse, making it perfect.

Hence we have lines like, say, the very first line:

Tityre, tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi

Besides the fantastic phonoaesthetics of the verse, the soft alliterative sounds resemble a pipe flute, much like the ones that the shepherds use in the poem. This sort of attention to detail is present throughout the whole work, which, for the record, is indeed just bucolic i.e. pastoral poetry, it is really not so complex.

The issue is that... this cannot be translated - ever. Even besides going beyond the fact that it's written in dactylic hexameter, a meter that in itself is very hard to use in modern languages where "long" and "short" syllables are lacking when compared to stresses, since this can and often times is translated into iambic pentameter or ottava rima or any such thing depending on the language it's translated to, how vowels work in Latin and modern languages just, is fundamentally different and the effect can never be kept. I read a Portuguese version alongside an English version with the original Latin, and I also merely glanced some Italian and Spanish versions - none of them can keep it, and it's not a matter of bad translators, it's literally just impossible.

"Okay, but so what, monsieur Duarte? Is this not the exact same thing as in Catullus 2 or whatever, why does this matter?" Well it fucking matters because this is a short collection of ten thematically simple pastoral poems and so the style is literally the whole point. The Aeneid, I have seen a Portuguese translation, the first ever published, it was translated in ottava rima, extremely inspired by Camões, and it is incredible how good it sounds while staying entirely faithful to the Latin original, even if stylistically there's been a major change up to a focus on a rhyming patterns over dactyls and phonoaesthetic detail. But here, you can't do that - the careful detail in the very short, simple, idealized depictions of pastoral life is literally the whole point. Translating it - for every translation, and above all a truly great translation, is its own original work - means changing that, which in this case, means fundamentally changing the work.

So, really, unless you read latin, at least enough of it that you can go thru it with a bilingual version, I'd really say that any read of this is going to be rough - it's not Virgil's fault, or a fault of the work, something's are always going to be lost in translation but little loses more than poetry and in that field this loses more than most.

Beyond that, the work is thematically extremely simple, as its elegance and sophistication was entirely in its style and language, which, again, you will simply not see unless you understand how latin poetry works. That said it's not entirely bereft of thematic weight: Bucolics I and IX explore the countryside from the point of view of tenants losing land due to the civil war, a reference to the punitive measures taken to elite families who supported "the wrong side" and had their land taken and distributed to veteran soldiers of Caesar's army. Bucolic IV is the first step in the Augustus political mythology project that would continue with the Georgics and culminate with the Aeneid and famously was read by Christians as referring to Jesus instead. Bucolic II is gay which, I really didn't expect, but is cool to see explicitly gay stuff in ancient poetry as it tends to be subtext when it's not just short compositions (epigrams etc) tho I confess I found it quite boring (again, barring the style), and I am also a rural Mediterranean young man whose former partner was a beautiful boy called Alexander much like Virgil here so I should relate more than most I think.

Really, I think it comes down to this: if you don't care all that much for bucolic poetry, this won't change that unless you just have the most extreme hard-on for Latin stylistry around; if you do like bucolic poetry, well, I don't know, but read this obviously and see what you think, honestly depending on how much you like it you should consider learning latin just or Virgil because I doubt it got much better than this.

Virgil's next work, the Georgics, would be be the countryside once more, but instead of simple (if masterful) bucolic compositions we would start getting into didactic poetry, but one entirely unique, with a much greater degree of thematic complexity. Virgil's poetic evolution follows more or less a straight upwards progression where he got better and better and then died at the peak.

This, I cannot, and would not, say it's bad, but it's not for me, and more objectively, I would say anyone reading a translation is likely missing whatever it is that they think they're reading, much like people who read purely typographical versions of William Blake poems.
Profile Image for dzܰ-é徱Ա.
1,369 reviews248 followers
April 5, 2023
::انطباع عام::
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1_ مجهود رائع من المترجم وسابقة في عصره في إيراده النص اللاتيني مقرونًا بالترجمة العربية. وعلى الرغم من جهلي باللاتينية، لكن يمكن للمرء المطلع على اللغات القديمة أن يرى مدى براعة نظم فرجيليوس (وأتمنى يومًا تعلم اللاتينية لقراءته بلغته الأصلية وإن كان حلمًا بعيد المنال!).
2_ تأتي رغبتي في قراءة هذا الكتاب من إتمام أعمال فرجيليوس كلها الأساسية: الرعويات؛ الزراعيات؛ الإنيادة. وكنت قد أتممت الإنيادة العام الماضي وأعجبت بمدى الكمال الشعري والنظم الفخم للشاعر وقدرته على مزج الأسطورة بالتاريخ بالعصرية الخاصة بزمانه بالفن والجمال بالفخامة وبالأسلوب المدروس والكمالية. لم يكن فرجيليوس ملهمًا لجميع من بعده وفطحْلاً وسط جمع الشعراء من فراغ!
3_ من أكثر المقاطع الملفتة للنظر بشكل كبير الأنشودة الرابعة حيث يتنبأ الشاعر بميلاد طفل يحمل بشارة من جوف يجمع صفات إلهية وبشرية وهو ما سنرى صداه بشكل كبير بعد تزاوج الإرث الروماني مع المسيحي.
***
::في سطور::
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بوكوليكس أو إيكلوغ أو الرعويات أو أناشيد الرعاة أو القصائد الرعوية - هي أول ثلاثة أعمال (الرعويات؛ الزراعيات؛ الإنيادة) رئيسية كتبها الشاعر اللاتيني الكبير فرجيليوس.
***
::الإطار العام::
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1_ استعار فرجيليوس الأسلوب الشعري الرعوي الإغريقي من ثيوكريتوس، ثم أسس نسخة رومانية-لاتينية منه عبر إضافة تفسيرات درامية وأسطورية للتحولات الجذرية في روما في الفترة المضطربة بين عامي 44 و 38 قبل الميلاد. عكس فرجيليوس الصخب السياسي في أناشيده حيث غاب ذلك تمامًا عن أشعار ثيوكريتوس.
2_ في أناشيده يقدم فرجيليوس نماذج رعوية في مرحلة النجاح الكبير للمرحلة الرومانية، تمثل خليطًا من الرؤى السياسية والإيروتيكية التي جعلت من فرجيليوس أسطورة عصره وأمير شعر زمانه.
3_ مثل جميع نظم فرجيليوس، فهو ينظم بالوزن السداسي الأفاعيل. وهذا يجعل أعمال فرجيليوس عمومًا مكتوبة بتصميم ممنهج منه وترتيب، على الرغم من أن الرعويات هي أول أعمال فرجيليوس الأساسية.
4_ يتم اعتبار الرعويات على أنها قصائد ذات صوت إنشادي متبادل الغناء من طرفين (ديالوغ) مع غياب العنصر الدرامي والسردي. وعلى الرغم من ذلك هناك عدة محاولات لتصنيف الهيكل الذي بنيت عليه الرعويات وتم ترتيبها من خلاله: البناء الزمني؛ البناء الجغرافي الإيطالي وغير الإيطالي؛ البناء البسيط الحركة والخفيف ثم البناء الثقيل والجياش.
5_ أما مؤخرًا أشار توماس ك. هوبارد إلى أن النصف الأول من الكتاب يمكن اعتباره بناء إيجابيًا للرؤية الرعوية؛ بينما النصف الثاني يخلق صورة درامية تدريجية للاغتراب عن هذه الرؤية، حيث تؤخذ كل قصيدة من النصف الأول الإيجابي ويتم الرد عليها من النصف الثاني بترتيب عكسي.
***
::الكتاب::
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يتكون من عشرة أناشيد تسمى كل واحدة منها (إيكلوغ = أنشودة رعوية)، نرى فيها تجمعًا من الرعاة المتخيلين الذين يتحدثون وينشدون الأغاني الأميبية في محيط ريفي كبير، سواءً كانوا في حالة معاناة أو تقبل التغيرات الثورية، سعداء أو غير سعداء مع الحب:
1_ الأنشودة الأولى: ديالوغ بين تيتيروس وميليبويوس. في ذروة الاضطرابات وقتها يُجبر ميليبويوس على ترك أرضه ليواجه مستقبلاً مجهولاً. تيتيروس يروي رحلته إلى روما والإله الذي قابله هناك ولبى دعاءه وسمح له بالبقاء في أرضه. يعرض تيتيروس على ميليبويوس قضاء الليلة عنده. تم اعتبار هذا النص مقطوعة هجائية حول حمالات مصادرة الأراضي الشنيعة بعد عودة القوات المتحالفة لماركوس أنطونيوس وأوكتافيوس مع معركة فيليبى عام 42 قبل الميلاد حيث تم هزيمة بروتوس وكاسيوس (منظمي اغتيال يوليوس قيصر عام 44 قبل الميلاد).
2_ الأنشودة الثانية: مونولوغ يؤديه الراعي كوريدون وهو ينوح على حبه الذي من طرف واحد لأليكسيس في ذروة الصيف.
3_ الأنشودة الثالثة: مباراة غنائية بين مينالكاس ودامويتاس. بالايمون هو الحكم الذي يعلن نتيجة تعادل بينهما.
4_ الأنشودة الرابعة: يضيف هناك فرجيليوس دورة ميثولوجية ذات طابع سياسية حيث يتخيل العهد الذهبي الذي يُبشر فيه بولادة الطفل البشارة المسمى "الفضل الكبير لجوف"، الذي يجمع الارتباطات الإلهية حول أوكتافيوس والوريث الطموح الشاب يوليوس قيصر. يجعل الشاعر هذا السليل المتخيل لزيوس مناسبة للانتقال لمستوى أعلى في الملحمة، انطلاقًا من المحيط البسيط للرعويات إلى محيط النبلاء البطولي، متنافسًا في ذلك مع هوميروس نفسه: من هنا يمكننا استشراف طموح فرجيليوس المبكر لصنع ملحمة رومانية ذات طابع أسطوري وتاريخي وهي التي ستكون الإنيادة فيما بعد. يعرض كذلك فرجيل لهزيمة الشاعر الأسطوري أورفيوس وأمه، ملحمة الميوزة كاليوبي وبان مخترع ناي الرعاة كذلك في أركاديا مسقط رأس بان - ذروة الأنشودة العاشرة.
من الصعب تحديد هوية هذا الطفل الإلهي البشارة الذي تكلم عنه فرجيليوس؛ لكن أصبح هو نقطة الالتقاء بين الإرث الروماني الوثني والمسيحية فيما بعد.
ملاحظة: تم عقد الصلة لأول مرة في خطبة قسطنطين (وهي التي يوظفها دانتي في المطهر). عقد بعض الباحثين كذلك بعض التشابهات بين الطابع النبوءي للأنشودة الرابعة وكلمات إشعياء 11:6 "صبي صغير سوف يقود."
5_ الأنشودة الخامسة: نستعرض ثيمة رعوية مميزة أخرى، سعي الشاعر الراعي لتحقيق الشهرة العالمية بالشعر. يبكي كل من مينالكاس وموبسوس رفيقهما دافنيس بوعدهما: "المجد� دافنيس إلى النجوم - / أجل، إلى النجوم فلتعلو يا دافنيس." يمدحان دافنيس بدافع العطف وكذلك الواجب. أوصى دافنيس أن زملاءه الرعاة سوف يخلدون ذكره بصنع ركام يضعون على قمته أغنية: أنا دافنيس في الأحراش، ذكره مثل النجوم. لم يهتم فقط الأحياء برثاء دافنيس وتخليد سمعته الشعرية؛ بل كذلك الشاعر الراعي الميت يشارك في مدح الذاتي من قبره بفضل إرادته. إنها ثمرة المنافسة الشعرية بين الأصدقاء في محاولاتهم أمام الآلهة: بان أو فويبوس. في آخر الأنشودة يتم تأليه دافنيس في مدح شعري رعوي: "إله، إنه إله، أيا مينالكاس!" إن تأكيد الشهرة الشعرية أصبحت أساسًا يسعى له الرعاة في المرثيات الرعوية الكلاسيكية كما سنجد عند ميلتون.
6_ الأنشودة السادسة: تحكي لنا قصة صبيين، كروميس ومناسيلوس، تقنع حورية سيلينوس أن يغني لهما، وكيف غنى لهما حول بداية العالم والفيضان والعصر الذهبي وبروميثيوس وهيلاس وباسيفاي وأطلانطا والأخوات فايثون؛ ثم يصف الشاعر بعد ذلك كيف وهبت الميوزات لغالوس (صديق مقرب من فرجيليوس) مزمار هزيود وكلفته بكتابة شعر وعظي؛ بعد ذلك يحكي لنا حول سكيلا (ابنة نيسوس التي تحولت إلى طير بحري) وتيريوس وفيلوميلا ثم نعرف أنه كان ينشد أغنية كتبها أبوللو على ضفاف الإيروتاس.
7_ الأنشودة السابعة: يتذكر راعي الماعز ميليبيوس (قابلناه في الأنشودة الأولى) في مناجاة ذاتية حول حضوره مباراة غنائية كبيرة كوريدون وثيرسيس. ثم يقتبس من ذاكرته الأغاني الحقيقية (ست جولات من الغناء المتبادل) ويستعيد ذكرى دافنيس وبصفته محكمًا يعلن فوز كوريدون. تقوم الرباعيات الغنائية هنا على الوزن السداسي في كوبليهات رثائية. تمت مناقشة سبب خسارة ثيرسيس؛ لكن القارئ يستشعر أنه على الرغم من المتوازية القريبة بين رباعياته مع كوريدون؛ إلا أنها أقل موسيقية وأحيانًا فظة في محتواها.
8_ الأنشودة الثامنة: تُعرف كذلك بالساحرة. هنا يورد الشاعر الأغاني المتناقضة لراعيين حيث موسيقاهما قوية مثل موسيقى أورفيوس. لكن الأغاني درامية (الشخصية في الأول رجل وفي الثاني امرأة)، على الرغم من تداخل الأقسام الثلاثة الأخيرة، يساعد أمارلس ألفسيبويوس بتعويذة حب.
9_ الأنشودة التاسعة: تقدم الأنشودة إطارًا دراميًا لتصفيات تمهيدية لمباراة غنائية ودية لم تُجرى قط. يقابل ليسيداس الشاب موريس العجوز في طريقه إلى المدينة ويعلم أن معلم موريس الشاعر مينالكاس تم طرده من مزرعته الصغيرة وتقريبًا تم قتله. ثم شرعا في ذكر مقتطفات من أشعار مينالكاس، اثنا�� منها مترجمان عن ثيوكريتوس وآخران متعلقان بالأحداث المعاصرة. يشعر ليسيداس بالقلق جراء المباراة الغنائية، بينما يعترف بأنه لا يضاهي شاعرين رومانيين معاصرين يذكرهما بالاسم؛ لكن موريس يبتهل لفقدان الصوت والنسيان. يمشيان صوب المدينة ويؤجلان المنافسة حتى وصول مينالكاس.
10_ الأنشودة العاشرة: يختتم فرجيل كتابه في هذه الأنشودة باختراع أسطورة جديدة حول سلطة الشعر وأصله: يستبدل صقلية موطن ثيوكريتوس وبطل المجال الرعوي، وكذلك راعي الثيران الملتهب بالعواطف دافنيس، بالصوت المشبوب لصديقه الروماني المعاصر الشاعر الرثائي جايوس كورنيليوس جالوس، متخيلاً موته بسبب الحب في أركاديا. يحول فرجيل تلك المنطقة اليونانية النائية الجبلية المليئة بالأساطير موطن إله المراعي بان، إلى المكان الأصلي والمثالي للأغاني الرعوية، وبالتالي يؤسس تقليد غنائي غزير ذي صدى في الآداب الغربية. هذه الأنشودة هي مصدر العبارة اللاتينية الشهيرة: "أومنيا فينشيت أمور = الحب يدحر الكل."
***
Profile Image for Rick.
778 reviews2 followers
November 18, 2008
Ten pastoral poems without a hint of the epic or heroic, just the small dramas of life on a human scale: lost farms, lost loves, friendship and rivalry, and the trials of living on the margins. A quietly eloquent work, The Eclogues is the world’s first concept album, a collection of lyrics that wrought a revolution that lives, breathes, and sings today, arguably making The Eclogues a greater masterwork than his Aeneid. Ferry’s translation is good enough to do two things: make you forget it’s a translation and wish you could read Latin. Read it twice straight through and will likely read it a third time soon.
Profile Image for Jose Carlos.
Author15 books664 followers
January 10, 2018
ÉGLOGAS PARA LA ETERNIDAD


Son las Bucólicas piedra angular de un género elefancíaco que conocerá multitud de seguidores, de imitadores y de obras: el género pastoril. Desde los diez poemas reunidos en las Bucólicas se catapulta toda una tradición que se nutrirá de ellos y que influirá en obras tan ilustres como La Arcadia, El Decamerón, La Jerusalén Liberada, El Cancionero, El Quijote, El Persiles� firmadas por Sannazaro, Boccaccio, Tasso, Petrarca, Cervantes, pero también por Dante, Garcilaso, Juan del Encinza, Lope de Vega, Jorge de Montemayor, Gaspar Gil Polo, Fray Luis de León, Spenser, Milton, y un largo etcétera que reconocieron en sus obras y en sus versos la decisiva presencia de Virgilio.
Las Bucólicas son, en cuanto a poesía pastoril, un grupo de composiciones, de églogas, que describen la estancia de sus personajes en un mundo ideal, mundo ideal relacionado con el campo, protagonizadas por pastores que disponen del tiempo suficiente para componer versos, cantar, tañer, embromarse, discutir en rimas y dirimir enconados torneos de ingenio. Son poemas de gran carga narrativa y dramática, tanto que en numerosas ocasiones se pudieron poner en escena. Y por decirlo todo, como nada hay nuevo bajo el sol, ya Virgilio tenía a su maestro en este género: su antecedente es Teócrito de Siracusa, iniciador de la materia pastoril con su colección de poemas titulada Idilios. En estas poesías se encuentran ya los elementos que Virgilio recreará y potenciará en lo que se le considera, habitualmente, como una obra de juventud.
Cabe destacar la moderna función metaliteraria que se encuentra en el interior de los poemas de las Bucólicas. Función metaliteraria ya que la composición, égloga virgiliana, tiende a ser poesía que versa sobre poesía, poemas en cuyo interior se cuecen otros poemas, composiciones en donde los protagonistas componen en concursos, ejecutan sus propios versos.
Resulta curioso que en unas composiciones poéticas de antes de Cristo –compuestas entre el 42 y el 37-, se traten ya temas políticos con una clara intención de poner el dedo en la llaga. Sorprende, en primer lugar porque no parece que una composición meramente poética y consagrada a la belleza como la égloga virgiliana pueda servir de vehículo de denuncias y, en segundo lugar, porque nos consta que Virgilio era un protegido que tenía mucho más que callar que denunciar. Me estoy refiriendo, obviamente, a la circunstancia de las expropiaciones de las tierras: muchos de los pastores fueron obligados al destierro porque sus tierras eran concedidas como recompensa a los soldados. Sin embargo, Virgilio, que denuncia semejante atropello en su primera Bucólica de Melibeo y Títiro, podía estar bien tranquilo porque se sabía a salvo de tales desmanes protegido como estaba por Octavio, el Emperador, que respetó sus tierras mantuanas en reconocimiento a su gran prestigio como poeta.
Sea como fuere, el tema sorprende de entrada en un égloga pastoril en donde se reúnen todos lo tópicos del género: un pastor recostado a la sombra de un árbol a la par que toca la flauta o canta, el paisaje silvestre, el amor de los pastores, las continuadas referencias mitológicas, los atardeceres, los riachuelos, la miel de las abejas� y en mitad de todo ello irrumpe la figura del pastor Melibeo, que debe abandonar sus terrenos, y entorna un canto que no es de amor precisamente, sino de destierro.
Dejando a un lado este motivo anecdótico –o quizás no tan anecdótico puesto que el tema de las expropiaciones se vuelve a repetir en la égloga novena, de Lícidas y Meris-, también me gustaría destacar la égloga cuarta. Es una égloga puesta toda ella en boca del poeta, sin injerencias de otros personajes, y que le otorgó a Virgilio no sólo gran parte de la fama sino la aceptación de su poesía en el ámbito cristiano –estoy convencido que esta égloga es la principal culpable de que el poeta acompañe a Dante en la Divina Comedia- al considerarla como una premonición o un poema mesiánico anunciador de la venida de Cristo. Quizás Virgilio en esta Bucólica no pretendiera referirse más que al advenimiento, al comienzo de una nueva Edad de Oro, que asocia al misterioso nacimiento de un niño –Jesucristo según una interpretación mesiánica, o el propio Octavio Augusto, en otra más mundana-. En cualquier caso, esta profecía es tan misteriosa como la de Dante y su lebrel en la Divina Comedia, y no les han faltado interpretaciones a ambas.
Del resto de las composiciones, la tercera, en donde Menalcas y Dametas entablan una florida competición arbitrada por Palemón, que incapaz de decidirse, como incapaz es Virgilio de elegir el mejor de entre sus poemas, decreta, llevado más allá en esa referida función metaliteraria que antes comenté, unas correctas tablas. Este motivo de las justas poéticas se volverá a repetir en la égloga séptima, entre Coridón y Tirsis, en donde demuestran su saber en epigramas –y esta vez si hay un vencedor: a juicio de Melibeo el triunfo es para Coridón. En la sexta, dos muchachos atan y obligan a cantar a Sileno, cuyo canto es un espectacular resumen de temas fabulosos y mitológicos.
Por último, la Bucólica décima, dedicada por Virgilio a su amigo Cornelio Galo, poeta pionero del género elegíaco que se vio en la obligación de suicidarse al haber caído en desgracia. Aparece en la composición un Galo enfermo de amores que muy bien podría ser la extensión de la desesperación de todos nosotros, los lectores, ante unos u otros aspectos de la vida. Pues bien, en la égloga se nos da la solución: “Todo lo vence el Amor y al Amor nos rindamos nosotros�.
Profile Image for Mar.
77 reviews39 followers
March 7, 2021
Didn't move me.
Profile Image for Frastasher.
62 reviews2 followers
February 17, 2025
"oh, come riposerebbero allora in pace le mie ossa se cantasse la vostra zampogna un domani il mio amore! [...] omnia vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori"
Profile Image for C. B..
472 reviews76 followers
July 8, 2022
I read E. V. Rieu's straightforward prose translations, made for the 8th volume in the Penguin Classics series, published in 1949. The poems are quite different from each other, but share certain themes, such as shepherds, unrequited love, and rural scenes. They are relaxing, pleasant, and quite delightful.
169 reviews2 followers
August 9, 2022
Nono, itt jön a 6-10. ecloga véleményezése, hiába, de csak nem találtam hozzá megfelelő kiadást.

Hatodik ecloga

Az egyik idézet, amit ide is beválogattam, a világ keletkezését mutatja Epikurosz hatása nyomán. Ez az epikuroszi természetmagyarázat az ókori Rómában utolsó virágkorát élte, Horatius számos költeménye tartalmaz epikureus eredetű tanokat, Cicero alkalmasnak tartotta a témát a vitára, Lucretius pedig a jelen mű keletkezéséhez képest néhány évtizeddel korábban írta meg a legnagyobb hatású művét, a De rerum natura (A természetről) című munkáját. A hagyomány szerint Lucretius akkor fejezte be művét, amikor Vergilius tizenhét évesen felöltötte a férfiaknak járó toga virilis-t, sőt, mondják, hogy Lucretius halála után Cicero gondozta a szöveget, amelyet bizonyára Vergilius is forgatott.

Az epikureus tanok az etika, a fizika, az ismeretelmélet köré csoportosultak, ami számunkra most fontos innen, az a démokritoszi atomista tanok átvétele. Epikurosz három fő tételt állított fel, az első és legfontosabb, hogy semmi sem keletkezik semmiből, a második, miszerint semmi sem múlik el a nemlétezőbe, valamint hogy a világmindenség mindig is mai állapotában létezett, és mindig is így fog maradni. Vallotta, hogy a kozmosz testekből és űrből áll, ez utóbbi az az üres tér, amely lehetővé teszi a tömör testek számára a mozgást. Nézete szerint minden atomokból épül fel, a formák az atomok nagyságától és alakjától függően állnak össze különböző módon, folyton mozgásban vannak, viszont roppant izgalmas, hogy Démokritosz szerint ezek az atomok, csak fel-le pattognak, Epikurosz szerint viszont véletlen módon mozognak és az ebből fakadó összeütközés fogja létrehozni a testeket. Parmenidész fog beszélni az egy és oszthatatlan Létezőről, ami nem keletkezett, hanem öröktől fogva létezik, és aztán ezt az elméletet fogja módosítani Démokritosz úgy, hogy végtelen számú atom létezik, és önmagában mind a parmenidészi Egy.

A versben szereplő lég és tűz, a világot keletkeztető őselemek már a preszókratikus filozófusoknál is megjelentek, míg Anaximenész szerint a levegő az őselem, Hérakleitosz a tüzet jelöli meg, Thalész szerint pedig minden a vízből lett. Ezt a három elemet fogja szintetizálni Empedoklész és negyedikként a földet adja hozzá. (Anaximandrosz szerint az aperion, a meghatározatlan ősanyag mindennek az eredője.)

Falus: A menekülés-líra mind személyesebb jelleget ölt. Vergilius hivatástudata, barátai (Varus, Gallus) név szerinti dicsérése, főképp pedig az epikuroszi természetmagyarázat � vázlatos és játékosan vulgarizált, mítoszokkal tűzdelt � megverselése utal erre. Egy „alexandriai� ízű kiseposz tréfás érzelmessége és tudálékossága is lehet a bukolikus hangulat s filozofálás hordozója, ahol pásztorkölykök bírják dalra a mezei istent, Silenust.

31-40
Mert a dal arról szólt, hogy a végtelen űrben a földnek,
tengernek, légnek csírái a tiszta tüzekkel
mint keveredtek rég; hogy minden az ős-elemekből
kelt hajdan, maga zsenge világunk is, meg a mennybolt;
majd, hogy kérge szilárdult már s a habokba huzódott
lassan Néreus is, mint formálódtak a testek;
s mint bámulta a föld, hogy' kezd lángolni a napfény,
és az esőt a magasba szökő felhők hogyan öntik,
míg a pagony legelőször hajt lombot s a gyanútlan
dombokon itt-ott megjelenik pár kósza vadállat.

Namque canebat uti magnum per inane coacta
semina terrarumque animaeque marisque fuissent
et liquidi simul ignis; ut his exordia primis
omnia, et ipse tener mundi concreuerit orbis;
tum durare solum et discludere Nerea ponto
coeperit, et rerum paulatim sumere formas;
iamque nouom terrae stupeant lucescere solem,
altius atque cadant submotis nubibus imbres,
incipiant siluae cum primum surgere, cumque
rara per ignaros errent animalia montis.

Hetedik ecloga

Újabb verspárbaj, Cordyon és Thyrsis vetélkedik (megsúgom, Corydon lesz a győztes). Daphnis az árnyékban hever és Meliboeust leheveredni hívja magához, utóbbi az elbeszélőnk, ha épp nem a dialógusban vagyunk. Természeti képek bukkanak fel ismét, Codrust, a költőt tartja Corydon a legkiválóbbnak, de Thyrsis magának követeli a repkénykoszorút Áldoznak az isteneknek, Corydon Déliának ajánl fel terebélyes szarvasagancsot, Thyrsis Priapus termékenységistennek ígér márványszobrot, s később aranyat, ha gazdagodik a nyáj. Aztán jön egy pompás forráskép, egy pompás téli behúzódás (49-52, Thyrsis), ami számomra igen nagy párhuzamot mutat Horatius Carm. 1.9 � Ad Thaliarchum című ódájával, ami kb. két évtizeddel később íródott a VII. eclogához képest:

Dissolve frigus ligna super foco
large reponens atque benignius
deprome quadrimum Sabina,
o Thaliarche, merum diota.

Tegyél a tűzre bőven, enyhüljön a hideg, ne
sajnáld a fát, s hozz mellé négyéves színbort,
Thaliarchus, szabin palackban.

Falus: A kerettel ékített vetélkedő lassanként módosul � nemcsak formailag (négysorossá bővülnek, hangulati-tartalmi egységekbe rendeződnek a rögtönzések), hanem szellemében is: lemállik a dalról a nyers hetykélkedés, a gulya, a csorda, a füvek és vizek dicsérete pedig a pásztori nyugalom bensőséges magasztalásává lágyul. Különösen gazdag e tekintetben a VII. ecloga, ahol a természet gyönyörűségeinek lírai megjelenítése, a részletek ámuló sokasítása, a paraszti földismeret, a művészi cizellálás, a mitologikus utalássorozat és � egyelőre csak a tárgyi adalékok áhítatos fűszereként � a pásztorok személyes érzelmei fonódnak össze a párbeszédben.

10 (Daphnis)
Hát heveredj le a lombok alá, ha megengedi munkád.
Et, si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra.

28 (Thyrsis)
Nyelve a holnap idézőjét ne csepülje csalárdul.
Ne uati noceat mala lingua futuro.

45-48 (Corydon)
Ó források, moh-fedték! álom-puha pázsit!
S hangafa zöld haja, mely hullasz gyér árnnyal ezekre!
Óvjátok delelőn nyájam; már ránktör a forró
nyár, a rügyek ruganyos venyigéinken kifakadnak.

Muscosi fontes, et somno mollior herba,
et quae uos rara uiridis tegit arbutus umbra,
solstitium pecori defendite: iam uenit aestas
torrida, iam lento turgent in palmite gemmae.

49-52 (Thyrsis)
Nálam a tűz, a zsiros-gyantáju szurokfahasábok
fennen lángolnak mindig, füst fogja a félfát;
és a fagyos Boreásszal benn annyit se törődünk,
mint a juhok számával a farkas, özön-hab a parttal.

Hic focus et taedae pingues, hic plurimus ignis
semper, et adsidua postes fuligine nigri;
hic tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum
aut numerum lupus aut torrentia flumina ripas.

65-66 (Thyrsis)
Kertekben legszebb a fenyő, ligetekben a kőris,
nyárfa a víz fövenyén, jegenyék a magas hegyek ormán.

Fraxinus in siluis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis,
populus in fluuiis, abies in montibus altis.

Nyolcadik ecloga

Micsoda szenvedés! Micsoda boldogság! Damon és Alphesiboeus vetélkedik, Damon a szomorúságot igyekszik meglovagolni, míg Alphesiboeus a boldogsággal hódít. Damon elsírja bánatát, mert Nysa, a menyasszonya elhagyta és Mopsussal állt össze. Ragyogó forrása ez a káromkodásoknak, gonoszkodásnak, igen kifejezően fogalmaz, maradjunk annyiban. Alphesiboeus pedig a másik oldalt énekli meg, a házasságra készülő férjet, a készülődést, az áldozati darát, a hagyományokat, amelyből számos liturgikus elemre lehet következtetni. Szóba kerül a hármas szám fontossága, valamint egy furcsa betét is egy bizonyos fűtől farkassá változó Moeris nevű ipséről, és mindeközben a vőlegény Daphnisról álmodozik és szeretné visszacsábítani a városból. Mindkét vers az ismétlésre épül: Damon versében egyre azt harsogja, hogy: „Fújd, mely a Maenaluson felesel, fuvolám, a felejtőt!�, míg Alphesiboeus azt kontrázza: „Hozd haza, versem, a városból, ó hozd haza Daphnist!�

Falus: Daphnisról dalol a VIII. ecloga egyik pásztora is � de nem a megváltó istenként imádott, hanem a hús-vér ifjúról: sóvár szerelemmel, varázsos bűbájjal csábítaná vissza a városba szakadt legényt. Ez a versrészlet, amelynek naiv epekedése a másik pásztor hasonló tárgyú, csak keserűbb dalára válaszol, mitologikus párhuzamaival, refrénjeivel és természeti ékítményeivel is a theokritoszi hagyományokhoz kanyarodik vissza; a költemény indítása is � a rövid bevezetőt követő, „hallomásra� épülő idézés � a korai II. eclogára emlékeztet.

11-13
Hisz teveled kezdem, végzem - vedd el csak e verset,
kérted: adom, s a szerény repkényt engedd odakúszni
homlokodon viruló diadalmi babérkoszorúdhoz.

A te principium; tibi desinet: accipe iussis
carmina coepta tuis, atque hanc sine tempora circum
inter uictricis hederam tibi serpere laurus.

14-15
Jéghideg árnya az éjnek alig múlt el csak az égről,
s ült meg a harmat, a nyáj örömére, a gyenge gyepágyon.

Frigida uix caelo noctis decesserat umbra,
cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba.

21 (Damon)
Fújd, mely a Maenaluson felesel, fuvolám, a felejtőt!
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, uersus.

27-28 (Damon)
Párja a lónak eként griff lesz, az ebekkel a félénk
őz pedig egy forráshoz fog még járni idővel.

Iungentur iam grypes equis, aeuoque sequenti
cum canibus timidi ueniet ad pocula dammae.

50 (Damon)
Elvetemült fiu vagy! te pedig, bomlott anya, szörnyű.
Improbus ille puer; crudelis tu quoque, mater.

58-60 (Damon)
Önts el, özön, mindent! erdők, én búcsuzom immár:
ugrom az árba fejest e magas hegyorom tetejéről;
végadományul a haldokló ezt nyújtja tinéktek.

Omnia uel medium fiat mare. Viuite, siluae:
praeceps aerii specula de montis in undas
deferar; extremum hoc munus morientis habeto.

73-75 (Alphesiboeus)
Képed először is átkötözöm, háromszinü szállal
háromszor, vele megkerülöm háromszor az oltárt:
isteneink csak a páratlan számoknak örülnek.

Terna tibi haec primum triplici diuersa colore
licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum
effigiem duco: numero deus impare gaudet.

81 (Alphesiboeus)
Hintsd a darát! a parázsra babért, szurkos-töredékenyt!
Sparge molam et fragilis incende bitumine laurus.

94-98 (Alphesiboeus)
Ezt a füvet, meg amit Pontusban mértek, e mérget,
Moeristól kaptam (van ilyen Pontusban ezernyi),
én magam is láttam, tőlük, lappangva az erdőn,
mint vált farkassá Moeris, holtat hogy idézett
síri sötétből fel s a vetést más tájra hogy űzte.

Has herbas atque haec Ponto mihi lecta uenena
ipse dedit Moeris (nascuntur pluruma Ponto);
his ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere siluis
Moerim, saepe animas imis excire sepulcris,
atque satas alio uidi traducere messis.

103-108 (Alphesiboeus)
Hozd haza, versem, a városból, ó hozd haza Daphnist! -
Nézd, a parázs, míg késlekedem, felpislan: az oltárt
körbelobogja magától már. Vaj' válna javunkra!
Nem tudom, ez mi... de hallom künn vinnyogni Hylaxot.
Elhihetem? szerető szivemet nem az álmok igézik?
Csend, te, dalom, jön a városból, jön már haza Daphnis.

Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Aspice: corripuit tremulis altaria flammis
sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse. Bonum sit!
Nescio quid certe est, et Hylax in limine latrat.
Credimus? an qui amant ipsi sibi somnia fingunt?
Parcite, ab urbe uenit, iam parcite, carmina, Daphnis.

Kilencedik ecloga

Úton-útfélen belebotlok ebbe az eclogába, de isten lássa lelkem, akárhányszor elolvastam, én még nagy örömet nem találtam benne. Ez is párbeszédes jellegű, Moeris és Lycidas dumcsiznak arról, hogy Moeris elvesztette a földjét, szar az élet, de legalább a versek szépek. Három részre tagolható, a bevezető és a záró rész közé ékelődnek be mintegy kínaidoboz-világként a Menalcastól idézett versrészletek, amik még a boldog békeidők hangulatát hordozzák ebben a nyívvel teljes világban, ahol polgárháborúk dúlnak és létbizonytalanság fenyeget.

Falus: Az ádáz katonákat és a polgárháborút átkozó Meliboeus párja a IX. eclogában Moeris, aki a földbitorló veteránnak visz sápot ideig-óráig meghagyott tanyájáról. Ő is, beszélgetőtársa, Lycidas is egy bizonyos Menalcas pártfogásában reménykedett � úgy látszik, hiába. Két vigasza maradt csupán: a dal gyönyörűsége � Vergilius barátainak és önmagának szerzeményei � s a remény, hogy az istenné lett Julius Caesar csillaga kedvező sorsot jósol, békét és jólétet ígér a pásztoroknak. Új harmónia ígérete lappang a versben: ha megjő Menalcas, együtt fognak majd kedvderítő dalba, s egybehangzóan hiszik, hogy a jóslatnak teljesülnie kell. A boldogságvárás, az evilági megváltás reménye szilárdul meg magában a költőben.

Csak természetes, hogy a vérontás és létbizonytalanság csodavárásra csábította az embereket � nemcsak az írástudatlan parasztokat, de a városi intelligenciát is. A Messiás eljövetelét hirdető zsidó próféciákon s a különféle keleti feltámadásmítoszokon és misztériumokon kívül nyomatékos szerepe volt ebben azoknak a több évszázados, görög eredetű jóslatoknak, melyeket a cumae-i Apollo papnőinek, a Sibylláknak töredékes könyveiből olvastak ki. Hitték az itáliai emberek is � mert hinniük kellett �, hogy nem tarthat örökké a nyomorúság, s hogy visszatér a hajdani aranykor, amely Saturnus uralma idején boldogította a bűntelen ősöket. Reális elképzeléssé még nem szilárdult a remény: volt, aki a halhatatlanná lett pásztor (Daphnis) kegyében bízott, volt, aki az isteni Caesar oltárain áldozott � éppen nem Octavianus érdekei és kedve ellenére �, ismét mások valamelyik élő hatalmasság békeszerzésébe vetették bizodalmukat. Nemcsak Octavianus, hanem a keleti kultuszokhoz igazodó Antonius, a kalózkirállyá emelkedő Sextus Pompeius és egyik-másik másodrendű nagyúr is aspirálhatott önmaga vagy fia isteni megváltó szerepére.

40-43 (Moeris � Menalcast idéz)
Itt rózsáll a tavasz, fakadoznak ezernyi virágok
már a folyam fövenyén, a fehér nyárfák meg a kúszó
vadszőlők, ime, barlangunk árnyékba borítják:
hát jövel és engedd, csak verje a bősz hab a partot.

Hic uer purpureum, uarios hic flumina circum
fundit humus flores; hic candida populus antro
imminet et lentae texunt umbracula uites.
huc ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus.

51 (Moeris)
Ám az idő mindent elemészt, elménket is.
Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque.

57-58 (Lycidas)
Nézd, az egész nyugvó folyamág, minden körülötted
rád figyel itt, a szelek szűnnek szűkölve sziszegni.

Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes,
aspice, uentosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae.

Tizedik ecloga

Egyszer mindennek vége szakad, még Vergilius eclogáinak is, ez a tizedik darab az elsővel keretes szerkezetben fogja közre a bukolikus idillekből, verspárbajokból, elveszett boldogságból és furcsa, misztikus jövendölésekből álló csokrot. A tizedik témája egyébként nem valami kirívó, Gallus balsorsú szerelmét énekli meg. Lycoris télvíz idején megszökött az új szeretőjével, zokog összevissza, aztán még ő kívánja, hogy nehogy szegénynek törje a jég a talpát� Hát ott fagyjon kővé a hegyekben, ha engem kérdeztek.

Falus: A IV. ecloga leplezetlenül első személyű formája tér vissza a ciklus záró (X.) darabjában. A kedves barát, Gallus szerelmi bánatáról szól a dal � egy idegen katonával csalta meg kedvese, s költözött tőle az Alpok tájára �, a bukolikus költészet legcsiszoltabb módján, bár éppen ez a csiszoltság kissé finomkodónak tetszik a könnyes kesergés ábrázolásában, ha ugyan nem irónia bujkál a dús apparátusú siránkozás mélyén. Előbb maga Vergilius tolmácsolja részvétét, amelyet a fenyvesek, szirtek, nyájak, pásztorok, istenek könnyhullatása és pirongatása kísér, majd a megcsalt Gallus monológja következik � hasonló stílusban. Az utolsó sorokban vált csak reálisabbra a hang, ahol ismét Vergiliusé a szó � tömör és mélységesen őszinte, legszebb stílusvívmányait csillantja fel a búcsú: búcsú a témától, a leszálló naptól, de magától a pásztori költészettől is.

Már az eclogák füzérével is többet nyújtott Vergilius, mint a hellenisztikus-neoterikus szokvány követői � nemcsak stílus tekintetében (a hexameter finomításával, a költői szókészlet kiterjesztésével, a természeti leírások pompás színeivel), hanem tartalmilag-szellemileg is. Valójában ő fedezte fel a tájat a latin költészet számára, s ami addig csak prózai téma vagy díszlet jellegű ékítmény volt, általa lett művészi ihlet forrása és művészi tárgy. Hasonlóképpen korszakos jelentőségű újítása a bukolikus hagyományok római veretezése, az aktuális és drámai tartalom beépítése a régi formává. Életismerete, művészi elkötelezettsége, hagyománymódosító önállósága és nyelvi zsenialitása érvényesül a Georgicában is, amelyben a földművelési szakszerűség költői bájjal, a politikai-eszmei tudatosság esztétikai gyönyörködtetéssel párosulva adott újat Rómának � és az egész világnak.

7
Ám tépjék csak a zsenge rügyet piszeorru gidáim.
Dum tenera attondent simae uirgulta capellae.

16-17
Körbeseregli a nyáj - minket nem vet meg a jószág,
hát te se vesd meg a jószágot soha, mennyei költő.

Stant et oues circum (nostri nec paenitet illas,
nec te paeniteat pecoris, diuine poeta.

24-25
Réti virágkoszorút öltvén, Silvánus is eljön
s bólogat, ím, bimbós ággal, bájos liliommal.

Venit et agresti capitis Siluanus honore,
florentis ferulas et grandia lilia quassans.

29-30
Mert mint vízzel a gyep, mézfűvel a méh, gida lombbal:
úgy a kegyetlen Amor sem akar jóllakni a könnyel.

Nec lacrimis crudelis Amor nec gramina riuis
nec cytiso saturantur apes nec fronde capellae.

33-34
…] Ó, csontom mily nyugton pihen aztán,
hogyha szerelmemről szól majd egykor fuvolátok!

O mihi tum quam molliter ossa quiescant,
uestra meos olim si fistula dicat amores!

42-43
Mily hüvös itt a patak, mily lágy ez a gyep! vadonerdők!
Vaj' veled itt vénülhettem meg volna, Lycoris!

Hic gelidi fontes, hic mollia prata, Lycori;
hic nemus; hic ipso tecum consumerer aeuo.

49
Jaj, csak az éles jég selymes talpad sose törné!
A, tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas!

52-54
Mert jobb énnékem berkek mélyén, vadak odván
s fájva bevésnem a fák fiatal héjjába szerelmem;
mint növekednek a fák, úgy fog növekedni szerelmem.

Certum est in siluis inter spelaea ferarum
malle pati tenerisque meos incidere Amores
arboribus: crescent illae, crescetis, Amores.

63
…] Hát vegyetek tőlem bucsut, erdők!
Ipsae rursus concedite, siluae.

75-76
Most pedig induljunk: a dalosra veszélyes az árnyék,
még a fenyőké is, de ily árny a gyümölcsre se hasznos.

Surgamus: solet esse grauis cantantibus umbra,
iuniperi grauis umbra; nocent et frugibus umbrae
Profile Image for Sean Kingsley.
50 reviews1 follower
January 13, 2022
I don't know why I read this, I hate poetry. Especially Latin poetry so old that it's translated in basically 16th century English.
There was something vaguely contemporary about the way it felt though, with its focus on shepherds and pastoral themes.
I had to read the Wikipedia summary before each Eclogue though; can't wait to have the one 5 minute conversation with my Classics teacher next year where I figure out that I read it completely wrong.
Profile Image for Lars Reijnen.
92 reviews1 follower
August 3, 2020
Nobis placeant ante omnia silvea.

Neat little book, the commentary by E. V. Rieu is very enjoyable.

o tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura
atque humiles habitare casas et figere cervos
headorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco!

If only you could bring yourself to live with me under some humble roof in the homely countryside, to shoot the staf, and drive a herd of goats with a green mallow switch!

omnia vel medium fiat mare. vivite silvae;
praeceps aerii specula de montis in undas
deferar;

No, let the deep sea overwhelm the world. Woodlands, goodbye to you; I will go up to the windy lookout on the mountain-top and plunge down headlong to the waves
Profile Image for Hila.
329 reviews13 followers
February 19, 2019
“La torva leona persigue al lobo, a su vez el lobo a la cabrita, la retozona cabrita va tras el cantueso en flor y en pos tuyo, oh Alexis, Coridón: a cada uno le arrastra su placer. Mira, los novillos traen pendientes del yugo los arados y, al ocultarse el sol dobla las crecientes sombras; a mí, sin embargo, abrásame el amor, pues ¿que medida cabe en el amor?�

p.43, Bucólica segunda (Coridón y Alexis <3)

“Alfesibeo: (...) Sea buen presagio. (...) ¿Lo creemos? ¿O los que aman se forjan sueños ellos mismos?�

p.95, Bucólica octava


Bucólicas favoritas: I, II, IV, VI, IX, X
Profile Image for Myricae ♡.
126 reviews29 followers
February 18, 2020
Sprofondare lentamente nella mollezza dei canti, fra le fronde degli alberi, nei boschi.
Ogni cosa è verde, piacevole il sole, soavi le note che si alzano verso le nuvole chiare.
Puoi sentire il sapore del vino che macchia le labbra e dei fiori che profumano come amore semplice e insieme complesso, fuoco alla quale non si può resistere ne rinunciare.

Leggere le “Bucoliche� è come lasciarsi andare, nel vento 🌬
Profile Image for Paolo.
219 reviews9 followers
November 29, 2016
Tradotte e ripetute all'esame di Latino I.
Profile Image for Maan Kawas.
789 reviews104 followers
November 17, 2018
Enchanting and exquisite! I loved these poems very much!
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