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袟邪斜芯斜芯薪
袩芯胁褨褋褌褜 芦袟邪斜芯斜芯薪禄 褋褌邪谢邪 胁械褉褕懈薪薪懈屑 褟胁懈褖械屑 薪械 谢懈褕械 褍 褌胁芯褉褔芯褋褌褨 袥械褋褟 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔邪, 邪 泄 薪械锌械褉械褏褨写薪懈屑 褏褍写芯卸薪褨屑 薪邪写斜邪薪薪褟屑 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉懈. 笑械 褋胁芯褦褉褨写薪懈泄 褌械屑邪褌懈褔薪懈泄 褌邪 褨写械泄薪芯-褏褍写芯卸薪褨泄 褋懈薪褌械蟹 胁褋褨褦褩 褌胁芯褉褔芯褋褌褨 袥械褋褟 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔邪. 笑械 鈥� 褋芯褑褨邪谢褜薪邪 褋邪褌懈褉邪 薪邪 芦屑械褉褌胁褨 写褍褕褨禄 谐邪谢懈褑褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯胁褨薪褑褨褩 褨 胁芯写薪芯褔邪褋 褕懈褉芯泻械 锌芯谢芯褌薪芯 薪褍卸写械薪薪芯谐芯, 斜械蟹锌褉芯褋胁褨褌薪芯谐芯 褨 斜械蟹锌褉邪胁薪芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褟 谐邪谢懈褑褜泻芯谐芯 褋械谢邪 蟹邪 褔邪褋褨胁 "薪械斜芯卸泻懈" 邪胁褋褌褉芯-褍谐芯褉褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯薪邪褉褏褨褩.
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袙 褋邪褌懈褉懈褔薪褨泄 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 胁褨写芯屑芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻邪-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌邪 袥械褋褟 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔邪 (1871-1916) 蟹屑邪谢褜芯胁邪薪芯 卸懈褌褌褟 褨 锌芯斜褍褌 锌褉芯胁褨薪褑褨泄薪芯谐芯 锌芯锌褨胁褋褌胁邪 袚邪谢懈褔懈薪懈 蟹邪 褔邪褋褨胁 袗胁褋褌褉芯-校谐芯褉褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯薪邪褉褏褨褩, 泄芯谐芯 锌邪褉邪蟹懈褌懈蟹屑, 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪械 褍斜芯蟹褌胁芯 褉芯蟹泻谢邪写, 斜邪泄写褍卸褨褋褌褜 写芯 褨薪褌械褉械褋褨胁 薪邪褉芯写薪懈褏 屑邪褋, 褉芯蟹泻褉懈褌芯 蟹谢懈写械薪薪械 褨褋薪褍胁邪薪薪褟 褌褉褍写芯胁芯谐芯 褋械谢褟薪褋褌胁邪, 褟泻械 褕褍泻邪褦 褕谢褟褏褨胁 锌芯谢褨锌褕械薪薪褟 褋胁芯褦褩 褌褟卸泻芯褩 写芯谢褨.
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袨写懈薪 蟹 锌械褉褕懈褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈褏 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨褔薪懈褏 褉芯屑邪薪褨胁.
孝械泻褋褌 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 蟹邪 胁懈写邪薪薪褟屑 1985 褉芯泻褍 褌褍褌:
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袙 褋邪褌懈褉懈褔薪褨泄 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 胁褨写芯屑芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻邪-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌邪 袥械褋褟 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔邪 (1871-1916) 蟹屑邪谢褜芯胁邪薪芯 卸懈褌褌褟 褨 锌芯斜褍褌 锌褉芯胁褨薪褑褨泄薪芯谐芯 锌芯锌褨胁褋褌胁邪 袚邪谢懈褔懈薪懈 蟹邪 褔邪褋褨胁 袗胁褋褌褉芯-校谐芯褉褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯薪邪褉褏褨褩, 泄芯谐芯 锌邪褉邪蟹懈褌懈蟹屑, 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪械 褍斜芯蟹褌胁芯 褉芯蟹泻谢邪写, 斜邪泄写褍卸褨褋褌褜 写芯 褨薪褌械褉械褋褨胁 薪邪褉芯写薪懈褏 屑邪褋, 褉芯蟹泻褉懈褌芯 蟹谢懈写械薪薪械 褨褋薪褍胁邪薪薪褟 褌褉褍写芯胁芯谐芯 褋械谢褟薪褋褌胁邪, 褟泻械 褕褍泻邪褦 褕谢褟褏褨胁 锌芯谢褨锌褕械薪薪褟 褋胁芯褦褩 褌褟卸泻芯褩 写芯谢褨.
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袨写懈薪 蟹 锌械褉褕懈褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈褏 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨褔薪懈褏 褉芯屑邪薪褨胁.
孝械泻褋褌 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 蟹邪 胁懈写邪薪薪褟屑 1985 褉芯泻褍 褌褍褌:
336 pages, Unknown Binding
First published January 1, 1917
2 people are currently reading
30 people want to read
About the author
袥械褋褜 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔
7听books1听follower褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻, 锌褉邪胁薪懈泻 褨 谐褉芯屑邪写褋褜泻懈泄 写褨褟褔, 写芯泻褌芯褉 锌褉邪胁邪.
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September 5, 2023
This is a satirical novel about the lives of rural Ukrainians under Austria-Hungary that actively criticizes the then-popular approach of using parish priests as the cornerstone of nation-building. I鈥檝e read it now because this year I plan to read more of Ukrainian classics, so I took (Ukr) and decided to go through the list as it is composed, i.e. chronologically. This is the #16 in the list.
A few words about the author 鈥� Les鈥� Martovych () (1871 -- 1916) was a Ukrainian writer, lawyer and public figure, Doctor of Law. Because he had a relatively small number of fiction works, which were written in Pokuttya dialect of Ukrainian, he isn鈥檛 in the school program and therefore not widely known even locally (even here on 欧宝娱乐 only one review). It is an interesting fact that his father taught himself to read and write, which helped him rise from a hired hand to a clerk. The Martovych family belonged to an ancient Jewish rabbinical family, the last representative of which (the writer's grandfather) converted to Christianity and was expelled from the Jewish community (kahal).
This is the only novel of the author, which was almost lost when during WW1 russian soldiers looted the house where his papers were collected and seeing no interest in them, just threw them away. However, the papers were saved by his friends and became a basis for Martovych鈥檚 only novel, published posthumously in 1917. The English title can be directly translated as a 鈥淪uperstition鈥� but I guess a more correct modern term is 鈥淚nstant Karma鈥�.
The book follows chiefly two men, a village priest Father Matchuk and his son Slavko. The Father is small and round and his only pleasure in life is to criticize anyone. Quite often such blaming is either based on nothing or even if formally has a reason, it isn鈥檛 relevant, as for example in a scene where his married daughter visited them and brought her 1.5-years-old daughter Olya with them:
At supper, Olya became the life of the party. Even Slavko stroked her face, while the grandma held her on her lap and gave her milk. Olya got used to new people right away. When the grandma spooned milk to give her a drink, Olya would stretch out her hand, wave it around, and say to everyone: "Me! Me! Me!" Later, when she was no longer hungry, she would gurgle the milk from a spoon and pour it out. Finally, she wanted a spoon. She grabbed it with her whole fist and pulled it away from her, saying: "Mine! Mine!" When she managed to get the spoon, she slammed it down on the table with all her might and laughed heartily, showing her two front teeth.
- "Give it to grandma, give it to grandma!" the grandma cried, trying to take the spoon away from her.
But Olya lifted it up and threw it to the ground. The spoon rang, and Olya laughed.
- "Why did you throw that?" the priest called out. He wanted to say, "Are you deliberately hurting your grandpa?" but these words froze on his lips because he had no chance to say them. Slavko leaned over to pick up the spoon, while the grandma and Halia spoke to Olya at the same time. It was as if the priest was being stabbed in the lips with unsaid words that would not let him rest.
The son, Slavko is different, but not much better 鈥� he failed all exams in school, faked for his parents a document that he passed, and spends all his free time digging a hole with a stick and covering it back with earth. He has a superstition that gave a name to the novel 鈥� that if anything good happens to him to give him pleasure, instantly something bad is about to happen, therefore it is best to do nothing or to intentionally seek something bad (like trying to catch a cold), so that something good may follow. He lacks initiative to such an extent, that
Today, at noon, he decided to kill himself. Obviously, only in case if someone brought him a revolver and said: one, two, three, shoot! Or if someone led him in the woods, put a noose around his neck, and said: hang yourself! Before that, of course, he would have to help him get on a branch.
Both the father and the son are like very young children, completely helpless, so to help them survive there are women around them, and because these women are usually of the same class (Slavko鈥檚 mother, their neighbor), they are mostly managers while most daily work is done by hired hands. Unlike a lot of earlier Ukrainian authors who wrote about rural life and the trauma of serfdom, where peasants were either heroes or victims, here approach is much more skeptical: yes, illiteracy and quotidian hard toil limit personal growth but also negative imprint have attitudes and heavy drinking. The attitudes are like:
First of all, they did not see the slightest difference between a merchant and a thief. They set me an example. "If I buy a pig and resell it at a profit, I am stealing from the one who buys it, because the pig did not create for me those few crowns. Either I stole from the one who sold it to me or from the one who bought from me!" That's why they didn't think they were any better than Hrynko, who was inspecting my chain. They also gave me the argument that a merchant steals from everyone, whether poor or rich. The big thief steals either from a bank or from a rich man. That's why he does less harm than a merchant. They saw only thieves in the city: every mister is a thief. 鈥� They convinced me that we should learn from the Poles, because they steal votes in elections and have more representatives than they should.
And here is a snippet showing the horrors of alcohol:
The dinner started with Hrynka's bring. They drank vodka and ate sausage. Ivan鈥檚 wife[she have birth this very morning!] also poured vodka for her family, her young children, two boys and a daughter, who were still awake but sitting in a row on the boards that made up the bed. She was convinced that vodka makes children healthy. When she gave them a piece of sausage, the first one to grab it ran to the stove and onto the back of the stove. There, it would turn to the wall and, holding the sausage tightly in his hands, tear it with his teeth as much as it could fit into his mouth. However, he would dart its eyes to the sides to see if anyone was sneaking in to snatch it away. He was just like a dog that grabs a bone and hides with it in an inaccessible place. If someone moves nearby, the dog growls.
After dinner, we drank beer, and the midwife, not so much drunk as dizzy with stuffiness and sniffles, said to the wife:
"And remember, Yvanichka, that a hundred crowns have been allocated for the funeral of this child. As soon as he dies, I will bring you the money with my own hands. I'll put it on the table here in front of you. If only the Mother of Christ could help me get home like that!
Yvanichka was very drunk: she had been drinking since before dawn. She leaned her elbow on the table and nodded her head piously at every word the midwife said. Then she spoke to her tenderly:
"Hey! Don't kowtow, ma'am, because I believe you anyway. My eyes can see that this child cannot live a long life. He is so tiny, so delicate, like a fluff. You don't know how to feed it. But what God gives, a Christian eats. We don't eat anything else ourselves, only tubers and cabbage, and it has to get used to it. Soon, if he gets unaccustomed, he will get a tummy like a tambourine, but what can you do? It's all a gift from God. Let's thank him, the heavenly one, for giving birth to tubers and cabbages!
Overall an interesting 鈥榬ealism鈥� approach to people鈥檚 vows instead of earlier romantic one. It isn鈥檛 an easy read but I鈥檓 glad I鈥檝e read it.
A few words about the author 鈥� Les鈥� Martovych () (1871 -- 1916) was a Ukrainian writer, lawyer and public figure, Doctor of Law. Because he had a relatively small number of fiction works, which were written in Pokuttya dialect of Ukrainian, he isn鈥檛 in the school program and therefore not widely known even locally (even here on 欧宝娱乐 only one review). It is an interesting fact that his father taught himself to read and write, which helped him rise from a hired hand to a clerk. The Martovych family belonged to an ancient Jewish rabbinical family, the last representative of which (the writer's grandfather) converted to Christianity and was expelled from the Jewish community (kahal).
This is the only novel of the author, which was almost lost when during WW1 russian soldiers looted the house where his papers were collected and seeing no interest in them, just threw them away. However, the papers were saved by his friends and became a basis for Martovych鈥檚 only novel, published posthumously in 1917. The English title can be directly translated as a 鈥淪uperstition鈥� but I guess a more correct modern term is 鈥淚nstant Karma鈥�.
The book follows chiefly two men, a village priest Father Matchuk and his son Slavko. The Father is small and round and his only pleasure in life is to criticize anyone. Quite often such blaming is either based on nothing or even if formally has a reason, it isn鈥檛 relevant, as for example in a scene where his married daughter visited them and brought her 1.5-years-old daughter Olya with them:
At supper, Olya became the life of the party. Even Slavko stroked her face, while the grandma held her on her lap and gave her milk. Olya got used to new people right away. When the grandma spooned milk to give her a drink, Olya would stretch out her hand, wave it around, and say to everyone: "Me! Me! Me!" Later, when she was no longer hungry, she would gurgle the milk from a spoon and pour it out. Finally, she wanted a spoon. She grabbed it with her whole fist and pulled it away from her, saying: "Mine! Mine!" When she managed to get the spoon, she slammed it down on the table with all her might and laughed heartily, showing her two front teeth.
- "Give it to grandma, give it to grandma!" the grandma cried, trying to take the spoon away from her.
But Olya lifted it up and threw it to the ground. The spoon rang, and Olya laughed.
- "Why did you throw that?" the priest called out. He wanted to say, "Are you deliberately hurting your grandpa?" but these words froze on his lips because he had no chance to say them. Slavko leaned over to pick up the spoon, while the grandma and Halia spoke to Olya at the same time. It was as if the priest was being stabbed in the lips with unsaid words that would not let him rest.
The son, Slavko is different, but not much better 鈥� he failed all exams in school, faked for his parents a document that he passed, and spends all his free time digging a hole with a stick and covering it back with earth. He has a superstition that gave a name to the novel 鈥� that if anything good happens to him to give him pleasure, instantly something bad is about to happen, therefore it is best to do nothing or to intentionally seek something bad (like trying to catch a cold), so that something good may follow. He lacks initiative to such an extent, that
Today, at noon, he decided to kill himself. Obviously, only in case if someone brought him a revolver and said: one, two, three, shoot! Or if someone led him in the woods, put a noose around his neck, and said: hang yourself! Before that, of course, he would have to help him get on a branch.
Both the father and the son are like very young children, completely helpless, so to help them survive there are women around them, and because these women are usually of the same class (Slavko鈥檚 mother, their neighbor), they are mostly managers while most daily work is done by hired hands. Unlike a lot of earlier Ukrainian authors who wrote about rural life and the trauma of serfdom, where peasants were either heroes or victims, here approach is much more skeptical: yes, illiteracy and quotidian hard toil limit personal growth but also negative imprint have attitudes and heavy drinking. The attitudes are like:
First of all, they did not see the slightest difference between a merchant and a thief. They set me an example. "If I buy a pig and resell it at a profit, I am stealing from the one who buys it, because the pig did not create for me those few crowns. Either I stole from the one who sold it to me or from the one who bought from me!" That's why they didn't think they were any better than Hrynko, who was inspecting my chain. They also gave me the argument that a merchant steals from everyone, whether poor or rich. The big thief steals either from a bank or from a rich man. That's why he does less harm than a merchant. They saw only thieves in the city: every mister is a thief. 鈥� They convinced me that we should learn from the Poles, because they steal votes in elections and have more representatives than they should.
And here is a snippet showing the horrors of alcohol:
The dinner started with Hrynka's bring. They drank vodka and ate sausage. Ivan鈥檚 wife[she have birth this very morning!] also poured vodka for her family, her young children, two boys and a daughter, who were still awake but sitting in a row on the boards that made up the bed. She was convinced that vodka makes children healthy. When she gave them a piece of sausage, the first one to grab it ran to the stove and onto the back of the stove. There, it would turn to the wall and, holding the sausage tightly in his hands, tear it with his teeth as much as it could fit into his mouth. However, he would dart its eyes to the sides to see if anyone was sneaking in to snatch it away. He was just like a dog that grabs a bone and hides with it in an inaccessible place. If someone moves nearby, the dog growls.
After dinner, we drank beer, and the midwife, not so much drunk as dizzy with stuffiness and sniffles, said to the wife:
"And remember, Yvanichka, that a hundred crowns have been allocated for the funeral of this child. As soon as he dies, I will bring you the money with my own hands. I'll put it on the table here in front of you. If only the Mother of Christ could help me get home like that!
Yvanichka was very drunk: she had been drinking since before dawn. She leaned her elbow on the table and nodded her head piously at every word the midwife said. Then she spoke to her tenderly:
"Hey! Don't kowtow, ma'am, because I believe you anyway. My eyes can see that this child cannot live a long life. He is so tiny, so delicate, like a fluff. You don't know how to feed it. But what God gives, a Christian eats. We don't eat anything else ourselves, only tubers and cabbage, and it has to get used to it. Soon, if he gets unaccustomed, he will get a tummy like a tambourine, but what can you do? It's all a gift from God. Let's thank him, the heavenly one, for giving birth to tubers and cabbages!
Overall an interesting 鈥榬ealism鈥� approach to people鈥檚 vows instead of earlier romantic one. It isn鈥檛 an easy read but I鈥檓 glad I鈥檝e read it.
February 18, 2020
泻谢邪褋薪懈泄 褌胁褨褉. 褋邪褌懈褉懈褔薪芯-褉械邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 谐邪谢懈褑褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯胁褨薪褑褨褩 锌芯褔. 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟.
褌褍褌 褦: 锌芯锌懈 - 胁褨写褋褌邪谢褨 (写褍卸械 写芯斜褉械 胁懈锌懈褋邪薪懈泄 褌懈锌邪卸 褌邪泻芯谐芯 锌褉懈褔褨锌谢懈胁芯谐芯 写褉褨斜薪懈褔泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌芯锌懈泻邪), 谐械写芯薪褨褋褌懈褔薪褨 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻谢械褉懈泻邪谢褜薪褨; 褕谢褟褏褌邪 (泻芯谢芯褉懈褌薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 邪谢泻邪褕邪-写械锌褍褌邪褌邪); 褋械谢褟薪懈-蟹谢芯写褨褩 褨 褋械谢褟薪懈 褋胁褨写芯屑褨, 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褌械 泄 褌械 褉邪蟹芯屑 锌芯褌褉芯褏褍; "褏褉褍薪褨" - 褌芯斜褌芯 锌褉芯写邪卸薪褨 胁懈斜芯褉褑褨; 写械褋褜 褌芯 褌褍褌 褌芯 褌邪屑 - 褨薪褌械谢褨覒械薪褑褨褟; 褍褉褟写芯胁褑褨, 褟泻褨 胁褨写泻褉懈褌芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褞褌褜, 褖芯 褩褏薪褨屑 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑 锌褉懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟屑 褦 褉芯斜懈褌懈 胁褋褟泻褨 蟹谢芯胁卸懈胁邪薪薪褟. 泻邪褉褌懈薪泻邪 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁邪 胁 泻褨谢褜泻芯褏 蟹褉褨蟹邪褏.
邪 泻褉褨屑 褌芯谐芯 - 写褍卸械 写芯斜褉懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 蟹邪泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 薪械蟹褉械邪谢褨蟹芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 (薪邪锌褨胁)褨薪褌械谢褨覒械薪褌邪. 褋邪屑邪 薪邪蟹胁邪 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 "袟邪斜芯斜芯薪" 胁褨写芯斜褉邪卸邪褦 锌械褉械卸懈胁邪薪薪褟 写芯褉芯褋谢芯谐芯 谐械褉芯褟, 褖芯 胁谢邪褋褌懈胁褨 褉邪写褕械 锌褨写谢褨褌泻邪屑 (褟泻褖芯 薪械 写褨褌褟屑) - 褨 褑械 褟泻 褋锌芯谐邪写 蟹 薪邪写褉 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褩 泻芯卸薪芯谐芯 蟹 薪邪褋: 薪械 薪邪褋褌褍锌邪褌懈 薪邪 谢褞泻懈, 锌褨写屑褨褔邪褌懈 薪芯屑械褉懈 邪胁褌褨胁芯泻... 褨 褌.锌. 邪 写邪谢褨 - 写邪胁邪褌懈 屑懈谢芯褋褌懈薪褞 (斜芯 泻芯谢懈褋褜 褌懈 屑芯卸械褕 芯锌懈薪懈褌懈褋褟 胁 褉芯谢褨 卸械斜褉邪泻邪); 薪械-褋屑褨褟褌懈褋褟-邪斜懈-锌芯褌褨屑-薪械-锌谢邪泻邪褌懈 褨 褌.褨薪. 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻褨 蟹邪斜芯斜芯薪懈 写芯褋褨 褦 褔懈 薪械 薪邪褉褨卸薪懈屑 泻邪屑械薪械屑 褏胁邪谢械薪芯褩 谐邪谢懈褑褜泻芯褩 褉械谢褨谐褨泄薪芯褋褌褨 ("写褍褏芯胁薪芯褋褌褨"), 褟泻褨泄 谐褉褨褕 褑褨薪邪, 斜芯 胁芯薪邪 写褍卸械 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁褨蟹褍褦 孝芯谐芯, 写芯 泻芯谐芯 褉械谢褨谐褨褟 屑邪谢邪 斜 斜褍褌懈 蟹胁械褉薪械薪邪, 邪 薪邪泄谐芯谢芯胁薪褨褕械 - 写械蟹芯褉褨褦薪褌褍褦 胁 卸懈褌褌褨. 褨 褑械 褔褍写芯胁芯 锌褨写屑褨褌懈胁 蟹薪邪胁械褑褜 谢褞写械泄, 锌褉邪胁薪懈泻, 邪写胁芯泻邪褌 褨 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻 袥械褋褜 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔.
锌.褋. 写芯褋懈褌褜 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褋屑褨褕薪懈褏 屑芯屑械薪褌褨胁
褌褍褌 褦: 锌芯锌懈 - 胁褨写褋褌邪谢褨 (写褍卸械 写芯斜褉械 胁懈锌懈褋邪薪懈泄 褌懈锌邪卸 褌邪泻芯谐芯 锌褉懈褔褨锌谢懈胁芯谐芯 写褉褨斜薪懈褔泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌芯锌懈泻邪), 谐械写芯薪褨褋褌懈褔薪褨 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻谢械褉懈泻邪谢褜薪褨; 褕谢褟褏褌邪 (泻芯谢芯褉懈褌薪懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 邪谢泻邪褕邪-写械锌褍褌邪褌邪); 褋械谢褟薪懈-蟹谢芯写褨褩 褨 褋械谢褟薪懈 褋胁褨写芯屑褨, 褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褌械 泄 褌械 褉邪蟹芯屑 锌芯褌褉芯褏褍; "褏褉褍薪褨" - 褌芯斜褌芯 锌褉芯写邪卸薪褨 胁懈斜芯褉褑褨; 写械褋褜 褌芯 褌褍褌 褌芯 褌邪屑 - 褨薪褌械谢褨覒械薪褑褨褟; 褍褉褟写芯胁褑褨, 褟泻褨 胁褨写泻褉懈褌芯 胁懈蟹薪邪褞褌褜, 褖芯 褩褏薪褨屑 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑 锌褉懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟屑 褦 褉芯斜懈褌懈 胁褋褟泻褨 蟹谢芯胁卸懈胁邪薪薪褟. 泻邪褉褌懈薪泻邪 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪芯褋褌懈 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁邪 胁 泻褨谢褜泻芯褏 蟹褉褨蟹邪褏.
邪 泻褉褨屑 褌芯谐芯 - 写褍卸械 写芯斜褉懈泄 芯斜褉邪蟹 蟹邪泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 薪械蟹褉械邪谢褨蟹芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 (薪邪锌褨胁)褨薪褌械谢褨覒械薪褌邪. 褋邪屑邪 薪邪蟹胁邪 锌芯胁褨褋褌褨 "袟邪斜芯斜芯薪" 胁褨写芯斜褉邪卸邪褦 锌械褉械卸懈胁邪薪薪褟 写芯褉芯褋谢芯谐芯 谐械褉芯褟, 褖芯 胁谢邪褋褌懈胁褨 褉邪写褕械 锌褨写谢褨褌泻邪屑 (褟泻褖芯 薪械 写褨褌褟屑) - 褨 褑械 褟泻 褋锌芯谐邪写 蟹 薪邪写褉 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褩 泻芯卸薪芯谐芯 蟹 薪邪褋: 薪械 薪邪褋褌褍锌邪褌懈 薪邪 谢褞泻懈, 锌褨写屑褨褔邪褌懈 薪芯屑械褉懈 邪胁褌褨胁芯泻... 褨 褌.锌. 邪 写邪谢褨 - 写邪胁邪褌懈 屑懈谢芯褋褌懈薪褞 (斜芯 泻芯谢懈褋褜 褌懈 屑芯卸械褕 芯锌懈薪懈褌懈褋褟 胁 褉芯谢褨 卸械斜褉邪泻邪); 薪械-褋屑褨褟褌懈褋褟-邪斜懈-锌芯褌褨屑-薪械-锌谢邪泻邪褌懈 褨 褌.褨薪. 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻褨 蟹邪斜芯斜芯薪懈 写芯褋褨 褦 褔懈 薪械 薪邪褉褨卸薪懈屑 泻邪屑械薪械屑 褏胁邪谢械薪芯褩 谐邪谢懈褑褜泻芯褩 褉械谢褨谐褨泄薪芯褋褌褨 ("写褍褏芯胁薪芯褋褌褨"), 褟泻褨泄 谐褉褨褕 褑褨薪邪, 斜芯 胁芯薪邪 写褍卸械 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁褨蟹褍褦 孝芯谐芯, 写芯 泻芯谐芯 褉械谢褨谐褨褟 屑邪谢邪 斜 斜褍褌懈 蟹胁械褉薪械薪邪, 邪 薪邪泄谐芯谢芯胁薪褨褕械 - 写械蟹芯褉褨褦薪褌褍褦 胁 卸懈褌褌褨. 褨 褑械 褔褍写芯胁芯 锌褨写屑褨褌懈胁 蟹薪邪胁械褑褜 谢褞写械泄, 锌褉邪胁薪懈泻, 邪写胁芯泻邪褌 褨 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻 袥械褋褜 袦邪褉褌芯胁懈褔.
锌.褋. 写芯褋懈褌褜 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褋屑褨褕薪懈褏 屑芯屑械薪褌褨胁
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