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校泻褉邪懈薪褋泻邪褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 褉芯褋褋懈泄褋泻邪褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪, 械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯械 斜褍写褍褖械械
校 薪芯胁褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 蟹褨斜褉邪薪芯 泄芯谐芯 褋褌邪褌褌褨 褌邪 锌褍斜谢褨褔薪褨 胁懈褋褌褍锌懈, 芯锌褉懈谢褞写薪械薪褨 蟹 谐褉褍写薪褟 2013 锌芯 褋械褉锌械薪褜 2014 褉芯泻褍. 袙锌械褉褕械 芯锌褍斜谢褨泻芯胁邪薪芯 锌芯胁薪懈泄 褌械泻褋褌 谢械泻褑褨褩 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 胁 袣懈褦胁芯-袦芯谐懈谢褟薪褋褜泻褨泄 邪泻邪写械屑褨褩 褌邪 锌芯写邪谢褜褕芯褩 写懈褋泻褍褋褨褩. 袟 褌械泻褋褌褨胁 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 胁懈褌胁芯褉褞褦褌褜褋褟 泻邪褉褌懈薪邪 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈褏 锌芯写褨泄 胁 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌褨 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩.
- GenresHistoryNonfiction
248 pages, Paperback
First published September 1, 2014
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About the author
Timothy Snyder
69听books4,990听followersTimothy Snyder is Housum Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences. He received his doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1997, where he was a British Marshall Scholar. He has held fellowships in Paris, Vienna, and Warsaw, and an Academy Scholarship at Harvard.
His most recent book is Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning, published in September 2015 by Crown Books. He is author also of Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010), a history of Nazi and Soviet mass killing on the lands between Berlin and Moscow. A New York Times bestseller and a book of the year according to The Atlantic, The Independent, The Financial Times, the Telegraph, and the New Statesman, it has won twelve awards including the Emerson Prize in the Humanities, a Literature Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Leipzig Award for European Understanding, and the Hannah Arendt Prize in Political Thought.
His other award-winning publications include Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1998); The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003); Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine (2005); The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of A Habsburg Archduke (2008), and Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010).
Snyder helped Tony Judt to compose a thematic history of political ideas and intellectuals in politics, Thinking the Twentieth Century (2012). He is also the co-editor of Stalin and Europe: Terror, War, Domination and Wall Around the West: State Power and Immigration Controls in Europe and North America (2001).
Snyder was the recipient of an inaugural Andrew Carnegie Fellowship in 2015. He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and sits on the advisory council of the Yivo Institute for Jewish Research Research.
He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in modern East European political history.
His most recent book is Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning, published in September 2015 by Crown Books. He is author also of Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010), a history of Nazi and Soviet mass killing on the lands between Berlin and Moscow. A New York Times bestseller and a book of the year according to The Atlantic, The Independent, The Financial Times, the Telegraph, and the New Statesman, it has won twelve awards including the Emerson Prize in the Humanities, a Literature Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Leipzig Award for European Understanding, and the Hannah Arendt Prize in Political Thought.
His other award-winning publications include Nationalism, Marxism, and Modern Central Europe: A Biography of Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz (1998); The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003); Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine (2005); The Red Prince: The Secret Lives of A Habsburg Archduke (2008), and Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2010).
Snyder helped Tony Judt to compose a thematic history of political ideas and intellectuals in politics, Thinking the Twentieth Century (2012). He is also the co-editor of Stalin and Europe: Terror, War, Domination and Wall Around the West: State Power and Immigration Controls in Europe and North America (2001).
Snyder was the recipient of an inaugural Andrew Carnegie Fellowship in 2015. He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and sits on the advisory council of the Yivo Institute for Jewish Research Research.
He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in modern East European political history.
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July 30, 2015
袆写懈薪懈泄 薪械写芯谢褨泻 褑褨褦褩 泻薪懈卸泻懈 - 胁芯薪邪 胁写胁褨褔褨 褌芯胁褋褌褨褕邪, 薪褨卸 屑邪谢邪 斜 斜褍褌懈. 袥械泻褑褨褟 褌邪 褋褌邪褌褌褨, 褟泻褨 胁胁褨泄褕谢懈 芯写 锌械褉褕芯褩 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪懈 泻薪懈谐懈 - 写褍卸械 褑褨泻邪胁褨. 袩褉芯褌械 锌芯褌褨屑 孝.小薪邪泄写械褉 锌芯褔懈薪邪褦 "锌芯胁褌芯褉褞胁邪褌懈褋褟". 袟胁褨褋薪芯, 褑械 薪械屑懈薪褍褔械, 邪写卸械 写芯 泻薪懈卸泻懈 胁胁褨泄褕谢懈 泄芯谐芯 褋褌邪褌褌褨, 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪褨 胁 写褍卸械 泻芯褉芯褌泻懈泄 锌褉芯屑褨卸芯泻 褔邪褋褍. 袗 褌芯屑褍 谐芯写褨 褋锌芯写褨胁邪褌懈褋褟, 褖芯 邪胁褌芯褉 谐械薪械褉褍胁邪褌懈屑械 胁 泻芯卸薪褨泄 褋褌邪褌褌褨 泻邪褉写懈薪邪谢褜薪芯 薪芯胁褨 褨写械褩. 袙褌褨屑, 褑械 薪械 褦 胁懈薪芯褞 邪胁褌芯褉邪, 邪写卸械 泄写械褌褜褋褟 薪械 锌褉芯 屑芯薪芯谐褉邪褎褨褞, 邪 蟹斜褨褉泻褍 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褔薪懈褏 褋褌邪褌械泄.
袣薪懈谐邪 写褍卸械 褑褨泻邪胁邪. 孝.小薪邪泄写械褉 褉芯蟹泻褉懈胁邪褦 谢芯谐褨泻褍 邪谐褉械褋懈胁薪芯褩 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻懈 袩褍褌褨薪邪 胁 2013-2014 褉褉. 袙芯薪邪 泻褉懈褦褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褨 褌邪泻褌懈泻懈 褌邪 褋褌褉邪褌械谐褨褩 小褌邪谢褨薪邪. 袩芯-锌械褉褕械, 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褌懈 褟褉谢懈泻 "褎邪褕懈褋褌懈" 薪邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 胁芯褉芯谐褨胁 袪芯褋褨褩 (蟹邪 小褌邪谢褨薪邪 - 胁芯褉芯谐褨胁 小袪小袪). 袩芯-写褉褍谐械, 斜芯褉芯褌懈褋褟 蟹 锌褉芯褌懈胁薪懈泻芯屑 褕谢褟褏芯屑 "锌褨写褉懈胁褍". 袧邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻懈泄 小芯褞蟹 锌褉芯褌懈褋褌邪胁谢褟褦褌褜褋褟 袆小 薪械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁褨薪 泻褉邪褖懈泄, 邪 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 袆小 - 锌芯谐邪薪懈泄. 袩褍褌褨薪 "泻褍锌褍褦" 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻褨胁 胁 袆胁褉芯锌褨, 褟泻褨 胁懈屑邪谐邪褞褌褜 胁懈褏芯写褍 褋胁芯褩褏 泻褉邪褩薪 蟹 袆小 褔械褉械蟹 褦胁褉芯斜褞褉芯泻褉邪褌褨胁, 褦胁褉芯谐械褩胁 褌芯褖芯. 孝邪泻懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻懈泄 小芯褞蟹, 锌芯锌褉懈 褌械, 褖芯 薪械 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍褦 泻褉邪褖芯褩 屑芯写械谢褨, 褋褌邪褦 泻褉邪褖懈屑, 斜芯 袆小 - 谐褨褉褕懈泄. 孝邪泻褍 卸 褌邪泻褌懈泻褍 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪胁 小褌邪谢褨薪 胁 1939-1941 褉褉. 袩芯-褌褉械褌褦, "锌芯褋褌屑芯写械褉薪褨褋褌褜" 锌褍褌褨薪褋褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈. 袙芯薪邪 薪械 薪邪屑邪谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 斜褍褌懈 谢芯谐褨褔薪芯褞 褨 薪械褋褍锌械褉械褔谢懈胁芯褞: 胁谢邪写褍 胁 校泻褉邪褩薪褨 蟹邪褏芯锌懈谢懈 褦胁褉械褩, 邪 褌芯屑褍 胁 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 胁谢邪写邪 锌褉芯锌邪谐褍褦 邪薪褌懈褋械屑褨褌懈蟹屑. 笑械 蟹胁褍褔懈褌褜 邪斜褋褍褉写薪芯, 邪谢械 褋邪屑械 褌邪泻 写褨褟胁 褨 小褌邪谢褨薪. 袉蟹褉邪褩谢褜 - 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋褜泻邪 写械褉卸邪胁邪, 斜芯 锌褉芯写芯胁卸褍褦 褋锌褉邪胁褍 孝褉械褌褜芯谐芯 袪械泄褏褍. 小褌邪谢褨薪褋褜泻懈泄 邪薪褌懈褋械屑褨褌懈蟹屑 芯锌械褉褍胁邪胁 锌芯薪褟褌褌褟屑 "褎邪褕懈蟹屑褍", 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻芯谢懈 泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 "褦胁褉械泄褋褜泻褍 蟹屑芯胁褍".
孝芯屑褍 泻薪懈谐褍 胁邪褉褌芯 褔懈褌邪褌懈: 胁 薪褨泄 邪胁褌芯褉 谐邪褉薪芯 锌芯泻邪蟹褍褦, 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 胁褌褉褍褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褕械 卸懈褌褌褟. 袉 孝.小薪邪泄写械褉 薪械褋胁褨写芯屑芯 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞褦 邪褎芯褉懈蟹屑: 褌芯泄, 褏褌芯 薪械 蟹薪邪褦 胁谢邪褋薪芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩, 斜褍写械 蟹屑褍褕械薪懈泄 褩褩 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞胁邪褌懈.
袣薪懈谐邪 写褍卸械 褑褨泻邪胁邪. 孝.小薪邪泄写械褉 褉芯蟹泻褉懈胁邪褦 谢芯谐褨泻褍 邪谐褉械褋懈胁薪芯褩 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻懈 袩褍褌褨薪邪 胁 2013-2014 褉褉. 袙芯薪邪 泻褉懈褦褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褨 褌邪泻褌懈泻懈 褌邪 褋褌褉邪褌械谐褨褩 小褌邪谢褨薪邪. 袩芯-锌械褉褕械, 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褌懈 褟褉谢懈泻 "褎邪褕懈褋褌懈" 薪邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 胁芯褉芯谐褨胁 袪芯褋褨褩 (蟹邪 小褌邪谢褨薪邪 - 胁芯褉芯谐褨胁 小袪小袪). 袩芯-写褉褍谐械, 斜芯褉芯褌懈褋褟 蟹 锌褉芯褌懈胁薪懈泻芯屑 褕谢褟褏芯屑 "锌褨写褉懈胁褍". 袧邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻懈泄 小芯褞蟹 锌褉芯褌懈褋褌邪胁谢褟褦褌褜褋褟 袆小 薪械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁褨薪 泻褉邪褖懈泄, 邪 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 袆小 - 锌芯谐邪薪懈泄. 袩褍褌褨薪 "泻褍锌褍褦" 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻褨胁 胁 袆胁褉芯锌褨, 褟泻褨 胁懈屑邪谐邪褞褌褜 胁懈褏芯写褍 褋胁芯褩褏 泻褉邪褩薪 蟹 袆小 褔械褉械蟹 褦胁褉芯斜褞褉芯泻褉邪褌褨胁, 褦胁褉芯谐械褩胁 褌芯褖芯. 孝邪泻懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻懈泄 小芯褞蟹, 锌芯锌褉懈 褌械, 褖芯 薪械 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍褦 泻褉邪褖芯褩 屑芯写械谢褨, 褋褌邪褦 泻褉邪褖懈屑, 斜芯 袆小 - 谐褨褉褕懈泄. 孝邪泻褍 卸 褌邪泻褌懈泻褍 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪胁 小褌邪谢褨薪 胁 1939-1941 褉褉. 袩芯-褌褉械褌褦, "锌芯褋褌屑芯写械褉薪褨褋褌褜" 锌褍褌褨薪褋褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈. 袙芯薪邪 薪械 薪邪屑邪谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 斜褍褌懈 谢芯谐褨褔薪芯褞 褨 薪械褋褍锌械褉械褔谢懈胁芯褞: 胁谢邪写褍 胁 校泻褉邪褩薪褨 蟹邪褏芯锌懈谢懈 褦胁褉械褩, 邪 褌芯屑褍 胁 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 胁谢邪写邪 锌褉芯锌邪谐褍褦 邪薪褌懈褋械屑褨褌懈蟹屑. 笑械 蟹胁褍褔懈褌褜 邪斜褋褍褉写薪芯, 邪谢械 褋邪屑械 褌邪泻 写褨褟胁 褨 小褌邪谢褨薪. 袉蟹褉邪褩谢褜 - 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋褜泻邪 写械褉卸邪胁邪, 斜芯 锌褉芯写芯胁卸褍褦 褋锌褉邪胁褍 孝褉械褌褜芯谐芯 袪械泄褏褍. 小褌邪谢褨薪褋褜泻懈泄 邪薪褌懈褋械屑褨褌懈蟹屑 芯锌械褉褍胁邪胁 锌芯薪褟褌褌褟屑 "褎邪褕懈蟹屑褍", 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻芯谢懈 泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 "褦胁褉械泄褋褜泻褍 蟹屑芯胁褍".
孝芯屑褍 泻薪懈谐褍 胁邪褉褌芯 褔懈褌邪褌懈: 胁 薪褨泄 邪胁褌芯褉 谐邪褉薪芯 锌芯泻邪蟹褍褦, 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 胁褌褉褍褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褕械 卸懈褌褌褟. 袉 孝.小薪邪泄写械褉 薪械褋胁褨写芯屑芯 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞褦 邪褎芯褉懈蟹屑: 褌芯泄, 褏褌芯 薪械 蟹薪邪褦 胁谢邪褋薪芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩, 斜褍写械 蟹屑褍褕械薪懈泄 褩褩 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞胁邪褌懈.
January 31, 2015
袧械褖芯写邪胁薪芯 褍 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁褨 芦袛褍褏 褨 谢褨褌械褉邪禄 胁懈泄褕谢邪 薪芯胁邪 泻薪懈卸泻邪 胁褨写芯屑芯谐芯 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻邪-褋谢邪胁褨褋褌邪 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 芦校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟, 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻邪 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻邪, 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻械 屑邪泄斜褍褌薪褦禄. 袪邪薪褨褕械 胁 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯屑褍 锌械褉械泻谢邪写褨 胁卸械 胁懈褏芯写懈谢懈 褌邪泻褨 泄芯谐芯 泻薪懈卸泻懈, 锌褉懈褋胁褟褔械薪褨 胁 褌芯屑褍 褔懈褋谢褨 泄 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻褨泄 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩, 褟泻 芦袣褉懈胁邪胁褨 蟹械屑谢褨禄, 芦袩械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪邪褑褨泄禄, 芦效械褉胁芯薪懈泄 泻薪褟蟹褜禄, 褑褟 卸 褋褌芯褋褍褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪泄薪芯胁褨褕懈褏 锌芯写褨泄 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩. 袩芯褉褟写 蟹 褨薪褕懈屑懈 褏褍写芯卸薪褨屑懈 泄 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褔薪懈屑懈 胁懈写邪薪薪褟屑懈 锌褉芯 袪械胁芯谢褞褑褨褞 谐褨写薪芯褋褌褨, 褟泻褨 蟹鈥櫻徯残感恍秆佈� 芯褋褌邪薪薪褨屑 褔邪褋芯屑, 褑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 胁懈褉褨蟹薪褟褦褌褜褋褟 锌械褉械写褍褋褨屑 泻褍褌芯屑 蟹芯褉褍, 斜芯 邪胁褌芯褉 鈥� 薪械 褍泻褉邪褩薪械褑褜, 褨, 写懈胁谢褟褔懈褋褜 薪邪 薪邪褋 蟹斜芯泻褍, 褔邪褋褌芯 斜邪褔懈褌褜 褋邪屑械 褌械, 褔芯谐芯 屑懈 蟹褋械褉械写懈薪懈 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪械 锌芯屑褨褔邪褦屑芯.
袣薪懈卸泻邪 褋泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹 写胁芯褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪. 袩械褉褕邪 鈥� 锌芯胁薪懈泄 胁懈泻谢邪写 谢械泻褑褨褩 褌邪 写懈褋泻褍褋褨褩 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 薪邪 泻芯薪褎械褉械薪褑褨褩 芦袦懈褋谢懈褌懈 蟹 校泻褉邪褩薪芯褞禄 胁 袣懈褦胁芯-袦芯谐懈谢褟薪褋褜泻褨泄 袗泻邪写械屑褨褩 胁 褌褉邪胁薪褨 褑褜芯谐芯 褉芯泻褍. 袛褉褍谐邪 鈥� 锌械褉械泻谢邪写懈 褋褌邪褌械泄 邪胁褌芯褉邪, 写褉褍泻芯胁邪薪懈褏 褍 锌械褉褨芯写 蟹 谐褉褍写薪褟 2013 锌芯 谢懈锌械薪褜 2014 褍 褌邪泻懈褏 胁锌谢懈胁芯胁懈褏 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈褏 褨 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻懈褏 胁懈写邪薪薪褟褏 褟泻 The New York Review of Books, New York Times, Der Spiegel, Finantial Times, CNN, The New Republic, London Evening Standard 褌邪 褨薪褕懈褏. 携 薪邪胁屑懈褋薪械 薪邪胁芯写卸褍 褌褍褌 褟泻芯屑芯谐邪 斜褨谢褜褕械 薪邪蟹胁 袟袦袉, 邪斜懈 写邪褌懈 褔懈褌邪褔械胁褨 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褟, 薪邪褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 胁邪卸谢懈胁邪 褑褟 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈泻邪 胁 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褨 褔褍卸芯谐芯 校泻褉邪褩薪褨 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻邪, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 褎邪泻褌懈褔薪芯 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 蟹褍褋懈谢谢褟屑懈 褍锌褉芯写芯胁卸 褍卸械 屑邪泄卸械 褑褨谢芯谐芯 褉芯泻褍 褉芯斜懈褌褜 褌械, 褖芯 屑邪谢邪 斜懈 褉芯斜懈褌懈 薪邪褕邪 写械褉卸邪胁邪 鈥� 写芯薪芯褋懈褌褜 锌褉邪胁写褍 锌褉芯 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 写芯 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褑褨胁 褌邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褑褨胁. 袉 胁 褑褜芯屑褍 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械芯褑褨薪懈褌懈 胁邪谐褍 褑褨褦褩 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈泻懈 薪邪胁褉褟写 褔懈 泄 屑芯卸薪邪.
效懈褌邪褌懈 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 薪械 锌褉芯褋褌芯. 袧械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褌械蟹懈 褋泻谢邪写薪褨 褔懈 屑芯胁邪 胁邪卸泻邪. 袧褨, 胁褋械 谢械谐泻芯 褨 写芯褋褌褍锌薪芯 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪芯, 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢芯 写谢褟 芦锌械褉械褋褨褔薪芯谐芯 褔懈褌邪褔邪禄. 袗谢械 泻芯卸薪邪 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪邪 褋褌邪褌褌褟 锌褉懈屑褍褕褍褦 蟹谐邪写邪褌懈 泄 芯褋屑懈褋谢懈褌懈 泻芯卸薪褍 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪褍 锌芯写褨褞 薪邪褕芯褩 芦写褉褍谐芯褩 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩禄, 褌邪泻, 薪褨斜懈 褉褨卸械 锌芯 卸懈胁芯屑褍: 芯褑械 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪芯 锌褨褋谢褟 锌芯斜懈褌褌褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌褨胁, 褑械 鈥� 锌褨褋谢褟 褌芯褩 褌褉懈胁芯卸薪芯褩 薪芯褔褨 蟹 10 薪邪 11 谐褉褍写薪褟, 褑械 锌褨褋谢褟 褌芯谐芯 褋褌褉邪褕薪芯谐芯 袙芯写芯褏褉械褖邪 褨 泻褉懈胁邪胁芯谐芯 袛薪褟 蟹谢褍泻懈, 褏芯褔邪 薪褨, 芦泻褉懈胁邪胁械禄 鈥� 褑械 锌褉芯 18 鈥� 20 谢褞褌芯谐芯, 芯褋褜 锌褉芯 褑械 褋褌邪褌褌褟, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻褨谢褜泻邪, 邪 袛械薪褜 蟹谢褍泻懈 鈥� 褌芯 斜褍谢懈 褌褨谢褜泻懈 泻胁褨褌芯褔泻懈. 袉 褌邪泻 褍褋褨 写胁褨褋褌褨 蟹 褏胁芯褋褌懈泻芯屑 褋褌芯褉褨薪芯泻. 携 胁懈褟胁懈谢邪褋褟 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 薪械 谐芯褌芯胁邪.
校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褟 写谢褟 邪胁褌芯褉邪 鈥� 褨薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪邪 蟹邪 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟屑 褨 谢褨胁邪 蟹邪 褋胁芯褩屑 褋锌褉褟屑褍胁邪薪薪褟屑. 袉薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪邪, 斜芯 芦褩褩 褨薪褨褑褨褞胁邪胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨褋褌 邪褎谐邪薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟; 锌械褉褕懈屑懈 写胁芯屑邪 卸械褉褌胁邪屑懈, 褟泻褨 锌芯泻谢邪谢懈 褋胁芯褦 卸懈褌褌褟, 褋褌邪谢懈 胁褨褉屑械薪懈薪 褨 斜褨谢芯褉褍褋; 褩褩 锌褨写褌褉懈屑邪谢懈 泻褉懈屑褋褜泻褨 褌邪褌邪褉懈 (屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪懈), 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 褔懈屑邪谢芯 褦胁褉械褩胁. 袆胁褉械泄, 胁械褌械褉邪薪 效械褉胁芯薪芯褩 邪褉屑褨褩, 斜褍胁 褋械褉械写 褌懈褏, 泻芯谐芯 胁斜懈谢懈 锌褨写 褔邪褋 褋薪邪泄锌械褉褋褜泻懈褏 褉芯蟹褋褌褉褨谢褨胁 (鈥�) 袦邪泄写邪薪 褋锌褨谢泻褍胁邪胁褋褟 胁芯写薪芯褔邪褋 写胁芯屑邪 屑芯胁邪屑懈 鈥� 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褞 褌邪 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯褞, 斜芯 袣懈褩胁 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪械 屑褨褋褌芯, 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪邪 泻褉邪褩薪邪, 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪懈泄 薪邪褉芯写. 袘邪 斜褨谢褜褕械, 屑芯褌芯褉芯屑 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩 褋褌邪胁 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯屑芯胁薪懈泄 褋械褉械写薪褨泄 泻谢邪褋 袣懈褦胁邪. 袧懈薪褨褕薪褨泄 褍褉褟写. 褑褨谢泻芯屑 褋锌芯薪褌邪薪薪芯, 胁懈褟胁懈胁褋褟 斜邪谐邪褌芯械褌薪褨褔薪懈屑 褨 斜邪谐邪褌芯屑芯胁薪懈屑. 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 鈥� 褑械 泻芯褋屑芯锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪邪 泻褉邪褩薪邪, 写械 屑芯胁邪 褌邪 械褌薪褨褔薪械 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 胁褨写褨谐褉邪褞褌褜 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 屑械薪褕褍 褉芯谢褜, 薪褨卸 薪邪屑 蟹写邪褦褌褜褋褟禄 (褋褌167). 袥褨胁邪, 斜芯 芦泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 褋芯褑褨邪谢褜薪褍 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜, 锌械褉械褉芯蟹锌芯写褨谢, 谐褨写薪褨褋褌褜. 斜芯褉芯褌褜斜褍 蟹 泻芯褉褍锌褑褨褦褞. 袦芯胁 泄褕谢邪 薪械 锌褉芯 锌褉邪胁褨 谐邪褋谢邪, 褟泻褨 芯褌褉懈屑邪谢懈 褌邪泻 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褍胁邪谐懈 胁 袧褨屑械褔褔懈薪褨. 袛谢褟 屑械薪械 褑械 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈泄 锌褉芯胁邪谢. 袧褨褏褌芯 薪械 蟹褨蟹薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 褋械褉械写 谢褨胁芯褩 褔邪褋褌懈薪懈 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褋锌械泻褌褉邪, 褖芯 胁 袆胁褉芯锌褨 胁褨写斜褍谢邪褋褟 胁械谢懈泻邪 谢褨胁邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褟禄 (褋褌. 201).
袡屑芯胁褨褉薪芯, 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褋邪屑懈褏 胁懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 袪械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩 谐褨写薪芯褋褌褨 褟泻 褨薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪芯褩 褨 谢褨胁芯褩 斜褍写械 薪械褋锌芯写褨胁邪薪泻芯褞, 斜芯 屑懈 褋褏懈谢褜薪褨 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪褌懈 褩褩 褕胁懈写褕械 褟泻褉邪蟹 褟泻 薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪褍 泄 泻褍写懈 胁卸械 锌褉邪胁褨褕褍. 校褌褨屑, 褋邪屑械 褌邪泻褨 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 褟 屑邪谢邪 薪邪 褍胁邪蟹褨, 泻芯谢懈 泻邪蟹邪谢邪 薪邪 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 褋褌邪褌褌褨, 褖芯 小薪邪泄写械褉 写懈胁懈褌褜褋褟 薪邪 薪邪褋 蟹斜芯泻褍, 邪 芯褌卸械 屑芯卸械 胁褨写褋褌芯褉芯薪械薪芯 褨薪褌械褉锌褉械褌褍胁邪褌懈 锌芯写褨褩 褨 斜邪褔懈褌懈 褌邪泻懈泄 褩褏薪褨泄 胁懈屑褨褉, 褟泻懈泄 屑懈 蟹褋械褉械写懈薪懈 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪械 锌芯屑褨褔邪褦屑芯. 小褏芯卸懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 褋褌芯褋褍褦褌褜褋褟 褌褉芯褏懈 写邪胁薪褨褕芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 薪邪褕芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩 鈥� 1933-1945 褉芯泻褨胁. 袨锌懈褋褍褞褔懈 褩褏 褍 褋胁芯褩泄 谢械泻褑褨褩, 邪 锌芯褌褨屑 写械泻褨谢褜泻邪 褉邪蟹褨胁 褍 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褑褨, 胁褨薪 泻邪卸械: 芦鈥ρ� 1933-1945 褉芯泻邪褏 薪邪 袟械屑谢褨 薪械 斜褍谢芯 薪械 斜械蟹锌械褔薪褨褕芯褩 褌械褉懈褌芯褉褨褩 蟹邪 校泻褉邪褩薪褍. 袙薪邪褋谢褨写芯泻 褌邪泻芯褩 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻懈 褌褍褌 蟹 1933 锌芯 1945 褉芯泻懈 蟹邪谐懈薪褍谢芯 褔懈 斜褍谢芯 胁斜懈褌芯 斜褨谢褜褕械 谢褞写械泄. 薪褨卸 胁 斜褍写褜-褟泻芯屑褍 褨薪褕芯屑褍 褉械谐褨芯薪褨 褋胁褨褌褍禄 (褋褌. 27). 袙芯褔械胁懈写褜, 屑懈 胁褋褨 写芯斜褉械 蟹薪邪褦屑芯, 褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁 蟹邪谐懈薪褍谢芯 锌褨写 褔邪褋 袚芯谢芯写芯屑芯褉褍 褌邪 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈, 邪谢械 褔懈 写褍屑邪谢懈 屑懈 泻芯谢懈褋褜 锌褉芯 褋胁芯褞 袘邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪褍 褟泻 锌褉芯 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕 薪械斜械蟹锌械褔薪械 屑褨褋褑械 薪邪 胁褋褨泄 蟹械屑谢褨? 效懈 屑芯卸械屑芯 屑懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 褌邪泻 写褍屑邪褌懈?
芦效械褉胁芯薪芯褞 薪懈褌泻芯褞禄 锌褉芯褏芯写懈褌褜 锌芯 泻薪懈卸褑褨 褨 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 写褨泄 袙芯谢芯写懈屑懈褉邪 袩褍褌褨薪邪, 褔械褉械蟹 锌褉懈蟹屑褍 褨写械褩 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 褋芯褞蟹褍 褟泻 邪谢褜褌械褉薪邪褌懈胁懈 袆胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻芯屑褍 褋芯褞蟹褍. 小褎械褉邪 胁锌谢懈胁褍 褌邪泻芯谐芯 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 屑邪谢邪 斜 斜褍褌懈 胁褨写 袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褨褩 写芯 袙谢邪写懈胁芯褋褌芯泻邪, 泄芯谐芯 褟写褉芯 鈥� 褋芯褞蟹 袪芯褋褨褩, 袘褨谢芯褉褍褋褨, 袣邪蟹邪褏褋褌邪薪褍 褌邪 校泻褉邪褩薪懈, 锌褉芯 褔芯屑褍 斜械蟹 芯褋褌邪薪薪褜芯褩, 斜械蟹 薪邪褋, 褌邪泻械 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪械屑芯卸谢懈胁械. 袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹邪 芯褋褌邪薪薪褨泄 褉褨泻 褔褨褌泻芯 胁懈褋谢芯胁懈谢邪 褋胁芯褦 斜邪卸邪薪薪褟 褉褍褏邪褌懈褋褟 胁 锌褉芯褌懈谢械卸薪芯屑褍 胁褨写 袪芯褋褨褩 薪邪锌褉褟屑泻褍, 褌芯 褑械 褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 锌褨写 蟹邪谐褉芯蟹褍 胁械褋褜 袛褍谐褨薪芯-袩褍褌褨薪褋褜泻懈泄 锌褉芯械泻褌, 邪 芯褌卸械, 褩泄 褌褉械斜邪 蟹邪胁邪写懈褌懈 褍褋褨屑邪 屑芯卸谢懈胁懈屑懈 褋锌芯褋芯斜邪屑懈.
袙芯褔械胁懈写褜, 薪械 胁懈锌邪写泻芯胁芯, 褖芯 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褌械蟹 (邪 褟 薪邪胁械谢邪 褌褨谢褜泻懈 芯泻褉械屑褨 蟹 薪懈褏) 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞褞褌褜褋褟 胁 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褑褨 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 褌邪泻 褔邪褋褌芯. 笑械 锌芯泻邪蟹薪懈泻 薪邪锌褉褟屑泻褍 泄 褋懈谢懈 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈 褖芯写芯 校泻褉邪褩薪懈 薪邪 袟邪褏芯写褨, 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈 泄 斜褉械褏薪褨, 褟泻褍 邪胁褌芯褉 褉邪蟹-锌芯-褉邪蟹 蟹邪锌械褉械褔褍褦 褨 褉芯蟹胁褨薪褔褍褦. 效懈褌邪褞褔懈 褑褨 芦褉械褎褉械薪懈禄 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 蟹邪屑懈褋谢褞褦褕褋褟 锌褉芯 褌械, 褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 胁邪卸懈褌褜 锌褉邪胁写邪, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯, 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯 褟泻褖芯 褑械 锌褉邪胁写邪 芯写懈薪懈褑褜 锌褉芯褌懈 褑褨谢芯褩 邪褉屑褨褩 芯斜屑邪薪褍. 袘褍胁邪褞褌褜 胁懈锌邪写泻懈, 泻芯谢懈 褨 芯写懈薪 褍 锌芯谢褨 鈥� 胁芯褩薪. 笑械泄 鈥� 褟泻褉邪蟹 褌邪泻懈泄.
袦芯褦, 邪谢械 蟹胁褨写褋懈:
邪斜芯 蟹胁褨写褋懈:
袣薪懈卸泻邪 褋泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹 写胁芯褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪. 袩械褉褕邪 鈥� 锌芯胁薪懈泄 胁懈泻谢邪写 谢械泻褑褨褩 褌邪 写懈褋泻褍褋褨褩 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 薪邪 泻芯薪褎械褉械薪褑褨褩 芦袦懈褋谢懈褌懈 蟹 校泻褉邪褩薪芯褞禄 胁 袣懈褦胁芯-袦芯谐懈谢褟薪褋褜泻褨泄 袗泻邪写械屑褨褩 胁 褌褉邪胁薪褨 褑褜芯谐芯 褉芯泻褍. 袛褉褍谐邪 鈥� 锌械褉械泻谢邪写懈 褋褌邪褌械泄 邪胁褌芯褉邪, 写褉褍泻芯胁邪薪懈褏 褍 锌械褉褨芯写 蟹 谐褉褍写薪褟 2013 锌芯 谢懈锌械薪褜 2014 褍 褌邪泻懈褏 胁锌谢懈胁芯胁懈褏 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈褏 褨 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻懈褏 胁懈写邪薪薪褟褏 褟泻 The New York Review of Books, New York Times, Der Spiegel, Finantial Times, CNN, The New Republic, London Evening Standard 褌邪 褨薪褕懈褏. 携 薪邪胁屑懈褋薪械 薪邪胁芯写卸褍 褌褍褌 褟泻芯屑芯谐邪 斜褨谢褜褕械 薪邪蟹胁 袟袦袉, 邪斜懈 写邪褌懈 褔懈褌邪褔械胁褨 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褟, 薪邪褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 胁邪卸谢懈胁邪 褑褟 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈泻邪 胁 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褨 褔褍卸芯谐芯 校泻褉邪褩薪褨 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻邪, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 褎邪泻褌懈褔薪芯 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 蟹褍褋懈谢谢褟屑懈 褍锌褉芯写芯胁卸 褍卸械 屑邪泄卸械 褑褨谢芯谐芯 褉芯泻褍 褉芯斜懈褌褜 褌械, 褖芯 屑邪谢邪 斜懈 褉芯斜懈褌懈 薪邪褕邪 写械褉卸邪胁邪 鈥� 写芯薪芯褋懈褌褜 锌褉邪胁写褍 锌褉芯 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 写芯 褦胁褉芯锌械泄褑褨胁 褌邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褑褨胁. 袉 胁 褑褜芯屑褍 褋械薪褋褨 锌械褉械芯褑褨薪懈褌懈 胁邪谐褍 褑褨褦褩 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈泻懈 薪邪胁褉褟写 褔懈 泄 屑芯卸薪邪.
效懈褌邪褌懈 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 薪械 锌褉芯褋褌芯. 袧械 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褌械蟹懈 褋泻谢邪写薪褨 褔懈 屑芯胁邪 胁邪卸泻邪. 袧褨, 胁褋械 谢械谐泻芯 褨 写芯褋褌褍锌薪芯 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪芯, 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢芯 写谢褟 芦锌械褉械褋褨褔薪芯谐芯 褔懈褌邪褔邪禄. 袗谢械 泻芯卸薪邪 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪邪 褋褌邪褌褌褟 锌褉懈屑褍褕褍褦 蟹谐邪写邪褌懈 泄 芯褋屑懈褋谢懈褌懈 泻芯卸薪褍 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪褍 锌芯写褨褞 薪邪褕芯褩 芦写褉褍谐芯褩 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩禄, 褌邪泻, 薪褨斜懈 褉褨卸械 锌芯 卸懈胁芯屑褍: 芯褑械 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪芯 锌褨褋谢褟 锌芯斜懈褌褌褟 褋褌褍写械薪褌褨胁, 褑械 鈥� 锌褨褋谢褟 褌芯褩 褌褉懈胁芯卸薪芯褩 薪芯褔褨 蟹 10 薪邪 11 谐褉褍写薪褟, 褑械 锌褨褋谢褟 褌芯谐芯 褋褌褉邪褕薪芯谐芯 袙芯写芯褏褉械褖邪 褨 泻褉懈胁邪胁芯谐芯 袛薪褟 蟹谢褍泻懈, 褏芯褔邪 薪褨, 芦泻褉懈胁邪胁械禄 鈥� 褑械 锌褉芯 18 鈥� 20 谢褞褌芯谐芯, 芯褋褜 锌褉芯 褑械 褋褌邪褌褌褟, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 泻褨谢褜泻邪, 邪 袛械薪褜 蟹谢褍泻懈 鈥� 褌芯 斜褍谢懈 褌褨谢褜泻懈 泻胁褨褌芯褔泻懈. 袉 褌邪泻 褍褋褨 写胁褨褋褌褨 蟹 褏胁芯褋褌懈泻芯屑 褋褌芯褉褨薪芯泻. 携 胁懈褟胁懈谢邪褋褟 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 薪械 谐芯褌芯胁邪.
校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褟 写谢褟 邪胁褌芯褉邪 鈥� 褨薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪邪 蟹邪 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟屑 褨 谢褨胁邪 蟹邪 褋胁芯褩屑 褋锌褉褟屑褍胁邪薪薪褟屑. 袉薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪邪, 斜芯 芦褩褩 褨薪褨褑褨褞胁邪胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨褋褌 邪褎谐邪薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟; 锌械褉褕懈屑懈 写胁芯屑邪 卸械褉褌胁邪屑懈, 褟泻褨 锌芯泻谢邪谢懈 褋胁芯褦 卸懈褌褌褟, 褋褌邪谢懈 胁褨褉屑械薪懈薪 褨 斜褨谢芯褉褍褋; 褩褩 锌褨写褌褉懈屑邪谢懈 泻褉懈屑褋褜泻褨 褌邪褌邪褉懈 (屑褍褋褍谢褜屑邪薪懈), 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 褔懈屑邪谢芯 褦胁褉械褩胁. 袆胁褉械泄, 胁械褌械褉邪薪 效械褉胁芯薪芯褩 邪褉屑褨褩, 斜褍胁 褋械褉械写 褌懈褏, 泻芯谐芯 胁斜懈谢懈 锌褨写 褔邪褋 褋薪邪泄锌械褉褋褜泻懈褏 褉芯蟹褋褌褉褨谢褨胁 (鈥�) 袦邪泄写邪薪 褋锌褨谢泻褍胁邪胁褋褟 胁芯写薪芯褔邪褋 写胁芯屑邪 屑芯胁邪屑懈 鈥� 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褞 褌邪 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯褞, 斜芯 袣懈褩胁 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪械 屑褨褋褌芯, 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪邪 泻褉邪褩薪邪, 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨 鈥� 写胁芯屑芯胁薪懈泄 薪邪褉芯写. 袘邪 斜褨谢褜褕械, 屑芯褌芯褉芯屑 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩 褋褌邪胁 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯屑芯胁薪懈泄 褋械褉械写薪褨泄 泻谢邪褋 袣懈褦胁邪. 袧懈薪褨褕薪褨泄 褍褉褟写. 褑褨谢泻芯屑 褋锌芯薪褌邪薪薪芯, 胁懈褟胁懈胁褋褟 斜邪谐邪褌芯械褌薪褨褔薪懈屑 褨 斜邪谐邪褌芯屑芯胁薪懈屑. 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 鈥� 褑械 泻芯褋屑芯锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪邪 泻褉邪褩薪邪, 写械 屑芯胁邪 褌邪 械褌薪褨褔薪械 锌芯褏芯写卸械薪薪褟 胁褨写褨谐褉邪褞褌褜 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 屑械薪褕褍 褉芯谢褜, 薪褨卸 薪邪屑 蟹写邪褦褌褜褋褟禄 (褋褌167). 袥褨胁邪, 斜芯 芦泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 褋芯褑褨邪谢褜薪褍 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜, 锌械褉械褉芯蟹锌芯写褨谢, 谐褨写薪褨褋褌褜. 斜芯褉芯褌褜斜褍 蟹 泻芯褉褍锌褑褨褦褞. 袦芯胁 泄褕谢邪 薪械 锌褉芯 锌褉邪胁褨 谐邪褋谢邪, 褟泻褨 芯褌褉懈屑邪谢懈 褌邪泻 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褍胁邪谐懈 胁 袧褨屑械褔褔懈薪褨. 袛谢褟 屑械薪械 褑械 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈泄 锌褉芯胁邪谢. 袧褨褏褌芯 薪械 蟹褨蟹薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 褋械褉械写 谢褨胁芯褩 褔邪褋褌懈薪懈 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褋锌械泻褌褉邪, 褖芯 胁 袆胁褉芯锌褨 胁褨写斜褍谢邪褋褟 胁械谢懈泻邪 谢褨胁邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑褨褟禄 (褋褌. 201).
袡屑芯胁褨褉薪芯, 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褋邪屑懈褏 胁懈蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 袪械胁芯谢褞褑褨褩 谐褨写薪芯褋褌褨 褟泻 褨薪褌械褉薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪芯褩 褨 谢褨胁芯褩 斜褍写械 薪械褋锌芯写褨胁邪薪泻芯褞, 斜芯 屑懈 褋褏懈谢褜薪褨 褋锌褉懈泄屑邪褌懈 褩褩 褕胁懈写褕械 褟泻褉邪蟹 褟泻 薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪褍 泄 泻褍写懈 胁卸械 锌褉邪胁褨褕褍. 校褌褨屑, 褋邪屑械 褌邪泻褨 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 褟 屑邪谢邪 薪邪 褍胁邪蟹褨, 泻芯谢懈 泻邪蟹邪谢邪 薪邪 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 褋褌邪褌褌褨, 褖芯 小薪邪泄写械褉 写懈胁懈褌褜褋褟 薪邪 薪邪褋 蟹斜芯泻褍, 邪 芯褌卸械 屑芯卸械 胁褨写褋褌芯褉芯薪械薪芯 褨薪褌械褉锌褉械褌褍胁邪褌懈 锌芯写褨褩 褨 斜邪褔懈褌懈 褌邪泻懈泄 褩褏薪褨泄 胁懈屑褨褉, 褟泻懈泄 屑懈 蟹褋械褉械写懈薪懈 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪械 锌芯屑褨褔邪褦屑芯. 小褏芯卸懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 褋褌芯褋褍褦褌褜褋褟 褌褉芯褏懈 写邪胁薪褨褕芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 薪邪褕芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩 鈥� 1933-1945 褉芯泻褨胁. 袨锌懈褋褍褞褔懈 褩褏 褍 褋胁芯褩泄 谢械泻褑褨褩, 邪 锌芯褌褨屑 写械泻褨谢褜泻邪 褉邪蟹褨胁 褍 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褑褨, 胁褨薪 泻邪卸械: 芦鈥ρ� 1933-1945 褉芯泻邪褏 薪邪 袟械屑谢褨 薪械 斜褍谢芯 薪械 斜械蟹锌械褔薪褨褕芯褩 褌械褉懈褌芯褉褨褩 蟹邪 校泻褉邪褩薪褍. 袙薪邪褋谢褨写芯泻 褌邪泻芯褩 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻懈 褌褍褌 蟹 1933 锌芯 1945 褉芯泻懈 蟹邪谐懈薪褍谢芯 褔懈 斜褍谢芯 胁斜懈褌芯 斜褨谢褜褕械 谢褞写械泄. 薪褨卸 胁 斜褍写褜-褟泻芯屑褍 褨薪褕芯屑褍 褉械谐褨芯薪褨 褋胁褨褌褍禄 (褋褌. 27). 袙芯褔械胁懈写褜, 屑懈 胁褋褨 写芯斜褉械 蟹薪邪褦屑芯, 褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁 蟹邪谐懈薪褍谢芯 锌褨写 褔邪褋 袚芯谢芯写芯屑芯褉褍 褌邪 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈, 邪谢械 褔懈 写褍屑邪谢懈 屑懈 泻芯谢懈褋褜 锌褉芯 褋胁芯褞 袘邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪褍 褟泻 锌褉芯 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕 薪械斜械蟹锌械褔薪械 屑褨褋褑械 薪邪 胁褋褨泄 蟹械屑谢褨? 效懈 屑芯卸械屑芯 屑懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 褌邪泻 写褍屑邪褌懈?
芦效械褉胁芯薪芯褞 薪懈褌泻芯褞禄 锌褉芯褏芯写懈褌褜 锌芯 泻薪懈卸褑褨 褨 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 写褨泄 袙芯谢芯写懈屑懈褉邪 袩褍褌褨薪邪, 褔械褉械蟹 锌褉懈蟹屑褍 褨写械褩 褋褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 袆胁褉邪蟹褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 褋芯褞蟹褍 褟泻 邪谢褜褌械褉薪邪褌懈胁懈 袆胁褉芯锌械泄褋褜泻芯屑褍 褋芯褞蟹褍. 小褎械褉邪 胁锌谢懈胁褍 褌邪泻芯谐芯 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 屑邪谢邪 斜 斜褍褌懈 胁褨写 袩芯褉褌褍谐邪谢褨褩 写芯 袙谢邪写懈胁芯褋褌芯泻邪, 泄芯谐芯 褟写褉芯 鈥� 褋芯褞蟹 袪芯褋褨褩, 袘褨谢芯褉褍褋褨, 袣邪蟹邪褏褋褌邪薪褍 褌邪 校泻褉邪褩薪懈, 锌褉芯 褔芯屑褍 斜械蟹 芯褋褌邪薪薪褜芯褩, 斜械蟹 薪邪褋, 褌邪泻械 褍褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 薪械屑芯卸谢懈胁械. 袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹邪 芯褋褌邪薪薪褨泄 褉褨泻 褔褨褌泻芯 胁懈褋谢芯胁懈谢邪 褋胁芯褦 斜邪卸邪薪薪褟 褉褍褏邪褌懈褋褟 胁 锌褉芯褌懈谢械卸薪芯屑褍 胁褨写 袪芯褋褨褩 薪邪锌褉褟屑泻褍, 褌芯 褑械 褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 锌褨写 蟹邪谐褉芯蟹褍 胁械褋褜 袛褍谐褨薪芯-袩褍褌褨薪褋褜泻懈泄 锌褉芯械泻褌, 邪 芯褌卸械, 褩泄 褌褉械斜邪 蟹邪胁邪写懈褌懈 褍褋褨屑邪 屑芯卸谢懈胁懈屑懈 褋锌芯褋芯斜邪屑懈.
袙芯褔械胁懈写褜, 薪械 胁懈锌邪写泻芯胁芯, 褖芯 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褌械蟹 (邪 褟 薪邪胁械谢邪 褌褨谢褜泻懈 芯泻褉械屑褨 蟹 薪懈褏) 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞褞褌褜褋褟 胁 锌褍斜谢褨褑懈褋褌懈褑褨 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪 褌邪泻 褔邪褋褌芯. 笑械 锌芯泻邪蟹薪懈泻 薪邪锌褉褟屑泻褍 泄 褋懈谢懈 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯褩 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈 褖芯写芯 校泻褉邪褩薪懈 薪邪 袟邪褏芯写褨, 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写懈 泄 斜褉械褏薪褨, 褟泻褍 邪胁褌芯褉 褉邪蟹-锌芯-褉邪蟹 蟹邪锌械褉械褔褍褦 褨 褉芯蟹胁褨薪褔褍褦. 效懈褌邪褞褔懈 褑褨 芦褉械褎褉械薪懈禄 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 蟹邪屑懈褋谢褞褦褕褋褟 锌褉芯 褌械, 褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 胁邪卸懈褌褜 锌褉邪胁写邪, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯, 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯 褟泻褖芯 褑械 锌褉邪胁写邪 芯写懈薪懈褑褜 锌褉芯褌懈 褑褨谢芯褩 邪褉屑褨褩 芯斜屑邪薪褍. 袘褍胁邪褞褌褜 胁懈锌邪写泻懈, 泻芯谢懈 褨 芯写懈薪 褍 锌芯谢褨 鈥� 胁芯褩薪. 笑械泄 鈥� 褟泻褉邪蟹 褌邪泻懈泄.
袦芯褦, 邪谢械 蟹胁褨写褋懈:
邪斜芯 蟹胁褨写褋懈:
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