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賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲貨 賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘
賱賯丿 丕乇鬲亘胤 鬲丕乇賷禺 賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕乇鬲亘丕胤賸丕 賵孬賷賯賸丕 亘丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賽 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲. 賰賲丕 丕乇鬲亘胤鬲 賳卮兀丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 亘丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱匕賷 噩乇賶 亘賷賳 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞貨 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 賲賳賴丕 賵丕賱賰賱丕賲賷丞.
賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷賯丿賽賾賲購 丕爻鬲毓乇丕囟賸丕 廿噩賲丕賱賷賸丕 賱賱鬲乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 亘賱 賷購丨丕賵賱 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賲丐爻賻賾爻賻丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 亘毓賷賳賴丕貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賰賱賷賻賾丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱匕賷 丕鬲禺匕鬲賴 賴匕賴 丕賱賰賱賷賻賾丞貙 賵賴賵 "丕賱賲丿乇爻丞". 賰賲丕 賷購乇賰賽賾夭賹 毓賱賶 "胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇" 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賳鬲丕噩賻 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻賻賾爻賾丞賽 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞. 賵賷賳氐亘購賾 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱兀賰亘乇 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賯乇賳賽 丕賱乇丕亘毓 丕賱賴噩乇賷貙 丕賱賲賵丕賮賯 賱賱賯乇賳 丕賱丨丕丿賷 毓卮乇 丕賱賲賷賱丕丿賷貙 賮賷 亘睾丿丕丿貙 賵賴賲丕 賷購賲孬賽賾賱丕賳賽 丕賱夭賲丕賳 賵丕賱賲賰丕賳 丕賱賱匕賷賳 丕夭丿賴乇鬲 賮賷賴賲丕 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賵胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇貙 賲毓 兀賳賻賾 賳卮兀丞 賰賱賷賴賲丕 鬲毓賵丿購 廿賱賶 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賱匕賱賰. 賵匕賱賰 亘乇睾賲 賲丕 賷丨賮賾賱購 亘賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 廿卮丕乇丕鬲賺 賮鬲乇丕鬲賺 夭賲賳賷丞兀禺乇賶 睾賷乇 鬲賱賰 丕賱賮鬲乇丞貙 賵兀賲丕賰賳 兀禺乇賶 睾賷乇 亘睾丿丕丿. 賵丕賱賴丿賮 賲賳 賵乇丕亍 匕賱賰 賴賵 廿孬亘丕鬲購 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩爻賻賾丿鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 兀賰賲賱 氐賵乇賴丕 賵賴賷 丕賱賮賯賴貙 賰賲丕 亘乇夭 賮賷賴丕 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱兀賲孬賱 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賴賵 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱爻賱賮賷貙 賵兀賳賻賾 丕賱賮賯賴 賵丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱爻賱賮賷 鬲囟丕賮乇丕 賲毓賸丕 賱廿丨丿丕孬賽 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇 兀賵 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 丕亘鬲賰丕乇賸丕 賮乇賷丿賸丕 鬲賲賷賻賾夭鬲 亘賴 丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
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賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷賯丿賽賾賲購 丕爻鬲毓乇丕囟賸丕 廿噩賲丕賱賷賸丕 賱賱鬲乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 亘賱 賷購丨丕賵賱 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賲丐爻賻賾爻賻丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 亘毓賷賳賴丕貙 賵賴賷 丕賱賰賱賷賻賾丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱匕賷 丕鬲禺匕鬲賴 賴匕賴 丕賱賰賱賷賻賾丞貙 賵賴賵 "丕賱賲丿乇爻丞". 賰賲丕 賷購乇賰賽賾夭賹 毓賱賶 "胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇" 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賳鬲丕噩賻 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻賻賾爻賾丞賽 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞. 賵賷賳氐亘購賾 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱兀賰亘乇 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賯乇賳賽 丕賱乇丕亘毓 丕賱賴噩乇賷貙 丕賱賲賵丕賮賯 賱賱賯乇賳 丕賱丨丕丿賷 毓卮乇 丕賱賲賷賱丕丿賷貙 賮賷 亘睾丿丕丿貙 賵賴賲丕 賷購賲孬賽賾賱丕賳賽 丕賱夭賲丕賳 賵丕賱賲賰丕賳 丕賱賱匕賷賳 丕夭丿賴乇鬲 賮賷賴賲丕 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賵胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇貙 賲毓 兀賳賻賾 賳卮兀丞 賰賱賷賴賲丕 鬲毓賵丿購 廿賱賶 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘賯 賱匕賱賰. 賵匕賱賰 亘乇睾賲 賲丕 賷丨賮賾賱購 亘賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 廿卮丕乇丕鬲賺 賮鬲乇丕鬲賺 夭賲賳賷丞兀禺乇賶 睾賷乇 鬲賱賰 丕賱賮鬲乇丞貙 賵兀賲丕賰賳 兀禺乇賶 睾賷乇 亘睾丿丕丿. 賵丕賱賴丿賮 賲賳 賵乇丕亍 匕賱賰 賴賵 廿孬亘丕鬲購 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩爻賻賾丿鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 兀賰賲賱 氐賵乇賴丕 賵賴賷 丕賱賮賯賴貙 賰賲丕 亘乇夭 賮賷賴丕 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱兀賲孬賱 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賴賵 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱爻賱賮賷貙 賵兀賳賻賾 丕賱賮賯賴 賵丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱爻賱賮賷 鬲囟丕賮乇丕 賲毓賸丕 賱廿丨丿丕孬賽 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇 兀賵 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 丕亘鬲賰丕乇賸丕 賮乇賷丿賸丕 鬲賲賷賻賾夭鬲 亘賴 丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
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630 pages, Hardcover
First published August 1, 1981
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2147 people want to read
About the author
George Makdisi
30听books65听followersGeorge Makdisi was a professor of oriental studies. He studied first in the United States, and later in Lebanon. He then graduated in 1964 in France from the Paris-Sorbonne University.
He taught in the University of Michigan and Harvard University before reaching the University of Pennsylvania in 1973, as a professor of Arabic. Here he remained until his retirement in 1990, when he held the post of director of the Department of Oriental Studies. He became a Professor Emeritus of "Arab and Islamic Studies" in the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
He was particularly interested in issues around higher education in the world.
He published the work al-Wadih fi Usul al-fiqh (The Fundamentals of Principles of Jurisprudence) in three volumes, published in Stuttgart, Germany by Steiner Verlag.
He was a member and honorary member of numerous professional scientific organizations. Among other honors, he was twice a Guggenheim fellow.[2] In 1977, he served as the President of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, now based in Tucson, Arizona, United States.
He taught in the University of Michigan and Harvard University before reaching the University of Pennsylvania in 1973, as a professor of Arabic. Here he remained until his retirement in 1990, when he held the post of director of the Department of Oriental Studies. He became a Professor Emeritus of "Arab and Islamic Studies" in the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.
He was particularly interested in issues around higher education in the world.
He published the work al-Wadih fi Usul al-fiqh (The Fundamentals of Principles of Jurisprudence) in three volumes, published in Stuttgart, Germany by Steiner Verlag.
He was a member and honorary member of numerous professional scientific organizations. Among other honors, he was twice a Guggenheim fellow.[2] In 1977, he served as the President of the Middle East Studies Association of North America, now based in Tucson, Arizona, United States.
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December 9, 2018
賵毓丿 賲賳賷 賱賳賮爻賷 兀賳 兀賰鬲亘 賲乇丕噩毓丞 賱賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓馗賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賷賲
August 27, 2020
賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賱噩賵乇噩 賲賯丿爻賷 賰鬲丕亘 賲匕賴賱 噩賲賷賱貙 鬲兀乇賷禺 賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賳卮兀丞 賲丐爻爻丕鬲賴 亘賰賱 鬲賮丕氐賷賱賴丕貙 賵乇亘胤賴丕 賲毓 丕賱毓丕賲賱 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵賳卮兀丞 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 賵鬲賳賵毓賴丕貙 賵丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱賱賷 賰丕賳鬲 亘鬲馗賴乇 毓賱賷賴 賮賷 賰賱 丨賯亘丞貙 賵毓賯丿 丕賱賲賯丕乇賳丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 賲丕 亘賷賳 兀卮賰丕賱賴丕 爻賵丕亍 丨賱賯丞 賮賷 噩丕賲毓 兀賵 賰購鬲丕亘 兀賵 兀賷賸丕 賰丕賳 丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷 丕賱賱賷 亘鬲馗賴乇 毓賱賷賴 丿丕 馗乇賮賴 廿賷賴 賲毓 鬲賰賵賷賳 氐賵乇丞 亘氐乇賷丞 毓賳 毓氐賵乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賮賷 賰賱 賮鬲乇丕鬲賴丕 丕夭丿賴丕乇 賰丕賳 兀賵 丕賳丨丿丕乇.
丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賰丕賳 賲賵賮賯 噩丿丕 賮賷 丕睾賱亘 賮賯乇丕鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賲賳 賳賵毓賷丞 乇賵丕鬲亘 丕賱賲賵馗賮賷賳 賵賲毓胤賷丕鬲賴賲貙 賵丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘 賱丿乇噩丕鬲賴賲 爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳 賲丿乇爻 兀賵 賲賵馗賮 兀賵 胤丕賱亘 毓賱賲貙 賵賰賲丕賳 鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱賱賷 賰丕賳鬲 亘鬲丿賾乇爻 爻賵丕亍 賮賯賴 兀賵 賳丨賵 賵賱賷賴 丕丨賷丕賳丕 賰丕賳 丕賱兀丿亘 賲賴賲丕 賮賷 丨賱賯丕鬲 丕賱毓丕賲 賵禺丕氐丞 丕賱卮毓乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲毓貙 鬲賯爻賷賲賴 亘爻賷胤 賵賵丕囟丨貙 賵亘賷丿禺賱賰 賮賷 賰賱 毓氐乇 亘廿卮丕乇丕鬲 賱胤賷賮丞 賵鬲賯丿賷賲丕鬲 丕賱胤賮貙 賵乇睾賲 賰孬乇丞 丕賱賴賵丕賲卮 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賵丕賱賲乇丕噩毓賷賳 賲賲丕 賷爻亘亘 丕乇鬲亘丕賰 丕丨賷丕賳丕貙 丕賱丕 丕賳賴 亘乇丿賵 賷賵丨賷 亘賲賯丿丕乇 丕賱噩賴丿 丕賱賲亘匕賵賱 賮賷 丕禺乇丕噩 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘兀賰賲賱 氐賵乇丞 賲賲賰賳丞.
丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賰丕賳 賲賵賮賯 噩丿丕 賮賷 丕睾賱亘 賮賯乇丕鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賲賳 賳賵毓賷丞 乇賵丕鬲亘 丕賱賲賵馗賮賷賳 賵賲毓胤賷丕鬲賴賲貙 賵丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘 賱丿乇噩丕鬲賴賲 爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳 賲丿乇爻 兀賵 賲賵馗賮 兀賵 胤丕賱亘 毓賱賲貙 賵賰賲丕賳 鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱賱賷 賰丕賳鬲 亘鬲丿賾乇爻 爻賵丕亍 賮賯賴 兀賵 賳丨賵 賵賱賷賴 丕丨賷丕賳丕 賰丕賳 丕賱兀丿亘 賲賴賲丕 賮賷 丨賱賯丕鬲 丕賱毓丕賲 賵禺丕氐丞 丕賱卮毓乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲毓貙 鬲賯爻賷賲賴 亘爻賷胤 賵賵丕囟丨貙 賵亘賷丿禺賱賰 賮賷 賰賱 毓氐乇 亘廿卮丕乇丕鬲 賱胤賷賮丞 賵鬲賯丿賷賲丕鬲 丕賱胤賮貙 賵乇睾賲 賰孬乇丞 丕賱賴賵丕賲卮 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賵丕賱賲乇丕噩毓賷賳 賲賲丕 賷爻亘亘 丕乇鬲亘丕賰 丕丨賷丕賳丕貙 丕賱丕 丕賳賴 亘乇丿賵 賷賵丨賷 亘賲賯丿丕乇 丕賱噩賴丿 丕賱賲亘匕賵賱 賮賷 丕禺乇丕噩 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘兀賰賲賱 氐賵乇丞 賲賲賰賳丞.
July 2, 2017
毓賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 : 賮賷 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞 鬲毓乇賮鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 毓丕賲賷賳 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 兀丨丿 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 賷亘丨孬 毓賳 乇丕亘胤 鬲丨賲賷賱 賱賴貙 亘丨孬鬲 毓賳賴 賰孬賷乇丕賸 丨鬲賶 馗賴乇 乇丕亘胤 賱賴 賲賳 卮賴乇 鬲賯乇賷亘丕賸.. 賱賲 兀賰賳 兀毓賱賲 賲丨鬲賵賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘卮賰賱 賰丕賲賱 孬賲 亘丿兀鬲 兀鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賷賴 賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 賮賴賵 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 賳卮兀丞 賲丿丕乇爻 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賷鬲禺匕 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱乇丕亘毓 丕賱賴噩乇賷 賵亘睾丿丕丿 - 賮鬲賱賰 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 鬲賲孬賱 賲乇丨賱丞 丕夭丿賴丕乇 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賵胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賳馗乇 禺丕氐丞賸 賮賷 亘睾丿丕丿 - 賲丨丕賵賱丕賸 廿賷噩丕丿 毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱丨乇賰丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賳卮兀鬲 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 賵亘賷賳 賳馗賷乇鬲賴丕 丕賱鬲賷 馗賴乇鬲 賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘 亘毓丿賴丕 亘賲丕 賷賯丕乇亘 丕賱賯乇賳 賲賳 丕賱夭賲丕賳
賮禺賱丕賮丕賸 賱睾賷乇賴 賲賲賳 爻亘賯賴 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳貙 賷乇賶 丕賱賲賯丿爻賷 賵噩賵丿 毓賱丕賯丞 賯賵賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳賴囟丞 丕賱兀賵乇亘賷丞 賵賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貨 賵賱賰賳賴 賱丕 賷乇賶 兀賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱鬲毓丕賯亘 丕賱夭賲賳賷 丿賱賷賱 賰丕賮賷 毓賱賶 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞!貙
賵廿賳賲丕 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 鬲馗賴乇 賮賷 "賵噩賵丿 賳馗丕卅乇 賵鬲卮丕亘丞 賵鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 丕賱賲爻丕乇丕鬲 賵丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴丕鬲" 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲丞 賮賷 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 " 賮廿賳賴 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賲賳胤賯賷丕賸 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賰賱賴丕 賲噩乇丿 賲鬲卮丕亘賴丕鬲貙 賮毓賳丿賲丕 賳噩丿 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱賮賳賷丞 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲賱丞 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮鬲賷賳 鬲鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 丨丕賱丕鬲 賰孬賷乇丞 賮賷 賲毓丕賳賷賴丕 賱賷爻 賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱卮賰賱 賮賯胤貙 亘賱 丕賱鬲鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 賵馗賷賮鬲賴丕 兀賷囟丕賸貙 賮廿賳 賴匕丕 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賵賱賷丿 丕賱賲氐丕丿賮丞!! "
丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞: 噩賷丿丞貙 賵鬲賳爻賷賯 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 噩賷丿 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 丕賱賲胤亘毓丞 賱賰賳賴丕 囟卅賷賱丞 噩丿丕
兀賲丕 毓賳 鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘:
(1) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 鬲丨丿孬 賮賷賴 毓賳 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 亘卮賰賱 賲賵噩夭貨 賵毓賳 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賲爻噩丿 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞貨 賵丕賱賵賯賮 - 亘卮卅 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱- 賵丿賵乇丞 賮賷 賳卮兀鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賵鬲丨丿賷丿賴 賱賳賵毓賷丞 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿乇爻 賵丿賵乇 丕賱賯丕卅賲賷賳 毓賱賷賴 賵胤亘賷毓丞 毓賲賱賴賲..
(2) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 : 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 丿丕禺賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕禺鬲賷丕乇賴丕貨 賵鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱毓賱賵賲 賳賮爻賴丕 亘丨賰賲 鬲丿乇爻賷賴丕 廿賱賶 毓賱賵賲 卮乇毓賷丞 賵毓賱賵賲 賲爻丕毓丿丞 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱賳賵毓 丕賱匕賷匕"賰丕賳 賲賯亘賵賱丕賸 賲賳 毓丕賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賷丿毓賲賴 " 賵兀賲丕 丕賱賳賵毓 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賴賵 毓賱賵賲 丕賱兀賵丕卅賱 兀賵 丕賱毓亘賵賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞" 賮賴賵 睾賷乇 賲賳賴噩賷 賰丕賳 賷購丿乇爻 爻乇丕賸 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕夭賱 兀賵 丿賵乇 丕賱毓賱賲 "
賵賱賲 賷賰賳 賴賳丕賰 丕賱鬲夭丕賲 亘賲賳賴噩 賲毓賷賳 丕賵 賳賲胤 賲毓賷賳" 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘丨乇賷丞 丕賱廿禺鬲賷丕乇 亘賷賳 丕賱賲賳丕賴噩 賵胤乇賯 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 "
(3) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬 : 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 氐賵乇丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 賵丕賱胤賱丕亘 丿乇噩丕鬲賴賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 亘賷賳賴賲 賵賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱胤賱丕亘 賮賷 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賵夭毓 毓賱賷賴賲 睾賱丞 丕賱賵賯賮 賵賰賲 賷爻鬲丨賯 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱
(4) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱乇丕亘毓 : 賷購毓乇賮 賮賷賴 賰賷賮丞 賳卮兀鬲 賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵賰賷賮 兀孬乇鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵毓賳 兀爻爻 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賵賲氐丕丿乇 鬲賲賵賷賱賴丕 賵賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷賴丕 賵賲賳 丕賱賲鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 鬲毓賷賷賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 兀賵 廿毓胤丕亍 "廿噩丕夭丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻" 賵毓賳 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 亘賴丕.
賵 亘賳丕亍賸 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賯丿賲丕鬲 丕賱爻丕亘賯 匕賰乇賴丕
鬲兀鬲賷 丕賱禺丕鬲賲丞 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 : 賷亘賷賳 賮賷 丕賱禺丕鬲賲丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲賷賳 兀賵噩賴 丕賱鬲卮丕亘賴 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 賱賲丕 兀爻爻賴 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 貙 賮賮賷 賳馗乇賷 賴賷 兀賮囟賱 賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙
孬賲 賷賳鬲賯賱 廿賱賶 丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 賮賷乇丿 賮賷賴丕 毓賱賶 賲賳 丕丿毓賶 "毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿 毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賵亘賷賳 丕賱賳賴囟丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞" 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱爻丕卅賯賷賳 賱賴.. 賷毓乇囟 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵氐賱 亘賴丕 睾賷乇賴 賱毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 兀賵 賱賯賱丞 鬲兀孬賷乇賴丕 廿賳 賴賵 兀孬亘鬲賴丕 孬賲 賷賳賯丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 賵賷亘賷賳 賲丕 賷乇丕賴 氐賵丕亘 賲賳賴丕 兀賵 禺胤兀.
賮禺賱丕賮丕賸 賱睾賷乇賴 賲賲賳 爻亘賯賴 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳貙 賷乇賶 丕賱賲賯丿爻賷 賵噩賵丿 毓賱丕賯丞 賯賵賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳賴囟丞 丕賱兀賵乇亘賷丞 賵賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貨 賵賱賰賳賴 賱丕 賷乇賶 兀賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱鬲毓丕賯亘 丕賱夭賲賳賷 丿賱賷賱 賰丕賮賷 毓賱賶 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞!貙
賵廿賳賲丕 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 鬲馗賴乇 賮賷 "賵噩賵丿 賳馗丕卅乇 賵鬲卮丕亘丞 賵鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 丕賱賲爻丕乇丕鬲 賵丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴丕鬲" 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲丞 賮賷 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 " 賮廿賳賴 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賲賳胤賯賷丕賸 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賰賱賴丕 賲噩乇丿 賲鬲卮丕亘賴丕鬲貙 賮毓賳丿賲丕 賳噩丿 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱賮賳賷丞 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲賱丞 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮鬲賷賳 鬲鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 丨丕賱丕鬲 賰孬賷乇丞 賮賷 賲毓丕賳賷賴丕 賱賷爻 賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱卮賰賱 賮賯胤貙 亘賱 丕賱鬲鬲胤丕亘賯 賮賷 賵馗賷賮鬲賴丕 兀賷囟丕賸貙 賮廿賳 賴匕丕 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賵賱賷丿 丕賱賲氐丕丿賮丞!! "
丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞: 噩賷丿丞貙 賵鬲賳爻賷賯 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 噩賷丿 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 丕賱賲胤亘毓丞 賱賰賳賴丕 囟卅賷賱丞 噩丿丕
兀賲丕 毓賳 鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘:
(1) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 鬲丨丿孬 賮賷賴 毓賳 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 亘卮賰賱 賲賵噩夭貨 賵毓賳 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賲賳 丕賱賲爻噩丿 廿賱賶 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞貨 賵丕賱賵賯賮 - 亘卮卅 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱- 賵丿賵乇丞 賮賷 賳卮兀鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賵鬲丨丿賷丿賴 賱賳賵毓賷丞 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿乇爻 賵丿賵乇 丕賱賯丕卅賲賷賳 毓賱賷賴 賵胤亘賷毓丞 毓賲賱賴賲..
(2) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 : 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 丿丕禺賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕禺鬲賷丕乇賴丕貨 賵鬲賯爻賷賲 丕賱毓賱賵賲 賳賮爻賴丕 亘丨賰賲 鬲丿乇爻賷賴丕 廿賱賶 毓賱賵賲 卮乇毓賷丞 賵毓賱賵賲 賲爻丕毓丿丞 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱賳賵毓 丕賱匕賷匕"賰丕賳 賲賯亘賵賱丕賸 賲賳 毓丕賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賷丿毓賲賴 " 賵兀賲丕 丕賱賳賵毓 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賴賵 毓賱賵賲 丕賱兀賵丕卅賱 兀賵 丕賱毓亘賵賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞" 賮賴賵 睾賷乇 賲賳賴噩賷 賰丕賳 賷購丿乇爻 爻乇丕賸 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕夭賱 兀賵 丿賵乇 丕賱毓賱賲 "
賵賱賲 賷賰賳 賴賳丕賰 丕賱鬲夭丕賲 亘賲賳賴噩 賲毓賷賳 丕賵 賳賲胤 賲毓賷賳" 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 丕賱賲毓丕賴丿 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲 亘丨乇賷丞 丕賱廿禺鬲賷丕乇 亘賷賳 丕賱賲賳丕賴噩 賵胤乇賯 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 "
(3) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬 : 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 氐賵乇丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 賵丕賱胤賱丕亘 丿乇噩丕鬲賴賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 亘賷賳賴賲 賵賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱胤賱丕亘 賮賷 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賵夭毓 毓賱賷賴賲 睾賱丞 丕賱賵賯賮 賵賰賲 賷爻鬲丨賯 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賲賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀賲賵丕賱
(4) 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱乇丕亘毓 : 賷購毓乇賮 賮賷賴 賰賷賮丞 賳卮兀鬲 賲毓丕賴丿 丕賱毓賱賲 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵賰賷賮 兀孬乇鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵毓賳 兀爻爻 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賵賲氐丕丿乇 鬲賲賵賷賱賴丕 賵賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷賴丕 賵賲賳 丕賱賲鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 鬲毓賷賷賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 兀賵 廿毓胤丕亍 "廿噩丕夭丞 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻" 賵毓賳 丕賱賲賵丕丿 丕賱丿乇丕爻賷丞 亘賴丕.
賵 亘賳丕亍賸 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賯丿賲丕鬲 丕賱爻丕亘賯 匕賰乇賴丕
鬲兀鬲賷 丕賱禺丕鬲賲丞 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 : 賷亘賷賳 賮賷 丕賱禺丕鬲賲丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲賷賳 兀賵噩賴 丕賱鬲卮丕亘賴 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 賱賲丕 兀爻爻賴 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 貙 賮賮賷 賳馗乇賷 賴賷 兀賮囟賱 賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙
孬賲 賷賳鬲賯賱 廿賱賶 丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 賮賷乇丿 賮賷賴丕 毓賱賶 賲賳 丕丿毓賶 "毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿 毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賵亘賷賳 丕賱賳賴囟丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞" 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱爻丕卅賯賷賳 賱賴.. 賷毓乇囟 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵氐賱 亘賴丕 睾賷乇賴 賱毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 兀賵 賱賯賱丞 鬲兀孬賷乇賴丕 廿賳 賴賵 兀孬亘鬲賴丕 孬賲 賷賳賯丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 賵賷亘賷賳 賲丕 賷乇丕賴 氐賵丕亘 賲賳賴丕 兀賵 禺胤兀.
January 12, 2015
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱亘乇賳爻貙 賲賳 兀賮囟賱 賲丕 賯乇兀鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賲貙 乇睾賲 毓丿丿 氐賮丨丕鬲賴貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賾 賰賱 氐賮丨丞 兀毓馗賲 賲賳 丕賱兀禺乇賶
August 1, 2024
噩賴丿 賰亘賷乇貙 賵毓賲賱 囟禺賲 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱乇爻賲 氐賵乇丞 賱賱亘賳賶 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 賵鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲賱丞貙 賵賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱廿賲丿丕丿貙 賵丌賱賷丞 丕賱鬲乇賯賷貙 賵胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賳馗賲貙 賵鬲兀孬乇賴丕 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賴丕 亘噩賷乇丕賳賴丕 丌賳匕丕賰.
賱丕 兀爻賱賲 賱亘毓囟 賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱爻胤賵乇貙 賮亘毓囟賴 亘丨丕噩丞 賱賲夭賷丿 鬲丨賯賷賯 賵毓賳丕賷丞貙 賰賲丕 兀鬲賮賯 賲毓 丕賱賲毓賱賯 賮賷 鬲氐賵賷亘丕鬲賴 毓賱賶 賴丕賲卮 賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賲賲鬲丕夭 賵卮賲賵賱賷 賵賲乇噩毓賷 賮賷 亘丕亘賴.
賱丕 兀爻賱賲 賱亘毓囟 賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱爻胤賵乇貙 賮亘毓囟賴 亘丨丕噩丞 賱賲夭賷丿 鬲丨賯賷賯 賵毓賳丕賷丞貙 賰賲丕 兀鬲賮賯 賲毓 丕賱賲毓賱賯 賮賷 鬲氐賵賷亘丕鬲賴 毓賱賶 賴丕賲卮 賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賲賲鬲丕夭 賵卮賲賵賱賷 賵賲乇噩毓賷 賮賷 亘丕亘賴.
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February 19, 2020乇爻丕賱丞 毓亘丿 丕賱賱胤賷賮 丕賱亘睾丿丕丿賷 賱胤丕賱亘 丕賱毓賱賲
May 15, 2007
Really in depth book on the madrasa system during medieval Islam. The detail is pretty intense and can be boring at times, but it also marks the efforts and intellect of the author who attempts to recreate the vast network and system of education that existed in the Muslim world. Although some of his theories have been criticized and are currently defunct, his book remains one of the foundational resources for anyone studying Islamic education.
July 8, 2019
賲鬲胤賱亘丕鬲 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞!
匕賻賰賻丕亍賹 賵賻丨賽乇賿氐賹 賵賻丕賮賿鬲賽賯賻丕乇賹 賵賻睾購乇賿亘賻丞 賵賻鬲賻賾賱賿賯賽賷賿賳 兀購爻賿鬲賻丕匕賺 賵賻胤購賵賿賱 夭賻賲賻丕賳賽.
丕賱噩賵賷賳賷 丕賱賳賷爻丕亘賵乇賷
鬲賻賵丕購囟毓賹貙 賵丨賻賲賻丕爻賹 賱賱賿毓賱賲賽貙 賵丕爻賽鬲賯乇賻丕乇賹貙 賵丿賻乇爻賹 賮賷 氐賻賲鬲賺貙 賵丕賮鬲賽賯賻丕乇賹 賵睾賹乇亘賻丞賹.
亘乇賳丕乇 兀賵賮 卮丕乇鬲乇
賲賯丿賲丞 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓丕賲
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 囟賲賳 丕賯鬲乇丕丨丕鬲 丕賱賲賴賳丿爻 兀賷賲賳 毓亘丿 丕賱乇丨賷賲 囟賲賳 丿賵乇丞 鬲兀爻賷爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇
匕賻賰賻丕亍賹 賵賻丨賽乇賿氐賹 賵賻丕賮賿鬲賽賯賻丕乇賹 賵賻睾購乇賿亘賻丞 賵賻鬲賻賾賱賿賯賽賷賿賳 兀購爻賿鬲賻丕匕賺 賵賻胤購賵賿賱 夭賻賲賻丕賳賽.
丕賱噩賵賷賳賷 丕賱賳賷爻丕亘賵乇賷
鬲賻賵丕購囟毓賹貙 賵丨賻賲賻丕爻賹 賱賱賿毓賱賲賽貙 賵丕爻賽鬲賯乇賻丕乇賹貙 賵丿賻乇爻賹 賮賷 氐賻賲鬲賺貙 賵丕賮鬲賽賯賻丕乇賹 賵睾賹乇亘賻丞賹.
亘乇賳丕乇 兀賵賮 卮丕乇鬲乇
賲賯丿賲丞 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓丕賲
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 囟賲賳 丕賯鬲乇丕丨丕鬲 丕賱賲賴賳丿爻 兀賷賲賳 毓亘丿 丕賱乇丨賷賲 囟賲賳 丿賵乇丞 鬲兀爻賷爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇
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May 18, 2009By reading this book, we'll know how Islamic Jurisprudence was contructed by the Muslim scholars in the classical age.
March 20, 2016
Definitif, autoritatif, dan kritis; buku ini akan diingati sebagai sebuah adikarya dan rujukan ulung bagi bidangnya.
November 25, 2014
an extraordinary exposition of the medieval learning and the connections between two civilizations. Makdisi belongs to the old school of scholarship. He uses expansive material to make just one single point.
June 2, 2022
賰鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱 賮賷 賲賵囟賵毓賴
September 21, 2022
丕賳鬲賴賷鬲 亘賮囟賱 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 賯乇丕亍丞 賰鬲丕亘 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賱噩賵乇噩 賲賯丿爻賷.... 賵 賷賲賰賳賳賷 亘賰賱 孬賯丞 兀賳 兀賯賵賱 兀賳 丨賷丕鬲賷 賯亘賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷爻鬲 賰丨賷丕鬲賷 亘毓丿賴丕.
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毓賳丿賲丕 兀鬲賷鬲 廿賱賶 賰賳丿丕 賰丕賳 賴賳丕賰 毓丿丞 鬲爻丕賵丐賱丕鬲 賮賷 乇兀爻賷.... 兀丨丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賵賱丕鬲 賴賵 :賱賲丕匕丕 鬲禺賱賮 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賵 鬲丿賴賵乇鬲 兀丨賵丕賱賴... 賵 賰賷賮 兀氐亘丨 丕賱睾乇亘 賲賱噩兀 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷丨賷 丨賷丕丞 賰乇賷賲丞 毓丕丿賱丞責
兀賳丕 丕賳丕噩賷 丕賱賱賴 亘丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賵 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 兀爻兀賱賴 兀爻卅賱丞 賰鬲賱賰 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵 亘毓丿賴丕 兀亘丿兀 丕賱亘丨孬. 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 賷爻鬲噩賷亘 丕賱賱賴 賱賷 賵 賷乇爻賱 賱賷 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞 - 賱丕 兀鬲匕賰乇 兀亘丿丕 兀賳賳賷 爻兀賱鬲 丕賱賱賴 毓賳 卮賷亍 賵 賱賲 兀丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕噩丕亘丞- 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞 賯丿 鬲爻鬲睾乇賯 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱胤賵賷賱 賵 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賶 賲乇丕丨賱 賮賷賲乇 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵 亘毓丿賴丕 兀噩丿 兀賳賳賷 賵噩丿鬲 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞
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賰锟斤拷丕亘 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 爻丕賴賲 亘賯賵丞 賮賷 丕噩丕亘丞 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賵賱 賮賷 匕賴賳賷 .... 賮賲丕匕丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘:
1- 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 亘丿丕賷丞 賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 亘賵丕爻胤丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲... 賵 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賷賰賵賳 賮賷賴 胤賱亘丞 賵 兀爻鬲丕匕/賮賯賷賴 賵 賲爻丕毓丿賷賳 賱賱兀爻鬲丕匕 : 兀爻丕鬲匕丞 賲爻丕毓丿賷賳 - 賲毓賷丿賷賳 - 胤賱丕亘 丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 賵 賴賰匕丕... 賵 賷鬲賲 賲賳丨 丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻/丕賱乇禺氐丞/ 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賲鬲丨丕賳丕鬲 賷噩乇賷賴丕 丕賱賮賯賴丕亍 賱賱胤賱亘丞. 賵 賱兀賳賰 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 賲毓鬲丕丿 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 賮丕賳賰 爻鬲馗賳賴 卮賷亍 亘丿賷賴賷 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 睾賷乇 匕賱賰 賮丕賱賳馗丕賲 賱賲 賷賰賳 賲賵噩賵丿丕 賯亘賱 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 丕夭丿賴乇 賮賷 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱兀賳 賱丕 賷賵噩丿 賮賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賳馗丕賲 賲孬賱 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 賵 賱丕 賳馗丕賲 乇噩丕賱 丿賷賳 賲爻賷胤乇 賮賮賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 兀賷 卮禺氐 賷賲賰賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 毓賱賶 兀賷 卮禺氐 賵 兀賷囟丕 乇賮囟 賰賱丕賲賴. 賵 鬲胤賵乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 毓賱賶 賲丿乇丕爻 丕賱爻賳賷賳 賱賷氐亘丨 亘卮賰賱 兀賯乇亘 亘卮丿丞 丕賱賶 賲丕 賷賵噩丿 毓賱賷賴 丕賱兀賳 賮賷 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
2- 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷 賲丕 賷爻賲賶 亘丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 / 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿/ 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賲亘賳賷 賮賷 丕賱丕爻丕爻 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 丨乇賷丞 丕賱賮賰乇 賵 丨乇賷丞 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿. 賮丕賱賮賯賷賴 賷賯賵賲 亘毓乇囟 兀胤乇賵丨鬲賴 /賮鬲賵丕賴 /乇兀賷賷賴 賵 賷亘賷賳 兀丿賱鬲賴 賵 賷亘乇賴賳 毓賱賶 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 賵 賷鬲賱賯賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賲賳 丕賱丕禺乇賷賳 賵 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿 賵 丕賱丕爻卅賱丞 賵 賷乇丿 毓賱賷賴丕. 賮賳馗丕賲 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳 賱亘 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賳鬲賯賱 亘丕賰賲賱賴 丕賱賶 丕賱睾乇亘 - 丕乇賶 匕賱賰 亘賵囟賵丨 兀孬賳丕亍 丿乇丕爻鬲賷 賮賷 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 亘賰賳丿丕- 賵 丕禺鬲賮賶 鬲賲丕賲丕 賲賳 丕賱卮乇賯 賮賱賲 賷毓丿 賴賳丕賰 丨乇賷丞 乇兀賷 賵 賱賲 賷毓丿 賴賳丕賰 賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕氐丿丕乇 丕賱賮鬲丕賵賷 賵 丕賱亘乇賴賳丞 毓賱賷賴丕 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕丿賴丕 賵 丕禺鬲賮鬲 鬲賲丕賲丕 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丕鬲 賵 毓乇囟 丕賱丨噩噩 賵 丕賱亘乇丕賴賷賳 賵 丕氐亘丨 丕賱毓賱賲 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 鬲賱賯賷賳賷 賮賯胤
3- 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賲 鬲鬲賰賵賳 亘賵賮丕丞 兀亘賵 丨賳賷賮丞 丕賵 丕丨賲丿 丕賵 丕賱卮丕賮毓賷 兀賵 賲丕賱賰 賵 丕賳賲丕 丕禺匕鬲 賲卅丕鬲 丕賱爻賳賷賳 賱鬲鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷 鬲賱丕賲賷匕賴賲 賵 鬲賱丕賲賷匕 鬲賱丕賲賷匕賴賲
4- 賰丕賳 賴賳丕賰 毓丿丿 賰亘賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賵 賱賰賳 兀賳丿孬乇 丕睾賱亘賴賲 賱丕賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賰丕賳 賷毓鬲賲丿 賮賯胤 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賯賮 賵 賴賳丕 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賰亘賷乇 亘爻賳 丕賱睾乇亘 賵 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞. 丕賱睾乇亘 賳噩噩 賮賷 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賵 丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賶 賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賷丞 鬲毓賷卮 毓賲乇丕 胤賵賷賱丕 賵 賱丕 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘卮禺氐 丕賵 亘鬲乇亘毓丕鬲 毓丕卅賱丞 賵丕丨丿丞. 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞 賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賷丞 賵 丨賲丕賷鬲賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賴賲 胤賮乇丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘 賮賷 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵 丕賴賲 丕爻亘丕亘 賮卮賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 鬲毓賱賷賲賷 孬丕亘鬲
5- 鬲丕孬賷乇 乇噩丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賰亘賷乇 噩丿丕 賵 乇睾亘丞 乇噩賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賮賷 賳卮乇 賲匕賴亘 賲毓賷賳 丕丿鬲 丕賱賶 丕禺鬲賮丕亍 丕睾賱亘 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 賵 丕丿賶 丕賱賶 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 賲匕丕賴亘 賲毓賷賳丞
6- 丕賱賰孬賷乇 丕賱丕賳 賷夭毓賲 丕賳 賲匕賴亘賴 賴賵 賲匕賴亘 丕賱丨賯 賱兀賳賴 賲賳鬲卮乇 - 賲孬賱 丕賱丕卮毓乇賷丞 丕賵 丕賱爻賱賮賷丞 丕賱丕賳- 賵 賰賱丕 丕賱賲匕賴亘賷賳 丕賳鬲卮乇 丕氐賱丕 亘丕賱賮乇囟 賵 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱爻丕爻賷丞 丕賱睾丕卮賲丞 丕賵 亘丕賱鬲囟賷賷賯 毓賱賶 亘丕賯賷 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賵 丕亘胤丕賱 丕賷 氐賵鬲 賱賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 丕賵 丕賱賳賯丿
7- 賰丕賳鬲 氐賯賱賷丞 - 匕丕鬲賷丞 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱兀賳 賵 鬲丕亘毓丞 賱丕賷胤丕賱賷丕- 賵 亘賱丕丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 - 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵 丕賱亘乇鬲睾丕賱 丨丕賱賷丕- 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮鬲乇丕鬲 胤賵賷賱丞.
賮賷 氐賯賱賷丞 兀賳卮丕 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰賱賷丕鬲賴賲 賵 賲毓丕賴丿賴賲 賵 賳卮兀 賵 鬲乇毓乇毓 賮乇賷丿乇賷賰 丕賱孬丕賳賷 丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 賮乇賳爻丕 丕賱毓馗賷賲 - 賰丕賳鬲 賮乇賳爻丕 鬲丨賰賲 丕賷胤丕賱賷丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲- 賵 鬲毓賱賲 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵 兀禺匕 賲毓賴 賮賷 亘賱丕胤賴 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 - 賰丕賳 賷丨賰賲 賲賳 丕賷胤丕賱賷丕 賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞- 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳. 鬲兀孬乇 賮乇賷丿乇賷賰 亘丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賰乇賴賴 賱爻賷胤乇丞 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賮賷 乇賵賲丕 賵 氐乇丕毓賴 賲毓賴 噩毓賱賴 賷丐爻爻 兀賵賱 噩丕賲毓鬲賷賳 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賮賷 亘賵賱賵賳賷丕 賵 賮賷 亘丕乇賷爻 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 卮亘賴 毓賱賲丕賳賷 賲亘賳賷 毓賱賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵 丕賱賳賯丿 - 賰賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞- 賵賲鬲禺賱氐丕 賲賳 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱爻賱胤賵賷 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲. 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱夭賲賳賷丞 兀禺匕 丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱賮賵賳爻 丕賱孬丕賳賷 胤賱賷胤丞 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵 賮毓賱 賳賮爻 丕賱卮賷亍 亘亘賳丕亍 賱噩賵丕賲毓 賮賷 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 毓賱賶 賳賮爻 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賵 亘賳賮爻 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕毓胤丕亍 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞
8- 噩賲賷毓 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱丿乇爻丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賴賷 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賲孬賱 丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賳賷 丕賱乇禺氐丞 丕賵 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞 兀賵 丕賱賲毓賷丿 賵 胤乇賷賯丞 賰鬲丕亘丞 丕賱兀賵乇丕賯 丕賱亘丨孬賷丞 - 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賱亘 賵 丕爻丕爻 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賵 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷- 賲孬賱 丕賱賴賵丕賲卮 賵 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 賵 丕賱賳賯丿 賴賷 賰賱賴丕 丕亘鬲賰丕乇丕鬲 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 毓氐賵乇 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賵 丕禺鬲賮鬲 鬲賲丕賲丕 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丕賱賷 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞
9- 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱兀賳 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賷 卮賷亍 毓賳 兀賮囟賱賷丞 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱爻丐丕賱 賵 丕賱亘乇賴賳丞 賵 丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇 . 賵 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賳賴賲 兀氐賱丕 賲氐丿乇賴丕 賵 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 丕賳賴丕 賴賷 丕賱爻亘亘 丕賱丕爻丕爻賷 賮賷 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱睾乇亘
By the grace of God, I have finished reading the book The Rise of Colleges by George Makdisi.... and I can confidently say that my life before this book is not the same as my life after it.
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When I came to Canada, there were several questions in my head.... One of those questions is: Why did Muslims fall behind and their conditions deteriorated... And how did the West become a refuge for everyone who wants to lead a decent and just life?
I pray to God constantly and I always ask Him questions like these and then I start searching. God always responds to me and sends me the answer - I never remember that I asked God for something and did not get an answer - but the answer may take a long time and may be in stages, time passes and then I find that I found the answer
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The book The emergence of colleges contributed strongly to answering this question in my mind .... So what does the book say:
1- The book talks about the beginning of the education system by colleges... and the college system includes students, professor/faqih and assistant professors: assistant professors - teaching assistants - final year students and so on... The license/licence/licence is granted through Examinations conducted by scholars for students. And because you are mostly familiar with this system, you will think it is an obvious thing, but the truth is otherwise. The system did not exist before the Islamic civilization and flourished in Islamic mosques because there is no system in Islam like the church or a system of dominant clerics. In Islam, anyone can object to Anyone and also rejected his words. And this system has evolved over the years to become very close to what it is now in Western societies.
2- The Islamic system for studying in the so-called Islamic schools/mosques/colleges is based mainly on debate and objection, freedom of thought and freedom of criticism. The jurist presents his thesis/fatwa/opinion, shows his evidence, proves his theory, receives objection from others, criticism and questions, and responds to them. The debate system may have been the core of Islamic colleges, and this system has moved entirely to the West - I see this clearly during my studies at the university in Canada - and has completely disappeared from the East. There is no longer freedom of opinion and there is no longer the ability to issue fatwas, prove them and criticize them, and it has completely disappeared. Debates and presentation of arguments and proofs, and science in Islamic countries has become only teaching me
3- Islamic schools of jurisprudence were not formed by the death of Abu Hanifa, Ahmad, al-Shafi鈥檌 or Malik. Rather, it took hundreds of years to form at the hands of their students and the disciples of their students.
4- There were a large number of sects, but most of them disappeared because education in Islamic countries was based only on the endowment, and here there is a great difference in the age of the West and Islamic countries. The West has succeeded in transforming colleges and universities into corporate institutions that live a long life and are not linked to one person or the donations of one family. Converting charitable institutions to legal persons and protecting them was the most important breakthrough in the West in scientific research and the most important reason for the failure of Islamic countries to maintain a stable educational system.
5- The influence of politicians on the sects is very large, and the desire of the politicians to spread a particular sect led to the disappearance of most sects of jurisprudence and led to the spread of certain sects
6- Many now claim that his doctrine is the doctrine of truth because it is widespread - like the Ash鈥檃rite or Salafist now- and both doctrines were originally spread by imposition and brute force or by restricting the rest of the doctrines and the nullification of any voice of objection or criticism
7- Sicily - now self-governing and belonging to Italy - and Andalusia - Spain and Portugal today - were under the rule of Muslims for long periods.
In Sicily, Muslims established their colleges and institutes, and Frederick II, the great Emperor of France - France was ruling Italy at that time - was raised and educated at the hands of Muslims and took with him in his court in France - he was ruling from Italy in fact - many Muslim scholars. Frederick was influenced by Islamic civilization and his hatred of the Pope鈥檚 control in Rome and his conflict with him made him found the first two universities in Europe in Bologna and in Paris on a semi-secular system based on objection, debate and criticism - as in Islamic schools - and rid of the authoritarian church system on education. In the same period of time, King Alfons II took Toledo from the Muslims in Andalusia and did the same by building mosques in Spain on the same Islamic system and in the same way as Muslims gave permission
8- All the terms of higher studies are Islamic terms, just like the BA, which means a license, a license, or a teaching assistant, and the method of writing research papers - which are the core and basis of Western civilization and scientific research - such as margins, sources, comments and criticism are all Islamic innovations in the ages. Islamic prosperity has completely disappeared in the current era in Islamic countries
9 - Muslims now do not know anything about the priority of scientific research and the method of questioning, proof and interpretation. And they do not know that they are originally its source, and they do not know that it is the main reason for the development of the West
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毓賳丿賲丕 兀鬲賷鬲 廿賱賶 賰賳丿丕 賰丕賳 賴賳丕賰 毓丿丞 鬲爻丕賵丐賱丕鬲 賮賷 乇兀爻賷.... 兀丨丿 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賵賱丕鬲 賴賵 :賱賲丕匕丕 鬲禺賱賮 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賵 鬲丿賴賵乇鬲 兀丨賵丕賱賴... 賵 賰賷賮 兀氐亘丨 丕賱睾乇亘 賲賱噩兀 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷丨賷 丨賷丕丞 賰乇賷賲丞 毓丕丿賱丞責
兀賳丕 丕賳丕噩賷 丕賱賱賴 亘丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賵 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 兀爻兀賱賴 兀爻卅賱丞 賰鬲賱賰 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵 亘毓丿賴丕 兀亘丿兀 丕賱亘丨孬. 丿丕卅賲丕 賲丕 賷爻鬲噩賷亘 丕賱賱賴 賱賷 賵 賷乇爻賱 賱賷 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞 - 賱丕 兀鬲匕賰乇 兀亘丿丕 兀賳賳賷 爻兀賱鬲 丕賱賱賴 毓賳 卮賷亍 賵 賱賲 兀丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕噩丕亘丞- 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞 賯丿 鬲爻鬲睾乇賯 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱胤賵賷賱 賵 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賶 賲乇丕丨賱 賮賷賲乇 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵 亘毓丿賴丕 兀噩丿 兀賳賳賷 賵噩丿鬲 丕賱兀噩丕亘丞
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賰锟斤拷丕亘 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 爻丕賴賲 亘賯賵丞 賮賷 丕噩丕亘丞 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賵賱 賮賷 匕賴賳賷 .... 賮賲丕匕丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘:
1- 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 亘丿丕賷丞 賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 亘賵丕爻胤丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲... 賵 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賷賰賵賳 賮賷賴 胤賱亘丞 賵 兀爻鬲丕匕/賮賯賷賴 賵 賲爻丕毓丿賷賳 賱賱兀爻鬲丕匕 : 兀爻丕鬲匕丞 賲爻丕毓丿賷賳 - 賲毓賷丿賷賳 - 胤賱丕亘 丕賱爻賳丞 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 賵 賴賰匕丕... 賵 賷鬲賲 賲賳丨 丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻/丕賱乇禺氐丞/ 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賲鬲丨丕賳丕鬲 賷噩乇賷賴丕 丕賱賮賯賴丕亍 賱賱胤賱亘丞. 賵 賱兀賳賰 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 賲毓鬲丕丿 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 賮丕賳賰 爻鬲馗賳賴 卮賷亍 亘丿賷賴賷 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 睾賷乇 匕賱賰 賮丕賱賳馗丕賲 賱賲 賷賰賳 賲賵噩賵丿丕 賯亘賱 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 丕夭丿賴乇 賮賷 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱兀賳 賱丕 賷賵噩丿 賮賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賳馗丕賲 賲孬賱 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 賵 賱丕 賳馗丕賲 乇噩丕賱 丿賷賳 賲爻賷胤乇 賮賮賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 兀賷 卮禺氐 賷賲賰賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 毓賱賶 兀賷 卮禺氐 賵 兀賷囟丕 乇賮囟 賰賱丕賲賴. 賵 鬲胤賵乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 毓賱賶 賲丿乇丕爻 丕賱爻賳賷賳 賱賷氐亘丨 亘卮賰賱 兀賯乇亘 亘卮丿丞 丕賱賶 賲丕 賷賵噩丿 毓賱賷賴 丕賱兀賳 賮賷 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞.
2- 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷 賲丕 賷爻賲賶 亘丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 / 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿/ 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賲亘賳賷 賮賷 丕賱丕爻丕爻 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 丨乇賷丞 丕賱賮賰乇 賵 丨乇賷丞 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿. 賮丕賱賮賯賷賴 賷賯賵賲 亘毓乇囟 兀胤乇賵丨鬲賴 /賮鬲賵丕賴 /乇兀賷賷賴 賵 賷亘賷賳 兀丿賱鬲賴 賵 賷亘乇賴賳 毓賱賶 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 賵 賷鬲賱賯賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賲賳 丕賱丕禺乇賷賳 賵 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿 賵 丕賱丕爻卅賱丞 賵 賷乇丿 毓賱賷賴丕. 賮賳馗丕賲 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳 賱亘 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賴匕丕 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賳鬲賯賱 亘丕賰賲賱賴 丕賱賶 丕賱睾乇亘 - 丕乇賶 匕賱賰 亘賵囟賵丨 兀孬賳丕亍 丿乇丕爻鬲賷 賮賷 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 亘賰賳丿丕- 賵 丕禺鬲賮賶 鬲賲丕賲丕 賲賳 丕賱卮乇賯 賮賱賲 賷毓丿 賴賳丕賰 丨乇賷丞 乇兀賷 賵 賱賲 賷毓丿 賴賳丕賰 賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕氐丿丕乇 丕賱賮鬲丕賵賷 賵 丕賱亘乇賴賳丞 毓賱賷賴丕 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕丿賴丕 賵 丕禺鬲賮鬲 鬲賲丕賲丕 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丕鬲 賵 毓乇囟 丕賱丨噩噩 賵 丕賱亘乇丕賴賷賳 賵 丕氐亘丨 丕賱毓賱賲 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 鬲賱賯賷賳賷 賮賯胤
3- 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賲 鬲鬲賰賵賳 亘賵賮丕丞 兀亘賵 丨賳賷賮丞 丕賵 丕丨賲丿 丕賵 丕賱卮丕賮毓賷 兀賵 賲丕賱賰 賵 丕賳賲丕 丕禺匕鬲 賲卅丕鬲 丕賱爻賳賷賳 賱鬲鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷 鬲賱丕賲賷匕賴賲 賵 鬲賱丕賲賷匕 鬲賱丕賲賷匕賴賲
4- 賰丕賳 賴賳丕賰 毓丿丿 賰亘賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賵 賱賰賳 兀賳丿孬乇 丕睾賱亘賴賲 賱丕賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賰丕賳 賷毓鬲賲丿 賮賯胤 毓賱賶 丕賱賵賯賮 賵 賴賳丕 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賰亘賷乇 亘爻賳 丕賱睾乇亘 賵 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞. 丕賱睾乇亘 賳噩噩 賮賷 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賵 丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賶 賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賷丞 鬲毓賷卮 毓賲乇丕 胤賵賷賱丕 賵 賱丕 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘卮禺氐 丕賵 亘鬲乇亘毓丕鬲 毓丕卅賱丞 賵丕丨丿丞. 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱禺賷乇賷丞 賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賷丞 賵 丨賲丕賷鬲賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賴賲 胤賮乇丕鬲 丕賱睾乇亘 賮賷 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵 丕賴賲 丕爻亘丕亘 賮卮賱 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 鬲毓賱賷賲賷 孬丕亘鬲
5- 鬲丕孬賷乇 乇噩丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賰亘賷乇 噩丿丕 賵 乇睾亘丞 乇噩賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賮賷 賳卮乇 賲匕賴亘 賲毓賷賳 丕丿鬲 丕賱賶 丕禺鬲賮丕亍 丕睾賱亘 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 賵 丕丿賶 丕賱賶 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 賲匕丕賴亘 賲毓賷賳丞
6- 丕賱賰孬賷乇 丕賱丕賳 賷夭毓賲 丕賳 賲匕賴亘賴 賴賵 賲匕賴亘 丕賱丨賯 賱兀賳賴 賲賳鬲卮乇 - 賲孬賱 丕賱丕卮毓乇賷丞 丕賵 丕賱爻賱賮賷丞 丕賱丕賳- 賵 賰賱丕 丕賱賲匕賴亘賷賳 丕賳鬲卮乇 丕氐賱丕 亘丕賱賮乇囟 賵 丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱爻丕爻賷丞 丕賱睾丕卮賲丞 丕賵 亘丕賱鬲囟賷賷賯 毓賱賶 亘丕賯賷 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 賵 丕亘胤丕賱 丕賷 氐賵鬲 賱賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 丕賵 丕賱賳賯丿
7- 賰丕賳鬲 氐賯賱賷丞 - 匕丕鬲賷丞 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱兀賳 賵 鬲丕亘毓丞 賱丕賷胤丕賱賷丕- 賵 亘賱丕丿 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 - 兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵 丕賱亘乇鬲睾丕賱 丨丕賱賷丕- 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮鬲乇丕鬲 胤賵賷賱丞.
賮賷 氐賯賱賷丞 兀賳卮丕 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰賱賷丕鬲賴賲 賵 賲毓丕賴丿賴賲 賵 賳卮兀 賵 鬲乇毓乇毓 賮乇賷丿乇賷賰 丕賱孬丕賳賷 丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 賮乇賳爻丕 丕賱毓馗賷賲 - 賰丕賳鬲 賮乇賳爻丕 鬲丨賰賲 丕賷胤丕賱賷丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲- 賵 鬲毓賱賲 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵 兀禺匕 賲毓賴 賮賷 亘賱丕胤賴 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 - 賰丕賳 賷丨賰賲 賲賳 丕賷胤丕賱賷丕 賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞- 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳. 鬲兀孬乇 賮乇賷丿乇賷賰 亘丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵 賰乇賴賴 賱爻賷胤乇丞 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賮賷 乇賵賲丕 賵 氐乇丕毓賴 賲毓賴 噩毓賱賴 賷丐爻爻 兀賵賱 噩丕賲毓鬲賷賳 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賮賷 亘賵賱賵賳賷丕 賵 賮賷 亘丕乇賷爻 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 卮亘賴 毓賱賲丕賳賷 賲亘賳賷 毓賱賶 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕囟 賵 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵 丕賱賳賯丿 - 賰賲丕 賮賷 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞- 賵賲鬲禺賱氐丕 賲賳 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱爻賱胤賵賷 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲. 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賮鬲乇丞 丕賱夭賲賳賷丞 兀禺匕 丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱賮賵賳爻 丕賱孬丕賳賷 胤賱賷胤丞 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵 賮毓賱 賳賮爻 丕賱卮賷亍 亘亘賳丕亍 賱噩賵丕賲毓 賮賷 丕爻亘丕賳賷丕 毓賱賶 賳賮爻 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賵 亘賳賮爻 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕毓胤丕亍 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞
8- 噩賲賷毓 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱丿乇爻丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賴賷 賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 鬲賲丕賲丕 賲孬賱 丕賱賱賷爻丕賳爻 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賳賷 丕賱乇禺氐丞 丕賵 丕賱丕噩丕夭丞 兀賵 丕賱賲毓賷丿 賵 胤乇賷賯丞 賰鬲丕亘丞 丕賱兀賵乇丕賯 丕賱亘丨孬賷丞 - 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 賱亘 賵 丕爻丕爻 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賵 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷- 賲孬賱 丕賱賴賵丕賲卮 賵 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 賵 丕賱賳賯丿 賴賷 賰賱賴丕 丕亘鬲賰丕乇丕鬲 丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 毓氐賵乇 丕賱丕夭丿賴丕乇 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賵 丕禺鬲賮鬲 鬲賲丕賲丕 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丕賱賷 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞
9- 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱兀賳 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賷 卮賷亍 毓賳 兀賮囟賱賷丞 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賵 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱爻丐丕賱 賵 丕賱亘乇賴賳丞 賵 丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇 . 賵 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賳賴賲 兀氐賱丕 賲氐丿乇賴丕 賵 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賵賳 丕賳賴丕 賴賷 丕賱爻亘亘 丕賱丕爻丕爻賷 賮賷 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱睾乇亘
By the grace of God, I have finished reading the book The Rise of Colleges by George Makdisi.... and I can confidently say that my life before this book is not the same as my life after it.
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When I came to Canada, there were several questions in my head.... One of those questions is: Why did Muslims fall behind and their conditions deteriorated... And how did the West become a refuge for everyone who wants to lead a decent and just life?
I pray to God constantly and I always ask Him questions like these and then I start searching. God always responds to me and sends me the answer - I never remember that I asked God for something and did not get an answer - but the answer may take a long time and may be in stages, time passes and then I find that I found the answer
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The book The emergence of colleges contributed strongly to answering this question in my mind .... So what does the book say:
1- The book talks about the beginning of the education system by colleges... and the college system includes students, professor/faqih and assistant professors: assistant professors - teaching assistants - final year students and so on... The license/licence/licence is granted through Examinations conducted by scholars for students. And because you are mostly familiar with this system, you will think it is an obvious thing, but the truth is otherwise. The system did not exist before the Islamic civilization and flourished in Islamic mosques because there is no system in Islam like the church or a system of dominant clerics. In Islam, anyone can object to Anyone and also rejected his words. And this system has evolved over the years to become very close to what it is now in Western societies.
2- The Islamic system for studying in the so-called Islamic schools/mosques/colleges is based mainly on debate and objection, freedom of thought and freedom of criticism. The jurist presents his thesis/fatwa/opinion, shows his evidence, proves his theory, receives objection from others, criticism and questions, and responds to them. The debate system may have been the core of Islamic colleges, and this system has moved entirely to the West - I see this clearly during my studies at the university in Canada - and has completely disappeared from the East. There is no longer freedom of opinion and there is no longer the ability to issue fatwas, prove them and criticize them, and it has completely disappeared. Debates and presentation of arguments and proofs, and science in Islamic countries has become only teaching me
3- Islamic schools of jurisprudence were not formed by the death of Abu Hanifa, Ahmad, al-Shafi鈥檌 or Malik. Rather, it took hundreds of years to form at the hands of their students and the disciples of their students.
4- There were a large number of sects, but most of them disappeared because education in Islamic countries was based only on the endowment, and here there is a great difference in the age of the West and Islamic countries. The West has succeeded in transforming colleges and universities into corporate institutions that live a long life and are not linked to one person or the donations of one family. Converting charitable institutions to legal persons and protecting them was the most important breakthrough in the West in scientific research and the most important reason for the failure of Islamic countries to maintain a stable educational system.
5- The influence of politicians on the sects is very large, and the desire of the politicians to spread a particular sect led to the disappearance of most sects of jurisprudence and led to the spread of certain sects
6- Many now claim that his doctrine is the doctrine of truth because it is widespread - like the Ash鈥檃rite or Salafist now- and both doctrines were originally spread by imposition and brute force or by restricting the rest of the doctrines and the nullification of any voice of objection or criticism
7- Sicily - now self-governing and belonging to Italy - and Andalusia - Spain and Portugal today - were under the rule of Muslims for long periods.
In Sicily, Muslims established their colleges and institutes, and Frederick II, the great Emperor of France - France was ruling Italy at that time - was raised and educated at the hands of Muslims and took with him in his court in France - he was ruling from Italy in fact - many Muslim scholars. Frederick was influenced by Islamic civilization and his hatred of the Pope鈥檚 control in Rome and his conflict with him made him found the first two universities in Europe in Bologna and in Paris on a semi-secular system based on objection, debate and criticism - as in Islamic schools - and rid of the authoritarian church system on education. In the same period of time, King Alfons II took Toledo from the Muslims in Andalusia and did the same by building mosques in Spain on the same Islamic system and in the same way as Muslims gave permission
8- All the terms of higher studies are Islamic terms, just like the BA, which means a license, a license, or a teaching assistant, and the method of writing research papers - which are the core and basis of Western civilization and scientific research - such as margins, sources, comments and criticism are all Islamic innovations in the ages. Islamic prosperity has completely disappeared in the current era in Islamic countries
9 - Muslims now do not know anything about the priority of scientific research and the method of questioning, proof and interpretation. And they do not know that they are originally its source, and they do not know that it is the main reason for the development of the West
June 13, 2023
賷毓鬲賯丿 噩賵乇噩 賲賯丿爻賷貙 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 丕賱卮賴賷乇貙 兀賳賴 賲賳 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷 賮賴賲 丕賱賮乇賯 亘賷賳 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱賰賱賷丞 賵丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賮賷 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞. 賷卮賷乇 賲賯丿爻賷 廿賱賶 兀賳 丕賱賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱兀賵賱 賷卮賷乇 廿賱賶 賲丐爻爻丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 鬲乇賰夭 毓賱賶 鬲丿乇賷爻 丕賱賮乇賵毓 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 賱賱賲毓乇賮丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 賷卮賷乇 丕賱賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱孬丕賳賷 廿賱賶 賲丐爻爻丞 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 鬲乇賰夭 毓賱賶 鬲丿乇賷爻 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱賲鬲賯丿賲丞 賵丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞. 賵賷丐賰丿 賲賯丿爻賷 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 賮賴賲 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 賱賮賴賲 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賱賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷.
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賮丕賱賰賱賷丞 賴賷 賲丐爻爻丞 鬲賳卮兀 毓丕丿丞賸 賲賳 賲亘丕丿乇丞 卮禺氐賷丞 賵賯賮賷丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲賳亘毓 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賲賳 賴賷卅丞 賲購乇爻賻賾賲丞 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘丨賯賵賯 賵丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮丞. 賵賷乇賶 賲賯丿爻賷 兀賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱噩丕賲毓賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賲 賷毓乇賮 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賰賴賷卅丞 賲乇爻賵賲丞貙 賵賱匕賱賰 賷賮囟賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱賰賱賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞. 賵爻賷賵囟丨 賲賯丿爻賷 賴匕丕 丕賱兀賲乇 亘卮賰賱 兀賰孬乇 鬲賮氐賷賱丕賸 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘賴.
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賷亘丿兀 賲賯丿爻賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 丨賵賱 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘鬲丨賱賷賱 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵鬲胤賵乇賴丕貙 賵丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丨賲賷賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲乇亘胤 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 亘賲丐爻爻丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞. 賵賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賱賲 鬲賰賳 丕賱賳賲胤 丕賱賵丨賷丿 賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 廿匕 爻亘賯鬲賴丕 兀賳賲丕胤 兀禺乇賶 賲孬賱 丨賱賯丞 丕賱賲爻噩丿貙 賮賯丿 卮賰賱鬲 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 鬲胤賵乇賸丕 賳賵毓賷賸丕 賵賲賲賷夭賸丕 賮賷 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賴丿賮賴 賵賲賳丕禺賴 賵兀丿賵丕鬲賴. 賵亘賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賲賲賰賳丞 亘丿賵賳 丕賱賵賯賮貙 賮廿賳 賲賯丿爻賷 賷毓乇囟 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賴賲丞 丨賵賱 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賵賯賮 賵卮乇賵胤賴 賵兀賴丿丕賮賴貙 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴 亘丕賱囟賲賷乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷.
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賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賷賳丕賯卮 賲賯丿爻賷 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賷毓乇囟 鬲賳馗賷賲 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵胤乇賷賯鬲賴丕. 賵賷禺氐氐 賲賯丿爻賷 賲爻丕丨丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賱爻乇丿 丕賱爻賷乇丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賱毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞 賵丕賱噩丿賱 賵丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵丕賱鬲賯乇賷乇 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丞貙 賵賴賷 賲賳 兀毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷. 賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬貙 賷卮乇丨 賲賯丿爻賷 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞貙 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 賵丕賱胤賱丕亘 賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 賵丕賱賲賴丕賲 賵丕賱賵馗丕卅賮. 賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇貙 賷賯丕乇賳 賲賯丿爻賷 賳卮兀丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 亘丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
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亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇貙 賷賯丿賲 賲賯丿爻賷 賮賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 鬲丨賱賷賱丕賸 卮丕賲賱丕賸 賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賵賳馗丕賲 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賵丕賱賵賯賮 賵丕賱噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞. 賵賷禺鬲鬲賲 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 亘賲賯丕乇賳丞 賳卮兀丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 亘丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
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賮丕賱賰賱賷丞 賴賷 賲丐爻爻丞 鬲賳卮兀 毓丕丿丞賸 賲賳 賲亘丕丿乇丞 卮禺氐賷丞 賵賯賮賷丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲賳亘毓 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賲賳 賴賷卅丞 賲購乇爻賻賾賲丞 鬲鬲賲鬲毓 亘丨賯賵賯 賵丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮丞. 賵賷乇賶 賲賯丿爻賷 兀賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱噩丕賲毓賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賲 賷毓乇賮 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賰賴賷卅丞 賲乇爻賵賲丞貙 賵賱匕賱賰 賷賮囟賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱賰賱賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞. 賵爻賷賵囟丨 賲賯丿爻賷 賴匕丕 丕賱兀賲乇 亘卮賰賱 兀賰孬乇 鬲賮氐賷賱丕賸 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘賴.
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賷亘丿兀 賲賯丿爻賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 丨賵賱 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘鬲丨賱賷賱 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 丕賱賮賯賴賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵鬲胤賵乇賴丕貙 賵丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丨賲賷賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲乇亘胤 丕賱賲匕丕賴亘 亘賲丐爻爻丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞. 賵賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賱賲 鬲賰賳 丕賱賳賲胤 丕賱賵丨賷丿 賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 廿匕 爻亘賯鬲賴丕 兀賳賲丕胤 兀禺乇賶 賲孬賱 丨賱賯丞 丕賱賲爻噩丿貙 賮賯丿 卮賰賱鬲 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 鬲胤賵乇賸丕 賳賵毓賷賸丕 賵賲賲賷夭賸丕 賮賷 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賴丿賮賴 賵賲賳丕禺賴 賵兀丿賵丕鬲賴. 賵亘賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賲賲賰賳丞 亘丿賵賳 丕賱賵賯賮貙 賮廿賳 賲賯丿爻賷 賷毓乇囟 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賴賲丞 丨賵賱 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賵賯賮 賵卮乇賵胤賴 賵兀賴丿丕賮賴貙 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴 亘丕賱囟賲賷乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷.
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賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賷賳丕賯卮 賲賯丿爻賷 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賮賷 丕賱孬賯丕賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賷毓乇囟 鬲賳馗賷賲 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵胤乇賷賯鬲賴丕. 賵賷禺氐氐 賲賯丿爻賷 賲爻丕丨丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賱爻乇丿 丕賱爻賷乇丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賱毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞 賵丕賱噩丿賱 賵丕賱賲賳丕馗乇丞 賵丕賱鬲賯乇賷乇 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丞貙 賵賴賷 賲賳 兀毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷. 賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱孬丕賱孬貙 賷卮乇丨 賲賯丿爻賷 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞貙 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賳 賵丕賱胤賱丕亘 賵丕賱賲賵丕賯毓 賵丕賱賲賴丕賲 賵丕賱賵馗丕卅賮. 賵賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇貙 賷賯丕乇賳 賲賯丿爻賷 賳卮兀丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 亘丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
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亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇貙 賷賯丿賲 賲賯丿爻賷 賮賷 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 鬲丨賱賷賱丕賸 卮丕賲賱丕賸 賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賵賳馗丕賲 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 賵丕賱賲丿乇爻丞 賵丕賱賵賯賮 賵丕賱噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞. 賵賷禺鬲鬲賲 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 亘賲賯丕乇賳丞 賳卮兀丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 亘丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
June 9, 2021
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丕爻賲賴 賷丨丿孬賳丕 毓賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賳馗賲賴 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賷 亘賱丕丿 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱睾乇亘 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賱賷賯丿賲 兀胤乇賵丨丞 丕賰孬乇 卮賲賵賱賷丞 賵毓賲賯 賲賳 丕賷 賰鬲丕亘 丌禺乇 賵賱賷毓賯丿 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘賷賳 賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賮賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 賯丕卅賲丕 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賵賯賮 賵賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱睾乇亘賷 賲毓 毓乇囟 賵鬲丨賱賷賱 兀賵噩賴 丕賱廿鬲賮丕賯 賵丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賴賲丕 毓賱賷 亘毓囟賴賲 丕賱亘毓囟 賲毓 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賵毓乇囟賴丕 賲賳 賰丕賮丞 噩賵丕賳亘賴.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯賷賲 噩丿丕 賵賲賴賲 賮賷 賲賵囟賵毓賴. 賲丿丕乇丕鬲 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賲丕 鬲亘賴乇賳丕 亘廿氐丿丕乇丕鬲 乇丕卅毓丞 賵亘鬲乇噩賲丕鬲 毓馗賷賲丞鉂�
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯賷賲 噩丿丕 賵賲賴賲 賮賷 賲賵囟賵毓賴. 賲丿丕乇丕鬲 丿丕卅賲丕賸 賲丕 鬲亘賴乇賳丕 亘廿氐丿丕乇丕鬲 乇丕卅毓丞 賵亘鬲乇噩賲丕鬲 毓馗賷賲丞鉂�
April 15, 2019
賰鬲丕亘 噩丕賲毓貙賮賷賴 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丿賯賷賯丞 賵 鬲賯氐賶 卮丕賲賱 賱賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 毓賳丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘賰賱 毓賳丕氐乇賴丕 賵賲乇丕丨賱賴丕 賵賲丿賷 鬲兀孬乇 賳卮兀丞 丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱睾乇亘 亘賴丕
兀禺胤丕亍 賰鬲丕亘賷丞 賲鬲毓丿丿丞 賮賷 丕賱胤亘毓丞 丕賱兀賵賱賷 貙兀鬲賲賳賶 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 氐丨丨鬲 賮賷 丕賱胤亘毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞
兀丨爻爻鬲 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲乇亘氐 賲賳 丕賱賲毓賱賯賷賳(賲毓 鬲賯丿賷乇賷 賱賴賲丕)賱賰賳 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 丨丿丞 賵 鬲卮賳噩 賵 丿賮丕毓賷丞 賱丕 賲亘乇乇 賱賴丕
兀禺胤丕亍 賰鬲丕亘賷丞 賲鬲毓丿丿丞 賮賷 丕賱胤亘毓丞 丕賱兀賵賱賷 貙兀鬲賲賳賶 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 氐丨丨鬲 賮賷 丕賱胤亘毓丕鬲 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞
兀丨爻爻鬲 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲乇亘氐 賲賳 丕賱賲毓賱賯賷賳(賲毓 鬲賯丿賷乇賷 賱賴賲丕)賱賰賳 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 丨丿丞 賵 鬲卮賳噩 賵 丿賮丕毓賷丞 賱丕 賲亘乇乇 賱賴丕
October 15, 2022
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓 噩丿丕 賵噩賲賷賱 賮賷 賲賵囟賵毓賴 賵胤乇賷賯丞 胤乇丨賴 賵鬲丨賱賷賱賴 亘丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍 亘毓囟 丕賱賲睾丕賱胤丕鬲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賰賰賵賳 丕賱賲毓鬲夭賱丞 丕賲鬲丿丕丿丕 賱賱鬲賷丕乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷 丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷 賵兀賳 鬲賷丕乇 兀賴賱 丕賱爻賳丞 噩丕賲丿 毓賱賶 丨乇賮賷丞 丕賱賳氐 賱丕 賳氐賷亘 賱賴 賲賳 廿毓賲丕賱 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲賳胤賯貙 賵兀賳賴 賰丕賳鬲 賴賳丕賰 丨乇亘 賮賰乇賷丞 賵廿賯氐丕亍 賲鬲毓賲丿 賱賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 賵毓賱賵賲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 賵丕賱兀丿亘 賮賷 丕賱兀賵爻丕胤 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞貙 賵亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱兀禺乇賶.
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June 2, 2011i want this review
June 28, 2022
This was a very dry, academic read. Some academic books take the effort to have a narrative, accessible prose. This one did not. Moreover, it often felt like a dry list of terms and their definitions. For example, types of madrasas, the jobs involved in them (teachers, faqihs, imams, bookkeepers, janitors, reciters, lecturers, and so forth), the types of students, the types of teaching methods, and so forth. I can see the attempt was made to give a holistic view of education in medieval Islamic societies, particularly Damascus, Baghdad, and Cairo. However, the listing of all these possible terms and details made it feel more like a technical manual than a smooth description of what these places were like.
Nevertheless, it is certainly a good, reliable resource, especially if one needs a reference for this topic. I did learn a lot about the technicalities of education in the medieval Islamic world--from waqfs to private instruction. A lot of emphasis was placed on fiqh--its learning and teaching--and how the madhabs played a role in academics, politics, and society. Only the last chapter is dedicated to western forms of education, and basically Makdisi argues there that the university and the madrasa come from two separate intellectual/pedagogical traditions and we can't say that one was inherited from the other, but rather that they existed alongside each other and may have adopted some of each other's methods.
TLDR: not a very enjoyable narrative, but a useful reference.
Nevertheless, it is certainly a good, reliable resource, especially if one needs a reference for this topic. I did learn a lot about the technicalities of education in the medieval Islamic world--from waqfs to private instruction. A lot of emphasis was placed on fiqh--its learning and teaching--and how the madhabs played a role in academics, politics, and society. Only the last chapter is dedicated to western forms of education, and basically Makdisi argues there that the university and the madrasa come from two separate intellectual/pedagogical traditions and we can't say that one was inherited from the other, but rather that they existed alongside each other and may have adopted some of each other's methods.
TLDR: not a very enjoyable narrative, but a useful reference.
January 26, 2017
Full of anecdotes and insights, but definitely could have been more concise. Too many details, unfortunately, made it difficult to make out where the argument was heading. But hey, maybe i shouldnt complain- there is no better book on the history of Islamic pedagogy.
May 2, 2020
賲賮賷丿
September 9, 2020
兀賰孬乇 賲丕賷丨鬲丕噩賴 丕賱賯丕乇卅 賴賵 丕賱鬲丿賯賷賯 賮賷 賲賳賴噩 丕賱亘丨孬貨 賱賷 賲乇丕噩毓丞 賯乇賷亘丞
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May 14, 2022"丕賱賰賱賷丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賱賲 鬲馗賴乇 廿賱丕 亘毓丿 賯乇賳 賲賳 夭賲丕賳 馗賴賵乇賴丕 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞"
賱賵賱丕 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱噩賵丕賲毓 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賲丕 賳卮兀鬲 賴匕賴 丕賱賲亘丕賳賷 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 丕賱毓乇賷賯丞 賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻.
賱賵賱丕 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱噩賵丕賲毓 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賲丕 賳卮兀鬲 賴匕賴 丕賱賲亘丕賳賷 賲賳 丕賱噩丕賲毓丕鬲 丕賱毓乇賷賯丞 賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻.
June 30, 2024
賷賯賵賱 丕賱廿賲丕賲 丕賱噩賵賷賳賷: 兀禺賷貙 賱賳賿 鬲賳丕賱賻 丕賱毓賽賱賿賲賻 廿賱丕 亘爻鬲丞賺
爻兀購賳賿亘賷賰賻 毓賳 鬲賮氐賷賿賱賴丕 亘亘賷丕賳賽
"匕賻賰丕亍賹 賵賻丨賽乇賿氐賹 賵丕賮鬲賽賯丕乇賹 賵睾購乇賿亘賻丞賹
鈥徺堌庂勝捹傎娰嗁� 兀購爻鬲丕匕賺貙 賵胤賵賱購 夭賻賲丕賳賽".
爻兀購賳賿亘賷賰賻 毓賳 鬲賮氐賷賿賱賴丕 亘亘賷丕賳賽
"匕賻賰丕亍賹 賵賻丨賽乇賿氐賹 賵丕賮鬲賽賯丕乇賹 賵睾購乇賿亘賻丞賹
鈥徺堌庂勝捹傎娰嗁� 兀購爻鬲丕匕賺貙 賵胤賵賱購 夭賻賲丕賳賽".
November 20, 2024
乇丕卅毓!
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June 20, 2023賮賷 丕賱氐賮丨丞 73 賷賳賯賱 丕賱賲丐賱賮 亘丨爻亘 丕賱胤亘毓丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 毓賳 卮禺氐 賷爻賲賷賴 賷賵爻賮 丕賷禺丞. Y ECHE 亘丿丕賷丞 鬲賵賴賲鬲 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 鬲乇賰賷丕 孬賲 賮鬲卮鬲 賮賷 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賮賱賲 丕噩丿 賲氐丿乇丕 亘賴匕丕 丕賱丕爻賲 賮賮鬲卮鬲 賮賷 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 賮賵噩丿鬲 丕爻賲丕 賷亘丿賵 丕賳賴 賰鬲亘 亘丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 賵亘毓丿 丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷 丕賱賳鬲 賵噩丿鬲 兀賳 丕賱兀賯乇亘 賱賴 賴賵 賷賵爻賮 丕賱毓卮 賵賰鬲丕亘賴 丿賵乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞
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賵賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賷匕賰乇賴 毓丿丿丕 賲賳 丕賱賲乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賮賷 丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 賵丕賱鬲匕賷賷賱丕鬲 賵賷賳丕賯卮賴 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲胤賵賱丕 賵賷兀鬲賷 丕爻賲賴 丿賵賲丕 亘賴匕丕 丕賱卮賰賱 賵賴匕丕 賲毓賷亘 丨賯丕 兀賳 賷賲乇 毓賱賶 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 丿賵賳 兀賳 賷鬲賳亘賴 賱賴 賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賲毓賱賯賷賳 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賱賲 賷賱鬲賮丕 賱賴 賵賴匕丕 兀賷囟丕 賲毓賷亘 禺氐賵氐丕 兀賳賴賲丕 賷毓賱賯丕賳 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 毓丿賲 丕賱丨丕噩丞 賱賴丕 兀賵 兀賳賴丕 禺丕胤卅丞 賱兀賳賴賲丕 賱賲 賷賮賴賲丕 賯氐丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 兀爻丕爻丕.
賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賮丕賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 噩賵乇噩 賲賯丿爻賷 賷賵噩賴 賱賱毓卮 丕賳鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 賰賴匕丕 賮賷賯賵賱
賯丿 丕毓丿 賷賵爻賮 丕賷禺丕賵 . Y. ECHE 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻賲賶 亘丕爻賲丕亍 鬲卮鬲賲賱 毓賱賶 爻鬲丞 丕賱賮丕馗 孬賱丕孬丞 賲賳賴丕 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘丕賱賲賵囟毓 丕賵 丕賱賲賰丕賳 賵賴賷: 亘賷鬲貙 禺夭丕賳丞貙 丿丕乇. 賵丕賱孬賱丕孬丞 丕賱丕禺乇賶 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶:丨賰賲丞貙 毓賱賲貙 賰鬲亘. 賵毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩賲毓 亘賷賳 賴匕賴 丕賱丕賱賮丕馗 丕爻鬲禺乇噩 丕賱亘丕丨孬 爻亘毓丞 兀爻賲丕亍 丕氐胤賱丕丨賷丞 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻賲賶 亘賴丕 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丕鬲 亘賷鬲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 丿丕乇 丕賱丨賰賲丞 丿丕乇 丕賱毓賱賲 丿丕乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 亘賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賳囟賷賮 廿賱賷賴丕 丕爻賲賷賳 丌禺乇賷賳 賴賲丕: 亘賷鬲 丕賱毓賱賲 賵丕賱禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賵亘匕賱賰 鬲賰賵賳 賱丿賷賳丕 噩賲賷毓 丕賱兀爻賲丕亍 丕賱賲乇賰亘丞 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賱賮丕馗 賵賰賱賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲爻鬲毓賲賱丞 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賵賷賯爻賲 丕賷禺丕 鬲丕乇賷禺 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 廿賱賶 賮鬲乇鬲賷賳 賮鬲乇丞 亘賷鬲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 賵賮鬲乇丞 丿丕乇 丕賱毓賱賲 賵乇睾賲 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賯爻賷賲 賷爻鬲賳丿 丕賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 丕賱丕 丕賳賳丕 賳毓鬲亘乇賴 丕賱丌賳 丕爻鬲賳丕丿丕 丕賱賶 賲丕 賵氐賱 丕賱賶 毓賱賲賳丕 鬲賯爻賷賲丕 卮禺氐賷丕 賲賳 噩丕賳亘 賲丐賱賮賴 丕毓鬲賲丿 賮賷賴 毓賱賶 丕賱丨丿爻 賵丕賱亘丿賷賴丞 賵賱丕 賷爻鬲賳丿 丕賱賶 丕賱丨賯丕卅賯 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵鬲鬲賲孬賱 丕賱賲卮賰賱丞 賮賷 丕賳賴 賮賷 丕賱賲乇丨賱賴 丕賱丨丕賱賷丞 賲賳 丕賱鬲賵孬賷賯 賳噩丿 丕賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 鬲賳鬲賲賷 賮賷 丕賱丕睾賱亘 賵丕賱兀毓賲 丕賱賶 賮鬲乇丞 賱丕丨賯丞 毓賱賶 賮鬲乇丞 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賲賵囟毓 丕賱亘丨孬 賴匕丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 丕賱賶 丕賳 丕賱丕氐胤賱丕丨丕鬲 鬲爻鬲毓賲賱 亘丕賱鬲亘丕丿賱 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 亘賱 賵乇亘賲丕 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲睾賱賵胤丞 亘丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱 賮賷 睾賷乇 賲賵囟毓賴丕 丕賱夭賲賳賷 丕賱氐丨賷丨 賵爻賳賵乇丿 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱鬲賵囟賷丨 匕賱賰.
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賵賲毓 兀賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賷匕賰乇賴 毓丿丿丕 賲賳 丕賱賲乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賮賷 丕賱賲賱丕丨賯 賵丕賱鬲匕賷賷賱丕鬲 賵賷賳丕賯卮賴 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲胤賵賱丕 賵賷兀鬲賷 丕爻賲賴 丿賵賲丕 亘賴匕丕 丕賱卮賰賱 賵賴匕丕 賲毓賷亘 丨賯丕 兀賳 賷賲乇 毓賱賶 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 丿賵賳 兀賳 賷鬲賳亘賴 賱賴 賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賲毓賱賯賷賳 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 賱賲 賷賱鬲賮丕 賱賴 賵賴匕丕 兀賷囟丕 賲毓賷亘 禺氐賵氐丕 兀賳賴賲丕 賷毓賱賯丕賳 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 毓丿賲 丕賱丨丕噩丞 賱賴丕 兀賵 兀賳賴丕 禺丕胤卅丞 賱兀賳賴賲丕 賱賲 賷賮賴賲丕 賯氐丿 丕賱賲丐賱賮 兀爻丕爻丕.
賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賮丕賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮 噩賵乇噩 賲賯丿爻賷 賷賵噩賴 賱賱毓卮 丕賳鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 賰賴匕丕 賮賷賯賵賱
賯丿 丕毓丿 賷賵爻賮 丕賷禺丕賵 . Y. ECHE 丿乇丕爻丞 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻賲賶 亘丕爻賲丕亍 鬲卮鬲賲賱 毓賱賶 爻鬲丞 丕賱賮丕馗 孬賱丕孬丞 賲賳賴丕 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘丕賱賲賵囟毓 丕賵 丕賱賲賰丕賳 賵賴賷: 亘賷鬲貙 禺夭丕賳丞貙 丿丕乇. 賵丕賱孬賱丕孬丞 丕賱丕禺乇賶 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶:丨賰賲丞貙 毓賱賲貙 賰鬲亘. 賵毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱噩賲毓 亘賷賳 賴匕賴 丕賱丕賱賮丕馗 丕爻鬲禺乇噩 丕賱亘丕丨孬 爻亘毓丞 兀爻賲丕亍 丕氐胤賱丕丨賷丞 賰丕賳鬲 鬲爻賲賶 亘賴丕 丕賱賲賰鬲亘丕鬲 亘賷鬲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 丿丕乇 丕賱丨賰賲丞 丿丕乇 丕賱毓賱賲 丿丕乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 亘賷鬲 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵賷賲賰賳 丕賳 賳囟賷賮 廿賱賷賴丕 丕爻賲賷賳 丌禺乇賷賳 賴賲丕: 亘賷鬲 丕賱毓賱賲 賵丕賱禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賵亘匕賱賰 鬲賰賵賳 賱丿賷賳丕 噩賲賷毓 丕賱兀爻賲丕亍 丕賱賲乇賰亘丞 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賱賮丕馗 賵賰賱賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲爻鬲毓賲賱丞 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賵賷賯爻賲 丕賷禺丕 鬲丕乇賷禺 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 廿賱賶 賮鬲乇鬲賷賳 賮鬲乇丞 亘賷鬲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 賵賮鬲乇丞 丿丕乇 丕賱毓賱賲 賵乇睾賲 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賯爻賷賲 賷爻鬲賳丿 丕賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲亘乇乇丕鬲 丕賱丕 丕賳賳丕 賳毓鬲亘乇賴 丕賱丌賳 丕爻鬲賳丕丿丕 丕賱賶 賲丕 賵氐賱 丕賱賶 毓賱賲賳丕 鬲賯爻賷賲丕 卮禺氐賷丕 賲賳 噩丕賳亘 賲丐賱賮賴 丕毓鬲賲丿 賮賷賴 毓賱賶 丕賱丨丿爻 賵丕賱亘丿賷賴丞 賵賱丕 賷爻鬲賳丿 丕賱賶 丕賱丨賯丕卅賯 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵鬲鬲賲孬賱 丕賱賲卮賰賱丞 賮賷 丕賳賴 賮賷 丕賱賲乇丨賱賴 丕賱丨丕賱賷丞 賲賳 丕賱鬲賵孬賷賯 賳噩丿 丕賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 鬲賳鬲賲賷 賮賷 丕賱丕睾賱亘 賵丕賱兀毓賲 丕賱賶 賮鬲乇丞 賱丕丨賯丞 毓賱賶 賮鬲乇丞 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賲賵囟毓 丕賱亘丨孬 賴匕丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 丕賱賶 丕賳 丕賱丕氐胤賱丕丨丕鬲 鬲爻鬲毓賲賱 亘丕賱鬲亘丕丿賱 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 亘賱 賵乇亘賲丕 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲睾賱賵胤丞 亘丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱 賮賷 睾賷乇 賲賵囟毓賴丕 丕賱夭賲賳賷 丕賱氐丨賷丨 賵爻賳賵乇丿 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 賱鬲賵囟賷丨 匕賱賰.
September 7, 2015
Originally recommended by Dr. Umar Faruq Abd-Allah, the book is an awesome book which traces the development of Islamic teaching and learning from the mosques to complex madrasas, and the influence of that on universities. Makdisi uses a vast amount of knowledge and references to describe accurately the situation in medieval Islam, citing the appointment and resignation of professors, how universities were funded, how the teaching went, and how the students carried themselves through university life. He gets a bit too much into the details sometimes, but only to make a good point. Definitely worth reading.
December 23, 2022
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱亘乇賳爻.
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