欧宝娱乐

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216 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1962

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About the author

Erich Fromm

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Erich Fromm, Ph.D. (Sociology, University of Heidelberg, 1922) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist. He was a German Jew who fled the Nazi regime and settled in the United States. He was one of the founders of The William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology in New York City and was associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory.

Fromm explored the interaction between psychology and society, and held various professorships in psychology in the U.S. and Mexico in the mid-20th century.

Fromm's theory is a rather unique blend of Freud and Marx. Freud, of course, emphasized the unconscious, biological drives, repression, and so on. In other words, Freud postulated that our characters were determined by biology. Marx, on the other hand, saw people as determined by their society, and most especially by their economic systems.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 103 reviews
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776 reviews985 followers
February 7, 2017
????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????. (??????!!)?
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Profile Image for Richard Hughes.
12 reviews8 followers
April 11, 2013
Erich Fromm (1900 – 80) was a major thinker during his lifetime. His work ‘Fear of Freedom’ (AKA ‘Escape from Freedom’) (1941) was adjudged to be one of ‘the hundred most influential books since the war’ (Times Literary Supplement, 6th Oct. 1995). ‘Beyond the Chains of Illusion’ (1962) is his ‘intellectual autobiography’.

For a relatively brief period, Fromm was a member of the ‘Frankfurt School’ (Adorno, Benjamin, Horkheimer, Marcuse, etc.). He remained profoundly influenced by both Marx and Freud until his death. Nevertheless, Fromm’s Marxism wasn’t considered Marxist enough to receive any more than passing references in David McLennan’s comprehensive survey ‘Marxism After Marx’ (1979). Similarly, Fromm’s Freudianism was considered too unorthodox for him to be included in Paul A. Robinson’s overview ‘The Freudian Left’ (1969). (In the introduction, Robinson wrote, “I have frequently been asked why my study omitted a man like Erich Fromm, who has made a considerable reputation as a psychoanalytical radical. The answer is simple: while Fromm undoubtedly stands to the left of Freud politically, he is a rabid sexual conservative, denying both the importance attributed to sexuality by Freud himself and the value assigned to it by Reich, Roheim, and Marcuse”). Neither omission would have troubled Fromm. He was immensely critical of both ‘official’ Marxism and orthodox Freudianism. (‘The Fate of Both Theories’, chapter 10 of ‘Beyond the Chains of Illusions’, is a very brief outline of some of these criticisms). He became a leading exponent of Critical ‘humanistic’ Marxism and the ‘cultural school’ of Neo-Freudianism.

In this accessible book, Fromm describes the commonalities and differences in the thought of Marx and Freud. He then attempts a synthesis of what he considers to be the most useful aspects of the two men’s work. Fromm insists that, whilst “Marx is a figure of world historical significance with whom Freud cannot even be compared”, Freud is “the founder of a truly scientific psychology, and his discovery of unconscious processes and of the dynamic nature of character traits is a unique contribution to the science of man which has altered the picture of man for all time to come”.

Fromm believes that there is “no more fundamental discovery of Freud’s than that of the unconscious”. He also points out that “Marx, like Freud, believed that man’s consciousness is mostly ‘false consciousness’. Man believes that his thoughts are authentic and the product of his thinking activity while they are in reality determined by objective forces which work behind his back”. For Fromm, awareness of this illusionary thinking is an essential precondition for humankind’s freedom from exploitation, oppression and alienation.

Prof. David McLennan argued that “in so far as Marxism was influential in the early New Left (early 1960s) it was in the form of the concept of alienation drawn from young Marx as interpreted by Erich Fromm”. This may have been the case. Nevertheless, Fromm’s ‘Beyond the Chains of Illusion’ is more than a period piece. It’s still thought-provoking today.
Profile Image for AiK.
726 reviews256 followers
February 20, 2022
Мне понравилась мысль, что страх остракизма – основа стадного инстинкта. Фромм правильно ставит вопрос, как человек может узнать другого, будучи поглощен собой? Под поглощенностью собой он понимает занятие своим имиджем, своими тревогами, алчность. Если человек не даст волю своим переживаниям, не испытает сам чувства страха, одиночества, надежды, любви, он не сможет понять другого человека. "Озабоченным знанием" он называет желание помочь, быть не просто сторонним наблюдателем, а участником процесса. ?Если ?я внутри?, тогда мир становится моей заботой.?
В книге много отсылок к Марксу и Фрейду. Маркса уже не помню, а Фрейда только предстоит прочитать.
Profile Image for Ameera Almousa.
70 reviews215 followers
January 22, 2012

???? ???? , ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? , ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? , ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? .
???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? .
Profile Image for Erik Graff.
5,134 reviews1,359 followers
December 14, 2013
It's refreshing to read someone who calls a spade a spade after reading the daily newspapers and weekly newsmagazines with their parroting of propaganda and corporate agendas. Erich Fromm had a habit of doing so.

People often complain of not hearing enough good news. The pictures painted of social conditions by Fromm are not antidote to that. We in the USA live in a world of enormous inequity and suffering for which we are substantially responsible. In much of Fromm's writing this macrocosmic picture is directly related the microcosmic, i.e. the ways in which each of us tends to embody the greater social disease.

Beyond the Chains of Illusion is an explication of where Fromm is coming from: from Marx, primarily about public affairs; from Freud, primarily about private affairs. Of course, both of them crossed the line repeatedly, Marx playing social psychologist and Freud social critic. Fromm himself represented a fuller integration, not only of these two antecedents, but also of the more humanistic elements of the rabbinic traditions in which he was raised.

Also, unlike some associated with the Frankfurt School, Fromm is down-to-earth readable and engaging of both the mind and the emotions.
Profile Image for Seppe.
150 reviews8 followers
January 6, 2022
Dit is een autobiografisch boek, vanaf de introductie stelt Fromm dat zijn persoonlijke ervaring met Freud en Marx hem gevormd en ge?nspireerd heeft om los te komen van zijn illusoire intu?ties over de aard van de mens.

Zowel Freud als Marx zijn gekend als meesters van het wantrouwen lieten het mensbeeld van de 19de eeuwer daveren. Ze verkondigen een gelijkaardige boodschap stelt Fromm. Freud leert ons dat we geen baas zijn over onszelf maar product zijn van conflicten tussen onbewuste driften en het fysiologische libido. Intern. Marx leert ons ook dat we geen baas zijn over onszelf, maar product zijn van economische krachten en het productieverhoudingen. Extern.

Er is dus determinatie aan de gang van binnen en buiten. Tot zover de illusie van vrijheid die de positieve verlichtingsdenkers nog hoog hielden, de scepsis van Freud en Marx heeft ons verder gebracht. Maar daar houdt het nog niet op. De mens is echter niet helemaal gedood, of dat houdt Fromm toch aan.

Erich Fromm is een hoopvol schrijver en benadrukt een zeker humanisme. Er is zoiets als de aard van de mens, vrij van de determinaties van het onbewuste of de materialiteit. Aldus eindigt Fromm met hoop voor de toekomst, met inbegrip dat de lezers van dit boek kennis maken met deze radicale twee auteurs.
Profile Image for Ietrio.
6,884 reviews24 followers
February 20, 2020
Well, it looks like beyond Marx and Freud there is a lot of ignorance.
Profile Image for Safdar.
97 reviews22 followers
November 27, 2020
i like Erich Fromm because of the synthesis of this thought and that is why i feel enlightened every time i read him.
Profile Image for 朝凯.
24 reviews
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September 17, 2018
幻想锁链的彼岸-我所了解的马克思与佛洛伊德

佛洛伊德是一位自由主义改进者,马克思则是激进的革命家,对於解放人类,他们都有着毫不动摇的决心。对於作為解放工具的真理,他们都有着坚定的信仰,并且他们还共同坚信,这一解放的条件就存在於人类砸碎幻想锁链的能力之中。

一.马克思与佛洛伊德思想的共同基础
(1)怀疑:我们必须怀疑一切。(2)真理的力量:真理会使你获得自由。(3)人道主义:人所具有的我都具有。(4)动力学的研究方法。
(1)我们必须怀疑一切:
马克思认為我们自身和他人所作的思考绝大部分都只不过是被某种思想体系的束缚的幻想,因我们每个人的思想都是以该特定的社会所发展的思想為模式的,这些特定的社会所发展的思想又取决於该社会的特定结构和作用方式。佛洛伊德也是以批判精神进行思考,人大部分意识到的想法都是不符合真实的,而大部分实际存在的真实都是没有被意识到的。在马克思看来,最基本的谤别补濒颈迟测是社会的经济结构,佛洛伊德则认為个体的濒颈产颈诲辞(原慾)才是基本的谤别补濒颈迟测。

(2)真理会使你获得自由:
马克思认為真理是引起社会变革的一种武器。马克思要求人得丢掉有关现实的幻想,虽然这些幻想使人得以忍受现实生活的痛苦,但如果人们清楚地认识到究竟什麼才是幻想,如果人们能从半梦幻状况中清醒过来的话,那麼人们就能恢復自己的理智,意识到自己所特有的力量,并且以这样一种方式来改变现实,致使幻想已没有再存在的必要。因此马克思相信他最重要的武器是真理,也就是揭示种种幻想和意识型态掩盖下的现实。
佛洛伊德则认為真理是引起个人变革的一种武器。如果精神病病人能认识到自己有意识的思想具有虚假性质,以及挖掘在这些思想后面所掩盖的事实、将无意识转為有意识的话,那麼他就能获得摆脱自己非理性的力量、改造自己的力量。有本我的存在,就必有自我的存在。只有依靠理性的努力,揭穿假象、获得对现实的认识,才能达成佛洛伊德的这个目的。

(3) 人所具有的我都具有:
人道主义的意思是每一个人均体现了全部的人性,所以人所具有的每一个人都具有。佛洛依德的人道主义体现在无意识的概念中,他认為所有人都具有相同的无意识的衝动,因此人一旦敢於挖掘无意识这个隐蔽的世界,人们都会互相理解。
佛洛??德捍卫人的自然慾望的权力,他那有关理性控制这些慾望并使这些慾望昇华的理想,便是人道主义思想传统的一部分。马克思则反对人因隶属於经济而遭到摧残的社会秩序,马克思关於阐明完整的、尚未异化的人的思想也是人道主义思想的一部分。
人道主义和人性的思想是马克斯和佛洛依德的思想赖以产生的共同土壤。

(4)运用动力学和辩证的方法来研究现实:
马克思认為社会是一个错综复杂的结构,这个结构具有不同的、矛盾的却又是可以被认识的力量,认识这些力量能使人们了解过去、并且某种程度也可以预测未来,预测指的是人们在有限的选择范围内所必须做出的选择。
佛洛伊德则发现人作為一个实体,是许多精神能量组成的结构,其中许多精神能量甚至是彼此矛盾。精神分析的任务就是要认识这些力量的本质、强度和方向,以便了解过去、预先对未来做出选择。当这些力量的既定结构发生能量变化的时候,人也将发生变化。

二.社会现象
1.对个人和社会病理学的讨论
佛洛伊德认為当一个人未能克制自己婴儿时期的慾望,未能成為一个具有成熟的生殖器倾向的人时,他就会介於自己本身所固有的儿童慾望和成年人需求之间的的分裂状态中。精神疾病的症状就是表现出婴儿和成年人的需求之间的一种妥协,也就是说精神疾病就是成年人自我便是婴儿慾望和幻想的世界。

马克思认為精神病理的最主要形式就是异化。社会主义的目的就在於消灭异化。
当黑格尔第一次提出异化的概念时,异化实质上是指人逐渐异於这个世界(自然、事物、他人以及人本身)。人并没有把自己当成是自身行為的主体,人成了客体,这个客体正是人自身力量外化的体现。因此人只能在他所创造的产物中认识自己,只能通过顺从於他的创造物中接触到自己。
而马克思认為异化扭曲了一切人的价值。由於社会对外在经济活动和内在价值的定义,例如财富、劳动、节约和朴素等在社会上被定义的生命价值,人失去了理解如何拥有真实价值而真正的富有的能力,例如道德、纯洁的良心、德行等等;然而如果真实的「我」根本不存在,我又怎麼能知道什麼是真实的价值呢?在异化的状况中,无论是经济领域还是道德领域,生活的每一领域都是各自独立并且把被异化的本质活动的特殊范围固定起来,并且每一领域都同另一种异化保持着格格不入的关係。
黑格尔和马克思认為异化是一种必然的现象,异化内在於人类的进化之中,理性的异化和爱情的异化都是实际存在的。只有当我能区别外在世界和我自己的时候,也就是外在的世界成為一个客体时,我才能把握这个客体,才能使它成為我的世界,重新达到主体和客体的统一。

佛洛伊德注重个人的病理学,马克思则关心一个社会所共有的、从该社会特定的制度产生出来的病理学。
2.从动力学看待人的性格及社会性格
人的行动、感觉、思考的方式并不只是对现实的状况作出合理反映的结果,而是由人的性格特点所决定的。佛洛伊德认同性格特徵的动力学特质,并指出一个人的性格结构代表了生命过程中人的能量被引向某一方的某一种特殊形式。这样的性格动力学也可用来解释社会性格结构。
各个民族、社会均有一个表明其各自特色的社会性格,如同个人性格,社会性格即是把能量引向某一方面的特殊形式,如果一个特定社会中大多数人的能量被引向同一个方向的话,那麼人将拥有相同的动机,并接受相同的思想和理想。每一个社会都有一定的结构,并以某种方式运动着。所谓的「社会」意指以不同的、明确的方式起作用的特定的社会结构,虽然这些社会结构在歷史发展的过程中持续地变化,但是在一定的歷史时期是相对稳定的,任何一个社会只有通过特殊结构范围内的运动才得以存在。社会中不同阶级或阶层的成员们以按照社会制度所要求的方式去行动。
社会性格的作用就以这种方式形成社会成员们的能力,他们的所作所為都是社会决定的,而非自己有意识地决定是否要遵循社会模式,同时他们也因自己的行為能符合文化的要求而感到满足。
社会结构能改变人的性格,但如果一种社会秩序在某种程度上脱离或超出了一定限度,以至於忽视、抑制了人的基本需要,那麼该社会的成员们必将会试图改变这种社会秩序,以便适合人的需要。如果变革无法发生,那麼其结果必然会是这种社会由於缺乏生命力而遭崩溃与灭亡。因此人的本质也能改变人所生活於其中的社会状况。

叁.社会无意识
1.无意识
在面对无意识的看法上,马克思与佛洛伊德都认為大多数的意识思维都是由位於背后的、人所不知道的力量所决定的,当人阐明自己的行动是合理的或道德的,正是这些合理的说明(虚假的意识、意识形态)使人主观的得到了满足,但是由於人受到他所不认识的力量的驱使,人并非想像中的自由,只有通过对这些动力的逐步认识,即通过对现实的认识,才能获得自由,才能成為自己生活的主人,而不是盲目力量的奴隶。在决定人这些力量的本质概念上,马克思与佛洛伊德既有根本的分歧却也不互相排斥。佛洛伊德认為这些力量本质上是生理学上的尝颈产颈诲辞,马克思则认為是歷史的力量,且这些力量在人类的社会经济发展的过程中经歷了演化。

马克思与佛洛伊德相结合之处在於马克思也是从现实的人出发,他的理论是以人的现实生活过程,当然也包括人的生物和生理条件為基础的。马克思承认尝颈产颈诲辞存在於一切状况中,并再藉由社会条件来改变的其形式和方向。不过两人理论亦有着根本的分歧:
(1)马克思认為人的存在及其意识是由社会结构所决定的,人是社会结构的一部分;佛洛伊德则认為社会只是通过对人的内在的生理和生物机制的或强或弱来影响人的存在的。
(2)佛洛伊德相信人能克服压抑,而不需要社会变革。马克思则是第一个认识到只有伴随社会变革才能真正产生全面觉醒的人。因為社会变革能产生一个崭新的、真实的人类经济和社会组织。

2.社会无意识
马克思说明了社会力量会决定人的意识,若从社会的功能角度来看,促使人们不得不按照社会要求的行动和思考的社会性格只是社会结构及其思想相互联繫的一个环节。
若从从压抑的社会性格概念出发,则可以发现「社会无意识」的概念。「社会无意识」是指社会中被压抑的精神领域,它意指人的经验的某个部分,当一个具有特殊矛盾的社会有效地发挥作用的时候,这些共同被压抑的因素正是该社会不允许其成员们可以意识到的。对於任何成為意识的经验来说,他必须是按照有意识的思维被组织起来的范畴来理解的。而社会透过语言、逻辑学、社会禁忌形成了筛检程式,使某些经验无法进入意识当中。

任何一个特定社会中的不合理之处都必然会导致该社会的成员对自己许多感觉和观察意识的压抑。一个社会越是不能代表该社会全体成员的利益,这种必然性就越大。
為什麼人们要压抑对事实的认知呢?这种压抑最强大的动力是对孤立与排斥的恐惧。人因超越了自然而意识到存在与死亡,因而感到孤独,由於害怕孤独因此想与他人发生关係,这种与他人保持联繫的需求乃是人最强烈的慾望。正是对孤立与排斥的这种恐惧,使人们压抑了对那些被禁忌的事情的认识,因為这种认识意味着差异、被孤立、被排斥。做為普通的个人并不允许自己意识到自己的思想和感觉与该社会的文化模式是相衝突的,因此他被迫压抑他自己的这些思想和感觉。因此意识及无意识取决於社会的结构以及这个社会所产生的感觉和思维方式。

意识代表了社会的人,代表了个人所处的歷史状况所造成的偶然性、侷限性。由於减去了和社会一致的部分,因此无意识通常代表了一个显露其隐蔽潜能的完整的人,通常无意识也包含了人对生存提出的问题作出不同回答的基础。认识到人的无意识意味着接触到了人的完整的人性,拋弃了社会设在每个人身上的、最终设在每个人与他人之间的种种障碍。因此无意识代表了植根於宇宙中的普遍的人、完整的人。

社会和个人的无意识是互相关连并不断相互作用的,如果从社会进化的角度将佛洛依德和马克思各自的压抑概念作比较的话,两人显然有方向上的矛盾。
佛洛依德认為文明的发展就意味着压抑的增强,因此社会的进化不可能导致压抑的取消,而只能导致压抑的增强。马克思认為压抑本质上是人的全面发展的需求和特定的社会结构之间的矛盾的结果。因此,当剥削和阶级衝突消失的时候,全面发展的社会就不需要任何意识形态,也就可以随之取消任何意识形态。在充分人性化的社会裡,不存在压抑的需要,因而也就不存在社会的无意识。佛洛依德认為压抑在不断的加强,马克思则认為压抑随着社会的进化过程而逐渐的在消失。

四.最终的追寻
為了达到人类彼此之间以及与自然界融為一体的经验,如何克服人本质与外在世界之间的分裂?既然不可能倒退回人类最初的生存方式,那麼关於生存的答案就是充分发挥人的力量,从而达到与彼此以及自然界的新的和谐。
人能做的基本选择是生与死的选择,每一个行动都蕴含着这种选择,而人有选择的自由,但自由会因心理结构、社会的状况等等因素而受限,人的任务就是要扩大自由的领域,创造生的条件、取消导致死的状况,生与死指的是存在的状态、人与世界发生关係的状态。
生意味着不断变化,不断的产生;死意味着发展的停止僵化和重复。许多人的不幸命运就在於他们不能做出选择,他们既不是活着,又没有死去,生活成了一种负担,忙忙碌碌成了保护人不在阴暗王国受折磨的手段。人的成长就是一个不断获得新生和觉醒的过程。而人若不选择生、不愿意成长,则只能走向毁灭,丧失了自我及生命力。要将人从这样的自我毁灭中拯救出来的唯一力量就是用在人在希望和信仰下的理性,藉由这样的理性去认识被那些欺骗者和意识形态的鼓吹者所掩盖的现实。这样的理性,也就是砸碎幻想锁链的工具。
Profile Image for Spencer.
192 reviews19 followers
January 5, 2021
Not quite serious scholarship, but this is a really fantastic introduction to Marx in particular, and it was really interesting to see Fromm read him as something of a Romantic Humanist (which was new to me). Most importantly, it made me want to read more by and about Marx (and by Fromm).

I will add that the early chapters are a little dull/simple--I almost bailed because there's a bit of "What's labor? What's the 'unconscious?'" 101 material in the beginning. But it gets deeper when Fromm begins discussing alienation (about 1/4 of the way in, and this is a short and readable book) and then it remains more or less excellent through to the end.

Another note: Marx and Freud aren't really treated as equals; Fromm acknowledges that Marx is the superior thinker, and I'd say this book is about 70% Marx. He uses Freud and psychoanalysis more as a way to read or approach presumed gaps or limits in Marx's thought. So if you are a bit of a Freud skeptic, I don't think that will significantly hinder your ability to enjoy this book, though you'll like some chapters better than others.
Profile Image for Danilo.
48 reviews45 followers
September 16, 2018
From obra?uje temu "nesvesnog" iz ugla Marksa i Frojda, me?utim pred kraj knjige se to pretvara u jednu ?iru temu o budu?nosti ljudske civilizacije i humanizma.
Profile Image for Jan van Ooij.
34 reviews
April 16, 2022
Ik heb de Nederlandse vertaling (Het vraagstuk vrijheid - De mens voorbij de ketenen der illusies) van deze in 2021 bij Bijleveld verschenen editie gelezen. Oorspronkelijke titel komt uit 1963. Het is het meest autobiografische boek van Erich Fromm. Hij beschrijft hoe de denkers Marx en Freud van invloed zijn geweest op zijn eigen denken. Marx met zijn inzicht in de aard van het sociale proces. En Freud met zijn inzicht in de aard van het menselijk denken. Fromm benadrukt het belang van waarheid en vrijheid. Het is verbazingwekkend dit boek uit 1963 te lezen in de context van de oorlog in Oekra?ne die 60 jaar later uitbreekt.
Terecht wordt Fromm een van de belangrijkste denkers over mens en maatschappij van onze tijd genoemd
Profile Image for Shulamith Farhi.
330 reviews69 followers
June 25, 2023
Marked by a somewhat dated ideology of individual development, this text nevertheless contains a number of key pointers for any convergence of Marxism and psychoanalysis. The biographical reflections are illuminating, especially his messianic leftist denunciation of idolatry. The idea that all major world religions are united in an anti-egocentric illusion-busting is a bit of a stretch, but the idea of One-Man and the return to human nature are inspiring. Most interesting here is the concept of the social unconscious, which finds common ground with the Jungian collective unconscious, reconstructing it without its racism, injecting it with much needed materialism that acknowledges the way our social world filters the thinkable and sayable through an interlacing system of repressive taboos.

***

Take two. I'm giving EF an extra star. Yeah, he was wrong to call Marcuse a nihilist, but he was radical and it's time to reclaim him. Fromm's vivid sketches of the prophetic imagination bring it forcefully out of the clouds and down to earth. This harsh realism is initially jarring, but he is clear that he still recognizes a positive role for prophecy. The prophets were social critics, and their demands for justice and warnings of divine fury if this justice is ignored are prototypes for materialist criticism. If we want to shatter the matrix of illusions that sustains contemporary conditions of domination, and Fromm and I both want that, we must extract from the idealist tradition of the prophets their explosive materialist kernel, and popularize it. And rest assured, the materialist kernel of the Judaeo-Christian tradition is dynamite.
Profile Image for Shane Avery.
161 reviews42 followers
March 17, 2009
There's nothing here in Fromm's intellectual autobiography that you won't find in his other writings. He attempts a synthesis between Freud and Marx, and it seems to me he largely succeeds. Both men are humanistic; both men want to destroy human illusions. For Freud, that means a delicate balance among the ego, id, and superego -- a mature genital orientation. For Marx, of course, the grand illusion is the ideological sham of false consciousness. Marx is not a materialist, according to Fromm, in the sense that he doesn't believe in human ideals. Rather, he believes that humans become materialists within an imperfect socioeconomic framework.

It would have been nice if Fromm devoted more time to his own personal antecedents, rather than simply expounding his sociology, with which I'm already thoroughly conversant.
Profile Image for novi a. puspita.
130 reviews15 followers
June 5, 2017
Mengapa orang-orang menekan kesadaran atas apa yg seharusnya mereka sadari? Tidak diragukan lagi, alasan utamanya adalah rasa takut.
Apakah ada rasa takut yg lebih tidak kentara yg dihasilkan oleh, misalnya, masyarakat kita sendiri.
...
Seperti halnya seseorang yg berada dlm keadaan terhipnotis, suara dan kata-kata penghipnotis menggantikan realitas. Demikian pula dg pola sosial yg membentuk realitas bagi sebagian besar anggota masyarakat. Apa yg dianggap benar, nyata, dan bijaksana merupakan klise yg diterima oleh masyarakatnya...
Profile Image for Ceyda.
47 reviews8 followers
November 21, 2017
Kitab?n orjinal ad?; Beyond the Chains of Illusion - My encounter with Marx and Freud. Türk?e'ye ?evrili?i "Yeni Bir ?nsan Yeni Bir Toplum" olsa da kitab?n bütünü Freud ve Marx'?n g?rü?lerinin kar??la?t?r?lmas?ndan olu?uyor. Ki bu, bana g?re, ba?l? ba??na s?ra d??? bir fikir. Bir politik ekonomist ve psikanalistin insana, bireye, evrime, topluma, do?aya, bilince ve inan?lara dair g?rü?lerini Erich Fromm'un diliyle okumak ?ok keyifliydi.
Profile Image for Sankar Raj.
41 reviews11 followers
December 14, 2010
Beyond the Chains of Illusions is an important work of Erich Fromm. In it he describes how he seeks to synthesize Marxism and Psychoanalysis. According to him Marx neglected the individual aspects of life, while Freud stressing the individual aspects failed to recognize the importance of the social aspects.
Profile Image for Katusnori Nariya.
27 reviews5 followers
September 23, 2013
This is one of my first English books, definitely my encounter with Erich Fromm. It was when I was in the second year of a senior high school.
Profile Image for Wouter Zwemmer.
654 reviews38 followers
March 15, 2022
Volgens Erich Fromm gaan Marx en Freud uit van hetzelfde vertrekpunt, namelijk dat de mens leeft met illusies omdat die illusies de ellende van het werkelijke leven dragelijk maken. Waarheid (bewustwording, inzicht) is voor Marx het wapen om sociale verandering teweeg te brengen en voor Freud persoonlijke verandering. “Beide wilden zij de mens bevrijden van de ketenen van zijn illusies om hem in staat te stellen te ontwaken en te handelen als een vrij wezen.” Daarnaast hanteren zij beide als vertrekpunt het “humanisme in die zin dat iedere mens de gehele mensheid vertegenwoordigd.”

Woorden
Bij het lezen van dit boek denk ik regelmatig: wat een boel taal. Ik heb wel eens gehoord dat Mozart ooit van zijn broodheer aan het hof te horen heeft gekregen dat hij ‘teveel noten’ schreef; misschien is dit een fabeltje? Ik denk dit oprecht bij dit boek: als je met zoveel omhaal en woorden concepten en idee?n moet beschrijven, zijn die dan zo onduidelijk dat ze zoveel woorden nodig hebben? Fromm schrijft zelf: “Maar het past ons uiterst voorzichtig te zijn en vooral niet te vergeten dat we alleen maar te maken hebben met analogie?n en dat het gevaarlijk is, niet alleen waar het mensen, maar ook waar het begrippen betreft, die buiten het terrein te brengen waarin zij ontstonden en zijn gerijpt.” Toch doet Fromm dat, door idee?n van Marx en Freud met elkaar te confronteren, analogie?n op te zoeken en hun idee?n uit de context van hun tijd te transporteren naar de zijne (1963). Evenzeer moeten we terughoudend zijn de idee?n van deze historische grootheden toe te passen op onze tijd. Alleen al aan Freuds idee?n wordt tegenwoordig aanzienlijk minder gewicht gegeven dan in Freuds tijd en in die van Fromm.

Aantrekkingskracht van de illusie
Toch begrijp ik de aantrekkingskracht wel van al die woorden, al die taal. De intellectuele lenigheid die ervoor nodig is, kan imponerend zijn; de analogie?n soms treffend. Toen Rudi Fuchs directeur was van het Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam organiseerde hij exposities met zijn persoonlijke associaties tussen werken, of die nou daadwerkelijk iets met elkaar van doen hadden of niet. De analogie?n waren soms treffend, maar vooral een reflectie van de geest van meneer Fuchs, niet persé werkelijk. Juist een psycholoog van de statuur van Fromm kent het concept van de illusie. Terwijl ik zijn boek lees luister ik naar de eigenzinnige interpretatie van Chopin door Ivo Pogorelic uit 2022 (ik ben fan). Oppervlakkig zou ik de muziek door zijn interpretatie ‘tragisch’ kunnen noemen. Dat is natuurlijk illusie want de muziek is niet meer dan muziek, de emotie is van mij, niet van de muziek; eventueel nog een herkenning van de emotionaliteit van de pianist die ik meen te herkennen. In deze illusie schuilt ook de potentieel verraderlijke aantrekkingskracht van het boek van Fromm, namelijk dat je uit het oog verliest dat de analogie of de herkenning in jezelf huist, niet in het werk; en dat je geest zoekt naar herkenning van wat het toch al weet en denkt, net als bij het beluisteren van muziek. Voor je het weet denk ik te horen dat Chopin de huidige oorlog van Rusland tegen Oekra?ne heeft voorvoeld. De analogie?n zijn treffend: Chopin was een Pool die in 1830 op zijn 21e uitweek naar Parijs wegens verzet van Polen tegen Rusland. De pianist Ivo Pogorelic is in Kroati?, destijds Joegoslavi?, geboren en heeft zijn muzikale scholing in Moskou gehad. In 1980 veroorzaakte de jonge Pogerelic een rel op het Chopin-concours in Warschau, Polen. De analogie?n zijn legio, maar zijn ze ook werkelijk?

“(…) is het duidelijk dat Freud zich in de eerste plaats bezig houdt met individuele ziektegevallen, terwijl Marx zich bemoeit met het ziektebeeld van de maatschappij (…)”… echt?

Elders over Marx: “De volledig ontwikkelde, en dus gezonde, mens is de produktieve mens, de mens die een oprechte belangstelling heeft voor de wereld en die daarop reageert; hij is de rijke mens.” Los van vaag lijkt het mij dat de nodige mensen hier tegenwoordig anders over denken, mensen met veel inkomen uit vermogen in plaats van uit arbeid bijvoorbeeld.

Credo
In het laatste hoofdstuk spreekt Fromm zijn credo, zijn geloofsbelijdenis uit: “Ik geloof dat de weg naar de vervolmaking voor de mens open blijft liggen.” Mijn persoonlijke credo is dat dit illusie is; er bestaat niet zoiets als vervolmaking van de mens. En juist het geloof hierin wakkert potentieel kwaadaardige kanten van de menselijke psyche aan, zie de religieus en/of ethnisch ge?nspireerde conflictgebieden in de wereld. Gelukkig heeft Fromm in zijn credo ook een citaat voor ons over conflict: “Geweld en wapens zullen ons niet redden; gezond verstand en redelijkheid kunnen dat wel.” Daarin geloof ik ook.
Profile Image for Alex Hernández.
220 reviews3 followers
December 13, 2020
Me parece una completa divagación sin profundización suficiente en cada caso que plantea. Es un intento mal ejecutado de libro de historia, con explicación del psicoanálisis y el marxismo, con palabras de un so?ador, luego con un intento cursi de sonar a alguna especie de profeta. Me parece una actual charla TED, de esas en las que cualquier pendejo se sube a hablar de lo que sea siempre y cuando suene aparentemente motivacional e inspirador.

Da a entender que no entendió lo que es cada cosa de las cuales habla. Hace ligaduras a puntos de la humanidad que pueden ser una obviedad y entonces ?para qué proponerlo como novedad? Luego, de entre tanta tergiversación, termina por convertirse en esa paradoja que apoya y repudia a su vez, la de idolatrar. Este libro es una oda a las ideas que le gustaron.

En varias ocasiones lo siento con un ímpetu adolescente en el que, también paradójicamente, se queja como un anciano amargado del pasado, presente y posible futuro. La ciencia que se hace es mala, y los científicos son malos por no dejar entrar a los congresos a los psicoanalistas; los psicólogos son personas malas también porque no saben hacer su trabajo como debería de ser; los sociólogos son malos porque no trabajan como Fromm optó (es decir, sin publicar investigación científica, sino solamente publicando ensayos y sus pensamientos con marcadas preferencias)... Simplemente es un rotundo no a este libro porque, además, fue muy poco lo que aprendí comparado con las horas que le invertí a esta lectura.
Profile Image for Hussain Ali.
Author?2 books133 followers
February 7, 2017
???? ????

???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? - ??? ?? - ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????.
24 reviews31 followers
January 15, 2018
??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
?????? ??????? ?????? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??? ????? "?????" ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? "???????" ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????.
?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ????: "?????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? (??) ????????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????."
162 reviews23 followers
January 25, 2019
Odli?na knjiga o Marksu i Frojdu iz perspektive frankfurtske ?kole. Preporuka!
Profile Image for Dilara Selici.
41 reviews5 followers
November 20, 2023
Fromm ana ?devlerinden birini “Dünyay? teknokratik fa?izmden koruyacak bir tinsel ve bilimsel de?erler bire?imi ortaya ??karmaya ?al??mak” olarak tan?mlayan bir dü?ünür. Onu okuduk?a insan olmaya yakla??yorum sanki. Her kitab? ufkumu a??yor, ezber bozuyor.

?eviri biraz eski oldu?u i?in yer yer okumak zorla?sa da Fromm laf salatas? yapmad??? i?in kitaplar? bana hep anla??l?r geliyor.
Profile Image for Alisaleh.
6 reviews1 follower
March 19, 2016
???? ?? ??? !! ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????.
Profile Image for M. I.
647 reviews127 followers
May 11, 2018
????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????
????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????
???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????
?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????
?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????
?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???
Profile Image for Chris.
15 reviews
July 31, 2014
I wasn't as sympathetic to Fromm's remixing of Freud with Marx as much as I was intrigued by what Fromm had to say in Marx's Concept of Man. Perhaps its because I look at Freud with curiosity and not with much reverence, and Fromm obviously does. Still there are some interesting conclusions to be drawn here regarding "HISTORY" as the record of humans discovering their potential...having fallen into alienation, and now trying again to reoccupy material and nature but this time with conscious awareness, intention, meaning...furthermore this notion that humanity is in some form of social puberty that must be hashed out in order to reach "perfection"--which Fromm claims is possible (though not probable).
Profile Image for Abdelhamid  Nashaat.
8 reviews5 followers
September 2, 2021
"?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????"
?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? : ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?(????? ) ??????? ?????? ?(????? ) ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? ) ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? .
?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? .
+ ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? .
Profile Image for Mark Valentine.
2,009 reviews26 followers
May 15, 2018
Having Fromm as a teacher and guide for the writings of Freud and Marx enriched my understanding of each of the three world writers--yes, Fromm needs to be elevated for his ability to synthesize the studies of the self (Freud) and of social movements (Marx), yes, Fromm is a world author in his own right.

More, Fromm's personal credo, the final chapter, clinched it for me. I see him as the realist we all need and the motivator that inspires all of us to be more humane.

Finally, as with any high-caliber book, it has inspired me to read more Marx, more Freud. It clarified some misconceptions that I had of both authors and opened the door to a well-lit gallery of their observations.
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