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Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization
Excerpt from Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilization
The book gives a survey of the methods by which the unfertilized egg can be caused to develop into an embryo and the conclusions which can be drawn concerning the mechan ism by which the Spermatozoon produces this effect. The theory, which the author published in 1905 and 1906, that at least two factors are involved in this process, namely, one which brings about a change in the surface of the egg (the essential factor), and a second, corrective factor, seems to explain all the phenomena observed in the new territory and has proved a reliable guide.
In developing the new field of investigation, the writer endeavored to select those variables and methods which would lend themselves to a quantitative treatment.
This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
The book gives a survey of the methods by which the unfertilized egg can be caused to develop into an embryo and the conclusions which can be drawn concerning the mechan ism by which the Spermatozoon produces this effect. The theory, which the author published in 1905 and 1906, that at least two factors are involved in this process, namely, one which brings about a change in the surface of the egg (the essential factor), and a second, corrective factor, seems to explain all the phenomena observed in the new territory and has proved a reliable guide.
In developing the new field of investigation, the writer endeavored to select those variables and methods which would lend themselves to a quantitative treatment.
This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
328 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1909
About the author
Jacques Loeb
81Ìýbooks10ÌýfollowersJacques Loeb (April 7, 1859 â€� February 11, 1924) was a German-born American physiologist and biologist.
Loeb was educated at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Strasburg (M.D. 1884). He took postgraduate courses at the universities of Strasburg and Berlin, and in 1886 became assistant at the physiological institute of the University of Würzburg, remaining there till 1888. In a similar capacity, he then went to Strasburg University. During his vacations he pursued biological researches, at Kiel in 1888, and at Naples in 1889 and 1890.
In 1892 he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the "father of Behaviorism") was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago. In 1902 he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California.
In 1910 Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout most of these years Loeb spent his summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, performing experiments on various marine invertebrates. It was there that Jacques Loeb performed his most famous experiment, on artificial parthenogenesis. Loeb was able to cause the eggs of sea urchins to begin embryonic development without sperm. This was achieved by slight chemical modifications of the water in which the eggs were kept, which served as the stimulus for the development to begin.
Loeb became one of the most famous scientists in America, widely covered in newspapers and magazines. He was the model for the character of Max Gottlieb in Sinclair Lewis's Pulitzer-winning novel Arrowsmith, the first great work of fiction to idealize and idolize pure science. Mark Twain also wrote an essay titled "Dr. Loeb's Incredible Discovery", which urges the reader not to support a rigid general consensus, but instead be open to new scientific advances.
Loeb was nominated many times for the Nobel Prize but never won.
His younger brother Leo also emigrated to the United States where he became a noted pathologist.
The main subjects of Loeb's work were:
Animal tropisms and their relation to the instincts of animals
Heteromorphosis, the replacement of an injured or removed organ by a different organ
Toxic and antitoxic effects of ions
Artificial parthenogenesis
Hybridization of the eggs of sea-urchins by the sperm of starfish
More:
Loeb was educated at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Strasburg (M.D. 1884). He took postgraduate courses at the universities of Strasburg and Berlin, and in 1886 became assistant at the physiological institute of the University of Würzburg, remaining there till 1888. In a similar capacity, he then went to Strasburg University. During his vacations he pursued biological researches, at Kiel in 1888, and at Naples in 1889 and 1890.
In 1892 he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the "father of Behaviorism") was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago. In 1902 he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California.
In 1910 Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout most of these years Loeb spent his summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, performing experiments on various marine invertebrates. It was there that Jacques Loeb performed his most famous experiment, on artificial parthenogenesis. Loeb was able to cause the eggs of sea urchins to begin embryonic development without sperm. This was achieved by slight chemical modifications of the water in which the eggs were kept, which served as the stimulus for the development to begin.
Loeb became one of the most famous scientists in America, widely covered in newspapers and magazines. He was the model for the character of Max Gottlieb in Sinclair Lewis's Pulitzer-winning novel Arrowsmith, the first great work of fiction to idealize and idolize pure science. Mark Twain also wrote an essay titled "Dr. Loeb's Incredible Discovery", which urges the reader not to support a rigid general consensus, but instead be open to new scientific advances.
Loeb was nominated many times for the Nobel Prize but never won.
His younger brother Leo also emigrated to the United States where he became a noted pathologist.
The main subjects of Loeb's work were:
Animal tropisms and their relation to the instincts of animals
Heteromorphosis, the replacement of an injured or removed organ by a different organ
Toxic and antitoxic effects of ions
Artificial parthenogenesis
Hybridization of the eggs of sea-urchins by the sperm of starfish
More:
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