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丕蹖賳賴丕 賴賲賴 蹖毓賳蹖 趩賴責

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What does it all mean? : a very short introduction to philosophy, Thomas Nagel
毓賳賵丕賳: 丕蹖賳賴丕 賴賲賴 蹖毓賳蹖 趩賴責貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 鬲賵賲丕爻 (鬲丕賲爻) 賳蹖诏賱 (賳丕诏賱)貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 噩賵丕丿 丨蹖丿乇蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳诏丕賴 賲毓丕氐乇貨 1392貨 丿乇 90 氐貨 卮丕亘讴: 9786005747720貨 毓賳賵丕賳 丿蹖诏乇: 丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賮賱爻賮赖貨 賯乇賳 21 賲

90 pages, Paperback

First published October 15, 1987

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About the author

Thomas Nagel

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Thomas Nagel is an American philosopher, currently University Professor and Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University, where he has taught since 1980. His main areas of philosophical interest are philosophy of mind, political philosophy and ethics. He is well-known for his critique of reductionist accounts of the mind in his essay "What Is it Like to Be a Bat?" (1974), and for his contributions to deontological and liberal moral and political theory in The Possibility of Altruism (1970) and subsequent writings.

Thomas Nagel was born to a Jewish family in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (now Serbia). He received a BA from Cornell University in 1958, a BPhil from Oxford University in 1960, and a PhD from Harvard University in 1963 under the supervision of John Rawls. Before settling in New York, Nagel taught briefly at the University of California, Berkeley (from 1963 to 1966) and at Princeton University (from 1966 to 1980), where he trained many well-known philosophers including Susan Wolf, Shelly Kagan, and Samuel Scheffler, who is now his colleague at NYU. In 2006, he was made a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Nagel is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy, and has held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Science Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. In 2008, he was awarded a Rolf Schock Prize for his work in philosophy, the Balzan prize, and the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from Oxford University.

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Profile Image for Riku Sayuj.
658 reviews7,523 followers
May 5, 2014

The Basic Questions of Philosophy

Nagel presents this book as a direct introduction to a selection of nine philosophical problems which the reflective human mind finds naturally puzzling, each of which can be understood in itself, without reference to the history of thought 鈥� so Nagel opts to omit discussion on the great philosophical writings of the past or the cultural background of those writings and approach them as questions that should be tackled on their own rights. For the best way to begin the study of philosophy is to think about them directly. Once you've done that, you are in a better position to appreciate the work of others who have tried to solve the same problems.

These problems have been written about for thousands of years, but the philosophical raw material comes directly from the world and our relation to it, not from writings of the past. That is why they come up again and again, in the heads of people who haven't read about them.

听The nine problems considered are these:

1. Knowledge of the world beyond our minds

2. Knowledge of minds other than our own

3. The relation between mind and brain

4. How language is possible

5. Whether we have free will

6. The basis of morality

7. What inequalities are unjust

8. The nature of death

9. The meaning of life

This power packed short book is a refreshing encounter with these basic questions. Nagel guides us throughout these questions and also through how each should naturally occur to us as outgrowths of thinking on each other.

Philosophy as a Natural Instinct

As can be seen from the list above, these are not complex questions. Instead, we are invited to听 ask the simplest of questions once again. None of these are quandaries one is unaware of, but all of them are questions that allow great entertainment and engagement over time. They are the fundamentals of our incorrigible fascination with philosophy.

Nuances of these questions are fleshed out just enough to generate new questions and then left to the reader to explore further as they might chose. Each question-heading-chapter is enough to set out a small streak of related questions in your own mind and you enter it confident that you have asked all the questions that Nagel can possibly think of 鈥� and you have. Of course. But as said above, asking those questions in collaboration is more fun than you imagine. And it surprises you every time.

In addition, arguing with Nagel鈥檚 conclusions and recruiting the heavy-weights on your side occasionally is also an added bonus, for Nagel does not make any attempt to stay within such boundaries in his discussions. I only wish that he had laid out exploratory avenues for each of these tantalizing routes that would be a pleasure to explore ad infinitum.

This is a good book to pick up for reviving interest in philosophy, and to shake out comfortable notions of knowing all the answers or even of knowing all the questions.

After all, before learning a lot of philosophical theories it is better to get adequately puzzled about the philosophical questions which those theories try to answer. And the best way to do that is to look at some possible solutions and see what is wrong with them.
Profile Image for Salamon.
130 reviews62 followers
January 7, 2025
讴鬲丕亘 噩賲毓鈥屬堚€屫堌� 賵 亘蹖鈥屫簇ж€屬堚€屫ㄘ壁� 讴賴 賳诏丕賴 賮賱爻賮蹖 乇賵 丿乇 匕賴賳 賲賳 鬲丕夭賴 讴乇丿貨 賵 趩賯丿乇 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賳爻蹖賲 鬲丕夭賴 丕丨鬲蹖丕噩 丿丕卮鬲賲.

听听听听 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱 賳購賴 賮氐賱 讴賵鬲丕賴賴 亘賴 鬲乇鬲蹖亘 夭蹖乇:

趩诏賵賳賴 趩蹖夭蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫促嗀ж驰屬呚�
丕匕賴丕賳 丿蹖诏乇
賲爻卅賱賴鈥屰� 匕賴賳-亘丿賳
賲毓賳蹖 賵丕跇賴鈥屬囏�
丕乇丕丿賴鈥屰� 丌夭丕丿
丿乇爻鬲 賵 賳丕丿乇爻鬲
毓丿丕賱鬲
賲乇诏
賲毓賳丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖

听听听听 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賴乇 賮氐賱貙 賮丕乇睾 丕夭 丕爻賲鈥屬囏� 賵 乇賵賳丿 鬲丨賵賱蹖 丕蹖丿賴鈥屬囏� 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺貙 爻乇蹖毓 氐賵乇鬲 賲爻兀賱賴 賵 趩賳丿 倬丕爻禺 讴賵鬲丕賴 賵 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 倬丕爻禺鈥屬囏� 賵丕乇丿 卮丿賴 乇賵 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賵 丕賳丿蹖卮蹖丿賳 丿乇 丕賵賳鈥屬囏� 乇賵 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賵丕诏匕丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�.

听听听听 丕夭 丕賵賳噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿賲 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賲賮蹖丿 蹖丕賮鬲賲 賵 讴賵鬲丕賴蹖卮 賴賲 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘賵丿貙 丕賵賳 乇賵 亘賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 讴賴 蹖丕 亘丕 氐賵乇鬲 賮賱爻賮蹖 丕蹖賳 賲爻丕卅賱 丿乇 爻乇賮氐賱鈥屬囏� 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿 賵 蹖丕 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 賲乇賵乇蹖 禺賱丕氐賴 亘乇 丕賵賳賴丕 賴爻鬲賳丿.


亘乇蹖丿賴鈥屬囏й屰� 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘

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听听听听 "賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 卮賲丕 蹖讴 禺賵丿鬲賳賴丕鈥屫з嗂ж� 亘丕卮蹖丿: 丿乇 丕蹖賳 氐賵乇鬲貙 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲丨氐賵賱 匕賴賳 禺賵丿鬲丕賳 鬲賱賯蹖 禺賵丕賴蹖丿 讴乇丿貙 賵 賴賲丕賳鈥屫焚堌� 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屫� 丿乇 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 卮賲丕 倬丕 亘賴 賴爻鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必�. 賵丕囟丨 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘诏賵蹖賲 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 亘賴 卮賲丕 丕孬亘丕鬲 讴賳丿 讴賴 賲賳 賵丕賯毓丕賸 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賲貙 蹖丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴鈥屰� 蹖讴 卮蹖亍 賮蹖夭蹖讴蹖 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿."

听听听听 "丕诏乇 亘丕賵乇 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕夭 丕匕賴丕賳賲丕賳 亘丿蹖賳 卮蹖賵賴 胤亘蹖毓蹖 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 卮丕蹖丿 賳蹖丕夭蹖 賳亘丕卮丿 讴賴 亘賴鈥屫迟堌� 丌賳 亘丕賵乇 丿賱蹖賱 丕賯丕賲賴 讴賳蹖賲. 賲丕 氐乇賮丕賸 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屬� 亘诏匕丕乇蹖賲 趩賳蹖賳 亘丕賵乇蹖 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 丕賲蹖丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 讴賴 亘乇丨賯鈥屫й屬�. 賵 丿乇 賵丕賯毓 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 讴丕乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕讴孬乇 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏� 倬爻 丕夭 丿爻鬲 讴卮蹖丿賳 丕夭 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 丕孬亘丕鬲 丌賳 亘丕賵乇 丕賳噩丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀�: 丨鬲蹖 丕诏乇 賳鬲賵丕賳賳丿 丕丿賱賴鈥屫й� 毓賱蹖賴 卮讴丕讴蹖鬲 丕賯丕賲賴 讴賳賳丿貙 亘丕夭 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁嗀� 亘丕 卮讴丕讴蹖鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賳賳丿..."

听听听听 "... 賵乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 讴賴 卮賲丕 禺賵丿鬲丕賳 丿丕乇丕蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丌诏丕賴 賴爻鬲蹖丿 賵丕賯毓丕賸 趩诏賵賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屫� 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 丌诏丕賴丕賳賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 噩賴丕賳 亘丕禺亘乇 卮賵蹖丿責 丌蹖丕 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕貙 丨蹖丕鬲 丌诏丕賴丕賳賴 亘爻丕乇 讴賲鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳蹖 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 卮賲丕 賲蹖鈥屬举嗀ж臂屫� (賴蹖趩 丨蹖丕鬲賽 丌诏丕賴丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘賴 丕爻鬲孬賳丕蹖 卮賲丕 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿) 蹖丕 丨蹖丕鬲 丌诏丕賴丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳蹖 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屬举嗀ж臂屫� (丨鬲蹖 丿乇 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 卮賲丕 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賮丕賯丿 丌诏丕賴蹖 賲蹖鈥屬举嗀ж臂屫�)責"

听听听听 "丕诏乇 毓丕賱賲 毓賱賵賲 鬲噩乇亘蹖 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 鬲讴賴 卮讴賱丕鬲蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌臂屫� 亘丕賱丕蹖 噩賲噩賲賴鈥屰� 卮賲丕 乇丕 亘乇丿丕乇丿 賵 亘賴 丿乇賵賳 賲睾夭鬲丕賳 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘蹖賳丿丕夭丿貙 鬲賲丕賲 丌賳趩賴 禺賵丕賴丿 丿蹖丿 趩蹖夭蹖 噩夭 鬲賵丿賴鈥屰� 禺丕讴爻鬲乇蹖 蹖丕禺鬲賴鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 毓丕賱賲 毓賱賵賲 鬲噩乇亘蹖 丕夭 丕亘夭丕乇賴丕蹖蹖 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳丿 鬲丕 丌賳趩賴 乇丕 丿乇 丿乇賵賳 賲睾夭 卮賲丕 乇禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 丕賳丿丕夭賴鈥屭屫臂� 讴賳丿貙 丕賳賵丕毓 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丕夭 賮乇丌蹖賳丿賴丕蹖 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴鈥屰� 賮蹖夭蹖讴蹖 乇丕 讴卮賮 禺賵丕賴丿 讴乇丿. 丕賲丕 丌蹖丕 丕賵 胤毓賲 卮讴賱丕鬲 乇丕 丿乇賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ�"

听听听听 "賲丕 賲賵噩賵丿丕鬲 讴賵趩讴 賵 賲丨丿賵丿蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲貙 丕賲丕 賲毓賳丕 亘賴 讴賲讴 氐丿丕賴丕 賵 毓賱丕賲丕鬲蹖 乇賵蹖 讴丕睾匕 賲丕 乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏� 讴賴 讴賱 噩賴丕賳 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 趩蹖夭賴丕 丿乇 丿乇賵賳 乇丕 亘賮賴賲蹖賲貙 賵 丨鬲蹖 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇賳丿 賵 卮丕蹖丿 賴乇诏夭 賴賲 亘賴鈥屬堌堌� 賳蹖丕蹖賳丿. 賲爻卅賱賴鈥屰� 鬲亘蹖蹖賳 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丕蹖賳 丕賲乇 賲賲讴賳 賲蹖鈥屭必�: 趩诏賵賳賴 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屭堐屰屬� 蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫驰屬� 鈥� 丕夭 噩賲賱賴 鬲賲丕賲 賵丕跇賴鈥屬囏й� 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鈥� 賲毓賳丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇丿責"

听听听听 "蹖讴 倬丕爻禺 賲丨鬲賲賱 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賴蹖趩 噩賵丕亘蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿. 毓賲賱 丌夭丕丿 氐乇賮丕賸 蹖讴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 丕氐賱蹖 丕蹖賳 噩賴丕賳 丕爻鬲貙 賵 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丌賳 毓賲賱 乇丕 鬲丨賱蹖賱 讴乇丿. 鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 亘蹖賳 毓賲賱蹖 讴賴 氐乇賮丕賸 亘丿賵賳 毓賱鬲 乇禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 毓賲賱蹖 讴賴 氐乇賮丕賸 亘丿賵賳 毓賱鬲 丕賳噩丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丕 賴賲诏蹖 丌賳 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬佡囐呟屬呚� 賵賱賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 賯丕丿乇 亘賴 鬲亘蹖蹖賳 丌賳 賳亘丕卮蹖賲."

听听听听 "賲丕 亘丕蹖丿 賴賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 禺賵丿 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖 賵 賴賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 乇丕賴 毓賱丕噩蹖 亘蹖賳丿蹖卮蹖賲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕爻鬲賳 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖鈥屬囏� 蹖丕 禺賱丕氐蹖 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 亘丿丕賳 賳蹖丕夭賲賳丿蹖賲. 倬乇爻卮 丕氐賱蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 禺賵丿 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖鈥屬囏� 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲: 讴丿丕賲 賳賵毓 丕夭 毓賱賱 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖 賳丕丿乇爻鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿責 倬乇爻卮 丕氐賱蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 乇丕賴 毓賱丕噩 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲: 讴丿丕賲 乇賵卮 賲丿丕禺賱賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖鈥屬囏� 丿乇爻鬲 丕爻鬲責"

"... 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賳 丕蹖賳 毓賯蹖丿賴 讴賴 噩賴丕賳 亘丿賵賳 卮賲丕 亘賴 乇丕賴 禺賵丿 丕丿丕賲賴 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 卮賲丕 賳蹖爻鬲 禺賵丕賴蹖丿 卮丿貙 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲.
听听听听 乇賵卮賳 賳蹖爻鬲 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賳 丌賳 毓賯蹖丿賴 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲. 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲丕 丕蹖賳 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩佰屫臂屬� 讴賴 夭賲丕賳蹖 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 賯亘賱 丕夭 丌賳讴賴 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘蹖丕蹖蹖賲 賴賳賵夭 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲蹖賲貨 倬爻 趩乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 丿賵乇賳賲丕蹖 毓丿賲賽 倬爻 丕夭 賲乇诏 丕蹖賳鈥屭嗁嗃屬� 丌卮賮鬲賴鈥屬呚з� 爻丕夭丿責 丕賲丕 亘賴鈥屫勠屬勠屫� 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賳 賯亘賱 丕夭 鬲賵賱丿 賵 毓丿賲賽 倬爻 丕夭 賲乇诏 蹖讴爻丕賳 亘賴 賳馗乇 賳賲蹖鈥屫必迟嗀� 丿賵乇賳賲丕蹖 毓丿賲貙 丿爻鬲 讴賲 亘乇丕蹖 亘乇禺蹖 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏ж� 賴賵賱賳丕讴 丕爻鬲貙 亘賴鈥屬嗀堐� 讴賴 丿賵乇賳賲丕蹖 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賳賽 賯亘賱 丕夭 鬲賵賱丿 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賴賵賱賳丕讴 亘丕卮丿."

"... 丕诏乇 賲噩亘賵乇 卮賵蹖賲 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丕丨爻丕爻 賲賴賲 亘賵丿賳 丿爻鬲 亘讴卮蹖賲貙 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丿乇 賲毓乇囟 禺胤乇 丕夭 丿爻鬲 丿丕丿賳 毓夭鬲 賳賮爻 禺賵丿 賯乇丕乇 诏蹖乇蹖賲. 丕诏乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖 賳蹖爻鬲貙 丕诏乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 噩丿蹖 賳蹖爻鬲貙 賵 賲賯氐丿 賳賴丕蹖蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲乇诏 丕爻鬲貙 卮丕蹖丿 賲爻禺乇賴 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丕蹖賳鈥屭嗁嗃屬� 噩丿蹖 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲. 丕夭 爻賵蹖 丿蹖诏乇貙 丕诏乇 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屬� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 噩丿蹖 诏乇賮鬲賳 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丕噩鬲賳丕亘 讴賳蹖賲貙 卮丕蹖丿 氐乇賮丕賸 賲丨讴賵賲 亘賴 丕蹖賳 亘丕卮蹖賲 讴賴 賲爻禺乇賴 亘賵丿賳賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲丨賲賱 讴賳蹖賲. 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賳賴鈥屬佡傌� 亘蹖鈥屬呚官嗀� 亘賱讴賴 亘蹖鈥屬呝嗀焚� 賳蹖夭 亘丕卮丿."
Profile Image for Valeriu Gherghel.
Author听6 books1,948 followers
April 28, 2023
De obicei, introducerile 卯n filosofie se refer膬 la c卯葲iva filosofi fundamentali. Autorul le rezum膬 opiniile 葯i nu uit膬 s膬 ne spun膬 ceva 葯i despre vie葲ile lor. 脦n multe cazuri, el semnaleaz膬 c膬 ace葯ti mon葯tri sacri au inaugurat teme 葯i moduri noi de a pricepe cutare subiect. 脦n fine, ei se opresc minu葲ios asupra solu葲iilor propuse de filosofi, ca 葯i cum aceste solu葲ii ar fi definitive. Impresia cu care r膬m卯i e c膬 filosofia este, mai degrab膬, o colec葲ie de solu葲ii (vetuste) 葯i nu o sum膬 de probleme (vii).

Thomas Nagel a procedat pe dos 葯i a scris, astfel, o carte original膬, 卯n care nume葯te foarte pu葲ini filosofi. Ideea lui e c膬 filosofia const膬, 卯n primul r卯nd 葯i 卯ndeosebi, din probleme (Nagel a ales nou膬) 葯i, 卯n plus, c膬 este o activitate argumentativ膬 (葯i nu metaforic膬). Problema trebuie prezentat膬 卯n limbajul cel mai simplu. Dac膬 卯ncerci s膬 formulezi un r膬spuns, e bine s膬 examinezi r膬spunsul din ambele puncte de vedere, pro 葯i contra, a葯a cum cerea Aristotel c卯nd 卯葯i prezenta, 卯n Metafizica, 鈥瀖etoda diaporematic膬鈥�. 脦n lucrarea Sic et non (Da 葯i nu), medievalul Abaelard a urmat 卯ntocmai 卯ndemnul lui Aristotel.

C卯nd examin膬m o problem膬 葯i oferim un r膬spuns (o ipotez膬), g膬sim imediat c卯teva argumente pro 葯i cam tot at卯tea contra. De pild膬, 卯n ultimul capitol (pp.106-113), Thomas Nagel se 卯ntreab膬 dac膬 via葲a are un sens 葯i ofer膬 cam tot at卯tea temeiuri pentru r膬spunsul afirmativ c卯te ofer膬 pentru r膬spunsul negativ. Din confruntarea lor, nu rezult膬 un r膬spuns luminos, evident pentru to葲i. Pentru a 卯ncheia analiza, Thomas Nagel opteaz膬 (prin intui葲ie, s膬 spunem) pentru r膬spunsul negativ. Via葲a omului nu are sens. O putem considera absurd膬. Dar (葯i) acest r膬spuns e provizoriu. Problema e 卯ntotdeauna mai important膬 dec卯t solu葲iile pe care le poate primi.

Thomas Nagel nu propune niciodat膬 (a葯a cum fac introducerile obi葯nuite) catalogul principalelor solu葲ii la o problem膬: Hume a spus a葯a, pe c卯nd Kant a spus a葯a, 卯n timp ce Fichte a spus a葯a etc. El schi葲eaz膬 solu葲ii proprii 葯i, uneori, las膬 problema f膬r膬 nici o solu葲ie (ca 卯n capitolul despre 鈥濻emnifica葲ia cuvintelor鈥�, pp.44-53).

Din cartea lui Nagel 卯nv膬葲膬m mai cu seam膬 cum se pun 卯ntreb膬rile 葯i mult mai pu葲in cum se formuleaz膬 r膬spunsurile. Adic膬 卯nv膬葲膬m esen葲ialul.

Transcriu numai o defini葲ie: 鈥濧 filosofa 卯nseamn膬 doar a pune 卯ntreb膬ri, a argumenta, a examina idei 葯i a c膬uta posibile argumente 卯mpotriva lor, a chibzui despre cum anume func葲ioneaz膬 conceptele noastre鈥� (p.8).
Profile Image for Mohammad Ali Shamekhi.
1,096 reviews298 followers
September 23, 2017

丿賵 噩賵乇 賲蹖 卮賴 賵丕乇丿 賮賱爻賮赖 卮丿 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 乇賵夭賳賴 蹖 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 乇丕蹖噩 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴 - 賲孬賱丕 丨賯賵賯 夭賳丕賳貙 爻賯胤 噩賳蹖賳貙 丿賲賵讴乇丕爻蹖貙 亘丕夭丕乇 丌夭丕丿 賵 ... - 賵 诏丕賲 亘賴 诏丕賲 毓賯亘 乇賮鬲賳 鬲丕 乇爻蹖丿賳 亘賴 賲丨賱 丿毓賵丕 賵 丿賵賲 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賳 亘賴 爻賵丕賱丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賴賲蹖卮賴 匕賴賳 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳 丕賴賱 賮賳 乇賵 亘賴 禺賵丿卮 賲卮睾賵賱 讴乇丿賴 亘丿賵賳 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丿丕丿賳 丌賳 亘賴 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕賳囟賲丕賲蹖 賲丕. 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賳賵毓 丿賵賲賴 賵 乇丕爻鬲卮 乇賵 亘诏賲 賲賳 賮讴乇 賲蹖 讴賳賲 亘乇丕蹖 丌丿賲蹖 讴賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕夭 爻丕丨鬲 賮賳蹖 賮賱爻賮赖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 賳賵毓 丕賵賱 賴賲 亘賴鬲乇賴 賴賲 賲賮蹖丿鬲乇. 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 诏賵賳賴 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賴賲 亘賴 丿賱蹖賱 噩丿蹖 鬲乇 亘賵丿賳卮賵賳 - 蹖毓賳蹖 爻乇賵讴賱賴 夭丿賳 亘丕 丕賵賳 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丿乇 賮賱爻賮赖 賵丕賯毓丕 夭蹖乇亘賳丕 丕爻鬲 - 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賮丕锟斤拷丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貨 趩賵賳 讴爻蹖 讴賴 賮賯胤 丕夭 倬賳噩乇賴 蹖 丌孬丕乇 丿爻鬲賴 蹖 賳禺爻鬲 亘丕 賮賱爻賮赖 丌卮賳丕 丕爻鬲 亘賴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱 夭蹖丕丿 賮賯胤 鬲讴乇丕乇讴賳賳丿賴 蹖 丨乇賮 賴丕 丕爻鬲 賵 賳賴 丕賳丿蹖卮賲賳丿 賵丕賯毓蹖 - 蹖毓賳蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丨乇賮丕卮 丕乇噩丕毓 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賵 丕賵賳 丿丕乇賴 丕賲丕 禺賵丿卮 丕蹖賳 賵爻胤 讴丕乇賴 丕蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕賱亘鬲賴 氐丕丿賯丕賳賴 亘诏賲 禺賵賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 賮賳蹖 鬲乇 禺蹖賱蹖 丕賮爻乇丿賴 讴賳賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 - 趩賳丕賳讴賴 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 丨丿丕賯賱 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 蹖丕丿丌賵乇 賴賲蹖賳 丨爻 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 亘賵丿 - 趩賵賳 賲蹖 卮賴 卮讴爻鬲 毓賯賱 賵 賳丕鬲賵丕賳蹖 亘卮乇蹖 乇賵 賲丿丕賲 丿乇卮 丿蹖丿貨 賲胤賱亘蹖 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 丿爻鬲賴 蹖 丕賵賱 趩賳丿丕賳 丿蹖丿賴 賳賲蹖 卮賴 趩賵賳 亘丨孬 爻乇 亘賳蹖丕丿賴丕 賳蹖爻鬲

賳讴鬲賴 蹖 丿賵賲 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 丿乇 賮賱爻賮赖 趩蹖夭蹖 亘賴 丕爻賲 賲賯丿賲賴 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇賴. 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 賮賱爻賮赖 賲毓丕丿賱 賮賱爻賮赖 賵乇夭蹖賴. 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 賳賲蹖 卮賴 丕夭 賮賱爻賮赖 亘诏蹖賲 賵賱蹖 賳馗乇 賮賱爻賮蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳賵 倬賳賴丕賳 讴賳蹖賲. 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 乇賵蹖讴乇丿 禺丕氐蹖 丿丕乇賴 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴賲 讴丕賲賱丕 亘賴 丕賵賳 賵丕賯賮賴

賳讴鬲賴 蹖 倬丕蹖丕賳蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕禺鬲氐丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 爻丕丿诏蹖卮 賳蹖爻鬲. 趩诏丕賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕賱丕 丕爻鬲 賵 丕蹖賳 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 讴丕乇 禺賵亘 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 讴爻蹖 讴賴 丨賵丕爻卮 亘丕卮賴 賲蹖 丕蹖爻鬲賴 賵 讴爻蹖 讴賴 賳賴 乇丿 賲蹖 卮賴 亘蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴蹖趩 讴丿賵賲 丨爻 讴賳賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳丕禺賵丕賳丕 丕爻鬲

丨丕卮蹖賴: 亘賴鬲乇 亘賵丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿賴丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲胤丕賱毓賴 蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賴賲 亘丿賴 趩賵賳 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 丕爻賲 丌丿賲蹖 蹖丕 讴鬲丕亘蹖 匕讴乇蹖 亘賴 賲蹖賵賳 賳蹖丕賲丿賴 賵 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 蹖 賳丕丌卮賳丕 賳賲蹖 丿賵賳賴 亘毓丿卮 亘丕蹖丿 讴噩丕 亘乇賴
Profile Image for Ahmad Sharabiani.
9,563 reviews739 followers
April 27, 2018
What does it all mean? : a very short introduction to philosophy, Thomas Nagel
In this cogent and accessible introduction to philosophy, the distinguished author of Mortal Questions and The View From Nowhere sets forth the central problems of philosophical inquiry for the beginning student. Arguing that the best way to learn about philosophy is to think about its questions directly, Thomas Nagel considers possible solutions to nine problems--knowledge of the world beyond our minds, knowledge of other minds, the mind-body problem, free will, the basis of morality, right and wrong, the nature of death, the meaning of life, and the meaning of words. Although he states his own opinions clearly, Nagel leaves these fundamental questions open, allowing students to entertain other solutions and encouraging them to think for themselves.
毓賳賵丕賳賴丕: 丕蹖賳賴丕 賴賲賴 蹖毓賳蹖 趩賴責貨 丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 鬲賵賲丕爻 (鬲丕賲爻) 賳蹖诏賱 (賳丕诏賱)貨 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 趩賴丕乇丿賴賲 賲丕賴 賲丕乇爻 爻丕賱 2013 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 丕蹖賳賴丕 賴賲賴 蹖毓賳蹖 趩賴責貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 鬲賵賲丕爻 (鬲丕賲爻) 賳蹖诏賱 (賳丕诏賱)貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 噩賵丕丿 丨蹖丿乇蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳诏丕賴 賲毓丕氐乇貨 1392貨 丿乇 90 氐貨 卮丕亘讴: 9786005747720貨 毓賳賵丕賳 丿蹖诏乇: 丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賮賱爻賮赖貨 賯乇賳 20 賲
毓賳賵丕賳: 丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 鬲賵賲丕爻 (鬲丕賲爻) 賳蹖诏賱 (賳丕诏賱)貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 賲丨賲丿 賳丕噩蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賴乇賲爻貨 1381貨 丿乇 360 氐貨 卮丕亘讴: 9643631524貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賮賱爻賮赖貨 賯乇賳 20 賲
毓賳賵丕賳: 丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 鬲賵賲丕爻 (鬲丕賲爻) 賳蹖诏賱 (賳丕诏賱)貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 爻毓蹖丿 賳丕噩蹖貨 賲賴丿蹖 賲毓蹖賳 夭丕丿賴貙 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇: 賲氐胤賮蹖 賲賱讴蹖丕賳貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賴乇賲爻貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 1392貨 丿乇 98 氐貨 卮丕亘讴: 9789643631524貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賮賱爻賮赖貨 賯乇賳 20 賲
丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
Profile Image for 兀賲賳賷丞 毓賲乇.
495 reviews592 followers
July 18, 2020
賰鬲丕亘 氐賵鬲賷 賰賲賯丿賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞!
賷丕賱賴丕 賲賳 鬲噩乇亘丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賵睾乇賷亘丞 賵賲賲鬲毓丞 毓賱賶 睾乇丕亘鬲賴丕 賵毓賱賶 毓賰爻 賲丕 鬲賵賯毓鬲貙 賵廿賳 兀氐丕亘 鬲鬲丕亘毓 丕賱丕爻卅賱丞 賵丕賱賮乇囟賷丕鬲 乇兀爻賷 亘丕賱丿賵丕乇 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱兀丨賷丕賳 :""D

賷毓鬲亘乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 _賰賲丕 賴賵 亘丕賷賳 賲賳 丕賱毓賳賵丕賳_
賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕賸 賱兀賴賲 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷貙
鬲賳丕賵賱 賮賷賴 賳賷噩賱 侃 兀爻卅賱丞 兀賵 賲卮丕賰賱 賮賱爻賮賷丞貙 賵毓乇囟 丕賱丌乇丕亍 丨賵賱賴丕 亘卮賰賱 鬲爻賱爻賱賷 兀賯乇亘 賲丕 賷賰賵賳 亘丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賲毓 丕賱賯丕乇賶亍貙
賵胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 毓賱賷賴 賵廿孬丕乇丞 丨賮賷馗鬲賴 賱賷賮賰乇 賴賵 丕賱丌禺乇 亘丿賵乇賴 賵賷丿賱賷 亘丿賱賵賴貙 賵乇睾賲 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賷胤乇丨 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賴 賮賷賴 廿賱丕 兀賳 匕賱賰 賰丕賳 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賷賲賰賳賰 賯亘賵賱賴丕 賵乇賮囟賴丕貙 亘賱 賵鬲賰賵賷賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇丞 賲毓丕乇囟丞 賵賳丕賯丿丞.

鬲賯丿賲 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賳馗乇丞 毓丕賲丞 兀賵賱賷丞 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓 丕賱鬲賷 丕禺鬲丕乇賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲孬賱 賰賷賮賷丞 賲毓乇賮丞 兀賷 卮賶亍 禺丕乇噩 毓賯賵賱賳丕貙 賵賲毓賳賶 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲貙 賵丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕賱丿賲丕睾貙 賵丕賱氐賵丕亘 賵丕賱禺胤兀貙
賵賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱丕禺賱丕賯貙 賵丕賱毓丿丕賱丞貙
賵胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賲賵鬲貙 賵賲毓賳賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞.


兀賰孬乇 賲丕 兀賲鬲毓賳賷 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貨 賴賵 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓乇囟 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賮鬲丨 丕賱毓賯賱 賱賱丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕鬲貙 賵丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 賰賱 卮賶亍 賵胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 毓賳賴丕貙 賵丕賱鬲賯亘賱 賱毓丿丞 丌乇丕亍 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲貙
賵丕賱鬲丨賮賷夭 賱賱亘丨孬 毓賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賰 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 兀賰孬乇 賱鬲賰鬲賲賱 丕賱氐賵乇丞貙
賰賱 匕賱賰 亘毓賷丿丕賸 毓賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞貙 兀賵 兀爻賲丕亍 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞貙 賵賲賱丕亘爻丕鬲 丕賱賮乇囟賷丕鬲 賵睾賷乇賴丕貨 賮賴匕丞 賲鬲賵賮乇丞 賮賷 賰鬲亘 兀禺乇賶 賵亘卮賰賱 鬲賮氐賷賱賷貙 亘賱 賵賱賰賱 氐丕丨亘 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 賰鬲丕亘 禺丕氐 賷賮乇丿 賮賷賴 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賴.
賱匕丕 賮兀毓鬲亘乇 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯丿 兀丿賶 賲賴賲鬲賴 亘卮賰賱 賲乇囟賷 賵賰丕賳 亘賲孬丕亘丞 賲賯丿賲丞 賲卮噩毓丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 兀賰孬乇 賵兀賰孬乇.
Profile Image for Nataliya Yaneva.
165 reviews390 followers
April 25, 2020
鈥溾€erhaps it鈥檚 ridiculous to take ourselves so seriously. On the other hand, if we can鈥檛 help taking ourselves so seriously, perhaps we just have to put up with being ridiculous. Life may be not only meaningless but absurd.鈥�

I鈥檝e always thought of philosophy as a rather futile endeavor. You ask the oddest questions you can imagine, go into circular reasoning, and end up with no particular answer at all. Plus, you get the added benefit of becoming totally confused in the process. This is, of course, the case if you do reckon you could arrive at a concrete solution for your metaphysical searches, and that is too simplified even if you don鈥檛 tend to get philosophical.

Since the book was written in 1987, a lot of the ideas in it are now circulating in many mainstream sources or are used by some gurus of the wellbeingness industry to help you understand your total helplessness in understanding it all. Some concepts about the body & soul arguments are also a bit obsolete since neuroscience has had a giant leap forward and we know more about the firing of neurons, albeit we are still far from an endpoint.

Thomas Nagel鈥檚 book will mainly refresh or add to your thesaurus some abstract terminology as solipsism, dualism, and determinism which in summary goes something like this: There is nothing outside of me, my eternal soul and my perishable body, but everything I do is pretty much beyond any choice I could ever make. Nagel, of course, gives arguments in favor of the antipodes of these concepts, so it鈥檚 really up to you to decide which side you will take. In the meantime you might also ponder about how we use language, what we denote with words, and why when we say 鈥渢obacco鈥�, we mean all the tobacco that ever existed.

Philosophy is ultimately not about answers. It is about the questions. If we reconcile with the fact that we, as well as life itself, are works in progress, we would ask them much more freely. But if nothing matters, you say, why do we even bother? Well, because we still don鈥檛 know if it really doesn鈥檛. And by the time we do know the answer to that one, we might as well try and poke around even if just for the fun of it.
Profile Image for Raya 乇丕賷丞.
834 reviews1,590 followers
August 5, 2019
賰鬲丕亘 賱胤賷賮 噩丿丕賸 乇睾賲 毓賲賯 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 賵丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷胤乇丨賴丕,
丨賯丕賸 賷毓鬲亘乇 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕賸 賱賱賮賱爻賮丞
Profile Image for Asma sherb.
126 reviews223 followers
August 14, 2021
賷購孬賷乇 賮賷 丕賱賳賮爻 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賱丕鬲 亘丿賱賸丕 兀賳 賷噩丕賵亘 毓賳賴丕.
賮賱丕 鬲亘丨孬 賮賷賴 毓賳 兀噩賵亘丞貙 亘賱 丕亘丨孬 毓賳 丨賲丕爻丞 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賱.
賱胤賷賮..
Profile Image for Dennis.
13 reviews6 followers
July 26, 2013
In this short book, Thomas Nagel asks a lot of questions. How do we know that anything exists outside of ourselves? If we think that there is a world outside of ourselves, how do we know there are other minds like ours? How do we know if other people's experiences are like our experiences? How are minds possible if we are composed of mindless particles? Is the mind separate from the body? Is there a soul? How do words have meaning? Do we have free will? How do we know right from wrong? Is there life after death? And finally, what is the meaning of life?

Nagel has taken Ionesco's dictum to the extreme: "Its not the answer, but the question that enlightens." And he doesn't completely ignore the answers, particularly to the basic questions such as how we know there is an external world: "Our acceptance of the external world is instinctive and powerful: we cannot just get rid of it by philosophical arguments." But, given that this book is written at a basic level, there doesn't seem to be enough emphasis on how we get from question to answer.

For most people, the answers come from the experience of living in the world, whether we think it is real or not. We find that we cannot live in the world with the wrong answers. Sometimes the answers come after struggles with completely different issues and the connections are not always so clear. Since Nagel presents the questions as though one would simply think about the question and abstractly decide upon an answer, he leaves the impression that philosophy is an "ivory tower" discipline subject to clear lines of thinking. But often the opposite is true: real life is messy and real answers come from deep struggles that are not always easily untangled by abstract thought.

So that leaves me thinking that there is one more question Nagel should have included in this book: How do we move from question to answer in real life? I think that question would have brought Nagel and the reader face to face with the existential aspects of philosophy. That would have been the type of question Albert Camus asks at the beginning of The Myth of Sisyphus: "Judging whether or not life is worth living . . . . All the rest . . . These are games; one must first answer. . . . a philosopher, to deserve our respect, must preach by example . . . . These are facts the heart can feel . . . ."

Given the introductory nature of this book, if Nagel had gone any deeper then perhaps he would have frightened off beginners. However, without a slight hint of something more real, he risks leaving the reader asking the one question he doesn't want the reader to ask: why should I bother with philosophy?

Profile Image for Yasmeen.
325 reviews49 followers
September 21, 2021
兀賵賵賵賵賮 賷賳賮賵禺賷賷賷 丕丨賳丕 賲賷賳 賵賱丕 亘賳毓賲賱 丕賷賴 賵丕賱丿賳賷丕 賲亘鬲賳鬲賴賷卮 賱賷賴 亘賯丕 賵 丕賳丕 賯乇兀鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿丞 賱賷賴 賵 賷毓賳賷 丕賷賴 賯乇兀鬲 兀氐賱丕賸 賵賷毓賳賷 丕賷賴 賰賱賲丞 "賷毓賳賷" 兀爻丕爻丕賸 兀氐賱丕賸 責驴? 馃槶馃槶馃槶
Profile Image for Jan Rice.
569 reviews506 followers
July 26, 2013
I read this book because I was having some difficulty with and because it, unlike Mind and Cosmos, was available in the library and was the hard copy, not the e-reader. What Does It All Mean is short, as promised and, as the author says, probably capable of being read by an intelligent person of high school age. It consists of ten chapters; the first is the introduction, so that leaves nine, one each for his rendition of the major philosophical problems. The author proposes to run through those problems, but without going into their history or the various philosophers who have struggled with them.

I found his discussion of the first five issues helpful. How Do We Know Anything? Other Minds, The Mind-Body Problem, The Meaning of Words, and Free Will. He lays out some terms: solopsism, skepticism, verificationism, dualism (soul), physicalism (materialism). Then, dual-aspect theory -- the theory that we are just a body, but not just physical; we also consist of the mental, of experience. I think the following may be an encapsulated version of his thesis in Mind and Cosmos:

We won't have an adequate general conception of the world until we can explain how, when a lot of physical elements are put together in the right way, they form not just a functioning biological organism but a conscious being. If consciousness itself could be identified with some kind of physical state, the way would open for a unified physical theory of mind and body, and therefore perhaps for a unified physical theory of the universe. But the reasons against a purely physical theory of consciousness are strong enough to make it seem likely that a physical theory of the whole of reality is impossible. Physical science has progressed by leaving the mind out of what it tries to explain, but there may be more to the world than can be understood by physical science.


His last sentence in The Meaning of Words chapter is full of poetry:

We are small finite creatures, but meaning enables us with the help of sounds or marks on paper to grasp the whole world and many things in it, and even to invent things that do not exist and perhaps never will. The problem is to explain how this is possible: How does anything we say or write mean anything--including all the words in this book?


Poetry, because it made me think:

We are such stuff as dreams are made on....


In his Free Will chapter he talked about determinism. Paradoxically, if you say there is no determinism, than how can you say any perceived choice you made was determined by you? To answer the question of free will, we must say what we mean when we say we could have chosen otherwise, plus what the world would have to be like for that to be true.

Well, even that chapter on Free Will was very general, possibly because of experimental results I know about that eat into the territory of what we usually mean when we say "free will."

Of the last four chapters, Right and Wrong, and Justice also seemed to be general and not to take cognizance of more recent developments -- possibly because the book wasn't written so recently (1987) and also because, here again, I've been reading in related areas.

The last two chapters also seemed to be those big general areas that get discussed religiously or in arguments about religion and whether God exists and so forth: Death, and The Meaning of Life. The chapter on Death takes us back to the issue of dualism. He also gets into the illogic of fearing death if one won't be in existence to experience suffering, and if, in fact, one didn't suffer when one was nonexistent prior to one's birth. Not very reassuring, I fear. On The Meaning of Life, I found myself talking to myself about what I think the meaning of life is, so it was thought-provoking (but I'll save writing that up til another day).

When people start discussing their philosophical views it can feel like a general bull or "rap" session, since rarely have individuals read the same books or are they using the same framework, so it's good to have read through an organized rendering of the material.
Profile Image for 賲丨賲丿 蹖賵爻賮蹖鈥屫篡屫必ж槽�.
Author听5 books205 followers
April 7, 2022
讴爻丕賳蹖 賮賱爻賮赖 乇丕 賳賴 乇丕賴蹖 亘乇丕蹖 倬丕爻禺鈥屰屫з佖嗁� 倬乇爻卮鈥屬囏ж� 讴賴 卮蹖賵賴鈥屫й� 亘乇丕蹖 倬乇爻卮诏乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁嗀�. 丿乇 賳馗乇 丕蹖賳 诏乇賵賴貙 讴丕乇讴乇丿 賮賱爻賮赖 丕爻丕爻丕賸 丕蹖賳 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 倬乇爻卮鈥屬囏й屰� 讴賴 亘丕 丌賳 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬呚� 倬丕爻禺 賯丕胤毓 賵 爻乇乇丕爻鬲 賵 亘蹖鈥屭嗁堎嗏€屬堏嗀必� 亘丿賴丿 (讴賴 丕诏乇 趩賳蹖賳 亘賵丿貙 丕蹖賳鈥屬囐呝� 賯蹖賱鈥屬堎傌з� 賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賮鈥屬嗀肛� 丿乇 毓丕賱賲 賮賱爻賮赖 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲)貨 亘賱讴賴 賮賱爻賮赖 丕氐賵賱丕賸 噩爻鬲鈥屬堌堎聚屫蹿� 丕爻鬲: 乇丕賴鈥屬堌必迟呟� 讴賴 亘賴 倬乇爻卮鈥屬囏й� 丿蹖乇蹖賳賴鈥屰� 丌丿賲蹖 倬丕爻禺鈥屬囏й� 賱夭賵賲丕賸 賲丨讴賲 賵 亘蹖鈥屫促� 賳賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 氐乇賮丕賸 鬲賱丕卮蹖 丕爻鬲 丿乇 賲爻蹖乇 賮賴賲蹖丿賳. 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 亘賴鈥屬呚官嗃� 賵丕賯毓蹖 诏賵丕賴蹖 丕爻鬲 亘乇 丕蹖賳 禺氐蹖氐賴鈥屰� 賮賱爻賮赖 賵 鬲賱丕卮 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳賴.

鬲丕賲爻 賳蹖诏賱 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲鈥屫ㄘ壁� 讴賵卮蹖丿賴 丕爻鬲 賳購賴 賲賵囟賵毓 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丿乇 賮賱爻賮赖 亘賴 丌賳 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操嗀� 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 睾蹖乇賲鬲禺氐氐 賲胤乇丨 讴賳丿 賵 鬲丕 丨丿 賲賲讴賳貙 賲賳丕賯卮賴鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 亘乇 爻乇 賴乇 賲賵囟賵毓 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿賴丿. 丕蹖賳 賳購賴 賲賵囟賵毓 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲:

郾. 卮賳丕禺鬲 噩賴丕賳蹖 賵乇丕蹖 匕賴賳 禺賵丿賲丕賳
鄄. 卮賳丕禺鬲 匕賴賳鈥屬囏й屰� 睾蹖乇 丕夭 匕賴賳 禺賵丿賲丕賳
鄢. 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 匕賴賳 賵 賲睾夭
鄞. 趩诏賵賳诏蹖 丕乇鬲亘丕胤鈥屬囏й� 夭亘丕賳蹖
鄣. 噩亘乇 賵 丕禺鬲蹖丕乇
鄱. 賲亘賳丕蹖 丕禺賱丕賯
鄯. 毓丿丕賱鬲 賵 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖
鄹. 賲丕賴蹖鬲 賲乇诏
酃. 賲毓賳丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖

亘賳丕 亘乇 丌賳趩賴 丿乇 賲賯丿賲賴 丌賲丿賴貙 賳蹖诏賱 賳禺賵丕爻鬲賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮鈥屬囏й� 賮賱爻賮蹖 倬丕爻禺 亘丿賴丿 蹖丕 丕诏乇 賴賲 倬丕爻禺蹖 丿丕丿賴貙 賯氐丿卮 丕蹖賳 賳亘賵丿賴 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 丨鬲賲丕賸 亘丕 乇兀蹖 禺賵丿 賴賲乇丕賴 爻丕夭丿貨 亘賱讴賴 賲賯氐賵丿 丕賵 亘蹖卮 丕夭 賴乇 趩蹖夭 丕蹖賳 亘賵丿賴 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 亘丕 丕賳丿蹖卮賴鈥屬堌必槽� 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳賴 丌卮賳丕 讴賳丿. 丿乇賳鬲蹖噩賴貙 丿爻鬲鈥屭┵� 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 倬丕乇賴鈥屫й� 丕夭 賲賵囟賵毓鈥屬囏ж� 賵囟毓 賲禺丕胤亘 倬爻 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賲胤賱亘貙 趩蹖夭蹖 噩夭 爻乇诏卮鬲诏蹖 賳蹖爻鬲. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕夭丌賳噩丕讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 乇丕賴 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 賮賱爻賮赖 乇丕 芦鬲賮讴乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 爻丐丕賱丕鬲 禺丕氐 賮賱爻賮蹖禄 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀� 亘賴鈥屫й� 丕蹖賳讴賴 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屫ж� 乇丕 丕夭 賳丕賲鈥屬囏� 賵 賳馗乇蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 倬乇丌亘鈥屬堌ж� 賵 禺賵卮鈥屫辟嗂€屬堎勜关ж� 倬乇 讴賳丿貙 賮賯胤 亘賴 禺賵丿賽 賲賵囟賵毓 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 丕爻鬲貨 丌賳鈥屬囐� 丿乇 讴賲丕賱 丕禺鬲氐丕乇 賵 丿乇 丨丿 丨賵氐賱賴鈥屰� 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲. 亘丕丕蹖賳鈥屬囐呝囏� 丿乇 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 丕禺鬲氐丕乇 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賮賴賲 賲胤賱亘 賯丿乇蹖 丿卮賵丕乇 卮賵丿. 丕賱亘鬲賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丿卮賵丕乇賮賴賲蹖貙 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 賲鬲賳 賳蹖夭 亘蹖鈥屫X屫� 賳蹖爻鬲. 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲乇噩賲賴 丿乇 賯爻賲鬲鈥屬囏й屰� 趩賳丿丕賳 乇爻丕 賵 丌爻丕賳鈥屰屫ж� 賳蹖爻鬲.
Profile Image for I'm Kian .
154 reviews44 followers
July 15, 2015
賳蹖诏賱 賮蹖賱爻賵賮蹖 鬲丨賱蹖賱蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲卮賴賵乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿乇 丨丿蹖 爻丕丿賴 賵 乇賵丕賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳蹖 賴丕 賴賲 賯丕亘賱 賮賴賲 丕爻鬲. 丕賱亘鬲賴 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賮賴乇爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖丿 讴賴 賲爻丕蹖賱蹖 毓賲蹖賯 乇丕 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 毓賲乇卮丕賳 亘賴 丿乇丕夭丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 禺乇丿 丌丿賲蹖爻鬲. 亘賳丿賴 鬲乇噩賲賴 丿讴鬲乇 噩賵丕丿 丨蹖丿乇蹖 賵 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 禺賵丕賳丿賲 賵 亘爻蹖 讴蹖賮賵乇 诏卮鬲賲
Profile Image for Leviosa.
36 reviews19 followers
November 25, 2022
Wanted to become intellectual
Update: failed miserably.
Profile Image for MAI AYMAN.
144 reviews22 followers
December 5, 2019
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 爻鬲賵乇賷 鬲賱 賵賱匕賱賰 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 丕賱卮毓賵乇 亘丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲丕丿賷丞 亘賷賳 賷丿賶賾 丕賯賱亘賴丕 賰賷賮賲丕 兀卮丕亍 賵丕賳賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賳爻丕亘 丕賱賶 毓賯賱賶 賲亘丕卮乇丞 孬賲 賷鬲亘毓賴丕 兀禺賵丕鬲賴丕 亘賳毓賵賲丞 亘丕賱睾丞 賱匕賱賰 兀毓鬲乇賮 亘丕賳賶 賱賲 兀賮賰乇 賰孬賷乇丕 賮 丕賱賰賱丕賲 , 賰賳鬲 賲爻鬲賯亘賱丞 丕賰孬乇 賲賳賶 賯丕乇卅丞, 賵賱賰賳 毓夭丕卅賷 亘兀賳賴 賱丕卮卅 賰亘賷乇丕 賮丕鬲賳賶 丕賵 賴賰匕丕 兀丨爻亘賳賷 馃槄..氐賵鬲 丕賱乇丕賵賶 丕賱乇禺賷賲 賲孬賷乇丕 賱賱睾丕賷丞 鬲卮毓乇 賵賰兀賳賰 鬲卮丕賴丿 賵孬丕卅賯賷丕 賱 賳丕卮賷賵賳丕賱 噩賷賵睾乇丕賮賷賰 賵賱爻鬲 鬲賯乇兀 賰鬲丕亘丕 賮 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞馃槏..丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮毓賱丕 賲亘爻胤 賵爻賴賱 賰毓丕丿丞 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕 .賷爻兀賱 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓丿丞 丕爻卅賱丞 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賲毓鬲丕丿丞 賵賱賰賳賴 鬲賲賷夭 賮 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓乇囟 ..賰兀賳賴丕 賲賳丕賯卮丞 賲賮鬲賵丨丞 賷毓乇囟 丕賱爻丐丕賱 賵賷爻兀賱賰 毓賳 乇兀賷賰 丕賵 賴賰匕丕 鬲馗賳 賷毓賳賶馃槀 孬賲 賷賯丿賲 賱賰 丕賱卮乇賵丨丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲賮丕爻賷乇
. 丕賱賲賲賰賳丞 賱賰賱 爻丐丕賱 .賲毓 鬲賵囟賷丨 賵噩賴賴 賳馗乇賴
馃丕賱丕卮禺丕氐 賲賳 丨賵賱賰 賴賱 賴賲 賲賵噩賵丿賵賳 賮毓賱丕 責責 丕賲 賲噩乇丿 丕爻賯丕胤 賱賱丕賵毓賷賰 責責
馃賲丕 賴賵 丕賱氐賵丕亘 賵丕賱禺胤兀 責責 賵賲賳 賱賴 丕賱丨賯 賮 丕賱賯乇丕乇 責
馃賲丕 賲毓賳賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞 責責 賵賰賷賮 賱賳丕 丕賳 賳鬲兀賰丿 賲賳 丕賶 卮卅 賳乇丕賴 賴賵 賲賵噩賵丿 賮毓賱丕 賵賱賷爻 賵賴賲丕 賮 毓賯賵賱賳丕 責
馃丕賱賰賵賳 賮丕賳 賱賷爻 兀夭賱賷丕 ! ..賮賴賱 卮賯丕丐賳丕 賵賰丿賳丕 丕賱賲鬲賵丕氐賱 賱鬲乇賰 兀孬乇賲賳 亘毓丿賳丕 賵爻毓賷賳丕 丕賱賲丨賲賵賲 賱賱丕賳噩丕夭 爻賷鬲賱丕卮賶 賮賵乇 丕賳胤賮丕亍 卮賲爻賳丕 賵丕賳賴賷丕乇 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賵賳賶 責 賴賱
馃様 賲毓乇賮鬲賳丕 亘匕賱賰 爻鬲丨乇乇賳丕 賲賳 丕賱丿賵乇丕賳 賰丕賱賴丕賲爻鬲乇 賮 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓噩賱丞 丕賱賰賱丕爻賷賰賷丞
馃丕賱賲賵鬲 !!! 乇丕丨丞 , 卮賯丕亍 丕賲 ... 賮賳丕亍 責!!
馃槀 賳噩賲鬲賷賳 責責 賱兀賳賴 賱賲 賷囟賮 賱賶 卮禺氐賷丕 噩丿賷丿 亘爻 賴賵 賲賲鬲毓 賱丕賶 賲亘鬲丿卅 賮 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵賱賲 賷卮丕賴丿 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賵孬丕卅賯賷丕鬲 賳丕卮賷賵賳丕賱 毓賳 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓
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531 reviews1 follower
October 23, 2024
I really liked this little book. There was a solid crop of quotables.

* "Science is just as vulnerable as perception." (14)

* "The most radical conclusion to draw from this would be that your mind is the only thing that exists." (11)

* "Is your mind something different from your brain, though connected to it, or is it your brain?" (28)

* "If determinism is true, antecedent circumstances are responsible." (56-57)

* "The world is full of inequalities." (76)

* "Can there really be something which gives point to everything else by encompassing it, but which couldn't have, or need, any point itself?" (100)

I found it rather peculiar that title, "Chapter 5" had a blue x over it in the library copy.

The mention of the idea of "middleman" made me think of the Bright Eyes song...
Profile Image for Candleflame23.
1,302 reviews962 followers
June 24, 2021
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賯賱賷賱丞 賴賷 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丨賯賯 賲毓丕丿賱丞 鬲胤丕亘賯 丕賱毓賳賵丕賳 賲毓 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶貙 賵賲賳賴丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿匕 賯丿賲 鬲賵賲丕爻 賳賷噩賱 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 兀賲乇賷賰賷貙 賵丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 噩丕賲毓賷 賮賷 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 賳賷賵賷賵乇賰貙 毓乇囟 爻賴賱 賵賲賲鬲毓 賱兀賴賲 鬲爻毓 兀賮賰丕乇 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賱丕 賷禺賱賵 匕賴賳 亘卮乇賷 賲賳賴丕:

佟-賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷.( 丨賯賷賯丞 賵噩賵丿賴 賲賳 毓丿賲賴丕)
佗-賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱毓賯賵賱 丕賱兀禺乇賶(丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 亘毓賯賱 丕賱丌禺乇)
伲-丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕賱丿賲丕睾.
伽- 賱賲丕匕丕 丕賱賱睾丞 賲賲賰賳丞.
佶- 丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 丕賱丨乇丞.
佴- 兀氐賱 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯.
侑-丕賱毓丿賱 賵丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞.
侉-胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱丨賷丕丞( 賲毓賳賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞 ).
侃- 胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賲賵鬲.

賳賷噩賱 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷賳丕賯卮 丿賵丕賮毓 賴匕賴 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵賱丕 賷賳丕賯卮 鬲丕乇賷禺賴丕 兀賵 丨鬲賶 兀卮賴乇 丕賱賯丕卅賱賷賳 亘賴丕 亘賱 賴賵 賷賯賮 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賮賰乇丞 賵丕賱爻丐丕賱 匕丕鬲賴 賲噩乇丿賸丕 賲賳 兀賷 鬲兀孬賷乇 賯丿 賷爻賷胤乇 毓賱賶 匕賴賳賴 賮賷購睾賷乇 賲爻丕乇 鬲賮賰賷乇賴.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷毓鬲亘乇 賲丿禺賱丕賸 賲賳丕爻亘 噩丿賸丕 賱賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷.
賵兀賳丕 噩丿賸丕 丕爻鬲賲鬲毓鬲 亘賴.

賲丕匕丕 亘毓丿 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞責
賲丕賱匕賷 賷噩毓賱 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 噩匕丕亘丞 賱賱亘毓囟 賵睾賷乇 賲賯亘賵賱丞 賳賴丕卅賷賸丕 賱賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇責 賱賲丕匕丕 兀噩丿 賮賷 賳賮爻賷 賲賷賱丕賸 賱賱亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丨鬲賶 賮賷 胤賷丕鬲 丕賱兀丿亘 賵丕賱乇賵丕賷丕鬲 鬲丨丿賷丿賸丕責

賷亘丿賵 賱賷 兀賳 乇睾亘丞 (廿胤賱丕賯 丕賱毓賳丕賳 賱賱毓賯賱 賮毓賱丕 賲賵噩賵丿丞) 賵兀賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵丨丿賴丕 賲賳 賷購毓胤賷賳丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賮囟丕亍 丕賱匕賷 賳鬲丨乇賰 亘賴貙 賮賰賱 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賲賯亘賵賱丞 賵賰賱 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賲胤乇賵丨丞 賲丨胤 賳賯丕卮賺 賵丕賴鬲賲丕賲.
賱賴匕丕 賮毓賱賸丕 兀賲賷賱 賱賴丕.

#兀亘噩丿賷丞_賮乇丨 5/5 馃尫馃摡馃摎
鈥�#肠补苍诲濒别蹿濒补尘别23产辞辞办谤别惫颈别飞蝉
#賲丕匕丕_賷毓賳賷_賴匕丕_賰賱賴 #鬲賵賲丕爻_賳賷噩賱
#賰鬲丕亘_氐賵鬲賷 #爻鬲賵乇賷_鬲賷賱


#睾乇丿冲亘廿賯鬲亘丕爻
#丨賷冲毓賱賶冲丕賱賯乇丕亍丞
#賲丕匕丕_鬲賯乇兀 #賲丕匕丕_鬲賯鬲亘爻 #丕賱賯乇丕亍丞_丨賷丕丞
#丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 #丕賱賯乇丕亍丞_丨賷丕丞_兀禺乇賶_賳毓賷卮賴丕

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233 reviews81 followers
July 2, 2012
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲賵 賳賲丕蹖卮诏丕賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕賲爻丕賱 亘賴 趩卮賲賲 丕賵賲丿 賵 趩賵賳 丕乇夭賵賳 亘賵丿 賵 亘賴 賳馗乇 禺賵亘 賲蹖賵賲丿 禺乇蹖丿賲卮.
亘乇丕蹖 蹖賴 賲乇賵乇 讴賵趩蹖讴 賵 爻乇蹖毓 乇賵蹖 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 賮賱爻賮蹖 - 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 丕氐賱蹖 賮賱爻賮蹖 讴賴 鬲賵 匕賴賳 丕讴孬乇 丕賮乇丕丿 賴爻鬲- 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵亘蹖賴. 丕賱亘鬲賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 诏賮鬲賴 賳賲蹖 禺賵丕賲 噩賵丕亘 亘丿賲 禺蹖賱蹖 噩丕賴丕 賳馗乇 卮禺氐蹖 禺賵丿卮 乇賵 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賴 賵 蹖丕 鬲丕讴蹖丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 乇賵蹖 亘禺卮 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賳馗乇 卮禺氐蹖 禺賵丿卮 亘賵丿賴. 賲孬賱賳 鬲賵 亘禺卮 "毓丿丕賱鬲" 亘蹖卮 鬲乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴賴 亘賴 毓丿丕賱鬲 讴賱蹖 賵 爻賵丕賱丕鬲蹖 賲孬賱 丕蹖賳 讴賴 "趩乇丕 賮賱丕賳 亘趩賴 亘丕蹖丿 賲毓賱賵賱 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘蹖丕丿責" 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 亘賴 賲爻丕卅賱 賲丕賱蹖丕鬲 賵 丨讴賵賲鬲 賵 丕蹖賳 賴丕. 丕蹖賳 丕賱亘鬲賴 毓蹖亘 賳蹖爻鬲 賵 賳賲蹖 卮賴 亘乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 禺乇丿賴 诏乇賮鬲! 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 丕蹖賳 噩賵乇蹖 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴賳賴 丕賲丕 賲卮讴賱 丕賵賳 噩丕爻鬲 讴賴 诏丕賴蹖 丕蹖賳 鬲丨賲蹖賱 賳馗乇丕鬲 卮禺氐蹖 亘乇 賵噩賴 賲賳胤賯蹖 讴鬲丕亘 趩乇亘蹖丿賴 讴賴 夭蹖丕丿 噩丕賱亘 賳蹖爻鬲.
丿乇 讴賱 丌丿賲 賵賯鬲卮 鬲賱賮 賳賲蹖 卮賴 丕夭 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘
Profile Image for MURAT BAYRAKTAR.
380 reviews13 followers
November 30, 2022
Okunacaksa 20'li ya艧larda okunmas谋 gereken, daha sonras谋nda pek bir anlam ifade etmeyen, biraz d眉艧眉nen herkesin kafas谋ndaki sorular谋 soran ama cevaplar谋 pek d眉zg眉n veremeyen g眉ya felsefeye ba艧lang谋莽 kitab谋. Bende hi莽bir etki uyand谋rmad谋. 脟ok iddial谋 bir isme sahip olmas谋na ra臒men i莽ini hi莽 dolduramam谋艧 Thomas Nagel. S眉rekli gevelemi艧, ayn谋 艧eyi tekrarlaya tekrarlaya c眉mlelerce uzatm谋艧 durmu艧. K谋sa bir kitap ama 莽o臒u tekrarlardan laf谋 gevelemeden ibaret, okuyucuya pek bir 艧ey vermeyen onu d眉艧眉nd眉rtmeyen bir kitap dolay谋s谋yla 20'li ya艧lar谋 ge莽tiyseniz okumay谋n daha iyi..
Profile Image for Sheyda Heydari Shovir.
146 reviews94 followers
November 13, 2015
丿乇 倬蹖 賲毓賳丕 賴賲賵賳胤賵乇 讴賴 禺賵丿卮 賲蹖诏賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖禺賵丕丿 蹖讴 爻乇蹖 爻賵丕賱賴丕 乇賵 賲胤乇丨 讴賳賴 讴賴 丌丿賲 賲賵賯毓 禺賵賳丿賳 丌孬丕乇 賮賱丕爻賮賴 賮賯胤 蹖讴 爻乇蹖 噩賵丕亘 賳亘蹖賳賴 賵 亘丿賵賳蹖 丨乇賮賴丕乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 趩蹖 賲蹖夭賳賳丿. 丕賱亘鬲賴 丿乇蹖賳 讴丕乇 賲賵賮賯賴 賵 蹖讴 爻乇蹖 爻賵丕賱 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵賱蹖 讴賱丕 禺蹖賱蹖 趩蹖夭 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賳蹖爻鬲 賵 丨鬲蹖 爻賵丕賱 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賴賲 賲胤乇丨 賳賲蹖卮賴 賵 亘禺賵丕賲 丿乇爻鬲 鬲賵氐蹖賮 讴賳賲 賲蹖鬲賵賳賲 亘诏賲 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮賴.
丕賲丕 讴賵鬲丕賴賴 賵 卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 蹖讴 賳賵噩賵丕賳 讴賴 讴賱丕 亘禺賵丕丿 亘丿賵賳賴 趩賳丿 鬲丕 丕夭 丿睾丿睾賴丕蹖 賮賱爻賮赖 毓亘丕乇鬲 丕夭 趩蹖鈥屫з嗀� 禺賵亘 亘丕卮賴.
Profile Image for gloria .鈽嗭緹..
538 reviews3,496 followers
January 4, 2022
鉃� 4 Stars *:锝ワ緹鉁�

even though i didn鈥檛 find anything about this book interesting, the general ideas were well explained and i think it鈥檚 very useful for anyone who wants a starting point for their interest in philosophy.
Profile Image for Ahmed Hussein Shaheen.
Author听4 books195 followers
June 17, 2021
賰鬲丕亘 賱胤賷賮 賵亘爻賷胤 賵賷毓丿 賲丿禺賱丕 賵賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 賱賱賮賱爻賮丞
丕丨亘亘鬲 賮賰乇鬲賴
Profile Image for Ahla.
103 reviews
October 28, 2024
鬲賵蹖 蹖讴 乇賵夭 亘爻蹖丕乇 夭蹖亘丕蹖 亘丕乇賵賳蹖貙 賲賳 乇賮鬲賲 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺乇賲. 亘乇 禺賱丕賮 賴賲蹖卮賴 讴賴 蹖賴 賱蹖爻鬲 賲卮禺氐 丿丕乇賲 賵 亘丿賵 亘丿賵 賲蹖乇賲 讴鬲丕亘賮乇賵卮蹖 賵 讴鬲丕亘丕賲 乇賵 賲蹖禺乇賲 賵 賲蹖丕賲 亘蹖乇賵賳貙 丕賵賳鈥屫辟堌� 賵賯鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲. 卮乇賵毓 讴乇丿賲 诏卮鬲賳 鬲賵蹖 鬲賲丕賲 爻讴卮賳鈥屬囏� 賵 睾蹖乇 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘丕蹖 賱蹖爻鬲賲貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵卮賲 丕賵賲丿. 趩賵賳 丕爻賲 賳蹖诏賱 乇賵 賴賲 禺蹖賱蹖 卮賳蹖丿賴 亘賵丿賲 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨卮 賴賲 禺蹖賱蹖 噩匕丕亘 亘賵丿 禺乇蹖丿賲卮. 賴賲蹖賳鈥屬傌� 丕鬲賮丕賯蹖.
丨丕賱丕 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇賲賵乇丿 趩蹖賴責
賳蹖诏賱 賲蹖丕丿 鄹鬲丕 賲賵囟賵毓 賲賴賲 賮賱爻賮蹖 乇賵 賲賵乇丿 亘丨孬 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖丿賴貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 趩乇丕 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇蹖賲 賵 匕賴賳鈥屬呚� 趩蹖賴 賵 賲乇诏 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖賲賵賳 趩賴鈥� 賲毓賳蹖鈥屫й� 丿丕乇賴貙 鬲丕 毓丿丕賱鬲 賵 丕乇丕丿賴 丌夭丕丿 賵 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 丿乇爻鬲 賵 睾賱胤 趩蹖賴 賵 丨鬲蹖 丕禺賱丕賯 蹖毓賳蹖鈥屭嗃�.
讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й� 丕蹖賳 賲丿賱蹖 讴賲 賳蹖爻鬲賳貙 賵賱蹖 倬賵蹖賳鬲 賲孬亘鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 趩蹖賴責 丕蹖賳讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 爻丕丿賴 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇 毓賲蹖賯貙 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖賳 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵亘蹖 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 匕賴賳 乇賵 丿乇诏蹖乇 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 丕爻賲 賴夭丕乇鬲丕 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 賵 賳馗乇蹖賴 賳賲蹖丕乇賴. 乇賵卮 賮讴乇 讴乇丿賳 賵 爻賵丕賱 倬乇爻蹖丿賳 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 亘禺賵丕蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘禺賵賳蹖 賵 亘丿賵賳蹖. 鬲賱丕卮 賴賲 賲蹖讴賳賴 亘賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屭屫臂屸€屬囏й� 卮禺氐蹖 賵 讴賱蹖 賳乇爻賴. 亘丕 蹖賴鈥屫池臂� 丕爻丕賲蹖 賳馗乇蹖賴鈥屬囏� 亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 丌卮賳丕鬲 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 丕蹖賳 賮乇氐鬲 乇賵 賴賲 賮乇丕賴賲 賲蹖讴賳賴 讴賴 亘乇蹖 丿乇賲賵乇丿卮賵賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘丿賵賳蹖.
亘禺卮 賲賵乇丿 毓賱丕賯賴 賲賳 丕乇丕丿賴 丌夭丕丿 亘賵丿 趩賵賳 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕 丿睾丿睾賴 賴乇乇賵夭賲賴 賵 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴卮 賮讴乇 賲蹖讴賳賲. 丿乇賲賵乇丿 賲乇诏 賵 賲毓賳丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賴賲 亘乇丕賲 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿 讴賴 丕賳賯丿乇 爻禺鬲賲 亘賵丿 讴賴 蹖賴鈥屫池臂� 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 賳丕丌卮賳丕 乇賵 亘賴鈥屫й� 趩蹖夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 亘賴卮賵賳 亘丕賵乇 丿丕乇賲 爻毓蹖 讴賳賲 丨鬲蹖 亘賮賴賲賲. 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕賳賯丿乇 亘乇丕賲 爻禺鬲 亘賵丿 賵 趩丕賱卮 丿丕卮鬲 賴賲 賲賵囟賵毓 毓噩蹖亘蹖 亘賵丿 亘乇丕賲.
Profile Image for Kali Srikanth.
66 reviews73 followers
January 6, 2014
60 pages or 600 pages, if a book can tell me a story I never heard, introduce me interesting characters, tell me things I never heard of and what not influence the way I look at things and life at large, I would consider it a fair read. One such short but influential book is this Short Introduction to philosophy.

Like Author says book will reflect his own view of few philosophical problems and will not necessarily represent what most philosophers think. There probably isn't anything that most philosophers think about these questions anyway and there are more than two sides to every philosophical question. Most of these problems have not been solved, and that perhaps some of them never will be. But the object here is not to give answers but to introduce us to the problems in a very preliminary way so that we can worry about them ourselves.

Book starts with Knowledge of the world beyond our minds, until half way through the book I was not really invested in what he was saying nor really understood what he meant. But once he started exploring the concept of free will, book started to make real sense and even the earlier chapters I missed enjoying were coming along the same path too. And I really wished there were more to it, more pages to come, more pieces to read and how suddenly I was praying it were a 600 page book instead of 60. Recommended.

If life is not real, not earnest, and the grave is its goal, perhaps it's ridiculous to take ourselves so seriously. On the other hand, if we can't help taking ourselves so seriously, perhaps we just have to put up with being ridiculous. Life may be not only meaningless but absurd.
Profile Image for 爻购賰賾賻乇.
72 reviews19 followers
June 23, 2022
賷鬲丨丿孬 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賲丕 賷鬲囟丨 賲賳 毓賳賵丕賳賴貙 丕賳賴 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕賸 賱亘毓囟 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 賵賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓囟賱丕鬲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞.
鬲賳丕賵賱 賮賷賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘毓囟 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞貙 賵賯丕賲 亘毓乇囟 丌乇丕丐賴 賮賷賴丕 亘卮賰賱 爻賴賱 賵爻賱爻 賰兀賳賴 賷賯賵賲 亘丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賲毓 丕賱賯丕乇卅 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 廿孬丕乇丞 匕賴賳賴 亘胤乇丨 丕賱丕爻卅賱丞 賵賲爻丕毓丿鬲賴 賮賷 丕賱廿噩丕亘丞 毓賳賴丕 亘胤乇賷賯鬲賴 丕賱禺丕氐丞.
賷毓噩亘賳賷 兀賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賯丿 胤乇丨 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賴 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 賱賰賳 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賷賲賰賳賰 賯亘賵賱賴丕 賵乇賮囟賴丕貙 賱賷爻鬲 賵賰兀賳賴丕 賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賵 賲爻賱賲丕鬲 睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱賲毓丕乇囟丞 兀賵 丕賱賳賯丿貙
丕禺鬲丕乇 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓 賱爻賵兀賱 丕賱賯丕乇卅 毓賳賴丕 賲孬賱: 佟- 賰賷賮 賳毓乇賮 兀賷 卮賷亍 禺丕乇噩 毓賯賵賱賳丕.
佗- 賲毓賳賶 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲.
伲- 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕賱丿賲丕睾.
伽- 丕賱氐賵丕亘 賵丕賱禺胤兀.
伽- 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱丕禺賱丕賯貙 丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 賵胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賲賵鬲.
佶- 賲毓賳賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵丕賱賲賵鬲.
賵亘毓丿 丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓 丕賱兀禺乇賷 ...
賲丕 賷賲賷夭 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓乇囟 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賮鬲丨 丕賱毓賯賱 賱賱鬲賮賰賷乇貙 賵胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賵鬲賯亘賱 丕賱丌乇丕亍 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賵禺賱賯 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賷 賲毓丕乇囟丞 丕賵 賳賯丿 丕賱丌乇丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳丕爻亘 鬲賮賰賷乇賰.
丕賷囟丕賸 賲賲丕 丕毓噩亘賳賷 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 毓丿賲 鬲毓賯賷丿 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賱賱兀賮賰丕乇 亘丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賵 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 丕賱賲毓賯丿丞 賵賳馗乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳貙 賲賲丕 賷賳丕爻亘 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賭 "賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞".
Profile Image for Matine Gharavi.
28 reviews7 followers
April 12, 2020
賲亘丕丨孬 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲丕 丨丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 卮亘蹖賴 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 芦丕賱賮亘丕蹖 賮賱爻賮赖禄 亘賵丿. 鬲丕賲爻 賳蹖诏賱 讴賴 丕夭 賮賱丕爻賮賴鈥屰� 鬲丨賱蹖賱蹖 丕爻鬲 亘丕 胤乇丨 倬乇爻卮鈥屬囏й� 賮賱爻賮蹖 丿乇 亘丕亘 毓丿丕賱鬲貙 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 丕賳爻丕賳 亘丕 噩賴丕賳 禺丕乇噩 賵 爻丕蹖乇 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏ж� 丕禺賱丕賯貙 丕乇丕丿賴鈥屬� 丌夭丕丿貙 賲乇诏 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 賲毓賳丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 爻毓蹖 丿乇 鬲賯賵蹖鬲 鬲賮讴乇 賮賱爻賮蹖 丿丕乇丿. 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 噩丕蹖 賳賯賱 賯賵賱鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲毓丿丿 丕夭 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳 蹖丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 爻蹖乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賮賱爻賮赖貙 爻乇卮丕乇 丕夭 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丕丿賴 賵 賲賱賲賵爻蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 賵蹖跇賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 賮賱爻賮赖 噩匕丕亘鈥屫� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
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Author听136 books26 followers
May 5, 2021
賮賱爻賮赖 禺賵丕賳蹖 亘氐賵乇鬲賽 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 丕蹖丿賴 蹖 噩丕賱亘蹖 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 卮丕蹖丿 賲卮讴賱卮 丕蹖賳 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 賲禺丕胤亘賽 賳丕賵丕乇丿蹖 賲孬賱賽 賲賳 乇丕 亘賱丕鬲讴賱蹖賮 亘蹖賳 丌爻賲丕賳 賵 夭賲蹖賳 乇賴丕 賲蹖讴賳丿. 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 趩賳丿丕賳 乇丕賴诏卮丕 賳亘賵丿.(卮丕蹖丿 賮賱爻賮赖 匕丕鬲丕賸 亘丕 賴蹖趩 乇丕賴賽 丨賱賽 賳賴丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲爻丕卅賱 讴賳丕乇 賳賲蹖 丌蹖丿!). 賲卮讴賱賽 丿蹖诏乇賽 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 爻毓蹖 賳讴乇丿賴 亘蹖 胤乇賮丕賳賴 亘賳賵蹖爻丿 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 賲賯丿賲賴 賴賲 賲蹖诏賵蹖丿 讴賴 丿蹖丿诏丕賴賽 卮禺氐蹖 禺賵丿卮 乇丕 賲蹖禺賵丕賴丿 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳丿. 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 讴鬲丕亘 賯囟丕賵鬲 賴丕蹖 卮禺氐蹖 夭蹖丕丿 丿丕乇丿.
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