欧宝娱乐

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乇爻丕賱丞 賮賶 廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱毓賯賱

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"After experience had taught me that all the usual surroundings of social life are vain and futile; seeing that none of the objects of my fears contained in themselves anything either good or bad, except in so far as the mind is affected by them, I finally resolved to inquire whether there might be some real good having power to communicate itself, which would affect the mind singly, to the exclusion of all else: whether, in fact, there might be anything of which the discovery and attainment would enable me to enjoy continuous, supreme, and unending happiness."

224 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1667

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Baruch Spinoza

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Controversial pantheistic doctrine of Dutch philosopher and theologian Baruch Spinoza or Benedict advocated an intellectual love of God; people best know Ethics , his work of 1677.

People came considered this great rationalist of 17th century.

In his posthumous magnum opus, he opposed mind鈥揵ody dualism of Ren茅 Descartes and earned recognition of most important thinkers of west. This last indisputable Latin masterpiece, which Spinoza wrote, finally turns and entirely destroys the refined medieval conceptions.

After death of Baruch Spinoza, often Benedictus de Spinoza, people realized not fully his breadth and importance until many years. He laid the ground for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern Biblical criticism, including conceptions of the self and arguably the universe. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said of all contemporaries, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all."

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October 8, 2024
Back in the somnambulant sixties, when the sneaky sneers of the sophomoric know-it-all鈥檚 at my uni, good old Button-Down U, (oh, you know it, do you? Give it a boot in the old caboose for me!) wore away my weary mental acuity with sheer ennui - I, one happy summer day, chanced on this book.

It reinvigorated my languishing spirit. It polished up the trophies of my youthful idealism and carefully placed them at the top of my highest bookshelf.

For with one pointed swathe of his rapier wit Spinoza sliced my burgeoning enemy the Minotaur鈥檚 right hoof clean off. And I was temporarily freed.

For Spinoza said the existence of God is an analytically true proposition - because His Essence involves Existence.

In fact, His existence is the One Thing we know for sure!

Spinoza had started his quest in On the Improvement of Understanding...

How can I make my mind Sharper, he asked himself?

How, in other words, can I see through the Bullies鈥� prevarications and their leading me down the old garden path into the Slough of my own Ugly Embarrassment?

And how can I tell if the information I鈥檓 receiving about the world is True... or a Lie?

I鈥檝e gotta stay alert!

How do I do that?

Like this: in this first unfinished masterpiece, Spinoza begins the long process of self-discovery to which the final triumphant capstone was the Ethics - one of the books that saved Albert Einstein鈥檚 young soul, and gave him the Confidence he鈥檇 later NEED for the many years he would live Wandering in the Wilderness - and being mercilessly LAUGHED AT by the World.

Until he became its Hero.

For yes, God exists. Maybe not the God you know in your churches, mosques or synagogues, in the early stages of the Encounter - but a God you can KNOW.

As Pure Being.

Pure Being IS. It involves, by extension and in its plenitude, the existence of all of us who now temporarily exist. And its Essence involves Existence. It cannot NOT be. And this Being Spinoza calls Nature.

NonBeing, though, cannot BE. Never could, never can. Nothingness is NOT.

You do not 鈥榞o back鈥� to Nothingness when you die...

There鈥檚 no such thing.

This Being, however, seems uncompromising to us in its pure self-sufficiency. Heidegger says we sense its proximity in the personal feeling of anxiety.

Its apparent objectivity - that which seizes us as a nothingness - is daunting.

Such then, is our quest, Spinoza seems to say. And such lucid awareness can not be long endured, as Susan Sontag found when faced with the terror of death by cancer.

But through maintaining a high level of awareness in the lengthy course of our own lives, Being will eventually - as Spinoza must have found - be subsumed within our traditional knowledge of the God of the theistic religions, and the No-self of nontheistic Buddhism.

Hic labor est - hic opus: for such is the Quest!

With this fateful outlook, Baruch Spinoza gave a SOUL to Science.

And he gave ME back my soul, in the days of those soulless minions of Button-Down U.

And you know what?

He can do the same for you.
January 4, 2018
螆蟻纬慰 畏渭喂蟿蔚位苇蟼 纬蟻伪渭渭苇谓慰 蟽蟿伪 位伪蟿喂谓喂魏维 蟽蟿伪 1661 - 62, 渭蔚 胃苇渭伪 蟿畏谓 伪谓伪味萎蟿畏蟽畏 渭喂伪蟼 渭蔚胃蠈未慰蠀 蟺慰蠀 胃伪 慰未畏纬萎蟽蔚喂 蟿慰 谓慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏萎 纬谓蠋蟽畏. 螣 谓慰蠀蟼 蟿蔚位蔚喂慰蟺慰喂蔚委蟿伪喂, 蠈蟿伪谓 蠁蟿维谓蔚喂 蟽蟿畏谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏萎 纬谓蠋蟽畏 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰魏蔚喂渭苇谓慰蠀 谓伪 蔚蟺喂蟿蔚蠀蠂胃蔚委 伪蠀蟿蠈, 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 蟺蟻蠋蟿伪 谓伪 伪蟺蔚位蔚蠀胃蔚蟻蠅胃蔚委 伪蟺蠈 蟿伪 蟺维胃畏 蟿慰蠀. 螆蟿蟽喂 慰 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 魏蔚蟻未委味蔚喂 蟿畏谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏萎 蔚蠀蟿蠀蠂委伪. 螝维谓蔚喂 位蠈纬慰 纬喂伪 苇谓伪 "蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏蠈 魏伪喂 魏慰喂谓蠅谓萎蟽喂渭慰 伪纬伪胃蠈" 蟺慰蠀 谓伪 蔚蟺畏蟻蔚维味蔚喂 蟿畏谓 蟽魏苇蠄畏 苇蟿蟽喂 蠋蟽蟿蔚 谓伪 蔚尉伪蟽蠁伪位喂蟽蟿蔚委 畏 "喂魏伪谓慰蟺慰委畏蟽畏 渭喂伪蟼 蠀蟺苇蟻蟿伪蟿畏蟼 魏伪喂 伪未喂维魏慰蟺畏蟼 蠂伪蟻维蟼".
韦蟻委伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蟺慰蠀 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂 慰蟻委味慰蠀谓 蠅蟼 蠀蟺苇蟻蟿伪蟿伪 伪纬伪胃维:

韦伪 蟺位慰蠉蟿畏
螚 未蠈尉伪
螚 畏未慰谓萎.

螣 蠁喂位蠈蟽慰蠁慰蟼 蠅蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 未蔚谓 蠁伪委谓蔚蟿伪喂 谓伪 喂魏伪谓慰蟺慰喂蔚委蟿伪喂 渭蔚 魏维蟿喂 蟿苇蟿慰喂慰. 螌蠂喂 蟿慰蠀位维蠂喂蟽蟿慰谓 蠈蟿伪谓 蟿伪 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 纬委谓慰谓蟿伪喂 伪蠀蟿慰蟽魏慰蟺蠈蟼. 螛苇位蔚喂 谓伪 味萎蟽蔚喂 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏维 魏伪喂 谓伪 伪蠁慰蟽喂蠅胃蔚委 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚蟺喂未委蠅尉畏 蔚谓蠈蟼 伪纬伪胃慰蠉 蟺喂慰 蟽委纬慰蠀蟻慰蠀 魏伪喂 魏伪位慰蠉. 螝伪喂 伪蠀蟿萎 畏 伪位位伪纬萎 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟿喂 蔚蠉魏慰位慰 魏伪胃蠋蟼 慰 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 谓伪 伪蟺伪位位伪蠂胃蔚委 伪蟺蠈 蠈位伪 蠈蟽伪 苇蠂蔚喂 蟽蠀谓畏胃委蟽蔚喂:

"螒蠀蟿蠈 渭蠈谓慰 苇尾位蔚蟺伪, 蠈蟿喂 蠈蟽慰 蟿慰 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪 渭慰蠀 蟽蟿蟻蔚蠁蠈蟿伪谓 纬蠉蟻蠅 伪蟺蠈 伪蠀蟿苇蟼 蟿喂蟼 蟽魏苇蠄蔚喂蟼, 蟿蠈蟽慰 伪蟺慰蟽蟿蟻蔚蠁蠈蟿伪谓 蟿伪 蠄蔚蠉蟿喂魏伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 魏伪喂 蟽魏蔚蠁蟿蠈蟿伪谓 蟽慰尾伪蟻维 蟿畏 谓苇伪 蟽蟿维蟽畏 味蠅萎蟼. 螝喂 伪蠀蟿蠈 渭慰蠀 苇未喂谓蔚 渭蔚纬维位畏 蟺伪蟻畏纬慰蟻喂维. 螤蟻维纬渭伪蟿喂, 苇尾位蔚蟺伪 蠈蟿喂 伪蠀蟿维 蟿伪 魏伪魏维 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿苇蟿慰喂伪蟼 位慰纬萎蟼 蠋蟽蟿蔚 蟺伪蟻蠈位伪 蟿伪 伪谓蟿委未慰蟿伪 谓伪 渭畏谓 蠀蟺慰蠂蠅蟻萎蟽慰蠀谓. 螝伪喂 蟺伪蟻蠈位慰 蟺慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 伪蟻蠂萎 伪蠀蟿维 蟿伪 未喂伪蟽蟿萎渭伪蟿伪 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏萎蟼 未喂伪蠉纬蔚喂伪蟼 萎蟿伪谓 蟽蟺维谓喂伪 魏伪喂 蟺维蟻伪 蟺慰位蠉 渭喂魏蟻萎蟼 未喂维蟻魏蔚喂伪蟼, 伪蠁慰蠉 蟺喂伪 蟿慰 伪位畏胃喂谓蠈 伪纬伪胃蠈 慰位慰苇谓伪 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 渭慰蠀 纬喂谓蠈蟿伪谓 纬谓蠅蟽蟿蠈, 维蟻蠂喂蟽伪谓 谓伪 纬委谓慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蠀蠂谓蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂 谓伪 未喂伪蟻魏慰蠉谓 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰, 喂未委蠅蟼 伪蠁慰蠉 蔚委未伪 蠈蟿喂 畏 伪蟺蠈魏蟿畏蟽畏 蠂蟻畏渭维蟿蠅谓, 畏 畏未慰谓萎 魏伪喂 畏 未蠈尉伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蔚蟺喂味萎渭喂蔚蟼 蠈蟽慰 伪谓伪味畏蟿慰蠉谓蟿伪喂 蠅蟼 伪蠀蟿慰蟽魏慰蟺蠈蟼 魏伪喂 蠈蠂喂 蠅蟼 渭苇蟽伪 蔚谓蠈蠄蔚喂 维位位蠅谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭维蟿蠅谓".

韦伪 蠁蠀蟽喂魏维 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 慰蠉蟿蔚 蟿苇位蔚喂伪 慰蠉蟿蔚 伪蟿蔚位萎, 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蠀蟿维 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 蠁蠀蟽喂魏慰蠉蟼 谓蠈渭慰蠀蟼. 螣 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 蠅蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 未喂伪谓慰蔚委蟿伪喂 渭喂伪 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓畏 蠁蠉蟽畏 伪谓蠋蟿蔚蟻畏 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 未喂魏萎 蟿慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟿伪 渭苇蟽伪 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 魏伪蟿维魏蟿畏蟽畏 伪蠀蟿萎蟼 蟿畏蟼 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪蟼 蟿伪 慰谓慰渭维味蔚喂 蠅蟼 "伪位畏胃喂谓蠈 伪纬伪胃蠈". 螝伪喂 伪蠀蟿蠈 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟿喂 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蟿慰 渭慰喂蟻维味慰谓蟿伪喂 蠈位慰喂 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂. 螠喂伪 蟿苇蟿慰喂伪 魏慰喂谓蠅谓委伪 慰谓蔚喂蟻蔚蠉蔚蟿伪喂 慰 委未喂慰蟼 慰 Spinoza, 蠈蟺慰蠀 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂 胃伪 苇蠂慰蠀谓 魏慰喂谓慰蠉蟼 蟽蟿蠈蠂慰蠀蟼 胃伪 魏伪位位喂蔚蟻纬慰蠉谓 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭蔚蟼 蠈蟺蠅蟼 畏 畏胃喂魏萎 蠁喂位慰蟽慰蠁委伪, 畏 蟺伪喂未伪纬蠅纬喂魏萎, 畏 喂伪蟿蟻喂魏萎, 畏 渭畏蠂伪谓喂魏萎 魏伪喂 慰 蟽魏慰蟺蠈蟼 蠈位蠅谓 蟿蠅谓 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿畏渭蠋谓 胃伪 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪蟼, 魏慰喂谓蠈蟼, 畏 蔚蟺喂未委蠅尉畏 蟿畏蟼 "伪谓蠋蟿伪蟿畏蟼 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓畏蟼 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪蟼". 螕喂伪 谓伪 蔚蟺喂蟿蔚蠀蠂胃蔚委 慰 蟽魏慰蟺蠈蟼 伪蠀蟿蠈蟼 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 "未喂慰蟻胃蠅胃蔚委 慰 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓慰蟼 谓慰蠀蟼".

危蟿畏谓 蟽蠀谓苇蠂蔚喂伪 蔚魏胃苇蟿蔚喂 蟿慰蠀蟼 "伪谓蟿喂位畏蟺蟿喂魏慰蠉蟼 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰蠀蟼", 未畏位伪未萎 蟿慰谓 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 慰蟺慰委慰 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 谓伪 蔚委渭伪蟽蟿蔚 尾苇尾伪喂慰喂 纬喂伪 魏维蟿喂 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 谓伪 伪渭蠁喂尾维位位慰蠀渭蔚, 魏伪喂 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚尉畏纬蔚委 渭蔚 蟺伪蟻伪未蔚委纬渭伪蟿伪:

螚 蔚尉' 伪魏慰萎蟼 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄畏: 蟺蠂 畏 畏渭蔚蟻慰渭畏谓委伪 纬苇谓谓畏蟽萎蟼 渭伪蟼.
螚 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄畏 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿蔚喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 伪蠈蟻喂蟽蟿畏 蔚渭蟺蔚喂蟻委伪 魏伪喂 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿蠀蠂伪委伪: 蟺蠂 蟿慰 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟼 蟺蠅蟼 魏维蟺慰蟿蔚 胃伪 蟺蔚胃维谓慰蠀渭蔚. 螒蠀蟿蠈 蔚委谓伪喂 渭喂伪 伪谓伪位慰纬委伪.
螚 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄畏 蟺慰蠀 伪蟺慰魏蟿慰蠉渭蔚 蠈蟿伪谓 畏 慰蠀蟽委伪 蔚谓蠈蟼 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿慰蟼 蟽蠀谓维纬蔚蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 苇谓伪 维位位慰 (蠈蠂喂 伪蠀蟿慰蟿蔚位蠋蟼): 蟺蠂 畏 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄畏 蟿慰蠀 蟽蠋渭伪蟿蠈蟼 渭伪蟼, 渭伪蟼 慰未畏纬蔚委 蟽蟿慰 蟽蠀渭蟺苇蟻伪蟽渭伪 蟺蠅蟼 苇蠂慰蠀渭蔚 蠄蠀蠂萎, 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 蠅蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 谓伪 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 谓伪 蟺蟻慰蠂蠅蟻萎蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蔚 蟺蔚蟻伪喂蟿苇蟻蠅 蔚尉萎纬畏蟽畏 伪蠀蟿萎蟼 蟿畏蟼 苇谓蠅蟽畏蟼 蟽蠋渭伪蟿慰蟼 - 蠄蠀蠂萎蟼. 螘未蠋 苇蠂慰蠀渭蔚 渭喂伪 伪蟿蔚位萎 喂未苇伪 蟿蠅谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭维蟿蠅谓.
螚 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄畏 蟺慰蠀 伪蟺慰魏蟿慰蠉渭蔚 蠈蟿伪谓 伪谓蟿喂位伪渭尾伪谓慰渭维蟽蟿蔚 魏维蟿喂 渭苇蟽蠅 蟿畏蟼 未喂魏萎蟼 蟿慰蠀 慰蠀蟽委伪蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 纬谓蠋蟽畏蟼 蟿畏蟼 维渭蔚蟽畏蟼 伪喂蟿委伪蟼 蟿慰蠀. 蟺蠂 慰喂 伪蟻喂胃渭畏蟿喂魏苇蟼 蟺蟻维尉蔚喂蟼 魏伪喂 畏 纬蔚蠅渭蔚蟿蟻委伪. 螠蔚蟿蟻萎蟽蔚喂蟼, 蠀蟺慰位慰纬喂蟽渭慰委.

韦伪 渭苇蟽伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 纬委谓慰蠀渭蔚 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿蔚蟻慰喂 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿伪 蔚尉萎蟼:

螡伪 纬谓蠅蟻委蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟿畏 蠁蠉蟽畏 渭伪蟼 渭蔚 伪魏蟻委尾蔚喂伪.
螡伪 蔚谓蟿慰蟺委蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪蠁慰蟻苇蟼 魏伪喂 蟿喂蟼 慰渭慰喂蠈蟿畏蟿蔚蟼 伪谓维渭蔚蟽伪 蟽蟿伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 渭蔚 "慰蟻胃蠈 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰".
螡伪 渭维胃慰蠀渭蔚 蟿委 蟺伪胃伪委谓慰蠀谓 魏伪喂 蟿委 未蔚谓 蟺伪胃伪委谓慰蠀谓..
螡伪 伪谓蟿喂蟺伪蟻伪尾维位位慰蠀渭蔚 蠈位伪 蟿伪 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓畏 蠁蠉蟽畏.

螒蟺蠈 蠈位蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 伪谓蟿喂位畏蟺蟿喂魏苇蟼 渭蔚胃蠈未慰蠀蟼 畏 蟿苇蟿伪蟻蟿畏 魏伪喂 蟿蔚位蔚蠀蟿伪委伪 蔚委谓伪喂 畏 慰蟻胃蠈蟿蔚蟻畏. 螤维谓蠅 蟽蔚 伪蠀蟿萎谓 胃苇位蔚喂 谓伪 蟽蟿畏蟻委尉蔚喂 蟿畏谓 渭苇胃慰未蠈 蟿慰蠀. 螠喂伪 渭苇胃慰未慰蟼 蟺慰蠀 蔚尉蔚位委蟽蟽蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿伪未喂伪魏维 蠋蟽蟺慰蠀 谓伪 蠁蟿维蟽蔚喂 蟽蟿畏谓 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪.

危蟿畏 蟽蠀谓苇蠂蔚喂伪 魏伪蟿伪蟺喂维谓蔚蟿伪喂 渭蔚 蟿喂蟼 苇谓谓慰喂蔚蟼 蟿畏蟼 螜未苇伪蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 螣蠀蟽委伪蟼 蔚谓蠈蟼 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿慰蟼. 螚 伪位畏胃萎蟼 喂未苇伪 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟿喂 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏蠈 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 伪谓蟿喂魏蔚委渭蔚谓蠈 蟿畏蟼. 螣 魏蠉魏位慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪 蟽蠂萎渭伪, 苇蠂蔚喂 渭慰蟻蠁萎, 苇蠂蔚喂 魏苇谓蟿蟻慰 苇蠂蔚喂 未喂维渭蔚蟿蟻慰. 螒蟺蠈 伪蠀蟿萎谓 蟿畏谓 伪谓蟿喂魏蔚喂渭蔚谓喂魏萎 慰蠀蟽委伪 蟿慰蠀 魏蠉魏位慰蠀 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿蔚喂 畏 伪位畏胃萎蟼 喂未苇伪 纬喂伪 蟿慰 蟿委 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪蟼 魏蠉魏位慰蟼 伪位位维 伪蠀蟿维 蟿伪 未蠉慰 未蔚谓 蟿伪蠀蟿委味慰谓蟿伪喂. 惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 "畏 喂未苇伪 慰蠁蔚委位蔚喂 谓伪 蟽蠀渭蠁蠅谓蔚委 伪蟺蠈位蠀蟿伪 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 渭慰蟻蠁喂魏萎 慰蠀蟽委伪" 纬喂伪蟿委 苇蟿蟽喂 苇蠂慰谓蟿伪蟼 渭喂伪 伪位畏胃萎 喂未苇伪 蟺慰蠀 蔚尉维纬蔚蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 伪谓蟿喂魏蔚喂渭蔚谓喂魏萎 慰蠀蟽委伪 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 谓伪 蔚尉伪蟽蠁伪位委蟽慰蠀渭蔚 魏伪喂 蟿畏 尾苇尾伪喂畏 纬谓蠋蟽畏. 螒蟺蠈 蔚魏蔚委 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 谓伪 蟺蟻慰蠂蠅蟻萎蟽慰蠀渭蔚 渭蔚 伪蟽蠁维位蔚喂伪 蟽蔚 蟺蔚蟻伪喂蟿苇蟻蠅 蟽蟿慰蠂伪蟽渭慰蠉蟼 魏伪喂 蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺蠈 蠈位伪 蟿慰 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓慰 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪 魏伪蟿伪蠁苇蟻谓蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 渭苇胃慰未慰 伪蠀蟿萎 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰萎蟽蔚喂 蟿畏 桅蠉蟽畏, 伪蟺蠈 蔚魏蔚委 谓伪 蟺蟻慰蠂蠅蟻萎蟽蔚喂 蟽蟿畏谓 魏伪蟿伪谓蠈畏蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蔚伪蠀蟿慰蠉 蟿慰蠀 魏喂 伪蟺蠈 蔚魏蔚委 谓伪 蠁蟿维蟽蔚喂 蟽蟿畏 纬谓蠋蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 "蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿伪蟿慰蠀 螌谓蟿慰蟼". 危蠀蠂谓维 畏 未喂蔚蟻蔚蠉谓畏蟽畏 蟿畏蟼 蠁蠉蟽畏蟼 蟽魏慰谓蟿维蠁蟿蔚喂 蔚蟺维谓蠅 蟽蔚 蔚渭蟺蠈未喂伪 魏伪喂 蟽蠀蠂谓维 蠀蟺维蟻蠂慰蠀谓 蟺蟻慰魏伪蟿伪位萎蠄蔚喂蟼 蟺慰蠀 伪蟺慰渭伪魏蟻蠉谓慰蠀谓 蟿慰谓 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 慰蟻胃萎 渭苇胃慰未慰 伪谓伪味萎蟿畏蟽畏蟼 蟿畏蟼 伪位萎胃蔚喂伪蟼 (伪蟺慰蠁蔚蠉纬蔚喂 谓伪 蟿慰 蟺蔚喂 尉蔚魏维胃伪蟻伪 伪位位维 蠀蟺伪喂谓委蟽蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿畏 蟽畏渭蔚委慰 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟿畏谓 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏萎 魏伪喂 胃蔚慰位慰纬喂魏萎 蟿维尉畏).

螒谓 魏维蟿喂 伪蟺蔚蠂胃维谓蔚蟿伪喂 慰 蠁喂位蠈蟽慰蠁慰蟼 渭蔚蟿维 尾未蔚位蠀纬渭委伪蟼, 蔚委谓伪喂 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂 蔚魏蔚委谓慰喂 蟺慰蠀 伪渭蠁喂尾维位位慰蠀谓 纬喂伪 蟿喂蟼 伪位畏胃蔚委蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 魏伪喂 蟺慰蠀 未蔚谓 苇蠂慰蠀谓 蟿畏谓 喂魏伪谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪魏蟻委谓慰蠀谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿喂蟼 "蟺位伪蟽渭伪蟿喂魏苇蟼, 蠄蔚蠀未蔚委蟼, 伪渭蠁委尾慰位蔚蟼"篓伪谓蟿喂位萎蠄蔚喂蟼 魏伪喂 喂未苇蔚蟼. 螌蟽伪 蟺位维胃蔚喂 慰 谓慰蠀蟼 未蔚谓 蔚渭蟺委蟺蟿慰蠀谓 蟽蟿喂蟼 伪喂蠋谓喂蔚蟼 伪位萎胃蔚喂蔚蟼:

"蠈蟽慰 位喂纬蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰蔚委 蟿慰 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪 魏喂 蠈蟽慰 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 蟺蟻慰蟽蟺委蟺蟿慰蠀谓 蟽蟿畏谓 伪谓蟿委位畏蠄萎 蟿慰蠀, 蟿蠈蟽慰 渭蔚纬伪位蠉蟿蔚蟻畏 未蠉谓伪渭畏 苇蠂蔚喂 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟺位维胃蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿慰 谓慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 慰蟿喂未萎蟺慰蟿蔚. 螝喂 蠈蟽慰 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 蔚谓谓慰蔚委 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 渭蔚喂蠋谓蔚蟿伪喂 伪蠀蟿萎 畏 未蠉谓伪渭萎 蟿慰蠀".

危蟿畏 蟽蠀谓苇蠂蔚喂伪 未喂蔚蟻蔚蠀谓维 蟽蔚 蟿委 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻慰谓蟿伪喂 慰喂 蠄蔚蠀未蔚委蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 魏伪喂 蟽蟿慰 蟺蠅蟼 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 伪蟺慰蠁蔚蠉纬蔚喂 魏伪谓蔚委蟼. 螒蠀蟿苇蟼 未蔚谓 未喂伪蠁苇蟻慰蠀谓 魏伪喂 蟺慰位蠉 伪蟺蠈 蟿喂蟼 蟺位伪蟽渭伪蟿喂魏苇蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 (蟿伪 蠈蟽伪 蟺位维胃蔚喂 慰 谓慰蠀蟼) 蔚魏蟿蠈蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 蠈蟿喂 "蟺蟻慰蠇蟺慰胃苇蟿慰蠀谓 蟽蠀纬魏伪蟿维胃蔚蟽畏" 蠈蟿伪谓 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂 未苇蠂慰谓蟿伪喂 蟺蠅蟼 蠀蟺维蟻蠂慰蠀谓 味蠋伪 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位慰蠉谓, 胃蔚蠈蟿畏蟿蔚蟼 蟽蟿伪 未维蟽畏, 蟺蟿蠋渭伪蟿伪 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位慰蠉谓 魏伪喂 蟺蔚蟻蟺伪蟿慰蠉谓 魏蟿位.

螚 伪位畏胃萎蟼 蟽魏苇蠄畏 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 伪谓伪渭蔚渭蔚喂纬渭苇谓畏 渭蔚 渭畏 未喂伪魏蟻喂蟿苇蟼, 蟽蠀纬魏蔚蠂蠀渭苇谓蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 谓伪 蟺蟻慰魏伪位苇蟽蔚喂 蟽蠉纬蠂喂蟽畏 蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 慰 蠁喂位蠈蟽慰蠁慰蟼 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻委味蔚喂 蠅蟼 蔚尉伪蟺维蟿畏蟽畏 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 蔚谓蟿慰蟺委味蔚喂 蟽蟿慰 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟼 蠈蟿喂 蟽蠀渭尾伪委谓蔚喂 魏维蟺慰蟿蔚 魏维蟺慰喂伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蟺慰蠀 蠀蟺维蟻蠂慰蠀谓 蟽蟿畏 蠁伪谓蟿伪蟽委伪 谓伪 蠀蟺维蟻蠂慰蠀谓 魏伪喂 蟽蟿慰 谓慰蠀. 螝维蟺蠅蟼 苇蟿蟽喂 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬慰蠉谓蟿伪喂 慰喂 "伪渭蠁委尾慰位蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼". 螒谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂 蟿慰 蟺伪蟻维未蔚喂纬渭伪 蟿蠅谓 蠂蠅蟻喂魏蠋谓 蟺慰蠀 蟺伪蟻伪尉蔚谓蔚蠉慰谓蟿伪喂 蠈蟿伪谓 伪魏慰蠉谓 蟺蠅蟼 慰 萎位喂慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 渭蔚纬伪位蠉蟿蔚蟻慰蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 纬畏 (蔚谓蠋 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 蔚渭蟺蔚喂蟻委伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 蔚蠉位慰纬慰 蟺蠅蟼 纬谓蠅蟻委味慰蠀谓 蟺蠋蟼 蠁伪委谓慰谓蟿伪喂 蟿伪 伪谓蟿喂魏蔚委渭蔚谓伪 伪谓维位慰纬伪 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 伪蟺蠈蟽蟿伪蟽萎 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚蟺维谓蠅 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚蟺喂蠁维谓蔚喂伪 蟿畏蟼 纬畏蟼). 螝维谓蔚喂 位慰喂蟺蠈谓 位蠈纬蠅 纬喂伪 "伪蟿蔚位萎 纬谓蠋蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿慰蟼" 魏伪喂 "伪谓伪蟽蟿慰位萎 蟿畏蟼 蟽魏苇蠄畏蟼".

危蠂蔚蟿喂魏蠈 渭蔚 "蟿畏 纬谓蠋蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 谓慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 蔚纬纬蔚谓慰蠉蟼 喂蟽蠂蠉慰蟼 蟿慰蠀" 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿慰 味萎蟿畏渭伪 蟿畏蟼 渭谓萎渭畏蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 位萎胃畏蟼. 螣 谓慰蠀蟼 蔚谓喂蟽蠂蠉蔚喂 蟿畏谓 渭谓萎渭畏 未喂蠈蟿喂 蟽蠀纬魏蟻伪蟿慰蠉渭蔚 蔚蠀魏慰位蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂慰蠀渭蔚 蟺蟻蠋蟿伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰萎蟽蔚喂. 惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 畏 渭谓萎渭畏 谓伪 蔚蟺畏蟻蔚维味蔚蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 苇谓伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪 蠈蟿伪谓 渭慰谓维蠂伪 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚谓喂魏萎 蟿慰蠀 渭慰蟻蠁萎 蔚蟺喂魏蟻伪蟿蔚委 蟽蟿畏谓 蠁伪谓蟿伪蟽委伪 渭伪蟼. 螝伪喂 蠁苇蟻谓蔚喂 蟿慰 蟺伪蟻维未蔚喂纬渭伪 蔚谓蠈蟼 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺慰蠀 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂蔚喂 未喂伪尾维蟽蔚喂 渭委伪 魏伪喂 渭蠈谓畏 魏蠅渭蠅未委伪 蟽蟿畏 味蠅萎 蟿慰蠀 蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 胃蠀渭维蟿伪喂 魏伪胃伪蟻维. 螘谓蠋 伪谓 蔚委蠂蔚 未喂伪尾维蟽蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻蔚蟼 蔚蠉魏慰位伪 胃伪 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉蟽蔚 谓伪 蟽蠀纬蠂苇蔚喂 蟿喂蟼 蠀蟺慰胃苇蟽蔚喂蟼 魏伪喂 蟿伪 蟺蟻蠈蟽蠅蟺伪 蟿蠅谓 苇蟻纬蠅谓. 韦伪 蔚谓喂魏维 魏伪喂 魏伪蟿伪谓慰畏蟿维 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蠀蟿维 蟺慰蠀 魏伪蟿伪蠁苇蟻谓慰蠀渭蔚 谓伪 蟽蠀纬魏蟻伪蟿萎蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蟿畏 渭谓萎渭畏 渭伪蟼 魏伪位蠉蟿蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位蔚蟽渭伪蟿喂魏蠈蟿蔚蟻伪.

危蠀渭蟺苇蟻伪蟽渭伪: 螚 蠁伪谓蟿伪蟽委伪 纬蔚谓谓维 蟿喂蟼 蟺位伪蟽渭伪蟿喂魏苇蟼, 蠄蔚蠀未蔚委蟼, 伪渭蠁委尾慰位蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 伪喂蟽胃萎蟽蔚喂蟼. 螘魏蔚委 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓慰谓蟿伪喂 蠈位伪 蟿伪 伪蠈蟻喂蟽蟿伪 魏伪喂 蟽蠀纬魏蔚蠂蠀渭苇谓伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪, 苇尉蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 蟽蠁伪委蟻伪 蟿慰蠀 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓慰蠀 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪蟿慰蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 谓蠈畏蟽畏蟼.

螤蟻慰蠂蠅蟻维 蟽蟿慰谓 慰蟻喂蟽渭蠈 蟿慰蠀 蟽魏慰蟺慰蠉 蟿畏蟼 螠蔚胃蠈未慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟽蟿伪 渭苇蟽伪 蟿畏蟼 蔚蟺委蟿蔚蠀尉萎蟼 蟿慰蠀, 蟿慰 谓伪 苇蠂慰蠀渭蔚 未畏位伪未萎 魏伪胃伪蟻苇蟼 魏伪喂 未喂伪魏蟻喂蟿苇蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 谓伪 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 魏伪胃伪蟻蠈 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪 渭蔚 蟽蟿蠈蠂慰 蠈位蔚蟼 伪蠀蟿苇蟼 慰喂 喂未苇蔚蟼 谓伪 伪谓伪蠂胃慰蠉谓 蟽蔚 渭委伪 魏伪喂 渭蠈谓畏, 蠈蟿伪谓 魏伪喂 蔚蠁蠈蟽慰谓 蟽蠀谓未蔚胃慰蠉谓 魏伪喂 蟿伪尉喂谓慰渭畏胃慰蠉谓 魏伪蟿维 蟿慰 蟺蟻蠈蟿蠀蟺慰 蟿畏蟼 桅蠉蟽畏蟼 蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟼 蟿畏谓 慰位蠈蟿畏蟿伪 魏伪喂 蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟼 蟿伪 渭苇蟻畏 蟿畏蟼. 螝伪喂 蔚尉畏纬蔚委 蟺蠅蟼 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟺蟻慰蠇蟺慰胃苇蟿蔚喂:

"谓伪 蔚谓谓慰畏胃蔚委 蟿慰 蟺蟻维纬渭伪 蔚委蟿蔚 渭苇蟽蠅 蟿畏蟼 慰蠀蟽委伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 魏伪喂 渭蠈谓慰, 蔚委蟿蔚 渭苇蟽蠅 蟿畏蟼 维渭蔚蟽畏蟼 伪喂蟿委伪蟼 蟿慰蠀. 螖畏位伪未萎 伪谓 蟿慰 蟺蟻维纬渭伪 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 伪蠁蔚伪蠀蟿慰蠉 萎 蠈蟺蠅蟼 位苇纬蔚蟿伪喂 魏慰喂谓蠋蟼, 伪谓 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蠀蟿伪委蟿喂慰 (螛蔚蠈蟼) 蟿蠈蟿蔚 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蔚谓谓慰畏胃蔚委 渭苇蟽蠅 蟿畏蟼 慰蠀蟽委伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 魏伪喂 渭蠈谓慰. 螒位位维 伪谓 未蔚谓 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 伪蠁' 蔚伪蠀蟿慰蠉, 蟺伪蟻维 苇蠂蔚喂 伪谓维纬魏畏 伪蟺蠈 渭喂伪 伪喂蟿委伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 蠀蟺维蟻尉蔚喂, 蟿蠈蟿蔚 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蔚谓谓慰畏胃蔚委 未喂伪渭苇蟽慰蠀 蟿畏蟼 维渭蔚蟽畏蟼 伪喂蟿委伪蟼 蟿慰蠀. 螖喂蠈蟿喂 蠈谓蟿蠅蟼 畏 纬谓蠋蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位苇蟽渭伪蟿慰蟼 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿委蟺慰蟿蔚 维位位慰 蟺伪蟻维 畏 伪蟺蠈魏蟿畏蟽畏 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿蔚蟻畏 纬谓蠋蟽畏蟼 蟿畏蟼 伪喂蟿委伪蟼".

螤蠋蟼 慰蟻委味慰蠀渭蔚 位慰喂蟺蠈谓 蟿伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪; 螤慰喂苇蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 慰喂 蟺蟻慰蠇蟺慰胃苇蟽蔚喂蟼 蔚谓蠈蟼 慰蟻胃慰蠉 慰蟻喂蟽渭慰蠉; 危蟿伪 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬畏渭苇谓伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 蟺维谓蟿伪 谓伪 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚蟿伪喂 畏 维渭蔚蟽畏 伪喂蟿委伪 蟿慰蠀蟼, 谓伪 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰谓 慰蟻喂蟽渭蠈 蔚谓蠈蟼 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿慰蟼 (蠈蟿伪谓 蟿慰 蟺伪蟻伪蟿畏蟻慰蠉渭蔚 渭蔚渭慰谓蠅渭苇谓伪 魏伪喂 蠈蠂喂 蟽蔚 蟽蠀谓未蠀伪蟽渭蠈 渭蔚 维位位伪) 蠈位蔚蟼 慰喂 喂未喂蠈蟿畏蟿苇蟼 蟿慰蠀, 蔚谓蠋 蟽蟿伪 渭畏 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬畏渭苇谓伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 (蟽蟿慰 蟺蠋蟼 慰蟻委味慰蠀渭蔚 未畏位伪未萎 蟿慰谓 螛蔚蠈 渭蔚 伪蟺位维 位蠈纬喂伪) 未蔚谓 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰谓 慰蟻喂蟽渭蠈 谓伪 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 畏 蟺伪蟻伪渭喂魏蟻萎 伪渭蠁喂尾慰位委伪 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 蠉蟺伪蟻尉萎 蟿慰蠀 (蠉蟺伪蟻尉畏 魏伪喂 慰蠀蟽委伪 蟽蠀渭蟺委蟺蟿慰蠀谓), 胃伪 蔚尉畏纬蔚委蟿伪喂 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 委未喂慰 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰 螘委谓伪喂, 蠈位蔚蟼 慰喂 喂未喂蠈蟿畏蟿苇蟼 蟿慰蠀 胃伪 蟽蠀谓维纬慰谓蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰谓 慰蟻喂蟽渭蠈 蟿慰蠀 魏伪喂 未蔚谓 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚蟿伪喂 魏伪谓苇谓伪 慰蠀蟽喂伪蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟺慰蠀 谓伪 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 纬委谓蔚喂 蔚蟺委胃蔚蟿慰.

螔维蟽蔚喂 伪蠀蟿慰蠉 蟿慰 魏伪谓蠈谓伪 蔚蟺喂蠂蔚喂蟻蔚委 谓伪 慰蟻委蟽蔚喂 蟿慰 谓慰蠀 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿喂蟼 喂未喂蠈蟿畏蟿苇蟼 蟿慰蠀: 慰 谓慰蠀蟼 未喂伪胃苇蟿蔚喂 尾蔚尾伪喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪, 维位位蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 蟽蠂畏渭伪蟿委味蔚喂 魏伪蟿维 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰 伪蟺蠈位蠀蟿慰 魏伪喂 维位位蔚蟼 蟿畏蟼 蟽蠀谓维纬蔚喂 伪蟺蠈 维位位蔚蟼, 慰喂 伪蟺蠈位蠀蟿蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蔚魏蠁蟻维味慰蠀谓 蟿慰 维蟺蔚喂蟻慰, 慰 谓慰蠀蟼 蟽蠂畏渭伪蟿委味蔚喂 蟿喂蟼 胃蔚蟿喂魏苇蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蟺蟻喂谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿喂蟼 伪蟻谓畏蟿喂魏苇蟼, 伪谓蟿喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚蟿伪喂 蟿伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 苇谓伪谓 慰蟻喂蟽渭苇谓慰 伪蟻喂胃渭蠈, 魏伪胃慰蟻喂蟽渭苇谓畏 未喂维蟻魏蔚喂伪 魏伪喂 蟺慰蟽蠈蟿畏蟿伪, 慰喂 魏伪胃伪蟻苇蟼 魏伪喂 未喂伪魏蟻喂蟿苇蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蟽蠂畏渭伪蟿委味慰谓蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蔚渭维蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 委未喂慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 蔚尉伪蟻蟿蠋谓蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 未蠉谓伪渭畏 魏伪喂 胃苇位畏蟽畏, 蟿喂蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 蟺蟻伪纬渭维蟿蠅谓 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻慰魏蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 伪蟺蠈 维位位蔚蟼 喂未苇蔚蟼 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 蟽蠀位位维尾慰蠀渭蔚 渭蔚 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏慰蠉蟼 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰蠀蟼, 蠈蟽慰 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 慰喂 喂未苇蔚蟼 蔚魏蠁蟻维味慰蠀谓 蟿畏谓 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蔚谓蠈蟼 伪谓蟿喂魏蔚喂渭苇谓慰蠀, 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠈蟿蔚蟻蔚蟼 蔚委谓伪喂.

螚 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓畏 苇魏未慰蟽畏 蔚魏蟿蠈蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 渭蔚蟿维蠁蟻伪蟽畏 蟿畏蟼 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿蔚委伪蟼 渭蔚 蟺慰位位苇蟼 魏伪喂 蠂蟻萎蟽喂渭蔚蟼 蟺伪蟻伪蟺慰渭蟺苇蟼, 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚喂 蟺蟻蠈位慰纬慰 魏伪喂 蟽蠉谓慰蠄畏 蟿畏蟼 未慰渭萎蟼 蟿畏蟼 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿蔚委伪蟼, 苇谓伪 蔚魏蟿蔚谓苇蟽蟿伪蟿慰 蔚蟺委渭蔚蟿蟻慰 蠈蟺慰蠀 蔚蟺蔚尉畏纬蔚委 蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰 伪谓伪位蠀蟿喂魏维 魏伪喂 未委谓蔚喂 魏伪喂 魏维蟺慰喂伪 尾喂慰纬蟻伪蠁喂魏维 蟽蟿慰喂蠂蔚委伪 蟽蠂蔚蟿喂魏维 渭蔚 蟿畏 味蠅萎 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 蟿慰蠀 蠁喂位慰蟽蠈蠁慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 蟽蠂苇蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 魏伪蟻蟿蔚蟽喂伪谓萎 蠁喂位慰蟽慰蠁委伪 蟽蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 魏伪喂 伪蟽魏蔚委 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎, 魏伪胃蠋蟼 魏伪喂 蠂蟻慰谓慰位蠈纬喂慰, 蟺伪蟻维胃蔚蟽畏 纬蔚谓喂魏萎蟼 尾喂尾位喂慰纬蟻伪蠁委伪蟼 魏伪喂 蟺委谓伪魏伪 蠈蟻蠅谓.
Profile Image for Ahmed Oraby.
1,014 reviews3,153 followers
December 30, 2016
廿賳賴 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 兀賳 鬲丐賲賳貙 賱兀賳賴 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 兀賳 鬲胤賷毓.
賴賰鬲亘 毓賳賴. 賮賯胤 賱兀噩賱 丕賱兀賷丕賲 丕賱禺賵丕賱賷
Profile Image for Nourhan Khaled.
Author听1 book381 followers
April 13, 2022
"廿賳 兀氐毓亘 卮賷亍 賷丨賰賲賴 丕賱亘卮乇 賴賵 兀賱爻賳鬲賴賲貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳賰 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 乇睾亘丕鬲賴賲 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 鬲丨賰賲賴賲 賮賷 賰賱賲丕鬲賴賲."
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賷鬲丨丿孬 "爻亘賷賳賵夭丕" 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 毓賳 乇丐賷鬲賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賵丕賱氐丕丿賲丞 賱賱亘卮乇賷丞 賵賰卮賮 丨賯丕卅賯賴賲 賵兀賰丕匕賷亘賴賲,
賵賲丕賴賵 丕賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱氐丨賷丨 丕賱匕賷 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷鬲亘毓賴 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賱賰賷 賷氐賱 丕賱賶 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 丿賵賳 鬲氐賵乇丕鬲 禺丕胤卅丞 賵禺賷丕賱賷丞,
賵賰賷賮 賷賰賵賳 丕賱兀賳爻丕賳 賲購爻賷乇 鬲丨鬲 孬賱丕孬 兀卮賷丕亍 兀爻丕爻賷丞 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賴 賵賴賲, "丕賱孬乇丕亍 賵丕賱賲噩丿 賵丕賱睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱噩爻丿賷丞" 賵賰賷賮 賷鬲禺亘胤 胤賵丕賱 丨賷丕鬲賴 賮賷 丿賵丕賲丞 賲賳 丕賱噩卮毓 賵丕賱胤賲毓 丨賵賱 丕賱爻賱胤丞 賵兀賲鬲賱丕賰 丕賱賲丕賱 賵丕賱賲賰丕賳丞 丕賱兀噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞, 賵賰賷賮 賷毓賷卮 賳夭賵丕鬲賴 丿賵賳 賯賷賵丿 兀賵 賯賵丕賳賷賳
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賵丕賷囟丕賸 鬲胤乇賯 "爻亘賷賳賵夭丕" 亘氐賵乇丞 毓丕賲丞 毓賳 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱賮賰乇賷 丕賱禺丕氐 亘賴 賵丕賱匕賷 爻賵賮 賷賯賵丿 丨爻亘 兀毓鬲賯丕丿賴 丕賱賶 賮賴賲 丕賱毓賱丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賱賱丨賷丕丞 , 賵賰賷賮 賷賲賰賳賳丕 鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱睾丕賷丞 賲賳賴, 賵賲丕賴賷 氐賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱氐丨賷丨丞 賵丕賱兀丿乇丕賰丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶, 賲孬賱 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賵賴賲賷丞 丕賱亘丕胤賱丞 賵丕賱睾賵氐 賮賷 禺氐丕卅氐 丕賱毓賯賱 丕賱亘丕胤賳賷丞.

賴匕賴 賴賷 賯乇丕卅鬲賷 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賱賭"爻亘賷賳賵夭丕", 賵賰賳鬲 兀卮毓乇 亘丕賱囟賷丕毓 禺氐賵氐丕賸 廿賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 賷爻鬲賳噩丿 亘賲丐賱賮丕鬲 爻丕亘賯丞 賱賴, 賵賰兀賳賴 賷毓鬲賲丿賴丕 賰賭賲乇噩毓 賱賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 ,
賵賱賴匕丕 賰賳鬲 兀噩丿 賳賮爻賷 囟丕卅毓丞 賮賷 丕睾賱亘 丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲 ,,
賱丕 兀賳賰乇 兀賳 兀爻賱賵亘 "爻亘賷賳賵夭丕" 噩賲賷賱 賵爻賱爻 賵亘乇賷卅 , 鬲卮毓乇 兀賳賴 賲鬲氐丕賱丨 賲毓 丕賱噩賲賷毓 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 兀賳賴 賷賳賰乇 鬲氐乇賮丕鬲賴賲 賵賷鬲賲賳賶 兀賳 賷睾賷乇賵丕 賲賳 鬲賮賰賷乇賴賲 賱賱賲氐賱丨丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 ..
賵胤亘毓丕賸 賳乇賶 鬲兀孬乇 "爻亘賷賳賵夭丕" 丕賱賰亘賷乇 亘賮賱爻賮丞 賵兀乇丌亍 "丿賷賰丕乇鬲 ", 賵鬲卮丕亘賴 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 亘賷賳賴賲丕 賵賴匕丕 卮賷亍 胤亘賷毓賷 亘賲丕 兀賳賴 賰丕賳 兀丨丿 鬲賱丕賲匕鬲賴.

賮賷 兀睾賱亘 氐賮丨丕鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 賷鬲賲 匕賰乇 賰鬲丕亘 "丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丕鬲" , 毓賱賶 賲丕賷亘丿賵 兀賳賴 丨噩乇 丕賱兀爻丕爻 賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 "爻亘賷賳賵夭丕" .
乇亘賲丕 爻賵賮 兀噩丕夭賮 賵丕賯乇兀賴 賱毓賱賷 兀賯鬲乇亘 兀賰孬乇 賱賮賴賲 賰賱賲丕鬲賴 賵兀賮賰丕乇賴 丕賱毓賲賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賷匕賰乇賴丕 亘兀爻鬲賲乇丕乇 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱丨丕賱賷.

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"爻賷賰賵賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賲賰丕賳 兀爻毓丿 賱賵 丕賲鬲賱賰 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱氐賲鬲 亘賳賮爻 賯丿乇鬲賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱賰賱丕賲."
888 reviews101 followers
September 5, 2012
It is unfortunate that a lot of good philosophical thinking is undone by a few bad presuppositions. Such is the case with Benedictus de Spinoza's On the Improvement of the Understanding. This booklet is a great example of the extreme confidence in human rationality which characterized the Enlightenment (though it is not light reading)

For example, "The mind, in paying attention to a thing hypothetical or false, so as to meditate upon it and understand it, and derive the proper conclusions in due order therefrom, will readily discover its falsity"

or

"if we proceed with as little abstraction as possible, and begin from primary elements -- that is, from the source and origin of nature, as far back as we can reach -- we need not fear any deceptions"


In other words, if you think about something long enough, you can figure out what is false. This idea is patently false itself. Karl Marx thought about Marxism for a long, long time and STILL thought it would work.

What I thought was telling is that even this early in the age of confidence in reason, Spinoza has already realized that he needs an unshakable foundation to argue from. For the religious person, this is faith. But modern folks have forgotten Spinoza's lesson, that you can't know anything unless you can know something without doubt. And as Hume later shows, and Nietzsche with him, there is no way to prove anything without doubt.

My favorite quote is this
"happiness or unhappiness is made wholly dependent on the quality of the object which we love."
Profile Image for Mahmoud Aghiorly.
Author听3 books679 followers
July 21, 2018

賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 亘氐賵乇丞 毓丕賲丞 毓賳 丕賱賲賳賴噩 賮賷 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱匕賷 爻賵賮 賷賯賵丿 ( 亘丨爻亘 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 ) 廿賱賶 賮賴賲 丕賱毓賱丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賱賱丨賷丕丞 , 賵 賷賳胤賱賯 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲毓乇賷賮 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱睾丕賷丞 賲賳賴 賵 賲丕賴賷 氐賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱氐丨賷丨 廿賱賶 卮乇丨 丕賱賮乇賯 亘賷賳 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱氐丨賷丨丞 賵 丕賱丕丿乇丕賰丕鬲 丕賱丕禺乇賶 ,賲賳 賲孬賱 丕賱丕賮賰丕乇 丕賱賵賴賲賷丞 賵丕賱丕賮賰丕乇 丕賱亘丕胤賱丞 賵 賷睾賵氐 賮賷 禺氐丕卅氐 丕賱毓賯賱 賵 爻賲丕鬲賴 , 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲噩夭兀 廿賱賶 72 賮賯乇丞 , 賰賱 賮賯乇丞 鬲乇亘胤 亘賲丕 爻亘賯賴丕 賲賳 賮賯乇丕鬲 , 賰賲丕 鬲乇鬲亘胤 丕賱丨賱賯丞 亘爻賱爻賱丞 丕賱丨賱賯丕鬲 , 賵賷賲賰賳 丕毓丕丿丞 賯乇丕亍丞 賰賱 賮賯乇丞 亘廿爻賴丕亘 丨鬲賶 廿鬲賲丕賲賴丕 賵 賲賳 孬賲 丕賱賲囟賷 賯丿賲丕賸 丿賵賳 丕賳 賷卮毓乇 丕賱賯丕乇賶亍 亘兀賷 禺賱賱 , 賮丕賱賰丕鬲亘 廿爻鬲胤丕毓 賰鬲丕亘丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賷 賷噩毓賱 賯丕乇卅賴 賷氐毓丿 賲毓賴 , 賰賲丕 賷氐毓丿 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 丕賱丿乇噩 , 賮賷鬲丿乇賰 賲毓賴 賲賳 丕賱丕爻丕爻賷丕鬲 賵 丕賱鬲毓丕乇賷賮 丨鬲賶 丕賱毓賱賱 賵 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 , 氐丨賷丨 兀賳 亘丕賯賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賮賯賵丿 , 賵賱賰賳 賲丕 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賮 賱賰賷 賷禺乇噩 丕賱賯丕乇賶亍 亘兀賮賰丕乇 噩丿賷丿丞 , 禺丕氐丞 毓賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丨丿孬 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 毓賳 丕賱賲禺賷賱丞 賵 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 , 賮賷 丕賱禺鬲丕賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷爻賴賱 賱睾賷乇 丕賱賲禺鬲氐 賮賷 丕賱賲噩丕賱 兀賳 賷賯乇兀賴 , 賵 鬲賯賷賲賷 賱賱賰鬲丕亘 3/5


賲賯鬲胤賮丕鬲 賲賳 乇爻丕賱丞 賮賷 廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱毓賯賱 賱賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 丕賱賴賵賱賳丿賷 亘丕乇賵禺 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕
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丕賱賮賰乇 賷賳卮睾賱 亘孬賱丕孬 , 丕賱孬乇丕亍 賵丕賱賲噩丿 賵丕賱賱匕丞 丕賱丨爻賷丞 , 賵賴賷 鬲卮睾賱 丕賱賮賰乇 毓賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 丕賷 禺賷乇 丌禺乇 , 賮丕賱賳賮爻 鬲鬲毓賱賯 丕賱賱匕丞 賰賲丕 賱賵 賰丕賳鬲 賯丿 賵噩丿鬲 丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱匕賷 鬲乇鬲丕丨 丕賱賷賴 , 賮鬲賰賵賳 毓丕噩夭丞 丕賱賶 丕賯氐賶 丨丿 毓賳 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 禺賷乇 丌禺乇 , 賵賲賳 噩賴丞 丕禺乇賶 , 賷鬲賱賵 丕賱賲鬲毓丞 丨夭賳 卮丿賷丿 賷乇亘賰 丕賱賮賰乇 賵 賷囟毓賮賴 賵 賷孬亘胤賴 , 丕賲丕 丕賱爻毓賷 丕賱賶 丕賱孬乇丕亍 賵丕賱賲噩丿 , 賮賴賵 賱丕 賷卮睾賱 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賯賱 賲賳 丕賱賱匕丞 , 賵賱丕 爻賷賲丕 丕賱爻毓賷 丕賱賶 丕賱孬乇丕亍 , 丕匕丕 賰賳丕 賳亘丨孬 毓賳賴 賱匕丕鬲賴 , 賱丕賳賴 爻賷馗賴乇 丌賳匕丕賰 亘賲馗賴乇 丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱丕毓馗賲 , 賵丕賲丕 丕賱賲噩丿 , 賮賴賵 賷卮睾賱 丕賱賮賰乇 賵賷氐乇賮賴 毓賳 賰賱 卮賷亍 丌禺乇 , 賱丕賳賳丕 賳賳馗乇 廿賱賷賴 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 毓賱賶 丕賳賴 丕賱禺賷乇 亘匕丕鬲賴 賵毓賱賶 丕賳賴 丕賱睾丕賷丞 丕賱賯氐賵賶 丕賱鬲賷 鬲乇賲賷 廿賱賷賴丕 噩賲賷毓 丕毓賲丕賱賳丕 , 孬賲 丕賳 丕賱孬乇丕亍 賵丕賱賲噩丿 賱丕 賷毓賯亘賴賲丕 丕賱賳丿賲 , 賲孬賱賲丕 丕賱丨丕賱 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賱匕丞 , 亘賱 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 賲賳 匕賱賰 , 賰賱賲丕 夭丕丿 賮賵夭賳丕 亘兀丨丿賴賲丕 , 夭丕丿 卮毓賵乇賳丕 亘丕賱賮乇丨 , 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 丿兀亘賳丕 兀賰孬乇 賮兀賰孬乇 毓賱賶 賲囟丕毓賮鬲賴賲丕 , 賱賰賳 賱賵 卮丕亍鬲 亘毓囟 丕賱馗乇賵賮 兀賳 鬲禺賷亘 丌賲丕賱賳丕 , 賱丕賳鬲丕亘賳丕 丌賳匕丕賰 丨夭賳 卮丿賷丿 , 丕禺賷乇 賮廿賳 丕賱賲噩丿 賷賯賮 賴賵 丕賱丌禺賷乇 丨丕卅賱丕賸 賰亘賷乇丕賸 , 賱兀賳 丕賱賲噩丿 賷賯鬲囟賷 丕賱賮賵夭 亘賴 兀賳 賷賵噩賴 丕賱賲乇亍 丨賷丕鬲賴 賵賮賯丕 賱賲丕 賷乇丕賴 丕賱賳丕爻 , 兀賷 兀賳 賷鬲噩賳亘 賲丕 賷鬲噩賳亘賵賳賴 毓賲賵賲丕賸 賵 丕賳 賷爻毓賶 廿賱賶 賲丕 賷爻毓賵賳 廿賱賷賴
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廿匕丕 兀丨亘亘賳丕 卮賷卅丕賸 兀夭賱賷丕 賱丕 賲鬲賳丕賴賷丕 , 賮丨亘賳丕 賴匕丕 爻賷賲賱兀 兀賳賮爻賳丕 亘賴噩丞 禺丕賱氐丞 賲賳 賰賱 丨夭賳 , 賮賷賰賵賳 禺賱賷賯丕 亘兀賳 賳乇睾亘 賮賷賴 賵 賳卮鬲丕賯 廿賱賷賴 亘賰賱 賯賵丕賳丕 , 毓賱賶 毓賰爻 丨亘賳丕 賱賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱賮丕賳賷丞 , 賵賱賰賳 賲賴賲丕 賰丕賳 丕丿乇丕賰賷 賱賲丕 鬲賯丿賲 丕丿乇丕賰丕 賵丕囟丨丕賸 , 賮廿賳賷 賱賲 丕爻鬲胤毓 亘毓丿 丕賳 丕鬲禺賱賶 鬲賲丕賲丕 毓賳 丕賱禺賷乇丕鬲 丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 賵毓賳 丕賱賲賱匕丕鬲 賵丕賱賲噩丿
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廿鬲囟丨 賱賷 兀賳賴 賱丕 賲囟乇丞 賮賷 丕賱賰爻亘 賵丕賱賱匕丞 賵 丕賱賲噩丿 賲丕 賱賲 鬲賰賳 乇睾亘鬲賷 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱丕卮賷丕亍 賱匕丕鬲賴丕 賵 胤丕賱賲丕 賳馗乇鬲 廿賱賷賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賳賴丕 賵爻丕卅賱 賮賷 禺丿賲丞 睾丕賷丞 兀禺乇賶
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賮賷 丕孬賳丕亍 丕賳卮睾丕賱賳丕 賵 爻賴乇賳丕 毓賱賶 丕亘賯丕亍 丕賱毓賯賱 賮賷 丕賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱爻賵賷 , 賱丕 亘丿 賱賳丕 兀賳 賳毓賷卮 , 賵賱丕 亘丿 亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 丕賳 賳囟毓 毓丿丿丕 賲賳 丕賱賯賵丕毓丿 賵 賴賷 :-
- 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 丨丿賷孬賳丕 賮賷 賲爻鬲賵賶 毓丕賲丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賵 丕賳 賳爻賱賰 爻賱賵賰丕 賷乇賵賯 賱賴賲 賵賱丕 賷賲賳毓賳丕 賲賳 亘賱賵睾 賴丿賮賳丕 , 賮賳丨賳 賯丿 賳噩賳賷 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 匕賱賰 , 亘卮乇胤 丕賳 賳賳夭賱 毓賳丿 乇睾亘丕鬲賴賲 賯丿乇 丕賱丕賲賰丕賳 , 賴匕丕 賮囟賱丕賸 毓賳 丕賳賳丕 爻賳噩丿 亘賴匕賴 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丌匕丕賳丕 氐丕睾賷丞 賱賱丨賯賷賯丞
- 丕賳 賳鬲賲鬲毓 亘賲賱匕丕鬲 丕賱丿賳賷丕 賮賷 丨丿賵丿 賲丕 賷爻丕毓丿 毓賱賶 丨賮馗 丕賱氐丨丞
- 丕賱丕 賳乇睾亘 賮賷 丕賱賲丕賱 賵賱丕 賮賷 丕賷 禺賷乇 丌禺乇 丕賱丕 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷賮賷丿賳丕 賮賷 丨賮馗 丨賷丕鬲賳丕 賵氐丨鬲賳丕 賵 賮賷 丕賱丕賲鬲孬丕賱 賱胤亘丕卅毓 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲賳丕賯囟 賴丿賮賳丕
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丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 兀乇亘毓 :-
- 廿丿乇丕賰 賲賰鬲爻亘 亘丕賱爻賲毓 丕賵 亘賵丕爻胤丞 毓賱丕賲丞 丕氐胤賱丕丨賷丞 鬲賵丕囟毓賷丞 ( 賲孬賱 賲毓乇賮丞 賷賵賲 賲賷賱丕丿賰 賲賳 賵丕賱丿賷賰 )
- 廿丿丕乇賰 賲賰鬲爻亘 亘丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱賲亘賴賲丞 , 丕毓賳賷 亘鬲噩乇亘丞 賱丕 賷丨丿丿賴丕 丕賱毓賯賱 , 賵賴賷 鬲丿毓賶 賰匕賱賰 賱丕賳賴丕 丨丿孬鬲 丕鬲賮丕賯丕 賮賱賲 鬲賰匕亘賴丕 丕賷丞 鬲噩乇亘丞 賮亘賯賷鬲 乇丕爻禺丞 賮賷賳丕 ( 賲孬賱 丕賱賲賵鬲 )
- 廿丿乇丕賰 鬲爻鬲賳亘胤 賮賷賴 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱丕卮賷丕亍 賲賳 丕卮賷丕亍 丕禺乇賶 ( 賲孬賱 丕賱廿亘氐丕乇 )
- 廿丿乇丕賰 賱賱卮賷亍 亘賲丕賴賷鬲賴 賵丨丿賴丕 ( 賲孬賱 2+3 = 5 )
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賰賱賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕丨丕胤丞 丕賱賮賰乇 亘兀卮賷丕亍 兀賰孬乇 , 賰丕賳 賮賴賲賴 賱賯賵丕賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賵 賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賮賴賲丕 兀賮囟賱 , 賵賱賰賳 賰賱賲丕 賰丕賳 賮賴賲賴 賱賯賵丕賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賮賴賲丕 兀賮囟賱 , 爻賴賱 毓賱賷賴 丕賱鬲賵噩賴賵 丕賱爻賱賵賰 賵賮賯 賯賵丕毓丿 賲毓賷賳丞 , 賵賰賱賲丕 賰丕賳 賮賴賲賴 賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賮賴賲丕 丕賮囟賱 , 鬲賷爻乇 賱賴 鬲噩賳亘 丕賱鬲乇賴丕鬲
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毓賱賷賳丕 丕賳 賳爻賱賲 丕賳賴 賱丕 賲丨丕賱丞 賴賳丕賰 丕卮禺丕氐 毓賲賷丕賳 丕賱亘氐賷乇丞 , 爻賵丕亍 賲賳匕 賵賱丕丿鬲賴賲 丕賵 亘爻亘亘 丕賱丕丨賰丕賲 丕賱賲爻亘賯丞 , 丕賵 亘爻亘亘 亘毓囟 丕賱丕毓乇丕囟 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 , 賵賮毓賱丕 賮廿賳 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱丕卮禺丕氐 賱丕 賷卮毓乇賵賳 丨鬲賶 亘匕賵丕鬲賴賲 , 賮丕匕丕 丕孬亘鬲賵丕 丕賲乇丕 丕賵 卮賰賵丕 賮賷賴 , 賵噩丿鬲賴賲 賱丕 賷毓賲賱賵賳 丕賳賴賲 亘氐丿丿 丕賱丕孬亘丕鬲 丕賵 丕賱卮賰 , 孬賲 丕賳 鬲乇丕賴賲 賷賯賵賱賵賳 丕賳賴賲 賱丕 賷毓賱賲賵賳 卮賷卅丕 , 賵 賷氐丿毓賵賳 亘噩賴賱賴賲 亘毓丿賲 毓賱賲賴賲 賴匕丕 , 亘賱 丕賳賴賲 賱丕 賷鬲賮賵賴賵賳 亘匕賱賰 丕胤賱丕賯丕賸 , 賱丕賳賴賲 賷禺卮賵賳 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲 亘兀賳賴賲 賲賵噩賵丿賵賳 , 賵 丕賱丨丕賱 丕賳賴賲 賱丕 賷毓賱賲賵賳 卮賷卅丕賸 , 賵賴賰匕丕 賮賱丕 賲賳丕氐 賱賴賲 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丕賲乇 賲賳 賲賱丕夭賲丞 丕賱氐賲鬲 , 禺賵賮丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲 亘賲丕 賯丿 鬲卮鬲賲 毓賱賷賴 乇丕卅丨丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞
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賯丿乇丞 丕賱賮賰乇 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賵賴賲 鬲賰賵賳 兀毓馗賲 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷賰賵賳 賮賴賲賴 賱賱兀卮賷丕亍 兀賯賱 賵 廿丿乇丕賰賴 丕賱丨爻賷 賱賴丕 兀賰孬乇 , 賵 鬲賰賵賳 賯丿乇鬲賴 兀賯賱 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷夭丿丕丿 賮賴賲賴 賱賱兀卮賷丕亍
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丕賱賵賴賲 賱丕 賷賲賰賳賴 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 亘爻賷胤丕 , 賵 丕賳賲丕 賴賵 賷賳卮兀 毓賳 鬲乇賰賷亘 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱丕賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲禺鬲賱胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲毓賱賯 亘兀卮賷丕亍 兀賵 兀毓賲丕賱 賲鬲賳賵毓丞 賲賵噩賵丿丞 賮賷 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 , 亘賱 丕賳賴 賷賳卮兀 毓賳 賰賵賳賳丕 賳乇賰夭 賮賷 賵賯鬲 賵丕丨丿 毓賱賶 鬲賱賰 丕賱丕賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丿賵賳 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲 亘賴丕
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108 reviews10 followers
July 13, 2023
賱丕 兀馗賳 亘兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 鬲賯賱 兀賴賲賷鬲賴丕 毓賳 睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 賰鬲亘 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕. 賮賴賷 亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇 毓賳 賲賳賴噩賴 丕賱氐丕乇賲 賵賴賵 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷 丕賱賴賳丿爻賷 丕賱匕賷 胤亘賯賴 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯. 賮賴賷 賲丿禺賱 賱胤賷賮 賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲賴 賵賲丐賱賮丕鬲 賲毓賱賲賴 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 賮賴賲丕 丕爻鬲禺丿賲丕 匕丕鬲 丕賱賲賳賴噩 賱賷賳鬲賴賷丕 賱賳鬲賷噩丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕!
Profile Image for mohab samir.
432 reviews393 followers
June 30, 2016
賱丕 賷毓丿賵 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲賷亘 丕賳 賷賰賵賳 賲丿禺賱丕 兀賵 賲賯丿賲丞 兀賵 禺胤丞 賱賮賱爻賮丞 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賵丕賱鬲賶 爻賷鬲賳丕賵賱賴丕 賮賶 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱廿胤賷賯丕 兀賵 毓賱賲 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 .
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 睾賷乇 賰丕賲賱 賮賴賵 賷賳鬲賴賶 賮噩兀丞 賵賴賵 廿賲丕 賱賲 賷賰鬲賲賱 賵賴賵 丕賱廿丨鬲賲丕賱 丕賱兀乇噩丨 兀賵 兀賳 噩夭亍賸 賰亘賷乇丕賸 賯丿 賮賯丿 賲賳賴 .
廿賱丕 兀賳 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賯丿 鬲賳丕賵賱 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賲丨丕賵賱丕 鬲毓丿賷賱賴丕 禺氐賵氐丕 亘廿毓鬲亘丕乇賴丕 鬲毓乇賷賮丕鬲 禺丕胤卅丞 兀賵 賳丕賯氐丞 . 賰賲孬丕賱 鬲毓乇賷賮賴 賱丨賯賷賯丞 丕賱卮賶亍 亘兀賳賴丕 賴賶 匕丕鬲賴丕 丕賱賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 賱賱卮賶亍 .賵兀賳賳丕 廿匕丕 兀乇丿賳丕 兀賳 賳毓胤賶 鬲毓乇賷賮丕賸 賲毓賷賳丕賸 氐丨賷丨丕賸 賱卮賶亍 賲丕 賮毓賱賷賳丕 兀賵賱丕 兀賳 賳鬲毓乇賮 廿賱賶 賲丕賴賷鬲賴 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 匕賵 賲丕賴賷丞 賲爻鬲賯賱丞 兀賶 廿匕丕 鬲囟賲賳鬲 賲丕賴賷鬲賴 毓賱丞 賵噩賵丿賴 兀賵 兀賳 賳鬲毓乇賮 廿賱賶 毓賱鬲賴 丕賱賵丕囟丨丞 廿匕丕 賱賲 賷賲賱賰 賲丕賴賷丞 兀賵 賵噩賵丿丕賸 賲爻鬲賯賱丕賸 .
賵賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 兀賵 丕賱毓賱丞 丕賱氐丨賷丨丞 賷鬲胤賱亘 賲賳賴噩丕 賮賰乇賷丕 賵丕賱賲賳賴噩 毓賳丿 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賴賵 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱鬲兀賲賱賷丞 匕丕鬲賴丕 賵賴賵 賱丕 賷賳鬲噩 廿賱丕 毓賳 丕賱賮賰乇 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿爻鬲賳亘丕胤賴 賲賳 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賵賴賵 賱丕 賷乇鬲賰夭 毓賱賶 丕賱卮賰 丕賱賮賱爻賮賶 丕賱賲胤賱賯 賰賲丕 毓賳丿 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 亘賱 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 賮賴賵 賷賳賯丿 賲孬賱 匕賱賰 丕賱卮賰 賮賱丕 賵賯鬲 賱丿賷賳丕 賱賴 賮賶 乇丨賱丞 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賮丕賱丨賯丕卅賯 毓賳丿賴 丿丕卅賲丕賸 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 賲亘丕丿賶亍 亘爻賷胤丞 賵丕囟丨丞 亘匕丕鬲賴丕 兀賵 賲亘丕丿賶亍 賲乇賰亘丞 亘卮賰賱 爻賱賷賲 賲賳 丕賱賲亘丕丿賶亍 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 .
賵賴賵 賷賲賷夭 丕賱賲禺賷賱丞 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賲賳 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 賵賷賲賷夭 賰賱丕賴賲丕 賲賳 丕賱毓賯賱 賵賷噩毓賱 賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱禺丕胤卅丞 兀賵賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱賲禺賷賱丞 丕賱鬲賶 賯丿 鬲賯賵賲 亘鬲乇賰賷亘 丕賱賲亘丕丿賶亍 亘卮賰賱 禺丕胤賶亍 賵睾賷乇 賲賳胤賯賶 賵孬丕賳賷丕賸 賲賳 丕賱賰賱賲丕鬲 丕賱鬲賶 賷鬲賮賯 丕賱毓丕賲丞 毓賱賶 廿爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴丕 賵丕賱鬲賶 賰孬賷乇丕 賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 賰賱賲丕鬲 賯丕氐乇丞 兀賵 賲賮丕賴賷賲 賲睾賱賵胤丞 ( 乇丕噩毓 兀賵賴丕賲 丕賱爻賵賯 賱丿賶 鬲賵賲丕爻 賴賵亘夭 ) 賲賲 賷毓賵賯 丕賱鬲賯丿賲 丕賱爻賱爻 賳丨賵丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 丕賱兀亘爻胤 賵丕賱兀賵囟丨 毓賱賶 丕賱廿胤賱丕賯 .
賵賴賳丕 賷丨丕賵賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 兀賳 賷噩毓賱 丨賯賷賯丞 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴 賲亘丿兀 賮賱爻賮鬲賴 丕賱兀賵賱 賵丕賱兀賵囟丨 賮賴賵 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷賳卮賶亍 賲賳賴噩丕 賷賵賱丿 兀賮賰丕乇丕賸 鬲爻賷乇 賮賶 鬲爻賱爻賱賴丕 賲毓 賲丕 賮賶 丕賱賵噩賵丿 丕賱賵丕賯毓賶 賲賳 鬲爻賱爻賱 賵賴賵 賷毓賷亘 毓賱賶 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷賷賳 丕賱亘丿亍 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵氐賵賱丕 廿賱賶 丕賱賱賴 賮賴賲 亘匕賱賰 賷賯賱亘賵賳 爻賷乇 丕賱賵噩賵丿.
賵賳噩丿賴 賮賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕囟毓 賷賳鬲賯丿 亘毓囟 賯賵丕毓丿 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱丿賷賰丕乇鬲賶 兀賵 廿爻鬲賳鬲丕噩丕鬲賴 兀賵 賷胤賵乇賴丕 亘丕賱廿爻鬲賮丕囟丞 . 賮賴賵 賲孬賱丕 賷賳鬲賯丿 亘卮賰賱 睾賷乇 氐乇賷丨 丕賱賯賵賱 丕賱丿賷賰丕乇鬲賶 亘丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱賲賵噩賵丿丞 賮賶 丕賱匕賴賳 賲爻亘賯丕賸 賵賴賶 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱鬲賶 賱丿賷賳丕 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 毓賳賴丕 乇睾賲 兀賳賳丕 賱賲 賳禺鬲亘乇賴丕 賮賴匕丕 賷噩毓賱賳丕 賳氐丿賯 賲丕 鬲賯丿賲賴 賱賳丕 賲禺賷賱丕鬲賳丕 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 賲毓乇賮丞 賲爻亘賯丞 賰鬲禺賷賱賳丕 賱卮噩乇丞 鬲鬲賰賱賲 兀賵 乇噩賱 賷胤賷乇 .
賰賲丕 賷賳鬲賯丿 丕賱廿賲鬲丿丕丿 丕賱丿賷賰丕乇鬲賶 亘廿毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱兀噩爻丕賲 賵丕賱兀卮賰丕賱 賵賴賵 賱丕 賷毓鬲亘乇賴 爻賵賶 禺丕氐賷丞 賱賱兀噩爻丕賲 賵賱賷爻 賲丕賴賷鬲賴丕 賵賷卮丿丿 毓賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲賮乇賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱禺丕氐賷丞 賵丕賱賲丕賴賷丞 賮丕賱禺丕氐賷丞 賱丕 鬲毓丿賵 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 毓乇囟丕 賱賱賲丕賴賷丞 丕賱鬲賶 鬲爻亘亘 賵噩賵丿 丕賱噩爻賲 兀賵 丕賱卮賰賱 匕丕鬲賴 .
賵兀禺賷乇丕賸 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 鬲毓乇賮 丕賱毓賯賱 匕丕鬲賴 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 爻乇丿 賱亘毓囟 丕賱禺賵丕氐 丕賱鬲賶 兀丿乇賰賴丕 賮賷賴 賵賮賶 賲賳鬲氐賮 丨丿賷孬賴 毓賳賴丕 賷賳鬲賴賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮噩兀丞 . 賱賰賳 賲丕 賳胤賲卅賳 賱賴 兀賳 賮賱爻賮丞 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賰丕賲賱丞 賲鬲囟賲賳賴 賮賶 賲卮乇賵毓賴 丕賱兀賰亘乇 毓賱賲 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 .
Profile Image for Bella.
97 reviews
January 5, 2023
the idea of peter 鉂� the idea of the idea of Peter 鉁�
circles!
riches, fame, and sensual pleasures 馃懝

spinoza makes me angry. he was being too abstract and optimistic. also felt like he was trying to be pedantic but couldn鈥檛 lol.
Profile Image for Fahema  Mahmoud.
46 reviews161 followers
February 7, 2025
賲卮 賳賵毓賷 丕賱賲賮囟賱 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲亘 賱賱兀爻賮
Profile Image for Dario.
40 reviews27 followers
Read
April 18, 2020
Spinoza was a real sweetheart; one can't help but admire and sympathise with the enthusiasm with which he endeavors after truth. On the Improvement of the Understanding was one of his earliest writings; it was never completed. A lot of what he discusses and explores here would be more thoroughly developed in his masterpiece, The Ethics. Indeed, this book provides the Spinoza fan with many fascinating insights into some of his most impressive and lauded notions, presented here in their germinal form. One can already find the sketches for ideas such as the parallelism of EIIP7, the conceptualisation of acting vs. being acted upon, monism, the associative nature of memory, and the internal positivity of ideas.

Spinoza wants to understand the power of the understanding, as far as the understanding can be understood... And he wants to help us get there too. As is befitting an enlightenment era philosopher, the standard of truth is paramount to him. Indeed, one can imagine a devilish smirk lighting his face as he writes of the Skeptics: "If they affirm or doubt anything, they know not that they affirm or doubt: they say that they know nothing, and they say that they are ignorant of the very fact of their knowing nothing. Even this they do not affirm absolutely, they are afraid of confessing that they exist, so long as they know nothing; in fact, they ought to remain dumb, for fear of haply supposing something which should smack of truth."

Later on, in the Ethics, Spinoza will tweak and redefine his notions regarding truth, falsity and fiction. Here, as pertains to true ideas, he seems to be saying that they must either be conceived through their essences or through their proximate causes. As I grasp it, essence-ideas are those which are known through themselves... perhaps we can say that this is an intuitive knowledge; these ideas need not be explained by anything outside of themselves. The two sides of the cogito seem to give us examples of this: whilst I am existing I cannot deny or hypothesize upon whether or not I exist; likewise, whilst I am thinking. Another example that I like to spin around in my brain is that I cannot deny that my thirst is quenched when it is quenched. Each of these cases seem to represent inner truths. The idea in our mind here has precisely no difference to the experience; the thought in our mind is a pure representation of the experience.

As pertains to knowledge through proximate cause, Spinoza again gives us a very convincing example. He tells us that a true definition of any thing must encompass its proximate cause; it must not merely explain its properties. Saying that a circle is "a figure such that all straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference are equal" clearly does not contain the cause of the circle, it merely points out an extrinsic characteristic. On the other hand, a true definition of a circle would be "the figure described by any line whereof one end is fixed and the other free." Could a skeptic respond?
Profile Image for Garth.
273 reviews1 follower
December 28, 2012
Spinoza's philosophy encompasses nearly every area of philosophical discourse, including metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, philosophy of mind and philosophy of science. It earned Spinoza an enduring reputation as one of the most important and original thinkers of the seventeenth century.

Samuel Shirley, who translated Spinoza's complete works into English, summed up the significance of Spinoza's philosophy as follows:

To my mind, although Spinoza lived and thought long before Darwin, Freud, Einstein, and the startling implications of quantum theory, he had a vision of truth beyond what is normally granted to human beings.[1]

Spinoza's philosophy is largely contained in two books: the Theologico-Political Treatise, and the Ethics. The former was published during his lifetime, but the latter, which contains the entirety of his philosophical system in its most rigorous form, was not published until after his death in 1677. The rest of the writings we have from Spinoza are either earlier, or incomplete, works expressing thoughts that were crystallized in the two aforementioned books (e.g., the Short Treatise and the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect), or else they are not directly concerned with Spinoza's own philosophy (e.g., The Principles of Cartesian Philosophy and The Hebrew Grammar). He also left behind many letters that help to illuminate his ideas and provide some insight into what may have been motivating his views.
Profile Image for Ahmed Fathy.
140 reviews43 followers
August 21, 2019
first book in vacation
it's a very short preview for all Spinoza's philosophy not only this book
1- Spinoza's Metaphysics
we can deal with Spinoza's rational philosophy as a stoic pantheism as a part of speculative metaphysics of 17th century like Decart's and Leibniz's metaphysics . his metaphysics depends mainly on scientific method on proving the double aspect monism view of world .
Spinoza's world consists of one all-inclusive being substance of TWO attributes :
1-Thought which is conscious intelligible organization of world
2-Extension which is material existence
God for the Spinoza is the only overall infinite truth . other conditions can be described as a finite moments of thought or physical condition in the all inclusive one (God) .
so we can consider modes ( today or yesterday thoughts or bodily condition ) as a modifications or changes within an infinite non changeable all-inclusive truth (god) .


2-Spinoza's Epistemology :

there are three kinds of knowledge
A-opinion : referring to senses experiences for him this kind isn't reliable can lead us to delusions
B- imagination : it's some sort of knowledge we gain by deduction and can mislead us in different sites
C-Reason : is the clear indistinct knowledge
like knowledge we find in mathematic
for him we find truth only this sort of knowledge



Spinoza's Ethics :

Spinoza's find that Good and evil is some sort of imagination . we are confused when we see that some act is a good and other is bad .
our pleasure comes only when our will coincides with nature of world when we realize that our finite thought or acts is determined by previous mode of nature or thought which is all-inclusive in god's essence .
Profile Image for 赖赛赌亘赌賻赌赌赖鈥嵸捹赌.
66 reviews51 followers
January 14, 2025

鈾♀仼賰賵丕賱賷爻 賴亘賵賷丞 睾賷乇 賴丕賲丞鈾♀仼
亘丿兀鬲 乇丨賱鬲賷 丕賱丕賳噩匕丕亘賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱爻賷丿 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賲毓 兀禺賷 丕賱賮丕囟賱 賳賵乇. 賵鬲爻丕亍賱鬲 賮賷 賳賮爻賷: 賴賱 賷毓賯賱 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 亘賲孬賱 鬲賱賰賲丕 丕賱毓亘賯乇賷丞 賵丕賱爻賲賵 丕賱賮乇賷丿鬲賷賳 丕賱鬲賷 賷丨賰賷賴丕責 丨爻賳賸丕貙 賱鬲亘丿兀 乇丨賱鬲賷 賲毓 "丕賱兀禺賱丕賯" 賲毓 兀賳賴 兀孬賯賱 賲丐賱賮丕鬲賴! 賱賰賳 賮囟賵賱賷 丕賱卮丿賷丿 賵賳夭毓鬲賷 丕賱賲鬲丨丿賷丞 噩毓賱鬲賳賷 兀賳丿賮毓 丿賮毓賸丕 賱兀丿睾丕賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賮匕丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 _賰賲丕 賯賷賱_!听

賵 賴賵賵賵賵亘 兀賱丕賯賷 賳賮爻賷 丕鬲丕禺丿鬲 夭丨賱賷賯丞 噩賵丕 賲鬲丕賴丕鬲 賴賳丿爻賷丞 廿賯賱賷丿爻賷丞 賱毓賷賳丞 _賱賰賳 賲卮 毓乇賮丞 賱賷賴 賮賰乇鬲賳賷 亘丕賱賲氐賮賵賮丞 丕賱噩亘乇賷丞 賲毓 匕賱賰_丕賱賲賴賲 賮噩兀丞 賮賱丕卮 亘丕賰 賱賲丌爻賷 丕賱兀囟賱丕毓 賵丕賱丿賵丕卅乇 賵賱丕賯鬲賳賷 亘賵丕噩賴 鬲乇賵賲丕鬲賷 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 賵賴賷 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 丕賳賯囟丕囟 鬲丕賲 毓賱賷丕 亘卮賰賱 睾賷乇 賲鬲賵賯毓. 賱賲 鬲氐賲丿 廿乇丕丿鬲賷 丕賱賰鬲賰賵鬲賷丞 賵毓賯賱賷 亘丿兀 賷丿賵乇 賵丿禺賱鬲 賮賷 賳賵亘丞 賴匕賷丕賳 賲乇賷乇丞. 賮氐乇丕丨丞 丕賳亘胤丨鬲 氐乇賷毓丞 賲毓 兀賵賱 噩賵賱丞 兀賯氐丿 賮氐賱.. 兀賷兀爻責 賱丕 胤亘毓賸丕! 鬲賲乇 丕賱兀賷丕賲 賵兀毓丿 毓丿鬲賷 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 亘賰賱 丕爻鬲賲丕鬲丞 賱兀禺賵囟 亘毓丿 賳氐賮 爻賳丞 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 孬丕賳賷丞貙 兀毓丕賮乇 賮賷 亘囟毓 氐賮丨丕鬲貙 兀丨丕賵賱 丕賱鬲孬亘鬲 亘賰賱 胤丕賯鬲賷貙 賱賰賳 賰賲丕 賴賵 賲鬲賵賯毓 兀毓賱賳 丕賱乇丕賷丞 丕賱亘賷囟丕亍 兀禺賷乇賸丕. 賯丿乇鬲賷 丕賱亘賷 丿賷 廿賮賷賴 賱丕 鬲丨鬲賲賱! 賱賰賳賷 鬲賵氐賱鬲 賱爻賱丕丨 亘廿匕賳 丕賱賱賴 賯丿 賷爻丕毓丿 賲爻鬲賯亘賱丕賸 賮賷 賲丨丕賵賱鬲賷 丕賱孬丕賱孬丞. 兀賳賴 賷丨鬲丕噩 丕賱賲乇亍 亘噩丕賳亘 亘乇丕賲賷賱 丕賱賯賴賵丞 賵丕賱氐亘乇 賳爻禺丞 賵乇賯賷丞貙 賵賯丿 兀賱噩兀 賱鬲賮賰賷賰 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨鬲賶貙 賱鬲亘賯賶 丕賱賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賵丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 兀賲丕賲賷 兀賵賱賸丕 亘兀賵賱.. 廿賱賶 丨賷賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀乇丿 賮賷賴丕 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賷 賵兀噩賷亘 "丕賱兀禺賱丕賯" 賮 卮賵丕賱貙 賱丌禺匕 丕賱丌賳 睾乇夭鬲賷賳 賱賰乇丕賲鬲賷 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 丕賱賲賳鬲賴賰丞 賵賳丨丕賵賱 "賮賷 廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱毓賯賱"..

鈾♀仼丕賳賮毓丕賱 匕丕鬲賷 丨賵賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕鈾♀仼
匕丕賰 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱匕賷 兀乇丕丿 丕賱鬲賮賱鬲 賲賳 爻賮丕爻賮 丕賱丨賯丕卅賯 丕賱賲賱鬲亘爻丞 廿賱賶 丨賯賷賯丞 兀爻賲賶貙 禺丕賱丿丞貙 鬲爻丕賲賶 毓賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱鬲胤亘賷賯 賱胤賯賵爻 爻乇毓丕賳 賲丕 賲禺賷禺賴 丕賱氐睾賷乇 爻鬲噩毓賱賴丕 禺丕乇噩 賳胤丕賯 丕賱賵毓賷貙 賵鬲購賲丕乇爻 亘丌賱賷丞 睾賷乇 毓賯賱賷丞 禺丕賲賱丞. 乇賮囟 丕賱丿禺賵賱 賮賷 丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱丕毓鬲賷丕丿 丕賱卮毓丕卅乇賷 兀賵 丕賱鬲爻賱賷賲 亘賲賮丕賴賷賲 賲賯賵賱亘丞 賯丿 鬲賴丿卅 賮夭毓 丕賱賲噩賴賵賱 亘賲丐賲賳賷賴丕 賱賰賳賴丕 賱賳 鬲賳賷乇 兀亘丿賸丕 噩匕賵丞 丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 賮賷 賯賱亘賴! 兀乇丕丿 丕賱丕鬲賯丕丿丞 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賳 鬲禺賮鬲 賲胤賱賯賸丕. 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 亘丨孬 毓賳 廿賰爻賷乇 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賱賰賳 丕賱睾賷乇 賲毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 丕賱" quantity" 亘賱 丕賱 "quality". 廿賰爻賷乇 賷噩毓賱 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丨賷丕丞 亘賰賷賮 賵夭禺賲 乇亘丕賳賷 賱丕賳賴丕卅賷. 賱賲 賷賰賳 亘爻匕丕噩丞 鬲噩毓賱賴 賷禺賱毓 廿賳爻丕賳賷鬲賴貙 賮賱賲 賷禺氐賽 卮賴賵丕鬲賴貙 賵賱賲 賷賲賯鬲 賲鬲胤賱亘丕鬲 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱賮丕賳賷丞貙 亘賱 噩毓賱賴丕 賲噩丕丿賷賮 賱賲乇賰亘賴 丕賱亘丨孬賷 毓賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賵噩賵丿 丕賱兀毓馗賲 丕賱賱丕賳賴丕卅賷. 鬲賷賯賳 兀賳 丨賷孬 丕賱賮囟賷賱丞 鬲賰賲賳 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞貙 賵丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱兀毓馗賲 賴賵 丕賱賲毓賳賶 賵丕賱睾丕賷丞. 賰丕賳 賵丨賷丿賸丕貙 胤賷亘賸丕貙 亘乇睾賲 丕賱鬲夭丕賲賴 丕賱賯丕爻賷 亘丕賱毓賯賱 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 睾丿丕 丨丕賱賲賸丕 賮賷 卮賷亍 賯氐賷賾 賱賳 賷購胤丕賱! 兀毓鬲賯丿 兀賳賴 賰丕賳 賷毓賱賲 賴匕賴 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞貙 兀賷 兀賳賴 爻賷鬲賱丕卮賶 賯亘賱 丕賱毓孬賵乇 毓賱賷賴! 賱賰賳 賱賲丕 亘丿兀 乇丨賱丞 賱賳 賷氐賱 賱賳賴丕賷鬲賴丕責 賱兀賳 賴匕賴 賴賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 亘亘爻丕胤丞貙 丨賰丕賷丞 賲賮鬲賵丨丞貙 賵賴賵 丕禺鬲丕乇 丨賰丕賷鬲賴貙 賴賷 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 賴匕丕 丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱賲胤賱賯貙 賴賰匕丕 賵噩丿 賲毓賳賶 賲賳 兀噩賱 兀賳 賷爻鬲賷賯馗 賵賷鬲睾賱亘 毓賱賶 賱丕賲賳胤賯賷丞 丕賱毓賵丕乇囟 丕賱丿賳賷賵賷丞.
賱丕 兀鬲匕賰乇 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 廿賱丕 賵丕爻鬲丨囟乇 賲賯賵賱丞 賱亘賷丿 亘賳 乇亘賷毓丞:
兀賻賱丕 賰購賱購賾 卮賻賷亍賺 賲丕 禺賻賱丕 丕賱賱賻賴賻 亘丕胤賽賱購 * 賵賻賰購賱購賾 賳賻毓賷賲賺 賱丕 賲賻丨丕賱賻丞賻 夭丕卅賽賱購


鈾♀仼賮賱爻賮丞 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 "賵丨丿丞 丕賱賵噩賵丿"鈾♀仼
-丕賱賱賴 賲賲孬賱 賮賷 賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵賱賷爻 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞貙 賷毓賳賷 賱賷爻 賮賷 丕賱卮噩乇丞 賲孬賱丕賸 丕賵 丕賱氐禺乇丞貙 賮賴賵 毓賳氐乇 賵噩賵賴乇 賱丕賲丕丿賷貙 賱丕 賲鬲賳丕賴賷貙 亘爻賷胤 睾賷乇 賲鬲毓丿丿貙 卮丕賲賱 賵毓丕賲貙 睾賷乇 賲卮禺氐 兀賵 賲噩爻丿.
賵賲賳賴 丕賳胤賱賯 廿賱賶 "賵丨丿丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳" 兀賷 兀賳 丕賱賳賮爻 賵丕賱噩爻丿 賲賮賴賵賲 兀丨丕丿賷 賱賰賳 賲賳 賵噩賴賷賳: 丕賲鬲丿丕丿 噩爻丿賷 禺丕乇噩賷貙 賵廿丿乇丕賰 匕賴賳賷 丿丕禺賱賷. 廿匕賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賲丨丕氐乇"噩亘乇賷賸丕" 亘賷賳 賲賳馗賵賲丞 禺丕乇噩賷丞 "賯賵丕賳賷賳 兀亘丿賷丞 胤亘賷毓賷丞 睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱丕禺鬲乇丕賯"貙 賵兀禺乇賶 丿丕禺賱賷丞 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 爻乇賲丿賷丞 "丕賱睾乇丕卅夭貙 賵丕賱毓賵丕胤賮".
-兀乇丕丿 兀賳 賷賮賴賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞貙 賵賲賳賴丕 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 丕賱賰賲丕賱貙 廿賱賶 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞. 賷亘丿兀 賷鬲胤賴賷乇 丕賱毓賯賱 賲賳 丕賱禺乇丕賮丕鬲貙 賱賰賳賴 賱丕 賷爻亘丨 賮賷 賮賱賰 丕賱鬲噩乇賷丿 賵丕賱賲孬丕賱賷丕鬲 丕賱賱丕丕賳爻丕賳賷丞! 賮丕賱毓賷卮 丕賱賲丕丿賷 囟乇賵乇丞 亘卮乇賷丞貙 賵賱丕亘丿 賲賳 鬲賵噩賴 賮胤乇賷 賳丨賵 丕賱丕賳噩丕夭丕鬲 賵丕賱賳噩丕丨丕鬲貙 賵鬲禺鬲賱賮 賴匕賴 丕賱胤賲賵丨丕鬲 賵丕賱乇睾亘丕鬲
賵丕賱賲禺丕賵賮貙 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 兀睾賱亘賴丕 鬲丕賮賴 _亘氐賵乇丞 賳爻亘賷丞_ 賱賰賳 乇睾賲 鬲賲丕賷夭 匕賱賰 賰賱賴貙 毓賱賷賳丕 噩賲賷毓丕賸 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賴丿賮賳丕 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷 賴賵 禺賷乇 丨賯賷賯賷 兀毓馗賲貙 囟乇賵乇鬲賴 賱丕 鬲鬲賵賯賮 毓賱賶 兀賷 卮賷亍 兀賵 卮乇胤貙 禺賷乇 兀爻賲賶 賲胤賱賯賸丕貙 賲賲賰賳賸丕貙 賷夭賴丿 丕賱賲乇亍 賮賷 賰賱 卮賷亍 毓丿丕賴.

賱賰賳 賴賱 賷鬲賳丕夭賱 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓賳 丕賱孬丕亘鬲 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 賲丕 賱賲 賷孬亘鬲責
賲丕匕丕 賱賵 鬲賳丕夭賱鬲 毓賳 丕賱孬丕亘鬲 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 禺賷乇 睾賷乇 孬丕亘鬲 賮廿匕丕 亘廿丿乇丕賰賰 兀賳 匕丕賰 丕賱禺賷乇 賴賵 賴賵 賲丕 鬲賳丕夭賱鬲 毓賳賴 亘丿丕賷丞賸責
兀賵 賲丕匕丕 賱賵 賱賲 鬲鬲賳丕夭賱 毓賳 丕賱孬賵丕亘鬲 賵馗賱賱鬲 胤賵丕賱 丨賷丕鬲賰 鬲亘丨孬 毓賳 匕丕賰 丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱睾賷乇 賲賱賲賵爻 賮賷 賵丕賯毓賰 丕賱睾賷乇 孬丕亘鬲責
賷噩賷亘 賮賷賱爻賵賮賳丕: 兀賳 丕賱丨賱 賴賵 鬲兀爻賷爻 丨賷丕丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賲毓 丕賱亘賯丕亍 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞貙 兀賷 丕賱鬲賵賮賷賯 亘賷賳 賲丕 兀賳鬲 毓賱賷賴 賵賲丕 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳貙 "亘賷賳 丕賱賲賵噩賵丿 賵丕賱賲賳卮賵丿". 賲丕 賴匕賴 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 丕賱賲賳胤賯賷丞 丕賱賲鬲夭賳丞!

听鈾♀仼賳馗乇鬲賴 丕賱乇丕卅毓丞 賮賷 丕賱禺賷乇 睾賷乇 丕賱孬丕亘鬲:鈾♀仼
- 丕賱孬乇丕亍貙 丕賱賲噩丿貙 丕賱賱匕丞 丕賱丨爻賷丞( 兀賰賱貙 賳賵賲貙 噩賳爻)
廿匕丕 氐丕乇鬲 睾丕賷丞 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴丕貙 賷氐亘丨 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓亘丿賸丕 賱賴丕貙 亘亘爻丕胤丞.. 賱丕 賷丕 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賱賳賰賳 兀賰孬乇 丿賯丞貙 賷氐亘丨 "丿丕亘丞"!
"兀賻賮賻乇賻兀賻賷賿鬲賻 賲賻賳賽 丕鬲賻賾禺賻匕賻 廿賽賱賻侔賴賻賴購 賴賻賵賻丕賴購 賵賻兀賻囟賻賱賻賾賴購 丕賱賱賻賾賴購 毓賻賱賻賶侔 毓賽賱賿賲賺 賵賻禺賻鬲賻賲賻 毓賻賱賻賶侔 爻賻賲賿毓賽賴賽 賵賻賯賻賱賿亘賽賴賽 賵賻噩賻毓賻賱賻 毓賻賱賻賶侔 亘賻氐賻乇賽賴賽 睾賽卮賻丕賵賻丞賸 賮賻賲賻賳 賷賻賴賿丿賽賷賴賽 賲賽賳 亘賻毓賿丿賽 丕賱賱賻賾賴賽 蹥 兀賻賮賻賱賻丕 鬲賻匕賻賰賻賾乇購賵賳賻"

鬲賵囟賷丨 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓亘賵丿賷丞:听
佟賭 丕賱賱匕丞 丕賱丨爻賷丞: 賲孬丕賱 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞: 亘毓丿 丕賱丕賳鬲賴丕亍 賲賳賴丕 賷氐賷亘 丕賱賮乇丿 丨夭賳賸丕 卮丿賷丿賸丕 賷乇亘賰 丕賱賮賰乇 賵賷囟毓賮 丕賱廿丿乇丕賰! _ 鬲賲丕賲賸丕 賰賲丕 爻賷噩賷亍 卮賵亘賳賴丕乇 亘毓丿 賯乇賳 賵賷鬲丨賮賳丕 亘乇丐賷鬲賴 丕賱亘丕賳丿賵賱賷丞 賱賱丨賷丕丞 賲丕 亘賷賳 丕賱賱匕丞 賵丕賱賲賱賱_
佗- 丕賱賲噩丿: 爻噩賳 賷胤丕賱亘賰 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 鬲丨賯賷賯賴 禺賵囟 賰賱 丕賱卮乇賵乇貙 孬賲 爻賷噩毓賱 丨賷丕鬲賰 丕賳毓賰丕爻 賱賲丕 賷乇丕賴 丕賱丌禺乇賵賳 賱丕 兀賰孬乇.听
伲- 丕賱孬乇丕亍: 丕匕丕 賰丕賳 睾丕賷丞貙 爻賷賮賯丿賰 廿賳爻丕賳賷鬲賰 賵鬲鬲丨賵賱 賰賱亘賸丕 賲爻毓賵乇賸丕.
-廿匕賳 丕賱賱匕丞 丕賱丨爻賷丞 賷毓賯亘賴丕 賳丿賲 賵丨夭賳 賵賲賱賱貙 賵丕賱賲噩丿 賵丕賱孬乇丕亍 賱賴丕孬 噩丨賷賲賷 賲爻鬲賲乇貙 兀賷 噩賲賷毓賴賲 卮乇 孬丕亘鬲! 賵賲賳 匕丕 丕賱兀丨賲賯 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲賲爻賰 亘賴 亘毓丿賲丕 鬲賷賯賳賴責 兀賷 兀賳賳丕 丕賱丌賳 氐乇賳丕 賳鬲賳丕夭賱 毓賳 卮乇 孬丕亘鬲 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 禺賷乇 孬丕亘鬲!

- 賰賷賮 賴賵 匕丕賰 丕賱禺賷乇 丕賱孬丕亘鬲責 賱賳 賳毓乇賮賴 廿賱丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賳禺鬲亘乇賴!听賱賰賳 賰賷賮 賳爻毓賶 賱卮賷亍 賲毓乇賮鬲賴 鬲賰賲賳 毓賳丿 賲賵丕噩賴鬲賴 丿賵賳 兀賷 賳亘賵亍丞 鬲乇爻賲 賲毓丕賱賲賴責听賱兀賳 賴丿賮 匕丕賰 丕賱賯丿賷爻 賱賷爻 丕賱賵氐賵賱 賱賱廿賲賰丕賳賷丞貙 亘賱 賲丕 賷賴賲賴 賴賵 氐賷乇賵乇丞 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱亘丨孬 賳賮爻賴丕! 賮亘賯丿乇 賲丕 鬲賮賰乇 賮賷賲丕 鬲毓鬲夭賲 鬲丨賯賷賯賴 鬲卮毓乇 亘乇丕丨丞. 兀賷 乇睾亘丞 氐丕丿賯丞 賵賴丿賮 賳亘賷賱 賷噩毓賱丕賳賰 鬲亘丨乇 賮賷 丕胤賲卅賳丕賳 賵賷賯賷賳貙 賵賴匕賴 賴賷 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 丕賱丨賯丞. 賱丕 賷賱夭賲賳丕 廿賷囟丕丨丕鬲 丿賯賷賯丞 賱賲丕賴賷鬲賴 亘賱 賷賰賮賷賳丕 賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賷賴 亘囟毓 賵爻丕卅賱 亘丿丕卅賷丞 毓賯賱賷丞 兀氐賷賱丞.

丕賱禺胤賵胤 丕賱毓乇賷囟丞 賱賲賳賴噩賴:
佟- 廿毓丕丿丞 鬲兀胤賷乇 賱賲丕 爻亘賯 賲賳 丕賱賱丕孬賵丕亘鬲貙 賮賳禺囟毓賴丕 賮賷 氐賳丿賵賯 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 賱丕 丕賱睾丕賷丕鬲.
佗- 鬲丨乇賷乇 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓賯賱賷 賲賳 賳爻亘賷鬲賴 丕賱賲鬲兀氐賱丞 賮賷 賳爻賷噩賴. 賱賰賳 乇睾賲丕 毓賳丕 鬲馗賱 丕賱賲毓丕賳賷 賳爻亘賷丞貙 賵賰匕賱賰 丕賱丕丨賰丕賲 丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 賳爻亘賷丞貙 賮賰賷賮 丕賱爻亘賷賱 賷丕 毓賲賳丕責
- 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賳 賳賳馗乇 賱賱胤亘賷毓丞 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴丕 賱丕 賮賷 匕丕鬲賳丕! 賮賴賷 賲賳鬲馗賲丞 賮賷 爻賱爻賱丞 賲賳 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 賵丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賵賮賯 賳馗丕賲 兀夭賱賷 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲毓賱賵 毓賳 兀賷 賲賯丕乇賳丕鬲 廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賳爻亘賷丞 賲賯丨賲丞. 賵丕賱爻亘賱 賮賷 鬲丨賯賷賯 匕賱賰 賴賵 丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱賮賰乇 亘丕賱胤亘賷毓丞!
_賵丕賱禺胤賵丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 胤乇賷賯 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 匕丕賰 鬲亘丿兀 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 ( 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕卅賷丞貙 丕賱胤亘賷丞貙 丕賱賲賰賷丕賳賰丕..丕賱禺) 兀賷 兀賳 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 丕賱賲丿毓賲丞 亘丕賱賯賵丕毓丿 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 鬲賲賴賷丿 賱鬲賱賰賲 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷丞.



鈾♀仼乇兀賷賷 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘:鈾♀仼
賰鬲丕亘 氐睾賷乇貙 賷毓鬲亘乇 丕賱亘胤丕賳丞 丕賱丿丕賮卅丞 賱賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯貙 賷賵囟丨 賮賷賴丕 賲賳賴噩賴 亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇 賮賷 "丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱氐丨賷丨 賱賱賵氐賵賱 賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱賱賴 丕賱賷賯賷賳賷丞 丕賱睾賷乇 賵丕賴賲丞 兀賵 丕賱賲鬲卮賰賰丞 亘兀賷 丨丕賱". 賱睾鬲賴 氐毓亘丞 賯賱賷賱賸丕 賱丕 鬲丨賵賷 兀賲孬賱丞 賵丕囟丨丞_ 賰丕賱毓丕丿丞 兀賲孬賱丞 賴賳丿爻賷丞 丨夭賷賳丞_ 賵亘乇睾賲 亘乇賵丿丞 賲賳賴噩賴 丕賱毓賯賱賷 丕賱氐丕乇賲 廿賱丕 兀賳賷 卮毓乇鬲 亘卮睾賮賴 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳爻賷貙 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷貙 賮賳毓賲 賴賵 賯丿賷爻 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 亘丕賲鬲賷丕夭!
Profile Image for Laras.
202 reviews9 followers
June 20, 2015
I got an impression of self-righteousness of the writer along my reading. And there seems also a force of ideas that the readers must agree with, and if a reader doesn't agree, then they "must either be arguing in bad faith, or [he] must confess that there are men in complete mental blindness either innate or due to misconceptions..."; that such readers are just automata who don't know what they are talking about because they don't agree with him. And I also got an impression that the writer is trying to lead his readers to accept the existence of God. This isn't said out loud, but in the end all his abstract ideas go to the (forced) conclusion that God exists--which can be seen from his explanation at the end of the book. Here I have to say that I believe in God, but I just don't like the way Spinoza herd his readers to that idea in such a blanketed way, as if his readers are just fools who will automatically accept his statement once the blanket is uncovered. And all this is made more obnoxious by the abstract and ambiguous writing.
Profile Image for Anka.
29 reviews3 followers
Read
May 22, 2023
Generally dull. Except for one claim: you can always, always, find what is a lie by breaking it down into its smallest parts. There are no exceptions.

鈥淚deas which are clear and distinct can never be false: for ideas of things clearly and distinctly conceived are either very simple themselves or are compounded from very simple ideas鈥� that is, are deduced therefrom. The impossibility of a very simple idea being false is evident to everyone who understands the nature of truth or understanding and of falsehood.鈥�
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Yazdanpanah Askari.
219 reviews5 followers
September 10, 2021
.卮賴賵鬲 讴蹖賮乇 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 禺賵丿 丿丕乇丿
.丕乇囟丕蹖 卮賴賵鬲 丕賳丿賵賴蹖 毓賲蹖賯 丿乇 倬蹖 丿丕乇丿
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卮賴乇鬲 賲丕賳毓 賳蹖乇賵賲賳丿蹖 [丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 禺蹖乇 丨賯蹖賯蹖 ] 丕爻鬲 貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳 噩賴鬲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賵氐賵賱 亘賴 丌賳 賳丕诏夭蹖乇 亘丕蹖丿 丕夭 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲毓賲賵賱丕賸 賲乇丿賲 丕夭 丌賳 賴丕 倬乇賴蹖夭 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 倬乇賴蹖夭 讴乇丿 賵 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 賲毓賲賵賱丕賸 丿乇 丨爻鬲噩賵蹖 丌賳賴丕蹖賳丿
氐氐 17 -16
9 reviews
December 2, 2024
not his best work. su peak fueron sus historias de wattpad.
Profile Image for 惭眉蝉濒颈尘.
127 reviews2 followers
June 29, 2021
T眉rk莽e 莽eviri kitaplar谋 daha pahal谋 olunca ingilizcesini alay谋m zaten film dizi izlerken dil problemi ya艧am谋yorum demi艧tim , demez olayd谋m. 陌lk defa ingilicze felsefe kitab谋 okudum ve roman ya da hikaye kitaplar谋na g枚re ger莽ekten a臒谋r bir dil kullan谋l谋yormu艧.
Profile Image for E.
1 review
December 19, 2022
鈥� In order to know that I know, I must first know.鈥�
No <333
Profile Image for 狈辞耻谤耻-茅诲诲颈苍别.
1,389 reviews253 followers
January 24, 2024
::丕賳胤亘丕毓 毓丕賲::
鈥�--------------
賰賲 兀丨亘賰 賷丕 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕!

1_ 乇亘賲丕 賷賰賵賳 賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱兀賵賱 賵丕賱兀禺賷乇 賱爻亘賷賳賵夭丕貙 丕賱匕賷 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 賮賷賴 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 乇兀賷賴 亘胤乇賷賯丞 鬲賲夭噩 鬲噩乇亘鬲賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賲毓 賮賱爻賮鬲賴 丕賱鬲賷 賰賵賳賴丕 賮賷 毓賯賱賴. 賱兀賳賴 亘毓丿 賴匕賴 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 兀氐亘丨鬲 賰鬲丕亘鬲賴 亘賱睾丞 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賯賵賷丞 賵乇賷丕囟賷丕鬲賷丞 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇 毓丕夭賱丕賸 賰賱 賲丕 賷禺氐 匕丕鬲賴 毓賳 賰鬲丕亘鬲賴. 毓賱丕賵丞 毓賱賶 胤賱亘賴 賲賳 賲毓丕乇賮賴 丨匕賮 賰賱 丕賱賮賯乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺氐 丨賷丕鬲賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賲賳 賲乇丕爻賱丕鬲賴 賵賰鬲丕亘丕鬲賴 亘爻亘亘 丨匕乇賴 賲賳 丕賱丕囟胤賴丕丿 丕賱匕賷 鬲毓乇囟 賱賴 賲賳 兀賵丕卅賱 卮亘丕亘賴.

2_ 賯乇乇鬲 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 (賷囟賲 賰鬲丕亘賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓: 乇爻丕賱丞 賮賷 廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱毓賯賱貨 丨賵賱 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵乇賮丕賴賴) 亘毓丿 丕賱丕賳鬲賴丕亍 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘賷賴 乇爻丕賱丞 賮賷 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 賵賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賲 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯. 賵亘賴匕丕 兀賰賵賳 兀鬲賲賲鬲 賰賱 賲丕 賰鬲亘賴 賴匕丕 丕賱賲禺賱賵賯 丕賱匕賷 夭賱夭賱 賵噩賴 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱賳賴囟賵賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 賵丕賱毓丕賱賲. 賴賳丕賰 孬賱丕孬丞 兀卮禺丕氐 夭賱夭賱賵丕 賰賷丕賳賷: 賳賷鬲卮賴 賮賷 賲乇丕賴賯鬲賷貨 爻賷賵乇丕賳 賮賷 毓卮乇賷賳賷丕鬲賷貨 賵爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賮賷 兀賵賱 孬賱丕孬賷賳賷貙 賵兀卮丿賴賲 賮鬲賰賸丕 毓賳丿賷 賴賵 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕. 賴賳丕賰 孬賱丕孬丞 兀毓賲丕賱 兀禺乇賶 賱爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賰匕賱賰: 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱丞)貨 賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱丿賷賰丕乇鬲賷丞 賵鬲兀賲賱丕鬲 賲賷鬲丕賮賷夭賷賯賷丞 (兀賵賱 賲丕 賰鬲亘)貨 丕賱賲乇丕爻賱丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘賴 賲毓 賲毓丕乇賮賴 賵兀氐丿賯丕卅賴貨 兀夭賲毓 賯乇丕卅鬲賴丕 賲鬲賶 爻賳丨 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵丕賱噩賴丿.
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::賮賷 爻胤賵乇::
鈥�----------------
1_ (乇爻丕賱丞 丨賵賱 鬲氐丨賷丨 丕賱毓賯賱) 賴賷 兀胤乇賵丨丞 賮賱爻賮賷丞 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱丞 賰鬲亘賴丕 亘丕乇賵禺 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賮賷 丕賱兀氐賱 亘丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione 貙 賵賱賰賳 鬲賲 賳卮乇賴丕 亘毓丿 賵賮丕鬲賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 1677.

2_ 鬲賲 賳卮乇 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 賲賳 賯亘賱 亘毓囟 兀氐丿賯丕卅賴 丕賱賲賯乇亘賷賳貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 兀毓賲丕賱 兀禺乇賶 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 賵丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞. 賵賴賷 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賱氐賷丕睾丞 賲賳賴噩 賮賱爻賮賷 賷爻賲丨 賱賱毓賯賱 亘鬲賰賵賷賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賵丕囟丨丞 賵丕賱賲鬲賲賷夭丞 丕賱賱丕夭賲丞 賱賰賲丕賱賴. 賵賴賷 鬲鬲囟賲賳 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 匕賱賰 鬲賮賰賷乇賸丕 賮賷 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賵賲毓丕賱噩丞 賲賵爻毓丞 賱賱鬲毓乇賷賮丕鬲貙 賵鬲丨賱賷賱丕賸 賲胤賵賱丕賸 賱胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱卮賰 賵兀爻亘丕亘賴. 賵賷賳丕賯卮貙 賲賳 亘賷賳 賲賵丕囟賷毓 兀禺乇賶貙 丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 賵丕賱禺亘乇丞 賵丕賱匕賰丕亍 賵丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 賵丕賱賳爻賷丕賳.
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::丕賱賲丨鬲賵賷丕鬲::
鈥�---------------
1_ 亘丿兀 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賴匕賴 丕賱兀胤乇賵丨丞 亘賴丿賮 賮丨氐 賲卮賰賱丞 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞貙 賱賰賳 丕賱毓賲賱 賱賲 賷賰鬲賲賱 賯胤. 鬲乇鬲亘胤 丕賱賲賳丕賯卮丕鬲 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞 賮賷 兀毓賲丕賱賴 丕賱兀禺乇賶 丕乇鬲亘丕胤賸丕 賵孬賷賯賸丕 亘亘賯賷丞 賮賱爻賮鬲賴. 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓貙 鬲賰丕丿 賵噩賴丕鬲 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞 鬲賰賵賳 賲乇鬲亘胤丞 亘卮賰賱 賱丕 賷賳賮氐賱 毓賳 賵噩賴丕鬲 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丞. 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 賳鬲賷噩丞 賲賮賴賵賲賴 丕賱賲賲賷夭 賱賱賲毓乇賮丞. "丕賱賲毓乇賮丞" 毓賳丿 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賴賷 "丕賱丨賷丕丞"貙 賱賷爻 亘賲毓賳賶 兀賳 丕賱鬲兀賲賱 賴賵 兀毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱丨賷丕丞貙 賵賱賰賳 亘賲毓賳賶 兀賳 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賴賷 賵爻賷賱丞 賱乇亘胤 禺賷賵胤 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賲毓賸丕 賮賷 賵丨丿丞 賲賳馗賲丞 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲卮睾賱 賲賰丕賳賴丕 丕賱賲賳丕爻亘 賮賷 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賰賵賳.

2_ 賴賳丕賰 卮賷卅丕賳 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷購賵囟毓丕 賮賷 丕賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇 賮賷賲丕 賷鬲毓賱賯 亘賲賮賴賵賲 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賱賱賲毓乇賮丞. 丕賱兀賵賱 賴賵 廿氐乇丕乇賴 毓賱賶 丕賱胤丕亘毓 丕賱賮毓丕賱 賱賱賲毓乇賮丞. 廿賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 兀賵 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲 丕賱鬲賷 賷亘賳賷 亘賴丕 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賱賷爻鬲 賲孬賱 "氐賵乇 賲賳夭賵毓丞 丕賱丨賷丕丞 毓賱賶 賱賵丨丞"貨 廿賳賴丕 兀賳卮胤丞 賷鬲賲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴丕 賮賴賲 丕賱賵丕賯毓貨 廿賳賴丕 噩夭亍 賲賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓貙 賵丕賱賵丕賯毓 賴賵 丕賱賳卮丕胤. 丕賱卮賷亍 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賴賵 兀賳 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賱丕 賷賮氐賱 亘賷賳 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賵丕賱廿乇丕丿丞. 賷鬲氐乇賮 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丿丕卅賲賸丕 賵賮賯賸丕 賱賳亘乇丕爻賴. 廿匕丕 亘丿鬲 賲爻丕毓賷 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賯丕氐乇丞 毓賳 賲爻鬲賵賶 賲毓乇賮鬲賴貙 賮匕賱賰 賮賯胤 賱兀賳 賲毓乇賮鬲賴 賱賷爻鬲 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賰賲丕 賷購毓鬲賯丿貙 賵賱賰賳賴丕 賳丕賯氐丞 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷. 賮賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞貙 丕賱毓賯賱貙 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱爻亘賷賳賵夭丕貙 賴賵 賮賷 丕賱兀爻丕爻 "丕賱毓賯賱 丕賱毓賲賱賷". 賵賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 兀禺乇賶貙 賮廿賳 兀毓賱賶 鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 賷鬲賲 丕禺鬲亘丕乇賴 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱爻毓賷 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱丕鬲爻丕賯 賵丕賱丕賳爻噩丕賲 丕賱匕賷 賷賲賷夭 丕賱毓賯賱.

3_ 賴賰匕丕 廿匕賳 賷賲賰賳賳丕 兀賳 賳鬲睾丕囟賶 毓賳 乇丐賷丕 賷賵丨賳丕 丕賱賲賳鬲卮賷丞 亘賲噩賷亍 兀賵乇卮賱賷賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞貙 賱兀賳賴丕 亘亘爻丕胤丞 賲噩乇丿 丨賱賲. 賵賲毓 匕賱賰貙 賮賯丿 賵噩丿 賰賱 賲賳 亘乇賵賳賵 賵爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 丕賱爻亘亘 丕賱噩賵賴乇賷 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 丕賱丿丕卅賲 賱賱賳卮賵丞 賵賴賵 毓丕賱賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵丕賱毓賯賱. 賷賯鬲乇丨 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 兀賳 "丕賱丨亘 丕賱賲賵噩賵丿 賮賷 賰賱 賲賰丕賳 賱卮賷亍 兀亘丿賷 賵賱丕賳賴丕卅賷" 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 "賷睾匕賷 丕賱毓賯賱 亘丕賱亘賴噩丞 賵丨丿賴丕". 賮丕賱賱賴 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賱賲 賰賱 卮賷亍貙 賱丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷鬲賵賴賾賲 卮賷卅賸丕. 賵賲賳 孬賲 賮賴賵 賴匕丕 丕賱賵丕丨丿 丕賱賱丕賳賴丕卅賷 賵賲毓賷丕乇 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞. 廿賳賴 亘賱丕 卮賰 廿賱賴 "丕賱兀禺賱丕賯" 賵賷氐亘丨 丕賱賲毓賷丕乇 丕賱兀毓賱賶 亘賲毓賳賶 兀賳賴 賰賱賲丕 毓乇賮賳丕賴 亘卮賰賱 兀賮囟賱 - 賰賲丕 賮賴賲賴 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 - 賰丕賳 "賲毓賷丕乇 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞" 兀賰孬乇 丕賰鬲賲丕賱丕 兀賵 丿賯丞.
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::賮賷 賲賳馗賵乇 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞::
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1_ 氐賰 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賮賷 丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 亘丕賱兀氐賱 賲氐胤賱丨 "Sub specie aeternitatis" 兀賷 鬲丨鬲 賲賳馗賵乇 丕賱禺賱賵丿貙 孬賲 兀氐亘丨 賷購胤賱賯 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 亘卮賰賱 賲賲噩丿 賱賲丕 賷卮賷乇 廿賱賶 賲丕 賷毓鬲亘乇 氐丨賷丨賸丕 毓丕賱賲賷賸丕 賵兀亘丿賷賸丕貙 賲毓 鬲噩丕賴賱 丕賱噩賵丕賳亘 丕賱夭賲賳賷丞 賱賱賵丕賯毓 賵乇賮囟 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 毓賱賷賴丕. 賷賲賰賳 鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱毓亘丕乇丞 丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 賰匕賱賰 廿賱賶 "賮賷 賲賳馗賵乇 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞". 賵丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賰匕賱賰 賷賲賰賳 賲丿賴 亘卮賰賱 賮囟賮丕囟 賱賷卮賲賱 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 廿賱賶 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 (兀賵 亘丿賷賱 賲賲賰賳 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱賳馗乇賷丞).

2_ 賷賳毓賰爻 賲賳馗賵乇 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 "丕賱兀亘丿賷" 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯貙 丨賷孬 賷胤亘賯 胤乇賷賯丞 廿賯賱賷丿爻 (丕賱賴賳丿爻丞 丕賱廿賯賱賷丿賷丞) 毓賱賶 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷貙 亘丿亍賸丕 賲賳 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱胤亘賷毓丞貙 賯亘賱 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕賱 廿賱賶 丕賱賲卮丕毓乇 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱毓賯賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賮賴賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷丞. 爻毓賶 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲胤亘賷賯 "賲賳馗賵乇 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞" 賱賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賶 賳馗乇賷丞 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 丿賯賷賯丞 毓賱賶 卮丕賰賱丞 "賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓賳丕氐乇 賱廿賯賱賷丿爻".

賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞貙 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱毓賲賱 賴匕賴 賲鬲賳丕賯囟丞 賲毓 胤乇賷賯丞 兀乇爻胤賵. 鬲乇鬲賰夭 丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 兀乇爻胤賵 丕賱賲賳賴噩賷丞 賮賷 "賮賱爻賮鬲賴 賮賷 丕賱卮丐賵賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞" 賵賮賱爻賮鬲賴 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 亘賷賳 賲丕 賴賵 "賲毓乇賵賮 兀賰孬乇 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賳丕" 賵丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 "丕賱賲毓乇賵賮丞 兀賰孬乇 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴丕"貙 兀賵 賲丕 賴賵 "兀賵賱 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賳丕" 賵賲丕 賴賵 "兀賵賱 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賱胤亘賷毓丞" - 賰賲丕 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘 兀乇爻胤賵 毓賳 丕賱賲賷鬲丕賮賷夭賷賯丕貙 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 丕賱兀乇爻胤賷 鬲賲 鬲噩丕賴賱賴 毓賲丿賸丕 賲賳 賯亘賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕貙 賵賰匕賱賰 賲賳 賯亘賱 賮賱丕爻賮丞 賲毓丕氐乇賷賳 丌禺乇賷賳.
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3_ 賲賯賷丕爻 丕賱賲賳丕馗賷乇 丕賱鬲賷 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴丕 賷賲賰賳 丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 丨賰賲 丕賱賲毓賳賶:
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::賲賯鬲胤賮 兀毓噩亘賳賷 賱賱睾丕賷丞!!!::
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"丕賱卮賷丕胤賷賳

賴賱 賴賳丕賰 卮賷丕胤賷賳貙 兀賲 賱丕 鬲賵噩丿責 賴匕丕 賲丕 爻賳賳馗乇 廿賱賷賴 亘丕禺鬲氐丕乇.

廿匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳 卮賷卅賸丕 賲禺丕賱賮賸丕 鬲賲丕賲賸丕 賱賱賴 賵賱賷爻 賱賴 卮賷亍 賲賳 丕賱賱賴貙 賮賴賵 賲禺鬲賱胤 鬲賲丕賲賸丕 亘丕賱毓丿賲貙 丕賱匕賷 鬲丨丿孬賳丕 毓賳賴 爻丕亘賯賸丕.

廿匕丕 丕賮鬲乇囟賳丕貙 賰賲丕 賷賯丕賱貙 兀賳 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳 賲賮賰乇貙 睾賷乇 賯丕丿乇 毓賱賶 兀賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賵 賷賮毓賱 兀賷 禺賷乇貙 賵賷賯丕賵賲 丕賱賱賴 賮賷 賰賱 賲丕 賷賮毓賱貙 賮賴賵 賷爻鬲丨賯 賰賱 丕賱卮賮賯丞. 賵廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賱賱氐賱丕丞 兀賷 賯賷賲丞 賮毓賱賷賳丕 兀賳 賳氐賱賷 賲賳 兀噩賱賴.

賵賱賰賳 丿毓賵賳丕 賳爻兀賱 兀賳賮爻賳丕 賲丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賰丕卅賳 丕賱亘丕卅爻 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賵噩丿 賵賱賵 賱賱丨馗丞 賵丕丨丿丞: 爻賵賮 賳乇賶 兀賳 賴匕丕 賲爻鬲丨賷賱. 賮廿賳 賲丿丞 丕賱卮賷亍 氐丕丿乇丞 毓賳 賰賲丕賱賴貙 賵賰賱賲丕 賰丕賳 賮賷賴 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賵噩賵丿 賵丕賱兀賱賵賴賷丞貙 賰丕賳 兀賰孬乇 丿賵丕賲賸丕. 賵丕賱丌賳 丕賱卮賷胤丕賳 賱賷爻 賱賴 丿乇噩丞 賲賳 丕賱賰賲丕賱 賮賷 賳賮爻賴貙 賮賰賷賮 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賵噩丿責 賵賳囟賷賮 兀賳 孬亘丕鬲 賵丿賵丕賲 賳賲胤 丕賱卮賷亍 丕賱賲賮賰乇 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賲丨亘鬲賴 賱賱賴 賵丕鬲丨丕丿賴 亘賴貨 賵亘賲丕 兀賳 賴匕丕 賴賵 毓賰爻 賴匕丕 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱匕賷 賳賮鬲乇囟賴 賮賷 丕賱卮賷丕胤賷賳貙 賮賱丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賰賵賳賵丕 賲賵噩賵丿賷賳.

賵兀禺賷乇賸丕貙 賱丕 丿丕毓賷 賱賱丕賮鬲乇丕囟 亘賵噩賵丿 丕賱卮賷丕胤賷賳貙 廿匕 賷賲賰賳賳丕 丕賰鬲卮丕賮 兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱賰乇丕賴賷丞 賵丕賱丨爻丿 賵丕賱睾囟亘 賵賰賱 丕賱兀賴賵丕亍貙 賰賲丕 賮毓賱賳丕. 賱匕賱賰 賳丨賳 賱爻賳丕 亘丨丕噩丞 廿賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱禺賷丕賱."
*.*.*.*
26 reviews20 followers
May 18, 2017
賵丕賱賮賰乇賴 丕賱鬲賶 鬲丨孬賳丕 毓賱賶 丕賱卮賰 賱賷爻鬲 賮賰乇賴 賵丕囟丨賴 賲鬲賲賷夭賴 ..賮丕賱卮禺氐 丕賱匕賶 賱賲 賷賮賰乇 賲孬賱丕 賮賶 禺丿丕毓 丕賱丨賵丕爻 賱賳 賷卮賰 丕亘丿丕 賮賷賲丕 丕匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱卮賲爻 丕毓馗賲 丕賵 丕氐睾乇 賲賲丕 鬲亘丿賵丕 毓賱賷賴 賱匕賱賰 鬲乇賶 丕賱賮賱丕丨賵賳 賷賳丿賴卮賵賳 丕丨賷丕賳丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賷爻賲毓賵賳 卮禺氐丕 賷賯賵賱 丕賳 丕賱卮賲爻 丕毓馗賲 賲賳 賰賵賰亘 丕賱丕乇囟 亘賰孬賷乇 ..賮兀匕丕 卮賰 丕丨丿賴賲 孬賲 丕氐亘丨鬲 賱丿賷賴 賲毓乇賮賴 氐丨賷丨賴 亘丕賱丨賵丕爻 賵亘賰賷賮賷丞 鬲賲孬賱賴丕 賱賱丕卮賷丕亍 賲賳 亘毓丿 ,夭丕賱 丕賱卮賰 賲賳 噩丿賷丿 ..
46 reviews1 follower
January 24, 2011
Spinoza y una muy bien lograda visi贸n del genero humano y de sus verdades y falsedades, mas el m茅todo para su identificaci贸n. La profundidad de esta obra me impiden hacer un review significativo, cada cual le debe dar su interpretaci贸n a mi me aporto bastante
Profile Image for 厂贸迟颈蝉.
47 reviews11 followers
June 15, 2020
Fiquei um pouco decepcionada por faltar uma parte quando estava acompanhando o racioc铆nio - mesmo tendo sido avisada no pr贸logo. Mas ainda assim, me senti instigada a procurar mais obras do Spinoza. Gosto muito da tem谩tica.
Profile Image for My traveling books.
132 reviews8 followers
December 31, 2023
賰鬲丕亘 賯氐賷乇 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱貙 丕賱賲賯丿賲丞 賮賷賴 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 賳賮爻賴丕貙 賷噩亘 賯乇丕亍丞 亘丕賯賷 丕賱乇爻丕卅賱 賱賱廿賱賲丕賲 亘賮賰乇 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕..

"廿賳賴 賱丕亘丿 賯亘賱 賰賱 卮卅 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 賵爻賷賱丞 賱卮賮丕亍 丕賱毓賯賱貙 賵 鬲胤賴賷乇賴 賯丿乇 丕賱廿賲賰丕賳鈥� 丨鬲賶 賷賵賮賯 賮賷 廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱兀賲賵乇 毓賱賶 兀丨爻賳 賵噩賴"
Profile Image for Anmol.
281 reviews55 followers
January 17, 2022
Descartes' Discourse on Method, but without any of the autobiographical charm. The only interesting portion was the discussion on the passions.
Profile Image for Otto Lehto.
475 reviews214 followers
October 19, 2016
This short book, unfinished and energetic, is a fascinating glimpse into the autobiographical motivations and the almost superhuman optimism of this brilliant Enlightenment thinker.

The basic argument of the text, also found in Ethics, is that knowledge is power and the route to lasting happiness. Newly acquired (rational or empirical) knowledge, or, what comes to the same thing, the emendation of our false ideas into true ones, can increase our powers of flourishing.

As an introduction to the empowering philosophy of Spinoza this is not to be recommended. Ethics should serve best for that. The text of this treatise is unfinished, and the arguments incomplete.

One feels that a lot of things are left unsaid, and problems inadequately dealt with. The writing is lucid and crystal clear, as one would expect from an Euclidean whose style anticipates analytical philosophy, but the arguments can be tough to follow. The self-evidence of some propositions is intended to be taken at face value. Unlike Ethics, or his political works, the leaps of logic, here, can be counter-intuitive; and the missing sections would undoubtedly have clarified some issues.

But the genius of Spinoza is in full display in some of the remarkable statements, especially those that deal with the nature of knowledge. He highlights the human need for rational standards of self-evidence (in the vein of Descartes). And while he overestimates, from today's standpoint, the capacity of human minds to conceive of true, self-evident statements - and consequently underestimates our capacity for systematic and well-meaning error - he does acknowledge the difficulty of the undertaking of acquiring true knowledge in the face of the complex order of nature.

There is an ambiguity between Spinoza's enthusiastic view of the powers of human reasoning and his anthropologically acute and psychologically realistic estimation of our fallibility and follies. (The latter perspective might be subdued and underdeveloped, but it complements his rationalism.)

Familiar themes from Ethics abound: the intimate relationship between the order of necessary truths (both analytic and synthetic, to use Kantian terminology) and the necessary order of nature; the role of God/Nature as the ultimate foundation and immanent cause of the necessary order of the world; and the relationship between human knowledge, human powers and human happiness.

Spinoza's optimism can be either off-putting or exhilarating, depending on one's mood and disposition. The fundamental quest for clear and distinct ideas as the immanent basis of knowledge is supposed to serve as a self-evidently reliable and powerful measure of truth and falsity in our fierce and unapologetic quest to expand our human powers, and thus human happiness, towards ever-higher levels of achievements - a paradise in this life to replace the paradise in the next one.

Whether the Enlightenment attempt to perfect knowledge and supreme happiness succeeds or not - the evidence so far is ambiguous - it is an undertaking worth pursuing, if only to know where the limits are, rather than giving up before we even try to go forward. And nobody pursued this further than Spinoza. Whether human psychology is ever capable of reaching absolute levels of certainty, and whether lasting happiness truly is within the reach of mere mortals, the mere belief in the possibility of human transcendence within our own lifetimes might serve as a motivating force to rid ourselves of harmful unrealistic dreams, otherworldly reveries and supernatural consolations.

Out of all the myriad and trendy attempts to replace humanity with humanity plus, living as we do in the age of progress, I believe Spinoza's is the least perverse. Transhumanism is 400 years old.
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