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唳唳︵Χ唳距唰€ 唳嗋Ξ唳�
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This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.
As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
219 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1699
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唳唳班唳佮Ω唰嬥Ο唳监 唳唳班唳ㄠ唳唰囙Π 唳涏唳侧唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距 唳嗋唳班唰嵿唳溹唳唳� 唳唳唰嵿Δ唳苦唳� 唳氞唳曕唰庎Ω唳曕イ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳む唳� 唳唳班Δ唳Π唰嵿Ψ听 唳唳班Ξ唳｀唳� 唳呧Ν唳苦唰嵿唳む 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳侧唳栢唳涏唳� 唳忇 唳唳熰啷� 唳唳班唳ㄠ唳唰囙Π唰囙Π 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳唳曕唳粪Γ 唳︵唰嵿Ψ唳む 唳呧Δ唰佮Σ唳ㄠ唳啷� 唳唳班唳膏唳︵ 唳Ω唳唳膏唳距Π唰€ 唳唳距唰嵿Ψ唳Δ唳距Η唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距 唳� 唳む唳� 唳唳粪唳Ζ唰囙Π 唳唳Θ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳ㄠ唳唳∴唳唳 唳呧Μ唳侧唳曕Θ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ, 唳む唳Θ唳� 唳唳班 唳︵唳多 唳樴唰� 唳唳撪Ο唳监 唳唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳樴唳ㄠ 唳� 唳む唳� 唳唳涏Θ唰囙Π 唳曕唳班Γ唳� 唳む唳ㄠ 唳唳曕唳む唳唳曕唳むΝ唳距Μ唰� 唳唳Μ唳氞唳涏唳� 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳唳班唳ㄠ唳唰囙Π 唳︵唳栢唳涏唳�, 唳︵唳多唳� 唳椸唳熰唳曕Ο唳� 唳唳ㄠ唳粪唳� 唳曕唳涏 唳唳班唰佮Π 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳� 唳椸唰嵿唳苦Δ 唳嗋唰� 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳む唳班 唳膏唰嵿唳� 唳ㄠΟ唳监イ 唳氞唳曕唳苦唰嵿Ο 唳︵唳栢唳む 唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距唳曕 唳栢唳多 唳曕Π唳む唳� 唳む唳︵唳� 唳呧Π唰嵿Ε 唳唳Ο唳监唳� 唳灌Ο唳监イ听
唳︵唳侧唳侧 唳唳唳班唳� 唳 唳侧Γ唰嵿Α唳ㄠ唳� 唳Δ唰� 唳多唳� 唳涏唳侧 唳ㄠ啷� 唳唳班唳ㄠ唳唰囙Π唰囙Π 唳唳粪唳 唳︵唳侧唳侧 "唳多唳唳� 唳多唳�" 唳曕唳班Γ 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距 唳唳︵唳曕 唳唳 唳唳班唳 唳唳班 唳多唳班 唳む唳� 唳唳涏 唳唳涏 唳唳啷� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距 唳曕唳ㄠ唳︵唳班唳曕Δ唳� 唳む唳︵唳� 唳溹唳Θ 唳曕Π唰� 唳︵唳唰囙唳苦Σ唰� 唳膏唳ムΜ唳苦Π啷�
唳嗋唳班唰嵿唳溹唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Μ唳ㄠ唳о 唳曕唳涏 唳むΕ唰嵿Ο 唳唳� 唳曕唳む唳灌Σ唳溹Θ唳曕イ 唳唳Θ - 唳忇 唳唳班唳曕唳むΘ 唳多唳曕唳粪 唳呧Π唰嵿Ε唳膏唳灌唳唳� 唳氞唳囙Δ唰� 唳嗋Ω唳侧 唳嗋唳班唰嵿唳溹唳� 唳む唳曕 唳Σ唰囙Θ 唳, 唳多唳曕唳粪唰囙Π 唳曕唳涏 唳溹唳Θ唰� 唳氞Σ唳距Π 唳唳ム唳 唳灌唳膏唳 唳む唳ㄠ 唳曕唳涏唳� 唳唳ㄠΘ唳苦イ 唳む唳� 唳多唳曕唳粪唳曕 唳膏唳灌唳唳� 唳曕Π唳む 唳む唳ㄠ 唳唳о唳� 唳ㄠΘ啷�
唳膏Ξ唰嵿Π唳距唳︵唳� 唳氞唳∴唳距Θ唰嵿Δ 唳唳侧唳膏唳む, 唳唳班唳膏唳� 唳粪Α唳监Ο唳ㄠ唳む唳�, 唳唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰囙Π 唳膏唳о唳︵唳� 唳Γ唰嵿Α唳距Ξ唳�, 唳膏Δ唰€唳︵唳�, 唳︵唳侧唳侧唳� 唳樴Π唳唳∴唳�, 唳栢唳︵唳唳唳唳膏Ω唳� 唳唰� 唳唳粪Ο唳� 唳唳む 唳嗋唰囙イ 唳灌唳ㄠ唳︵唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳む唳曕唳侧唳� 唳唳ㄠ唳粪唳� 唳唰嵿Δ唳唳� 唳唳� 唳む唰庎Κ唳班唳Μ唳距唰€啷� 唳ㄠΖ唰€唳む 唳︵唳ㄠ 唳む唳ㄠΜ唰囙Σ唳� 唳膏唳ㄠ唳� 唳曕Π唳� 唳唳班Ω唳權唳椸 唳唳班唳ㄠ唳唰囙Π 唳灌唳ㄠ唳︵唳︵唳� 唳唳澿唳む 唳氞唳� 唳 唳忇Π 唳膏唳ム 唳Π唳苦Μ唰囙Χ唰囙Π 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳班唳� 唳嗋唰� 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰囙Π 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳班唳� 唳ㄠ唳囙イ唳む唳ㄠ 唳溹Μ唳距Μ 唳唳�,
"唳嗋Ξ唳班 唳曕 唳曕唳ㄠΖ唳苦Θ 唳Σ唰囙唳� 唳膏唳灌唳� 唳, 唳嗋Ξ唳距Ζ唰囙Π 唳多唳膏唳む唳班唳� 唳唳о唳� 唳呧Θ唰嵿Ο唳距Θ唰嵿Ο 唳膏唳� 唳︵唳多唳� 唳膏唳� 唳溹唳む唳� 唳侧唳曕唳� 唳曕唳粪唳む唳班 唳唳班Ο唰嬥唰嵿Ο? 唳む 唳む 唳嗋Ξ唳班 唳Σ唳苦Θ唳� 唳曕唳ㄠΖ唳苦Θ啷� 唳唳唳� 唳曕唳Σ 唳嗋Ξ唳距Ζ唰囙Π 唳︵唳多唳� 唳侧唳曕Ζ唰囙Π 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο唳� 唳忇 唳膏Μ 唳多唳膏唳む唳班唳 唳唳о唳� 唳班唳ㄠ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ, 唳唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰€ 唳唳︵唳多唳︵唳� 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο 唳ㄠΟ唳监イ 唳嗋Ξ唳班 唳曕唳ㄠΖ唳苦Θ 唳忇Ξ唳� 唳曕Ε唳距 唳Σ唳苦Θ唳� 唳, 唳む唳唳︵唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ 唳唳ム唳啷� 唳む唳唳︵唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ 唳む唳唳︵唳� 唳膏唳灌唳�, 唳嗋Ξ唳距Ζ唰囙Π 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ 唳嗋Ξ唳距Ζ唰囙Π啷� 唳む唳唳︵唳� 唳 唳唳班Ο唳监唳溹Θ 唳犩唳� 唳膏唳囙Ν唳距Μ唰� 唳む唳唳︵唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唳多唳膏唳む唳� 唳む唳班 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳唳唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唳唳班唳距Π唰囙Π 唳唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳Θ唰嵿Ε唳� 唳︵唳栢唳唰� 唳︵唳唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳-唳曕唳ㄠ 唳Ε 唳оΠ唰� 唳膏唳Π唰嵿唰� 唳唳撪Ο唳监 唳唳 唳膏唳灌唳イ"
唳唳班 唳唳熰唳� 唳忇Ξ唳� 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳灌唳︵唳︵唳 唳樴唳ㄠ 唳� 唳唳多唳侧唳粪Γ唰� 唳Π唳唳班イ 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳呧Θ唰佮Μ唳距Ζ唳熰 唳栢Γ唰嵿Α唳苦Δ啷� 唳唳班 唳 唳Α唳监唳� 唳囙唰嵿唳� 唳班唳侧啷�
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November 12, 2024
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唳灌唳唳 唳班唳∴唳�
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唳灌唳唳 唳班唳∴唳�
May 18, 2024
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October 6, 2019
Spectacular work. A travelogue that becomes history. A profound history on the times when Mogul Empire was moving from the hands of ShahJehan to Aurangzeb.
One is awed by the keen observations of the author about oriental culture and his deep observations/ analysis, some of which hold true today.
A must read. A through pleasurable experience
One is awed by the keen observations of the author about oriental culture and his deep observations/ analysis, some of which hold true today.
A must read. A through pleasurable experience
May 20, 2022
Bernier really got his hands dirty, and then he picked up a pen and wrote all about it. this is a fascinatingly detailed account of what went on at a mogul court. Clearly, it was wild enough, that it shocked even a free-spirited Frenchman.
Forgetting K-dramas and daytime soaps, the real lives of the moguls make the real housewives of anywhere look like amateurs.
Forgetting K-dramas and daytime soaps, the real lives of the moguls make the real housewives of anywhere look like amateurs.
April 10, 2025
Travelogues were prominent attention-grabbers in ancient days when newspapers and television were not part of people鈥檚 everyday lives. Learned men craved for information on far away places and exotic kingdoms. Since Marco Polo鈥檚 famous travel, Europe was a fertile ground for books of such genre. Francois Bernier was medical practitioner from Montpellier University who undertook a 12-year travel through India at the time of Mogul succession war that was raging among the four sons of Emperor Shah Jehan. Bernier got assimilated among the courtiers attending Danechmend Khan, a noble in Aurangzeb鈥檚 court. The author had traveled through a number of Indian provinces and obtained a first-rate impression of the country鈥檚 wherewithal. The book covers all aspects of the country鈥檚 political, economic, social and religious lives, along with a dramatic presentation of the succession war in which Aurangzeb emerged successful. Plays had been created in Paris based on the text of this book. Such is the lucidity and drama with which Bernier tells the story. From 1656 to 1668, Bernier saw India emerging to a new era which sowed the seeds of destruction of the Mogul empire.
A first hand sketch of the tumultuous events that eventually led to Aurangzeb decimating all his brothers to ascend the Mogul throne is dexterously presented. There were times when Bernier also became a constituent of the storyline, as he worked as Dara Shukoh鈥檚 personal physician during his flight to Sindh after a heavy loss in his second encounter against his younger brother. Rejected by the governor of Ahmedabad of entry into the city, and plagued by thirst and robbers, Dara entrusted the treatment of his ailing wife to Bernier. Thereafter, we see the author forming part of the spectators in Delhi, when Aurangzeb paraded Dara ignominiously through the streets, after the unlucky prince was treacherously held and handed over by a tribal leader in Balochistan. Bernier is affected with pity at the misery of the most beloved of Shah Jehan鈥檚 sons. Again, he witnessed a similar parade of Suleiman Shukoh, Dara鈥檚 eldest son, who had sought asylum in the hills of Uttaranchal. He too was grabbed by his protector when it was clear that Dara鈥檚 battle was over and Aurangzeb would hold the throne for a considerable time in the future. Notions of honour in medieval times were very flexible as we see cases of Hindu rajas and Muslim sultans alike abandoning their friends or dependant fugitives to their own fates when imperial authority turned against them.
Another point we notice from the narrative is the villainous duplicity of Aurangzeb. Being the most religious of the siblings, he masqueraded a burning lust for power with his protestations of affection towards his brother Murad Baksh whose support he enlisted to defeat Dara鈥檚 army. Once Dara was subdued, Aurangzeb captured Murad after inebriating him with wine. His wicked cunningness is evidenced by his refusal to take wine himself as he was a pious fellow. After incarcerating his brother and nephews, this bloodthirsty and cruelest tyrant lost no time in finishing them off one by one. Aurangzeb was the master of lies and dissimulation and his stratagems didn鈥檛 end even with the murder of his brothers. After Dara was decapitated on Aurangzeb鈥檚 orders, his severed head was brought to him on a platter. Aurangzeb ordered water to be brought and the blood was then washed from the face. When it could no longer be doubted that it was indeed the head of Dara, he shed tears and said, 鈥淎h, wretched one! Let this shocking sight no more offend my eyes鈥� (p.103). If ever there was a comparison to crocodile more apt, it was on this occasion.
Bernier addresses one issue that comes to mind for those who study medieval history, that is, how did the Hindus manage to hold on to their religion, culture and customs in the face of despotic rule by absolute bigots like Aurangzeb. Thousands of temples have been destroyed in the medieval period, many of them during the Mogul era. But Hinduism kept its ground in an astounding spirit of resilience and lived to tell the tale. What was the reason behind this? We read from Bernier鈥檚 travels that the Muslims were anything but monolithic and were heavily outnumbered by Hindus, 1 to 100, as the author claims. There were Shias and Sunnis, who were in mortal dread of each other, and there were several factions like Moguls, Afghans, Turks, Uzbeks and other tribes among the Sunnis itself. All these groups plotted against each other for money and royal favours. Naturally the warring parties had to enlist support from whichever quarter it was offered, without regard to that person鈥檚 religion. We hear about even Aurangzeb addressing a Rajput king as 鈥榝ather鈥� in an affectionate way to use him against his enemies. Hindus fought in Mogul forces in an admirable way. Rajput princesses were supplied to Mogul harems as wives and concubines, but never the other way round. In this situation, it is normal that the ruler reached a symbiotic understanding with the followers of Hinduism. There was gross discrimination against those Muslims who were third or fourth generation descendants of Afghan or Persian nobles. When their skin tones turned brown, as an indication of mixed blood, they were eliminated from positions of higher responsibility (p. 209).
Bernier not just describes the court of Aurangzeb. He goes into details of polity, economy, religion, philosophy and literature. Even though his descriptions are always thrown in with a haughty comparison with French equivalents, his reviews carry with it elements of truth. He flays the Brahmin priests for their murderous ardour in the case of widow burning, for their lustful duplicity in clandestinely possessing virgins dedicated to the deity of Puri temple and the ignorant exhortations that drive people to rivers and ponds to recite chants designed to save the sun from the clutches of evil spirits at the time of solar eclipse, one of which was witnessed by the author.
Having visited Egypt on his way to India, Bernier expresses no doubt as how to characterize Taj Mahal, the mausoleum that was considered to be wonder of the world immediately after construction. Bernier notes, 鈥渢he splendid mausoleum is more worthy of a place among the wonders of the world than the unshapen masses and heaps of stones in Egypt鈥� (p.5).
Slavery was prevalent in all Islamic empires and so did the Mogul鈥檚. The state itself bought, sold and gifted slaves to visiting dignitaries. Aurangzeb, though outwardly very pious, was an enthusiastic slave driver. He bought slaves cheap whenever there were famines in the empire. Bernier says about some of the slaves gifted to a Persian ambassador who visited Delhi, 鈥淚t is certain that the number of slaves was not unreasonable; he had purchased them extremely cheap on account of the famine and it is also said that his servants had stolen a great many children鈥� (p.51).
Bernier鈥檚 narration of his travels is the most objective that can be obtained from the medieval period. He is not swayed by considerations of business, as is the case with Tavernier鈥檚 memoirs compiled in the same period and reviewed earlier in this blog. He lavishes praise when it is due and don鈥檛 forget to heap contempt when the subject deserved it. Bernier鈥檚 account of the journey across the Punjab plains to Kashmir in the sweltering heat as part of Aurangzeb鈥檚 royal entourage brings out the candour of the author in the grueling journey. It also gives a fine description of the Mogul camp in motion which may contain up to 400,000 souls, but only a few were permitted to enter Kashmir valley as the resources were scarce.
The book is highly recommended
A first hand sketch of the tumultuous events that eventually led to Aurangzeb decimating all his brothers to ascend the Mogul throne is dexterously presented. There were times when Bernier also became a constituent of the storyline, as he worked as Dara Shukoh鈥檚 personal physician during his flight to Sindh after a heavy loss in his second encounter against his younger brother. Rejected by the governor of Ahmedabad of entry into the city, and plagued by thirst and robbers, Dara entrusted the treatment of his ailing wife to Bernier. Thereafter, we see the author forming part of the spectators in Delhi, when Aurangzeb paraded Dara ignominiously through the streets, after the unlucky prince was treacherously held and handed over by a tribal leader in Balochistan. Bernier is affected with pity at the misery of the most beloved of Shah Jehan鈥檚 sons. Again, he witnessed a similar parade of Suleiman Shukoh, Dara鈥檚 eldest son, who had sought asylum in the hills of Uttaranchal. He too was grabbed by his protector when it was clear that Dara鈥檚 battle was over and Aurangzeb would hold the throne for a considerable time in the future. Notions of honour in medieval times were very flexible as we see cases of Hindu rajas and Muslim sultans alike abandoning their friends or dependant fugitives to their own fates when imperial authority turned against them.
Another point we notice from the narrative is the villainous duplicity of Aurangzeb. Being the most religious of the siblings, he masqueraded a burning lust for power with his protestations of affection towards his brother Murad Baksh whose support he enlisted to defeat Dara鈥檚 army. Once Dara was subdued, Aurangzeb captured Murad after inebriating him with wine. His wicked cunningness is evidenced by his refusal to take wine himself as he was a pious fellow. After incarcerating his brother and nephews, this bloodthirsty and cruelest tyrant lost no time in finishing them off one by one. Aurangzeb was the master of lies and dissimulation and his stratagems didn鈥檛 end even with the murder of his brothers. After Dara was decapitated on Aurangzeb鈥檚 orders, his severed head was brought to him on a platter. Aurangzeb ordered water to be brought and the blood was then washed from the face. When it could no longer be doubted that it was indeed the head of Dara, he shed tears and said, 鈥淎h, wretched one! Let this shocking sight no more offend my eyes鈥� (p.103). If ever there was a comparison to crocodile more apt, it was on this occasion.
Bernier addresses one issue that comes to mind for those who study medieval history, that is, how did the Hindus manage to hold on to their religion, culture and customs in the face of despotic rule by absolute bigots like Aurangzeb. Thousands of temples have been destroyed in the medieval period, many of them during the Mogul era. But Hinduism kept its ground in an astounding spirit of resilience and lived to tell the tale. What was the reason behind this? We read from Bernier鈥檚 travels that the Muslims were anything but monolithic and were heavily outnumbered by Hindus, 1 to 100, as the author claims. There were Shias and Sunnis, who were in mortal dread of each other, and there were several factions like Moguls, Afghans, Turks, Uzbeks and other tribes among the Sunnis itself. All these groups plotted against each other for money and royal favours. Naturally the warring parties had to enlist support from whichever quarter it was offered, without regard to that person鈥檚 religion. We hear about even Aurangzeb addressing a Rajput king as 鈥榝ather鈥� in an affectionate way to use him against his enemies. Hindus fought in Mogul forces in an admirable way. Rajput princesses were supplied to Mogul harems as wives and concubines, but never the other way round. In this situation, it is normal that the ruler reached a symbiotic understanding with the followers of Hinduism. There was gross discrimination against those Muslims who were third or fourth generation descendants of Afghan or Persian nobles. When their skin tones turned brown, as an indication of mixed blood, they were eliminated from positions of higher responsibility (p. 209).
Bernier not just describes the court of Aurangzeb. He goes into details of polity, economy, religion, philosophy and literature. Even though his descriptions are always thrown in with a haughty comparison with French equivalents, his reviews carry with it elements of truth. He flays the Brahmin priests for their murderous ardour in the case of widow burning, for their lustful duplicity in clandestinely possessing virgins dedicated to the deity of Puri temple and the ignorant exhortations that drive people to rivers and ponds to recite chants designed to save the sun from the clutches of evil spirits at the time of solar eclipse, one of which was witnessed by the author.
Having visited Egypt on his way to India, Bernier expresses no doubt as how to characterize Taj Mahal, the mausoleum that was considered to be wonder of the world immediately after construction. Bernier notes, 鈥渢he splendid mausoleum is more worthy of a place among the wonders of the world than the unshapen masses and heaps of stones in Egypt鈥� (p.5).
Slavery was prevalent in all Islamic empires and so did the Mogul鈥檚. The state itself bought, sold and gifted slaves to visiting dignitaries. Aurangzeb, though outwardly very pious, was an enthusiastic slave driver. He bought slaves cheap whenever there were famines in the empire. Bernier says about some of the slaves gifted to a Persian ambassador who visited Delhi, 鈥淚t is certain that the number of slaves was not unreasonable; he had purchased them extremely cheap on account of the famine and it is also said that his servants had stolen a great many children鈥� (p.51).
Bernier鈥檚 narration of his travels is the most objective that can be obtained from the medieval period. He is not swayed by considerations of business, as is the case with Tavernier鈥檚 memoirs compiled in the same period and reviewed earlier in this blog. He lavishes praise when it is due and don鈥檛 forget to heap contempt when the subject deserved it. Bernier鈥檚 account of the journey across the Punjab plains to Kashmir in the sweltering heat as part of Aurangzeb鈥檚 royal entourage brings out the candour of the author in the grueling journey. It also gives a fine description of the Mogul camp in motion which may contain up to 400,000 souls, but only a few were permitted to enter Kashmir valley as the resources were scarce.
The book is highly recommended
December 7, 2022
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June 20, 2022
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February 23, 2024
Best Mughal Empire Books I've ever read
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July 1, 2017Beautiful book but note that this is just his perspective on Mughal events a lot of it was not witnessed by him but came from what he heard, he's quite a credible source indeed he unexpectedly crossed paths with Dara on his way to India and also to note he worked under danishmand khan the Secretary of State under Aurangzeb for someone genuinely interested in a fascinating take on Mughals especially the war of succession then read "The Peacock Throne" by Waldemar Hansen
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