Johan August Strindberg, a Swede, wrote psychological realism of noted novels and plays, including Miss Julie (1888) and The Dance of Death (1901).
Johan August Strindberg painted. He alongside Henrik Ibsen, S酶ren Kierkegaard, Selma Lagerl枚f, Hans Christian Andersen, and Snorri Sturluson arguably most influenced of all famous Scandinavian authors. People know this father of modern theatre. His work falls into major literary movements of naturalism and expressionism. People widely read him internationally to this day.
Reading Strindberg鈥檚 most famous play for the third time, having seen it on different stages (from outdoors summer theatre over school play to highly professional performance) several times as well, it strikes me as one of those texts that will be helplessly lost in translation.
Even though it is part of a European tradition, and strongly connects to modern theories on the subconscious and on dream experience, it is at the same time a very Swedish play, with the ambiguity of the Swedish language as one of its main themes and attractions.
In Strindberg鈥檚 short introduction, he mentions the power of the dreamer鈥檚 consciousness, which reigns over all characters in the play, and the Swedish word 鈥渕edvetande鈥� implicitly contains that specific power of knowing: consciousness/med-vetande: the dreamer shares the knowing with the characters. The Latin root of the English word indicates the same connection. And the main theme of the play - to feel pity for humans, 鈥渕edlidande鈥�, is expressed in the word for pity/med-lidande: the dreamer suffers with them.
Humans are sinful creatures, but we are supposed to pity them anyway, because they suffer. That is the fleeting, floating, recurring message of the dreamlike sequences. This is expressed in the language of the frequently repeated sentence:
鈥淒et 盲r synd om m盲nniskorna!鈥�
It is not possible to translate this directly into any other language I know. It means 鈥淗umans should be pitied鈥�, but the word 鈥渟ynd鈥� also means 鈥渟in鈥�, thus evoking the idea of 鈥淭here is sin around human beings鈥�, which is what we should pity them for.
Life is complicated, painful, hard, and sinful, but after a nightmare, when we wake up, we embrace it for a moment, just to escape the pain of sleep. And in the evening, sleep gives us a break from the pain of life. Twice a day, therefore, we escape the eternal trouble of conscious or subconscious pain for the fleeting moment when we change from sleep to waking and vice versa.
Strindberg鈥檚 take on life was dark, very dark, and he certainly knew and felt that he was human in his own double definition:
鈥淒et 盲r synd om Strindberg!鈥�
Prey and predator, passionate and active, a guilty victim. A dreamlike creature, and creator of nightmares.
My favourite part in the play features the anonymous POET, who tries to reconstruct the moment humans were made - from clay. His consciousness goes from ecstasy to skepticism, to irony, to sarcasm, and back to ecstasy again during the vague, dreamy creation process, which moves from one fragmentary association with clay to the next:
鈥淒iktaren (extatiskt) : Av lera skapade guden Ptah m盲nniskan p氓 en krukmakarskiva, en svarv, - (Skeptiskt) eller vad fan som h盲lst annat! 鈥� (Extatiskt) Av lera skapar bildhuggaren sitt mer eller mindre od枚dliga m盲sterverk, - (Skeptiskt) som oftast 盲r bara skr盲p! (Extatiskt) Av lera tillverkas dessa f枚r skafferiet s氓 n枚dv盲ndiga k盲rl, vilka med ett gemensamt namn kallas krukor, tallrikar, - (Skeptiskt) - det r枚r mig s氓 lite f枚rresten vad de kallas! (Extatiskt) Detta 盲r leran! N盲r lera 盲r tunnflytande kallas den gyttja - C鈥檈st mon affaire! (Ropar) Lina!鈥� [The poet (Ecstatic): Out of clay the god Ptah created the human being on a potter鈥檚 wheel, - (Skeptical) or whatever the devil else! 鈥� (Ecstatic) Out of clay the sculptor creates his more or less immortal masterpiece, - (Skeptical) which most often is only trash! (Ecstatic) Out of clay are created these containers, so very necessary for the cupboard, which have the common name of pots, plates. - (Skeptical) - But I don鈥檛 care at all what they are called! (Ecstatic) This is the clay! When clay is diluted it is called mud - C鈥檈st mon affaire! (Calls) Lina!)]
Is this a conscious, or an unconscious, reference to Milton鈥檚 Paradise Lost, and his angry human, yelling out:
鈥淒id I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me man? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me?鈥�
Just like Mary Shelley chose this quote to begin her , it seems to accompany Strindberg鈥檚 pendulum movement between deep depression and exaltation, between the tedium of everyday life and art, between meaning and nonsense.
Agnes ou In锚s , filha do deus Indra,茅 enviada a terra para 听tentar entender a raz茫o dos sentimentos humanos; suas dores ,seus sofrimentos , suas afli莽玫es e suas melancolias. As conclus玫es que esse ser divino tira dos mortais da terra s茫o muito negativas: 鈥渙s homens s茫o dignos de l谩stimas鈥� In锚s v锚 o ser humano como triste, amargo e frustado. Como 茅 um sonho, tudo pode acontecer (um admirador espera 听听a vida inteira 脿 porta de um teatro para ver sua amada Vit贸ria, chaveiros s茫o chamados para abrirem portais para o infinito) e realmente acontece pois h谩 mais de 40 personagens diferentes.Strindberg criou um mundo misterioso e enigm谩tico ,onde s贸 talvez for莽as divinas possam ajudar o ser humano a sair desse marasmo e sofrimento.
. . .And since dreams are more often painful than happy, a tone of melancholy, and of compassion for all living things, runs through the swaying narrative. Sleep, supposedly a liberator, is often a torturer, but when torment is at its worst, an awakening reconciles the sufferer with reality. No matter how agonizing reality can be, at this moment, compared with a tormenting dream it is a pleasure.
August Strindberg frequently referred to A Dream Play as his "favorite" work, but he also referred to it as "the child of my greatest pain." Just as was the case with Ingmar Bergman's Persona, Strindberg's A Dream Play is not only among the artist's most important works, but was a work with dreamlike and surrealist elements that followed from a nervous breakdown. Is madness the price one pays to create great art? Sometimes it seems.
One thing is for certain, A Dream Play is certainly a revolutionary work, with Strindberg furthering his break away from realism and naturalism in much the same way that Federico Fellini (and Ingmar Bergman in his own way) would do in film, moving from neorealism ultimately to surrealism, blending the dreamworld with the waking world. Although To Damascus (a play that I've yet to read, and one that is considered by some to be Strindberg's true "masterpiece") preceded A Dream Play by two years (both starring Strindberg's third wife, Harriet Bosse, when initially produced in Sweden), it is interesting that Strindberg didn't consider its style an experimentation that he would just as soon abandon when working on his next play (as is the case with some of his decisions in Miss Julie), but would instead expand on these, taking some great leaps forward, giving A Dream Play a very contemporary and even postmodern feel.
Apparently when he first wrote To Damascus, Strindberg had sent a copy of that work to his contemporary Henrik Ibsen, whom Strindberg referred to as "the Master, from whom he learned much." Not having read that earlier work, but having read the author's note at the beginning of A Dream Play, in which he writes that in both plays he "has attempted to imitate the disconnected but seemingly logical form of a dream," I feel that in both cases Strindberg perhaps owes some debt to the early Ibsen's Peer Gynt, which like A Dream Play not only blends reality and illusion or fantasy, but has an impressively long cast of characters (unlike Strindberg's earlier plays and, likewise, unlike Ibsen's later plays). And like Peer Gynt it seems that A Dream Play, fascinating as it is, would present extraordinary technical difficulties, with rapidly changing scenes and images like castles that grow from the ground and later burn and then blossom.
The difficulties in staging such a play are highlighted by Ingmar Bergman in his illuminating autobiography, A Magic Lantern. He stated of his later difficulties in staging some of Strindberg's works (though less due to technical issues than personal problems for him and his cast, though he does discuss general production issues with A Dream Play as well) that it seemed as though Strindberg's ghost was standing in his way:
Strindberg has been showing displeasure with me in recent years. . . . [He goes on to give several examples]. That number of misfortunes is no coincidence. For some reason, Strindberg did not want me. The thought saddened me, for I love him.
For Bergman it seemed, the plays of Strindberg were his MacBeth, Shakespeare's supposedly cursed "Scottish play."
Because of the difficulties that the play presents to theatre directors this would be a very fascinating play to see staged, and it would be even more interesting to compare different productions of it to see how different directors and theatre companies transcend the technical obstacles which the play presents.
In terms of content, interestingly, while there is no evidence suggesting that Strindberg read Sigmund Freud (just as there is no evidence that Proust read Freud, despite surprising similarities), his writing on dreams (which he explores through art) is very similar to that of Freud. Perhaps cosmically or historically there is something to this and many artists and thinkers were making the same realizations at the same time for whatever reason, drawing from the same universal pool of knowledge (perhaps someone has written on this; if so it would be an interesting read, I'm sure, and if not here's an idea for exploration -- provided one has the time to commit the endless hours of research time to this task).
A Dream Play is seen by some as a forerunner to Expressionism and Surrealism and, as in a dream, scenes shift rapidly and with little logical reason, characters come and go and different symbols emerge here and there (a few very sexual), some more obvious than others, just as in Freud's theories on dreams.
As with many a Strindberg play, although this one is in a different style from his early works, there is still an autobiographical strand in this work. Strindberg had just gone through a third divorce, this time with Harriet Bosse, who played the lead in the original production of this work, and had (as with his other relationships) turned the gritty side of them into artistic material. And, also as with Strindberg's other works, this play operates in a mythical world and draws on certain familiar motifs from fairy tales, though unlike his earlier works (because of its dreamlike qualities) it is harder to pin down in a specific socio-historical period.
There was so much to this short play -- too much to elaborate on here (though if I pick this play up again I'd like to expand on the many thematic points that I left out of this review) -- and it was constantly drawing my mind this way and that to other works that I've read, some of which Strindberg may or may not have been intentionally alluding to (the stories of Balzac, the poetry of William Blake and Edgar Allan Poe, the plays of Ibsen, the work of Freud and Marx) and to so many works that seemed to owe a great deal to this play (like Beckett's Waiting for Godot and, of course, the films of Bergman and Fellini).
I suppose that insomuch as the themes are so similar to other Strindberg plays, while the structure, form and setting are so different, that it is probably more justifiable that I focus in this review on the latter points. In my review of Strindberg's The Dance of Death, after all, I note that (like many artists) his work dealt with recurring themes (which are identified in that review). This play took many of those same familiar themes and did something new and exhilarating with them, making it instantly my favorite of the four Strindberg plays that I've read to date.
Here is a book I got to know thanks to Bergman's Fanny & Alexander. The following quote, is Bergman's filmography in a nutshell. 鈥淓verything can happen. Everything is possible and probable. Time and space do not exist. On a flimsy framework of reality, the imagination spins, weaving new patterns.鈥�
Flicking through this I was intrigued, I am drawn to stories with a surreal quality, here it was the fluidity of how characters, sets and props change seamlessly. These are the kind of stories that appeal to me.
As a play the story is more a quest that looks at human suffering. There鈥檚 no story arc and is more like a poem.
I really liked the surreal aspect but as a read, many of the Christian references went over me, and the translation in the public domain by Edwin Bj枚rkman gave me enough of a flavour to want to watch this. I think this would be a very difficult play to produce for the stage, but the magic of CGI on screen would bring out the surreal qualities just beautifully, now that would definitely be worth seeing.
BLIND MAN: ...I once asked a little boy why the sea was salt, and the boy, whose father was away on a long journey, said right away, "The sea is salt because the sailors cry so much." "But why do the sailors cry so much?" I asked. "Because," he said, "they always have to go away from home- and that's why they're always drying their handkerchiefs up on the masthead!" And then I asked him, "But why do people cry when they're sad?" And he said, "That's because they have to wash the glasses of their eyes so they can see better."
A Dream Play is one of Strindberg's plays that deals with what is real and what is not- essentially, it is set up to feel like a dream, with characters blending together and the story wandering from place to place, just as a dream would wander. I have seen this done by him before, particularly in To Damascus, but this work really masters the technique that I sense he was working to accomplish. I am glad that this play is so different than his other works, because it's fantastic and new for Strindberg.
The story, from what I can tell, is about the daughter of Indra coming down to Earth to see how the humans live. She meets a plethora of characters, including an Officer who pines over the ever-present Victoria, a Stage-Door Keeper who used to be a prima ballerina, and a Poet who insists that everything is a dream. There is no cast list at the beginning of the play, so there have been a lot of productions that have had enormous casts covering all parts, but I think that Strindberg made all of these characters to be multiple individuals; therefore, there have been small casts for this play as well. I enjoy the confusion taking place, mostly because it really feels like a dream; things wander in and out , the scene changes rapidly and illogically, unknown time lapses happen. How odd, but how brilliant!
While being weird, this play is also very much a poignant play exposing the facets of the human psyche. every character has a flaw that makes him or her a "poor soul" according to the daughter of Indra. Every character is fixated on something or another, and in that way, they have a problem. I really was able to get emotional in many places because some of the stories told by characters were very sad or very poignant. It's incredible that such a surreal play can still make me feel something.
All I can really say to sum this up is that I would absolutely love to see this play performed. It is so surreal, and the sets are so complex and rapidly changing. I'm sure that it would be lots of fun to see on the stage.
I haven麓t read anything by August Strindberg before, but growing up in Sweden it麓s completely impossible not being raised into knowing and believing he is one of the greatest authors coming from this long, northern country of ours. In the context and on the topic of his words, it feels impossible not starting to formulate your sentences with more metaphors, with more angst and drama and with just more than you normally would. You almost unconsciously know you should respect him and that his work is something which we should appreciate and bow before.
Now, I have some mixed opinions on this after finally getting a taste of my own, but I麓m choosing to leave it for my future review on Miss Julie, where I麓m already suspicioning I will have a long debate ahead of me to try to type out.
But for now, the Dream.
I haven麓t started reading Miss Julie yet, but I麓ve watched the recording of it played by Bibi Andersson and Thommy Berggren from 1969 in class the other week. While, once again, that tragedy certainly caused some knots to inflict themselves in my otherwise quite clear view of Strindberg, just hearing the language, the old and dramatic that some consider pretentious and ostentatious, put a kind of spell on me and I found it was exactly the type of words that I like. The type of words that don麓t just make me love the story, but it makes me love the story and the dialog and each and every little word and this passage and that. It makes me appreciate words and it makes me want to make my own.
So when the copy of Miss Julie given to me from school also included A Dream Play, I got a whim this Sunday to maybe just try reading it. I didn麓t really want to take a break from reading Strange the Dreamer (apparently April weather is making me want nothing but dreams) but something in me just wanted to see more. I wanted to hear more, see if that thing bothering me in Miss Julie would continue and more importantly, I wanted more of his beautifully put words that (even if this sounds like a drama in itself) reminded me how beautiful my mother tongue can be.
So, down I sat, book and coffee in hand. I thought that maybe it was going to be too hard, the language too old and complicated to be available for someone like me. I also thought that even if it is, what is the worst thing that can happen? So in I went 鈥� and let me tell you, the dream swallowed me whole and kept me for one long sitting until it was finished.
A Dream Play, is written in a form that revolutionized the idea of how dramas can be created and played and it certainly surprised 鈥� not to mention confused 鈥� me when reading. There is structure, but it麓s constantly moving and it flows in and out of different scenes. At one point I found myself flicking back and forth a few pages, realizing the scene and the characters had morphed into something else and left me without any clue as to when this actually happened. It made me a little annoyed the first couple times it occurred, I felt like I just wasn麓t getting it, but then I realized that is the exact point. It麓s all a dream, and just like our dreams it flowed in and out and it made things turn into new things without making any sense or being logical at all. At one point you麓re following the officer and then the lawyer takes over and at one point the oak tree is just a tree, then in the next, it has conveniently turned into a coat hanger and I almost want to laugh because while reading, this all made perfect sense. When explaining it afterward, it sounds like complete nonsense, but in the moment, it was logical and clear and it really is like trying to explain a dream.
Not only has Strindberg managed to replicate the lucid nature of dreaming, he is also using plenty of symbols and there麓s many dialogues and lines where I was smiling at how brilliantly 鈥� how cleverly 鈥� you can formulate words and sentences.
There is one quite known one where I actually had to just pause and appreciate it, and it goes something like this:
A blind man asks a boy why the sea is salt, the boy replies saying it麓s because sailors cry so much. The man goes on to ask why the sailors cry so much and the boy replies and says it麓s because they have to go away from home for very long, which is why they dry their handkerchiefs on the masthead. Finally, the blind man asks why people cry when they are sad. The boy replies, 鈥淭hat鈥檚 because they have to wash the glasses of their eyes so they can see better.鈥�
*swoons*
Finally, we are led to realize the whole thing has been a dream of the character 鈥渢he Daugther鈥� also known as Agnes. We also find out that she is actually the Daughter of Indra, who according to Indian folktale is the god who sent his daughter to earth so she could see how the humans are living.
It all wraps up and as you get closer and closer towards the end of the drama things get clearer and clearer. You realize it麓s all a dream and it all ends in fire, as well as the constantly growing fairytale castle stopping to bloom its giant chrysanthemum crown.
It kept me locked down, completely submerged in this state of dreaming, and waking I find I want to see more.
Jag har f枚rlorat 90% av mina hj盲rnceller till denna pj盲s.
脛r s氓 taggad p氓 att detta 盲r den sista Strindberg jag beh枚ver l盲sa p氓 ett bra tag. L盲ste btw n氓gonstans att Ibsen ramade in en unflattering bild p氓 Strindberg och satte upp i sitt kontor som inspiration till galenskap. Queen behavior鉁�
Tar lite f枚r l氓ng tid p氓 sig att bli intressant + tycker den genomsyras mer av sj盲lv枚mkan 盲n medlidande. K盲nner mig mycket tacksam 枚ver att Strindberg dog innan autofiktionen blev trendig, han hade varit outh盲rdlig.
"Bir g眉n bir 莽ocu臒a sormu艧tum, deniz neden tuzludur diye. Babas谋 uzun bir sefere 莽谋km谋艧t谋. 脟ocuk hemencecik kar艧谋l谋k verdi: Deniz tuzludur, 莽眉nk眉 denizciler durmadan a臒lar! Neden denizciler bu kadar 莽ok a臒lar ki? 脟眉nk眉 dedi yolculuklar谋 bitmez, onun i莽in de mendillerini hep direklere as谋p kuruturlar! Gene sordum: Ya ni莽in insanlar 眉zg眉n olunca a臒lar? 脟眉nk眉,dedi,daha duru g枚rebilelim diye g枚zlerin cam谋n谋 aras谋ra y谋kamak laz谋m!"
础蝉蝉氓鈥别别别丑鈥� Forst氓r at livet e tema men gidd 氓 kom p氓 noe mer originalt enn masse kristne symboler. I tillegg syns eg at livet som tema, eller ka e livet, e ikje noe eg vil se p氓/lese fordi hvis man skjenne seg igjen i d, s氓 e d kun fordi du gjennomg氓r ein krise og eg tror ikje noe g氓tt komme ut av 氓 kjenna seg igjen i dette temaet. F酶le d skape kaos i hodet p氓 tilskuerne og litt panikk鈥ot good
stark 3,5 man fattade ju inte b枚rjan alls f枚r盲n man l盲st typ 75% och alla bitar b枚rjade falla p氓 plats. d氓 blev den riktigt bra. tror jag kommer njuta mer av den om jag l盲ser om den. v盲ldigt taggad p氓 att se den p氓 scen nu.
Mest "out there" boka 忙 lest p氓 en god stund. Alts氓 e jo et dramastykke, men den e s氓 fjern at 忙 skj酶nne legit ikke kordan d忙m klare 氓 sett den opp. Men nydelish skreve og symbolikken va on point馃崌馃崌