Name: 賲賱丕卅賰丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賱賴亘
Rating: 4.08 (490 reviews)

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賲賱丕卅賰丞亘賷賳丕賱賱賴亘

Victor Hugo

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Ninety-three, the last of Victor Hugo's novels, is regarded by many including such diverse critics as Robert Louis Stevenson and Andr茅 Maurois as his greatest work.

1793, Year Two of the Republic, saw the establishment of the National Convention, the execution of Louis XVI, the Terror, and the monarchist revolt in the Vend茅e, brutally suppressed by the Republic. Hugo's epic follows three protagonists through this tumultuous year: the noble royalist de Lantenac; Gauvain, who embodies a benevolent and romantic vision of the Republic; and Cimourdain, whose principles are altogether more robespierrean.The conflict of values culminates in a dramatic climax on the scaffold.

GenresClassicsFictionHistorical FictionFranceFrench LiteratureLiteratureFrench Revolution

287 pages, Unknown Binding

First published February 19, 1874

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Victor Hugo

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After Napoleon III seized power in 1851, French writer Victor Marie Hugo went into exile and in 1870 returned to France; his novels include The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) and Les Mis茅rables (1862).

This poet, playwright, novelist, dramatist, essayist, visual artist, statesman, and perhaps the most influential, important exponent of the Romantic movement in France, campaigned for human rights. People in France regard him as one of greatest poets of that country and know him better abroad.

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Maziyar Yf

741 reviews532 followers

August 4, 2023

賳賵丿賵爻賴丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖丕蹖爻鬲丕夭賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵 . 丕賵丿乇丕蹖賳讴鬲丕亘亘賴噩賳诏丿丕禺賱蹖倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴讴賴丿乇爻丕賱賳賵丿賵爻賴賲蹖丕賳胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳噩賲賴賵乇蹖賵爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘賴丕蹖賲賵乇丿丨賲丕蹖鬲丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳乇禺丿丕丿賴亘賵丿 . 丿乇丕蹖賳讴鬲丕亘貙爻賴卮禺氐蹖鬲丕氐賱蹖讴賴賴乇讴丿丕賲賳賲丕蹖賳丿賴蹖讴賳诏丕賴賵胤乇夭賮讴乇丿乇丕賳賯賱丕亘賮乇丕賳爻賴亘賵丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 亘賴賴賵诏賵賮乇氐鬲亘乇乇爻蹖毓賯丕蹖丿賵賳馗乇蹖丕鬲賲禺鬲賱賮夭賲丕賳丕賳賯賱丕亘乇丕丿丕丿賴丕賳丿 .
卮禺氐蹖鬲賴丕蹖丕氐賱蹖讴鬲丕亘丕賵乇丕賲蹖鬲賵丕賳賲丕乇讴蹖丿賵賱丕賳鬲賵賳丕讴貙賳賲丕蹖賳丿賴爻賱胤賳鬲鈥屫焚勜ㄘз� 丕賮乇丕胤蹖賵賲禺丕賱賮爻乇爻禺鬲噩賲賴賵乇蹖貙爻蹖賲賵乇丿賳貙讴卮蹖卮噩賲賴賵乇蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 賳賲丕蹖賳丿賴噩賲賴賵乇蹖鈥屫堌з囏з� 禺卮賳賵亘蹖鈥屫必� 貙丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕賳夭丿蹖讴亘賴胤蹖賮鬲賳丿乇賵乇亘爻倬蹖乇賵賲丕乇丕賵爻乇丕賳噩丕賲诏賵賵賳讴賴禺賵丿丕卮乇丕賮鈥屫藏ж� 丕爻鬲貙賳賲丕蹖賳丿賴噩賲賴賵乇蹖鈥屫堌з囏з� 賲毓鬲丿賱賵丕毓鬲丿丕賱蹖賵卮丕蹖丿賳夭丿蹖讴亘賴丿丕賳鬲賵賳丿丕賳爻鬲 .
丿乇賳賵丿賵爻賴丕賳亘賵賴蹖卮禺氐蹖鬲賴丕蹖丨賯蹖賯蹖賴賲丿乇賲賵賯毓蹖鬲賴丕蹖丨賯蹖賯蹖賵賵丕賯毓蹖賵賴賲丿乇賲賵賯毓蹖鬲賴丕蹖禺蹖丕賱蹖丨囟賵乇丿丕乇賳丿 . 丿乇賲蹖丕賳爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘丕賳诏乇趩賴賱賵蹖蹖卮丕賳夭丿賴賲賵賲丕乇蹖丌賳鬲賵丕賳鬲鬲賵爻胤诏蹖賵鬲蹖賳丕毓丿丕賲卮丿賴丕賳丿丕賲丕賴賲趩賳丕賳胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳蹖丿丕乇賳丿讴賴賴賵丕丿丕乇賵禺賵丕賴丕賳爻賱胤賳鬲賴爻鬲賳丿 . 丕夭丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖賵賳卮丕禺氐跇丕賳倬賱賲丕乇丕貙賲丕讴爻蹖賲蹖賱蹖丕賳乇賵亘爻倬蹖乇賵跇乇夭丿丕賳鬲賵賳賴爻鬲賳丿讴賴亘賴毓賳賵丕賳乇賵爻丕蹖讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳丨讴賲爻乇讴賵亘卮賵乇卮乇丕鬲丕蹖蹖丿賲蹖讴賳賳丿 . 丿乇爻胤丨蹖倬丕蹖蹖賳鬲乇爻賳跇賵爻鬲貨亘乇蹖爻賵貙讴丕賲蹖丿賲賵賱賳貙賮賵讴蹖賴鬲賵賳賵蹖賱賴賲丨囟賵乇蹖賳賴趩賳丿丕賳賲賴賲賵亘爻蹖丕乇诏匕乇丕丿丕乇賳丿 . 丕賲丕賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鬲賳賴丕亘賴丕賮乇丕丿賲賴賲亘爻賳丿賴賳讴乇丿賴貙丕賵丕賳亘賵賴蹖丕夭賳賲丕蹖賳丿诏丕賳卮賵乇丕蹖賲賱蹖賮乇丕賳爻賴乇丕賳丕賲亘乇丿賴賵禺胤賮讴乇蹖賵毓賯丕蹖丿丌賳丕賳乇丕亘賴丿賯鬲卮乇丨丿丕丿賴 . 丿丕賳卮毓賲蹖賯賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵诏乇趩賴賯丕亘賱鬲丨爻蹖賳丕爻鬲丕賲丕丨噩賲賵乇賵丿蹖丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲亘賴丕賳丿丕夭賴丕蹖丕蹖爻鬲讴賴賲賲讴賳丕爻鬲爻亘亘禺爻鬲賴卮丿賳禺賵丕賳賳丿賴卮賵丿 .
賴賵诏賵噩睾乇丕賮蹖丕蹖賲賳胤賯賴亘乇鬲丕賳蹖乇丕賴賲亘丕賲賴丕乇鬲鬲賵氐蹖賮讴乇丿賴貙丕賵丕夭噩賳诏賱賴丕蹖蹖毓賲蹖賯賵丕賳亘賵賴賵亘賽讴乇賵丿乇禺鬲丕賳蹖丿乇賴賲鬲賳蹖丿賴爻禺賳诏賮鬲賴讴賴賲丕賳毓乇爻蹖丿賳賳賵乇禺賵乇卮蹖丿亘賴夭賲蹖賳賲蹖卮賵賳丿 . 卮丕蹖丿賴賲蹖賳鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖賲丨蹖胤丕爻鬲讴賴亘乇賲乇丿賲亘乇鬲丕賳蹖賴賲丕孬乇诏匕丕卮鬲賴賵丌賳丕賳乇丕胤乇賮丿丕乇爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘丕賳讴乇丿賴 . 亘乇禺賱丕賮倬丕乇蹖爻讴賴睾乇賯丿乇卮賵乇丕賳賯賱丕亘卮丿賴丿乇亘乇鬲丕賳蹖賵乇賵爻鬲丕賴丕蹖丌賳禺亘乇趩賳丿丕賳蹖丕夭丕賳賯賱丕亘賳蹖爻鬲 .
賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵丿乇倬丕蹖丕賳讴鬲丕亘賵倬爻丕夭噩賳诏蹖禺賵賳蹖賳貙丿丕爻鬲丕賳禺賵丿乇丕亘丕蹖讴倬蹖丕賲丕禺賱丕賯蹖亘賴倬丕蹖丕賳乇爻丕賳丿賴. 丿乇賳诏乇卮丕禺賱丕賯蹖丕賵貙爻蹖乇鬲丕禺賱丕賯蹖賵卮禺氐蹖鬲丕賳爻丕賳蹖亘賴毓賳賵丕賳丕賵賱蹖賳丕賵賱賵蹖鬲賵賲丨賵乇丕氐賱蹖賲賵乇丿鬲賵噩賴賯乇丕乇诏乇賮鬲賴賵丿乇亘乇丕亘乇爻蹖丕爻鬲賵诏乇丕蹖卮鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮丌賳貙丕賵賱賵蹖鬲亘丕賱丕鬲乇蹖丿丕乇丿. 亘賴毓亘丕乇鬲丿蹖诏乇貙丕賵亘丕鬲兀讴蹖丿亘乇丕乇夭卮鈥屬囏й� 丕賳爻丕賳蹖賵丕禺賱丕賯蹖貙乇爻鬲诏丕乇蹖乇丕丿乇毓賲賱亘賴丕氐賵賱賵丕禺賱丕賯蹖丕鬲丿丕賳爻鬲賴丕爻鬲 .

v-hugo

Daniel T

152 reviews38 followers

September 8, 2023

酃鄢丌禺乇蹖賳丕孬乇賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴毓氐乇乇賲丕賳鬲蹖爻賲賮乇丕賳爻賴貙賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵

賯亘賱丕夭賳賵卮鬲賳賴乇爻禺賳蹖乇丕噩毓丕蹖賳讴鬲丕亘亘丕蹖丿丌賳乇丕芦丨賲丕爻賴禄賳丕賲蹖丿貙趩乇丕讴賴禺丿丕丿乇賴蹖亘鬲丿蹖賵馗賴賵乇賲蹖讴賳丿貙爻賳诏丿賱鬲乇蹖賳丕賳爻丕賳賴丕賳乇賲賲蹖卮賵賳丿賵诏乇蹖賴賲丕丿乇丕賳賵倬蹖乇賲乇丿丕賳丿乇卮亘蹖爻蹖賴亘賴賲丕賳賳丿氐丿丕蹖噩睾丿蹖胤賳蹖賳丕賮讴賳禺賵丕賴丿卮丿.

亘乇丕蹖丿乇讴趩乇丕蹖蹖賳賵卮鬲賴卮丿賳丕蹖賳丕孬乇卮丕蹖丿賱丕夭賲亘丕卮丿賳诏丕賴蹖亘賴诏匕卮鬲賴賴賵诏賵亘蹖丕賳丿丕夭蹖賲:

賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵貙爻賵賲蹖賳倬爻乇跇賵夭賮-賱卅賵倬賵賱丿-爻蹖诏蹖爻亘乇鬲賴賵诏賵貙爻乇诏購乇丿賵亘毓丿賴丕跇賳乇丕賱丕乇鬲卮賳丕倬賱卅賵賳亘賵丿. 丿賵乇丕賳讴賵丿讴蹖丕賵亘丕爻賮乇賴丕蹖賲丿丕賵賲倬丿乇卮亘丕丕乇鬲卮賵亘丕丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲蹖讴賴亘賴夭賵丿蹖賵丕賱丿蹖賳卮乇丕丕夭蹖讴丿蹖诏乇丿賵乇讴乇丿貙乇賳诏丌賲蹖夭蹖卮丿. 爻賱胤賳鬲鈥屫焚勜ㄛ� 賲丕丿乇卮賵賵賮丕丿丕乇蹖倬丿乇卮亘賴讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳賵亘毓丿丕賲倬乇丕鬲賵乇蹖

夭賳丿诏蹖丕賵讴卮賲讴卮蹖賲蹖丕賳丕賲倬乇丕鬲賵乇蹖賵爻賱胤賳鬲亘賵丿 .

亘賴诏賮鬲賴賴賵诏賵 :芦丿乇胤賵賱夭賳丿诏蹖禺賵蹖卮賴乇诏夭卮丕丿賲丕賳蹖賽亘夭乇诏蹖乇丕讴賴賴賳诏丕賲賳賵卮鬲賳芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄亘賴丕賵丿爻鬲賲蹖丿丕丿貙丿乇賳賵卮鬲賳賴蹖趩讴鬲丕亘丿蹖诏乇蹖丨爻賳讴乇丿賴亘賵丿.禄

鄄郾賳賵丕賲亘乇郾鄹鄯鄄 :芦丕賲乇賵夭賳賵卮鬲賳讴鬲丕亘芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄乇丕丌睾丕夭賲蹖讴賳賲. 丿乇丕鬲丕賯卮蹖卮賴丕蹖鈥屫з呚� 鬲氐賵蹖乇卮丕乇賱貙跇乇跇賵跇丕賳乇丕丿乇亘乇丕亘乇趩卮賲丕賳賲丿丕乇賲. 丿賵丕鬲讴乇蹖爻鬲丕賱噩丿蹖丿蹖乇丕讴賴丿乇倬丕乇蹖爻禺乇蹖丿賴鈥屫з� 亘乇賲蹖丿丕乇賲貙丿乇賽亘胤乇蹖賲乇讴亘鬲丕夭賴鈥屫й� 乇丕亘丕夭賵丿賵丕鬲乇丕倬乇賲蹖讴賳賲貙蹖讴亘賳丿讴丕睾匕蹖乇丕讴賴賲禺氐賵氐賳賵卮鬲賳丕蹖賳讴鬲丕亘禺乇蹖丿賴鈥屫з� 乇賵蹖賲蹖夭賲賲蹖诏匕乇丕賲貙賯賱賲賯丿蹖賲蹖禺賵亘蹖亘乇賲蹖丿丕乇賲賵卮乇賵毓亘賴賳賵卮鬲賳賳禺爻鬲蹖賳氐賮丨賴賲蹖讴賳賲.禄郾鄱丿爻丕賲亘乇 :芦丨丕賱丕丕诏乇禺丿丕亘禺賵丕賴丿貙賴乇乇賵夭亘丿賵賳丕賳賯胤丕毓亘賴賳賵卮鬲賳丕丿丕賲賴禺賵丕賴賲丿丕丿鈥β�

丿乇賳馗乇賴賵诏賵讴鬲丕亘芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳丕孬乇賵蹖賲蹖亘丕卮丿.

卮丕蹖丿亘鬲賵丕賳诏賮鬲亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳賴丿賮賴賵诏賵丿乇丌孬丕乇卮丿睾丿睾賴賲乇丿賲丕賳卮亘賵丿賴賵爻毓蹖丿丕卮鬲賴鬲丕賴賲蹖卮賴賯卮乇賴丕蹖賲禺鬲賱賮噩丕賲毓賴乇丕亘賴禺氐賵氐丿乇丿賲賳丿丕賳賵賲馗賱賵賲丕賳乇丕亘賴鬲氐賵蹖乇讴卮丿.

诏賵鬲賴: 芦禺賵亘丕爻鬲丕賳爻丕賳賴丕丕夭乇賳噩賴賲賳賵毓禺賵丿丌诏丕賴亘丕卮賳丿禄

丿乇讴鬲丕亘芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄賳蹖夭丿乇讴賳丕乇丕蹖賳乇賵丕蹖鬲鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖貙賴賵诏賵趩賳丕賳亘丕賳賲丕丿倬乇丿丕夭蹖賵丕蹖噩丕丿诏賮鬲诏賵賴丕貙乇賵丨賵賯賱亘禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕賲蹖乇亘丕蹖丿讴賴禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕賵丕丿丕乇亘賴賯囟丕賵鬲賲蹖讴賳丿貙賲丕丿乇賵賮乇夭賳丿丕賳蹖讴賴賳卮丕賳賴賲賱鬲賵讴卮賵乇賴爻鬲賳丿貙丕卮禺丕氐卮乇賵乇蹖讴賴趩賳丕賳丿乇丿賱禺賵丕賳賳丿賴噩丕蹖亘丕夭賲蹖讴賳賳丿讴賴诏賵蹖蹖丿卮賲賳蹖貙毓夭蹖夭賽丌賳賴丕卮丿賴丕爻鬲貙丕賳鬲賯丕賲蹖讴賴賲賳噩乇亘賴亘乇丕丿乇蹖賲蹖卮賵丿賵丕夭丕蹖賳賯亘蹖賱賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲.

賵丕賲丕丿乇禺氐賵氐乇賲丕賳貙賵趩乇丕蹖蹖賳丕賲诏匕丕乇蹖丌賳賵讴賱蹖鬲賲胤乇丨卮丿賴丿乇丌賳亘丿蹖賳卮讴賱丕爻鬲讴賴爻丕賱郾鄯酃鄢亘賴毓賳賵丕賳丿賵乇丕賳賵丨卮鬲丿乇丕賳賯賱丕亘賵丨鬲蹖鬲丕乇蹖禺讴賱蹖丿蹖丕賳賯賱丕亘賮乇丕賳爻賴蹖丕丿賲蹖卮賵丿貙趩乇丕讴賴丿乇丕蹖賳爻丕賱亘蹖卮丕夭爻蹖氐丿賴夭丕乇賳賮乇亘賴夭賳丿丕賳丕賮鬲丕丿賴賵丨丿賵丿賴賮鬲丕丿賴夭丕乇鬲賳丕夭噩賲賱賴卮丕賴賵賲賱讴賴亘丕诏蹖賵鬲賳丕毓丿丕賲卮丿賴丕賳丿貙賵丨丕賱亘賴賯賵賱賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 芦酃鄢爻丕賱賳亘乇丿丕乇賵倬丕爻鬲亘丕賮乇丕賳爻賴賵爻丕賱賳亘乇丿賮乇丕賳爻賴丕爻鬲亘丕倬丕乇蹖爻. 丕賲丕丕賳賯賱丕亘趩蹖爻鬲責倬蹖乇賵夭蹖賮乇丕賳爻賴丕爻鬲亘乇丕乇賵倬丕賵倬蹖乇賵夭蹖倬丕乇蹖爻丕爻鬲亘乇賮乇丕賳爻賴. 毓馗賲鬲丕蹖賳爻丕賱賴賵賱賳丕讴貙蹖毓賳蹖酃鄢貙亘蹖卮丕夭亘丕賯蹖賯乇賳丕爻鬲.禄
丿乇丕蹖賳乇賲丕賳賴賵诏賵亘賴賴蹖趩毓賳賵丕賳胤乇賮丿丕乇蹖噩賳丕丨蹖乇丕賳賲蹖讴賳丿貙趩賴噩賲賴賵乇蹖禺賵丕賴賵趩賴爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘乇丕乇爻賵丕賲蹖讴賳丿賵倬乇丿賴丕夭噩賳丕蹖丕鬲丌賳賴丕亘乇賲蹖丿丕乇丿.
賴賵诏賵亘賴賲丕賳賳丿鬲丕乇蹖禺丿丕賳蹖夭亘乇丿爻鬲丕夭噩賱爻丕鬲賲賴賲貙卮禺氐蹖鬲賴丕貙丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲貙爻乇丕賳爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘貙噩賲賴賵乇蹖禺賵丕賴丕賳丿賱爻賵夭賵丨鬲蹖亘蹖乇丨賲賲蹖诏賵蹖丿賵鬲氐賲蹖賲乇丕亘乇禺賵丕賳賳丿賴賵丕诏匕丕乇賲蹖讴賳丿讴賴讴丿丕賲蹖讴賲乇丿賲丕賳乇丕賴丿乇爻鬲乇丕丿乇倬蹖卮诏乇賮鬲賴亘賵丿賳丿賵讴丿丕賲蹖讴乇丕賴睾賱胤.

讴鬲丕亘丿乇賵丕倬爻蹖賳賲丕賴賲賴郾鄯酃鄢丿乇噩賳诏賱賱丕爻賵丿乇賴賵丕乇鬲卮噩賲賴賵乇蹖禺賵丕賴丕賳丌睾丕夭賲蹖卮賵丿貙丕乇鬲卮夭賳蹖賵爻賴賮乇夭賳丿卮乇丕丿乇亘賵鬲賴夭丕乇蹖賲蹖丕亘丿賵卮乇賵毓亘賴爻賵丕賱讴乇丿賳丕夭賵蹖賲蹖讴賳賳丿貙夭賳蹖讴賴賴賲爻乇禺賵丿乇丕丕夭丿爻鬲丿丕丿賴賵鬲賲丕賲蹖賳诏乇丕賳蹖丕賵爻賴賮乇夭賳丿卮賲蹖亘丕卮丿貙丕蹖賳亘蹖賵禺夭賳賵賮乇夭賳丿丕賳蹖鬲蹖賲丕賵賳賲丕丿賲乇丿賲爻鬲賲丿蹖丿賴賵賲賱鬲賴爻鬲賳丿.
乇賲丕賳丿乇趩賳丿蹖賳亘禺卮乇賵丕蹖鬲賲蹖卮賵丿貙跇賳乇丕賱爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘蹖讴賴爻毓蹖丿丕乇丿鬲丕亘賴賲丨賱賯乇丕乇蹖亘乇爻丿賵丌賲丕丿賴賳亘乇賵丕賳丿賴卮賵丿貙賳亘乇丿蹖讴賴賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿鬲丕孬蹖乇亘爻夭丕蹖蹖丿乇卮讴爻鬲丕賳賯賱丕亘丿丕卮鬲賴亘丕卮丿貙丕賲丕爻乇賵賳賵卮鬲丕蹖賳跇賳乇丕賱賵丕蹖賳賳亘乇丿趩蹖夭蹖賮乇丕蹖鬲氐賵乇禺賵丕賳賳丿賴禺賵丕賴丿亘賵丿.
爻蹖賲賵乇丿賳讴卮蹖卮讴賴賲丕賲賵乇蹖鬲蹖丨蹖丕鬲蹖丿丕乇丿貙亘丕丕蹖賳讴賴賵蹖賲乇丿蹖睾囟亘賳丕讴賵亘蹖乇丨賲丕爻鬲丕賲丕丿賱卮亘乇丕蹖丕賳賯賱丕亘賲蹖鬲倬丿貙亘丕賱丕禺乇賴賴乇趩賴賳亘丕卮丿丕賳賯賱丕亘賵賲乇丿賲丕賳爻鬲賲丿蹖丿賴賳蹖夭亘賴噩賱丕丿丕賳蹖賳蹖丕夭丿丕乇賳丿鬲丕亘賴賴丿賮禺賵丿賳夭丿蹖讴卮賵賳丿.
賲丕乇丕賵乇賵亘爻倬蹖乇丿賵爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇賲賴賲賵讴賱蹖丿蹖亘丕鬲賲丕賲蹖丕禺鬲賱丕賮賳馗乇賴丕爻毓蹖丿乇丕蹖噩丕丿丕鬲丨丕丿蹖賴爻鬲賳丿鬲丕丕蹖賳丕賳賯賱丕亘爻乇丕賳噩丕賲禺賵亘蹖丿丕卮鬲賴亘丕卮丿貙丌賳賴丕丿乇賲蹖讴丿賴賴丕蹖賵讴丕賮賴賴賴倬賳賴丕賳蹖賵亘賴丿賵乇丕夭趩卮賲蹖讴丿蹖诏乇賲賱丕賯丕鬲賲蹖讴賳賳丿貙亘丕丕蹖賳讴賴丌賳賴丕趩卮賲丿蹖丿賳蹖讴丿蹖诏乇乇丕賳丿丕乇賳丿丕賲丕賴丿賮蹖賲卮鬲乇讴丿丕乇賳丿.

芦賮乇丕鬲乇丕夭毓丿丕賱鬲趩蹖爻鬲責丕賳氐丕賮禄

丿乇亘禺卮讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳賲蹖禺賵丕賳蹖賲讴賴趩胤賵乇賲乇丿賲丿乇噩賱爻丕鬲卮乇讴鬲賲蹖讴賳賳丿賵卮丕賴丿丕鬲賮丕賯蹖亘夭乇诏丿乇鬲丕乇蹖禺賴爻鬲賳丿賵丨鬲蹖亘丕賳賲丕蹖賳丿诏丕賳卮賵禺蹖賲蹖讴賳賳丿賵诏丕賴蹖賲賵乇丿鬲賲爻禺乇賯乇丕乇賲蹖丿賴賳丿. 芦丕賲丕丕蹖賳亘賵丿賵囟毓蹖鬲讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳貙亘蹖丨丿賵賲乇夭貙丕乇丿賵蹖賲爻鬲丨讴賲亘卮乇亘賵丿丿乇亘乇丕亘乇賴噩賵賲賽鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖. 丿乇鬲丕乇蹖禺賴蹖趩趩蹖夭蹖賯丕亘賱賲賯丕蹖爻賴亘丕讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳賳蹖爻鬲貙賴賲爻賳丕亘賵丿賵賴賲噩丕蹖诏丕賴毓賵丕賲貙賴賲丕賳噩賲賳讴丕乇丿蹖賳丕賱賴丕亘賵丿賵賴賲爻乇诏匕乇貙賴賲丕賳噩賲賳毓賱賲丕亘賵丿賴賲賲蹖丿丕賳卮賴乇貙賴賲丿丕丿诏丕賴賵賴賲賲鬲賴賲.禄

亘乇禺賱丕賮鬲氐賵乇丕鬲賲丕蹖賳乇賲丕賳亘賴賳賵毓蹖亘賵丿讴賴賲丿丕賲賯賱亘賵乇賵丨禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕鬲爻禺蹖乇賲蹖讴賳丿貙賵賯鬲蹖爻乇丕睾丕蹖賳讴鬲丕亘乇賮鬲賲趩賳丕賳鬲氐賵乇蹖丕夭丌賳賳丿丕卮鬲賲讴賴丕賱亘鬲賴丕夭蹖讴賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴賵卮丕毓乇乇賲丕賳鬲蹖爻賲鬲賵賯毓丿蹖诏乇蹖賳賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿丕卮鬲貙丕丨爻丕爻丕鬲亘禺卮毓馗蹖賲蹖丕夭賵噩賵丿丕蹖賳賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳乇丕丿乇亘乇诏乇賮鬲賴丕爻鬲.

亘丿亘賵丿賳蹖丕禺賵亘亘賵丿賳丕賳爻丕賳乇丕趩賴趩蹖夭鬲毓乇蹖賮賲蹖讴賳丿責丿乇趩賳蹖賳賲賵丕賯毓蹖卮丕蹖丿亘丕蹖丿胤乇賮賲馗賱賵賲丕賳乇丕诏乇賮鬲賵夭賳丿賴亘丕丿賲賱鬲貙夭賳丿賴亘丕丿丌夭丕丿蹖賵夭賳丿賴亘丕丿亘乇丕亘乇蹖爻乇丿丕丿貙丕賲丕丌蹖丕卮丿賴亘丕禺賵丿丕蹖賳丕賳丿蹖卮賴乇丕丿乇爻乇亘诏匕丕乇賳蹖賲讴賴胤乇賮賲賯丕亘賱蹖讴賴丿乇乇賵亘乇賵蹖賲丕丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴亘乇趩賴亘丕賵乇蹖賵趩賴毓賯蹖丿賴丕蹖鬲讴蹖賴夭丿賴丕爻鬲責禺亘賲爻賱賲丕讴爻蹖賲賵丕賮賯馗賱賲賳蹖爻鬲賵禺賮鬲乇丕丕賳鬲禺丕亘賳賲蹖讴賳丿. 丕賲丕诏丕賴蹖卮丕蹖丿賱丕夭賲亘丕卮丿亘賴賮乇丿蹖賮乇氐鬲蹖丿賵亘丕乇賴丿丕丿趩乇丕讴賴丨鬲蹖亘丿鬲乇蹖賳丕賳爻丕賳賴丕賳蹖夭丿乇倬蹖丕鬲賮丕賯蹖賲賲讴賳丕爻鬲賲鬲丨賵賱卮賵賳丿. 丕蹖賳蹖讴蹖丕夭賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲蹖丕爻鬲讴賴丿乇丕蹖賳乇賲丕賳亘丕丌賳爻乇賵讴丕乇丿丕乇蹖賲賵賴乇趩賯丿乇賴賲禺賵丕賳賳丿賴噩丕賳亘丿丕乇蹖賲賱鬲爻鬲賲丿蹖丿賴乇丕讴賳丿貙丌禺乇丕蹖賳鬲丨賵賱賵丕夭禺賵丿诏匕卮鬲诏蹖賴丕诏乇蹖亘丕賳禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕賲蹖诏蹖乇丿賵亘丕卮禺氐蹖鬲毓亘賵爻賵馗丕賱賲賴賲夭丕丿倬賳丿丕乇蹖賲蹖讴賳丿賵亘乇丕蹖丕賵丿賱賲蹖爻賵夭丕賳丿. 亘賴賯賵賱丌賯丕蹖賴賵诏賵:芦丕賳爻丕賳賵丕賯毓蹖亘乇鬲乇丕夭噩賲賴賵乇蹖禺賵丕賴賵蹖丕爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘賵丕賯毓蹖丕爻鬲禄賵蹖丕:芦丕賳爻丕賳蹖鬲亘乇丕賳爻丕賳倬蹖乇賵夭卮丿禄

芦賳賲丕蹖卮爻賵丿賲賳丿蹖亘賵丿貙丕賳丿乇亘賵丿貙丿乇爻亘賵丿. 丿乇亘乇丕亘乇賴賲賴賯鬲賱賵睾丕乇鬲賴丕. 亘賴賳丕诏丕賴丿蹖丿賳丿讴賴丕亘乇賯丿乇鬲蹖賯丿亘乇丕賮乇丕卮鬲貙賵丌賳賲毓氐賵賲蹖鬲亘賵丿禄
丕賳賯賱丕亘賲賵囟賵毓毓噩蹖亘蹖丕爻鬲貙丕賳賯賱丕亘乇丕趩賴讴爻蹖丌睾丕夭賲蹖讴賳丿責乇賴亘乇丕賳責賲噩賱爻責馗賱賲責爻鬲賲責賳賲蹖鬲賵丕賳倬丕爻禺蹖丿賯蹖賯亘賴丌賳丿丕丿賵丌賳乇丕賲蹖鬲賵丕賳爻賱爻賴賲乇丕鬲亘蹖鬲毓乇蹖賮讴乇丿讴賴賲賳噩乇亘賴丕蹖賳毓賲賱賲蹖卮賵賳丿. 賵诏丕賴蹖丕蹖賳丕賳賯賱丕亘賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿亘賴丿爻鬲賲乇丿丕賳賯丿乇鬲亘賴鬲亘毓丕鬲蹖亘丿鬲乇丕夭賯丿乇鬲丨丕讴賲賯亘賱蹖卮賵賳丿貙丕賳賯賱丕亘賴丕賳乇丿亘丕賳蹖亘乇丕蹖馗賴賵乇丿蹖讴鬲丕鬲賵蹖噩丿蹖丿禺賵丕賴賳丿亘賵丿賵卮丕蹖丿賲乇賴丕蹖蹖丕夭丿爻鬲丿蹖讴丕鬲賵乇賴丕貙丿乇丕賳賯賱丕亘亘丕蹖丿賲乇丕賯亘亘賵丿.

賴賵诏賵丿乇亘毓囟蹖賯爻賲鬲賴丕卮乇賵毓亘賴丿丕丿賳丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲亘賴氐賵乇鬲诏爻鬲乇丿賴賲蹖讴賳丿讴賴禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕倬丕讴诏蹖噩賵賲亘賴賵鬲賲蹖讴賳丿賵卮丕蹖丿丿乇亘毓囟蹖賯爻賲鬲賴丕丨賵氐賱賴禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕賳蹖夭爻乇亘亘乇丿丕賲丕丿乇倬爻丕蹖賳丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲噩賲賱丕鬲囟丿賵賳賯蹖囟丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖賵賳賵爻賱胤賳鬲胤賱亘賴丕乇丕賲蹖禺賵丕賳蹖賲讴賴丨丕賱賵賴賵丕蹖丕賳賯賱丕亘賵丨鬲蹖卮賵乇蹖丿诏蹖賲乇丿賲丕賳乇丕丿乇倬爻丕蹖賳讴賱賲丕鬲賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿乇蹖丕賮鬲貙丿乇倬爻丕蹖賳丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲卮丕蹖丿卮禺氐蹖鬲賴丕蹖蹖賳賴賮鬲賴亘丕卮賳丿讴賴賮乇丕賲賵卮卮丿賴丕賳丿.

丿乇丌孬丕乇賴賵诏賵夭賳丕賳賴賲蹖卮賴賳賯爻亘爻夭丕蹖蹖丿丕卮鬲賴丕賳丿賵賴賵诏賵賳蹖夭夭賳賴丕乇丕賲賴乇賴丕蹖讴賱蹖丿蹖賵丕爻丕爻蹖丿乇噩丕賲毓賴賲蹖丿丕賳爻鬲. 卮禺氐丕丿賵丕孬乇丕夭賴賵诏賵賳禺賵丕賳丿賴丕賲貙丌禺乇蹖賳乇賵夭蹖讴賲丨讴賵賲賵趩蹖夭蹖讴賴丨丕賱乇丕噩毓丌賳丿乇丨丕賱氐丨亘鬲賴爻鬲蹖賲貙蹖毓賳蹖芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄貙丕賲丕丕賯鬲亘丕爻賴丕蹖丌孬丕乇丕蹖賳賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴乇丕丿蹖丿賴丕賲賵賲蹖鬲賵丕賳亘賴噩乇丕鬲诏賮鬲夭賳丕賳賴賲蹖卮賴賲賵乇丿鬲賵噩賴賴賵诏賵亘賵丿賴丕賳丿貙賴乇趩賳丿卮丕蹖丿睾乇蹖夭賴丌賳賴丕乇丕亘賴賲丕賳賳丿丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲匕讴乇讴賳丿丕賲丕亘賴賴蹖趩賵噩賴丿賱蹖賱亘乇亘蹖丕丨鬲乇丕賲蹖亘乇丌賳丕賳賳蹖爻鬲貙亘賱讴賴丌賳賴丕乇丕倬蹖乇賵禺胤蹖賲蹖丿丕賳丿讴賴賯賵蹖鬲乇蹖賳賲乇丿丕賳賳蹖夭丕夭賯丿賲賳賴丕丿賳丿乇丕蹖賳賲爻蹖乇賱乇夭賴亘乇鬲賳卮丕賳丕賮鬲丕丿賴賵倬丕倬爻讴卮蹖丿賴丕賳丿貙卮丕蹖丿亘鬲賵丕賳诏賮鬲芦夭賳丕賳禄賳賲丕丿丕蹖爻鬲丕丿诏蹖丿乇丌孬丕乇賴賵诏賵賲蹖亘丕卮賳丿. 丿乇亘禺卮蹖丕夭賲讴丕賱賲丕鬲爻蹖賲賵乇丿賳賵诏賵賵賳亘乇爻乇亘乇丕亘乇蹖夭賳賵賲乇丿賲亘丕丨孬賴丕蹖夭蹖亘丕卮讴賱賲蹖诏蹖乇丿貙爻蹖賲賵乇丿賳倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖賲蹖讴賳丿讴賴賲乇丿爻乇賵乇丕爻鬲賵诏賵賵賳賲蹖诏賵蹖丿亘賴蹖讴卮乇胤貙讴賴夭賳賲賱讴賴亘丕卮丿.

賴賵诏賵丿乇丕蹖賳丕孬乇亘賴賲丕賳賳丿丕爻鬲乇鬲跇蹖爻鬲噩賳诏貙丕賱賲丕賳賴丕賵賲賵賯毓蹖鬲賲乇亘賵胤亘賴賳亘乇丿乇丕賳蹖夭亘賴禺賵丕賳賳丿賴賳卮丕賳賲蹖丿賴丿貙诏賵蹖丕賮乇賲丕賳丿賴丕蹖丿乇丨丕賱鬲賵囟蹖禺丿丕丿賳亘禺卮賴丕蹖丿跇蹖丕爻鬲讴賴鬲丕爻丕毓丕鬲蹖丿蹖诏乇乇賯氐丌鬲卮賵爻賵禺鬲賳丌賳卮亘乇丕亘賴賲丕賳賳丿乇賵夭乇賵卮賳讴賳丿. 賴賵诏賵丿爻鬲禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕诏乇賮鬲賴賵丿乇丿禺賲賴賴丕蹖丿跇賲蹖趩乇禺丕賳丿賵亘賴賲丕賳賳丿蹖讴乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖诏乇丿卮诏乇蹖丕夭噩丕蹖噩丕蹖丕蹖賳賲讴丕賳賴賵賱賳丕讴賲蹖诏賵蹖丿貙丕夭爻蹖丕賴趩丕賱賴貙讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴貙丿蹖賵丕乇賴丕賵賲賯丕賵賲鬲丿乇賵丕夭賴賵賴賲趩賳蹖賳賳賯胤賴囟毓賮賴丕蹖丕蹖賳睾賵賱賲爻鬲丨讴賲.

芦賴蹖趩诏丕賴丿乇賴蹖趩賳亘乇丿蹖貙賳賴卮蹖胤丕賳趩賳蹖賳丌卮讴丕乇亘賵丿貙賳賴禺丿丕. 毓乇氐賴丕蹖賳賳亘乇丿賵噩丿丕賳亘賵丿.禄

跇賳乇丕賱蹖讴賴賮乇氐鬲賮乇丕乇乇丕丿丕卮鬲賴賵丿乇丨丕賱賮乇丕乇丕爻鬲亘丕氐丿丕蹖賮乇蹖丕丿蹖噩丕賳讴丕賴爻乇亘乇賲蹖诏乇丿丕賳丿賵亘賴氐丿丕诏賵卮賮乇丕賲蹖丿賴丿貙氐丿丕蹖蹖賲馗賱賵賲貙氐丿丕蹖蹖讴賴禺賵丿亘丕毓孬亘乇賵夭丌賳卮丿賴丕爻鬲. 丕賲丕丿乇蹖讴丌賳賵丿乇蹖讴賱丨馗賴丕賳丿蹖卮賴丕蹖亘丕禺賵丿賲蹖讴賳丿讴賴賲丕丕夭丌賳禺亘乇丿丕乇賳禺賵丕賴蹖賲卮丿貙丕賳丿蹖卮賴丕蹖讴賴丕夭丿賱賽爻賳诏丿賱鬲乇蹖賳丕賳爻丕賳賴丕賳蹖夭賲賲讴賳丕爻鬲爻乇亘夭賳丿. 丨丕賱丕蹖賳賲乇丿睾囟亘貙丕蹖賳賲乇丿噩丕賳蹖賵爻鬲賲诏乇賵賯鬲蹖賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿噩丕賳禺賵丿乇丕賳噩丕鬲丿賴丿鬲氐賲蹖賲亘乇丌賳賲蹖诏蹖乇丿讴賴禺賵丿乇丕賮丿丕蹖爻賴噩丕賳賽爻鬲賲丿蹖丿賴讴賳丿貙賵噩賵丕亘丕蹖賳丕夭禺賵丿诏匕卮鬲蹖趩蹖夭蹖噩夭賲乇诏賳蹖爻鬲貙噩丕賳卮乇丕禺賵丕賴賳丿诏乇賮鬲貙丕蹖賳 ... 倬丕丿丕卮丿賱丕賵乇蹖丕爻鬲.

芦亘蹖丕毓鬲賳丕诏丕賲亘乇賲蹖丿丕卮鬲貙亘賳丿亘乇丿爻鬲賵倬丕蹖卮賳亘賵丿. 丕賵賳蹖賮賵乇賲毓丕丿蹖倬賵卮蹖丿賴亘賵丿賵卮賲卮蹖乇卮亘乇讴賲乇卮亘賵丿貙倬卮鬲爻乇卮趩賳丿跇丕賳丿丕乇賲丿蹖诏乇丌賲丿賳丿. 賵賯鬲蹖丕賵乇丕丿蹖丿亘賴禺賵丿賱乇夭蹖丿. 亘賴爻賵蹖爻讴賵蹖丕毓丿丕賲賯丿賲亘乇丿丕卮鬲貙卮賲卮蹖乇卮乇丕亘丕夭讴乇丿賵亘賴丕賮爻乇丿丕丿賵丿爻鬲賲丕賱诏乇丿賳卮乇丕賳蹖夭亘賴噩賱丕丿丿丕丿. 卮亘蹖賴卮賲丕蹖賱亘賵丿貙賴乇诏夭趩賳蹖賳夭蹖亘丕賳亘賵丿. 賲賵賴丕蹖卮乇丕亘丕丿倬乇蹖卮丕賳賲蹖讴乇丿貙亘丕蹖丿賲丨讴賵賲乇丕賲蹖亘爻鬲賳丿.蹖讴蹖賮乇蹖丕丿夭丿:芦亘賴噩丕蹖丕賵賲乇丕丕毓丿丕賲讴賳蹖丿.禄噩賱丕丿丿乇賳诏乇丕噩丕蹖夭賳丿丕賳爻鬲貙胤賳丕亘亘賴丿爻鬲亘賴倬蹖卮乇賮鬲. 賲鬲賴賲诏賮鬲丿爻鬲賳诏賴丿丕乇蹖丿賵亘賴爻賲鬲賯丕囟蹖亘乇诏卮鬲賵亘賴丕賵丿爻鬲鬲讴丕賳丿丕丿賵賮乇蹖丕丿亘乇丕賵乇丿:芦夭賳丿賴亘丕丿 ....禄丕賵乇丕亘乇氐賮丨賴賲鬲丨乇讴禺賵丕亘丕賳丿賳丿. 噩賱丕丿爻乇賲睾乇賵乇夭蹖亘丕蹖卮乇丕賲蹖丕賳乇賵夭賳賴诏乇丿诏匕丕卮鬲賵賮賳乇乇丕賮卮丕乇丿丕丿貙鬲蹖睾賴乇賴丕卮丿貙氐丿丕蹖讴乇蹖賴蹖亘賴诏賵卮乇爻蹖丿 ... 丿乇賴賲丕賳賱丨馗賴氐丿丕蹖丿蹖诏乇蹖亘乇禺丕爻鬲貙氐丿丕蹖诏賱賵賱賴貙賯丕囟蹖亘丕鬲倬丕賳趩賴亘賴賯賱亘禺賵丿卮賱蹖讴讴乇丿賴亘賵丿賵賴賳诏丕賲蹖讴賴禺賵賳丕夭丿賴丕賳卮噩丕乇蹖亘賵丿亘乇夭賲蹖賳丕賮鬲丕丿. 賵丕蹖賳丿賵乇賵丨丿乇丿賲賳丿丿乇讴賳丕乇賴賲亘賴丌爻賲丕賳倬乇讴卮蹖丿賳丿貙賮乇賵睾蹖讴蹖亘丕馗賱賲鬲丿蹖诏乇蹖丿乇丌賲蹖禺鬲賴亘賵丿禄

丕孬乇蹖丨賲丕爻蹖賵鬲乇丕跇蹖讴 ....

丨丕賱讴賴亘賴丌禺乇蹖賳丕孬乇賴賵诏賵賲蹖倬乇丿丕夭賲卮丕蹖丿亘丿賳亘丕卮丿丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖賳蹖夭丕夭賵丕倬爻蹖賳毓賲乇丕蹖賳賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴卮賴蹖乇丿乇丕蹖賳噩丕亘賳賵蹖爻賲.
賴賵诏賵賳賵卮鬲賳丕蹖賳乇賲丕賳乇丕丿乇爻賳鄯郯爻丕賱诏蹖丌睾丕夭讴乇丿賵乇賵卮蹖讴賴亘乇丕蹖賳賵卮鬲賳讴鬲丕亘丿乇鄢郯爻丕賱诏蹖亘賴讴丕乇诏乇賮鬲賴亘賵丿乇丕亘賴讴丕乇诏乇賮鬲賵丌賳蹖讴爻乇賴賳賵卮鬲賳亘賵丿. 丿乇丕蹖賳爻賳賳賴丕夭賳蹖乇賵蹖卮趩蹖夭蹖讴丕爻鬲賴卮丿賴亘賵丿賵賳賴丕夭賯丿乇鬲賲丿丕賵賲禺賱丕賯丕賳賴丕卮. 芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄賲賵囟賵毓蹖丕爻鬲讴賴丿乇噩賵丕賳蹖丕賵乇丕爻禺鬲亘乇丌卮賮鬲賴亘賵丿趩乇丕讴賴賳亘乇丿亘蹖賳芦丌亘蹖賴丕禄賵芦爻賮蹖丿賴丕禄匕賴賳丕賵乇丕爻禺鬲丿乇讴卮賲讴卮賯乇丕乇賲蹖丿丕丿.

賴賵诏賵亘丕丌賳讴賴乇賵丨卮爻乇卮丕乇丕夭禺乇爻賳丿蹖亘乇丕蹖賳賵卮鬲賳讴鬲丕亘芦賳賵丿賵爻賴禄卮丿賴亘賵丿貙丕賲丕賲卮讴賱丕鬲乇賵丨蹖爻禺鬲蹖乇丕賳蹖夭丕夭爻乇诏匕乇丕賳丿. 丿乇诏蹖乇蹖賴丕蹖禺丕賳賵丕丿诏蹖賵丕賳夭賵丕蹖賴賵诏賵.
爻蹖丕爻鬲賵蹖乇丕丕夭丿賵爻鬲丕賳卮噩丿丕讴乇丿賴亘賵丿貙丌禺乇蹖賳亘丕乇爻丕賱郾鄹鄣郾亘賵丿讴賴亘賴賮乇賴賳诏爻鬲丕賳乇賮鬲賴亘賵丿賵丨丕賱倬爻丕夭鄄鄣爻丕賱睾蹖亘鬲丿乇爻丕賱郾鄹鄯鄞亘賴賮乇賴賳诏爻鬲丕賳亘乇诏卮鬲鬲丕丿乇丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕鬲卮乇讴鬲讴賳丿貙鬲氐賵乇讴賳蹖丿賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴丕蹖趩賳蹖賳卮賳丕禺鬲賴卮丿賴亘丕卮蹖丿賵賳丕賲鬲丕賳亘乇爻乇夭亘丕賳賴丕亘丕卮丿貙丕賲丕亘丕丕蹖賳丨丕賱卮賲丕乇丕賮乇丕賲賵卮讴乇丿賴亘丕卮賳丿貙賴賳诏丕賲蹖讴賴賲蹖禺賵丕爻鬲丕夭丿乇賮乇賴賳诏爻鬲丕賳賵丕乇丿卮賵丿丿乇亘丕賳賮乇蹖丕丿亘乇丌賵乇丿 :芦賳賲蹖卮賵丿丿丕禺賱卮賵蹖丿禄丿乇亘丕賳丿蹖诏乇蹖诏賮鬲:芦丕賵丌賯丕蹖賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵丕爻鬲貙賲诏乇賲鬲賵噩賴賳蹖爻鬲蹖禄
賲丿蹖乇賮乇賴賳诏爻鬲丕賳亘賴賴賳诏丕賲丨囟賵乇賵睾蹖丕亘賳丕賲丕賵乇丕丕夭賯賱賲丕賳丿丕禺鬲. 賮賯胤倬賳噩賳賮乇丕夭丕毓囟丕丌賲丿賳丿賵亘丕丕賵丿爻鬲丿丕丿賳丿貙丕賲丕丿乇丨蹖丕胤貙賴賲賴讴爻丕賳蹖讴賴丿乇丌賳噩丕丨囟賵乇丿丕卮鬲賳丿貙賴賳诏丕賲蹖讴賴丕賵丕夭亘乇丕亘乇卮丕賳賲蹖诏匕卮鬲貙亘賴丕丨鬲乇丕賲卮亘蹖丕禺鬲蹖丕乇讴賱丕賴丕夭爻乇亘乇丿丕卮鬲賳丿.

丿乇爻丕賱郾鄹鄯鄯貙賲噩賲賵毓賴蹖芦賴賳乇倬丿乇亘夭乇诏亘賵丿賳禄乇丕賲賳卮鬲乇讴乇丿賴亘賵丿讴賴賳卮丕賳賲蹖丿丕丿趩賴毓卮賯賵毓賱丕賯賴丕蹖亘賴禺丕賳賵丕丿賴禺賵丿貙禺氐賵氐丕賳賵賴賴丕蹖卮丿丕乇丿貙賴賵诏賵讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖卮乇丕亘丕丕卮毓丕乇蹖亘乇賵蹖丌賳亘賴賳賵賴賴丕蹖卮鬲賯丿蹖賲賲蹖讴乇丿. 乇賵蹖噩賱丿芦爻丕賱賲禺賵賮禄讴賴亘乇丕蹖跇乇跇诏匕丕卮鬲賴亘賵丿貙趩賳蹖賳賳賵卮鬲賴亘賵丿:芦亘賴跇乇跇貙丕夭丨丕賱丕鬲丕倬丕賳夭丿賴爻丕賱丿蹖诏乇: 丌蹖賳丿賴貙丌賳胤賵乇讴賴賯賱亘賲丌賳乇丕丿乇讴賲蹖讴賳丿賲賵乇丿禺賵卮丕蹖賳丿賲賳丕爻鬲貙夭蹖乇丕賲賳貙禺賵丕賴賲賲乇丿賵鬲賵亘夭乇诏禺賵丕賴蹖卮丿禄乇賵蹖噩賱丿讴鬲丕亘蹖讴賴亘賴跇丕賳賳蹖夭鬲賯丿蹖賲讴乇丿趩賳蹖賳賳賵卮鬲賴亘賵丿:芦爻丕蹖賴蹖讴賵趩讴鬲貙丕蹖賳丨賲丕爻賴卮诏賮鬲乇丕爻乇卮丕乇賲蹖讴賳丿貙亘禺賵丕賳貙跇丕賳貙丿乇毓蹖賳夭賳卮丿賳貙賮乇卮鬲賴亘賲丕賳禄
丕賵丕夭毓乇賵爻卮賲蹖禺賵丕爻鬲亘丕丕蹖賳讴賴亘趩賴賴丕爻賳讴賲蹖丿丕卮鬲賳丿丕賲丕丿乇鬲賲丕賲蹖賲乇丕爻賲乇爻賲蹖賵卮丕賲賴丕卮乇讴鬲丿丕卮鬲賴亘丕卮賳丿.
(丕蹖賳噩丕亘丕蹖丿亘賴賳讴鬲賴丕蹖賳蹖夭丕卮丕乇賴讴賳賲貙讴賵丿讴賴丕蹖诏賲诏卮鬲賴丕蹖讴賴賳卮丕賳丕夭賲賱鬲丿丕乇賳丿賳丕賲賴丕蹖蹖賲卮丕亘賴亘丕賳賵賴賴丕蹖丌賯丕蹖賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵丿丕乇賳丿)

爻丕賱郾鄹鄹郾丕爻鬲賵爻丕賱诏乇丿賴卮鬲丕丿賲蹖賳爻丕賱鬲賵賱丿賴賵诏賵貙诏賵蹖蹖噩卮賳蹖賲賱蹖亘乇倬丕卮丿賴丕爻鬲貙禺蹖丕亘丕賳賴丕乇丕丌乇丕爻鬲賴賵丕夭賲乇丿賲倬丕乇蹖爻丿毓賵鬲卮丿賴鬲丕丿乇乇賵夭鄄鄱賮賵乇蹖賴乇跇賴亘乇賵賳丿貙诏賵蹖蹖賲丨亘賵亘賲賱鬲亘賴賲賯丕賲蹖賵丕賱丕鬲乇乇爻蹖丿賴丕爻鬲.

丿乇爻丕賱郾鄹鄹鄞賵倬爻丕夭賲乇诏跇賵賱蹖鬲貙賲毓卮賵賯賴賵賳丕賲夭丿賵蹖貙丕夭丿賵爻鬲丕賳卮禺賵丕爻鬲鬲丕丿蹖诏乇爻丕賱诏乇丿鬲賵賱丿賵蹖乇丕亘賴丕賵鬲亘乇蹖讴賳诏賵蹖賳丿賵亘乇丕蹖卮丕賳趩賳蹖賳賳賵卮鬲:芦賯賱亘賲趩賳丕賳爻乇卮丕乇丕夭爻賵诏丕爻鬲讴賴噩卮賳丿蹖诏乇賲賮賴賵賲蹖賳丿丕乇丿禄
賵丿乇丌禺乇丿乇亘蹖爻鬲賵丿賵賲賲丕賴賲賴爻丕賱郾鄹鄹鄣亘丕亘賴賱亘丌賵乇丿賳:芦賳賵乇蹖爻蹖丕賴賲蹖亘蹖賳賲禄夭賳丿诏蹖乇丕亘丿乇賵丿诏賮鬲.
亘賴诏賮鬲賴乇賵賲賳乇賵賱丕賳:芦卮亘蹖賮乇丕賲賵卮賳卮丿賳蹖亘賵丿貙丿乇賴賲賴卮賴乇賴丕蹖賮乇丕賳爻賴賲乇丿賲亘賴爻賵诏賳卮爻鬲賴亘賵丿賳丿禄

Peter

378 reviews210 followers

January 30, 2022

Ich schreibe diese Eindr眉cke unmittelbar nach der Lekt眉re des Buches. Meine grundlegende Frage ist: Was war das? Ein historischer Roman? Eine Landschaftsbeschreibung Nordwestfrankreichs? Ein Jahresbuch des Jahres 1793? Oder gar ein Manifest des Humanismus vor dem Hintergrund der bestialischen Ereignisse (Gr盲uel wetteiferten mit Gr盲ueln) w盲hrend des royalistischen Aufstandes in der Vend茅e? Es scheint beinahe als h盲tten verschieden Autoren an dem Buch mitgewirkt. Es gibt zwei Erz盲hlstr盲nge, zum einen das Schicksal der Bettlerin Michelle Fl茅chard und ihrer drei kleinen Kinder, zum anderen die Verflechtungen des greisen Marquis de Lantenac, dem Anf眉hrer des Aufstandes, seines schw盲rmerischen Gro脽neffen und ex-Vicomte de Gauvain, dem Kommandeur der republikanischen Truppen zu dessen Bek盲mpfung und des (ex-Abb茅) Cimourdain, ehemals Gauvains Hauslehrer, einem jakobinischen Hardliner. All diese Personen sind fiktiv, allerdings ist Gauvain der franz枚sische Name des Tafelritters Gawain. Eine Sonderstellung nimmt die Szene zwischen den damaligen Revolutionsf眉hrern Robbespierre, Danton und Marat in einem Hinterzimmer der Gastst盲tte in der Rue du Paon ein, die einen Glanzpunkt des Romans bildet.

Hugo beh盲lt zun盲chst eine neutrale Position und verurteile das republikanische Ohne Gnade, keinen Pardon! genauso wie das royalistische Mitleid ist dummes Zeug. Seine Sympathie gilt den Underdogs die auf die Frage 鈥濻ind Sie Republikaner oder sind Sie Royalist?鈥� 鈥� 鈥濱ch bin Armer鈥� antworten, und bemerkt Es gibt noch einen schmerzlicher beklemmenden Anblick als einen brennenden Palast, das ist eine brennende H眉tte. Mit der Zeit kristallisiert sich heraus, dass Hugo sehr wohl die Ideale der Revolution unterst眉tzt, nicht aber deren Ausw眉chse zur Zeit des Wohlfahrtsausschuss und des Grande Terreur. Er sieht die aufst盲ndischen Bauern als Blinde, die nicht f盲hig waren, jenes Licht (der Revolution) zu begr眉脽en, stattdessen sich aber von ihren ehemaligen Herren und dem Klerus alles weismachen lie脽en. Sein Ideal verk枚rpert Gauvain und dessen Meinung

Der Roman kulminiert in der Festsetzung Lantenacs und weniger seiner Getreuen im Familiensitz der de Gauvains. Zwar kann er zun盲chst fliehen, entscheidet sich aber f眉r eine heroische und selbstlose Tat, die ihn in die H盲nde der Republikaner bringt. Dieser Sinneswandel veranlasst Gauvain seinen Gro脽onkel die Freiheit zu schenken und damit zum Verr盲ter zu werden. Der unerbittliche Cimourdain verurteilt seinen geliebten ehemaligen Sch眉ler zum Tode und nimmt sich das Leben, als das Fallbeil f盲llt.

Ich habe von diesem Buch unglaublich viel 眉ber die Jahre der franz枚sischen Revolution gelernt. Trotzdem haben mich weder seine Komposition, noch der pl枚tzliche Sinneswandel (die 痴别谤办濒盲谤耻苍驳) der Hauptpersonen am Ende 眉berzeugt. Neben den anfangs erw盲hnten trage ich noch eine weitere Frage mit mir herum. Hugo schreibt: Die Vend茅e hat der Bretagne ein Ende gemacht. Ist also der Aufstand und seine Niederschlagung f眉r das Weitgehende aussterben der spezifischen bretonischen Identit盲t, Kultur und Sprache verantwortlich? Ich werde im Rahmen eines Miniprojekts mit einem 欧宝娱乐-Freund demn盲chst noch von Balzac lesen. Vielleicht komme ich dann einer Antwort n盲her.

Die Orthographie dieser Ausgabe ist zwar etwas gew枚hnungsbed眉rftig, daf眉r ist sie fl眉ssig zu lesen und enth盲lt als Bonus die eindrucksvollen Illustrationen von Diog猫ne Maillart.

classic france history

賲丨賲丿賯丕卅賲禺丕賳蹖

258 reviews88 followers

September 19, 2020

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丕蹖賳乇賲丕賳貙丌禺乇蹖賳丕孬乇丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖賴賵诏賵爻鬲. 亘毓丿丕夭賳賵卮鬲賳亘蹖賳賵丕蹖丕賳貙亘賴賮讴乇丕賮鬲丕丿賴讴賴乇賲丕賳蹖賲禺鬲氐丕賳賯賱丕亘賮乇丕賳爻賴亘賳賵蹖爻丿賴乇趩賳丿亘蹖賳賵丕蹖丕賳倬乇丕爻鬲丕夭丕乇噩丕毓丕鬲亘賴丕賳賯賱丕亘. 丿乇賳賵丿賵爻賴賲丕亘丕趩賴賲賵丕噩賴賲蹖卮賵蹖賲責賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴趩賴亘乇丕蹖賲丕丌賵乇丿賴責

爻丕賱 1793貙爻丕賱丌禺乇丕賳賯賱丕亘讴亘蹖乇賮乇丕賳爻賴丕爻鬲. 爻丕賱蹖讴賴丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖賴丕倬丕乇蹖爻乇丕丿乇丕禺鬲蹖丕乇丿丕乇賳丿賵亘乇丕蹖賮鬲丨丿蹖诏乇賲賳丕胤賯貙丕乇鬲卮蹖賯丿乇鬲賲賳丿乇丕乇賵丕賳賴讴乇丿賴丕賳丿. 爻丕賱蹖讴賴賯乇丕乇丕爻鬲讴丕乇鬲賲丕賲卮賵丿賵倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖讴賳丕乇亘乇賵丿. 亘丕夭賴賲賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鬲賵丕賳爻鬲賴亘禺卮賲賴賲蹖丕夭鬲賳賵毓賲爻兀賱賴乇丕賳賲丕蹖卮亘丿賴丿. 賴賲氐丨賳賴賴丕蹖噩賳诏丿丕乇丿賴賲诏賮鬲诏賵. 賴賲賲賵賯毓蹖鬲賴丕蹖卮賴乇蹖丿丕乇丿賴賲胤亘蹖毓鬲亘蹖讴乇丕賳. 賴賲毓卮賯賴爻鬲賴賲讴卮鬲丕乇. 賴賲賴賴賲倬蹖趩蹖丿賴亘賴蹖讴丿蹖诏乇賵爻丕夭賳丿賴鬲賵丿乇鬲賵蹖蹖噩丿丕賳丕卮丿賳蹖.

蹖讴賵蹖跇诏蹖亘丕乇夭讴鬲丕亘丌賳丕爻鬲讴賴賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿賲丕乇丕亘丕賳蹖乇賵賴丕蹖賲鬲禺丕氐賲賴賲丿賱亘讴賳丿. 賴賲丌賳诏丕賴讴賴亘賴丕乇丿賵蹖卮丕賴倬乇爻鬲丕賳賵丕乇丿賲蹖卮賵丿貙賲丕賳诏乇丕賳爻乇賳賵卮鬲丕蹖賳噩亘賴賴賴爻鬲蹖賲貙賵賴賲夭賲丕賳蹖讴賴丕賳賯賱丕亘蹖賵賳乇丕丿賳亘丕賱賲蹖讴賳丿貙賲丕倬蹖诏蹖乇倬蹖乇賵夭蹖丕蹖卮丕賳蹖賲. 亘丿蹖賳鬲乇鬲蹖亘賵亘丕趩賳蹖賳乇賵蹖讴乇丿蹖亘賴丿丕爻鬲丕賳貙賴賵诏賵噩賱賵蹖倬蹖卮丿丕賵乇蹖賲丕乇丕賲蹖诏蹖乇丿. 丕诏乇賴賲倬蹖卮丿丕賵乇蹖丿丕乇蹖賲貙爻毓蹖賲蹖讴賳丿丌賳乇丕亘乇賴賲亘夭賳丿. 賳賲蹖禺賵丕賴丿蹖讴賳鬲蹖噩賴賲丨爻賵爻诏乇賮鬲賴卮賵丿賵丿丕爻鬲丕賳亘賴爻乇毓鬲噩賲毓卮賵丿. 丕賵鬲丕噩丕蹖蹖讴賴丕賲讴丕賳丿丕乇丿貙賲蹖禺賵丕賴丿賲禺丕胤亘乇丕亘賴爻賵跇賴丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖賳夭丿蹖讴讴賳丿. 丿乇趩賳蹖賳卮乇丕蹖胤蹖丨讴賲讴乇丿賳亘乇丕蹖賲禺丕胤亘爻禺鬲賲蹖卮賵丿. 丕噩丕夭賴賳賲蹖丿賴丿禺賵丕賳賳丿賴乇丕丨鬲亘賴爻賲鬲蹖亘睾賱鬲丿.

乇賲丕賳賴賲賵丕乇賴卮賲卮蹖乇乇丕丌禺鬲賴貙鬲賵倬乇丕丌賲丕丿賴卮賱蹖讴賵丌鬲卮乇丕丿乇卮乇賮爻賵夭丕賳丿賳賳卮丕賳賲蹖丿賴丿. 蹖丕禺賵賳乇蹖夭蹖丕爻鬲賵丌鬲卮夭丿賳丕爻鬲貙蹖丕丨乇賮丕夭禺賵賳乇蹖夭蹖丕爻鬲. 趩賴賮丕氐賱賴丕蹖丿丕乇丿丕蹖賳鬲氐賵蹖乇賴丕蹖倬丕乇蹖爻蹖貙丕夭賮丕賳鬲夭蹖賴丕蹖賯噩乇蹖乇賵卮賳賮讴乇丕賳丕蹖乇丕賳蹖丕夭倬丕乇蹖爻! 诏蹖賵鬲蹖賳亘丕賱丕蹖爻乇乇賲丕賳丌賲丕丿賴爻賯賵胤丕爻鬲鬲丕爻乇賴丕乇丕丕夭倬蹖讴乇賴丕噩丿丕讴賳丿. 賳賵丿賵爻賴賲胤賱賯亘賵丿賳丨丕讴賲蹖鬲丿賵賱鬲賲丿乇賳乇丕賳卮丕賳賲蹖丿賴丿. 鬲爻禺乇蹖丕爻鬲亘賴丕蹖丿賴芦賴賲丕蹖賳賴賲丌賳禄亘乇丕蹖丌賳賴丕讴賴賳賲蹖賮賴賲賳丿鬲噩丿丿亘賳蹖丕賳蹖噩夭亘乇蹖丿賳丿賳亘丕賱賴爻賳鬲賴丕賳丿丕乇丿. 蹖讴蹖亘丕蹖丿亘乇賵丿鬲丕丿蹖诏乇蹖亘蹖丕蹖賳丿. 丌蹖賳丿賴噩丿蹖丿丕爻鬲賵乇賮鬲賳蹖貙诏匕卮鬲賴.

丕賲丕乇賲丕賳丕蹖賳噩丕賲鬲賵賯賮賳賲蹖賲丕賳丿. 爻賴賲乇丿亘丕爻賴賳賵毓禺賱賯賵鬲賮讴乇丿乇賳賯胤賴丕蹖亘賴賴賲賲蹖乇爻賳丿. 賲丕乇讴蹖丿賵賱丕賳鬲賵賳丕讴丕卮乇丕賮丕爻鬲賵鬲賳賴丕亘丕夭賲丕賳丿賴賯丿乇鬲賲賳丿倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖. 亘丕丨讴賵賲鬲噩賲賴賵乇蹖賲禺丕賱賮丕爻鬲賵亘乇丕蹖亘丕夭诏卮鬲賮乇丕賳爻賴亘賴丿賵乇丕賳诏匕卮鬲賴賲蹖噩賳诏丿. 诏購賵賵丕賳丕卮乇丕賮鈥屫藏ж� 丕爻鬲貙丕賲丕亘賴氐賮丕賳賯賱丕亘賵噩賲賴賵乇蹖禺賵丕賴丕賳倬蹖賵爻鬲賴丕爻鬲. 亘賴丕賳賯賱丕亘丕毓鬲賯丕丿丿丕乇丿. 噩蹖賲賵乇丿賳讴卮蹖卮賽噩賲賴賵乇蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 丕夭賴賲爻賱讴丕賳賯丿蹖賲亘乇蹖丿賴賵亘賴氐賮丕賳賯賱丕亘倬蹖賵爻鬲賴丕爻鬲. 賴賲丿乇毓賱賲貙诏匕卮鬲賴乇丕乇賴丕讴乇丿賴賵賴賲丿乇爻蹖丕爻鬲. 丨丕賮馗賯丕賳賵賳丕爻鬲. 丕蹖賳爻賴丿乇賴賲丕賳噩丕蹖蹖亘賴賴賲賲蹖乇爻賳丿讴賴乇賲丕賳亘丕丌賳卮乇賵毓賲蹖卮賵丿. 賲丕丿乇蹖亘丕爻賴亘趩賴丿乇賲毓乇囟禺胤乇丕爻鬲. 丕蹖賳亘趩賴賴丕讴丕賳賵賳乇賵丕蹖鬲乇賲丕賳賴爻鬲賳丿.

亘丕賴賲賴賵噩賵丿丿乇賳馗乇诏乇賮鬲賳噩賳亘賴賴丕蹖乇賵丕賳卮賳丕禺鬲蹖貙噩丕賲毓賴卮賳丕禺鬲蹖貙爻蹖丕爻蹖貙鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖貙賮賱爻賮蹖賵丕丿亘蹖貙亘丕夭賴賲亘乇禺蹖賴賲賴诏乇賴賴丕蹖乇賲丕賳亘丕夭賳賲蹖卮賵賳丿. 賮賴賲毓賱鬲亘禺卮蹖丕夭乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕亘賴夭蹖乇賱丕蹖賴賴丕蹖乇賲丕賳亘爻鬲诏蹖丿丕乇丿讴賴賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳卮貙亘賳蹖丕丿丕賱賴蹖丕鬲蹖丌賳丕爻鬲. 丿乇爻蹖賲丕蹖賱丕賳鬲賵賳丕讴貙鬲賴趩賴乇賴蹖賴賵賴丿蹖丿賴賲蹖卮賵丿丌賳噩丕讴賴爻乇夭賲蹖賳蹖乇丕亘賴鬲賱蹖丕夭禺丕讴賵禺丕讴爻鬲乇賲亘丿賱賲蹖爻丕夭丿貙賵丌賳噩丕讴賴賲蹖亘禺卮丕蹖丿. 丿乇趩賴乇賴诏賵賵丕賳賵噩蹖賲賵乇丿賳賴賲氐賵乇鬲蹖丕夭賲爻蹖丨丿蹖丿賴賲蹖卮賵丿. 賴乇讴丿丕賲亘賴賳丨賵蹖賲賳噩蹖賴爻鬲賳丿賵賲賳丕丿蹖毓丿丕賱鬲. 诏賵蹖蹖賲賵賯毓蹖鬲丌禺乇乇賲丕賳貙氐丨賳賴乇賵蹖丕乇賵蹖蹖蹖賴賵賴賵賲爻蹖丨丕爻鬲. 禺丿丕蹖丕毓賱蹖亘丕賲爻蹖丨讴賴鬲噩爻丿禺賵丿禺丿丕爻鬲乇賵亘乇賵賲蹖卮賵丿. 丌蹖丕蹖賴賵賴賲蹖賲蹖乇丿鬲丕賲爻蹖丨夭賳丿賴亘賲丕賳丿責丕蹖賳賴賲丕賳亘乇丿丕卮鬲賲毓乇賵賮賲丕丕夭鬲噩丿丿丕爻鬲. 诏匕卮鬲賴賲蹖乇賵丿鬲丕賳賵亘賲丕賳丿. 丕賲丕賵蹖讴鬲賵乇賴賵诏賵亘爻蹖丕乇毓賲蹖賯鬲乇丕夭蹖賳鬲亘蹖蹖賳賴丕蹖乇賵卮賳賮讴乇丕賳賴亘賴賲爻兀賱賴賳诏丕賴賲蹖讴賳丿. 賲诏乇蹖賴賵賴賲乇丿賳蹖丕爻鬲責賵蹖丕賲诏乇賲爻蹖丨賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿丕夭鬲毓蹖賳賮乇丕乇亘讴賳丿責賴乇丿賵噩丕賵蹖丿賳丿賵賴乇丿賵乇賮鬲賳蹖. 趩胤賵乇賲賲讴賳丕爻鬲責乇賲丕賳乇丕亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿鬲丕賲鬲賵噩賴賲丕噩乇丕亘卮賵蹖丿.

Brodolomi

279 reviews179 followers

December 2, 2022

Poslednji Igoov roman je i moj 拧esti susret sa nekim njegovim delom. 艩ta re膰i no da niko nije pisao romati膷arske istorijske romane kao majstor Viktor. Radnja je sme拧tena za vreme francuskog gra膽anskog rata izme膽u republikanaca i rojalista u Vandeji i uspostavljenja Jakobinskog terora - giljotina, kako 膰e re膰i jedan od junaka, 膰erka Robespjera i na silu udate Francuske. U njemu imamo sve 拧to o膷ekujemo od Igoovog romana: Veliki broj junaka 鈥� tre膰ina jadnika, tre膰ina zadrtih ljudi sa jednom idejom kroz 啪ivot, tre膰ina istorijskih figura 鈥� upletenih u mre啪u narativa koji su prepuni preokreta, goti膷kih kula, krvoproli膰a, humora, mese膷ine, brodova zahva膰enih burom, iskakanja iz magle, pukog slu膷aja, velikih eti膷kih pitanja, pa i onih trenutaka adrenalinskih neubedljivosti kada 膷italac uzvikne 鈥濵A, DAJ!鈥� a zapravo 啪eli da ka啪e 鈥濪AJ, JO艩!鈥�, nego se stidi. Negde do kraja, autor sasvim o膷ekivano poubija vi拧e od pola svojih junaka. Igo nikad nije tvrdio da pi拧e istorijske romane ve膰 legende.

Ideja vodilja evropskog devetnaestovekovnog romana sadr啪ana u poku拧aju da se odgovori na pitanje 拧ta zna膷i i kako biti dobar 膷ovek, u ovom delu je pomerena prema njenoj varijaciji izra啪enu kroz problem: da li 膷ine膰i dobro delo 膷ovek mo啪e da na膷ini mnogo vi拧e zla na du啪e staze? To jest - da li kada pomognemo ranjenom vuku postajemo odgovorni za smrt ovaca? Poput refrena i neuga拧enog plamena ova dilema se predaje iz ruke u ruku razli膷itim junacima zajedno sa nasiljem koji se poput pore膽anih domina obru拧avaju u uzro膷no-posledi膷nom nizu. 艩iroki eskursi, autorski komentari i esejisti膷ki delovi u romanu poku拧avaju da uobli膷e poslednju Igoovu misao o Francuskoj revoluciji, ali i smislu istorije, 拧to je zanimljivo posebno jer je autor imao dugu i kompleksnu, pa i kontradiktornu politi膷ku karijeru. Ovde zauzima stranu republikanaca, ali odaje i du啪no po拧tovanje rojalistima. Ipak, poku拧aj pranja republikanskog nasilja ostaje najintrigantniji, tim pre 拧to, Summa summarum, njegova romanti膷arska mistika o progresu 膷ove膷anstva (u Zmajevom stilu 鈥濭de ja stadoh, ti produ啪i鈥�) ipak ostaje nepomirena sa veli膷anstvenim mrakom zavr拧etka romana. Situacija je jo拧 kompleksnija, ako se ra膷una da 膷itaoci u trenutku izla啪enja romana (1874), u ovom delu nisu tra啪ili Igoove odgovore o Vandeji, Francuskoj revoluciji i doga膽ajima od pre 100 godina, nego stav vezan za krvavo gu拧enje Pariske komune.

A kako Igo za膷arava re膷ima i kako uvodi likove nek poslu啪i slede膰i primer:

Simurden je bio 膷ista, ali mra膷na savest. Po prirodi je bio bezuslovan. Bio je sve拧tenik 拧to je ozbiljna stvar. 膶ovek kao i nebo, mo啪e biti mra膷no vedar; dovoljno je da ne拧to stvori u njemu tamu. Sve拧tenstvo je u Simurdenu stvorilo mrak. Ko je bio pop, taj ostaje pop. Ono 拧to u nama stvara no膰, mo啪e izazvati i zvezde. Simurden je bio pun vrlina i istina, ali su one blistale u tami...

Nekoliko stranica kasnije autor zavr拧ava Simurdenov portret re膷ima: Niko danas ne zna za njega. U istoriji ima tih stra拧nih, nepozantih ljudi.

Legenda ka啪e da je negde tamo u Gruziji, u nekoj crkvenoj 拧koli, lik Simurdena ostavio dubok utisak na mladog Josifa Staljina.

mesec-u-strelcu romani

Debbie Zapata

1,954 reviews42 followers

October 27, 2016

The French Revolution was not simply capturing the Bastille and living happily ever after. As with all revolutions, there were unexpected results.

One of these became known as the Reign Of Terror, lasting from September 1793 to July 1794. Victor Hugo deals with this painful topic in his final novel, 'Ninety-Three.

I'm so close to speechless I can only say that every single person on the planet should read this book now.

saturdaymx

Shirin 鈮絕鈥⑩⿰鈥鈮� t.

679 reviews117 followers

April 2, 2024

丌丿賲蹖賲蹖夭賳丿賵賲蹖讴卮丿賵賲蹖爻賵夭丕賳丿賵賵蹖乇丕賳賲蹖讴賳丿貙丕賲丕夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖噩賴丕賳倬丕蹖丿丕乇賲蹖賲丕賳丿. 鬲丕亘爻鬲丕賳鬲丕亘爻鬲丕賳賲蹖賲丕賳丿賵夭賳亘賯夭賳亘賯賵爻鬲丕乇诏丕賳賴賲趩賳丕賳亘乇噩丕蹖賲蹖賲丕賳賳丿.

14 跇賵卅蹖賴 1789 賯賱毓賴亘丕爻鬲蹖鬲爻禺蹖乇卮丿貙爻丕賱 91 倬丕蹖丕賳爻賱胤賳鬲賵爻丕賱 92 倬丕蹖賴诏匕丕乇蹖噩賲賴賵乇蹖亘賵丿. 10 丕賵鬲 1792 乇賵夭賮鬲丨鬲賵蹖賱乇蹖丕爻鬲. 21 爻倬鬲丕賲亘乇 1972 乇賵夭丕賱睾丕蹖爻賱胤賳鬲賵亘乇丕亘乇蹖乇賵夭賵卮亘丿乇倬丕蹖蹖夭丕爻鬲. 93 賵丕賲丕 93 丌睾丕夭丿賵乇賴賵丨卮鬲賵鬲乇賵乇賮乇丕賳爻賴...
爻丕賱丕毓丿丕賲卮丕賴賵賲賱讴賴:
賲丕卮丕賴丿丕卮鬲蹖賲賵賲賱讴賴丿丕卮鬲蹖賲. 卮丕賴卮丕賴亘賵丿賵賮乇丕賳爻賴賲賱讴賴丕賵亘賵丿. 爻乇卮丕賴乇丕丕夭鬲賳噩丿丕讴乇丿賳丿賵賲賱讴賴乇丕亘賴乇亘爻倬蹖乇卮賵賴乇丿丕丿賳丿賵丕蹖賳夭賳賵卮賵賴乇丿禺鬲乇蹖亘賴丿賳蹖丕丌賵乇丿賳丿亘賴丕爻賲诏蹖賵鬲蹖賳...

亘毓丿丕夭丌賳乇賵夭讴賴讴賳賵丕賳爻蹖賵賳亘賴丕毓丿丕賲賱賵卅蹖卮丕賳夭丿賴賲乇丕蹖丿丕丿貙乇亘爻倬蹖乇 18 賲丕賴夭賳丿賴賲丕賳丿貙賵乇賳蹖賵 9 賲丕賴貙賲丕乇丕 5 賲丕賴貙賵賱賵倬賱鬲蹖賴蹖讴乇賵夭!
诏丕賴蹖趩賴賳賮爻讴賵鬲丕賴賵賵丨卮鬲丌賲蹖夭蹖丕夭爻蹖賳賴丌丿賲蹖亘乇賲蹖丌蹖丿!

丿乇賲蹖丕賳亘夭乇诏丕賳丕賳賯賱丕亘貙丕賳丿蹖卮賲賳丿丕賳蹖賴賲亘賵丿賳丿讴賴賲蹖禺賵丕爻鬲賳丿夭賳丿賴亘賲丕賳賳丿... 爻爻鬲毓賳氐乇亘賵丿賳丿貙丌亘乇賵亘丕禺鬲賴亘賵丿賳丿. 亘丕丌賳讴賴禺賵丿乇丕禺丿賲鬲诏夭丕乇丕賳賯賱丕亘賲蹖賳丕賲蹖丿賳丿貙丕賲丕賵丨卮鬲丿丕卮鬲賳丿. 賳賲蹖丿丕賳爻鬲賳丿趩賴亘丕蹖丿讴乇丿... 鬲賳賴丕賲賯氐賵丿卮丕賳丌賳亘賵丿讴賴丿乇丕蹖賳诏蹖乇賵丿丕乇夭賳丿賴賵爻乇倬丕亘丕卮賳丿...
鬲乇丕跇丿蹖賴丕蹖 31 賲丕賴賲賴爻賯賵胤跇蹖乇賵賳丿賵賳賴丕貙 11 爻倬鬲丕賲亘乇爻賯賵胤丿丕賳鬲賵賳賵賳賴賲鬲乇賲蹖丿賵乇爻賯賵胤乇亘爻倬蹖乇貙睾賵賱賴丕丕夭倬丕丿乇丌賲丿賳丿賵丕蹖賳讴賵鬲賵賱賴賴丕蹖爻蹖丕爻蹖噩丕蹖诏夭蹖賳丌賳賴丕卮丿賳丿.

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賲賳丌賳賳賵毓噩賲賴賵乇蹖乇丕丿賵爻鬲丿丕乇賲讴賴賲丕乇丕亘賴丌乇賲丕賳賴丕賵丌乇夭賵賴丕蹖賲丕賳亘乇爻丕賳丿. 噩丕賲毓賴亘賴爻賵蹖诏匕卮鬲賵賮丿丕讴丕乇蹖賵丕賳爻丕賳丿賵爻鬲蹖賵賲毓賳賵蹖丕鬲賵毓卮賯亘乇賵丿賵亘乇丕蹖乇爻蹖丿賳亘賴賲賳馗賵乇賴丕蹖毓丕賱蹖禺賵蹖卮匕賵賯賵卮賵賯丿丕卮鬲賴亘丕卮丿. 噩賲賴賵乇蹖賲賵乇丿賳馗乇卮賲丕賳馗賲賵賯丕賳賵賳乇丕亘賴賵噩賵丿賲蹖丌賵乇丿貙丕賲丕噩賲賴賵乇蹖賲胤賱賵亘賲賳丕賳爻丕賳乇丕鬲丕丕賮賯賱丕噩賵乇丿蹖亘丕賱丕賲蹖亘乇丿卮賲丕賲蹖禺賵丕賴蹖丿蹖讴賯囟蹖賴賴賳丿爻蹖乇丕丨賱讴賳蹖丿貙丕賲丕賲賳賲蹖禺賵丕賴賲賲孬賱毓賯丕亘丿乇丌爻賲丕賳賴丕倬乇賵丕夭讴賳賲.
丕賲丕毓賯丕亘丿乇賲蹖丕賳丕亘乇賴丕诏賲賲蹖卮賵丿. 賲賳丕賳爻丕賳蹖乇丕丿賵爻鬲丿丕乇賲讴賴亘乇丕爻丕爻賲毓蹖丕乇賴丕蹖賴賳丿爻賴丕賯賱蹖丿爻亘賴賵噩賵丿丌賲丿賴亘丕卮丿賵賲蹖夭丕賳賵賲毓蹖丕乇丿乇爻鬲賵丿賯蹖賯蹖丿丕卮鬲賴亘丕卮丿.
丕賲丕賲賳丕賳爻丕賳蹖乇丕丿賵爻鬲丿丕乇賲讴賴賴賵賲乇禺丕賱賯丕賵亘丕卮丿.
賴賵賲乇卮丕毓乇丕爻鬲... 丕夭卮丕毓乇丕賳亘乇丨匕乇亘丕蹖丿亘賵丿.
賲丿丕賲賲蹖诏賵蹖賳丿丕夭丕蹖賳亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮賵丕夭丌賳亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮. 丕夭賳爻蹖賲亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮貙丕夭丌賮鬲丕亘亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮! 丕夭毓胤乇诏賱賴丕亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮! 丕夭爻鬲丕乇诏丕賳亘乇丨匕乇亘丕卮!
亘賴賴乇丨丕賱丕蹖賳噩賵乇趩蹖夭賴丕亘乇丕蹖丕賳爻丕賳丌亘賵賳丕賳賳賲蹖卮賵丿.
丕賲丕賮讴乇賵禺蹖丕賱睾匕丕蹖乇賵丨丕爻鬲. 賮讴乇讴乇丿賳賲孬賱睾匕丕禺賵乇丿賳丕爻鬲.
...
亘丕賱丕鬲乇丕夭毓丿丕賱鬲趩蹖夭蹖賵噩賵丿賳丿丕乇丿.
丕賳氐丕賮丕夭毓丿丕賱鬲亘丕賱丕鬲乇丕爻鬲.
...
賲賳氐賱丨賲蹖禺賵丕賴賲賳賴噩賳诏. 卮賲丕賲蹖禺賵丕賴蹖丿賳馗丕賲蹖亘賴賵噩賵丿亘蹖丕賵乇蹖丿讴賴丨丕賲蹖賮賯蹖乇丕賳亘丕卮丿. 賲賳賲蹖禺賵丕賴賲讴賴賮賯乇丕夭亘蹖賳乇賵丿... 卮賲丕倬丕丿诏丕賳賳馗丕賲蹖賲蹖禺賵丕賴蹖丿賵賲賳丿乇爻賵賲丿乇爻賴...

9.5/10 猸�
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classic-to-read

Patrick Peterson

508 reviews283 followers

March 3, 2022

Dec. 2017 - Fascinating book.
This is my first book by Hugo and I can easily see why he is renowned for his powerful and beautiful writing. The descriptions of the characters in the book are so poignant. The images of the settings are haunting. The drama is unforgettable.

One will never use the term "loose cannon" again loosely after reading the chapter describing what that really meant to the sailors on a fighting ship.

This book was read superbly by Lisa VanDamme for a new project she has just started at:
She had taught and read this book many times to her students over the years, then decided to open it up to adults on Facebook and the general web. She is a marvelous narrator and discussion leader for key points in and about the book.

BTW, some folks might be interested to know that this book was one highly recommended by Ayn Rand. She was a huge fan of Victor Hugo, and this book in particular.

Hat tip: Brian Surkan - thank you for cluing me in to this wonderful audio book.

audiobook clssics history

Laura

7,096 reviews596 followers

July 4, 2021

Free download available at .

Translator: Aline Delano

Release Date: July 6, 2015 [EBook #49372]

Language: English

Produced by Laura N.R. and Marc D'Hooghe (Images generously made
available by the Hathi Trust - and by Gallica (Biblioth猫que nationale de France) for the illustrations.)

This book has several translations but we found only this one, made by Aline Delano, to be more closer to the original French text. She also translated from the Russian the following books: "The Blind Musician" by Vladimir Korolenko; "The Kingdom of God is Within You, What is Art," by Leo Tolstoy.

The original file was provided by .

Critical Note by Robert L. Stevenson (from "The Works of Victor Hugo, Vol. VII, Jefferson Press, 190-?)

In Notre Dame, Les Miserables, The Toilers of the Sea and The Man Who Laughs, one after another, there has been some departure from the traditional canons of romance; but taking each separately, one would have feared to make too much of these departures, or to found any theory upon what was per- haps purely accidental. The appearance of Ninety-Three has put us out of the region of such doubt. Like a doctor who has long been hesitating how to classify an epidemic malady, we have come at last upon a case so well marked that our uncertainty is at an end. It is a novel built upon a sort of enigma," which was at that date laid before revolutionary France, and which is presented by Hugo to Tellmarch, to Lantenac, to Gauvain, and very terribly to Cimourdain, each of whom gives his own solution of the question, clement or stern, according to the temper of his spirit. That enigma was this: "Can a good action be a bad action? Does not he who spares the wolf kill the sheep?" This question as I say, meets with one answer after another during the course of the book, and yet seems to remain undecided to the end. And something in the same way, although one character, or one set of characters, after another comes to the front and occupies our attention for the moment, we never identify our interest with any of these temporary heroes nor regret them after they are withdrawn.

Page 12:
I was in Paris on the 10th of August. I gave Westerman a drink. Everything went with a rush in those days! I saw Louis XVI. guillotined,--Louis Capet, as they call him. I tell you he did*n鈥檛 like it. You just listen now. To think that on the 13th of January he was roasting chestnuts and enjoying himself with his family! When he was made to lie down on what is called the see-saw, he wore neither coat nor shoes; only a shirt, a quilted waistcoat, gray cloth breeches, and gray silk stockings. I saw all that with my own eyes.

Page 60:
鈥淭his man who is among us represents the king. He has been intrusted to our care; we must save him. He is needed for the throne of France. As we have no prince, he is to be,--at least we hope so,--the leader of the Vend臈e. He is a great general. He was to land with us in France; now he must land without us. If we save the head we save all.鈥�

Page 135-136:
'93 is the war of Europe against France, and of France against Paris. What then is Revolution? It is the victory of France over Europe, and of Paris over France. Hence the immensity of that terrible moment '93, grander than all the rest of the century. Nothing could be more tragic. Europe attacking France, and France attacking Paris,--a drama with the proportions of an epic.

Page 139:
The Gironde, speaking in the person of Isnard, temporary president of the Convention, had uttered this appalling prophecy: "Parisians, beware! for in your city not one stone shall be left resting upon another, and the day will come when men will search for the place where Paris once stood." This speech had given Birth to the 脡v锚ch茅.

Page 209:
At the time when the death-sentence of Louis XVI. was passed, Robespierre had eighteen months to live, Danton fifteen, Vergniaud nine, Marat five months and three weeks, and Lepelletier-Saint-Fargeau one day! Brief and terrible was the breath of life in those days.

Page 218:
Revolution is a manifestation of the unknown. You may call it good or evil, according as you aspire to the future or cling to the past; but leave it to its authors. It would seem to be the joint product of great events and great individualities, but is in reality the result of events alone. Events plan the expenditures for which men pay the bills. Events dictate, men sign. The 14th of July was signed by Camille Desmoulins, the 10th of August by Danton, the 2d September by Marat, the 21st of September by Gr茅goire, and the 21st of January by Robespierre; but Desmoulins, Danton, Marat, Gr茅goire, and Robespierre are merely clerks.

Page 305:
"Liberty, equality, fraternity,--these are the dogmas of peace and harmony. Why give them so terrible an aspect? What are we striving to accomplish? To bring all nations under one universal republic. Well, then, let us not terrify them. Of what use is intimidation? Neither nations nor birds can be attracted by fear. We must not do evil that good may come. We have not overturned the throne to leave the scaffold standing. Death to the king, and life to the nations. Let us strike off the crowns, but spare the heads. Revolution means concord, and not terror. Schemes of benevolence arc but poorly served by merciless men. Amnesty is to me the grandest word
in human language. I am opposed to the shedding of blood, save as I risk my own. Still, I am but a
soldier; I can do no more than fight. Yet if we are to lose the privilege of pardoning, of what use is it
to conquer? Let us be enemies, if you will, in battle; but when victory is ours, then is the time to be
brothers."

Page 467:
Was it then the object of Revolution to destroy the natural affections, to sever all family ties, and to stifle every sense of humanity? Far from it. The dawn of '89 came to affirm those higher truths, and not to deny them. The destruction of bastiles signified the deliverance of humanity; the overthrow of feudalism was the signal for the building up of the family.

Page 486:
The genius of France was made up from that of the entire continent, and each of its provinces represents a
special virtue of Europe; the frankness of Germany is to be found in Picardy, the generosity of Sweden
in Champagne, the industry of Holland in Burgundy, the activity of Poland in Languedoc, the grave dignity
of Spain in Gascony, the wisdom of Italy in Provence, the subtlety of Greece in Normandy, the fidelity of Switzerland in Dauphiny.

Page 505:
"Grand events are taking form. No one can comprehend the mysterious workings of revolution at the present time. Behind the visible achievement rests the invisible, the one concealing the other. The visible work seems cruel; the invisible is sublime. At this moment I can see it all very clearly. It is strange and beautiful. We have been forced to use the materials of the Past. Hence this wonderful '93. Beneath a scaffolding of barbarism we
are building the temple of civilization.

e-books fiction-19th-century free-literature

Monsieurouxx

1 review

August 29, 2008

An incredibly realistic Painting of the French Revolution.

Some might say "it's not realistic, it's pure fantasy, it's much too lyric an passionate, and much too orientated in favor of the revolutionnaries" - indeed, it's only a novel, BUT it's realistic because it shows every aspects of this revolution, and that's precisely because it's lyric that you can understand it. A revolution cannot be described by facts, but by presenting the storm, the hates, the men, in one word : by showing that amazing race between opponents, between "men from the old world" (the nobles) and "men from the new world" (revolutionaries: intellectuals and armymen), this race where you'll lose your head at any mistake, because you don't have the right to fail, because if you're weak the King (i.e. injustice, torture, fanatism) will be back soon!

If you're not French and believe that the Revolution was all about Robespierre's "terror"; if you believe that it was only a bunch of farmers blindly cutting heads, then read this book, you'll understand how wrong you are. You'll get the soul of this Revolution.

Last but not least, this novel is written in a very epic manner, so it's very pleasant to read.

PS : I don't know if an English translation of the book would be very good, because Victor Hugo is "the" French writer.

Laura V. 賱丕賵乇丕

539 reviews61 followers

October 8, 2018

La Terreur

Un romanzo di grande spessore, in ogni senso, questo che Victor Hugo pubblic貌 nel 1874, ultimo tra i suoi capolavori! Uno spettacolare affresco di un periodo molto particolare nell'ambito di quell'avvenimento epocale che fu la Rivoluzione Francese: il 1793, l'anno del Terrore.
La vicenda si svolge principalmente nella Vandea, terra 鈥渁spra e forte che nel pensier rinnova la paura鈥� e che, dopo la caduta della monarchia e la decapitazione del re Luigi XVI, insorge contro il nuovo regime repubblicano, dando cos矛 avvio a una feroce guerra civile combattuta fra le truppe regolari francesi e le bande di contadini vandeani pericolosamente nascoste tra i fitti boschi della regione. A capo di queste ultime, il marchese di Lantenac, vecchio aristocratico fedele ai valori dell'Ancien R茅gime che, con le forze raccolte attorno a s茅, diventa ben presto una spina nel fianco che il governo repubblicano intende sradicare una volta per tutte.
Sullo sfondo della grande Storia, che catapulta il lettore addirittura al cospetto della triade rivoluzionaria Robespierre-Danton-Marat e persino nel bel mezzo di una seduta dell'assemblea della Convenzione, si muovono dunque diversi personaggi con le proprie piccole storie, dal nobile Lantenac alla miserabile vedova Michelle Fl茅chard, mater dolorosa che vaga alla ricerca ostinata dei suoi tre bambini dopo che le vengono portati via durante gli scontri.

鈥淯ne veuve, trois orphelins, la fuite, l'abandon, la solitude, la guerre grondant tout autour de l'horizon, la faim, la soif, pas d'autre nourriture que l'herbe, pas d'autre toit que le ciel.鈥�

E proprio le vicissitudini di questa umile famigliola, trovatasi suo malgrado tra le violenze della guerra civile, offrono pagine di grande intensit脿, rivelandosi altres矛 determinanti per la sorte del marchese di Lantenac.
Nonostante un inizio che sembra stentare a entrare nel vivo della storia e la pesantezza di alcuni passaggi qua e l脿 nel corso della narrazione, da un certo punto in poi il romanzo si fa via via decisamente pi霉 appassionante e non avaro di colpi di scena capaci di tenere ben desta l'attenzione di chi legge, complice una scrittura magnifica, potente, a tratti disarmante (godibilissima anche in lingua originale!) che spesso s'interroga, e ci interroga, su temi etici. Attraverso i suoi personaggi, infatti, Hugo ci mostra come bene e male non sempre abbiano un confine poi cos矛 netto e che pure il colpevole di crimini indicibili si possa riscattare salvando la vita a tre poveri bimbi.
Vecchio e nuovo, inoltre, si contrappongono su pi霉 livelli: da un lato, Lantenac e suo nipote, il giovane capitano Gauvain, fiero e irriducibile monarchico il primo, convinto repubblicano il secondo; dall'altro, lo stesso Gauvain e il suo vecchio precettore Cimourdain, i quali, bench茅 entrambi sostenitori dell'ideale repubblicano, ne incarnano due visioni differenti, nonch茅 due concezioni inconciliabili della giustizia in nome della quale si deve agire: dura e inflessibile, pressoch茅 spietata, per Cimourdain che con quel suo 鈥淔orce 脿 la loi!鈥� nel momento estremo ribadisce con durezza il proprio ruolo di delegato del Comitato di salute a pubblica a dispetto del suo essere in origine un prete, al contrario del suo allievo di un tempo, secondo cui la giustizia dev'essere anche capace di atti di clemenza, controbilanciando le colpe con i meriti dell'individuo, in nome di un senso di umanit脿 che non dovrebbe mai venire meno.
Un romanzo che si fa esplicita condanna della guerra in generale e dell'insensatezza della violenza (anche di quella da parte dello Stato che mette a morte i propri cittadini, nel solco, del resto, di quanto gi脿 espresso oltre quarant'anni prima con 鈥淟'ultimo giorno di un condannato a morte鈥�), un finale inatteso e sorprendente, in cui si soffre e si spera fino all'ultimo straziante rullo di tamburi, mentre sfilano suoni e immagini che soltanto una grande penna poteva imprimere su carta.

in-lingua-straniera

Jersy

1,106 reviews106 followers

July 10, 2021

This is pretty typical of the author's work and I love it. It's full of hard hitting moments, as well as themes and messages, you can notice Hugo's interest in history which never romanticizes it and he loves to bring back characters, relationships and mirrored situations throughout the book, all things I already loved in Les Mis.
While he never makes you feel for or lets you know a character in the same way we expect from modern books, he still explores and characterizes them so well. He isn't afraid to have good actions with bad consequences or questionable characters do good things, while still staying on theme and supporting his moral views. While it can be descriptive for a short time and a part in the middle was a bit less exciting, I was incredible intrigued by everything going on. I just adore Hugo's plots and writing and this might be a new favourite for me, other than Les Miserables of course.

1000-doors-readathon classics historical-fiction

Coleccionista de finales tristes

632 reviews43 followers

November 30, 2019

鈥淓l verdadero punto de vista de la revoluci贸n es la irresponsabilidad: ninguno es inocente, pero tampoco hay ning煤n culpable鈥�

Aunque est谩 novela es menos le铆da que Los miserables, me ha parecido de mayor calidad. El tema es la revoluci贸n francesa, desde luego que hay aventuras militares que cautivar谩n a los m谩s j贸venes.

Entre los personajes aparecen Robespierre, Dant贸n y Marat. As铆 que la novela da la oportunidad de investigar sobre personajes hist贸ricos y hechos.

En cuanto a personajes ficticios quien se lleva la palma es Cimourdain, un sacerdote metido en pol铆tica, bastante apasionado con su sed de justicia.

Una delicia de novela pese a su complejidad. Por esta novela tendr茅 que quitar una estrella a Los miserables.

Luana Milella

170 reviews3 followers

January 20, 2023

Magnifico, intenso come d鈥檃ltronde tutto ci貌 che Hugo abbia scritto. Il mio porto sicuro.
鈥淚l 狈辞惫补苍迟补迟谤茅鈥� 猫 l鈥檃nno del terrore e ultimo libro di Hugo. Un avvincente romanzo storico che appassiona e coinvolge dalla prima all'ultima pagina.
La storia di tre "caratteri" scolpiti con stupefacente maestria: il marchese Lantenac, uomo leale del re, dedito all鈥檕nore antico; Cimourdain, un ex prete, uomo austero e inflessibile, implacabile come il fuoco della Rivoluzione; e infine Gauvain, giovane aristocratico nipote di Lantenac, allievo di Cimourdain, passato al popolo. Un giovane spirito mosso dalla Rivoluzione che ritrova se stesso nel suo ultimo libero volo.
Personaggi indimenticabili che Hugo disegna in modo sublime. Temperamento, ideali, questo libro 猫 un viaggio profondo nella loro coscienza. E in questo Hugo 猫 imbattibile. Buono e cattivo, giusto e sbagliato si fondano in un tutt鈥檜no, come spiriti mossi dal vento, il vento della rivoluzione che tutto abbatte e tutto trasforma.
I dialoghi sono di un'intensit脿 e bellezza rara, il finale sorprendente. Emozioni che solo una grande penna poteva imprimere sulla carta.

Elizabeth (Alaska)

1,509 reviews543 followers

December 27, 2016

This completes for me the trio of novels that tell of the conflict between the Royalist resistance in Brittany and the Republican Revolutionaries after the beheading of Louis XVI. I think I serendipitously read them in the "right" order, which happens to be in publication order: , by Balzac, by Trollope, and this by Hugo. They each have a somewhat different perspective.

The middle part of this was a slog, but it was sandwiched between two parts that were compelling. The sloggy part felt more like nonfiction and included lots of names with which I was unfamiliar, but were probably part of any history learned in school in France. I suspect many - both US and others -might just as easily be unfamiliar with the minor players of the US Revolution. But the major players made up a part of this section, too, and one in particular, Cimourdain, was instrumental to the exciting third part.

鈥�93 is a year of intense action. The tempest is there in all its wrath and grandeur. Cimourdain felt himself in his element. This scene of distraction, wild and magnificent, suited the compass of his outspread wings. Like a sea-eagle, he united a profound inward calm with a relish for external danger.

And the Head of the Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre, tells us:

"Listen, Danton; foreign war is as nothing compared with the dangers of civil war. A foreign war is like a scratch on the elbow, but civil war is an ulcer which eats away your liver. Here is the sum and substance of all that I have just read to you: the Vend茅e, which has hitherto been divided among many chiefs, is about to concentrate its forces. Henceforth it is to have one leader"

Although I highlighted a bit more elsewhere, this was enough to set the stage for this novel and the conflict it describes. Hugo felt compelled to a bit more philosophizing than I like in a novel. If I were more a student of the French Revolution, and especially this period of the Reign of Terror, I might have appreciated it more. As it is, this sits on the border between 3- and 4-stars. The compelling parts are enough to nudge it up.

france kindle nineteenth-century

Pierre E. Loignon

129 reviews24 followers

November 29, 2012

Voici mon roman favori de Hugo. C鈥檈st celui qui m鈥檃 fait la plus belle impression, malgr茅 la tr猫s vive concurrence que lui font Les Mis茅rables et de Notre-Dame de Paris.
Je suis conscient de la singularit茅 de ma pr茅f茅rence et j鈥檃imerais tenter de vous la faire comprendre.
Tout cela tient 脿 ma perception de Hugo. Pour moi, c鈥檈st l鈥檋omme magistral des lettres fran莽aises. 脌 mon avis, il a su, mieux que personne, 茅crire en prenant une perspective 脿 la fois 茅lev茅e et pleine d鈥檜ne compr茅hension g茅n茅reuse et touchante. Cette particularit茅 tient du g茅nie, du miraculeux. Je ne crois pas qu鈥檕n puisse l鈥檈xpliquer. Il a pu disposer d鈥檜n esprit tout naturellement grand, exactement comme d鈥檃utres disposent d鈥檜ne grande taille, d鈥檜ne grande fortune, etc., c鈥檈st tout.
Cette grandeur se manifeste de la mani猫re la plus parfaite dans ses po猫mes, mais je la sens m锚me dans ses pamphlets, ouvrages dont le style et les sujets sont, par d茅finition, on ne peut plus terre 脿 terre. Et parmi ses romans, celui o霉 cette particularit茅, qui fait pour moi le charme unique des ouvrages de Hugo, appara卯t de la mani猫re la plus 茅clatante, c鈥檈st Quatrevingt-treize.
Hugo s鈥檈st tr猫s bien document茅 sur la p茅riode de la terreur pour 茅crire ce livre, dont l鈥檋orizon est la lutte entre r茅volutionnaires et monarchistes. Malgr茅 ses convictions personnelles favorables 脿 la r茅volution, Hugo d茅passe sa perspective de simple citoyen pour exposer d鈥檜ne mani猫re juste et g茅n茅reuse les tares et qualit茅s de chacun des partis.
On s鈥檡 sent, tout en douceur, transport茅 en survol au-dessus des 茅v猫nements terribles de cette p茅riode troubl茅e.
Un pur d茅lice.

histoire litterature

Rygard Battlehammer

187 reviews81 followers

December 29, 2023

E艧itlik, 枚zg眉rl眉k, karde艧lik.

Veya ba艧ka bir ifadeyle; evet, bizim Victor鈥櫮眓 Sefiller d谋艧谋nda da kitab谋 varm谋艧.

Doksan 脺莽, Frans谋z 陌htilali鈥檔in ard谋ndan ya艧anan kar艧谋 devrimci dalgay谋, Vend锚e sava艧谋 ve Ter枚r D枚nemini anlatan modern bir destan. Fransa鈥檔谋n gelecek iki y眉zy谋l谋n谋 damgas谋n谋 vuracak iktidar kavgas谋n谋n, ku艧aklar boyu aktar谋lacak travmalar谋n ya艧and谋臒谋 1793鈥櫭糿, samimi ve objektif bir portresi. Destan diye tan谋mlay谋艧谋m ise laf谋n geli艧i de臒il. Hugo, antik destanlara benzer 艧ekilde, 眉莽 kurgusal karakterin etraf谋na sarmalay谋p, maharetle ve ahenkli bir estetikle anlat谋yor hikayeyi.

Hugo鈥檔un, bu tekinsiz, tuhaf, kanl谋 d枚nem anlat谋s谋, hayat谋n谋n sonuna denk geliyor. Yazar, son eseri olan Doksan 脺莽鈥櫭� yay谋nlad谋ktan bir y谋l sonra, 1885鈥檛e, 83 ya艧谋nda 枚l眉yor...
(bkz: B枚l眉m 1, Victor Hugo鈥檔un Hayat谋na Dair)

...

Asl谋nda Sefiller ile tan谋d谋臒谋m i莽in biraz 莽ekindi臒im bir yazar Victor Hugo. Biz bizeyiz 艧urada(?) 鈥淏oktan 艧amdan谋 1800 sayfa anlatan adam, koskoca 陌htilal hakk谋nda neler yazmaz?鈥� diye hafif bir endi艧e ile kitaba ba艧lad谋臒谋m谋 inkar etmeyece臒im. Ancak Doksan 脺莽, sade ve samimi bir tonla yaz谋lm谋艧 ve okuyucuyu b眉y眉k bir h谋zla i莽ine 莽ekiyor, k谋sa s眉re i莽inde 艧眉phe ve g眉vensizli臒in zerresi kalm谋yor. Yan yollar a莽mak, s眉rprizler ve 莽at谋艧malar, d枚n眉m ve d眉臒眉m noktalar谋 olu艧turmakta da son derece ba艧ar谋l谋 bir metin oldu臒u i莽in, bilin莽sizce b眉y眉s眉ne kap谋l谋yorsunuz kitab谋n. Kitapta 陌lerledik莽e, hi莽bir konuya bo艧una yat谋r谋m yapmad谋臒谋, yazd谋臒谋 her unsurun hikayeyi geli艧tirdi臒ini ke艧fetmek ise ger莽ekten keyifli. 脺莽 ana b枚l眉me ayr谋l谋yor hikaye:

1. B枚l眉m, 鈥淒enizde鈥�

1793 bahar谋nda, orman谋n i莽inde ilerleyen bir grup cumhuriyet莽i askerin, her 艧eyini kaybetmi艧, pa莽avralar i莽inde bir ana ve 眉莽莽ocu臒uyla kar艧谋la艧mas谋 ile a莽谋l谋yor kitap. S谋rlar谋n谋 hemen d枚km眉yor ortaya, fark ettirmeden insan谋n i莽ine s谋zan, tatl谋 bir ak谋艧 tutturmu艧. Di臒er taraftan da denizde bir 艧eyler oluyor. Claymore adl谋 k眉莽眉k, g枚r眉n眉艧te silahs谋z bir korvete, gizlilik i莽inde limandan demir alm谋艧, gizemli bir yolcuyu hedefine ula艧t谋rmak i莽in zamanla yar谋艧谋yor.

Elbette denizde felaket gecikmiyor; Frans谋z Donanmas谋鈥檔谋n f谋rkateynleri aras谋ndan h谋zla ge莽mek, ancak 莽ok gerekirse sava艧mak i莽in tasarlanm谋艧 k眉莽眉k, yeni ve modern bir gemi Claymore. Ancak iyi ba臒lanmam谋艧 bir top iplerini kopar谋yor ve geminin Nemesis鈥檌 haline geliyor. Denizin 莽alkant谋s谋 ve dalgalar谋n kestirilemez hareketiyle g眉vertede serbest莽e gezinen top, bir anda 莽evresindeki tayfalar谋 ezerek par莽al谋yor ve korkun莽 bir y谋k谋m dans谋na ba艧l谋yor. Bir sonraki saniye nerede olaca臒谋, neye 莽arpaca臒谋 asla 枚ng枚r眉lemeyen devasa 莽elik canavar, 枚n眉ne 莽谋kan insanlar谋 peltele艧mi艧 bir et ve kemik y谋臒谋n谋na 莽eviriyor, ah艧ap gemiyi par莽alamaya, direkleri k谋rmaya, metalin 枚fkesini insanlar谋n 眉st眉ne kusmaya koyuluyor.

Tekerlekleri 眉zerinde, alt g眉verte boyunca sal谋nan, bir a艧a臒谋 bir yukar谋 giden, alt谋na ald谋臒谋 denizcilerin par莽alad谋臒谋 bedenleriyle g眉verteyi grotesk bir tabloya 莽eviren 莽elik y谋臒谋n谋n, sanki canl谋 bir varl谋ktan bahsedercesine anlat谋lmas谋, topa hayvans谋, hatta canavars谋 bir zeka atfedilmesi, ya艧anan deh艧eti ba艧ka bir boyuta 莽谋kar谋yor. Bir anda kendimizi masallara yak谋艧谋r, fantastik bir m眉cadelenin i莽inde buluyoruz. Ayn谋 anda modern bilim-kurgular谋 and谋ran, insana kar艧谋 makine metaforlar谋n谋 okumak ise beklenmedik ve kesinlikle heyecan verici.

Sonunda top kontrol alt谋na al谋n谋yor, Claymore batmaktan kurtuluyor. Ancak a臒谋r hasar alm谋艧 gemi, art谋k i艧levini yerine getirecek durumda de臒il. D眉艧man donanmas谋 yakla艧谋yor, uzaktan 鈥淵a艧as谋n Cumhuriyet鈥� diye ba臒谋ran d眉艧man谋n sesi duyuluyor. Claymore kayal谋klara s眉r眉kleniyor. Biz ise hikayenin gizemli yabanc谋yla, yani hikayenin 眉莽 kilit karakterinden ilki, sab谋k Lantenac Markisi ise tan谋艧谋yoruz. Claymore son sava艧谋n谋 vermek 眉zere d眉艧manla y眉zle艧meye haz谋rlan谋rken, Lantenac, gecenin karanl谋臒谋nda karaya 莽谋kmak 眉zere bir kay谋臒a bindiriliyor...

Hugo, 陌htilalin hikayesini aktarmak i莽in bu 眉莽 karakterin ustaca kullan谋yor. Mitolojik tanr谋lar谋n d眉nyaya inmek i莽in kulland谋臒谋 avatarlar谋na benziyor 眉莽l眉 ama bu sefer d眉nyada y眉r眉yenler, 莽ok daha somut ve ger莽ek inan莽lar谋n avatarlar谋. Lantenac monar艧iyi, daha sonra tan谋艧aca臒谋m谋z iki kahraman ise cumhuriyetin iki farkl谋 y眉z眉n眉 temsil ediyor.

Laternac, adeta kralc谋l谋臒谋n ete kemi臒e gelmi艧 hali. Zafere giden yolda her eylemi me艧ru g枚r眉yor, krall谋臒a kar艧谋 tanr谋sal bir sadakati var. Eski us眉l, vah艧i bir aristokrat, pratik ama ac谋mas谋z ve korkun莽 bir adam. 陌pini koparm谋艧 topu zapt edip gemiyi kurtaran top莽uba艧谋na 枚nce madalyayla verip, ard谋ndan 鈥渢opu d眉zg眉n ba臒lamad谋臒谋 i莽in鈥� kur艧una dizdiren, arkaik, epik ve sapk谋n bir adalet anlay谋艧谋na sahip. 脰te yandan tam bir provokat枚r, f谋rsat莽谋 ve koca bir yurdu aya臒a kald谋racak temel bilgiye sahip. Cumhuriyete yak谋n k枚yleri yakt谋rmakta, ard谋ndan ceset y谋臒谋nlar谋 b谋rakmakta, kad谋nlar谋 da erkeklerle beraber kur艧una dizmekte teredd眉t etmiyor. Marki, gemiden iner inmez plan谋n谋 uygulamaya ba艧l谋yor ve Vend锚e liderini buluyor. O andan sonra Vend锚e demek isyan demek, isyan demek de Marki demek:
鈥溍杔d眉r眉n! Yak谋n! Tutsak almak yok!鈥�

2. B枚l眉m, 鈥淧aris鈥檛e鈥�

Vend锚e isyan ederken Hugo, bu kez oda臒谋n谋 devrimin kalbine, Paris鈥檈莽eviriyor. 陌htilalin 枚nderlerini, Danton, Marat ve Robespierre鈥檌, karakter olarak kar艧谋m谋za 莽谋kar谋yor. Bu s谋rada destan谋m谋z谋n ikinci avatar谋yla, devrimin ate艧iyle tekrar vaftiz olmu艧, 鈥渟af ama karma艧谋k vicdanl谋鈥� eski papaz Cimourdain ile de tan谋艧谋yoruz. 陌nan莽l谋, erdemli, adil ve insan眉st眉 bir iyilikseverlik anlay谋艧谋na sahip bir baba fig眉r眉.

Paris k谋s谋mlar谋 Hugo鈥檔un 眉slubunu incelikle de臒i艧tirdi臒i ve t谋pk谋 bir gazeteci gibi anlat谋s谋n谋艧ekillendirdi臒i bir k谋s谋m bu arada. Frans谋z 陌htilaline ve devam谋ndaki y谋llara, 鈥淩obespierre yoktu, d眉艧man 莽oktu, Robespierre geldi, herkesi kesti.鈥� kabala臒谋nda yakla艧m谋yor kesinlikle. Ancak devrimin 眉莽枚nderinin ki艧iliklerini de saklama gere臒i duymuyor, samimiyetle yans谋t谋yor. Haliyle insani, Alfred Laouder taraf谋ndan da kanvasa yans谋t谋lm谋艧 (kitab谋n da kapa臒谋 olmu艧) diyalo臒un hayali oldu臒una inanmakta zorlan谋yor.

Tarihsel s眉rece bakt谋臒谋m谋zdaysa, asl谋nda ba艧lang谋莽ta 谋l谋ml谋 bir hareket Jakobenler. Frans谋z 陌htilali鈥檔in(1789) ard谋ndan gelen y谋llarda, monar艧i fiili olarak halen devam etti臒i s谋rada, 鈥溍济糿c眉 tabaka鈥� olarak da bilinen, orta s谋n谋f, i艧莽i ve k枚yl眉 temsilcileri de i莽eren bir siyasi hareket. 1792鈥檇e monar艧inin kald谋r谋l谋p cumhuriyetin ilan edilmesiyle birlikte, 枚rg眉tl眉l眉臒眉n眉n de verdi臒i g眉venle, cumhuriyete kar艧谋 giri艧ilecek bir aristokrasi ihtimaline kar艧谋 giderek radikalle艧iyor, Vend锚e鈥檇eki gerici isyanla birlikte de bir 枚l眉m makinesine d枚n眉艧眉yor. (bkz: Ter枚r D枚nemi 1793-1794) Georg B眉chner, Danton鈥檜n 陌htilal hakk谋nda 鈥溎癶tilal Sat眉rn gibidir, kendi evlatlar谋n谋 yer.鈥� dedi臒ini rivayet ediyor. Bug眉nden bakt谋臒谋m zaman, -枚zellikle Hugo鈥檔un giyotin tiksintisini payla艧mayan bir go艧ist olarak- belki Vend锚e鈥檇e d枚k眉len kan谋n tamam谋n谋 de臒il ama devrimin kendini koruma refleksini ben yarg谋lam谋yorum. Yine de Victor Hugo鈥檔un kaleminden okundu臒unda ve 艧iddete kar艧谋 mesafeli tavr谋yla birle艧ti臒inde, y眉kselen kar艧谋 devrimci darbeye kar艧谋 hissedilen acil panik halinin, k谋rsal n眉fusun i莽inde oldu臒u hezeyan谋n ve Paris鈥檛e olan biten onlarca 艧eyin, nas谋l b枚yle bir noktaya evrildi臒ini, olaylar谋n nas谋l kontrolden 莽谋kt谋臒谋n谋 daha iyi anlayabiliyorum.

陌kinci b枚l眉mde monar艧inin yerini alan Konvansiyon ile ilgili k谋s谋mlar ise kitapta anlat谋n谋n ritminin d眉艧t眉臒眉 ve benim tad谋m谋 ka莽谋ran tek k谋s谋m. Asl谋nda Konvansiyon鈥檜 anlatmakta (bir 莽e艧it 枚n meclis diye tan谋mlayabiliriz) kral谋n yarg谋lanmas谋n谋, halk谋n tepkilerini aktarmada gayet ba艧ar谋l谋 Hugo. Delegelerin k谋yas谋ya kavga etti臒i, birbirini ast谋rmakla tehdit etti臒i, siyasetin do臒rudan hayat seviyesinde ya艧and谋臒谋 bir kurum buras谋 ve Doksan 脺莽, ger莽ekten o havay谋 solumam谋za imkan veriyor. Ancak bir s眉re sonra anlams谋z bir name dropping ba艧l谋yor. Sayfalar boyunca, hi莽 fikrimiz olmayan isimleri ve bunlar谋n 眉莽er d枚rder kelimelik k谋sa tan谋mlar谋n谋 ve namlar谋n谋 okumak ho艧land谋臒谋m bir deneyim de臒il. Diyelim ki ben benzeri bir yaz谋 haz谋rl谋yor, 2000li y谋llar谋n K眉rt Hareketi鈥檔den ve meclisteki varl谋klar谋ndan bahsetmek istiyorum. E臒er bunu yaparken e臒er 鈥淏ir Berdan 脰zt眉rk vard谋... Bir Filiz Kerestecio臒lu vard谋... Hele sonra o Mahmut Celadet Gaydal谋 yok muydu? Peki ya Garo Paylan, peki ya Dersim Da臒?鈥� gibi c眉mlelerle sayfalar谋 doldurursam, yazd谋klar谋m ne kadar ve ne s眉reyle anlam ifade eder? On y谋l, belki yirmi? 鈥淟eyla Zana鈥� veya 鈥淪elahattin Demirta艧鈥� d谋艧谋nda isimler sayarak anlatmaya 莽al谋艧谋rsam e臒er s枚z konusu siyasi 莽evreyi, kuvvetle muhtemel y眉z y谋l sonra bunu okuyanlar bo艧 bo艧 bakacakt谋r yazd谋klar谋ma. Hugo鈥檔un sayd谋臒谋 sayfa sayfa isim de kitab谋n yaz谋lmas谋ndan tam 150 y谋l sonra benzer bir manas谋zl谋k ihtiva ediyor. Haliyle Konvansiyonun kurdu臒u hal谋 saha listelerine, Konvansiyon Lokantas谋鈥檔daki Tas Kebab谋 fiyatlar谋na bakarken, 鈥渋lla 4鈥檈 mi basal谋m Hugo? Atla art谋k 艧u b枚l眉m眉.鈥� diye s枚yleniyor insan...

Ancak 鈥淧arisli鈥� anlat谋s谋, halk谋n devrime sahip 莽谋k谋艧谋n谋n tan谋kl谋臒谋 etkileyici. Kendileri 莽谋plak ayakl谋 oldu臒u halde bulabildikleri 莽izmeleri askerlere g枚nderen Parisliler, kiliselerin alt谋n ve g眉m眉艧 tak谋mlar谋n谋 vatana arma臒an olarak getirip kar艧谋l谋臒谋nda sadece Konvansiyon 枚n眉nde dans etmek, karmanyola yapmak isteyen halk, 鈥渃umhuriyet莽ilerden ba艧ka kimseyle evlenmeyece臒ine鈥� dair ant i莽en kad谋nlar. Cumhuriyeti kendi elleriyle kurmu艧, 枚z g眉莽lerini ve 枚rg眉tl眉l眉klerini canlar谋yla korumu艧 bir halk谋n cumhuriyete sahip 莽谋k谋艧谋, insan谋n bo臒az谋n谋 d眉臒眉ml眉yor.

陌kinci b枚l眉m, Lantenac鈥櫮眓 liderli臒inde devasa bir tehdide d枚n眉艧m眉艧 isyan谋n bast谋r谋labilmesi i莽in g枚revlendirilen di臒er karakterin, cumhuriyet莽i birliklerin komutan谋 olan Gauvain鈥檌n de sahneye girmesiyle kapan谋yor. Adil, soylu, cesur bir karakter Gauvain. 陌sminin Yuvarlak Masa 艦枚valyesi Gawain鈥檈 benzerli臒i tesad眉f de臒il muhtemelen. Ayn谋 zamanda Lantenac鈥櫮眓 ye臒eni ve Cimourdain鈥櫮眓 da 枚臒rencisi. Ancak 枚nemli bir zaaf谋 var, 鈥渋syanc谋lara kar艧谋 fazla merhametli鈥� oldu臒u d眉艧眉n眉l眉yor. Sava艧tan sonra tutuklular谋 serbest b谋rak谋yor, din adamlar谋n谋 koruyor, esirlere yumu艧ak davran谋yor. Devrimin korunmas谋 i莽in ise demir bir yumruk, bu naif delikanl谋y谋 kontrol alt谋na alacak, ona Lantenac鈥櫮眓 kellesini kestirecek bir g眉莽 gerekiyor. Bu g枚rev de Gauvain鈥檌n eski hocas谋 Cimourdain鈥檃 d眉艧眉yor. B枚ylece devrimin iki ayr谋 y眉z眉 Lantenac鈥檃 kar艧谋 birle艧iyor. Devrimin adalet anlay谋艧谋n谋 ve hedeflerini temsil eden sert, adanm谋艧 otorite fig眉r眉 Cimourdain, elinde gen莽 adam谋 diledi臒i gibi 枚zg眉r k谋lacak veya giyotine yollayacak, Robespierre, Danton ve Marat taraf谋ndan imzalanm谋艧 bir yetki belgesiyle, Gauvain鈥檌n 眉st眉 olarak atan谋yor...

3. B枚l眉m; Vend锚e鈥檇e

Ve Nihayet t眉m bu debdebenin, deh艧etin, kan谋n, 莽arp谋艧man谋n merkezine iniyoruz. 鈥淰end锚e, papazlar谋n isyan谋yd谋. 陌syan谋n ba艧 yard谋mc谋s谋 ise ormand谋. Karanl谋klar nas谋l da birbirine omuz verir.鈥� diyor Hugo. Fransa鈥檔谋n bat谋s谋nda, 眉lkenin geri kalan谋ndan b眉y眉k 枚l莽眉de izole bir ta艧ra beldesi Vend锚e. Tepelerle, derin vadilerle b枚l眉nm眉艧, dere yataklar谋n谋n ve ormanlar谋n aras谋nda d眉zensizce da臒谋lm谋艧 y眉zlerce k眉莽眉k yerle艧imlerde ya艧ayan yoksul 莽ift莽ilerin diyar谋. Elbette k枚yl眉 demek problem demek, yobazl谋k demek, safi zarar demek. Vend锚e de istisna de臒il; kendine 鈥渕uhafazakar ve dindar鈥� demeye bay谋lan, kabuslardan f谋rlama deh艧et sahneleri yaratmaktan bir cinnet uzakta insanlardan, -papazlar taraf谋ndan g眉d眉len y眉z binlerce insandan- olu艧uyor. Y眉zy谋l谋n ba艧谋nda misyonerlerin vah艧ice 莽abalar谋yla Protestan n眉fusun neredeyse tamamen s眉r眉ld眉臒眉, Katolik Kilisesi鈥檔in ve destekledi臒i monar艧inin mutlak g眉莽 oldu臒u, cumhuriyete destek verenlerin de s眉rekli bir bask谋 alt谋nda tutuldu臒u kocaman bir k谋rsal cehennem. 鈥淔ransa鈥檔谋n Erzurum鈥檜鈥� uzun laf谋n k谋sas谋...

陌syan, 鈥渆sir almak yok鈥� 艧iar谋yla muazzam bir katliam ba艧l谋yor Vend锚e鈥檇e. Cumhuriyete destek veren k枚yler bas谋l谋yor, kad谋nlar ve erkekler kur艧una diziliyor. Asl谋nda sanayi devriminin ba艧lar谋nda, sava艧larda hem ate艧li silahlar谋n hem de k谋l谋莽lar谋n kullan谋ld谋臒谋 ama nihai olarak zaferin belirleyici unsurunun, kimin daha 莽ok topu oldu臒u bir d枚nem bu. Fakat Vend锚e鈥檔in karma艧谋k, ormanlarla kapl谋 co臒rafyas谋nda bu 眉st眉nl眉klerin pek bir 枚nemi kalm谋yor, gerilla sava艧谋 dengeleri temelden de臒i艧tiriyor. Ormandan ve yer alt谋 t眉nellerinden aniden ortaya 莽谋kan kralc谋lar, cumhuriyetin d眉zenli birliklerini pusuya d眉艧眉r眉yor ve geldikleri gibi bir anda ortadan kayboluyor. 陌syan谋n itici unsuru da b枚lgesel halk oldu臒u i莽in cumhuriyet莽ilerin arkas谋n谋 d枚nd眉臒眉 her an katliamlar ya艧an谋yor, k枚yler yak谋l谋yor, ikmal hatlar谋 ya臒malan谋yor. 陌syanc谋lara kimsenin itiraz etme hakk谋 yok, atlar, arabalar zorla al谋 konuluyor, yiyeceklere el konuluyor, ailelerin eli silah tutanlar谋 zorla silah alt谋na al谋n谋yor. 陌tiraz edenlerin uzuvlar谋 kesiliyor ve bu haydut 莽etesinin di臒er yarat谋c谋 i艧kencelere maruz b谋rak谋l谋yor.

Mavilerin saf谋na ge莽en k枚yl眉lere "Jakoben y谋臒谋nlar谋" ad谋n谋 tak谋p herkesten 莽ok onlar谋 ezdiler. Askerler gibi d枚v眉艧meye ve haydutlar gibi katliam yapmaya bay谋l谋yorlard谋. "艦i艧kolar"谋 yani burjuvalar谋 kur艧una dizmeyi pek seviyor, bunu "e臒lenmek" olarak tan谋ml谋yorlard谋. Nitekim, Fontenay'deki kralc谋 papazlardan Barbotin yetmi艧lik bir adam谋 kasatura darbesiyle indirmi艧ti. Saint-Germain-sur-Ille'deki komutanlardan biri de soylu bir savc谋y谋 kur艧unlay谋p 枚ld眉rm眉艧, saatini alm谋艧t谋. Machecoul'daki cumhuriyet莽ileri ise, her g眉n otuz ki艧i olmak 眉zere, sistemli bir bi莽imde 枚ld眉rd眉ler. Bu tam be艧 hafta s眉rd眉. O g眉n temizlemeyi d眉艧眉nd眉kleri otuz ki艧iyi s谋raya dizer, buna "tespih" derlerdi. Bu s谋ray谋枚nceden kaz谋lm谋艧 hende臒in k谋y谋s谋na getirir, kur艧una dizerlerdi. Vurulanlardan baz谋lar谋莽ukura canl谋 d眉艧er ve 枚ylece g枚m眉l眉rd眉.

Papazlar谋n halk谋 k谋艧k谋rtmak i莽in kullan谋lan yollar ise dincili臒in 艧an谋na yara艧谋r cinsten. Ayin s谋ras谋nda yeminli papaz谋n yan谋ndaki dolaba iri bir kara kedi kapatt谋臒谋n谋, ayin s谋ras谋nda kedi aniden d谋艧ar谋 f谋rlay谋nca da k枚yl眉ler "艦eytan bu!" diye hayk谋rarak imana geldi臒ini anlat谋yor Hugo. Hangi 莽a臒da oldu臒u fark etmiyor, 艦artlama her zaman favori silah谋 dincilerin. Kilise ve ha莽a kar艧谋 sofu bir tap谋nma, uygulanan bir di臒er y枚ntem; k枚yl眉ler cumhuriyet莽ilerle sava艧谋rken, 莽at谋艧man谋n en 艧iddetli an谋nda bir ha莽 veya kilise g枚rseler sava艧谋 b谋rak谋p diz 莽枚k眉p dua etmeye ba艧l谋yor. Elbette bir b枚l眉m眉 ba臒谋ra ba臒谋ra 枚l眉yor ama mermi ve g眉llerinin alt谋nda sa臒 kalanlar duan谋n ard谋ndan aya臒a kalk谋nca, t眉m kitle ilahi bir ilhamla ate艧lenmi艧 halde sava艧maya ba艧l谋yor. Kimi papazlar ise 枚nce birbirlerinin bo臒az谋n谋 s谋karak morart谋yor, ard谋ndan kitlenin kar艧谋s谋na 莽谋k谋p "Bunlar谋 cumhuriyet莽iler giyotinle 枚ld眉rd眉 ama 陌sa onlara yeniden can verdi." diyor. Bu sinir bozucu ba臒nazl谋臒谋n 枚rnekleri o kadar 莽ok ki. Bir noktada k枚yl眉ler, s谋rf ele ge莽irdikleri bir topa aziz ismi verdiler diye, tahrip olan topu b谋rak谋p gitmek istemiyor; alt谋 y眉zden fazla k枚yl眉 topun ba艧谋nda telef oluyor. G枚z korkutan bir yobazl谋k ve bundan do臒an k枚r cesaret ile b眉y眉yen isyan kar艧谋s谋nda cumhuriyet de giderek pani臒e kap谋l谋yor ve paranoyak莽a daha b眉y眉k g眉莽le sald谋rd谋k莽a, kendini besleyen 艧iddet sarmal谋 da giderek kontrolden 莽谋k谋yor.

Kontrolden 莽谋kmak derken, hat谋rlamakta fayda var. Vend锚e Sava艧谋鈥檔谋n modern tarihin ilk soyk谋r谋m olup olmad谋臒谋 halen tart谋艧mal谋 bir konu. 脺zerinde az 莽ok anla艧谋lm谋艧 verilere g枚re 170.000 insan谋n b枚lgede 枚ld眉r眉ld眉臒眉 d眉艧眉n眉l眉yor. (elbette asl谋nda 莽ok daha y眉ksek oldu臒unu iddia edenler de var) N眉fusun 1793鈥檛e 800.000 oldu臒u d眉艧眉n眉l眉rse, ger莽ekten soyk谋r谋mdan bahsedilebilecek bir durum oldu臒u g枚r眉l眉yor.

T眉m bunlar ya艧an谋rken, ad谋m ad谋m Lantenac ve Gauvain ile Cimourdain鈥櫮眓 kitab谋n zirvesindeki randevular谋na yakla艧谋yoruz. Kitab谋n ba艧谋nda kar艧谋la艧t谋臒谋m谋z ana ve 眉莽 kay谋p evlad谋 ise 枚yk眉yle birlikte a臒谋rla艧谋yor, 枚nce taraflar谋n, sonra t眉m insanl谋臒谋n yarg谋lanaca臒谋 devasa y眉rek a臒r谋lar谋 haline geliyor. Sonunda hikayenin gelip d眉臒眉mlendi臒i ve her 艧eyin belirlendi臒i yer ise Tourgue; Monar艧inin son direni艧ini ger莽ekle艧tirmek i莽in 莽ekildi臒i, cumhuriyetin ard谋ndan kandan bir iz b谋rakarak ku艧att谋臒谋, tutsak al谋nm谋艧眉莽 k眉莽眉k 莽ocu臒un kald谋臒谋, insan 眉st眉 bir forma evrilmi艧 anan谋n ula艧t谋臒谋 son dura臒谋.

Hikayenin doruk noktas谋nda, 莽枚z眉lmeden 枚nceki y眉zle艧me an谋nda, 眉莽 karakterin de ayr谋 ayr谋 vicdanlar谋yla y眉zle艧melerine ve kendi ikilemlerini g枚r眉p karar vermelerine tan谋k oluyoruz. Hugo, kralc谋lar ve cumhuriyet莽iler aras谋ndaki 莽at谋艧man谋n orta noktas谋na 眉莽 masum 莽ocu臒u ve 莽ocuklar谋n谋 arayan ac谋lar i莽inde bir anneyi koyarak insanl谋臒谋 hat谋rlamaya zorluyor. Lantenac, Gauvain ve Cimourdain鈥櫮�, vicdan, sorumluluk, merhametin ve adaletin dengeledi臒i bir a莽mazla sorguluyor.

Sava艧 ve 艧iddete kar艧谋 Hugo鈥檔un duydu臒u tiksinti ise kitab谋n her noktas谋na sinmi艧 durumda. 鈥滽枚t眉l眉k kayna臒谋 bir insan谋 kurtarmak, onun eylemlerinin sorumlulu臒unu ta艧谋r m谋?鈥� sorusunu kitab谋n ba艧谋nda Marki ve onu kurtaran bir dilenci 眉zerinden sorgulayan yazar, en sonda daha geni艧 bir perspektifte tekrar g眉ndeme getiriyor sorgusunu. Hugo, zihni kurcalayacak soru i艧aretleri b谋rakmak konusunda kesinlikle cimri davranm谋yor. O b眉y眉k son sahnede ise sorumlulu臒un, merhametin ve adaletin verdi臒i kararlar谋 izliyoruz. T眉m kararlar verildi臒inde, eylemler yerine getirildi臒inde, son vedalar edilmeden 枚nce yap谋lan konu艧ma ise etkileyici. 鈥淪oyut d眉艧眉ncenin somuta d枚n眉艧mesi ve g眉zelli臒inden belki bir 艧eyler yitirmesine ra臒men bu eksikli臒i faydayla kapatmas谋鈥� kar艧谋s谋nda, 鈥渕眉mk眉n olan谋n bundan daha fazlas谋 olabilece臒i鈥� denmesi, bence gelecekten ge莽mi艧e bilgece bakabildi臒i i莽in de臒erli.

Bu bir f谋rt谋na. F谋rt谋na ne yapt谋臒谋n谋 hep bilmi艧tir. Me艧e a臒ac谋na y谋ld谋r谋m d眉艧眉yor belki ama koca bir ormana da su y眉r眉yor. Uygarl谋臒谋n ba艧谋na bir veba musallat olmu艧tu, bu g眉莽l眉 r眉zg芒r onu bu dertten kurtar谋yor. Pek se莽meci davranm谋yor belki ama ba艧ka ne yapabilirdi ki? 脺stlendi臒i temizlik i艧i 莽ok zor! 脟眉r眉me kokusu 枚yle i臒ren莽 ki, r眉zg芒r谋n 枚fkesini anlayabiliyorum.

B眉y眉k bir devrim hakk谋nda b眉y眉k bir roman Doksan 脺莽. Kurgusal 枚rg眉n眉n ve karakterlerin tarihsel olaylar谋 anlatmak i莽in bir ara莽 olarak kullan谋ld谋臒谋, buna ra臒men karakter derinli臒inden taviz vermeyen, epik bir anlat谋. Evet, Kimi anlar tarihsel kar艧谋l谋臒谋n谋 anlamak ad谋na harici kaynaklardan yararlanmak gerekebiliyor, insan kendini 鈥渂en bas谋yorum Tolga abi ama Hugo z谋plam谋yor鈥� derken bulabiliyor. Buna ra臒men Victor Hugo鈥檔un hayat boyu biriktirdi臒i tecr眉beyle, tarihin g枚rkemli bir an谋n谋 ayd谋nlat谋艧谋n谋 izlemek harika.

Kanla yaz谋lm谋艧 bir tarih Doksan 脺莽 ve bunu Hugo鈥檔un kaleminden okumak bana kendimi 艧ansl谋 hissettiriyor.

Ekler:

(bkz:Marx鈥櫮眓 Birincilere Yakla艧谋m谋)
(bkz:陌leti艧im Bask谋s谋na Dair)

(edited)

my-reviews tier-2-reviews

Ivan

359 reviews53 followers

August 27, 2017

L鈥檃nno del Grande Terrore; la Repubblica minacciata dai nemici esterni sul Reno viene attaccata dai nemici interni, i federalisti, ma soprattutto la Vandea. Grande narratore Victor Hugo, quasi uno storico che ricostruisce gli avvenimenti nell鈥橭vest francese, la Bretagna in particolare, con l鈥檌nsurrezione dei contadini nel bocage e nelle foreste nella primavera-estate del 1793. Puntualissime descrizioni di luoghi reali e immaginari (il cupo e inquietante maniero de La Tourgue) introducono e ambientano drammi umani narrati dinamicamente con dovizia di particolari. Anno terribile il 狈辞惫补苍迟补迟谤茅, l鈥檃nno in cui la Rivoluzione dispiega tutta la sua micidiale potenza e idealit脿; ma anche il pi霉 funereo e funesto fanatismo che sconfina continuamente nel sadismo e nella malvagia perversione. Danton, Marat e Robespierre compaiono anch鈥檈ssi, ma poi se ne stanno sullo sfondo grandioso della Parigi rivoluzionaria e ardente. I protagonisti, tanti, invece si muovono, soffrono, lottano, si ammazzano con furore nelle foreste e nei villaggi della Bretagna. Da una parte i soldati repubblicani della guardia nazionale guidati dall鈥檈x visconte il capitano Gauvain e dal commissario politico, l鈥檈x abate Cimourdain, mandati a reprimere e sterminare i rivoltosi; dall鈥檃ltra i lealisti, i contadini insorti guidati dai loro capi, sui quali signoreggia venerato da tutti il marchese di Lantenac. Come la Rivoluzione 猫 un intreccio di pulsioni omicide e slanci purissimi di idealit脿, cos矛 personaggi che ci presenta Hugo (tra i quali, i principali: Gauvain, Cimourdan e Lantenac) sono un impasto di bene e male, tenebra e luce, fanatismo e generosit脿, inflessibilit脿 e magnanimit脿. A dosi diverse, molto variabili. Hugo vuole salvare la Rivoluzione, il bilancio finale, il saldo positivo del guadagno sulle perdite. La Rivoluzione 猫 costata tantissimo sangue, tantissimo sangue anche innocente, ma ha liberato la Francia, e da l矛 l鈥橢uropa, dal dispotismo, dal feudalesimo, dall鈥檃rbitrio, dal privilegio e dalla superstizione religiosa.
Scritto a partire dal 1862, il libro fu pubblicati nel 1874. A volte si sente, soprattutto nell鈥檃nalisi psicologica dei personaggi, che 猫 stato scritto 150 anni fa, ma in complesso 猫 un gran bel racconto, godibile, interessantissimo anche per gli spunti storici che continuamente propone, e forsanche (cum grano salis) per le riflessioni che il grande Victor Hugo fa su quel terribile anno.

亘爻賲丞丕賱毓賵賮賷

Author听5 books666 followers

May 29, 2011

乇賵丕賷丞噩賲賷賱丞賰賰賱兀毓賲丕賱賮賷賰鬲賵乇賴賵噩賵
兀賱賯賷丕賱囟賵亍賮賷丕爻賲丕賱乇賵丕賷丞毓賱賷兀噩賲賱賲丕賮賷賴丕 .夭丕賱兀胤賮丕賱丕賱孬賱丕孬丞
賵氐賵賾乇賲賳禺賱丕賱賴賲丕賱丨乇亘亘賷賳丕賱夭乇賯賵丕賱亘賷囟兀賵丕賱噩賲賴賵乇賷丞賵丕賱賲賱賰賷丞

胤亘毓丕賲丕賷賲賷夭賮賷賰鬲賵乇賴賵噩賵丕賱丨亘賰丞丕賱乇丕卅毓丞賮賷丕賱賯氐丞貙賵丕賱鬲乇丕亘胤賮賷丕賱兀丨丿丕孬貙賵丕賱鬲爻賱爻賱賵丕賱鬲賳丕爻賯賵丕賱丿賯丞賵丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞

Sergio

1,267 reviews112 followers

February 20, 2025

Voto = 猸愨瓙猸� 1/2
Devo ammettere che questo romanzo di Victor Hugo [1802-1885], l鈥檜ltimo ad essere scritto e pubblicato dallo scrittore francese nel 1874, non mi ha pienamente convinto nonostante le mie due precedenti letture dell鈥檃utore, 鈥淚 Miserabili鈥� e 鈥淟鈥橴omo che Ride鈥� siano state da me giudicate come ottimi esempi di letteratura che intriga e arricchisce intellettualmente per la grande e inimitabile capacit脿 di questo autore di raccontare e amalgamare perfettamente fatti storici e creativit脿. Non posso negare che mi sono avvicinato al romanzo 鈥淣ovantatre鈥� con la certezza di poter combinare il piacere di una lettura intrigante con la possibilit脿 di conoscere pi霉 a fondo tutto quello che port貌 in quel periodo della Rivoluzione Francese a una controrivoluzione operata nella regione della Vandea di cui conservavo solo briciole di 鈥渟apere鈥� ma la prosa dello scrittore eccessivamente enfatica e pesante, impedisce in molti capitoli di cogliere l鈥檈ssenza del dramma raccontato e avendo come risultato una lettura rallentata e un鈥檈mozione stemperata dei fatti narrati. 鈥淎lta letteratura鈥� diranno tutti quelli a cui l鈥檕pera 猫 piaciuta, a me allora dispiace non averla compresa fino in fondo ma porter貌 sempre con me l鈥檈mozione di aver conosciuto personaggi indimenticabili come il giovane comandante repubblicano Gauvain, impetuoso e romantico, Cimourdain l鈥檃nima nera del 鈥淭errore鈥� rivoluzionario e il visconte di Lantenac, capo dei controrivoluzionari vandeani, uomo d鈥檕nore, apparentemente inflessibile e spietato.

letteratura-ottocento scrittori-francesi

Wayne Barrett

Author听3 books118 followers

February 4, 2017

I have read that the English translation is not nearly as good as the original French but the only French I know is 'French fry', so I had to settle. Not that that is a bad thing because in my opinion this was still a great classic from Hugo. This was the final work of the author of such masterpieces as and , telling of the French revolution of 1793. Admittedly, I had never heard of the book and only know about it because I came across an old copy of it in an antique book shop. And I'm glad I did because it is another wonderful piece of classic literature for my collection.

2017 classics historical

Zahra

223 reviews71 followers

September 16, 2020

賳丕賵讴賱蹖賲賵乇趩賳丕賳賲乇丿讴賴蹖讴賲賳鬲賯賲賲蹖賲蹖乇丿貨賵賱蹖倬蹖乇賵夭蹖丕賵乇丕賳賲蹖卮賳丕爻丿. 丕賳爻丕賳丿乇噩賳诏亘丕讴卮賵乇禺賵丿賯賴乇賲丕賳賳蹖爻鬲
禺蹖賱蹖賳丕乇丕丨鬲讴賳賳丿爻讴賴鬲賵蹖賴賲賴丕賳賯賱丕亘賴丕鬲乇賵禺卮讴亘丕賴賲賲蹖爻賵夭賳

classic drama historical-fiction

Jorge

289 reviews428 followers

November 24, 2014

Nuevamente V铆ctor Hugo desborda mi vena rom谩ntica con su talento inigualable. No cabe duda que este glorioso autor franc茅s siempre estar谩 muy cerca de mi sensibilidad. Cada vez que uno entra a sus p谩ginas de inmediato nos conecta a su mundo poblado de personajes llenos de valores humanos como el honor, la valent铆a, la verdad, la justicia y la dignidad, valores que se destacan nuevamente en las p谩ginas de este libro.

El tel贸n de fondo de esta novela es la Revoluci贸n Francesa de 1789, aunque el relato se centra en el a帽o 1793, a帽o en que fue decapitado Luis XVI y a帽o en que se sucedieron algunos de los hechos m谩s violentos y sangrientos de la historia de Francia, pero dentro de este terror, tambi茅n acontecieron hechos heroicos alentados por admirables y genuinos ideales por lograr una mejor naci贸n y un mejor mundo. Creo que pocos acontecimientos de tipo b茅lico han sido inspirados por sue帽os tan rom谩nticos y por nobles ideales humanos para superar la propia condici贸n humana como sucedi贸 en la Revoluci贸n Francesa.
Dentro de este tel贸n de fondo destacan dos temas de singular carga hist贸rica y emotiva. Dos relatos que hace V铆ctor Hugo de manera notable: la descripci贸n y la importancia que le concede al rol que asumi贸 la Convenci贸n Nacional misma que tom贸 las riendas de Francia para dise帽ar la primera Rep煤blica del mundo, una Rep煤blica que buscaba allanar el tema pol铆tico y dise帽ar e implementar una forma de gobierno m谩s justa e igualitaria; pero este no fue el tema principal, lo que conmueve y da que pensar es que la Convenci贸n Nacional emiti贸 casi 10 veces m谩s decretos de car谩cter humano para protecci贸n y auxilio de los ciudadanos m谩s desprotegidos, que los que ten铆an que ver puramente con la pol铆tica.

El otro tema culminante que es tratado con gran vastedad por el autor es la contrarrevoluci贸n que surgi贸 espont谩neamente entre el campesinado de una regi贸n de Francia que se opon铆a a la Rep煤blica reci茅n instaurada. Ellos no quer铆an ser libres, quer铆an a su Rey. No sab铆an conducirse solos, 隆no conoc铆an la libertad!; necesitaban su br煤jula y a un amo a quien obedecer en todo. Ese movimiento respaldado en su momento por Inglaterra fue llamado La Vendee, situado b谩sicamente en la regi贸n de Breta帽a y el cual sigue siendo motivo de estudio y debate historiogr谩fico para conocer sus reales or铆genes, motivaciones y consecuencias.

Por estas p谩ginas pasan fugazmente Robespierre, Saint-Just, Danton y Marat los principales hombres de estos a帽os en Francia, los hombres terribles y decididos a todo con tal de instaurar la Rep煤blica y exterminar cualquier viso del antiguo realismo. Pero los personajes principales de esta novela son el Marqu茅s de Lantenac y Gauvin. T铆o abuelo y sobrino respectivamente, y a quienes las circunstancias pol铆ticas los han llevado a ser enconados y mortales rivales. Los 煤ltimos cap铆tulos se desarrollan alrededor y dentro de una especie de castillo bret贸n antigua propiedad de los antepasados de los protagonistas. La antigua construcci贸n de la Tourgue representa el m谩s acendrado feudalismo ya que ah铆 se criaron los nobles bretones de rancio abolengo. Es ah铆 donde se libra la 煤ltima batalla entre t铆o y sobrino; entre las ideas del pasado y la construcci贸n de un mundo futuro. La Revoluci贸n, es decir el hombre del porvenir, tendr谩 que destruir simb贸licamente y acorde con el destino, aquella magn铆fica Torre, s铆mbolo del pasado perteneciente a la clase gobernante y tir谩nica durante m谩s de 15 siglos y ahora convertida en un obst谩culo para el hombre del porvenir y de la naci贸n futura.
Esta historia construida alrededor de estos interesantes y apasionantes temas es tratada de una manera rom谩ntica como corresponde a la pluma de V铆ctor Hugo, aunque tambi茅n la envuelve, como tal vez 茅l s贸lo sabe hacerlo, en un delicado y esplendoroso velo que va del misticismo apasionado a la poes铆a m谩s profunda y tr谩gica. El poder de su pensamiento y la magia de su capacidad de expresi贸n nuevamente nos hacen cimbrarnos, nos azota con una lluvia de estrellas, de donde 茅l ha sabido utilizar su mano maestra para desplazar las nubes que enturbian el cielo azul de la humanidad. Para m铆, sigue y seguir谩 siendo uno de esos autores que exaltan el esp铆ritu.

Una vez m谩s V铆ctor Hugo se decanta por todo lo humano. Los di谩logos finales entre T铆o y sobrino y entre sobrino y tutor, electrizan las p谩ginas de la novela. El rancio y noble pensamiento del viejo Marqu茅s hace tambi茅n por momentos inclinar la balanza hacia el linaje, la nobleza, la tradici贸n, el respeto, la disciplina, la lealtad y otras cualidades que se destacan en la Nobleza. Pero m谩s adelante, casi al final, el sobrino le espeta a su tutor: 鈥渘o era m谩s que un Noble y hab茅is hecho de m铆 un ciudadano鈥�. Contundente frase que de nuevo inclina la balanza hacia el otro lado.

Si alg煤n d铆a me pidieran que escogiera a alg煤n notable habitante de los siglos modernos para crear al hombre, seguramente escoger铆a a V铆ctor Hugo.

Giovanna

52 reviews178 followers

November 7, 2017

La scrittura di Hugo ha un livello impareggiabile; 猫 pathos su carta, ma non diventa mai pomposa: resta raffinata, acuta, lucida. Arriva dritta all鈥檕biettivo, 猫 precisa e ricca allo stesso tempo. Certo, ha molto di teatrale, come quella di Dostoevskij, ma non suona mai meramente gestuale.

Non 猫, tra l鈥檃ltro, solo questo tipo di scrittura ad accomunare Hugo e Dostoevskij; in 狈辞惫补苍迟补迟谤茅 si trovano diversi temi ben esplorati anche dallo scrittore russo. Se apparentemente il romanzo di Hugo si incentra sulla lotta tra la resistenza realista e il governo repubblicano nato dalla Rivoluzione, in realt脿 racconta la storia di una lotta tra idee e umanit脿, e di una lotta all鈥檌nterno di una coscienza. Con un anticipo di cinque anni sui Fratelli Karamazov, Hugo parla dell鈥檜omo come campo di battaglia tra Satana e Dio, quasi con le stesse parole che user脿 Dostoevskij:

Mai, in nessun combattimento, era stato pi霉 visibile Satana e con lui Dio.
Quella lotta aveva avuto per arena una coscienza.
La coscienza di Lantenac.
Adesso era ricominciata, forse ancora pi霉 accanita e decisiva, in un鈥檃ltra coscienza.
La coscienza di Gauvain.
Quale campo di battaglia 猫 l鈥檜omo!

Ancora, come una decina di anni prima Delitto e castigo aveva raccontato la storia di un delitto non compiuto fino in fondo, anche qui si osserva:

Che aveva fatto di tanto ammirevole?
Non aveva persistito, ecco tutto.
Dopo aver ordito il delitto, aveva indietreggiato, pieno di orrore per se stesso.

Che l鈥檌nfluenza tra i due scrittori sia o meno diretta, 猫 interessante notare come per entrambi 猫 centrale il problema della coscienza. Per tutti e due il nodo di interesse della storia 猫 il comportamento di una coscienza di fronte a un鈥檌dea astratta: che sia il volersi dimostrare pari di Napoleone come Raskol鈥檔ikov o il difendere l鈥檌nflessibilit脿 delle leggi rivoluzionarie a tutti i costi, l鈥檕biettivo astratto dettato da un鈥檌deologia porta sempre l鈥檜omo al di fuori della vita:

Cimourdain tutto sapeva e tutto ignorava. Sapeva tutto della scienza e ignorava tutto della vita. Donde la sua rigidezza. Aveva gli occhi bendati come la Temi di Omero. Aveva la cieca certezza certezza della freccia che vede unicamente il bersaglio e a esso si dirige. Nelle rivoluzioni, niente di pi霉 temibile della linea retta. Cimourdain tirava sempre, fatalmente, dritto.

Come osserver脿 Vasilij Grossman in Vita e destino un centinaio di anni dopo, 猫 il destino a essere dritto e lineare, mentre la vita sta nella libert脿 e nella variet脿; l鈥檜omo non deve essere guidato da un bene utopico e astratto, quanto piuttosto dalla propria bont脿 e dalla propria coscienza. In 狈辞惫补苍迟补迟谤茅, anche se la Rivoluzione 猫 vista come un fattore di progresso, il perseguimento della sua riuscita non giustifica lo sprezzo della legge naturale e trascendente. La storia fa il suo corso, come una tempesta, ma in questa tempesta l鈥檜omo 猫 dotato di una bussola: la propria coscienza; 猫 con questa che alla fine dovr脿 fare i conti, molto pi霉 che con la contrapposizione delle ideologie.

Bettie

9,981 reviews6 followers

March 6, 2014

epic-proportions execution france

Sebastien

252 reviews313 followers

August 14, 2017

What an amazing novel. Beautifully crafted, I love the narrative, with the characters standing in as avatars for ideas, and interplay with symmetry and contrasts between the various characters and ideas. Easy to mess up such a dynamic by rendering it too simplistically, but I think Hugo infuses a great level of nuance and subtlety to the enterprise helping ensure his novel doesn鈥檛 turn into a 1-dimensional parody.

Personally I love the stylization of the writing, lyrical and poetic, and so much fantastic imagery (really this part is just awesome!). Sometimes the 19th century novel goes a bit bonkers with meandering descriptions of geography, place, customs, objects. This can be kind of obnoxious, but this book only has a few such moments and I really don鈥檛 mind as the quality of the writing and story are too good. But these meanderings in the 19th century novel are just one of those things I try to buttress myself against, I usually don鈥檛 mind so much but sometimes it is an avalanche of words that doesn鈥檛 advance plot or character (at least doesn't seem to in my eyes) and try as I might it can break my patience. Like I said though, this book only has a few such moments, and usually when this is happening it involves a broader metaphor that seems to make sense for developing the story and message of the book.

This story takes place with the historical backdrop of the French Revolution year 1793, as the Terror is getting under way. It pits two opposing forces, revolutionary and reactionary. Progressive vs traditional. Duality is featured throughout the book. And yet there is nuance to the political analysis and views. And the historical background was very interesting and informative for me (some of the interesting alliances including reactionary alliance between nobles-rural poor/paysans-catholic elements vs revolutionaries emanating from various segments of city society. Of course this wasn't all cut and dry, but there were interesting linkages going on, and internecine struggles for supremacy between the subgroups on each side). The story seems to capture an essence of the times, intertwining legend with history and in doing so approaching a kind of truth that can be hard for one or the other to achieve on its own. This seems to be a theme with Hugo, or at least a manifestation of his philosophy, by combining legend (story) with history we can approach a greater truth. But this is the first book of his I鈥檝e read so I can鈥檛 make a strong statement on that, just a guess and intuition.

Hugo strikes me as a humanist who likely had deep sympathies for progressive ideals but he also fairly represents how high ideals can lead to the greatest crimes, with idealists leveraging the excuse of noble ends to justify execrable means. Sidestepping accountability and responsibility because one鈥檚 ideals are so noble and just. This critique is applied to both reactionaries and revolutionaries in this story as we see various characters in both camps guilty of this, some of whom stoop to the lowest basest most cynical self-serving justifications for their commitment of crimes against their fellow man. But there is nuance and subtlety, both in the writing and also the representation of the characters. Some characters are presented in a more favorable light than others, but never as pure black or white entities. The moral dilemmas the characters face are great, each individual is anchored by their various strain of idealism. These ideals get smashed and tested against the vortex of reality with crosscurrents tugging the individuals this way and that, each struggle further revealing inner character and nuance of each person...

I would recommend this book for two reasons: first off the magnificent quality of the writing and storytelling. 2ndly the fascinating historical backdrop and information in this book that seems to capture the essence and complexities of this particular historical period. And I could add a 3rd: experiencing Hugo and his sublime sensibility and ideas.

Cannot wait to read more. I鈥檓 thinking Les Mis, this will be a grand project, maybe later in the year I鈥檒l try it out. I can鈥檛 read as fast in French or with quite as high a comprehension level as in English (but it is a fun challenge), so it will be a doubly huge undertaking if I end up going for it! But I think I鈥檓 falling in love with Hugo鈥檚 style. It is ornamented a certain way, grand and architectured to a high degree, so certainly not for everyone (I'm guessing he might be one of those love it or hate it kind of writers for people), but it appeals to me and my tastes!

Quote:
"L'homme peut, comme le ciel, avoir une s茅r茅nit茅 noire; il suffit que quelque chose fasse en lui la nuit. La pr锚trise avait fait la nuit dans Cimourdain. Qui a 茅t茅 pr锚tre l'est. Ce qui fait la nuit en nous peut laisser en nous les 茅toiles. Cimourdain 茅tait plein de vertus et de v茅rit茅s, mais qui brillaient dans les t茅n猫bres."

all-time-favorites french-lit

Rita (the_bookthiefgirl)

319 reviews77 followers

July 4, 2021

鈥淟iberdade , Igualdade e Fraternidade s茫o dogmas de paz e harmonia. Para qu锚 dar-lhes um aspeto assustador? Que pretendemos n贸s? Conquistar os povos para a rep煤blica universal. Ent茫o n茫o lhe fa莽amos medo. Para que serve a intimida莽茫o? Como as aves, os povos n茫o s茫o atra铆dos pelo espantalho. N茫o se deve fazer o mal para fazer o bem. N茫o se derruba um trono para deixar o cadafalso de p茅. Morte aos reis, e vida 脿s na莽玫es. Abatamos as coroas, poupemos as cabe莽as. A revolu莽茫o 茅 a conc贸rdia , n茫o o medo. As ideias bondosas s茫o mal servidas pelos homens inclementes.鈥�
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Victor Hugo 茅 , desde que li o primeiro instante, um autor que me arrebata pela sua escrita humana, poderosa, incompar谩vel e extremamente perspicaz. Sendo o quarto livro que j谩 li do autor, a coragem e o esfor莽o para descrever a beleza da sua escrita parecem-me sempre t茫o fracos. Victor Hugo encontra-se no p贸dio da literatura francesa, sendo para muitos at茅鈥渙鈥� supremo autor franc锚s. O leitor encontrar-se-谩 sempre submerso na suas descri莽玫es t茫o pungentes das personagens, assim como dos cen谩rios em que as mesmas se movem. Somos convidados a assistir a imagens t茫o realistas, dignas de pavor, de sofrimento e a detalhes que fazem da condi莽茫o humana o que ela 茅. O drama 茅 inesquec铆vel e tocante.
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O que tamb茅m me cativa em Victor Hugo 茅 a sua perce莽茫o da Revolu莽茫o Francesa e do impacto que esta teve no povo. Em 鈥淢iser谩veis" assistimos ao retrato dos condenados nas gal茅s, 脿s prostitutas, aos mendigos, aos padres, aos 贸rf茫os, num resumo do que 茅 a mis茅ria , a indignidade humana. Em 鈥淣otre-Dame de Paris鈥�, Hugo faz um memorial da arte no seu esplendor e a sua decad锚ncia resultante das revoltas revolucion谩rias. Num mesmo tom, Victor Hugo levanta o esplendor da Revolu莽茫o Francesa, mas tamb茅m demonstra o car谩ter violento, in煤til que a mesma teve.
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Em 鈥淣oventa e tr锚s鈥�, Hugo documenta o per铆odo sangrento da guerra entre os revolucion谩rios e os monarquistas, assim como o culminar da sua guerra em 1793. Robespierre 茅 inclusive descrito como um ser terr铆vel, cheio de ambi莽玫es, capaz de subjugar os outros para comandar as coisas a seu bel-prazer. O mon谩rquico e o republicano nunca ser茫o , na vis茫o de Hugo e do leitor, o lado "certo".
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O livro apresenta uma nota t茫o ir贸nica e intemporal. Em todos os per铆odos hist贸ricos, em nome de uma ideia de mudan莽a, da capacidade de tornarem as coisas melhores, n茫o existe qualquer mudan莽a no geral. O povo continuar谩 a sofrer pilhagens, inc锚ndios, viola莽玫es ,assassinatos em massa e outras atrocidades tais. S贸 mudamos os trajes e os crimes. Mas, como Orwell enfatiza em 鈥淨uinta dos Animais鈥�, no povo est谩 a capacidade para afastar o governante na hora certa.
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Titu Acharjee

258 reviews32 followers

July 17, 2023

唳唳曕唳熰Π 唳灌唳椸唳� 唳嗋Π唰囙唳熰 唳呧Θ唳Ζ唰嵿Ο 唳夃Κ唳ㄠ唳唳膏イ

賲丨賲丿 )

Author听1 book15 followers

October 12, 2017

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