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袪芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 写胁邪写褑褟褌械 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟
芦笑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 褦 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯褞 褉芯蟹胁褨写泻芯褞, 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褦褞 褌邪 械褌懈褔薪懈屑 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌芯屑禄, 鈥� 胁胁邪卸邪褦 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 褩褩 褋锌褨胁邪胁褌芯褉褨胁 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉. 校 褎芯泻褍褋褨 泄芯谐芯 褉芯蟹屑芯胁 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 鈥� 芦褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄 褍 袆胁褉芯锌褨 褌邪 小锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈褏 楔褌邪褌邪褏; 胁谢邪写邪 褨 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褍 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褨 谢褨斜械褉邪谢褜薪懈褏, 褋芯褑褨邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋褜泻懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 胁褨写 泻褨薪褑褟 XIX 写芯 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 XXI 褋褌芯谢褨褌褜禄. 袧邪 写褍屑泻褍 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪, 芯写薪懈屑懈 褨蟹 薪邪泄胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褕懈褏 褍 褩褏薪褨褏 褉芯蟹屑芯胁邪褏 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 褋褌邪谢懈 芦褉芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 芯斜屑械卸械薪薪褟 (褨 蟹写邪褌薪褨褋褌褜 写芯 胁褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟) 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 锌褉芯 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪褨 锌芯褉邪蟹泻懈 (褨 芯斜芯胁鈥櫻徯沸盒�) 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 褍 锌芯谢褨褌懈褑褨禄.
袙芯写薪芯褔邪褋 芦袪芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟禄 鈥� 褑械 褌邪泻芯卸 褨 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褟 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 泄 械褋械褩褋褌邪 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌邪, 褟泻懈泄 薪邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袥芯薪写芯薪褨 胁 褋械褉械写懈薪褨 XX 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 锌褨褋谢褟 泻邪褌邪泻谢褨蟹屑褨胁 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈 褌邪 袚芯谢芯泻芯褋褌褍, 褍 褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈 褍褌胁械褉写卸褍胁邪谢懈 胁谢邪写褍 褍 小褏褨写薪褨泄 袆胁褉芯锌褨.
袙芯写薪芯褔邪褋 芦袪芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟禄 鈥� 褑械 褌邪泻芯卸 褨 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褟 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 泄 械褋械褩褋褌邪 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌邪, 褟泻懈泄 薪邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袥芯薪写芯薪褨 胁 褋械褉械写懈薪褨 XX 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 锌褨褋谢褟 泻邪褌邪泻谢褨蟹屑褨胁 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈 褌邪 袚芯谢芯泻芯褋褌褍, 褍 褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈 褍褌胁械褉写卸褍胁邪谢懈 胁谢邪写褍 褍 小褏褨写薪褨泄 袆胁褉芯锌褨.
384 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 2012
361 people are currently reading
4,673 people want to read
About the author
Tony Judt
50听books630听followersBorn in 1948, Tony Judt was raised in the East End of London by a mother whose parents had immigrated from Russia and a Belgian father who descended from a line of Lithuanian rabbis. Judt was educated at Emanuel School, before receiving a BA (1969) and PhD (1972) in history from the University of Cambridge.
Like many other Jewish parents living in postwar Europe, his mother and father were secular, but they sent him to Hebrew school and steeped him in the Yiddish culture of his grandparents, which Judt says he still thinks of wistfully. Urged on by his parents, Judt enthusiastically waded into the world of Israeli politics at age 15. He helped promote the migration of British Jews to Israel. In 1966, having won an exhibition to King's College Cambridge, he took a gap year and went to work on kibbutz Machanaim. When Nasser expelled UN troops from Sinai in 1967, and Israel mobilized for war, like many European Jews, he volunteered to replace kibbutz members who had been called up. During and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, he worked as a driver and translator for the Israel Defense Forces.
But during the aftermath of the war, Judt's belief in the Zionist enterprise began to unravel. "I went with this idealistic fantasy of creating a socialist, communitarian country through work," Judt has said. The problem, he began to believe, was that this view was "remarkably unconscious of the people who had been kicked out of the country and were suffering in refugee camps to make this fantasy possible."
Career: King's College, Cambridge, England, fellow, 1972-78; University of California at Berkeley, assistant professor, 1978-80; St. Anne's College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, fellow, 1980-87; New York University, New York, NY, professor of history, 1987--, director of Remarque Institute, 1995--.
Awards: American Council of Learned Societies, fellow, 1980; British Academy Award for Research, 1984; Nuffield Foundation fellow, 1986; Guggenheim fellow, 1989; Pulitzer Prize in general nonfiction finalist, 2006, for Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945.
Like many other Jewish parents living in postwar Europe, his mother and father were secular, but they sent him to Hebrew school and steeped him in the Yiddish culture of his grandparents, which Judt says he still thinks of wistfully. Urged on by his parents, Judt enthusiastically waded into the world of Israeli politics at age 15. He helped promote the migration of British Jews to Israel. In 1966, having won an exhibition to King's College Cambridge, he took a gap year and went to work on kibbutz Machanaim. When Nasser expelled UN troops from Sinai in 1967, and Israel mobilized for war, like many European Jews, he volunteered to replace kibbutz members who had been called up. During and in the aftermath of the Six-Day War, he worked as a driver and translator for the Israel Defense Forces.
But during the aftermath of the war, Judt's belief in the Zionist enterprise began to unravel. "I went with this idealistic fantasy of creating a socialist, communitarian country through work," Judt has said. The problem, he began to believe, was that this view was "remarkably unconscious of the people who had been kicked out of the country and were suffering in refugee camps to make this fantasy possible."
Career: King's College, Cambridge, England, fellow, 1972-78; University of California at Berkeley, assistant professor, 1978-80; St. Anne's College, Oxford University, Oxford, England, fellow, 1980-87; New York University, New York, NY, professor of history, 1987--, director of Remarque Institute, 1995--.
Awards: American Council of Learned Societies, fellow, 1980; British Academy Award for Research, 1984; Nuffield Foundation fellow, 1986; Guggenheim fellow, 1989; Pulitzer Prize in general nonfiction finalist, 2006, for Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 274 reviews
March 17, 2013
I would have been content to slowly meander through this superb book were it twice its length, such is the sustained quality of the exchange between Tony Judt and Timothy Snyder throughout鈥攐ne that took place after Judt's affliction with the ALS that would shortly take his life. The latter's mind, untouched by the disease's progression, remained an unbelievably organized and retentive storehouse of information gleaned from a life lived, studied, and reflected upon that had plenty worth being brought forth under the conducting queries of the youngish interlocutor, Snyder, an American historian whose professional interests shared much common ground鈥攑articularly Eastern European history鈥攚ith his terminally-afflicted friend. Organized into nine chapters thematically aligned with the various stages that comprised Judt's interesting formative,academic and professional life experiences, each begins with the latter going solo, setting the stage through revelations and ruminations from his personal biographical journey; and then evolving, upon the introduction of Snyder's italicized voice, into a lengthy exchange of apposite questions and answers, postulations and expositions, and intertwined explorations centred upon the role of the intellectual, in a variety of fields, conflicts, ideologies and originations, across the span of tumultuous years that comprised the twentieth century.
I think Judt's a stud. He expresses himself so eloquently, wields the language with which he crafts his well-considered and -reasoned opinions and theories with such immaculate skill, that Snyder cannot help but suffer somewhat in comparison. Yet with that said, the latter performed his particular function within this partnership close to perfection鈥�Thinking the Twentieth Century is his older friend's puppy, and he knows and respects this. And while, in comparison, he comes across as more abstract and stratospheric, more an orator working from set piece declamations and even, at times, bromidic preciosity, it's demanded of the role he's taken on: which is to generate and maintain the flow of conversation by providing the skeletal frame that Judt will proceed to enflesh and enliven by means of precise and detailed agreement, argumentation, or exposition. Even when Judt bluntly dismisses a point or position taken by Snyder, the latter adroitly allows it to pass and proceeds to the next waypoint on the trail of their intellectual debate. While it's true that Snyder, if he'd contributed in greater depth, took issue with Judt that they might dig deeper into the discussion, would have helped in creating a more rigorously balanced conversation, my feelings are that, as determinedly constructed in the light of Judt's knowledge and terminal condition, it succeeded smashingly. I was delighted by the skillful pair, and passed through some four hundred pages without a single moment of tedium or impatience.
And this is a book about the intellect. While Judt's personal details are interspersed throughout the conversation, simultaneously serving, as noted above, to set the stage for each chapter, I found the man to be fairly constrained and reserved in what he revealed鈥攅ven rather humourless, though, given the topics at hand, and the grave condition of his afflicted status, that fact becomes understandable. Indeed, unremittingly sober and serious tones may be called for when the discussion ranges across material like the Holocaust; the rise and fall of Fascism and Communism; the Marxist Left in France, Eastern Europe, and the Western World; the Neoliberal advance in the face of the Left's retreat in the closing quarter of the twentieth century; the benefits and failures of Social Democracy; and the warpage inflicted upon modernity by the murderous ruin of two world wars bookending an extended global depression and appended with the sustained tension of a Cold War undertaken by two antipodal ideologies armed to the gills with nuclear weapons. Many of the names that graced the essays collected in appear within鈥擜rendt, Hobsbawn, Ko艂akowski, Koestler, Camus, Blum, Sartre, Aron, Said鈥攖ogether with a bevy of the new, figures from both the academic and/or literary worlds, as well as the public voices and opinion-formers whose words provided much steerage in the turbulent world of politics and economics. Judt, who felt himself an outsider, someone struggling against the tide, never fully at ease throughout the course of his life, particularly admires those who were prepared to speak hard and unpleasant truths, take unpopular stands, when their voices mattered most. In response to a query by Snyder about what he wished for when he wrote The Burden of Responsibility, Judt says:
In my opinion, the book grows stronger as the chapters progress, culminating in a pair鈥�American Moralist and Social Democrat鈥攖hat see the two expounding profoundly upon the current state of the West, with the focus upon America. While Judt (and Snyder) are firmly of the Left, champions of social democracy, the former is glint-eyed when it comes to dissecting the faults and failures, the abrasions with reality that he has perceived on his side of the political divide. With the stoniness of a realist he pronounces upon the inherent faults he espies within the democratic process: its increasing proclivity for electing mediocre politicians, the tendency of a public exposed to ever greater economic and individual freedoms for impatience with the political process and hence desirous of a daddy figure who will steer the ship of state through messy problems and contentious states with a firm hand little concerned about the restraints inhering within the rule of law. To that end, Judt also muses about the ill potentialities for liberal societies within the massification of politics鈥攊n his determination, mass culture affects political orderliness like free markets affect economic stability. As for the state of politics in the Western world, Judt's assessment is bluntly succinct:
The final chapter has a particularly somber, almost elegiac air, ranging as is does about the uncertain and/or declining state of social democracy in tandem with the increasing turn to an unrestrained capitalism that has marked the recent decades. While always acknowledging its flaws, Judt's defense, abetted by Snyder, of the socialist state and all that it has achieved and allowed for its practicing nations and their citizenry is contrasted with the market delusions and destabilization metastasized upon a public that seemingly cannot competently deal with the burgeoning complexity of a frenetically-paced modernity while increasingly convinced that the state鈥攊n consideration of the victor in the competition between ideologies that ended at the turn of the nineties鈥攊s a lurking tyrant instead of proven guarantor against the inequalities and disparities engendered within liberal societies on the upswing of the capitalist pendulum; a provider of a host of services that are not performed, in their opinions, at any marked improvement when devolved upon private industry. He and Snyder also effectively note that social democracy, disparaged as lukewarm communistic planning by its right antagonists, came in a wide variety of implementations, mixing nationalization, regulation, government fiat, public-private partnerships, marginal taxation, etc, depending upon the respective histories of the countries involved. It's a nuanced approach to a subject often reduced to black-and-white sound bites. It's all a brilliantly explored and stated case鈥攖ogether with the previous chapter the high point of a book filled to the bursting with such.
Now, I don't agree with Judt on everything. When he analyses the dreadful turn things took for social democracy in the seventies, his account continuously fails to adequately explore how fed-up the public itself had become, particularly in his native England, with the situation of striking unions, gasoline shortages, massive inflation, and stagnant industries鈥攁 generally perceived ineffectiveness by governments against a new set of problems at a remove from the memories of the interwar years鈥攏or how popular the policies of Thatcher and Reagan were once they were similarly perceived to have produced, if not results, at least momentum. And both men appear unwilling to examine the turn of neoclassical economics past the figure of Hayek, which includes giving short shrift to its various developments in the postwar decades where it gradually emerged as a formidable competitor to the Neo-Keynesians. In his critique of how the War on Terror has been conducted, the notice given to fundamentalist Islam barely registers. When he declaims at length upon the ethics of the historian, and what constitutes good vs bad history, I felt he was at his most vague and tendentious. And he dismisses some thinkers that he has long disliked without making any attempt to view their positions with seriousness. It seems to me that several of those proponents of views he doesn't agree with were, in the postwar decades, intellectuals declaiming from lonely perches, ofttimes open targets for derision while pointing out truths as they saw them鈥攖hat is, displaying the kind of intellectual spirit that Judt champions throughout.
And yet, with that said, goddamn but is there a big heaping passel of wisdom in most of what he does say, a real timber of reflection that burnishes those words with lived life. I was particularly Jonesed because, at a number of points, Judt proceeded into explanations of subjects that I had myself considered and achieved an impressive (to myself, that is) synchronicity with the conclusions I had drawn. Finding such copacetic buttresses in a thinker like Judt can't help but render you a little bit aglow鈥擨 even noted how we both conceive (and perhaps misapply) a hypothesized link between G枚del and other limit-espying thinkers likes Keynes and Ko艂akowski. It remains that Judt is, overall, a reasonable and highly intelligent man who is unafraid to adjust his views when presented with new information or experience, and I personally rate such adaptable nature highly. That he was also one of the lone voices arguing against the Iraq War was something I noted then and appreciate even more now. Finally, that he is at his most earnest, eloquent, and effective when discussing the social problems facing our modern age is of worthy aptitude, for it was a question that he came around to time and again. He knew the perils of its being ignored, particularly amongst those intellectuals privileged enough to have gained access to a considerable portion of the public's ear. His closing caution from Reappraisals is worth being visited anew:
I think Judt's a stud. He expresses himself so eloquently, wields the language with which he crafts his well-considered and -reasoned opinions and theories with such immaculate skill, that Snyder cannot help but suffer somewhat in comparison. Yet with that said, the latter performed his particular function within this partnership close to perfection鈥�Thinking the Twentieth Century is his older friend's puppy, and he knows and respects this. And while, in comparison, he comes across as more abstract and stratospheric, more an orator working from set piece declamations and even, at times, bromidic preciosity, it's demanded of the role he's taken on: which is to generate and maintain the flow of conversation by providing the skeletal frame that Judt will proceed to enflesh and enliven by means of precise and detailed agreement, argumentation, or exposition. Even when Judt bluntly dismisses a point or position taken by Snyder, the latter adroitly allows it to pass and proceeds to the next waypoint on the trail of their intellectual debate. While it's true that Snyder, if he'd contributed in greater depth, took issue with Judt that they might dig deeper into the discussion, would have helped in creating a more rigorously balanced conversation, my feelings are that, as determinedly constructed in the light of Judt's knowledge and terminal condition, it succeeded smashingly. I was delighted by the skillful pair, and passed through some four hundred pages without a single moment of tedium or impatience.
And this is a book about the intellect. While Judt's personal details are interspersed throughout the conversation, simultaneously serving, as noted above, to set the stage for each chapter, I found the man to be fairly constrained and reserved in what he revealed鈥攅ven rather humourless, though, given the topics at hand, and the grave condition of his afflicted status, that fact becomes understandable. Indeed, unremittingly sober and serious tones may be called for when the discussion ranges across material like the Holocaust; the rise and fall of Fascism and Communism; the Marxist Left in France, Eastern Europe, and the Western World; the Neoliberal advance in the face of the Left's retreat in the closing quarter of the twentieth century; the benefits and failures of Social Democracy; and the warpage inflicted upon modernity by the murderous ruin of two world wars bookending an extended global depression and appended with the sustained tension of a Cold War undertaken by two antipodal ideologies armed to the gills with nuclear weapons. Many of the names that graced the essays collected in appear within鈥擜rendt, Hobsbawn, Ko艂akowski, Koestler, Camus, Blum, Sartre, Aron, Said鈥攖ogether with a bevy of the new, figures from both the academic and/or literary worlds, as well as the public voices and opinion-formers whose words provided much steerage in the turbulent world of politics and economics. Judt, who felt himself an outsider, someone struggling against the tide, never fully at ease throughout the course of his life, particularly admires those who were prepared to speak hard and unpleasant truths, take unpopular stands, when their voices mattered most. In response to a query by Snyder about what he wished for when he wrote The Burden of Responsibility, Judt says:
I was moving towards the idea that all three men were genuinely independent thinkers in a time and a place where being independent placed you in real danger, as well as consigning you to the margins of your community and to the disdain of your fellow intellectuals.The discussions of Judt's Jewish heritage and early-forged (and rapidly-soured) enthusiasms for Zionism and Israel are set against the legacy of the Holocaust and his later role as a lauded and decried critic of Israel, particularly in its relationship with the Palestinians. This Jewish background鈥攖o his own familial and the twentieth century's story鈥攅ntwines around extended discoursing upon the Fascism and Communism that stood as the most formidable enemies of liberal democracy of the past century. Of interest was Judt's dismissal, against the probing by Snyder, of the worth of Fascist intellectuals to the discussion, deeming their separation from universality in the pursuit of top-level truths aimed at national and ethnic particularism fell outside the historical narrative and, hence, had little to teach us鈥攁n opinion that reverses itself when it comes to the communists and anarchists. He also ranges over his early academic investiture in the French Left and French Socialism, as well as the Eastern Europe that enthralled him to the degree that he learned the Czech language and immersed himself in the works and history of that fractious and troubled area so badly misused by the Red and Nazi armies that vied bloodily for and across their boundless expanse. With Judt's extensive understanding of this area, so potently applied within , complemented by Snyder's own appreciable academic and personal knowledge of the same, this lesser-known half of the European continent receives a degree of attention from the pair that sheds new light and shores up prior awareness.
Maybe I thought this story worth telling because there is a subterranean twentieth-century tale to be told of intellectuals who were forced by circumstances to stand outside and even against their natural community of origin.
In my opinion, the book grows stronger as the chapters progress, culminating in a pair鈥�American Moralist and Social Democrat鈥攖hat see the two expounding profoundly upon the current state of the West, with the focus upon America. While Judt (and Snyder) are firmly of the Left, champions of social democracy, the former is glint-eyed when it comes to dissecting the faults and failures, the abrasions with reality that he has perceived on his side of the political divide. With the stoniness of a realist he pronounces upon the inherent faults he espies within the democratic process: its increasing proclivity for electing mediocre politicians, the tendency of a public exposed to ever greater economic and individual freedoms for impatience with the political process and hence desirous of a daddy figure who will steer the ship of state through messy problems and contentious states with a firm hand little concerned about the restraints inhering within the rule of law. To that end, Judt also muses about the ill potentialities for liberal societies within the massification of politics鈥攊n his determination, mass culture affects political orderliness like free markets affect economic stability. As for the state of politics in the Western world, Judt's assessment is bluntly succinct:
The unpleasant truth is normally, in most places, that you're being lied to.Which is followed-up by an examination of how this culture of lies has become the norm in our political culture, and that serves as the focal point about which Judt makes his case for the perduring relevance and significance of the public intellectual as a purveyor of truth, no matter how uncomfortable the perch may prove to self or audience.
The final chapter has a particularly somber, almost elegiac air, ranging as is does about the uncertain and/or declining state of social democracy in tandem with the increasing turn to an unrestrained capitalism that has marked the recent decades. While always acknowledging its flaws, Judt's defense, abetted by Snyder, of the socialist state and all that it has achieved and allowed for its practicing nations and their citizenry is contrasted with the market delusions and destabilization metastasized upon a public that seemingly cannot competently deal with the burgeoning complexity of a frenetically-paced modernity while increasingly convinced that the state鈥攊n consideration of the victor in the competition between ideologies that ended at the turn of the nineties鈥攊s a lurking tyrant instead of proven guarantor against the inequalities and disparities engendered within liberal societies on the upswing of the capitalist pendulum; a provider of a host of services that are not performed, in their opinions, at any marked improvement when devolved upon private industry. He and Snyder also effectively note that social democracy, disparaged as lukewarm communistic planning by its right antagonists, came in a wide variety of implementations, mixing nationalization, regulation, government fiat, public-private partnerships, marginal taxation, etc, depending upon the respective histories of the countries involved. It's a nuanced approach to a subject often reduced to black-and-white sound bites. It's all a brilliantly explored and stated case鈥攖ogether with the previous chapter the high point of a book filled to the bursting with such.
Now, I don't agree with Judt on everything. When he analyses the dreadful turn things took for social democracy in the seventies, his account continuously fails to adequately explore how fed-up the public itself had become, particularly in his native England, with the situation of striking unions, gasoline shortages, massive inflation, and stagnant industries鈥攁 generally perceived ineffectiveness by governments against a new set of problems at a remove from the memories of the interwar years鈥攏or how popular the policies of Thatcher and Reagan were once they were similarly perceived to have produced, if not results, at least momentum. And both men appear unwilling to examine the turn of neoclassical economics past the figure of Hayek, which includes giving short shrift to its various developments in the postwar decades where it gradually emerged as a formidable competitor to the Neo-Keynesians. In his critique of how the War on Terror has been conducted, the notice given to fundamentalist Islam barely registers. When he declaims at length upon the ethics of the historian, and what constitutes good vs bad history, I felt he was at his most vague and tendentious. And he dismisses some thinkers that he has long disliked without making any attempt to view their positions with seriousness. It seems to me that several of those proponents of views he doesn't agree with were, in the postwar decades, intellectuals declaiming from lonely perches, ofttimes open targets for derision while pointing out truths as they saw them鈥攖hat is, displaying the kind of intellectual spirit that Judt champions throughout.
And yet, with that said, goddamn but is there a big heaping passel of wisdom in most of what he does say, a real timber of reflection that burnishes those words with lived life. I was particularly Jonesed because, at a number of points, Judt proceeded into explanations of subjects that I had myself considered and achieved an impressive (to myself, that is) synchronicity with the conclusions I had drawn. Finding such copacetic buttresses in a thinker like Judt can't help but render you a little bit aglow鈥擨 even noted how we both conceive (and perhaps misapply) a hypothesized link between G枚del and other limit-espying thinkers likes Keynes and Ko艂akowski. It remains that Judt is, overall, a reasonable and highly intelligent man who is unafraid to adjust his views when presented with new information or experience, and I personally rate such adaptable nature highly. That he was also one of the lone voices arguing against the Iraq War was something I noted then and appreciate even more now. Finally, that he is at his most earnest, eloquent, and effective when discussing the social problems facing our modern age is of worthy aptitude, for it was a question that he came around to time and again. He knew the perils of its being ignored, particularly amongst those intellectuals privileged enough to have gained access to a considerable portion of the public's ear. His closing caution from Reappraisals is worth being visited anew:
As the great reformers of the nineteenth century well knew, the Social Question, if left unaddressed, does not just go away. It goes instead in search of more radical answers.Read this book, goddammit!
April 3, 2012
Imagine yourself - an intelligent, well-educated reader, fully versed in the mad turns of this wicked century... careening from catstrophe to catastrophe... soaked in bad faith... and yet phantasms of promise... and you are spending a series of afternoons in the living room of man who is dying and who is nearly a genius -- and you converse -- or rather, he converses, holds court -- and you try to sound smart once and awhile -- and sometimes he lets you get away with it... and often not... and you will have some idea of what Tim Snyder is up against....
Snyder is fairly young -- early 40s -- and knows a lot. But it is all artificial. External and pretentious. It is history learned by the book. Judt, by contrast, breaths the ideas and men he discusses -- it is a part of his fabric -- stuff he has thought about for decades in a deep and serious way. He is not always right about his material -- but he is always there with his material. And often, he is deeply smart. (A very Judtean, very Upper West Side Jewish intellectual expression, of course...)
This is not a book for everyone. But those who are well versed in the sad train of the 20th century, and who understand Judt's allergies -- his natural recoil from everything dogmatic, authoritarian, intolerant and arrogant..., his deeply humanistic anti-fascism... will find much of interest here.
Snyder is fairly young -- early 40s -- and knows a lot. But it is all artificial. External and pretentious. It is history learned by the book. Judt, by contrast, breaths the ideas and men he discusses -- it is a part of his fabric -- stuff he has thought about for decades in a deep and serious way. He is not always right about his material -- but he is always there with his material. And often, he is deeply smart. (A very Judtean, very Upper West Side Jewish intellectual expression, of course...)
This is not a book for everyone. But those who are well versed in the sad train of the 20th century, and who understand Judt's allergies -- his natural recoil from everything dogmatic, authoritarian, intolerant and arrogant..., his deeply humanistic anti-fascism... will find much of interest here.
October 6, 2024
小褌邪褉芯褌芯 泻谢懈褕械, 褔械 胁 褋锌芯褉邪 褋械 褉邪卸写邪 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪, 褌褍泻 斜懈 胁谢褟蟹谢芯 胁褗胁 褎芯褉屑邪褌 鈥溞� 写懈邪谢芯谐邪 褋械 褉邪卸写邪 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪.鈥� 袠 写胁械褌械 褋邪 锌芯写胁械卸写邪褖懈, 懈 写胁械褌械 懈屑邪褌 褋屑懈褋褗谢.
袣芯谐邪褌芯 写胁邪屑邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褑懈 褋 谢褞斜芯胁 泻褗屑 啸啸 胁械泻 懈 薪械谐芯胁懈褌械 写褉邪屑懈 懈 芯褌泻褉懈褌懈褟 褋械写薪邪褌 写邪 褋懈 谐芯胁芯褉褟褌, 泻邪泻褌芯 锌褉邪胁褟褌 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 懈 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 褉械蟹褍谢褌邪褌褗褌 薪械 械 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 械 褌胁褗褉写械 谢懈褔械薪. 袧芯 薪械 械 懈 屑械屑芯邪褉, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 械 褌胁褗褉写械 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈.
孝械屑懈褌械 褋邪 斜械蟹斜褉芯泄 - 械褌芯 褋邪屑芯 薪褟泻芯谢泻芯:
馃摎袪芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械褑邪 泻邪褌芯 锌芯蟹邪斜褉邪胁械薪邪 薪械褍写芯斜薪邪 锌邪屑械褌 蟹邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯 泻芯械 械 懈褋褌懈薪邪, 懈 泻芯械 谢褗卸邪.
馃摎 袪芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪褌邪 懈 泻邪泻胁邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 胁褋褗褖薪芯褋褌 懈褋泻邪屑械? 袧械泻邪 薪械 芯褌褏胁褗褉谢褟屑械 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 褋褗褋 褋屑械谢懈褟 蟹邪屑邪褏 薪邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褑懈褌械 懈 写邪 薪械 褋械 谢褞褕泻邪屑械 泻褗屑 褋懈谐褍褉薪芯褋褌褌邪 蟹邪 褋屑械褌泻邪 薪邪 褋胁芯斜芯写邪褌邪, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褖械 褋胁褗褉褕懈屑 褋 薪褟泻芯泄 泻邪褌芯 啸懈褌谢械褉.
馃摎 袪芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 - 懈 褌褟 薪械 械 写邪 褋褌芯懈 懈蟹 锌褉邪褕邪褋邪谢懈褌械 泻薪懈谐懈 褋 薪械胁褗芯斜褉邪蟹懈屑芯 褋谢芯卸薪懈 褌械褉屑懈薪懈, 邪 写邪 斜褗写械 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 械卸械写薪械胁懈械褌芯 薪邪 胁褋械泻懈, 芯薪蟹懈 薪邪褉邪褌懈胁, 泻芯泄褌芯 薪褟屑邪 写邪 写芯锌褍褋薪械 蟹邪斜谢褍写邪, 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写邪, 屑邪薪懈锌褍谢邪褑懈褟 懈 褋邪屑芯写芯胁芯谢褋褌胁芯.
馃摎 袧邪 泻邪泻胁芯 薪懈 褍褔邪褌 泻褉邪泄薪芯褋褌懈褌械 懈 泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌懈褌械, 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褌械 懈 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟? 袧懈褖芯 褋褌邪褉芯 薪械 械 蟹邪斜褉邪胁械薪芯, 褋邪屑芯 屑械薪懈 褎芯褉屑邪褌邪 褋懈.
馃摎 袨褌褔褍卸写械薪芯褋褌, 锌褉芯胁懈薪褑懈邪谢懈蟹褗屑, 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢懈蟹褗屑 懈 谐谢芯斜邪谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟; 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪, 械褌懈泻邪 懈 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪 (胁 泻芯褟褌芯, 褌胁褗褉写懈 袛卸褗写, 懈屑邪 写芯褉懈 械褋褌械褌懈泻邪); 褋懈褋褌械屑懈 胁 褏邪芯褋 懈 胁 斜邪谢邪薪褋.
袠褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪械 屑芯卸械 斜械蟹 褟褋薪芯褌邪, 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌 懈 谐谢械写薪邪 褌芯褔泻邪. 袛卸褗写 懈 小薪邪泄写械褉 卸芯薪谐谢懈褉邪褌 褋 褌褟褏 薪邪 褎芯薪邪 薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪 懈 小袗些, 泻邪褌芯 锌芯薪褟泻芯谐邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 屑薪芯谐芯 褌芯锌泻懈 褋邪 胁褗胁 胁褗蟹写褍褏邪, 褔械 锌褉芯褋谢械写褟胁邪薪械褌芯 懈屑 蟹邪褌芯褉屑芯蟹褟胁邪. 袧芯 芯褌 褕邪锌泻邪褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 懈蟹褋泻邪褔邪褌 胁懈薪邪谐懈 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪懈 蟹邪泄褑懈, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褎芯泻褍褋薪懈褑懈褌械 褋邪 械薪褌褍褋懈邪蟹懈褉邪薪懈 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢懈褋褌懈 泻邪泻褌芯 胁 褋谢褍褔邪褟.
***
鈻讹笍 笑懈褌邪褌懈:
鈱涳笍 鈥溞感沸毙狙€褗褌, 锌褉械写 泻芯泄褌芯 褖械 斜褗写械屑 懈蟹锌褉邪胁械薪懈 褋 懈写胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 褋谢械写胁邪褖芯褌芯 锌芯泻芯谢械薪懈械, 薪械 械 泻邪锌懈褌邪谢懈蟹褗屑 褋褉械褖褍 泻芯屑褍薪懈蟹褗屑, 薪械 械 懈 泻褉邪泄 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 褋褉械褖褍 薪械泄薪芯褌芯 蟹邪胁褉褗褖邪薪械 - 褌芯泄 械 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪 薪邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪 泻芯褏械蟹懈褟, 褋褌褗锌懈谢邪 胁褗褉褏褍 泻芯谢械泻褌懈胁薪懈 褑械谢懈 褋褉械褖褍 械褉芯蟹懈褟褌邪 薪邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯, 褉邪蟹褟卸写邪薪芯 芯褌 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪褌邪 薪邪 褋褌褉邪褏邪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞承拘恍敌夹秆傂� 锌芯斜械写懈褌械谢懈 胁 啸啸 胁械泻 褋邪 谢懈斜械褉邪谢懈褌械 芯褌 啸I啸 胁械泻, 褔懈懈褌芯 锌褉懈械屑薪懈褑懈 褋褗蟹写邪胁邪褌 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 胁褗胁 胁褋懈褔泻懈褌械 懈 屑薪芯谐芯谢懈泻懈 褎芯褉屑懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞溞秆佇恍感�, 褔械 卸懈胁械械屑 胁 谐谢芯斜邪谢懈蟹懈褉邪薪 褋胁褟褌, 薪芯 褌芯胁邪 械, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 屑懈褋谢懈屑 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻懈, 邪 薪械 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π狙傃佈娧佈傂残感笛傂� 薪邪 褋泻谢芯薪薪芯褋褌 泻褗屑 谢芯谐懈褔薪芯 屑懈褋谢械薪械 懈屑邪 懈写械芯谢芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈 泻芯褉械薪懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π靶盒� 懈褋泻邪屑械 写邪 薪懈 褔褍褟褌 薪邪 懈薪褌械褉薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢薪邪褌邪 褋褑械薪邪, 褌褉褟斜胁邪 薪邪泄-薪邪锌褉械写 写邪 写械泄褋褌胁邪屑械 薪邪 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢薪邪褌邪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π啃�-写芯斜褉械 械 写邪 褋械 锌褉芯褌懈胁芯锌芯褋褌邪胁懈褕 薪邪 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢薪懈褌械 屑懈褌芯胁械, 写芯褉懈 邪泻芯 蟹邪 褌芯胁邪 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 锌谢邪褌懈褕 褋 懈谢褞蟹懈懈褌械 褋懈鈥︹€�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€ρ€械褕邪胁邪褖芯褌芯 胁 褋谢褍褔邪褟 褋 薪邪褑懈褟褌邪 薪械 械 写邪谢懈 薪械泄薪懈褌械 褌胁褗褉写械薪懈褟 蟹邪 屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋邪 懈褋褌懈薪薪懈 懈谢懈 谢褗卸谢懈胁懈, 邪 泻芯谢械泻褌懈胁薪芯褌芯 卸械谢邪薪懈械 懈 懈蟹斜芯褉 写邪 胁褟褉胁邪 胁 褌褟褏 - 褋 胁褋懈褔泻懈 锌芯褋谢械写懈褑懈 芯褌 褌芯胁邪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π秆佈傂感叫叫狙佈傃傂� 械 薪械锌褉懈胁谢械泻邪褌械谢薪邪 懈 褋谢芯卸薪邪, 写芯泻邪褌芯 胁懈褋芯泻懈褌械 懈褋褌懈薪懈 [谐芯谢械屑懈褟褌 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢械薪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹] 懈蟹谐谢械卸写邪褌 褔懈褋褌懈 懈 泻褉邪褋懈胁懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞炐啃把佇叫� 械 写邪 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈褕 锌邪屑械褌褌邪 写邪 懈蟹屑械褋褌懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥澬捬徰€薪邪褌邪 斜褗褉泻芯褌懈褟 械 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯-斜谢懈蟹芯 褉械邪谢薪懈褟 卸懈胁芯褌 芯褌 械谢械谐邪薪褌薪芯 褋褌褗泻屑械薪懈褌械 薪械懈褋褌懈薪懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞椥靶葱把囆把傂� 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 械 写邪 锌芯泻邪卸械, 褔械 写邪写械薪芯 褋褗斜懈褌懈械 褋械 械 褋谢褍褔懈谢芯.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞愋盒� 胁褋械泻懈 械 泻褉懈褌懈泻, 褌芯 蟹薪邪褔懈 胁褋械泻懈 械 褉芯斜.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞澬靶�-谐芯谢械屑懈褟褌 褉懈褋泻 [鈥 薪械 械 胁 锌褉械薪械斜褉械谐胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯; 褌懈锌懈褔薪邪褌邪 谐褉械褕泻邪 写薪械褋 械 胁 薪械胁械卸械褋褌胁械薪芯褌芯 屑褍 褑懈褌懈褉邪薪械.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞熝€械写懈 胁褋懈褔泻芯: 薪械 屑芯卸械褕 写邪 褋褗褔懈薪懈褕 懈谢懈 写邪 褋懈 褋谢褍卸懈褕 褋 屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋褗褋 褋械谐邪褕薪邪 褑械谢.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π叫靶�-胁邪卸薪芯褌芯 泻邪褔械褋褌胁芯 薪邪 蟹邪锌邪写薪懈褟 谢懈斜械褉邪谢懈蟹褗屑 械 薪械 薪械谐芯胁邪褌邪 懈写械泄薪邪 锌褉懈胁谢械泻邪褌械谢薪邪 褋懈谢邪, 邪 薪械谐芯胁懈褌械 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞炐叫敌沸�, 泻芯懈褌芯 褍褋锌褟胁邪褌 锌褉邪胁懈谢薪芯 写邪 褉邪蟹褔械褌邪褌 啸啸 胁械泻 [鈥 械 褌褉褟斜胁邪谢芯 写邪 屑芯谐邪褌 写邪 褋懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟褌 褋胁褟褌, 蟹邪 泻芯泄褌芯 薪械 褋褗褖械褋褌胁褍胁邪 锌褉械褑械写械薪褌.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞斝叫笛� 褎邪褕懈蟹屑褗褌 懈屑邪 褕邪薪褋芯胁械 褋邪屑芯 胁 褋褌褉邪薪邪, 锌芯锌邪写薪邪谢邪 胁 泻邪锌邪薪邪 薪邪 屑邪褋芯胁芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯, 泻芯屑斜懈薪懈褉邪薪芯 褋 薪械褋褌邪斜懈谢薪懈 懈 褎褉邪谐屑械薪褌邪褉薪懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 懈薪褋褌懈褌褍褑懈懈.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溾€π逞€械褏褗褌 薪邪 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌邪 锌褉械蟹 啸啸 胁械泻: 写邪 褋械 锌褉芯懈蟹薪邪褋褟褕 蟹邪 褋褗写斜邪褌邪 薪邪 写褉褍谐懈 胁 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 褌褟褏薪芯褌芯 斜褗写械褖械 -褌邪泻芯胁邪, 泻邪泻胁芯褌芯 褌懈 谐芯 胁懈卸写邪褕, - 斜褗写械褖械, 胁 泻芯械褌芯 屑芯卸械 写邪 薪械 褋懈 胁谢芯卸懈谢 薪懈褖芯, 薪芯 褋懈 褋懈 锌褉懈褋胁芯懈谢 锌褉懈胁懈谢械谐懈褟褌邪 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪 写邪 蟹薪邪械褕 蟹邪 薪械谐芯.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞捬娦垦€芯褋褗褌 械 写邪谢懈 锌芯 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌 锌褉懈械屑邪褕, 褔械 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪褕 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 芯褌 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 斜褗写械褖械褌芯, 懈谢懈 褋屑褟褌邪褕, 褔械 褉邪胁薪芯褋屑械褌泻邪褌邪 褋械 锌褉邪胁懈 胁 泻褉邪褟 薪邪 胁褋械泻懈 懈蟹屑懈薪邪谢 写械薪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞撔拘谎徯夹� 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褟褌邪 [鈥 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟胁邪 懈谢懈 锌褉懈薪褍写懈褌械谢薪芯 芯褌泻褗褋胁邪薪械 薪邪 芯褌写械谢薪懈 褔邪褋褌懈 芯褌 褑褟谢芯褌芯, 懈谢懈 褉械褕懈褌械谢械薪 芯褌泻邪蟹 写邪 褋械 锌褉邪胁褟褌 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 懈 写邪 械 芯褌谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪懈褟.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥淸鈥 胁 芯褋薪芯胁邪薪懈褟褌邪 薪邪 械写薪邪 屑芯写械褉薪邪 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪邪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋褌芯懈 薪邪褕械褌芯 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯 褋褗蟹薪邪薪懈械 蟹邪 褌芯胁邪 泻邪泻胁懈 屑芯谐邪褌 写邪 斜褗写邪褌 锌芯褋谢械写懈褑懈褌械, 邪泻芯 薪械 褍褋锌械械屑[鈥鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞樠佈傂感叫把傂� 薪邪 邪胁褌械薪褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褌邪 械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 锌褉邪胁写懈胁芯褋褌褌邪.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞椥� 写邪 褉邪蟹斜械褉械 写邪写械薪芯 褋褗斜懈褌懈械, 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻褗褌 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋械 芯褋胁芯斜芯写懈 芯褌 懈写械泄薪邪褌邪 褉邪屑泻邪, 胁 泻芯褟褌芯 褌芯 械 褉邪蟹谐谢械卸写邪薪芯 [鈥鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞⊙傃€械屑械卸褗褌 写邪 褋械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁懈 褋谢芯卸薪芯褋褌褌邪 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪芯 泻邪褌芯 屑邪褋泻邪, 锌褉懈泻褉懈胁邪褖邪 锌褉芯褋褌芯褌邪褌邪, 械 械写薪邪 芯褌 斜械写懈褌械 薪邪 啸啸 胁械泻.鈥�
鈱涳笍 鈥溞捬佇秆囆盒� 薪懈械 锌芯-褋泻芯褉芯 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟胁邪屑械 芯谐褉芯屑薪懈 锌芯写蟹械屑薪懈 锌械褖械褉懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 写芯褉懈 褋邪屑懈 薪械 褋屑械 芯斜褏芯写懈谢懈 [鈥鈥�
September 3, 2020
袦芯薪褍屑械薪褌邪谢薪邪.
January 22, 2020
袣邪泻 写邪 谐谢械写邪屑械 薪邪 懈蟹屑懈薪邪谢懈褟 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻? 小褗褋 褋懈谐褍褉薪芯褋褌 薪械 械写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯. 孝芯胁邪 械 胁械泻褗褌, 胁 泻芯泄褌芯 褋械 褋谢褍褔懈褏邪 写胁邪褌邪 薪邪泄-泻褗褉胁邪胁懈 泻芯薪褎谢懈泻褌邪 胁 褔芯胁械褕泻邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 锌谢褞褋 薪褟泻芯谢泻芯 锌芯-屑邪谢泻懈, 薪芯 褋褉邪胁薪懈屑懈 锌芯 卸械褋褌芯泻芯褋褌懈. 袙褗蟹薪懈泻薪邪褏邪 懈 芯褌屑褉褟褏邪 褌芯褌邪谢懈褌邪褉薪懈 懈写械芯谢芯谐懈懈, 薪褟泻芯谢泻芯 懈屑锌械褉懈懈 褋械 泻邪褌褍褉薪邪褏邪 胁 薪械斜懈褌懈械褌芯, 褋褗蟹写邪写芯褏邪 褋械 薪芯胁懈 写褗褉卸邪胁薪懈 褋褍斜械泻褌懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 锌褉械屑懈薪邪褏邪 泻褉懈胁芯-谢褟胁芯 懈 胁 写胁邪泄褋械褌 懈 锌褗褉胁懈 胁械泻. 袧芯 屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋褌芯谢械褌懈械 械 懈 胁褉械屑械 薪邪 械锌芯褏邪谢薪懈 薪邪褍褔薪懈 芯褌泻褉懈褌懈褟, 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈 锌褉械芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪懈 褌褉邪薪褋褎芯褉屑邪褑懈懈, 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褉械薪懈械 薪邪 泻芯懈褌芯 写薪械褋 褏芯褉邪褌邪 卸懈胁械械屑 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯-写芯斜褉械 芯褌 薪邪褕懈褌械 锌褉械写褑懈.
小懈薪褌械蟹褗褌 薪邪 褑械谢懈褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈, 褋芯褑懈邪谢械薪 懈 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械薪 芯锌懈褌 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻 械 薪邪泄-屑邪谢泻芯褌芯 褌褉褍写薪邪 蟹邪写邪褔邪. 小 薪械褟 褋械 蟹邪械屑邪褌 写胁械 芯褌 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈屑械薪邪 胁 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 薪邪褍泻邪 鈥� 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 懈 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉. 袩芯写 褎芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 写褗谢褗谐 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 屑械卸写褍 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 薪邪 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟 褋械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪 懈 胁褋械芯褌写邪械薪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹-懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪懈褌械 懈写械懈 芯褌 屑懈薪邪谢懈褟 胁械泻. 袩邪褉邪谢械谢薪芯 褋械 褋谢褍褔胁邪褌 写胁邪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪 鈥� 谢懈褔薪邪褌邪 懈 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 (锌芯褌芯屑褗泻 薪邪 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈 械胁褉械懈, 邪薪谐谢懈褔邪薪懈薪 锌芯 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢薪芯褋褌) 懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻. 袛胁械褌械 谢懈薪懈懈 褋邪 锌芯-斜谢懈蟹泻懈 芯褌泻芯谢泻芯褌芯 懈蟹谐谢械卸写邪 薪邪 锌褉褗胁 锌芯谐谢械写 鈥� 袛卸褗写 薪械 泻褉懈械 锌褉械写懈褕薪懈褌械 褋懈 屑邪褉泻褋懈褋褌泻懈 褍胁谢械褔械薪懈褟, 锌芯褋谢械 锌褉械谐褉褗褖邪 懈写械懈褌械 薪邪 褑懈芯薪懈蟹屑邪 懈 卸懈胁械械 蟹邪 泻褉邪褌泻芯 胁 袠蟹褉邪械谢, 锌芯-泻褗褋薪芯 褋褌邪胁邪 邪锌芯谢芯谐械褌 薪邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪. 袧械谐芯胁懈褟褌 懈写械械薪 锌褗褌 械 懈 芯斜褖芯 胁蟹械褌芯 锌褗褌褟褌 薪邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻.
袙 褉芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 蟹邪写邪胁邪褖懈褟 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈 胁谢懈蟹邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉. 袧械谐芯胁邪褌邪 褉芯谢褟 械 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 胁邪卸薪邪 蟹邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 锌芯 写胁械 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈. 袩褗褉胁芯, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 小薪邪泄写褗褉 锌褉械写谢邪谐邪 薪邪 袛卸褗写 懈写械褟褌邪 蟹邪 薪械褟, 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褟褌 胁械褔械 褋褌褉邪写邪 芯褌 薪械谢懈褔懈屑邪 褋屑褗褉褌芯薪芯褋薪邪 斜芯谢械褋褌, 泻芯褟褌芯 蟹邪褋褟谐邪 写胁懈谐邪褌械谢薪懈褌械 屑褍 褎褍薪泻褑懈懈 懈 芯褋褍械褌褟胁邪 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢薪芯褌芯 锌懈褋邪薪械. 袙褌芯褉芯, 小薪邪泄写褗褉 褋褌芯懈 斜谢懈蟹芯, 薪芯 薪械 褌胁褗褉写械, 写芯 袛卸褗写 胁 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械薪 懈 懈写械械薪 锌谢邪薪 懈 械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 芯斜懈泻薪芯胁械薪 薪邪胁懈谐邪褌芯褉 薪邪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪, 薪芯 懈 锌褉芯胁芯泻邪褌芯褉, 泻芯泄褌芯, 邪泻芯 褋褗褖械褋褌胁褍胁邪 褌邪泻芯胁邪 薪械褖芯 泻邪褌芯 褍屑械薪懈械 写邪 蟹邪写邪写械褕 锌褉邪胁懈谢薪懈褟 胁褗锌褉芯褋, 褌芯 褌芯胁邪 褍屑械薪懈械 小薪邪泄写褗褉 谐芯 胁谢邪写械械 锌械褉褎械泻褌薪芯. 袛胁邪屑邪褌邪 褋锌芯褉褟褌, 写芯褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褌 懈写械懈褌械 褋懈, 写芯锌褗谢胁邪褌 锌芯褋芯泻邪褌邪 薪邪 屑懈褋谢懈褌械 褋懈 懈 褋褗蟹写邪胁邪褌 薪械褖芯, 泻芯械褌芯 薪懈泻芯泄 褔懈褌邪褌械谢 褋 懈蟹褟胁械薪懈 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈 胁 芯斜谢邪褋褌褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪褌邪, 薪械 斜懈胁邪 写邪 锌芯写屑懈薪邪胁邪 褋 谢械泻邪 褉褗泻邪. 袛芯锌褗谢薪懈褌械谢械薪 锌谢褞褋 械, 褔械 懈 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 懈屑邪褌 锌芯写褔械褉褌邪薪 邪泻邪写械屑懈褔械薪 懈薪褌械褉械褋 泻褗屑 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 懈 小褉械写薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪.
袧械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯 屑懈 械 写邪 芯斜褟褋薪褟 鈥炐沸� 泻邪泻胁芯 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈鈥� 胁 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪. 袧械 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褌芯胁邪 械 泻薪懈谐邪 蟹邪 懈写械懈褌械, 邪 懈 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褋械 褔械褌械 泻邪褌芯 薪械锌褉械泻褗褋薪邪褌 邪薪邪谢懈蟹, 锌芯褌芯泻 薪邪 褋褗蟹薪邪薪懈械褌芯, 褉芯写械薪 芯褌 褍屑芯胁械褌械 薪邪 写胁邪屑邪 斜谢械褋褌褟褖懈 械褉褍写懈褌懈. 袝褌芯 褋邪屑芯 屑薪芯谐芯 屑邪谢泻邪 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 蟹邪褋械谐薪邪褌懈褌械 褌械屑懈:
袩褉芯斜谢械屑懈褌械 薪邪 啸芯谢芯泻芯褋褌邪 芯褌 械褌懈褔薪邪 懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 谐谢械写薪邪 褌芯褔泻邪, 蟹邪褖芯 胁褗胁 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈褟 褕邪薪褋褗褌 写邪 写芯泄写械 褎邪褕懈蟹褗屑 械 斜懈谢 屑懈薪懈屑邪谢械薪, 泻邪泻胁邪 械 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪褌邪 屑械卸写褍 褌芯胁邪 写邪 褋懈 写胁芯械薪 邪谐械薪褌 胁褗胁 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈褟 懈 芯褋褌邪薪邪谢邪 褔邪褋褌 薪邪 褋胁械褌邪, 械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟褌邪 薪邪 谢械胁懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟, 蟹邪褖芯 蟹邪 斜褉懈褌邪薪褑懈褌械 小谢芯胁械薪懈褟 械 锌芯-械泻蟹芯褌懈褔薪邪 芯褌 袘懈褉屑邪, 褉邪蟹谢懈泻懈褌械 屑械卸写褍 褋褗胁械褌褋泻懈褟 懈 薪邪褑懈褋褌泻懈褟 褌械褉芯褉, 蟹邪褖芯 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪 褋械 芯泻邪蟹胁邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 泻褉械褏泻邪, 蟹邪褖芯 胁 邪薪谐谢懈泄褋泻邪褌邪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪 泻邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯 谢懈锌褋胁邪褌 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈 (褌芯胁邪 薪械 胁邪卸懈 谢懈 蟹邪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪褌邪 锌芯 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌?), 蟹邪 褉芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 (写芯褉懈 胁 褔懈褋褌芯 锌械写邪谐芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈 褋屑懈褋褗谢, 薪械 褋邪屑芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪), 蟹邪褖芯 械 胁邪卸薪芯 写邪 芯褌谐褉邪薪懈褔邪胁邪屑械 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 芯褌 锌邪屑械褌, 泻芯褉械薪懈褌械 懈 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉邪 薪邪 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯褌芯 写懈褋懈写械薪褌褋褌胁芯, 懈 薪邪泄-胁械褔械, 薪械褖芯, 泻芯械褌芯 胁懈薪邪谐懈 屑懈 械 斜懈谢芯 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褌褉褍写薪芯 蟹邪 锌褉芯褍屑褟胁邪薪械 - 锌褉懈褌械谐邪褌械谢薪邪褌邪 褋懈谢邪 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪 褋褉械写 蟹邪锌锟斤拷写薪懈褌械 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪懈 泻褉褗谐芯胁械.
袛邪, 懈屑械薪薪芯 锌芯褉褟写褗褔薪芯褌芯 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械, 泻芯械褌芯 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褑懈 芯褌写械谢褟褌 薪邪 锌褉芯斜谢械屑懈褌械 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪, 泻褗屑 泻芯泄褌芯 袟邪锌邪写邪 懈屑邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 薪械械写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械, 褋邪 械写懈薪 芯褌 薪邪泄-懈薪褌械褉械褋薪懈褌械 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 胁 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪. (小邪屑芯 蟹邪 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈械, 褋褉械写 谐芯褉泻懈褌械 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈 薪邪褉芯写懈 褌芯胁邪 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 械 写芯褋褌邪 锌芯-械写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯, 薪邪谢懈 褋邪屑懈褌械 褌械 褋邪 懈蟹锌懈褌邪谢懈 懈蟹泻褉懈胁械薪懈褌械 褎芯褉屑懈 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪 薪邪 谐褗褉斜邪 褋懈).
袨褋胁械薪 褕懈褉芯褌邪褌邪 薪邪 褌械屑懈褌械 (屑邪泻邪褉 褔械 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻邪褌邪 褌械屑邪 械 械写薪邪 懈 褌芯胁邪 褋邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻), 写褉褍谐芯 写芯褋褌芯泄薪褋褌胁芯 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋邪 薪械锌褉械泻褗褋薪邪褌懈褌械 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈 锌邪褉邪谢械谢懈 屑械卸写褍 械胁褉芯锌械泄褑懈褌械 懈 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褑懈褌械 锌芯 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 薪邪屑械褋邪褌邪 薪邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪褌邪 胁 褔邪褋褌薪邪褌邪 褋褎械褉邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪懈褌械 斜谢邪谐邪. 袛卸褗写 锌芯写芯蟹懈褉邪, 褔械 褌芯胁邪 褖械 械 谐芯谢械屑懈褟褌 写械斜邪褌 薪邪 褋械谐邪褕薪懈褟 胁械泻 鈥� 泻邪泻胁邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈 泻芯谢泻芯 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈褋泻邪屑械.
鈥炐斝� 屑懈褋谢懈褕 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻鈥� 薪懈 褋褉械褖邪 懈 褋褗褋 蟹薪邪泻芯胁懈, 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 懈 薪械 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈, 懈屑械薪邪 薪邪 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢懈 懈 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈, 懈 蟹邪 薪褟泻芯懈 芯褌 褌械蟹懈 褎懈谐褍褉懈 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟褌 褖械 懈褋泻邪 写邪 褍蟹薪邪械 锌芯胁械褔械 懈 写邪 锌褉械写锌褉懈械屑械 褋胁芯械 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪芯 锌褉芯褍褔胁邪薪械. 袗 褌芯胁邪 械 斜械蟹褋锌芯褉薪芯 锌褉械写懈屑褋褌胁芯 薪邪 写芯斜褉懈褌械 薪械褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪懈 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟. (袗蟹 褋械 锌芯褉邪蟹褉芯胁懈褏 蟹邪 袥械芯薪 袘谢褍屑 懈 袪械泄屑芯薪 袗褉芯薪).
袠写械懈褌械 薪邪 袛卸褗写 懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 写邪胁邪褌 屑薪芯谐芯 褋懈谢薪懈 邪褉谐褍屑械薪褌懈 胁 锌芯谢蟹邪 薪邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 褌械 泻芯屑械薪褌懈褉邪褌 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪芯 鈥� 泻邪褌芯 谐械薪械蟹懈褋, 械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟 懈 锌褉械写懈屑褋褌胁邪. 小 泻芯械褌芯 芯斜褟褋薪褟胁邪褌 懈 蟹邪褖芯 邪胁褋褌褉懈泄褋泻懈褟褌 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌 肖褉懈写褉懈褏 啸邪泄械泻 薪械 械 斜懈谢 褋褗胁褋械屑 锌褉邪胁, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褌胁褗褉写懈, 褔械 胁褋褟泻邪 写褗褉卸邪胁薪邪 薪邪屑械褋邪 胁 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪褌邪 薪械懈蟹斜械卸薪芯 褖械 写芯胁械写械 写芯 写懈泻褌邪褌褍褉邪.
效懈褋褌芯 褎邪泻褌芯谢芯谐懈褔薪芯, 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褕芯泻懈褉邪 械写懈薪 写芯斜褉械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪 褔懈褌邪褌械谢, 泻芯泄褌芯 械 蟹邪锌芯蟹薪邪褌 褋 胁褌芯褉芯 懈 褌褉械褌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪懈褌械 褎邪泻褌懈 芯褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻, 薪芯 屑芯卸械 懈 写邪 薪械 谐懈 械 懈蟹斜懈褋褌褉懈谢 泻芯薪褑械锌褌褍邪谢薪芯 懈 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌褍邪谢薪芯. 孝芯胁邪 锌褉邪胁懈 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪. 孝褟 锌褉械写谢邪谐邪 芯斜邪褔械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪邪, 薪芯 懈 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪邪 薪邪褋谢邪写邪 褋 胁懈褋芯泻懈褟 褋懈 懈 胁褋械 锌邪泻 写芯褋褌褗锌械薪 褋褌懈谢. 袪邪蟹泻褉懈胁邪 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 褋懈 邪胁褌芯褉懈 泻邪褌芯 褏芯褉邪 褋 薪械胁械褉芯褟褌薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 (邪 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯 懈 薪械 褋邪屑芯) 褔褍胁褋褌胁懈褌械谢薪芯褋褌 泻邪褌芯 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢懈, 褏褍屑邪薪懈褋褌懈, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈 芯褌 褋胁械褌芯胁薪芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械. 小 泻芯械褌芯 蟹邪褌胁褗褉卸写邪胁邪褌 懈写械褟褌邪, 褔械 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻懈褟褌 褍褔械薪 薪械 褋褌芯懈 屑芯褉邪谢薪芯 懈蟹胁褗薪 褋胁芯械褌芯 胁褉械屑械.
小懈薪褌械蟹褗褌 薪邪 褑械谢懈褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈, 褋芯褑懈邪谢械薪 懈 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械薪 芯锌懈褌 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻 械 薪邪泄-屑邪谢泻芯褌芯 褌褉褍写薪邪 蟹邪写邪褔邪. 小 薪械褟 褋械 蟹邪械屑邪褌 写胁械 芯褌 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈屑械薪邪 胁 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 薪邪褍泻邪 鈥� 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 懈 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉. 袩芯写 褎芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 写褗谢褗谐 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 屑械卸写褍 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 薪邪 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟 褋械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪 懈 胁褋械芯褌写邪械薪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹-懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪懈褌械 懈写械懈 芯褌 屑懈薪邪谢懈褟 胁械泻. 袩邪褉邪谢械谢薪芯 褋械 褋谢褍褔胁邪褌 写胁邪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪 鈥� 谢懈褔薪邪褌邪 懈 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 (锌芯褌芯屑褗泻 薪邪 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈 械胁褉械懈, 邪薪谐谢懈褔邪薪懈薪 锌芯 薪邪褑懈芯薪邪谢薪芯褋褌) 懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻. 袛胁械褌械 谢懈薪懈懈 褋邪 锌芯-斜谢懈蟹泻懈 芯褌泻芯谢泻芯褌芯 懈蟹谐谢械卸写邪 薪邪 锌褉褗胁 锌芯谐谢械写 鈥� 袛卸褗写 薪械 泻褉懈械 锌褉械写懈褕薪懈褌械 褋懈 屑邪褉泻褋懈褋褌泻懈 褍胁谢械褔械薪懈褟, 锌芯褋谢械 锌褉械谐褉褗褖邪 懈写械懈褌械 薪邪 褑懈芯薪懈蟹屑邪 懈 卸懈胁械械 蟹邪 泻褉邪褌泻芯 胁 袠蟹褉邪械谢, 锌芯-泻褗褋薪芯 褋褌邪胁邪 邪锌芯谢芯谐械褌 薪邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪. 袧械谐芯胁懈褟褌 懈写械械薪 锌褗褌 械 懈 芯斜褖芯 胁蟹械褌芯 锌褗褌褟褌 薪邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻.
袙 褉芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 蟹邪写邪胁邪褖懈褟 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈 胁谢懈蟹邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉. 袧械谐芯胁邪褌邪 褉芯谢褟 械 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 胁邪卸薪邪 蟹邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 锌芯 写胁械 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈. 袩褗褉胁芯, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 小薪邪泄写褗褉 锌褉械写谢邪谐邪 薪邪 袛卸褗写 懈写械褟褌邪 蟹邪 薪械褟, 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褟褌 胁械褔械 褋褌褉邪写邪 芯褌 薪械谢懈褔懈屑邪 褋屑褗褉褌芯薪芯褋薪邪 斜芯谢械褋褌, 泻芯褟褌芯 蟹邪褋褟谐邪 写胁懈谐邪褌械谢薪懈褌械 屑褍 褎褍薪泻褑懈懈 懈 芯褋褍械褌褟胁邪 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢薪芯褌芯 锌懈褋邪薪械. 袙褌芯褉芯, 小薪邪泄写褗褉 褋褌芯懈 斜谢懈蟹芯, 薪芯 薪械 褌胁褗褉写械, 写芯 袛卸褗写 胁 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械薪 懈 懈写械械薪 锌谢邪薪 懈 械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 芯斜懈泻薪芯胁械薪 薪邪胁懈谐邪褌芯褉 薪邪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪, 薪芯 懈 锌褉芯胁芯泻邪褌芯褉, 泻芯泄褌芯, 邪泻芯 褋褗褖械褋褌胁褍胁邪 褌邪泻芯胁邪 薪械褖芯 泻邪褌芯 褍屑械薪懈械 写邪 蟹邪写邪写械褕 锌褉邪胁懈谢薪懈褟 胁褗锌褉芯褋, 褌芯 褌芯胁邪 褍屑械薪懈械 小薪邪泄写褗褉 谐芯 胁谢邪写械械 锌械褉褎械泻褌薪芯. 袛胁邪屑邪褌邪 褋锌芯褉褟褌, 写芯褉邪蟹胁懈胁邪褌 懈写械懈褌械 褋懈, 写芯锌褗谢胁邪褌 锌芯褋芯泻邪褌邪 薪邪 屑懈褋谢懈褌械 褋懈 懈 褋褗蟹写邪胁邪褌 薪械褖芯, 泻芯械褌芯 薪懈泻芯泄 褔懈褌邪褌械谢 褋 懈蟹褟胁械薪懈 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈 胁 芯斜谢邪褋褌褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪褌邪, 薪械 斜懈胁邪 写邪 锌芯写屑懈薪邪胁邪 褋 谢械泻邪 褉褗泻邪. 袛芯锌褗谢薪懈褌械谢械薪 锌谢褞褋 械, 褔械 懈 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 懈屑邪褌 锌芯写褔械褉褌邪薪 邪泻邪写械屑懈褔械薪 懈薪褌械褉械褋 泻褗屑 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 懈 小褉械写薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪.
袧械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯 屑懈 械 写邪 芯斜褟褋薪褟 鈥炐沸� 泻邪泻胁芯 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈鈥� 胁 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪. 袧械 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褌芯胁邪 械 泻薪懈谐邪 蟹邪 懈写械懈褌械, 邪 懈 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褋械 褔械褌械 泻邪褌芯 薪械锌褉械泻褗褋薪邪褌 邪薪邪谢懈蟹, 锌芯褌芯泻 薪邪 褋褗蟹薪邪薪懈械褌芯, 褉芯写械薪 芯褌 褍屑芯胁械褌械 薪邪 写胁邪屑邪 斜谢械褋褌褟褖懈 械褉褍写懈褌懈. 袝褌芯 褋邪屑芯 屑薪芯谐芯 屑邪谢泻邪 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 蟹邪褋械谐薪邪褌懈褌械 褌械屑懈:
袩褉芯斜谢械屑懈褌械 薪邪 啸芯谢芯泻芯褋褌邪 芯褌 械褌懈褔薪邪 懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 谐谢械写薪邪 褌芯褔泻邪, 蟹邪褖芯 胁褗胁 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈褟 褕邪薪褋褗褌 写邪 写芯泄写械 褎邪褕懈蟹褗屑 械 斜懈谢 屑懈薪懈屑邪谢械薪, 泻邪泻胁邪 械 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪褌邪 屑械卸写褍 褌芯胁邪 写邪 褋懈 写胁芯械薪 邪谐械薪褌 胁褗胁 袙械谢懈泻芯斜褉懈褌邪薪懈褟 懈 芯褋褌邪薪邪谢邪 褔邪褋褌 薪邪 褋胁械褌邪, 械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟褌邪 薪邪 谢械胁懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟, 蟹邪褖芯 蟹邪 斜褉懈褌邪薪褑懈褌械 小谢芯胁械薪懈褟 械 锌芯-械泻蟹芯褌懈褔薪邪 芯褌 袘懈褉屑邪, 褉邪蟹谢懈泻懈褌械 屑械卸写褍 褋褗胁械褌褋泻懈褟 懈 薪邪褑懈褋褌泻懈褟 褌械褉芯褉, 蟹邪褖芯 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪 褋械 芯泻邪蟹胁邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 泻褉械褏泻邪, 蟹邪褖芯 胁 邪薪谐谢懈泄褋泻邪褌邪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪 泻邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯 谢懈锌褋胁邪褌 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈 (褌芯胁邪 薪械 胁邪卸懈 谢懈 蟹邪 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪褌邪 锌芯 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌?), 蟹邪 褉芯谢褟褌邪 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 (写芯褉懈 胁 褔懈褋褌芯 锌械写邪谐芯谐懈褔械褋泻懈 褋屑懈褋褗谢, 薪械 褋邪屑芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁械薪), 蟹邪褖芯 械 胁邪卸薪芯 写邪 芯褌谐褉邪薪懈褔邪胁邪屑械 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 芯褌 锌邪屑械褌, 泻芯褉械薪懈褌械 懈 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉邪 薪邪 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻芯褌芯 写懈褋懈写械薪褌褋褌胁芯, 懈 薪邪泄-胁械褔械, 薪械褖芯, 泻芯械褌芯 胁懈薪邪谐懈 屑懈 械 斜懈谢芯 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褌褉褍写薪芯 蟹邪 锌褉芯褍屑褟胁邪薪械 - 锌褉懈褌械谐邪褌械谢薪邪褌邪 褋懈谢邪 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪 褋褉械写 蟹邪锌锟斤拷写薪懈褌械 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪懈 泻褉褗谐芯胁械.
袛邪, 懈屑械薪薪芯 锌芯褉褟写褗褔薪芯褌芯 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械, 泻芯械褌芯 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褑懈 芯褌写械谢褟褌 薪邪 锌褉芯斜谢械屑懈褌械 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪, 泻褗屑 泻芯泄褌芯 袟邪锌邪写邪 懈屑邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 薪械械写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械, 褋邪 械写懈薪 芯褌 薪邪泄-懈薪褌械褉械褋薪懈褌械 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 胁 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪. (小邪屑芯 蟹邪 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈械, 褋褉械写 谐芯褉泻懈褌械 懈蟹褌芯褔薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褋泻懈 薪邪褉芯写懈 褌芯胁邪 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 械 写芯褋褌邪 锌芯-械写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯, 薪邪谢懈 褋邪屑懈褌械 褌械 褋邪 懈蟹锌懈褌邪谢懈 懈蟹泻褉懈胁械薪懈褌械 褎芯褉屑懈 薪邪 屑邪褉泻褋懈蟹屑邪 薪邪 谐褗褉斜邪 褋懈).
袨褋胁械薪 褕懈褉芯褌邪褌邪 薪邪 褌械屑懈褌械 (屑邪泻邪褉 褔械 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻邪褌邪 褌械屑邪 械 械写薪邪 懈 褌芯胁邪 褋邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 懈写械懈 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻), 写褉褍谐芯 写芯褋褌芯泄薪褋褌胁芯 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋邪 薪械锌褉械泻褗褋薪邪褌懈褌械 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈 锌邪褉邪谢械谢懈 屑械卸写褍 械胁褉芯锌械泄褑懈褌械 懈 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褑懈褌械 锌芯 芯褌薪芯褕械薪懈械 薪邪屑械褋邪褌邪 薪邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪褌邪 胁 褔邪褋褌薪邪褌邪 褋褎械褉邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪懈褌械 斜谢邪谐邪. 袛卸褗写 锌芯写芯蟹懈褉邪, 褔械 褌芯胁邪 褖械 械 谐芯谢械屑懈褟褌 写械斜邪褌 薪邪 褋械谐邪褕薪懈褟 胁械泻 鈥� 泻邪泻胁邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈 泻芯谢泻芯 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 懈褋泻邪屑械.
鈥炐斝� 屑懈褋谢懈褕 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻鈥� 薪懈 褋褉械褖邪 懈 褋褗褋 蟹薪邪泻芯胁懈, 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 懈 薪械 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈, 懈屑械薪邪 薪邪 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢懈 懈 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈, 懈 蟹邪 薪褟泻芯懈 芯褌 褌械蟹懈 褎懈谐褍褉懈 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟褌 褖械 懈褋泻邪 写邪 褍蟹薪邪械 锌芯胁械褔械 懈 写邪 锌褉械写锌褉懈械屑械 褋胁芯械 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪芯 锌褉芯褍褔胁邪薪械. 袗 褌芯胁邪 械 斜械蟹褋锌芯褉薪芯 锌褉械写懈屑褋褌胁芯 薪邪 写芯斜褉懈褌械 薪械褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪懈 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟. (袗蟹 褋械 锌芯褉邪蟹褉芯胁懈褏 蟹邪 袥械芯薪 袘谢褍屑 懈 袪械泄屑芯薪 袗褉芯薪).
袠写械懈褌械 薪邪 袛卸褗写 懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 写邪胁邪褌 屑薪芯谐芯 褋懈谢薪懈 邪褉谐褍屑械薪褌懈 胁 锌芯谢蟹邪 薪邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 褌械 泻芯屑械薪褌懈褉邪褌 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪芯 鈥� 泻邪褌芯 谐械薪械蟹懈褋, 械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟 懈 锌褉械写懈屑褋褌胁邪. 小 泻芯械褌芯 芯斜褟褋薪褟胁邪褌 懈 蟹邪褖芯 邪胁褋褌褉懈泄褋泻懈褟褌 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌 肖褉懈写褉懈褏 啸邪泄械泻 薪械 械 斜懈谢 褋褗胁褋械屑 锌褉邪胁, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褌胁褗褉写懈, 褔械 胁褋褟泻邪 写褗褉卸邪胁薪邪 薪邪屑械褋邪 胁 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪褌邪 薪械懈蟹斜械卸薪芯 褖械 写芯胁械写械 写芯 写懈泻褌邪褌褍褉邪.
效懈褋褌芯 褎邪泻褌芯谢芯谐懈褔薪芯, 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褕芯泻懈褉邪 械写懈薪 写芯斜褉械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪 褔懈褌邪褌械谢, 泻芯泄褌芯 械 蟹邪锌芯蟹薪邪褌 褋 胁褌芯褉芯 懈 褌褉械褌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪懈褌械 褎邪泻褌懈 芯褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻, 薪芯 屑芯卸械 懈 写邪 薪械 谐懈 械 懈蟹斜懈褋褌褉懈谢 泻芯薪褑械锌褌褍邪谢薪芯 懈 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌褍邪谢薪芯. 孝芯胁邪 锌褉邪胁懈 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪. 孝褟 锌褉械写谢邪谐邪 芯斜邪褔械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪邪, 薪芯 懈 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪邪 薪邪褋谢邪写邪 褋 胁懈褋芯泻懈褟 褋懈 懈 胁褋械 锌邪泻 写芯褋褌褗锌械薪 褋褌懈谢. 袪邪蟹泻褉懈胁邪 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 褋懈 邪胁褌芯褉懈 泻邪褌芯 褏芯褉邪 褋 薪械胁械褉芯褟褌薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻邪 (邪 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯 懈 薪械 褋邪屑芯) 褔褍胁褋褌胁懈褌械谢薪芯褋褌 泻邪褌芯 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢懈, 褏褍屑邪薪懈褋褌懈, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈 芯褌 褋胁械褌芯胁薪芯 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械. 小 泻芯械褌芯 蟹邪褌胁褗褉卸写邪胁邪褌 懈写械褟褌邪, 褔械 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻懈褟褌 褍褔械薪 薪械 褋褌芯懈 屑芯褉邪谢薪芯 懈蟹胁褗薪 褋胁芯械褌芯 胁褉械屑械.
June 8, 2021
鈥溞犘拘沸囱冃夹� 锌褉芯 写胁邪写褑褟褌械 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟鈥�
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孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌, 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉
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袙懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁芯 效芯胁械薪 2019
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携 胁懈锌邪写泻芯胁芯 锌芯斜邪褔懈谢邪 褑褞 泻薪懈卸泻褍 胁 锌械褉械谢褨泻褍 褉械泻芯屑械薪写邪褑褨泄 胁褨写 小褌邪褋褨薪械胁懈褔 袆胁谐械薪褨泄 @litosvita
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袣褍锌懈谢邪. 小褎芯褌芯谐褉邪褎褍胁邪谢邪鈥� 褨 写芯胁谐芯 斜芯褟谢邪褋褟 胁蟹褟褌懈 写芯 褉褍泻.
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袧邪 锌械褉褕懈泄 锌芯谐谢褟写 - 褋泻谢邪写薪邪, 薪褍写薪邪 泄 邪卸 蟹邪薪邪写褌芯 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪邪.
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袗谢械.
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袙芯薪邪 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯 薪械 褌邪泻邪!
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些懈褉芯 胁写褟褔薪邪 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁褍 芦效芯胁械薪禄 褨 锌邪薪褍 袆胁谐械薪褍 蟹邪 褑械 胁褨写泻褉懈褌褌褟!
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些懈褉芯 褉械泻芯屑械薪写褍褞 写谢褟 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟!
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笑懈褌邪褌邪:
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芦些芯 卸, 褌械 褋邪屑械 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑芯卸薪邪 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈褌懈 褍 蟹胁鈥樠徯沸貉� 蟹 褌懈屑, 褖芯 屑懈 褉芯斜懈屑芯 蟹邪褉邪蟹. 袦懈 胁械写械屑芯 写芯胁谐褍 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪褍 褉芯蟹屑芯胁褍, 褟泻邪 褌褉懈胁邪褦 薪械 芯写懈薪 屑褨褋褟褑褜. 些芯 屑懈 蟹 薪械褞 蟹褉芯斜懈屑芯? 袙懈写邪屑芯 泻薪懈卸泻芯褞. 携泻褖芯 薪邪屑 锌芯褖邪褋褌懈褌褜, 褑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 锌芯褌褉邪锌懈褌褜 胁 芯谐谢褟写懈 胁褋褨褏 写芯斜褉懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈褏 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨胁, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 芦The New York Times鈥�,- 邪 褌芯写褨, 褟泻褖芯 褉械褑械薪蟹褨褩 斜褍写褍褌褜 锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨, 邪 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁芯 Penguin 褨 褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻 胁锌褉邪胁薪芯 锌褉芯写邪褦 泻薪懈卸泻懈, 褟泻 屑芯卸薪邪 锌褉懈锌褍褋褌懈褌懈, 褍 褑褨泄 泻褉邪褩薪褨 屑懈 锌褉芯写邪屑芯 薪械褏邪泄 80 000 锌褉懈屑褨褉薪懈泻褨胁 (褨 褑械 斜褍写械 芯谐芯 褟泻械 写芯褋褟谐薪械薪薪褟). 袘褍写褜屑芯 芯锌褌懈屑褨褋褌邪屑懈 泄 薪邪泻懈薪械屑芯 褖械 40 000 (薪褍 写褍卸械 芯锌褌懈屑褨褋褌懈褔薪芯) 写谢褟 褉械褕褌懈 邪薪谐谢芯屑芯胁薪芯谐芯 褉懈薪泻褍. 袗 褌芯写褨, 屑芯卸械, 锌褉芯褉胁械屑芯褋褜 写邪谢褨, 胁褨写 袘褉邪蟹懈谢褨褩 写芯 泻芯薪褌懈薪械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯褩 袆胁褉芯锌懈. 小谢芯胁芯屑, 褟泻褖芯 蟹邪写邪屑芯 卸邪褉褍, 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褨 锌褉芯写邪卸褨 屑芯卸褍褌褜 褋褟谐薪褍褌懈 250 000 锌芯 胁褋褜芯屑褍 褋胁褨褌芯胁褨. 袛谢褟 褌邪泻芯褩 泻薪懈卸泻懈 褑械 胁胁邪卸邪谢芯褋褟 斜 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 褎械薪芯屑械薪邪谢褜薪懈屑 写芯褋褟谐薪械薪薪褟屑.
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袗薪芯褌邪褑褨褟:
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芦笑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 褦 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯褞 褉芯蟹胁褨写泻芯褞, 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褦褞 褌邪 械褌懈褔薪懈屑 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌芯屑禄, 鈥� 胁胁邪卸邪褦 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 褩褩 褋锌褨胁邪胁褌芯褉褨胁 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉. 校 褎芯泻褍褋褨 泄芯谐芯 褉芯蟹屑芯胁 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 鈥� 芦褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄 褍 袆胁褉芯锌褨 褌邪 小锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈褏 楔褌邪褌邪褏; 胁谢邪写邪 褨 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褍 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褨 谢褨斜械褉邪谢褜薪懈褏, 褋芯褑褨邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋褜泻懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 胁褨写 泻褨薪褑褟 XIX 写芯 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 XXI 褋褌芯谢褨褌褜禄. 袧邪 写褍屑泻褍 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪, 芯写薪懈屑懈 褨蟹 薪邪泄胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褕懈褏 褍 褩褏薪褨褏 褉芯蟹屑芯胁邪褏 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 褋褌邪谢懈 芦褉芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 芯斜屑械卸械薪薪褟 (褨 蟹写邪褌薪褨褋褌褜 写芯 胁褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟) 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 锌褉芯 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪褨 锌芯褉邪蟹泻懈 (褨 芯斜芯胁鈥櫻徯沸盒�) 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 褍 锌芯谢褨褌懈褑褨禄. 袙芯写薪芯褔邪褋 袪芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟鈥� 褑械 褌邪泻芯卸 褨 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褟 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 泄 械褋械褩褋褌邪 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌邪, 褟泻懈泄 薪邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袥芯薪写芯薪褨 胁 褋械褉械写懈薪褨 XX 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 锌褨褋谢褟 泻邪褌邪泻谢褨蟹屑褨胁 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈 褌邪 袚芯谢芯泻芯褋褌褍, 褍 褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈 褍褌胁械褉写卸褍胁邪谢懈 胁谢邪写褍 褍 小褏褨写薪褨泄 袆胁褉芯锌褨禄
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#锌褉懈屑褏谢懈胁邪褔懈褌邪泻邪
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孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌, 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉
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携 胁懈锌邪写泻芯胁芯 锌芯斜邪褔懈谢邪 褑褞 泻薪懈卸泻褍 胁 锌械褉械谢褨泻褍 褉械泻芯屑械薪写邪褑褨泄 胁褨写 小褌邪褋褨薪械胁懈褔 袆胁谐械薪褨泄 @litosvita
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袣褍锌懈谢邪. 小褎芯褌芯谐褉邪褎褍胁邪谢邪鈥� 褨 写芯胁谐芯 斜芯褟谢邪褋褟 胁蟹褟褌懈 写芯 褉褍泻.
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袧邪 锌械褉褕懈泄 锌芯谐谢褟写 - 褋泻谢邪写薪邪, 薪褍写薪邪 泄 邪卸 蟹邪薪邪写褌芯 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪邪.
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袗谢械.
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袙芯薪邪 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯 薪械 褌邪泻邪!
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些懈褉芯 胁写褟褔薪邪 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁褍 芦效芯胁械薪禄 褨 锌邪薪褍 袆胁谐械薪褍 蟹邪 褑械 胁褨写泻褉懈褌褌褟!
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些懈褉芯 褉械泻芯屑械薪写褍褞 写谢褟 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟!
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笑懈褌邪褌邪:
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芦些芯 卸, 褌械 褋邪屑械 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑芯卸薪邪 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈褌懈 褍 蟹胁鈥樠徯沸貉� 蟹 褌懈屑, 褖芯 屑懈 褉芯斜懈屑芯 蟹邪褉邪蟹. 袦懈 胁械写械屑芯 写芯胁谐褍 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪褍 褉芯蟹屑芯胁褍, 褟泻邪 褌褉懈胁邪褦 薪械 芯写懈薪 屑褨褋褟褑褜. 些芯 屑懈 蟹 薪械褞 蟹褉芯斜懈屑芯? 袙懈写邪屑芯 泻薪懈卸泻芯褞. 携泻褖芯 薪邪屑 锌芯褖邪褋褌懈褌褜, 褑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 锌芯褌褉邪锌懈褌褜 胁 芯谐谢褟写懈 胁褋褨褏 写芯斜褉懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈褏 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨胁, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 芦The New York Times鈥�,- 邪 褌芯写褨, 褟泻褖芯 褉械褑械薪蟹褨褩 斜褍写褍褌褜 锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨, 邪 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁芯 Penguin 褨 褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褌邪泻 胁锌褉邪胁薪芯 锌褉芯写邪褦 泻薪懈卸泻懈, 褟泻 屑芯卸薪邪 锌褉懈锌褍褋褌懈褌懈, 褍 褑褨泄 泻褉邪褩薪褨 屑懈 锌褉芯写邪屑芯 薪械褏邪泄 80 000 锌褉懈屑褨褉薪懈泻褨胁 (褨 褑械 斜褍写械 芯谐芯 褟泻械 写芯褋褟谐薪械薪薪褟). 袘褍写褜屑芯 芯锌褌懈屑褨褋褌邪屑懈 泄 薪邪泻懈薪械屑芯 褖械 40 000 (薪褍 写褍卸械 芯锌褌懈屑褨褋褌懈褔薪芯) 写谢褟 褉械褕褌懈 邪薪谐谢芯屑芯胁薪芯谐芯 褉懈薪泻褍. 袗 褌芯写褨, 屑芯卸械, 锌褉芯褉胁械屑芯褋褜 写邪谢褨, 胁褨写 袘褉邪蟹懈谢褨褩 写芯 泻芯薪褌懈薪械薪褌邪谢褜薪芯褩 袆胁褉芯锌懈. 小谢芯胁芯屑, 褟泻褖芯 蟹邪写邪屑芯 卸邪褉褍, 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪褨 锌褉芯写邪卸褨 屑芯卸褍褌褜 褋褟谐薪褍褌懈 250 000 锌芯 胁褋褜芯屑褍 褋胁褨褌芯胁褨. 袛谢褟 褌邪泻芯褩 泻薪懈卸泻懈 褑械 胁胁邪卸邪谢芯褋褟 斜 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 褎械薪芯屑械薪邪谢褜薪懈屑 写芯褋褟谐薪械薪薪褟屑.
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袗薪芯褌邪褑褨褟:
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芦笑褟 泻薪懈卸泻邪 褦 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯褞 褉芯蟹胁褨写泻芯褞, 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褦褞 褌邪 械褌懈褔薪懈屑 褌褉邪泻褌邪褌芯屑禄, 鈥� 胁胁邪卸邪褦 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 褩褩 褋锌褨胁邪胁褌芯褉褨胁 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋褜泻懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉. 校 褎芯泻褍褋褨 泄芯谐芯 褉芯蟹屑芯胁 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 鈥� 芦褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄 褍 袆胁褉芯锌褨 褌邪 小锌芯谢褍褔械薪懈褏 楔褌邪褌邪褏; 胁谢邪写邪 褨 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褍 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褨 谢褨斜械褉邪谢褜薪懈褏, 褋芯褑褨邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏, 薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋褜泻懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 胁褨写 泻褨薪褑褟 XIX 写芯 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 XXI 褋褌芯谢褨褌褜禄. 袧邪 写褍屑泻褍 孝褨屑芯褌褨 小薪邪泄写械褉邪, 芯写薪懈屑懈 褨蟹 薪邪泄胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褕懈褏 褍 褩褏薪褨褏 褉芯蟹屑芯胁邪褏 褨蟹 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 褋褌邪谢懈 芦褉芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 芯斜屑械卸械薪薪褟 (褨 蟹写邪褌薪褨褋褌褜 写芯 胁褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟) 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪懈褏 褨写械泄, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 锌褉芯 屑芯褉邪谢褜薪褨 锌芯褉邪蟹泻懈 (褨 芯斜芯胁鈥櫻徯沸盒�) 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 褍 锌芯谢褨褌懈褑褨禄. 袙芯写薪芯褔邪褋 袪芯蟹写褍屑懈 锌褉芯 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟鈥� 褑械 褌邪泻芯卸 褨 斜褨芯谐褉邪褎褨褟 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻邪 泄 械褋械褩褋褌邪 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌邪, 褟泻懈泄 薪邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袥芯薪写芯薪褨 胁 褋械褉械写懈薪褨 XX 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 锌褨褋谢褟 泻邪褌邪泻谢褨蟹屑褨胁 袛褉褍谐芯褩 褋胁褨褌芯胁芯褩 胁褨泄薪懈 褌邪 袚芯谢芯泻芯褋褌褍, 褍 褔邪褋, 泻芯谢懈 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈 褍褌胁械褉写卸褍胁邪谢懈 胁谢邪写褍 褍 小褏褨写薪褨泄 袆胁褉芯锌褨禄
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#锌褉懈屑褏谢懈胁邪褔懈褌邪泻邪
October 5, 2014
Rigging the past is the oldest form of knowledge control: If you have power over the interpretation of what went before (or can simply lie about it), the present and the future are at your disposal. So it is simple democratic prudence to ensure that the citizenry are historically informed.
This sort of text defies a review. Being a recorded and transcribed conversation, it requests a similar treatment. The nature of the book is that Tony Judt facing ALS was physically unable to write and instead enlisted the support of Timothy Snyder for a series of conversations comprising an intellectual history of 20th Century Europe and the U.S. Bracketing these exchanges are Judt's autobiographical ruminations on childhood and academia, his immersion in both Zionism and Leftist studies and his unexpected arrival somewhere outside that trajectory. This book was essentially thrust into my hands last weekend. I had went to visit my friend Harold who runs a book stall at the monthly hipster flea market. We began discussing 沤i啪ek and before long it was on to corporations moving to the Balkans and "right to work" states. Heidegger's ontological theology gave way to bullshit post-humanism and why I, jon faith, should be reading the lectures of Foucault. That last point resonated. Drawing attention back to Judt's book, there is something to be said for conversation the point therof, not simply the wagging of lips. I am not of the mind that regards discussion as Hegelian, that somehow synthesis is achieved, but I still enjoy the crackle and contemplation of such exchanges.
Judt reflects evenly on ideology and trends in social thought. He articulates nicely the tension between civic responsibility and moral responsibility. He doesn't believe that books will correct much. The people who read them already agree with the author. There is no chance of influence. Strangely enough, he endorses investigative journalists with responsibility of social change. Not by themselves but it is their efforts which can sway a somnambulist world view. Provided of course that core education hasn't eroded completely by that point. Following the pedagogic thread, he is more aligned with a conservative, research driven history than its hyphenated ilk. I found his thoughts on such fascinating.
This sort of text defies a review. Being a recorded and transcribed conversation, it requests a similar treatment. The nature of the book is that Tony Judt facing ALS was physically unable to write and instead enlisted the support of Timothy Snyder for a series of conversations comprising an intellectual history of 20th Century Europe and the U.S. Bracketing these exchanges are Judt's autobiographical ruminations on childhood and academia, his immersion in both Zionism and Leftist studies and his unexpected arrival somewhere outside that trajectory. This book was essentially thrust into my hands last weekend. I had went to visit my friend Harold who runs a book stall at the monthly hipster flea market. We began discussing 沤i啪ek and before long it was on to corporations moving to the Balkans and "right to work" states. Heidegger's ontological theology gave way to bullshit post-humanism and why I, jon faith, should be reading the lectures of Foucault. That last point resonated. Drawing attention back to Judt's book, there is something to be said for conversation the point therof, not simply the wagging of lips. I am not of the mind that regards discussion as Hegelian, that somehow synthesis is achieved, but I still enjoy the crackle and contemplation of such exchanges.
Judt reflects evenly on ideology and trends in social thought. He articulates nicely the tension between civic responsibility and moral responsibility. He doesn't believe that books will correct much. The people who read them already agree with the author. There is no chance of influence. Strangely enough, he endorses investigative journalists with responsibility of social change. Not by themselves but it is their efforts which can sway a somnambulist world view. Provided of course that core education hasn't eroded completely by that point. Following the pedagogic thread, he is more aligned with a conservative, research driven history than its hyphenated ilk. I found his thoughts on such fascinating.
January 26, 2025
笑械 胁卸械 屑邪斜褍褌褜 褌芯泄 屑芯屑械薪褌, 泻芯谢懈 胁蟹褟胁褕懈 胁 褉褍泻懈 泻薪懈谐褍 袛卸邪写褌邪, 褟 屑芯卸褍, 薪械 褔懈褌邪褞褔懈 褩褩, 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈褌懈 5.
笑械 芯写懈薪 蟹 薪邪泄胁懈蟹薪邪褔薪褨褕懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 啸啸 - 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 啸啸袉 褋褌.
袙 锌械褉褕褍 褔械褉谐褍 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻, 邪谢械 写邪谢械泻芯 薪械 谢懈褕械, 褑械 褟褋泻褉邪胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢褟, 褟泻懈褏 薪邪屑 胁褋褨屑 写褍卸械 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔邪褦. 袗 胁 锌邪褉褨 蟹褨 小薪邪泄写械褉芯屑 褑械 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 2胁1.
袙 褑褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 薪邪 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨 胁谢邪褋薪芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褟 袛卸邪写褌 芯锌懈褋褍褦 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜薪芯-锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪褨 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑懈薪褍谢芯谐芯 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 褟泻褨 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褞褌褜褋褟 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈屑懈 褨 蟹邪褉邪蟹.
袙 褑褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 斜械蟹谢褨褔 蟹邪褋褌芯褉芯谐 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褨 胁邪褉褨邪薪褌褨胁 褉褍褏褍 胁锌械褉械写.
袦械薪褨 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔懈褌褜 泻谢械锌泻懈 锌芯褟褋薪懈褌懈 胁褋褞 胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褑褨褦褩 锌褉邪褑褨.
袧械 蟹薪邪褞 褔懈 屑芯卸薪邪 泻邪蟹邪褌懈, 褖芯 袛卸邪写褌 屑械薪械 褋褎芯褉屑褍胁邪胁 褔懈 胁锌谢懈薪褍胁 薪邪 屑芯褩 锌芯谐谢褟写懈, 斜芯 褔懈褌邪褞褔懈 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械胁邪卸薪芯 褟 芯褌褉懈屑褍褞 薪邪褍泻芯胁械 锌褨写褌胁械褉写卸械薪薪褟 褋胁芯褩屑 写褍屑泻邪屑 褨 锌械褉械泻芯薪邪薪薪褟屑. 袗谢械 褟泻 卸械 锌褉懈褦屑薪芯 蟹薪邪褌懈, 褖芯 褌懈 薪械 "褟泻懈泄褋褜 薪械写芯谢褍谐懈泄 谢褨胁邪泻-褋芯褉芯褋褜芯薪芯泻", 邪 覒褉褍薪褌褍褦褕褋褟 薪邪 褋芯谢褨写薪褨泄 薪邪褍泻芯胁褨泄 斜邪蟹褨.
袟邪褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟 - 褟泻褖芯 胁懈 胁卸懈胁邪褦褌械 褋谢芯胁芯 谢褨胁邪泻 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪芯, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 胁邪屑 薪械 胁邪褉褌芯 褩褩 褔懈褌邪褌懈, 斜芯 褌褍褌 薪邪 泻芯卸薪褨泄 褋褌芯褉褨薪褑褨 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 褔芯屑褍 谢褨胁芯谢褨斜械褉邪谢褜薪邪 褨 褋芯褑褨邪谢-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪邪 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻邪 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖邪.
笑械 芯写懈薪 蟹 薪邪泄胁懈蟹薪邪褔薪褨褕懈褏 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褨胁 啸啸 - 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 啸啸袉 褋褌.
袙 锌械褉褕褍 褔械褉谐褍 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻, 邪谢械 写邪谢械泻芯 薪械 谢懈褕械, 褑械 褟褋泻褉邪胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢褟, 褟泻懈褏 薪邪屑 胁褋褨屑 写褍卸械 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔邪褦. 袗 胁 锌邪褉褨 蟹褨 小薪邪泄写械褉芯屑 褑械 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 2胁1.
袙 褑褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 薪邪 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨 胁谢邪褋薪芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褟 袛卸邪写褌 芯锌懈褋褍褦 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜薪芯-锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪褨 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑懈薪褍谢芯谐芯 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟, 褟泻褨 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褞褌褜褋褟 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈屑懈 褨 蟹邪褉邪蟹.
袙 褑褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 斜械蟹谢褨褔 蟹邪褋褌芯褉芯谐 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褨 胁邪褉褨邪薪褌褨胁 褉褍褏褍 胁锌械褉械写.
袦械薪褨 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔懈褌褜 泻谢械锌泻懈 锌芯褟褋薪懈褌懈 胁褋褞 胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褑褨褦褩 锌褉邪褑褨.
袧械 蟹薪邪褞 褔懈 屑芯卸薪邪 泻邪蟹邪褌懈, 褖芯 袛卸邪写褌 屑械薪械 褋褎芯褉屑褍胁邪胁 褔懈 胁锌谢懈薪褍胁 薪邪 屑芯褩 锌芯谐谢褟写懈, 斜芯 褔懈褌邪褞褔懈 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械胁邪卸薪芯 褟 芯褌褉懈屑褍褞 薪邪褍泻芯胁械 锌褨写褌胁械褉写卸械薪薪褟 褋胁芯褩屑 写褍屑泻邪屑 褨 锌械褉械泻芯薪邪薪薪褟屑. 袗谢械 褟泻 卸械 锌褉懈褦屑薪芯 蟹薪邪褌懈, 褖芯 褌懈 薪械 "褟泻懈泄褋褜 薪械写芯谢褍谐懈泄 谢褨胁邪泻-褋芯褉芯褋褜芯薪芯泻", 邪 覒褉褍薪褌褍褦褕褋褟 薪邪 褋芯谢褨写薪褨泄 薪邪褍泻芯胁褨泄 斜邪蟹褨.
袟邪褋褌械褉械卸械薪薪褟 - 褟泻褖芯 胁懈 胁卸懈胁邪褦褌械 褋谢芯胁芯 谢褨胁邪泻 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪芯, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 胁邪屑 薪械 胁邪褉褌芯 褩褩 褔懈褌邪褌懈, 斜芯 褌褍褌 薪邪 泻芯卸薪褨泄 褋褌芯褉褨薪褑褨 锌芯褟褋薪械薪薪褟 褔芯屑褍 谢褨胁芯谢褨斜械褉邪谢褜薪邪 褨 褋芯褑褨邪谢-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪邪 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻邪 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖邪.
May 3, 2020
Thank you for your thoughts Tony Judt!
Amazing thinker, amazing intellectual journey into 20th century!
Amazing thinker, amazing intellectual journey into 20th century!
May 8, 2023
鈥炐斝� 屑懈褋谢懈褕 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻鈥� 械 褔褍写械褋薪邪 懈 屑薪芯谐芯 褋褌芯泄薪芯褋褌薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪! 袙 薪械褟 褍胁谢械泻邪褌械谢薪芯 械 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪薪邪 斜懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褟褌邪 薪邪 谐芯谢械屑懈褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻 懈 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢械褑 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 泻邪泻褌芯 懈 械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁械薪 薪械谐芯胁懈褟褌 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 锌褉芯薪懈褑邪褌械谢械薪 锌芯谐谢械写 胁褗褉褏褍 懈写械懈褌械 懈 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟褌邪 芯褌 屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋褌芯谢械褌懈械...
鈥炐愋盒� 锌褉芯斜谢械屑褗褌 薪邪 蟹邪锌邪写薪懈褌械 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈懈 械 褌邪屑, 褔械 褋邪 斜褍褉卸芯邪蟹薪懈 (泻邪泻胁芯褌芯 懈 写邪 蟹薪邪褔懈 褌芯胁邪), 褌芯 芯薪械蟹懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 卸懈胁械褟褌 胁 褌褟褏 懈 谐懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪褌 芯褌胁褗褌褉械, 屑芯谐邪褌 写邪 褍锌褉邪卸薪褟胁邪褌 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪褌邪 褋懈 斜械蟹 褉懈褋泻: 写邪 褉邪蟹泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪褕 械写薪邪 斜褍褉卸芯邪蟹薪邪 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟, 薪械 褋褌褉褍胁邪 薪懈褖芯 懈 褋 薪懈褖芯 薪械 蟹邪锌谢邪褕胁邪 褋邪屑邪褌邪 褋懈褋褌械屑邪. 袛芯泻邪褌芯 写邪 褋械 芯褌薪邪褋褟褕 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪芯 泻褗屑 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 胁 袚械褉屑邪薪懈褟 芯褌锌褉械写懈 1933 谐. 薪邪泄-褔械褋褌芯 械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪谢芯 写邪 写芯锌褉懈薪邪褋褟褕 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 蟹邪 薪械泄薪懈褟 泻褉邪泄. 袧邪泻褉邪褌泻芯 泻邪蟹邪薪芯, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈褌械 胁褗胁 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪, 褖邪褌 薪械 褖邪褌, 褋邪 斜懈谢懈 锌褉懈薪褍写械薪懈 写邪 懈蟹锌懈褌胁邪褌 薪邪 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪 谐褉褗斜 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褌械 锌芯褋谢械写懈褑懈 芯褌 褋胁芯懈褌械 褋谢芯胁械褋薪懈 锌褉懈褋褌褉邪褋褌懈褟. 袧邪 薪懈泻芯谐芯 胁 袗薪谐谢懈褟 薪械 械 斜懈谢 薪邪谢邪谐邪薪 锌芯写芯斜械薪 懈蟹斜芯褉 - 薪懈褌芯 褌芯谐邪胁邪, 薪懈褌芯 褋械谐邪.鈥�
鈥炐愋盒� 锌褉芯斜谢械屑褗褌 薪邪 蟹邪锌邪写薪懈褌械 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈懈 械 褌邪屑, 褔械 褋邪 斜褍褉卸芯邪蟹薪懈 (泻邪泻胁芯褌芯 懈 写邪 蟹薪邪褔懈 褌芯胁邪), 褌芯 芯薪械蟹懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 卸懈胁械褟褌 胁 褌褟褏 懈 谐懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪褌 芯褌胁褗褌褉械, 屑芯谐邪褌 写邪 褍锌褉邪卸薪褟胁邪褌 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪褌邪 褋懈 斜械蟹 褉懈褋泻: 写邪 褉邪蟹泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪褕 械写薪邪 斜褍褉卸芯邪蟹薪邪 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟, 薪械 褋褌褉褍胁邪 薪懈褖芯 懈 褋 薪懈褖芯 薪械 蟹邪锌谢邪褕胁邪 褋邪屑邪褌邪 褋懈褋褌械屑邪. 袛芯泻邪褌芯 写邪 褋械 芯褌薪邪褋褟褕 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪芯 泻褗屑 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 胁 袚械褉屑邪薪懈褟 芯褌锌褉械写懈 1933 谐. 薪邪泄-褔械褋褌芯 械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪谢芯 写邪 写芯锌褉懈薪邪褋褟褕 邪泻褌懈胁薪芯 蟹邪 薪械泄薪懈褟 泻褉邪泄. 袧邪泻褉邪褌泻芯 泻邪蟹邪薪芯, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈褌械 胁褗胁 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪, 褖邪褌 薪械 褖邪褌, 褋邪 斜懈谢懈 锌褉懈薪褍写械薪懈 写邪 懈蟹锌懈褌胁邪褌 薪邪 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪 谐褉褗斜 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈褌械 锌芯褋谢械写懈褑懈 芯褌 褋胁芯懈褌械 褋谢芯胁械褋薪懈 锌褉懈褋褌褉邪褋褌懈褟. 袧邪 薪懈泻芯谐芯 胁 袗薪谐谢懈褟 薪械 械 斜懈谢 薪邪谢邪谐邪薪 锌芯写芯斜械薪 懈蟹斜芯褉 - 薪懈褌芯 褌芯谐邪胁邪, 薪懈褌芯 褋械谐邪.鈥�
March 3, 2022
袩褉懈泻谢褞褔懈褏 褟 褔邪褋芯胁械 锌褉械写懈 袪褍褋懈褟 写邪 薪邪锌邪写薪械 校泻褉邪泄薪邪 懈 芯褌 褌芯谐邪胁邪 薪邪 屑芯谐邪 写邪 褋械 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉懈褉邪屑 胁褗褉褏褍 薪懈褖芯 写褉褍谐芯 芯褋胁械薪 薪芯胁懈薪懈 褋胁褗褉蟹邪薪懈 褋 褌邪蟹懈 邪斜褋褍褉写薪邪 胁芯泄薪邪.
袙 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪 懈屑邪 屑薪芯谐芯 芯褌斜谢褟褋褗褑懈 胁褗褉褏褍 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械褌芯 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻 锌褉械写懈, 锌芯 胁褉械屑械 懈 褋谢械写 写胁械褌械 胁芯泄薪懈. 袧邪锌懈褋邪薪邪 械 锌芯写 褎芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 屑械卸写褍 写胁邪屑邪 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褑懈, 械褉褍写懈褌懈, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈, 邪泻芯 褖械褌械 懈 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈, 写芯斜褉械 懈蟹褋谢械写胁邪谢懈 胁褋懈褔泻懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈 懈 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈 薪懈褕泻懈 薪邪 懈蟹屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋褌芯谢械褌懈械.
孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 蟹邪写邪胁邪 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈褌械 懈 锌芯褋芯泻邪褌邪 薪邪 写懈褋泻褍褋懈褟褌邪, 薪芯 屑薪芯谐芯 褔械褋褌芯 写芯锌褗谢胁邪, 泻芯薪泻褉械褌懈蟹懈褉邪 懈 懈薪褌械谐褉懈褉邪 芯褖械 锌芯胁械褔械 写械褌邪泄谢懈 胁 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌邪 薪邪 褌械屑邪褌邪. 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 芯褌 褋胁芯褟 褋褌褉邪薪邪, 蟹邪锌芯褔胁邪 胁褋褟泻邪 褌械屑邪 褋 泻褉邪褌褗泻 斜懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械薪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹 薪邪 锌械褉懈芯写 芯褌 卸懈胁芯褌邪 褋懈. 孝械蟹懈 谢懈褔薪懈 写芯锌褗谢薪械薪懈褟 屑懈 斜褟褏邪 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯谢械蟹薪懈, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 锌褉芯褋谢械写褟胁邪褌 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械褌芯 薪邪 懈写械懈褌械, 胁褗蟹谐谢械写懈褌械 懈 薪邪褍褔薪懈褌械 屑褍 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈. 袩褉械写懈 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪 谐芯 锌芯蟹薪邪胁邪褏 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪芯 芯褌 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪懈褌械 屑褍 褋褌邪褌懈懈 蟹邪 袠蟹褉邪械谢, 薪芯 褌褍泻 褋械 褍写懈胁懈褏 芯褌 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪懈褟 屑褍 懈薪褌械褉械褋 泻褗屑 小褉械写薪邪 懈 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪 懈 写褗谢斜芯泻懈褌械 锌芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟 薪械 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪, 薪芯 懈 蟹邪 泻褍谢褌褍褉邪褌邪, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褌邪 懈 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟 薪邪 褌械蟹懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈, 褉械褎谢械泻褌懈褉邪薪懈 芯褌 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 褋褗斜懈褌褟 斜械谢褟蟹邪谢懈 啸啸 胁械泻. 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 薪械 芯褌褋褌褗锌胁邪 胁 锌芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟褌邪 褋懈, 褋褟泻邪褕 懈 褍 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 谢懈锌褋胁邪 褌邪胁邪薪 薪邪 械褉褍写懈褑懈褟褌邪, 蟹邪褌芯胁邪 懈 蟹邪 屑芯屑械薪褌 薪械 懈蟹谐褍斜懈褏 懈薪褌械褉械褋 懈 屑芯卸械褏 写邪 褔械褌邪 褌芯蟹懈 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 写芯 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯褋褌.
小褗褋 褋懈谐褍褉薪芯褋褌 斜懈褏 褋械 胁褗褉薪邪谢邪 芯褌薪芯胁芯 写邪 锌褉械锌褉芯褔械褌邪 薪褟泻芯懈 谐谢邪胁懈, 邪 屑芯卸械 斜懈 懈 褑褟谢邪褌邪 泻薪懈谐邪. 孝芯胁邪 械 械写薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 写芯斜褉邪 褏褉芯薪芯谢芯谐懈褟 薪邪 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟褌邪, 懈写械泄薪懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟 懈 泻褍谢褌褍褉邪褌邪 锌褉械蟹 啸啸 胁械泻.
袙 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪 懈屑邪 屑薪芯谐芯 芯褌斜谢褟褋褗褑懈 胁褗褉褏褍 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械褌芯 薪邪 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻 锌褉械写懈, 锌芯 胁褉械屑械 懈 褋谢械写 写胁械褌械 胁芯泄薪懈. 袧邪锌懈褋邪薪邪 械 锌芯写 褎芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 屑械卸写褍 写胁邪屑邪 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褑懈, 械褉褍写懈褌懈, 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褑懈, 邪泻芯 褖械褌械 懈 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈, 写芯斜褉械 懈蟹褋谢械写胁邪谢懈 胁褋懈褔泻懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈 懈 泻褍谢褌褍褉薪懈 薪懈褕泻懈 薪邪 懈蟹屑懈薪邪谢芯褌芯 褋褌芯谢械褌懈械.
孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 蟹邪写邪胁邪 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈褌械 懈 锌芯褋芯泻邪褌邪 薪邪 写懈褋泻褍褋懈褟褌邪, 薪芯 屑薪芯谐芯 褔械褋褌芯 写芯锌褗谢胁邪, 泻芯薪泻褉械褌懈蟹懈褉邪 懈 懈薪褌械谐褉懈褉邪 芯褖械 锌芯胁械褔械 写械褌邪泄谢懈 胁 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌邪 薪邪 褌械屑邪褌邪. 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 芯褌 褋胁芯褟 褋褌褉邪薪邪, 蟹邪锌芯褔胁邪 胁褋褟泻邪 褌械屑邪 褋 泻褉邪褌褗泻 斜懈芯谐褉邪褎懈褔械薪 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹 薪邪 锌械褉懈芯写 芯褌 卸懈胁芯褌邪 褋懈. 孝械蟹懈 谢懈褔薪懈 写芯锌褗谢薪械薪懈褟 屑懈 斜褟褏邪 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯谢械蟹薪懈, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 锌褉芯褋谢械写褟胁邪褌 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械褌芯 薪邪 懈写械懈褌械, 胁褗蟹谐谢械写懈褌械 懈 薪邪褍褔薪懈褌械 屑褍 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈. 袩褉械写懈 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪 谐芯 锌芯蟹薪邪胁邪褏 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪芯 芯褌 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪懈褌械 屑褍 褋褌邪褌懈懈 蟹邪 袠蟹褉邪械谢, 薪芯 褌褍泻 褋械 褍写懈胁懈褏 芯褌 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪懈褟 屑褍 懈薪褌械褉械褋 泻褗屑 小褉械写薪邪 懈 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪 懈 写褗谢斜芯泻懈褌械 锌芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟 薪械 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪, 薪芯 懈 蟹邪 泻褍谢褌褍褉邪褌邪, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褌邪 懈 谢懈褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟 薪邪 褌械蟹懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈, 褉械褎谢械泻褌懈褉邪薪懈 芯褌 谐芯谢械屑懈褌械 褋褗斜懈褌褟 斜械谢褟蟹邪谢懈 啸啸 胁械泻. 孝懈屑褗褌懈 小薪邪泄写褗褉 薪械 芯褌褋褌褗锌胁邪 胁 锌芯蟹薪邪薪懈褟褌邪 褋懈, 褋褟泻邪褕 懈 褍 写胁邪屑邪褌邪 谢懈锌褋胁邪 褌邪胁邪薪 薪邪 械褉褍写懈褑懈褟褌邪, 蟹邪褌芯胁邪 懈 蟹邪 屑芯屑械薪褌 薪械 懈蟹谐褍斜懈褏 懈薪褌械褉械褋 懈 屑芯卸械褏 写邪 褔械褌邪 褌芯蟹懈 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 写芯 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯褋褌.
小褗褋 褋懈谐褍褉薪芯褋褌 斜懈褏 褋械 胁褗褉薪邪谢邪 芯褌薪芯胁芯 写邪 锌褉械锌褉芯褔械褌邪 薪褟泻芯懈 谐谢邪胁懈, 邪 屑芯卸械 斜懈 懈 褑褟谢邪褌邪 泻薪懈谐邪. 孝芯胁邪 械 械写薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 写芯斜褉邪 褏褉芯薪芯谢芯谐懈褟 薪邪 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟褌邪, 懈写械泄薪懈褌械 褌械褔械薪懈褟 懈 泻褍谢褌褍褉邪褌邪 锌褉械蟹 啸啸 胁械泻.
January 20, 2020
袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 啸啸 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 褨写械泄. 袗屑斜褨褌薪芯? 孝邪泻, 邪谢械, 褟泻 蟹邪蟹薪邪褔邪褦 小薪邪泄写械褉, 褌褨谢褜泻懈 蟹 褌邪泻懈屑 褋锌褨胁褉芯蟹屑芯胁薪懈泻芯屑, 褟泻 孝芯薪褨 袛卸邪写褌, 胁褨薪 薪邪胁邪卸懈胁褋褟 斜 薪邪 褌邪泻懈泄 蟹邪写褍屑. 袉 薪械 褌邪泻 褍卸械 褑械 泄 薪械褉械邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪芯, 泻芯谢懈 褋锌褨胁褉芯蟹屑芯胁薪懈泻邪屑懈 褦 写胁芯褦 褎邪薪褌邪褋褌懈褔薪芯 械褉褍写芯胁邪薪懈褏 褍 褉褨蟹薪懈褏 褑邪褉懈薪邪褏 谐褍屑邪薪褨褌邪褉褨褩胁 褨蟹 褎芯褌芯谐褉邪褎褨褔薪芯褞 锌邪屑鈥櫻徰傃傃�, 褟泻褨, 薪械 屑邪褞褔懈 锌褉懈 褋芯斜褨 薪芯褌邪褌芯泻, 谢械谐泻芯 锌芯泻谢懈泻邪褞褌褜褋褟 薪邪 写械褋褟褌泻懈 泻薪懈卸芯泻, 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪懈褏 褔懈 褌芯 褉褨泻, 褔懈 褌芯 锌褨胁褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 褌芯屑褍, 褨 蟹写邪褌薪懈褏 写芯泻谢邪写薪芯 胁褨写褉械褎谢械泻褋褍胁邪褌懈 褋胁芯褞 褨薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢褜薪褍 械胁芯谢褞褑褨褞 鈥� 胁褨写 褞薪芯褋褌褨 写芯 锌芯褌芯褔薪芯谐芯 屑芯屑械薪褌褍. 袉 褌芯 斜邪泄写褍卸械, 褨写械褌褜褋褟 锌褉芯 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞 褟泻 薪邪褍泻褍, 褨写械芯谢芯谐褨褩 褔懈 械泻芯薪芯屑褨褔薪褨 褨写械褩.
袙械褋褜 胁褨写谐褍泻:
袙械褋褜 胁褨写谐褍泻:
March 27, 2023
3,5 蟹胁械蟹写懈.
袠薪褌械褉械褋薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪, 屑邪泻邪褉 懈 胁 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 胁褉械屑械 写邪 懈蟹锌懈褌胁邪褏 芯褋械蟹邪械屑邪 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪 胁褗胁 胁褗蟹谐谢械写懈褌械 褋懈 褋 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 胁 泻芯械褌芯 薪褟屑邪 谢芯褕芯, 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪 褋械, 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪懈褖芯 胁 褋胁械褌邪 薪械 屑芯卸械 写邪 屑械 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 锌芯-胁懈褋芯泻懈褌械 写邪薪褗褑懈 褋邪 薪械褖芯 写芯斜褉芯 :))))
肖芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋邪屑邪 锌芯 褋械斜械 褋懈 械 蟹邪斜械谢械卸懈褌械谢薪邪, 邪 胁褗褌褉械 褋邪 蟹邪褋械谐薪邪褌懈 屑薪芯谐芯 胁邪卸薪懈 褌械屑懈. 袣邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯 薪邪泄-锌芯谢械蟹薪邪 屑懈 斜械褕械 褋 褌芯胁邪, 褔械 屑械 薪邪褋芯褔懈 泻褗屑 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈, 蟹邪 泻芯懈褌芯 斜懈 屑懈 斜懈谢芯 芯褋芯斜械薪芯 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪芯 写邪 褔械褌邪 锌芯胁械褔械, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪褌邪 薪邪 孝褉械褌懈褟 袪邪泄褏, 泻邪泻褌芯 懈 蟹邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 泻邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯. 袪邪蟹泻邪蟹懈褌械 蟹邪 袥芯薪写芯薪, 蟹邪 袗薪谐谢懈褟 邪 懈 锌芯褋谢械写薪邪褌邪 褔邪褋褌 蟹邪 袗屑械褉懈泻邪 褋褗褖芯 屑懈 斜褟褏邪 屑薪芯谐芯 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪懈. 袝胁褉械泄褋褌胁芯褌芯 芯褌 薪邪褔邪谢芯褌芯 薪邪 20 胁. 薪械 屑懈 械 薪懈泻邪泻 胁褗谢薪褍胁邪褖芯 (懈薪褌械褉械褋褗褌 屑懈 锌芯 褌械屑邪褌邪 械 胁 锌褉械写褏芯写薪懈褌械 胁械泻芯胁械), 褋褗褖芯 蟹邪斜械谢褟蟹邪褏 械写薪芯 芯褌褏胁褗褉谢褟薪械 薪邪 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褉邪蟹褋褗卸写械薪懈褟, 泻芯懈褌芯 蟹邪 屑械薪 褋邪 屑薪芯谐芯 褑械薪薪懈 (笑胁邪泄谐, 啸邪泄械泻), 泻邪褌芯 褋褗褖械胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 懈屑邪 薪褟泻邪泻褗胁 褌懈锌 鈥炐拘叫敌残感窖徯残靶叫碘€� 薪邪 谢褟胁芯褌芯, 泻芯械褌芯 屑懈 褋械 胁懈写褟 屑薪芯谐芯 薪械锌褉懈褟蟹薪械薪芯. 袧芯 泻邪泻褌芯 褔械褋褌芯 泻邪蟹胁邪屑, 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋械 褔械褌械 锌芯胁械褔械 芯褌 械写懈薪 邪胁褌芯褉, 蟹邪 写邪 褋懈 薪邪锌褗谢薪芯 褋懈谐褍褉械薪 胁 褌械蟹懈褌械 屑褍, 邪 写褉褍谐芯 芯褌 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 薪械 褋褗屑 褔械谢邪 胁褋械 芯褖械.
袦薪芯谐芯 屑芯懈 褍屑薪懈 锌褉懈褟褌械谢懈 懈 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 褋邪 谐芯谢械屑懈 褎械薪芯胁械 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪, 邪蟹 薪械 褔邪泻 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪, 薪芯 胁褋械 锌邪泻 械 胁邪卸薪邪, 褌芯胁邪 械 胁褟褉薪芯.
袠薪褌械褉械褋薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪, 屑邪泻邪褉 懈 胁 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 胁褉械屑械 写邪 懈蟹锌懈褌胁邪褏 芯褋械蟹邪械屑邪 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪 胁褗胁 胁褗蟹谐谢械写懈褌械 褋懈 褋 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写, 胁 泻芯械褌芯 薪褟屑邪 谢芯褕芯, 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪 褋械, 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪懈褖芯 胁 褋胁械褌邪 薪械 屑芯卸械 写邪 屑械 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 锌芯-胁懈褋芯泻懈褌械 写邪薪褗褑懈 褋邪 薪械褖芯 写芯斜褉芯 :))))
肖芯褉屑邪褌邪 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋邪屑邪 锌芯 褋械斜械 褋懈 械 蟹邪斜械谢械卸懈褌械谢薪邪, 邪 胁褗褌褉械 褋邪 蟹邪褋械谐薪邪褌懈 屑薪芯谐芯 胁邪卸薪懈 褌械屑懈. 袣邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯 薪邪泄-锌芯谢械蟹薪邪 屑懈 斜械褕械 褋 褌芯胁邪, 褔械 屑械 薪邪褋芯褔懈 泻褗屑 胁褗锌褉芯褋懈, 蟹邪 泻芯懈褌芯 斜懈 屑懈 斜懈谢芯 芯褋芯斜械薪芯 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪芯 写邪 褔械褌邪 锌芯胁械褔械, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈泻邪褌邪 薪邪 孝褉械褌懈褟 袪邪泄褏, 泻邪泻褌芯 懈 蟹邪 褋芯褑懈邪谢写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 泻邪褌芯 褑褟谢芯. 袪邪蟹泻邪蟹懈褌械 蟹邪 袥芯薪写芯薪, 蟹邪 袗薪谐谢懈褟 邪 懈 锌芯褋谢械写薪邪褌邪 褔邪褋褌 蟹邪 袗屑械褉懈泻邪 褋褗褖芯 屑懈 斜褟褏邪 屑薪芯谐芯 懈薪褌械褉械褋薪懈. 袝胁褉械泄褋褌胁芯褌芯 芯褌 薪邪褔邪谢芯褌芯 薪邪 20 胁. 薪械 屑懈 械 薪懈泻邪泻 胁褗谢薪褍胁邪褖芯 (懈薪褌械褉械褋褗褌 屑懈 锌芯 褌械屑邪褌邪 械 胁 锌褉械写褏芯写薪懈褌械 胁械泻芯胁械), 褋褗褖芯 蟹邪斜械谢褟蟹邪褏 械写薪芯 芯褌褏胁褗褉谢褟薪械 薪邪 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 懈 褉邪蟹褋褗卸写械薪懈褟, 泻芯懈褌芯 蟹邪 屑械薪 褋邪 屑薪芯谐芯 褑械薪薪懈 (笑胁邪泄谐, 啸邪泄械泻), 泻邪褌芯 褋褗褖械胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 懈屑邪 薪褟泻邪泻褗胁 褌懈锌 鈥炐拘叫敌残感窖徯残靶叫碘€� 薪邪 谢褟胁芯褌芯, 泻芯械褌芯 屑懈 褋械 胁懈写褟 屑薪芯谐芯 薪械锌褉懈褟蟹薪械薪芯. 袧芯 泻邪泻褌芯 褔械褋褌芯 泻邪蟹胁邪屑, 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋械 褔械褌械 锌芯胁械褔械 芯褌 械写懈薪 邪胁褌芯褉, 蟹邪 写邪 褋懈 薪邪锌褗谢薪芯 褋懈谐褍褉械薪 胁 褌械蟹懈褌械 屑褍, 邪 写褉褍谐芯 芯褌 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 薪械 褋褗屑 褔械谢邪 胁褋械 芯褖械.
袦薪芯谐芯 屑芯懈 褍屑薪懈 锌褉懈褟褌械谢懈 懈 锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 褋邪 谐芯谢械屑懈 褎械薪芯胁械 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪, 邪蟹 薪械 褔邪泻 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪, 薪芯 胁褋械 锌邪泻 械 胁邪卸薪邪, 褌芯胁邪 械 胁褟褉薪芯.
March 29, 2020
袦邪褋褌-褉褨写 薪邪 泻邪褉邪薪褌懈薪褨, 蟹芯泻褉械屑邪 芯褋褌邪薪薪褨泄 褉芯蟹写褨谢 锌褉芯 写芯谢褞 褋芯褑褨邪谢-写械屑芯泻褉邪褌褨褩 褨 泻褉懈蟹褍, 褟泻邪 屑邪褦 蟹屑褨薪懈褌懈 胁褋械;)
May 25, 2012
Unremittingly, almost oppressively brilliant. I want to re-read this book when I grow up.
Read
February 4, 2023 袧械芯褌写邪胁薪邪 褔械褌芯褏 褋褗褖懈褟 褎芯褉屑邪褌 薪邪 褉邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉 胁 锌褍斜谢懈褑懈褋褌懈褔薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪 褋褗褋 小褌邪薪懈褋谢邪胁 袥械屑, 褋褗褖芯 斜褟褏 胁锌械褔邪褌谢械薪. 袠屑邪褌 懈 褋褏芯写械薪 锌褉芯懈蟹褏芯写, 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 锌褉芯褎械褋懈褟. 袛褟写芯褌芯 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 袝薪芯褏 挟褌 械 芯褌 袙邪褉褕邪胁邪. 袠 芯褋褌邪薪邪谢懈褌械 屑褍 写褟写芯 懈 斜邪斜懈 褋邪 芯褌 写褉褍谐懈 褌芯褔泻懈 /锌芯-蟹邪斜褍褌邪薪懈/ 薪邪 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪. 袦邪泄泻邪褌邪 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 械 褉芯写械薪邪 胁 袗薪谐谢懈褟, 斜邪褖邪 屑褍 褋械 屑械褋褌懈 褌邪屑. 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 锌褗褉胁芯薪邪褔邪谢薪芯 褋锌械褑懈邪谢懈蟹懈褉邪 褎褉械薪褋泻邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 卸懈胁械械 懈 胁 袩邪褉懈卸, 屑邪谢泻芯 胁 袠蟹褉邪械谢, 屑械褋褌懈 褋械 胁 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪懈 褍薪懈胁械褉褋懈褌械褌懈 胁 小袗些, 胁褉褗褖邪 褋械 胁 袗薪谐谢懈褟, 薪邪泻褉邪褟 褋械 褍褋褌邪薪芯胁褟胁邪 胁 袧褞 袡芯褉泻, 锌芯 薪械谐芯胁懈褌械 写褍屑懈 "锌芯 褋谢褍褔邪泄薪芯褋褌". 袠屑邪 屑薪芯谐芯 锌褉懈褟褌械谢懈 械屑懈谐褉邪薪褌懈 芯褌 袠蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪. 孝邪泻邪 褔械 邪胁褌芯褉褗褌 屑芯卸械 写邪 褋械 薪邪褉械褔械 泻芯褋屑芯锌芯谢懈褌, 薪芯 胁褗褌褉械 胁 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋褌邪胁邪 写褍屑邪, 褔械 胁褋械 锌邪泻 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 褏芯褉邪 锌褉械写锌芯褔懈褌邪褌 写邪 褋褌芯褟褌 胁 褉芯写懈薪邪褌邪 褋懈.
袩褉械写懈 写邪 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 谐芯谢褟屑邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪, 袛卸褗写 锌褉械屑懈薪邪胁邪 懈 锌褉械蟹 褉芯写芯胁邪褌邪 褋懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟. 袙褋械 锌邪泻 褌芯泄 械 褉芯写械薪, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪邪褌邪 啸啸 胁械泻 械 懈蟹褌械泻褗谢.
袣薪懈谐邪褌邪 械 褟褋薪芯 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪邪 薪邪 谐谢邪胁懈, 褋褗芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯 薪械谐芯胁芯褌芯 锌褉械斜懈胁邪胁邪薪械, 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈 懈 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 "袩芯褌芯屑褋褌胁械薪 褋芯褑懈邪谢懈褋褌" ... 懈 "袗屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈 屑芯褉邪谢懈褋褌 - 斜邪薪邪谢芯褋褌褌邪 薪邪 写芯斜褉芯褌芯". 袨褋薪芯胁薪懈褟褌 邪泻褑械薪褌 械 薪邪 谐芯写懈薪懈褌械 1920- 1970, 泻邪褌芯 胁 邪薪邪谢懈蟹懈褌械 屑褍 械 芯褎芯褉屑械薪 械写懈薪 锌械褉懈芯写 1936-1956 谐, 泻芯泄褌芯 褉邪蟹谐谢械卸写邪 蟹邪械写薪芯 泻邪褌芯 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈 懈 褋谢械写褋褌胁懈褟. 袧邪 写褍屑懈褌械 屑褍 蟹邪 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪 懈 泻芯屑褍薪懈蟹屑邪 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褋械 褋锌懈褉邪屑 芯褋芯斜械薪芯, 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 蟹邪 褌械蟹懈 蟹邪谐褍斜懈谢懈 褉械卸懈屑懈 械 谐芯胁芯褉械薪芯 屑薪芯谐芯 懈 械 写芯褋褌邪褌褗褔薪芯 褟褋薪芯. 孝芯胁邪 薪械 蟹薪邪褔懈, 褔械 薪械 褋懈 褋褌褉褍胁邪 写邪 褋械 褔械褌械.
袦邪褉泻褋懈褋褌懈 写薪械褋 胁械褔械 薪褟屑邪, 薪芯 褌褉褍写芯胁械褌械 薪邪 袦邪褉泻褋 褋邪 锌芯胁谢懈褟谢懈 胁 芯谐褉芯屑薪邪 褋褌械锌械薪 薪邪 褋谢褍褔懈谢芯褌芯 褋械 锌褉械蟹 袙械泻邪, 懈 袛卸褗写 芯褌 锌芯蟹懈褑懈褟褌邪 褋褗褖芯 薪邪 蟹邪懈薪褌械褉械褋褍胁邪薪 蟹邪 斜谢邪谐芯褌芯 薪邪 胁褋懈褔泻懈 褋褗褋褌邪胁薪懈 褔谢械薪芯胁械 薪邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯 泻芯屑械薪褌懈褉邪 泻褗写械 锌芯泻芯泄薪懈褟 袣邪褉谢 谐褉械褕懈. 孝芯泄 蟹邪褔懈褌邪 邪薪邪谢懈蟹懈褌械 屑褍 薪邪 肖褉械薪褋泻邪褌邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟 懈 褉邪薪薪懈褌械 屑褍 褌褉褍写芯胁械 写芯 1845 谐. /袣芯谐邪?/
袠蟹芯斜褖芯 胁 "袛邪 屑懈褋谢懈褕 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻" 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪芯 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 懈写械懈褌械 - 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袣邪薪褌, 泻芯褟褌芯 芯褌写械谢褟 屑芯褉邪谢邪 芯褌 褉械谢懈谐懈褟褌邪, 啸械谐械谢, 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌懈褌械, 袨褉褍械谢, 小邪褉褌褉, 袣邪屑褞 懈 写褉. 袛卸褗写 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪 小邪褉褌褉, 邪 褏邪褉械褋胁邪 袣邪屑褞. 小锌芯屑械薪邪胁邪 褋械 袣褍薪写械褉邪 懈 袦懈褉褔邪 袝谢懈邪写械, 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褟褌 斜懈谢 褎邪褕懈褋褌 胁 袪褍屑褗薪懈褟. 袣邪泻胁芯 械 褎邪褕懈蟹褗屑?
袙褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 械 胁 褋褌褉械屑械卸邪 写邪 褋械 褋褗蟹写邪写械 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪. 袟邪褖芯 褋邪 褋械 锌褉芯胁邪谢懈谢懈 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈懈褌械 胁 薪邪褔邪谢芯褌芯 薪邪 胁械泻邪 - 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 薪邪 肖褉邪薪褑懈褟 屑械卸写褍 胁芯泄薪懈褌械?
袨褉褍械谢 械 锌褉芯褍屑褟谢 褌芯褌邪谢懈褌邪褉懈蟹屑邪, 邪 写褉褍谐懈 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褑懈, 懈蟹褏芯卸写邪褖懈 芯褌 屑芯褉邪谢邪 薪邪 啸袉啸 胁械泻 薪械 褋邪 屑芯谐谢懈.
袨褌 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 薪邪褍褔懈褏, 褔械 锌芯写 胁谢懈褟薪懈械 薪邪 小褌邪谢懈薪 胁 袠褋锌邪薪懈褟 械 褋褗蟹写邪写械薪 "袧邪褉芯写薪懈褟 褎褉芯薪褌" - 谢褟胁芯 芯斜械写懈薪械薪懈械, 锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯 写芯屑懈薪懈褉邪薪芯 芯褌 泻芯屑褍薪懈褋褌懈褌械, 懈 胁锌芯褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 褋褗褖懈褟 褋褑械薪邪褉懈泄 锌芯胁褌邪褉褟 胁 懈蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪. 笑袪校 锌褗泻 械 褋锌芯薪褋芯褉懈褉邪谢芯 褎褉械薪褋泻邪褌邪 屑懈褋褗谢 芯褖械 泻褗屑 1950 谐, 胁械褔械 褍褌胁褗褉写械薪懈 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 /邪 锌芯-薪邪褌邪褌褗泻, 泻邪泻胁邪 屑懈褋褗谢 胁懈褉械械 锌褉懈 褋锌芯薪褋芯褉褋褌胁芯?/
袩芯-薪邪蟹邪写 胁 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 袩芯谢褕邪, 效械褏懈褟 懈 写褉褍谐懈, 薪芯 薪械 懈 蟹邪 袘褗谢谐邪褉懈褟 - 薪懈械 褋屑械 褋 薪懈褖芯 蟹邪斜械谢械卸懈屑懈. 袛卸褗写 芯斜褉褗褖邪 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 懈 薪邪 屑芯褉邪谢薪懈褟 邪褋锌械泻褌 薪邪 谢褍褋褌褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 - 芯褌胁邪褉褟薪械褌芯 薪邪 写芯褋懈械褌邪褌邪 - 屑谢邪写懈褌械 褌褗褉褋褟褌 芯斜谢邪谐邪 芯褌 褌芯胁邪, 褌邪泻邪 褔械, 邪泻芯 斜褟褏邪 卸懈胁械谢懈 锌芯-褉邪薪芯, 写邪 褋邪 褌褗褉褋懈谢懈 芯斜谢邪谐邪 芯褌 写褉褍谐芯. 袛褉褍谐邪 写褍屑邪, 谐芯胁芯褉械薪邪 褍 薪邪褋 锌芯 锌芯 褌芯胁邪 胁褉械屑械, 胁械褔械 锌芯蟹邪斜褉邪胁械薪邪, 械 锌谢褍褉邪谢懈蟹褗屑 - 锌褉懈械屑邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪懈 屑薪械薪懈褟, 胁 褋褌褉械屑械卸邪 泻褗屑 械写薪邪 褑械谢.
效械褋褌芯褋褌褌邪 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 屑械 褋锌械褔械谢懈 芯褖械 胁 锌褗褉胁懈褌械 100 褋褌褉邪薪懈褑懈. 袩芯 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌 芯褋胁械薪 薪械锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 褎邪泻褌懈 芯褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪, 屑械 懈薪褌械褉械褋褍胁邪 锌褉懈谢芯卸懈屑芯褋褌褌邪 泻褗屑 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械褌芯. 袨褋胁械薪 芯斜褖芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢薪懈褌械 薪邪褍泻懈, 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪芯 褋褗屑 蟹邪锌芯蟹薪邪褌 褋 褍褔械薪懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袗写邪屑 小屑懈褌, 袣械泄薪褋 懈 写褉褍谐懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋械 褋锌芯屑械薪邪胁邪褌 褌褍泻, 懈 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褌芯 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 屑薪芯谐芯 褋械 褉邪蟹屑懈薪邪胁邪 褋 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻邪褌邪 薪邪褍泻邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 褋械 懈蟹褍褔邪胁邪褕械. 袙 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褌械 谐谢邪胁懈 袛卸褗写 锌褉械屑懈薪邪胁邪 泻褗屑 锌芯-薪芯胁芯 胁褉械屑械, 斜械蟹 写邪 懈屑邪 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪 泻褗屑 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 /锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌懈/. 袠蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 褋械 锌褉芯褌懈胁 胁芯泄薪邪褌邪 胁 袠褉邪泻, 薪邪屑械褋邪褌邪 锌褉懈 褔褍卸写懈 薪邪褉芯写懈. 袪邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉褗褌 褋褗褋 小薪邪泄写械褉 屑懈薪邪胁邪 泻邪褌芯 薪邪 邪薪芯薪懈屑薪芯 薪懈胁芯, 胁 屑械褌褉芯褌芯 薪邪 写胁邪屑邪 芯褌 褋褉械写薪邪褌邪 泻谢邪褋邪, 泻邪泻胁芯 薪械 械 薪邪褉械写?
袦芯卸械 写邪 薪械 蟹邪褋褟谐邪 胁褋懈褔泻懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 褌械屑懈, 薪芯 蟹邪锌邪蟹胁邪 褋胁芯褟褌邪 懈褋泻褉械薪芯褋褌. 袙 薪芯胁芯褌芯 胁褉械屑械 芯褋褌邪胁邪 褋 褍写邪褉械薪懈械 泻褗屑 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁芯褋褌.
袩褉械写懈 写邪 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 谐芯谢褟屑邪褌邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻邪, 袛卸褗写 锌褉械屑懈薪邪胁邪 懈 锌褉械蟹 褉芯写芯胁邪褌邪 褋懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟. 袙褋械 锌邪泻 褌芯泄 械 褉芯写械薪, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 锌芯谢芯胁懈薪邪褌邪 啸啸 胁械泻 械 懈蟹褌械泻褗谢.
袣薪懈谐邪褌邪 械 褟褋薪芯 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪邪 薪邪 谐谢邪胁懈, 褋褗芯斜褉邪蟹薪芯 薪械谐芯胁芯褌芯 锌褉械斜懈胁邪胁邪薪械, 懈薪褌械褉械褋懈 懈 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟, 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 "袩芯褌芯屑褋褌胁械薪 褋芯褑懈邪谢懈褋褌" ... 懈 "袗屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻懈 屑芯褉邪谢懈褋褌 - 斜邪薪邪谢芯褋褌褌邪 薪邪 写芯斜褉芯褌芯". 袨褋薪芯胁薪懈褟褌 邪泻褑械薪褌 械 薪邪 谐芯写懈薪懈褌械 1920- 1970, 泻邪褌芯 胁 邪薪邪谢懈蟹懈褌械 屑褍 械 芯褎芯褉屑械薪 械写懈薪 锌械褉懈芯写 1936-1956 谐, 泻芯泄褌芯 褉邪蟹谐谢械卸写邪 蟹邪械写薪芯 泻邪褌芯 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈 懈 褋谢械写褋褌胁懈褟. 袧邪 写褍屑懈褌械 屑褍 蟹邪 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪 懈 泻芯屑褍薪懈蟹屑邪 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褋械 褋锌懈褉邪屑 芯褋芯斜械薪芯, 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 蟹邪 褌械蟹懈 蟹邪谐褍斜懈谢懈 褉械卸懈屑懈 械 谐芯胁芯褉械薪芯 屑薪芯谐芯 懈 械 写芯褋褌邪褌褗褔薪芯 褟褋薪芯. 孝芯胁邪 薪械 蟹薪邪褔懈, 褔械 薪械 褋懈 褋褌褉褍胁邪 写邪 褋械 褔械褌械.
袦邪褉泻褋懈褋褌懈 写薪械褋 胁械褔械 薪褟屑邪, 薪芯 褌褉褍写芯胁械褌械 薪邪 袦邪褉泻褋 褋邪 锌芯胁谢懈褟谢懈 胁 芯谐褉芯屑薪邪 褋褌械锌械薪 薪邪 褋谢褍褔懈谢芯褌芯 褋械 锌褉械蟹 袙械泻邪, 懈 袛卸褗写 芯褌 锌芯蟹懈褑懈褟褌邪 褋褗褖芯 薪邪 蟹邪懈薪褌械褉械褋褍胁邪薪 蟹邪 斜谢邪谐芯褌芯 薪邪 胁褋懈褔泻懈 褋褗褋褌邪胁薪懈 褔谢械薪芯胁械 薪邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯 泻芯屑械薪褌懈褉邪 泻褗写械 锌芯泻芯泄薪懈褟 袣邪褉谢 谐褉械褕懈. 孝芯泄 蟹邪褔懈褌邪 邪薪邪谢懈蟹懈褌械 屑褍 薪邪 肖褉械薪褋泻邪褌邪 褉械胁芯谢褞褑懈褟 懈 褉邪薪薪懈褌械 屑褍 褌褉褍写芯胁械 写芯 1845 谐. /袣芯谐邪?/
袠蟹芯斜褖芯 胁 "袛邪 屑懈褋谢懈褕 写胁邪泄褋械褌懈 胁械泻" 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪写褗谢斜芯褔械薪芯 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟 薪邪 懈写械懈褌械 - 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袣邪薪褌, 泻芯褟褌芯 芯褌写械谢褟 屑芯褉邪谢邪 芯褌 褉械谢懈谐懈褟褌邪, 啸械谐械谢, 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褋褌懈褌械, 袨褉褍械谢, 小邪褉褌褉, 袣邪屑褞 懈 写褉. 袛卸褗写 泻褉懈褌懈泻褍胁邪 小邪褉褌褉, 邪 褏邪褉械褋胁邪 袣邪屑褞. 小锌芯屑械薪邪胁邪 褋械 袣褍薪写械褉邪 懈 袦懈褉褔邪 袝谢懈邪写械, 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褟褌 斜懈谢 褎邪褕懈褋褌 胁 袪褍屑褗薪懈褟. 袣邪泻胁芯 械 褎邪褕懈蟹褗屑?
袙褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 械 胁 褋褌褉械屑械卸邪 写邪 褋械 褋褗蟹写邪写械 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪. 袟邪褖芯 褋邪 褋械 锌褉芯胁邪谢懈谢懈 写械屑芯泻褉邪褑懈懈褌械 胁 薪邪褔邪谢芯褌芯 薪邪 胁械泻邪 - 薪邪锌褉懈屑械褉 袙邪泄屑邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 褉械锌褍斜谢懈泻邪 懈 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 写褗褉卸邪胁邪 薪邪 肖褉邪薪褑懈褟 屑械卸写褍 胁芯泄薪懈褌械?
袨褉褍械谢 械 锌褉芯褍屑褟谢 褌芯褌邪谢懈褌邪褉懈蟹屑邪, 邪 写褉褍谐懈 蟹邪锌邪写薪芯械胁褉芯锌械泄褑懈, 懈蟹褏芯卸写邪褖懈 芯褌 屑芯褉邪谢邪 薪邪 啸袉啸 胁械泻 薪械 褋邪 屑芯谐谢懈.
袨褌 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 薪邪褍褔懈褏, 褔械 锌芯写 胁谢懈褟薪懈械 薪邪 小褌邪谢懈薪 胁 袠褋锌邪薪懈褟 械 褋褗蟹写邪写械薪 "袧邪褉芯写薪懈褟 褎褉芯薪褌" - 谢褟胁芯 芯斜械写懈薪械薪懈械, 锌芯褋褌械锌械薪薪芯 写芯屑懈薪懈褉邪薪芯 芯褌 泻芯屑褍薪懈褋褌懈褌械, 懈 胁锌芯褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 褋褗褖懈褟 褋褑械薪邪褉懈泄 锌芯胁褌邪褉褟 胁 懈蟹褌芯褔薪邪 袝胁褉芯锌邪. 笑袪校 锌褗泻 械 褋锌芯薪褋芯褉懈褉邪谢芯 褎褉械薪褋泻邪褌邪 屑懈褋褗谢 芯褖械 泻褗屑 1950 谐, 胁械褔械 褍褌胁褗褉写械薪懈 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 /邪 锌芯-薪邪褌邪褌褗泻, 泻邪泻胁邪 屑懈褋褗谢 胁懈褉械械 锌褉懈 褋锌芯薪褋芯褉褋褌胁芯?/
袩芯-薪邪蟹邪写 胁 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 袩芯谢褕邪, 效械褏懈褟 懈 写褉褍谐懈, 薪芯 薪械 懈 蟹邪 袘褗谢谐邪褉懈褟 - 薪懈械 褋屑械 褋 薪懈褖芯 蟹邪斜械谢械卸懈屑懈. 袛卸褗写 芯斜褉褗褖邪 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械 懈 薪邪 屑芯褉邪谢薪懈褟 邪褋锌械泻褌 薪邪 谢褍褋褌褉邪褑懈褟褌邪 - 芯褌胁邪褉褟薪械褌芯 薪邪 写芯褋懈械褌邪褌邪 - 屑谢邪写懈褌械 褌褗褉褋褟褌 芯斜谢邪谐邪 芯褌 褌芯胁邪, 褌邪泻邪 褔械, 邪泻芯 斜褟褏邪 卸懈胁械谢懈 锌芯-褉邪薪芯, 写邪 褋邪 褌褗褉褋懈谢懈 芯斜谢邪谐邪 芯褌 写褉褍谐芯. 袛褉褍谐邪 写褍屑邪, 谐芯胁芯褉械薪邪 褍 薪邪褋 锌芯 锌芯 褌芯胁邪 胁褉械屑械, 胁械褔械 锌芯蟹邪斜褉邪胁械薪邪, 械 锌谢褍褉邪谢懈蟹褗屑 - 锌褉懈械屑邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪懈 屑薪械薪懈褟, 胁 褋褌褉械屑械卸邪 泻褗屑 械写薪邪 褑械谢.
效械褋褌芯褋褌褌邪 薪邪 孝芯薪懈 袛卸褗写 屑械 褋锌械褔械谢懈 芯褖械 胁 锌褗褉胁懈褌械 100 褋褌褉邪薪懈褑懈. 袩芯 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌 芯褋胁械薪 薪械锌芯蟹薪邪褌懈 褎邪泻褌懈 芯褌 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪, 屑械 懈薪褌械褉械褋褍胁邪 锌褉懈谢芯卸懈屑芯褋褌褌邪 泻褗屑 薪邪褋褌芯褟褖械褌芯. 袨褋胁械薪 芯斜褖芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪褌械谢薪懈褌械 薪邪褍泻懈, 锌褉芯褎械褋懈芯薪邪谢薪芯 褋褗屑 蟹邪锌芯蟹薪邪褌 褋 褍褔械薪懈褟褌邪 薪邪 袗写邪屑 小屑懈褌, 袣械泄薪褋 懈 写褉褍谐懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋械 褋锌芯屑械薪邪胁邪褌 褌褍泻, 懈 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪芯褌芯 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈械 屑薪芯谐芯 褋械 褉邪蟹屑懈薪邪胁邪 褋 懈泻芯薪芯屑懈褔械褋泻邪褌邪 薪邪褍泻邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 褋械 懈蟹褍褔邪胁邪褕械. 袙 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈褌械 谐谢邪胁懈 袛卸褗写 锌褉械屑懈薪邪胁邪 泻褗屑 锌芯-薪芯胁芯 胁褉械屑械, 斜械蟹 写邪 懈屑邪 泻芯薪泻褉械褌薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪 泻褗屑 谢懈褔薪芯褋褌懈 /锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌懈/. 袠蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 褋械 锌褉芯褌懈胁 胁芯泄薪邪褌邪 胁 袠褉邪泻, 薪邪屑械褋邪褌邪 锌褉懈 褔褍卸写懈 薪邪褉芯写懈. 袪邪蟹谐芯胁芯褉褗褌 褋褗褋 小薪邪泄写械褉 屑懈薪邪胁邪 泻邪褌芯 薪邪 邪薪芯薪懈屑薪芯 薪懈胁芯, 胁 屑械褌褉芯褌芯 薪邪 写胁邪屑邪 芯褌 褋褉械写薪邪褌邪 泻谢邪褋邪, 泻邪泻胁芯 薪械 械 薪邪褉械写?
袦芯卸械 写邪 薪械 蟹邪褋褟谐邪 胁褋懈褔泻懈 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻懈 褌械屑懈, 薪芯 蟹邪锌邪蟹胁邪 褋胁芯褟褌邪 懈褋泻褉械薪芯褋褌. 袙 薪芯胁芯褌芯 胁褉械屑械 芯褋褌邪胁邪 褋 褍写邪褉械薪懈械 泻褗屑 褋芯褑懈邪谢薪邪褌邪 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁芯褋褌.
June 9, 2014
A very odd book for any number of reasons. The greatest cause of oddity is Timothy Snyder, who interviews Judt and edits his responses, while putting in a few words of his own, either when he has a particularly good thought, or when Judt's words need context. The oddness comes from the first third of the book, in which Judt repeatedly tells Snyder that being half Jewish isn't that important to him, and that Jewish history isn't that important when thinking about world affairs... and Snyder repeatedly asks Judt to talk about being half Jewish and the importance of Jewish history in world affairs. A friend suggests to me that this might be Snyder trying to clear his own name; recently, at least, he's been the target of anti-anti-semitism, because he had the temerity to point out that a lot of people died in Eastern Europe who weren't Jewish.
The next cause of oddity is Snyder's bizarre beliefs i) that 'democracy' in the United States was destroyed by Bush v. Gore, as if a president being elected even though (I exaggerate for effect) 10% of the population voted for him, whereas 10.1% usually vote for presidents; ii) that the war in Iraq is somehow a treasonous rejection of everything that America stands for, rather than, say, business as usual. Anyway, Snyder is incapable of seeing his own time objectively; Judt is much better at that.
Third, you get Judt's own slightly ridiculous self-glamorization as an outsider in the historiographical world--which ramps up, unexpectedly, *right when he's being made chairman of his history department and setting up his own little research establishment.* Some of Judt's points about the history profession, and academic life in general, are perfectly accurate; I'd be more impressed if he'd acknowledged how he benefited from the very life he's criticizing.
And fourth, the differences between Snyder, an American liberal, and Judt, an ex-pat social democrat, play out very strangely. Watching the two of them discuss communism, socialism, the histories of those movements, and their relationship to contemporary politics is fascinating, but both seem to someone my age to be marked a bit too strongly with Cold War prejudices--Snyder particularly, but also Judt when he's in Isiah Berlin mode--against, you know, trying to make the world better. This clashes rather brutally with their repeated assertions that the free market isn't free, or all that good at making human life bearable. A little less skepticism towards changing the world would have been nice.
On the other hand, all of these oddities get softened occasionally, as when Judt suggests that democracy is neither sufficient nor necessary for a good, open society.
One final note: this is not an introduction to twentieth century history, intellectual or otherwise, and if you don't know much about it, I'm not sure you'll get much from the book. I'm sure I failed to understand plenty of allusions.
The next cause of oddity is Snyder's bizarre beliefs i) that 'democracy' in the United States was destroyed by Bush v. Gore, as if a president being elected even though (I exaggerate for effect) 10% of the population voted for him, whereas 10.1% usually vote for presidents; ii) that the war in Iraq is somehow a treasonous rejection of everything that America stands for, rather than, say, business as usual. Anyway, Snyder is incapable of seeing his own time objectively; Judt is much better at that.
Third, you get Judt's own slightly ridiculous self-glamorization as an outsider in the historiographical world--which ramps up, unexpectedly, *right when he's being made chairman of his history department and setting up his own little research establishment.* Some of Judt's points about the history profession, and academic life in general, are perfectly accurate; I'd be more impressed if he'd acknowledged how he benefited from the very life he's criticizing.
And fourth, the differences between Snyder, an American liberal, and Judt, an ex-pat social democrat, play out very strangely. Watching the two of them discuss communism, socialism, the histories of those movements, and their relationship to contemporary politics is fascinating, but both seem to someone my age to be marked a bit too strongly with Cold War prejudices--Snyder particularly, but also Judt when he's in Isiah Berlin mode--against, you know, trying to make the world better. This clashes rather brutally with their repeated assertions that the free market isn't free, or all that good at making human life bearable. A little less skepticism towards changing the world would have been nice.
On the other hand, all of these oddities get softened occasionally, as when Judt suggests that democracy is neither sufficient nor necessary for a good, open society.
One final note: this is not an introduction to twentieth century history, intellectual or otherwise, and if you don't know much about it, I'm not sure you'll get much from the book. I'm sure I failed to understand plenty of allusions.
March 15, 2012
This book records an extended series of discussions between two great historians - Tony Judt (who wrote Postwar and Tim Snyder, who wrote Bloodlands. The focus is clearly on Judt, who at the time had recently been diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and has since died. While Judt is the more distinguished of the two, Snyder is also a great scholar and a nearly perfect complement to Judt. The conversational format was chosen because Judt's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that soon kept him from writing further, even while his mind remained intact.
The book is an odd collection of intellectual biography, professional discussion on the craft of the historian, intellectual history of the twentieth century, and discussion of the role of the academic as public intellectual in times of great change. The chapters begin with biography and then shift into other topics, generally following a chronological order.
The discussion is fascinating on several levels. First, he (Judt) was an interesting person whom I only learned about after 2000. The discussion of intellectual history is refreshing and goes against most of the well worn categories familiar to many Americans. The tone is decidedly liberal but more importantly intelligent and critical. Whether one agrees or disagrees with them, these discussions are thoughtful and responsible and anything but ideologically stultified. This even includes discussions of economics, with which cultural historians tend to do poorly. The biography is also fascinating, although it pertains to an intellectual time very different from the present. The discussions on the craft of history are also stimulating. I have read history for a long time and frequently try to be clear about why I think some work or another is "good" history. The discussion here is helpful Additional areas of discussion, such as on the Holocaust and the history of Eastern Europe are also noteworthy. Be prepared to prod your memory, however, if you wish to keep up with the discussion. These two authors have forgotten more material than most of the rest of us have read!
While the book does not have the focus of a major historical work, such as these authors are best known for, it is highly stimulating and holds the attention well. I expected it to be good, but it was actually very good.
The book is an odd collection of intellectual biography, professional discussion on the craft of the historian, intellectual history of the twentieth century, and discussion of the role of the academic as public intellectual in times of great change. The chapters begin with biography and then shift into other topics, generally following a chronological order.
The discussion is fascinating on several levels. First, he (Judt) was an interesting person whom I only learned about after 2000. The discussion of intellectual history is refreshing and goes against most of the well worn categories familiar to many Americans. The tone is decidedly liberal but more importantly intelligent and critical. Whether one agrees or disagrees with them, these discussions are thoughtful and responsible and anything but ideologically stultified. This even includes discussions of economics, with which cultural historians tend to do poorly. The biography is also fascinating, although it pertains to an intellectual time very different from the present. The discussions on the craft of history are also stimulating. I have read history for a long time and frequently try to be clear about why I think some work or another is "good" history. The discussion here is helpful Additional areas of discussion, such as on the Holocaust and the history of Eastern Europe are also noteworthy. Be prepared to prod your memory, however, if you wish to keep up with the discussion. These two authors have forgotten more material than most of the rest of us have read!
While the book does not have the focus of a major historical work, such as these authors are best known for, it is highly stimulating and holds the attention well. I expected it to be good, but it was actually very good.
July 26, 2023
袣薪懈谐邪褌邪 械 懈薪褌械谢械泻褌褍邪谢薪芯 褍写芯胁芯谢褋褌胁懈械 蟹邪 胁褋械泻懈 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻 懈 谢褞斜懈褌械谢 薪邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪, 泻芯泄褌芯 芯斜懈褔邪 啸啸 胁械泻. 孝邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪 械 谢械泻褑懈褟褌邪, 薪邪 泻芯褟褌芯 胁懈薪邪谐懈 褋褌械 屑械褔褌邪谢懈 写邪 芯褌懈写械褌械, 薪芯 薪懈泻芯谐邪 薪械 褋褌械 屑芯谐谢懈.
February 11, 2017
So the choice we face in the next generation is not or capitalism versus communism, or the end of history versus the return of history, but the politics of social cohesion, based along collective purposes, versus the erosion of society by the politics of fear.
And Judt argues that we need to do so based on a new project of defining what the United States' own values and goals are, not by looking to European social democracy for a set of institutions to import.
This is a wide ranging, and for me uneven, but ultimately very provocative and informative collection of comments on topics of varying interest for any given reader. Judt talks about his own background and intellectual development, his youthful engagement with Zionism, academic politics in England, France and the US, and his marital ups and downs (including one instance of a complete disregard for teacher-student relationship ethics). These were of some interest, mainly to set a context for evaluating his opinions expressed in the content chapters.
I confess to being out of my depth in the conversations about French philosophy and politics, not having read the people discussed. the sections on Eastern Europe were quite interesting. Since Judt knew a lot more about France than Eastern Europe, however, I can鈥檛 judge how reliable the latter part was. I thought there was a light treatment of some aspects of American politics and society, in particular the role of Evangelical Christianity in shaping policy on Israel. But they covered a lot of ground, so perhaps that鈥檚 unfair. In general, I sense that Judt鈥檚 interest in intellectual history was so focused that he missed or downplayed other factors to some extent.
However, the last few chapters on the recent past and future of the United States, particularly as opposed to Europe, did pose some excellent questions or suggestions. So, I would say skim the parts that are not up your alley, and focus on those that are. I think the sections can be read fairly independently, although they do build.
And Judt argues that we need to do so based on a new project of defining what the United States' own values and goals are, not by looking to European social democracy for a set of institutions to import.
This is a wide ranging, and for me uneven, but ultimately very provocative and informative collection of comments on topics of varying interest for any given reader. Judt talks about his own background and intellectual development, his youthful engagement with Zionism, academic politics in England, France and the US, and his marital ups and downs (including one instance of a complete disregard for teacher-student relationship ethics). These were of some interest, mainly to set a context for evaluating his opinions expressed in the content chapters.
I confess to being out of my depth in the conversations about French philosophy and politics, not having read the people discussed. the sections on Eastern Europe were quite interesting. Since Judt knew a lot more about France than Eastern Europe, however, I can鈥檛 judge how reliable the latter part was. I thought there was a light treatment of some aspects of American politics and society, in particular the role of Evangelical Christianity in shaping policy on Israel. But they covered a lot of ground, so perhaps that鈥檚 unfair. In general, I sense that Judt鈥檚 interest in intellectual history was so focused that he missed or downplayed other factors to some extent.
However, the last few chapters on the recent past and future of the United States, particularly as opposed to Europe, did pose some excellent questions or suggestions. So, I would say skim the parts that are not up your alley, and focus on those that are. I think the sections can be read fairly independently, although they do build.
October 27, 2020
袝写薪邪 芯褌 薪邪泄-写芯斜褉懈褌械 泻薪懈谐懈 锌褉芯褔械褌械薪懈 褌邪蟹懈 谐芯写懈薪邪 :)
袠褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 邪胁褌械薪褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褌邪 械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 锌褉邪胁写懈胁懈褋褌褌邪. 袛邪 斜褗写械褕 邪胁褌械薪褌懈褔械薪, 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪 写邪 卸懈胁械械褕 褌邪泻邪, 泻邪泻褌芯 斜懈 懈褋泻邪谢 写邪 卸懈胁械褟褌 写褉褍谐懈褌械. 袛邪 斜褗写械褕 锌褉邪胁写懈胁, 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪 写邪 锌褉懈蟹薪邪械褕, 褔械 褌芯胁邪 械 薪械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯. 袠 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 褔芯胁械泻芯谢褞斜懈械褌芯 械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪褌邪. 袟邪 写邪 懈蟹胁懈泻邪褕 薪邪 斜褟谢 褋胁褟褌 薪邪泄-写芯斜褉芯褌芯 褍 褋械斜械 褋懈 懈 褍 写褉褍谐懈褌械, 褋邪 褌懈 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑懈 懈 写胁械褌械, 薪芯 薪械 屑芯卸械褕 写邪 懈屑 褋械 芯褌写邪写械褕 胁 械写懈薪 懈 褋褗褖懈 屑芯屑械薪褌.
袠褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 邪胁褌械薪褌懈褔薪芯褋褌褌邪 械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 锌褉邪胁写懈胁懈褋褌褌邪. 袛邪 斜褗写械褕 邪胁褌械薪褌懈褔械薪, 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪 写邪 卸懈胁械械褕 褌邪泻邪, 泻邪泻褌芯 斜懈 懈褋泻邪谢 写邪 卸懈胁械褟褌 写褉褍谐懈褌械. 袛邪 斜褗写械褕 锌褉邪胁写懈胁, 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪 写邪 锌褉懈蟹薪邪械褕, 褔械 褌芯胁邪 械 薪械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯. 袠 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 褔芯胁械泻芯谢褞斜懈械褌芯 械 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 芯褌 懈褋褌懈薪邪褌邪 薪邪 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪褌邪. 袟邪 写邪 懈蟹胁懈泻邪褕 薪邪 斜褟谢 褋胁褟褌 薪邪泄-写芯斜褉芯褌芯 褍 褋械斜械 褋懈 懈 褍 写褉褍谐懈褌械, 褋邪 褌懈 薪械芯斜褏芯写懈屑懈 懈 写胁械褌械, 薪芯 薪械 屑芯卸械褕 写邪 懈屑 褋械 芯褌写邪写械褕 胁 械写懈薪 懈 褋褗褖懈 屑芯屑械薪褌.
November 15, 2016
Absolutely superb conversation between two of the leading historians of our age. Impossible to put down, every page sparkling with wit, insight and serious erudition.
June 5, 2020
鈥� 褍 褉芯蟹屑芯胁褨 小薪邪泄写械褉 褋褌邪胁懈褌褜 褋械斜械 胁 锌芯蟹懈褑褨褞 褋谢褍褏邪褔邪, 褍褔薪褟 锌芯褉褟写 褨蟹 袛卸邪写褌芯屑 鈥� 褑械 锌褨写泻褍锌芯胁褍褦
鈥� 锌谢邪胁薪械 泄 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢械 谢褨薪泻褍胁邪薪薪褟 胁褋褨褏 -褨蟹屑褨胁
鈥� 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪械:
薪械芯斜褏褨写薪褨褋褌褜 锌芯褋谢褍谐 写械褉卸邪胁懈 锌芯屑褨褌薪邪 胁 泻褉懈蟹褍 鈥� 泻芯谢懈 写械褉卸邪胁邪 薪械 薪邪写邪褦 褑褨 锌芯褋谢褍谐懈
鈥� 锌谢邪胁薪械 泄 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢械 谢褨薪泻褍胁邪薪薪褟 胁褋褨褏 -褨蟹屑褨胁
鈥� 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪械:
薪械芯斜褏褨写薪褨褋褌褜 锌芯褋谢褍谐 写械褉卸邪胁懈 锌芯屑褨褌薪邪 胁 泻褉懈蟹褍 鈥� 泻芯谢懈 写械褉卸邪胁邪 薪械 薪邪写邪褦 褑褨 锌芯褋谢褍谐懈
September 12, 2018
螣 20慰蟼 伪喂蠋谓伪蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪蟼 伪喂蠋谓伪蟼 蟿蠈蟽慰 渭伪魏蟻喂维, 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿蠈蟽慰 魏慰谓蟿维 蟽蔚 蔚渭维蟼. 围伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻委蟽蟿畏魏蔚 蠅蟼 蟽蠉谓蟿慰渭慰蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰谓 渭蔚纬维位慰 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏蠈 螆蟻喂魏 围慰渭蟺蟽蟺渭维慰蠀渭, 魏伪胃蠋蟼 蟽蠀谓苇尾畏蟽伪谓 蟺慰位位维 蟽蠀纬魏位慰谓喂蟽蟿喂魏维 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟿伪 渭苇蟽伪 蟽蔚 位委纬慰 蠂蟻慰谓喂魏蠈 未喂维蟽蟿畏渭伪. 螁位位蠅蟽蟿蔚 渭畏 尉蔚蠂谓维渭蔚 蠈蟿喂 渭蠈位喂蟼 渭苇蟽伪 蟽蔚 89 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿慰蟺慰喂萎胃畏魏伪谓 未蠉慰 伪喂渭伪蟿畏蟻慰委 蟺蠈位蔚渭慰喂 魏伪喂 苇谓伪蟼 唯蠀蠂蟻蠈蟼 蟺慰蠀 蔚蟺畏蟻蔚维味蔚喂 维蟿蠀蟺伪 伪魏蠈渭伪 蟿畏谓 魏伪胃畏渭蔚蟻喂谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 渭伪蟼. 韦慰 1989 慰 桅慰蠀魏慰蠀纬喂维渭伪 渭委位畏蟽蔚 纬喂伪 蟿慰 蟿苇位慰蟼 蟿畏蟼 螜蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼, 维蟻伪纬蔚 蔚蟺伪谓伪位萎蠁胃畏魏蔚;
螘委谓伪喂 蟺慰位蠉 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭畏 蟿慰蠀 蠂蟻蠈谓慰蠀 谓伪 慰未畏纬慰蠉渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蟽蔚 蟽蠀渭蟺蔚蟻维蟽渭伪蟿伪 魏伪喂 魏蟻委蟽蔚喂蟼 蔚维谓 未蔚谓 苇蠂蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻维蟽蔚喂 苇谓伪 蔚蠉位慰纬慰 蠂蟻慰谓喂魏蠈 未喂维蟽蟿畏渭伪. 螌蟿伪谓 味蔚喂蟼 蠈渭蠅蟼 魏维蟺慰喂伪 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟿伪, 纬委谓蔚蟽伪喂 渭苇蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 苇蠂蔚喂蟼 蟿畏谓 喂魏伪谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪位维尾蔚喂蟼 蟿畏 蟽畏渭伪蟽委伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏萎 纬蟻伪渭渭萎, 蟿蠈蟿蔚 蟽慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蟺慰位蠉 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 谓伪 伪蟺慰蟽蟿伪蟽喂慰蟺慰喂畏胃蔚委蟼. 螣 Tony Judt 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚 苇谓伪蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏蠈蟿蔚蟻慰蠀蟼 渭蔚位蔚蟿畏蟿苇蟼 蟿畏蟼 谓蔚蠋蟿蔚蟻畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠁蠀纬蔚 蟺慰位蠉 谓蠅蟻委蟼, 渭蠈位喂蟼 蟽蟿伪 62 蟿慰蠀 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪, 蠅蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 蟺蟻蠈位伪尾蔚 谓伪 味萎蟽蔚喂 蟿蠈蟽伪 蟺慰位位维 魏伪喂 谓伪 纬蟻维蠄蔚喂 纬喂鈥� 伪蠀蟿维 胃苇位慰谓蟿伪蟼 谓伪 蔚蟻渭畏谓蔚蠉蟽蔚喂 魏伪喂 伪蠀蟿蠈蟼 渭蔚 蟿畏 蟽蔚喂蟻维 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰谓 蟺蔚蟻伪蟽渭苇谓慰 伪喂蠋谓伪.
韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 芦危魏苇蠄蔚喂蟼 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 20慰 伪喂蠋谓伪禄 蔚委谓伪喂 渭喂伪 维蟿蠀蟺畏 尾喂慰纬蟻伪蠁委伪 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟿慰蠀 委未喂慰蠀 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 渭喂伪蟼 蔚蟺慰蠂萎蟼, 畏 慰蟺慰委伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏维 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂, 未蔚谓 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 谓伪 蔚魏蟿喂渭萎蟽蔚喂 蟺位萎蟻蠅蟼 蔚维谓 未蔚谓 蟽蠀渭渭蔚蟻委蟽蟿畏魏蔚 魏维蟺慰蟿蔚 蟿喂蟼 蠄蔚蠀未伪喂蟽胃萎蟽蔚喂蟼 蟺慰蠀 未畏渭喂慰蠉蟻纬畏蟽蔚.
螚 喂未苇伪 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 纬蔚谓谓萎胃畏魏蔚 伪蟺蠈 渭委伪 伪谓维纬魏畏 蟿慰蠀 Judt 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪纬蟻维蠄蔚喂 渭喂伪 渭蔚纬维位畏 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏萎 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿蠅谓 喂未蔚慰位慰纬喂蠋谓 蟺慰蠀 渭蔚位苇蟿畏蟽蔚, 蔚魏 蟿蠅谓 慰蟺慰委蠅谓 魏维蟺慰喂蔚蟼 蟿慰谓 魏伪胃蠈蟻喂蟽伪谓 魏伪喂 蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏蠈蟿畏蟿伪. 螇胃蔚位蔚 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪 尾喂尾位委慰-魏位畏蟻慰谓慰渭喂维 纬喂伪 蟿喂蟼 渭蔚位位慰谓蟿喂魏苇蟼 纬蔚谓喂苇蟼, 蠋蟽蟿蔚 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蟽蔚 胃苇蟽畏 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味慰蠀谓 魏伪喂 蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺鈥� 蠈位伪 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 魏伪蟿伪谓慰慰蠉谓. 螣 蟽慰蟽喂伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蔚胃谓喂魏喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蟽蠀谓蟿畏蟻畏蟿喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蠁喂位蔚位蔚蠀胃蔚蟻喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 渭伪蟻尉喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蟽喂蠅谓喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蔚蠀蟻蠅蟺伪蠆魏蠈蟼 蠁蔚谓蟿蔚蟻伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼 魏伪喂 慰 胃蟻畏蟽魏蔚蠀蟿喂魏蠈蟼 蠁慰谓蟿伪渭蔚谓蟿伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼 魏伪喂 慰喂 蔚魏蠁维谓蟽蔚喂蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位慰蠉谓 渭苇蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 尾喂尾位委慰蠀.
惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 未蔚谓 蟺伪蟻慰蠀蟽喂维味慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 蟿蠀蟺喂魏蠈 蟺位伪委蟽喂慰 蔚谓蠈蟼 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 蟺慰蠀 伪蠁慰蟻维 蟿喂蟼 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭蔚蟼. 韦伪 蔚谓谓喂维 魏蔚蠁维位伪喂维 蟿慰蠀 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位慰蠉谓 蟿伪 尾萎渭伪蟿伪 蟿畏蟼 味蠅萎蟼 蟿慰蠀 Judt 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰谓 未喂伪渭蠈蟻蠁蠅蟽伪谓 蟽蟿伪未喂伪魏维 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟽蔚 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏蠈 蔚蟺委蟺蔚未慰 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 蟽蔚 蔚蟺伪纬纬蔚位渭伪蟿喂魏蠈-伪魏伪未畏渭伪蠆魏蠈.
螆谓伪 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀, 蟺慰蠀 未蔚委蠂谓蔚喂 蟿慰 蟺蠈蟽慰 蟽蟺慰蠀未伪委慰蟼 未维蟽魏伪位慰蟼 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚, 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪喂 畏 渭慰蟻蠁萎 纬蟻伪蠁萎蟼 蟿慰蠀. 螣 未喂伪位慰纬喂魏蠈蟼 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿萎蟻伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 魏蔚喂渭苇谓慰蠀 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 蔚尉委蟽慰蠀 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏蠈 蟽蠀谓维未蔚位蠁慰, 伪位位维 魏伪喂 渭伪胃畏蟿萎 蟿慰蠀, Timothy Snyder 渭伪蟼 蟺伪蟻伪未委未蔚喂 渭喂伪 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠀蟻纬畏渭伪蟿喂魏萎 渭慰蟻蠁萎 蟿慰蠀 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿喂魏慰蠉 未喂伪位蠈纬慰蠀, 蟿畏蟼 伪谓蟿伪位位伪纬萎蟼 喂未蔚蠋谓 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽渭蠋谓 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 蔚蠀蟻蠀渭维胃蔚喂伪蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻委味蔚喂 苇谓伪谓 渭蔚位蔚蟿畏蟿萎 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼.
螣 Judt 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚 尉蔚魏维胃伪蟻伪 苇谓伪蟼 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏蠈蟼 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼, 蟿慰蠀 慰蟺慰委慰蠀 蟿伪 纬蟻伪蟺蟿维 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎蟼 蟽魏苇蠄畏蟼 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽渭慰蠉 纬喂伪 蟿伪 魏慰喂谓维 魏伪喂 蠈蠂喂 渭蠈谓慰 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 尾萎渭伪 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 未委谓慰谓蟿伪谓 蟽蟿慰 New York Review of Books 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏 New Republic 蟿慰谓 苇魏伪谓伪谓 蟺蟻蠈蟿蠀蟺慰 未伪蟽魏维位慰蠀 伪位位维 魏伪喂 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿喂魏慰蠉 蟺慰位委蟿畏. 螌蟺蠅蟼 蟿蠈谓喂味蔚 , 渭蠈谓慰 伪谓 未喂伪蟿蠀蟺蠋谓慰蠀渭蔚 渭蔚 蟽伪蠁萎谓蔚喂伪 蟺蔚蟻委蟺位慰魏伪 蔚蟺喂蠂蔚喂蟻萎渭伪蟿伪 蟽蔚尾蠈渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蟿畏谓 喂魏伪谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蟿蠅谓 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺蠅谓 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰慰蠉谓. 螝伪喂 渭蠈谓慰 苇谓伪蟼 魏伪位维 蔚谓畏渭蔚蟻蠅渭苇谓慰蟼 (伪谓伪)纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 魏蟻委谓蔚喂 蔚维谓 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪位蠈 苇谓伪 苇蟻纬慰 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼. 螕喂伪蟿委 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪, 畏 渭谓萎渭畏 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 伪尉喂慰蟺慰喂畏胃蔚委 魏伪蟿伪蠂蟻畏蟽蟿喂魏维 魏伪喂 蔚喂蟼 尾维蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺慰位委蟿畏.
韦慰谓 伪蟺伪蟽蠂慰位慰蠉蟽蔚 蟺慰位蠉 蟿慰 味萎蟿畏渭伪 蟿慰蠀 蟻蠈位慰蠀 蟿蠅谓 蔚魏蟺蟻慰蟽蠋蟺蠅谓 蟿慰蠀 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪蟿慰蟼 蟽蟿畏谓 魏伪胃畏渭蔚蟻喂谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蟿蠅谓 伪蟺位蠋谓 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺蠅谓. 螘委谓伪喂 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏苇蟼 慰喂 渭蔚位苇蟿蔚蟼 蟿慰蠀 纬喂伪 蟿慰 蟻蠈位慰 蟿蠅谓 未喂伪谓慰慰蠀渭苇谓蠅谓 蟽蟿畏谓 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏萎 蟽蟿蟻维蟿蔚蠀蟽畏 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏谓 维蟺慰蠄萎 蟿慰蠀 蠈蟿喂 慰 魏蠉蟻喂慰蟼 蟻蠈位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 谓伪 伪蟺慰魏伪位蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 蟿畏谓 伪位萎胃蔚喂伪 魏伪喂 谓伪 蔚尉畏纬慰蠉谓 蟿喂 蟺萎纬蔚 蟽蟿蟻伪尾维.
螆谓伪蟼 蟺位慰蠉蟿慰蟼 尾喂尾位喂慰纬蟻伪蠁喂魏蠋谓 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻蠋谓 未喂伪蟺蔚蟻谓维 蟿喂蟼 蟽蔚位委未蔚蟼 蟿慰蠀 苇蟻纬慰蠀 魏伪喂 魏伪胃喂蟽蟿维 蟿畏谓 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽萎 蟿慰蠀 苇谓伪 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏蠈 蟿伪尉委未喂 蟽蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟽渭慰 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼, 蟿畏蟼 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭畏蟼, 蟿畏蟼 蠁喂位慰蟽慰蠁委伪蟼 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿慰蠀 魏喂谓畏渭伪蟿慰纬蟻维蠁慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟿蠅谓 蟿蔚蠂谓蠋谓 蔚蠀蟻蠉蟿蔚蟻伪. 惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰, 慰蠁蔚委位慰蠀渭蔚 谓伪 蟿慰谓委蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蠈蟿喂 苇谓伪蟼 纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 蟿慰蠀 蔚委未慰蠀蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿蔚蠉蔚蟿伪喂 慰 Judt 胃伪 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽蟿蔚委 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 渭畏 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻维 蟿慰蠀 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏慰蠉 螒渭蔚蟻喂魏伪谓慰蠉 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏慰蠉 Howard Zinn.
螣 20慰蟼 伪喂蠋谓伪蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 渭喂伪 蟽蠀谓蔚蠂萎蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓畏蟼 未蠀蟽蟿蠀蠂委伪蟼 魏伪喂 蟽蠀位位慰纬喂魏蠋谓 未蔚喂谓蠋谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 尾纬萎魏伪渭蔚 蟺喂慰 胃位喂渭渭苇谓慰喂 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟽慰蠁蠈蟿蔚蟻慰喂, 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂 蟽蔚 魏维蟺慰喂伪 蟽蟿喂纬渭萎 渭苇蟽伪 蟽蟿慰 魏蔚委渭蔚谓蠈 蟿慰蠀. 韦伪 苇蟻纬伪 蟺慰蠀 魏位畏蟻慰谓蠈渭畏蟽蔚 慰 Tony Judt 慰蠁蔚委位慰蠀谓 谓伪 纬委谓慰蠀谓 慰未畏纬慰委 蟿蠈蟽慰 纬喂伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪魏伪未畏渭伪蠆魏慰蠉蟼 蟿伪纬慰蠉蟼, 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 纬喂伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺慰位委蟿蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂慰蠀谓 蠅蟼 蟽蟿蠈蠂慰 蟿畏谓 伪尉委伪 蟿畏蟼 螖畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿委伪蟼.
[螚 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎 未畏渭慰蟽喂蔚蠉蟿畏魏蔚 蟽蟿慰 蟽蟿喂蟼 12/09/2018 ]
螘委谓伪喂 蟺慰位蠉 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭畏 蟿慰蠀 蠂蟻蠈谓慰蠀 谓伪 慰未畏纬慰蠉渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蟽蔚 蟽蠀渭蟺蔚蟻维蟽渭伪蟿伪 魏伪喂 魏蟻委蟽蔚喂蟼 蔚维谓 未蔚谓 苇蠂蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻维蟽蔚喂 苇谓伪 蔚蠉位慰纬慰 蠂蟻慰谓喂魏蠈 未喂维蟽蟿畏渭伪. 螌蟿伪谓 味蔚喂蟼 蠈渭蠅蟼 魏维蟺慰喂伪 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟿伪, 纬委谓蔚蟽伪喂 渭苇蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 苇蠂蔚喂蟼 蟿畏谓 喂魏伪谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪位维尾蔚喂蟼 蟿畏 蟽畏渭伪蟽委伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏萎 纬蟻伪渭渭萎, 蟿蠈蟿蔚 蟽慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蟺慰位蠉 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 谓伪 伪蟺慰蟽蟿伪蟽喂慰蟺慰喂畏胃蔚委蟼. 螣 Tony Judt 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚 苇谓伪蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏蠈蟿蔚蟻慰蠀蟼 渭蔚位蔚蟿畏蟿苇蟼 蟿畏蟼 谓蔚蠋蟿蔚蟻畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠁蠀纬蔚 蟺慰位蠉 谓蠅蟻委蟼, 渭蠈位喂蟼 蟽蟿伪 62 蟿慰蠀 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪, 蠅蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 蟺蟻蠈位伪尾蔚 谓伪 味萎蟽蔚喂 蟿蠈蟽伪 蟺慰位位维 魏伪喂 谓伪 纬蟻维蠄蔚喂 纬喂鈥� 伪蠀蟿维 胃苇位慰谓蟿伪蟼 谓伪 蔚蟻渭畏谓蔚蠉蟽蔚喂 魏伪喂 伪蠀蟿蠈蟼 渭蔚 蟿畏 蟽蔚喂蟻维 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰谓 蟺蔚蟻伪蟽渭苇谓慰 伪喂蠋谓伪.
韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 芦危魏苇蠄蔚喂蟼 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 20慰 伪喂蠋谓伪禄 蔚委谓伪喂 渭喂伪 维蟿蠀蟺畏 尾喂慰纬蟻伪蠁委伪 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟿慰蠀 委未喂慰蠀 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 渭喂伪蟼 蔚蟺慰蠂萎蟼, 畏 慰蟺慰委伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏维 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂, 未蔚谓 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 谓伪 蔚魏蟿喂渭萎蟽蔚喂 蟺位萎蟻蠅蟼 蔚维谓 未蔚谓 蟽蠀渭渭蔚蟻委蟽蟿畏魏蔚 魏维蟺慰蟿蔚 蟿喂蟼 蠄蔚蠀未伪喂蟽胃萎蟽蔚喂蟼 蟺慰蠀 未畏渭喂慰蠉蟻纬畏蟽蔚.
螚 喂未苇伪 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 纬蔚谓谓萎胃畏魏蔚 伪蟺蠈 渭委伪 伪谓维纬魏畏 蟿慰蠀 Judt 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪纬蟻维蠄蔚喂 渭喂伪 渭蔚纬维位畏 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏萎 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿蠅谓 喂未蔚慰位慰纬喂蠋谓 蟺慰蠀 渭蔚位苇蟿畏蟽蔚, 蔚魏 蟿蠅谓 慰蟺慰委蠅谓 魏维蟺慰喂蔚蟼 蟿慰谓 魏伪胃蠈蟻喂蟽伪谓 魏伪喂 蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏蠈蟿畏蟿伪. 螇胃蔚位蔚 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 苇谓伪 尾喂尾位委慰-魏位畏蟻慰谓慰渭喂维 纬喂伪 蟿喂蟼 渭蔚位位慰谓蟿喂魏苇蟼 纬蔚谓喂苇蟼, 蠋蟽蟿蔚 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蟽蔚 胃苇蟽畏 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味慰蠀谓 魏伪喂 蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺鈥� 蠈位伪 谓伪 蟿喂蟼 魏伪蟿伪谓慰慰蠉谓. 螣 蟽慰蟽喂伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蔚胃谓喂魏喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蟽蠀谓蟿畏蟻畏蟿喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蠁喂位蔚位蔚蠀胃蔚蟻喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 渭伪蟻尉喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蟽喂蠅谓喂蟽渭蠈蟼, 慰 蔚蠀蟻蠅蟺伪蠆魏蠈蟼 蠁蔚谓蟿蔚蟻伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼 魏伪喂 慰 胃蟻畏蟽魏蔚蠀蟿喂魏蠈蟼 蠁慰谓蟿伪渭蔚谓蟿伪位喂蟽渭蠈蟼 魏伪喂 慰喂 蔚魏蠁维谓蟽蔚喂蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位慰蠉谓 渭苇蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 尾喂尾位委慰蠀.
惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰 未蔚谓 蟺伪蟻慰蠀蟽喂维味慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 蟿蠀蟺喂魏蠈 蟺位伪委蟽喂慰 蔚谓蠈蟼 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 蟺慰蠀 伪蠁慰蟻维 蟿喂蟼 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭蔚蟼. 韦伪 蔚谓谓喂维 魏蔚蠁维位伪喂维 蟿慰蠀 伪蟺慰蟿蔚位慰蠉谓 蟿伪 尾萎渭伪蟿伪 蟿畏蟼 味蠅萎蟼 蟿慰蠀 Judt 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰谓 未喂伪渭蠈蟻蠁蠅蟽伪谓 蟽蟿伪未喂伪魏维 蟿蠈蟽慰 蟽蔚 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏蠈 蔚蟺委蟺蔚未慰 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 蟽蔚 蔚蟺伪纬纬蔚位渭伪蟿喂魏蠈-伪魏伪未畏渭伪蠆魏蠈.
螆谓伪 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀, 蟺慰蠀 未蔚委蠂谓蔚喂 蟿慰 蟺蠈蟽慰 蟽蟺慰蠀未伪委慰蟼 未维蟽魏伪位慰蟼 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚, 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪喂 畏 渭慰蟻蠁萎 纬蟻伪蠁萎蟼 蟿慰蠀. 螣 未喂伪位慰纬喂魏蠈蟼 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿萎蟻伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 魏蔚喂渭苇谓慰蠀 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 蔚尉委蟽慰蠀 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏蠈 蟽蠀谓维未蔚位蠁慰, 伪位位维 魏伪喂 渭伪胃畏蟿萎 蟿慰蠀, Timothy Snyder 渭伪蟼 蟺伪蟻伪未委未蔚喂 渭喂伪 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠀蟻纬畏渭伪蟿喂魏萎 渭慰蟻蠁萎 蟿慰蠀 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿喂魏慰蠉 未喂伪位蠈纬慰蠀, 蟿畏蟼 伪谓蟿伪位位伪纬萎蟼 喂未蔚蠋谓 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽渭蠋谓 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 蔚蠀蟻蠀渭维胃蔚喂伪蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻委味蔚喂 苇谓伪谓 渭蔚位蔚蟿畏蟿萎 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼.
螣 Judt 蠀蟺萎蟻尉蔚 尉蔚魏维胃伪蟻伪 苇谓伪蟼 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏蠈蟼 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼, 蟿慰蠀 慰蟺慰委慰蠀 蟿伪 纬蟻伪蟺蟿维 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎蟼 蟽魏苇蠄畏蟼 魏伪喂 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽渭慰蠉 纬喂伪 蟿伪 魏慰喂谓维 魏伪喂 蠈蠂喂 渭蠈谓慰 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 尾萎渭伪 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 未委谓慰谓蟿伪谓 蟽蟿慰 New York Review of Books 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏 New Republic 蟿慰谓 苇魏伪谓伪谓 蟺蟻蠈蟿蠀蟺慰 未伪蟽魏维位慰蠀 伪位位维 魏伪喂 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿喂魏慰蠉 蟺慰位委蟿畏. 螌蟺蠅蟼 蟿蠈谓喂味蔚 , 渭蠈谓慰 伪谓 未喂伪蟿蠀蟺蠋谓慰蠀渭蔚 渭蔚 蟽伪蠁萎谓蔚喂伪 蟺蔚蟻委蟺位慰魏伪 蔚蟺喂蠂蔚喂蟻萎渭伪蟿伪 蟽蔚尾蠈渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蟿畏谓 喂魏伪谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蟿蠅谓 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺蠅谓 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰慰蠉谓. 螝伪喂 渭蠈谓慰 苇谓伪蟼 魏伪位维 蔚谓畏渭蔚蟻蠅渭苇谓慰蟼 (伪谓伪)纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 魏蟻委谓蔚喂 蔚维谓 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪位蠈 苇谓伪 苇蟻纬慰 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼. 螕喂伪蟿委 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪, 畏 渭谓萎渭畏 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 伪尉喂慰蟺慰喂畏胃蔚委 魏伪蟿伪蠂蟻畏蟽蟿喂魏维 魏伪喂 蔚喂蟼 尾维蟻慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺慰位委蟿畏.
韦慰谓 伪蟺伪蟽蠂慰位慰蠉蟽蔚 蟺慰位蠉 蟿慰 味萎蟿畏渭伪 蟿慰蠀 蟻蠈位慰蠀 蟿蠅谓 蔚魏蟺蟻慰蟽蠋蟺蠅谓 蟿慰蠀 蟺谓蔚蠉渭伪蟿慰蟼 蟽蟿畏谓 魏伪胃畏渭蔚蟻喂谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蟿蠅谓 伪蟺位蠋谓 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺蠅谓. 螘委谓伪喂 蠂伪蟻伪魏蟿畏蟻喂蟽蟿喂魏苇蟼 慰喂 渭蔚位苇蟿蔚蟼 蟿慰蠀 纬喂伪 蟿慰 蟻蠈位慰 蟿蠅谓 未喂伪谓慰慰蠀渭苇谓蠅谓 蟽蟿畏谓 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏萎 蟽蟿蟻维蟿蔚蠀蟽畏 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏谓 维蟺慰蠄萎 蟿慰蠀 蠈蟿喂 慰 魏蠉蟻喂慰蟼 蟻蠈位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 谓伪 伪蟺慰魏伪位蠉蟺蟿慰蠀谓 蟿畏谓 伪位萎胃蔚喂伪 魏伪喂 谓伪 蔚尉畏纬慰蠉谓 蟿喂 蟺萎纬蔚 蟽蟿蟻伪尾维.
螆谓伪蟼 蟺位慰蠉蟿慰蟼 尾喂尾位喂慰纬蟻伪蠁喂魏蠋谓 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻蠋谓 未喂伪蟺蔚蟻谓维 蟿喂蟼 蟽蔚位委未蔚蟼 蟿慰蠀 苇蟻纬慰蠀 魏伪喂 魏伪胃喂蟽蟿维 蟿畏谓 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽萎 蟿慰蠀 苇谓伪 蟺谓蔚蠀渭伪蟿喂魏蠈 蟿伪尉委未喂 蟽蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟽渭慰 蟿畏蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪蟼, 蟿畏蟼 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟺喂蟽蟿萎渭畏蟼, 蟿畏蟼 蠁喂位慰蟽慰蠁委伪蟼 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿慰蠀 魏喂谓畏渭伪蟿慰纬蟻维蠁慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟿蠅谓 蟿蔚蠂谓蠋谓 蔚蠀蟻蠉蟿蔚蟻伪. 惟蟽蟿蠈蟽慰, 慰蠁蔚委位慰蠀渭蔚 谓伪 蟿慰谓委蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蠈蟿喂 苇谓伪蟼 纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 蟿慰蠀 蔚委未慰蠀蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿蔚蠉蔚蟿伪喂 慰 Judt 胃伪 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭伪蟿喂蟽蟿蔚委 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 渭畏 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻维 蟿慰蠀 蟽畏渭伪谓蟿喂魏慰蠉 螒渭蔚蟻喂魏伪谓慰蠉 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏慰蠉 Howard Zinn.
螣 20慰蟼 伪喂蠋谓伪蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 渭喂伪 蟽蠀谓蔚蠂萎蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 伪谓胃蟻蠋蟺喂谓畏蟼 未蠀蟽蟿蠀蠂委伪蟼 魏伪喂 蟽蠀位位慰纬喂魏蠋谓 未蔚喂谓蠋谓 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 慰蟺慰委伪 尾纬萎魏伪渭蔚 蟺喂慰 胃位喂渭渭苇谓慰喂 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟽慰蠁蠈蟿蔚蟻慰喂, 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂 蟽蔚 魏维蟺慰喂伪 蟽蟿喂纬渭萎 渭苇蟽伪 蟽蟿慰 魏蔚委渭蔚谓蠈 蟿慰蠀. 韦伪 苇蟻纬伪 蟺慰蠀 魏位畏蟻慰谓蠈渭畏蟽蔚 慰 Tony Judt 慰蠁蔚委位慰蠀谓 谓伪 纬委谓慰蠀谓 慰未畏纬慰委 蟿蠈蟽慰 纬喂伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪魏伪未畏渭伪蠆魏慰蠉蟼 蟿伪纬慰蠉蟼, 蠈蟽慰 魏伪喂 纬喂伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺慰位委蟿蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂慰蠀谓 蠅蟼 蟽蟿蠈蠂慰 蟿畏谓 伪尉委伪 蟿畏蟼 螖畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿委伪蟼.
[螚 蟺伪蟻伪蟺维谓蠅 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎 未畏渭慰蟽喂蔚蠉蟿畏魏蔚 蟽蟿慰 蟽蟿喂蟼 12/09/2018 ]
November 22, 2021
3.5
I am so perplexed by this book. On one hand, it has been nice to read a mainstream, as opposed to a radical account of the (intellectual) history of the 20th century, whereby Judt and Snyder give a different, often illuminating, twist to a set of our shared intellectual references. Judt was a brilliant historian whose scope of expertise continues to amaze me, and I especially enjoyed (some of) his analysis of British and American societies.
On the other, the book, being a product of a conversation between two highly educated, liberal intellectuals, one could not ignore the snobbery and self-righteous tone that permeated every level of their analysis 鈥� from suppositions such as that any 鈥榚ducated鈥� 14-year old could read and comprehend Engels, to the openly condescending and patronising tone when referencing Hobsbawm, Sartre and 鈥� basically anyone on the Left.
Also an immanent critique point: did it not occur to them absolutely inconsistent to shit on any identitarian analysis while compartmentalising the book into chapters according to the different identities that Judt assumed in his life?
I am so perplexed by this book. On one hand, it has been nice to read a mainstream, as opposed to a radical account of the (intellectual) history of the 20th century, whereby Judt and Snyder give a different, often illuminating, twist to a set of our shared intellectual references. Judt was a brilliant historian whose scope of expertise continues to amaze me, and I especially enjoyed (some of) his analysis of British and American societies.
On the other, the book, being a product of a conversation between two highly educated, liberal intellectuals, one could not ignore the snobbery and self-righteous tone that permeated every level of their analysis 鈥� from suppositions such as that any 鈥榚ducated鈥� 14-year old could read and comprehend Engels, to the openly condescending and patronising tone when referencing Hobsbawm, Sartre and 鈥� basically anyone on the Left.
Also an immanent critique point: did it not occur to them absolutely inconsistent to shit on any identitarian analysis while compartmentalising the book into chapters according to the different identities that Judt assumed in his life?
January 30, 2025
袩芯谢褨褌懈泻芯-褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈泄 谐褨锌褋褌械褉, 褟泻懈泄 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写邪褦 锌褉芯 褋胁芯褦 褋褌邪薪芯胁谢械薪薪褟, 锌械褉械胁邪卸薪芯 邪泻邪写械屑褨褔薪褨 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩, 锌芯谐谢褟写懈 薪邪 谢褨胁懈褏, 锌褉邪胁懈褏, 械泻芯薪芯屑褨泻褍 褌邪 褨薪褕械.
May 25, 2018
A historian's task:"to tell what is almost always an uncomfortable story and explain why the discomfort is part of the truth we need to live well and live properly. A well-organised society is one in which we know the truth about ourselves collectively, not one in which we tell pleasant lies about ourselves". - Tony Judt
Thinking the Twentieth Century, by Tony Judt, is a conversation between the author, and historian Timothy Snyder, as Tony Judt's life came to an end. Diagnosed with ALS, Judt and Snyder wrote this book together, as a pseudo-biography and a rumination on history, politics and thought in the twentieth century. Themes and issues discussed in the book were wide, varied, and often tied into Judt's life. His English upbringing, ties to Zionism and Socialism, his alienation from Marxism, and his eventual infatuation with Eastern European history are all discussed. Themes such as belonging, nostalgia, genocide and so forth are also discussed.
This book is hard to write a comprehensive review on, due to its nature. It is a discussion between two adept and wise historians on everything important to these two figures in life, and how these things are tied into a greater narrative of the twentieth century. Chapters usually begin with biographical discussions on Judt's life, and then branch off into deeper themes and topics. The authors are well versed and studied historians, and the deep and thoughtful ruminations on each topic show the depth of their knowledge on historical subjects, and allude to a life of deep and critical analysis. Each chapter is a gold mine of information, sources for further reading, and interesting viewpoints on a variety of subjects, and was a pure joy to read and think on, for this reader anyway.
Interesting topics abound each chapter. Judt talks about his early ties to Zionism as a young Jewish man, and his adventures in the Kibbutz in Israel. This led him to become interested in Socialism, as he eventually fell out with the Israeli state and became critical of Israeli Imperialistic annexations after the Seven Days War in 1967. He moved on to become an academic, teaching at presigious schools in Europe and America, and writing books and papers on French Socialism, Eastern European history, and eventually, epistemology. His most famous work, Postwar (which I have yet to read), is a book on the post-WWII history of Europe, and has become a bestseller. Each page is saddled with feelings of nostalgia, as Judt looks back on his storied life and examines the details of his past, and how these trials and tribulations led him to his present point.
Frankly, this is an excellent book. It delves more into the sphere of epistemology and historiography, a meta narrative of history, life and thought during Judt's life. Topics range from French Socialism, to English literature, Eastern European history, and Zionism and Marxism. They are wide and varied, and well discussed and detailed, each being explained, examined and catalogued to the authors' satisfaction. This is one of the better books of history that I have read, and although it does not necessarily carry a unified theme, it does clearly lay out the life and times of a great historian. Judt's critical analysis are a pleasure to read and consider, and I very much enjoyed my time with this book - to the point where I may read it again in the future. Highly recommended for anyone interested in history, thought, and politics.
Thinking the Twentieth Century, by Tony Judt, is a conversation between the author, and historian Timothy Snyder, as Tony Judt's life came to an end. Diagnosed with ALS, Judt and Snyder wrote this book together, as a pseudo-biography and a rumination on history, politics and thought in the twentieth century. Themes and issues discussed in the book were wide, varied, and often tied into Judt's life. His English upbringing, ties to Zionism and Socialism, his alienation from Marxism, and his eventual infatuation with Eastern European history are all discussed. Themes such as belonging, nostalgia, genocide and so forth are also discussed.
This book is hard to write a comprehensive review on, due to its nature. It is a discussion between two adept and wise historians on everything important to these two figures in life, and how these things are tied into a greater narrative of the twentieth century. Chapters usually begin with biographical discussions on Judt's life, and then branch off into deeper themes and topics. The authors are well versed and studied historians, and the deep and thoughtful ruminations on each topic show the depth of their knowledge on historical subjects, and allude to a life of deep and critical analysis. Each chapter is a gold mine of information, sources for further reading, and interesting viewpoints on a variety of subjects, and was a pure joy to read and think on, for this reader anyway.
Interesting topics abound each chapter. Judt talks about his early ties to Zionism as a young Jewish man, and his adventures in the Kibbutz in Israel. This led him to become interested in Socialism, as he eventually fell out with the Israeli state and became critical of Israeli Imperialistic annexations after the Seven Days War in 1967. He moved on to become an academic, teaching at presigious schools in Europe and America, and writing books and papers on French Socialism, Eastern European history, and eventually, epistemology. His most famous work, Postwar (which I have yet to read), is a book on the post-WWII history of Europe, and has become a bestseller. Each page is saddled with feelings of nostalgia, as Judt looks back on his storied life and examines the details of his past, and how these trials and tribulations led him to his present point.
Frankly, this is an excellent book. It delves more into the sphere of epistemology and historiography, a meta narrative of history, life and thought during Judt's life. Topics range from French Socialism, to English literature, Eastern European history, and Zionism and Marxism. They are wide and varied, and well discussed and detailed, each being explained, examined and catalogued to the authors' satisfaction. This is one of the better books of history that I have read, and although it does not necessarily carry a unified theme, it does clearly lay out the life and times of a great historian. Judt's critical analysis are a pleasure to read and consider, and I very much enjoyed my time with this book - to the point where I may read it again in the future. Highly recommended for anyone interested in history, thought, and politics.
February 23, 2012
The economic, political and social questions of how to form, run and maintain a culture are never going to go away. They were important questions two hundred years ago, and they are important questions today. Today they seem even more relevant: faced with a western economy that has still not recovered from a massive crash in 2008, and show no true signs of recovery, and where major wars are still being fought to bring this abstract concept of democracy to lands we feel need them.
Historian Tony Judt, best known for his work Postwar, has been troubled by questions of economy and politics for many decades 鈥� and was working on another new book before his untimely death. This book, Thinking the Twentieth Century, is at first glance an unusual book. It is a conversation held with fellow historian Timothy Snyder about a whole manner of different concepts and countries: they shift across Eastern Europe, to France, Germany, the UK, and the USA. They cross decades. They reference people whose names will be unfamiliar to most readers. In fact, this comes across as probably the most intelligent conversation you鈥檒l ever have the honour of listening in to. At the heart of this conversation are those questions that never go away.
Not that Judt or Snyder provide solutions 鈥� they don鈥檛 think they鈥檇 ever presume to offer solutions 鈥� but what they do offer is new and interesting ways of looking at these age old problems. They illustrate why systems 鈥� be they political, economic or social 鈥� have failed, and they suggest ways in which the intentions behind those systems 鈥� intentions that still need realising, might be best realised.
Like with all of Tony Judt鈥檚 books, this is a book that one does not absorb lightly, or quickly. Its lessons need to be considered, distilled in the mind, pondered about, argued with. They require work from the reader. Thinking the Twentieth Century may not be his best book 鈥� but for the person interesting in those big questions listed at the top of this review, it is certainly a book to engage with, disagree with, and be challenged by. It is important that somebody is asking the questions men like Judt and Synder are asking: but it would be better if more were, and that those who finally have to answer our economic, political and social questions had read it too.
Historian Tony Judt, best known for his work Postwar, has been troubled by questions of economy and politics for many decades 鈥� and was working on another new book before his untimely death. This book, Thinking the Twentieth Century, is at first glance an unusual book. It is a conversation held with fellow historian Timothy Snyder about a whole manner of different concepts and countries: they shift across Eastern Europe, to France, Germany, the UK, and the USA. They cross decades. They reference people whose names will be unfamiliar to most readers. In fact, this comes across as probably the most intelligent conversation you鈥檒l ever have the honour of listening in to. At the heart of this conversation are those questions that never go away.
Not that Judt or Snyder provide solutions 鈥� they don鈥檛 think they鈥檇 ever presume to offer solutions 鈥� but what they do offer is new and interesting ways of looking at these age old problems. They illustrate why systems 鈥� be they political, economic or social 鈥� have failed, and they suggest ways in which the intentions behind those systems 鈥� intentions that still need realising, might be best realised.
Like with all of Tony Judt鈥檚 books, this is a book that one does not absorb lightly, or quickly. Its lessons need to be considered, distilled in the mind, pondered about, argued with. They require work from the reader. Thinking the Twentieth Century may not be his best book 鈥� but for the person interesting in those big questions listed at the top of this review, it is certainly a book to engage with, disagree with, and be challenged by. It is important that somebody is asking the questions men like Judt and Synder are asking: but it would be better if more were, and that those who finally have to answer our economic, political and social questions had read it too.
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