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Pessoa: A Biography

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Like Richard Ellmann’s James Joyce, Richard Zenith’s Pessoa immortalizes the life of one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers.

Nearly a century after his wrenching death, the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa (1888�1935) remains one of our most enigmatic writers. Believing he could do “more in dreams than Napoleon,� yet haunted by the specter of hereditary madness, Pessoa invented dozens of alter egos, or “heteronyms,� under whose names he wrote in Portuguese, English, and French. Unsurprisingly, this “most multifarious of writers� (Guardian) has long eluded a definitive biographer—but in renowned translator and Pessoa scholar Richard Zenith, he has met his match.

Relatively unknown in his lifetime, Pessoa was all but destined for literary oblivion when the arc of his afterlife bent, suddenly and improbably, toward greatness, with the discovery of some 25,000 unpublished papers left in a large, wooden trunk. Drawing on this vast archive of sources as well as on unpublished family letters, and skillfully setting the poet’s life against the nationalist currents of twentieth-century European history, Zenith at last reveals the true depths of Pessoa’s teeming imagination and literary genius.

Much as Nobel laureate José Saramago brought a single heteronym to life in The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, Zenith traces the backstories of virtually all of Pessoa’s imagined personalities, demonstrating how they were projections, spin-offs, or metamorphoses of Pessoa himself. A solitary man who had only one, ultimately platonic love affair, Pessoa used his and his heteronyms� writings to explore questions of sexuality, to obsessively search after spiritual truth, and to try to chart a way forward for a benighted and politically agitated Portugal.

Although he preferred the world of his mind, Pessoa was nonetheless a man of the places he inhabited, including not only Lisbon but also turn-of-the-century Durban, South Africa, where he spent nine years as a child. Zenith re-creates the drama of Pessoa’s adolescence—when the first heteronyms emerged—and his bumbling attempts to survive as a translator and publisher. Zenith introduces us, too, to Pessoa’s bohemian circle of friends, and to Ophelia Quieroz, with whom he exchanged numerous love letters. Pessoa reveals in equal force the poet’s unwavering commitment to defending homosexual writers whose books had been banned, as well as his courageous opposition to Salazar, the Portuguese dictator, toward the end of his life. In stunning, magisterial prose, Zenith contextualizes Pessoa’s posthumous literary achievements—especially his most renowned work, The Book of Disquiet.

A modern literary masterpiece, Pessoa simultaneously immortalizes the life of a literary maestro and confirms the enduring power of Pessoa’s work to speak prophetically to the disconnectedness of our modern world.

1088 pages, Hardcover

First published July 20, 2021

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About the author

Richard Zenith

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Richard Zenith is an acclaimed translator and literary critic. His translations include Fernando Pessoa’s The Book of Disquiet and Fernando Pessoa and Co.: Selected Poems, which won the PEN Award for Poetry in Translation. The recipient of Portugal’s Pessoa Prize, Zenith lives in Lisbon, Portugal.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 65 reviews
Profile Image for Ulysse.
369 reviews190 followers
March 27, 2025

Would you read a thousand-page biography
Of a person who had no life?
A person who didn't have a real job?
A person who wrote and drank and smoked his life away?
Who never changed the style of his dark suits?
Who went to the beach once and kept his dark suit on?
Who sat at the same tables of the same cafés with the same people drinking the same drinks smoking the same cigarettes day after day?
Who had his moustaches trimmed daily?
Whose eyes disappeared from behind thick glasses?
Who feared women like the plague?
Who preferred men but not carnally?
A person who only ever made love to his own brain?
Who changed his mind like one changes hats?
A nonentity who contained multitudes?
Who was Fernando on Monday
Alexander on Tuesday
Alberto on Wednesday
Alvaro on Thursday
Ricardo on Friday
Bernardo on Saturday
Nobody on Sunday?
A person who saw the universe in a tobacco shop
A Greek portico in the setting sun
A sunflower in a sunflower?
A person who never wrote about himself
But was in everything he wrote?
Who had no opinions about anything
But could see everything from every angle
Feel everything in every way possible?
Who was a conservative experimentalist
A prudish sensualist
A Rosicrucian and a Knight Templar
A one-man military dictatorship for individual freedom
A White Magician
An emperor of the Portuguese tongue
Who could barely complete a single task?
Who would start a poem a letter a story a business venture a plan to take over the world all on the same day
And by sundown all would be shelved incomplete?
A person who died at 47 having only published a slim volume of poems and some articles?
Who left behind some 30,000 scribbled-on pieces of paper in a large trunk?
A person whose name is now on the lips of pretty much anyone who cares about literature?
Whose poetry is tattooed on the flesh of non-virgins?
Whose songs will be sung by sailors yet unborn?

Would you read such a biography?

I would and I have

A month and a half of my life reading about a guy
Who had no life no job no nothing...

And let me tell you something
I would do it all over again

Just not today
Profile Image for jeremy.
1,183 reviews292 followers
August 22, 2021
pessoa could not imagine that his literary dispersion, which faithfully mirrors our ontological instability and the absence of intrinsic unity in the world we inhabit, would make him required reading by the time the next century arrived.
richard zenith's biography of the enigmatic portuguese modernist master is mammoth in ambition, scope, and accomplishment. pessoa is a relentlessly engrossing work of the life and times of the heteronymic poet and prose writer. meticulously researched (the book took some 12-13 years to complete) and definitively comprehensive, zenith's biography is itself a work of art (and it must be noted that zenith's erudition and absolutely exquisite vocabulary make every page a delight to read).

whether recounting pessoa's early life, myriad literary plans (most of which never came to fruition), curious temperament and personality, sociopolitical milieu, chronic debt, attraction to mysticism and his ongoing "quest for esoteric truth," excessive drinking, "monosexuality," political leanings � to say nothing of his contextual and critical take on his heteronyms and the writer(s)'s prodigious output � zenith's masterwork is the portrait of an artist as an "absolute individualist." some eight and a half decades after his passing, pessoa refracts its subject's resplendent genius in scintillating detail.
pessoa's writings were, by and large, provisional visual representations of his soul. in fact, he never stopped showing us who he was or was trying to be. his poems and prose pieces were him, his own person, or the bits and pieces of the person, or pessoa, who did not exist as such. his sexual life? his spiritual life? they may be found in his writing, and nowhere else but his writing. there is no secret pessoa for the biographer to reveal.
Profile Image for Eylül Görmüş.
656 reviews3,947 followers
April 6, 2025
Ne kitap ama, ne kitap. Hayatımda okuduğum en iyi birkaç biyografiden biri oldu Richard Zenith'in Pessoa'sı. Bütün Pessoaları anlatan, tüm o parça parça Pessoalardan bir büyük resim çıkarmayı başaran, muazzam bir emek ve sabırla derlenmiş bir metin, büyük, devasa bir iş. Kimi biyografi yazarları teknik bir konu gibi yaklaşır meseleye ve okuru bilgiye boğar, kimisi süjesinin büyüsüne kapılıp duygulardan örer metni - Zenith'in yaptığı işin kusursuzluğu ise bence bu ikisinin dengesini muazzam kurmuş olmasında. Pessoa'ya duyduğu hayranlık her satıra sinmiş ama bu hayranlık yazarın gözünü kör de etmemiş. Ne diyebilirim ki, hem Zenith'e büyük hayranlık duydum, hem Pessoa'ya duyduğum hayranlık katlandı.

Herhalde edebiyat tarihinde biyografisini yazmanın en zor olduğu isimlerin başında geliyor Pessoa. Onlarca heteronim altında bölük pörçük eserler vermiş, büyüklüğü ölümünden çok sonra, sandığındaki Huzursuzluğun Kitabı fragmanları birleştirilince anlaşılabilmiş; gizemli, tuhaf, izini sürmesi ziyadesiyle zor biri o. Ama Zenith başarmış.

Karşımızdaki epeyce kapsamlı bir iş, öyle ki sadece çocukluğunun anlatıldığı bölüm 185 sayfa sürüyor. Fakat gelin görün ki akademik düzeyde bir detay ve titizlikle hazırlanmış bu metin, Zenith'in oyunbaz ve edebî dili sayesinde kendini hiç sıkmadan okutuyor. Genelde yazar biyografilerinde çocukluktan ziyade eserlerini üretmeye başladıkları döneme ve sonrasına daha çok odaklanılır, ancak Zenith bence çok doğru bir tercihle hikayeye en baştan başlamayı seçiyor, Pessoa'nın kendine neden sayısız heteronim üretmeyi tercih ettiğini anlamanın yolu bence de o çocukluktan geçiyor çünkü.

Çok, çok, çok şey öğrendim; hem Pessoa'ya, hem 20. yüzyıl başı Portekiz'ine ve Avrupa'sına, hem dönemin siyasi krizlerine ve dönüşümlerine dair... Pessoa'yı tamamen anlamak mümkün mü bilmiyorum, ama anlamaya bundan daha fazla yaklaşabileceğimi sanmıyorum. Bu sadece bir biyografi değil, bir edebiyatçıya dair yazılmış bir büyük edebî eser.

Kitabı dilimize böyle kusursuz ve hatasız biçimde kazandıran çevirmen Can Sezer ile kitabın editörü Emre Tokcael'e ve tabii ki Everest Yayınları'na da ayrıca teşekkürler. Büyük bir iş sahiden.
Profile Image for Sofia.
957 reviews123 followers
June 30, 2022
Durante algumas semanas, o meu mundo foi Lisboa no primeiro quarto de século e Pessoa. Pessoa, sempre.
Creio ser impossível não gostar deste último trabalho de Richard Zenith (ouso arriscar classificá-lo como "O" trabalho de uma vida) e as 1200 páginas passam a voar...
Tal como Pessoa com as suas criações literárias, também eu viajei nas páginas do livro.
Obrigada, R. Zenith.
Profile Image for Vítor Leal.
115 reviews23 followers
July 27, 2022
"Atento ao que sou e vejo,
Torno-me eles e não eu.
Cada meu sonho ou desejo,
É do que nasce e não meu.

(24 de Agosto de 1930)"
Profile Image for Nelson Zagalo.
Author13 books440 followers
November 25, 2023
Demorou, são quase 1200 páginas e não há propriamente um enredo a puxar pela nossa curiosidade, não que fosse necessário dada a enigmática persona de Pessoa, e, no entanto, algo faltou. Zenith escreve de forma soberba, diria que ao fim de 30 anos a editar e traduzir Pessoa se aproximou muito do seu estilo. Mas esperava mais. Pessoa resulta numa das biografias mais realistas que li, mesmo que Zenith embelese descrições com imaginação, romanceando ações e desejos, fá-lo a partir do interior de um Pessoa que se habituou a conhecer como uma espécie de segunda identidade. No final, o realismo de Zenith dá-nos um Pessoa humano, para mim, demasiado humano. Não queria um herói, não precisava de nos dar o “Super-Camões�, mas o que é uma biografia se não a história que sustenta a razão pela qual a memória perdura?

O livro abre com um Prólogo excecional, com uma escrita irrepreensível lançando toda uma contextualização de Pessoa que nos agarra e faz sonhar, criando expectativas elevadas para o resto do livro. Contudo, assim que se inicia o contar da vida de Pessoa, a história cola-se às ações registadas, praticamente tudo o que é dito parece brotado de algum registo, seja de Pessoa, da sua família, dos jornais, amigos ou outros que com ele conviveram. Impressiona, demonstra um trabalho imenso de pesquisa, percebe-se porque demorou 13 anos a escrever, e mais do que isso, cria um registo que ficará para a posterioridade. Passo a passo, Zenith vai descrevendo tudo o que se conhece sobre o autor, ficando a dúvida se ousou deixar algo de fora, tal o detalhe sempre suportado.

Esta abordagem permite a muitos de nós conhecer melhor o Portugal do início do século XX, o fim da monarquia, o surgimento da República, a sede de renascimento artístico, as influências externas, a relação com a política inglesa e a cultura francesa, os movimentos da elite lisboeta, contudo fica a dúvida sobre quanto disso poderá interessar a não-portugueses. Por outro lado, o detalhe é tanto, existem tantos pontos relevados e discutidos que a figura de Pessoa acaba a perder-se por entre eles. Mesmo toda a descrição dos amigos de Pessoa envolvidos na criação dos vários projetos editoriais e de movimentos artísticos vai a um detalhe tal em que deixamos de ver Pessoa para ver o que era a vida naquele tempo no meio daquelas pessoas. Sendo relevante, e por vezes até interessante, o desfoque acontece. Pessoa nunca sai de cena, mas Pessoa é apenas mais um. Zenith assume um posicionamento profundamente realista, apresenta o homem enquanto homem, mas um livro destes não devia dar-nos apenas o homem, pois não é ele que robustece a imaginação de quem o leu e ousou sonhar com ele.

Zenith parece ter gizado uma missão, dar conta de tudo e todos aqueles em que Pessoa tocou, contudo com isso perdeu a hipótese de ir à essência do que fez de Pessoa a pessoa que fez tantos de nós apaixonar-se pela língua portuguesa. Porque isso não foi feito pelo simples ato de existir, de fazer coisas, de se relacionar com pessoas, de se relacionar com autoridades. Zenith esforçou-se por nos dar acesso a praticamente todas as facetas de Pessoa, não apenas os seus heterónimos, mas especialmente, as da sua personalidade, indo muito para além do que se tem lido como retrato geral do autor. Zenith dedica centenas de páginas aos seus traços mais negativos � o racismo, a misoginia, a homofobia, o alcoolismo, o nacionalismo, as dívidas, tudo rodeado de um enorme inconseguimento. Dito assim, em sucedâneo, parece que se construiu aqui o traço de uma persona-non-grata, contudo Zenith fá-lo com imenso cuidado, desvelando e justificando sempre em cada momento, raramente permitindo que os traços negativos contaminem a aura maior de Pessoa. O detalhe na apresentação destas facetas, com dados e perspetivas múltiplas, é de tal ordem que se torna possível acreditar que Pessoa foi o diabo e o santo, porque que tendo dito/escrito, nada disso terá passado da superfície, parte das suas múltiplas máscaras, nunca tendo tocado a verdadeira essência do Ser de Pessoa.

Ora se todo este mundo de provas e contra-provas serve para manter Pessoa imaculado, acaba fragilizando tremendamente a sua identidade. Ora é uma coisa, ora é outra. Mesmo sabendo que Pessoa passou pela vida exatamente dessa forma, daí os heterónimos. Pessoa foi tudo o que quis imaginar ser, sem nunca o ser, o que em defesa de Zenith, suporta totalmente a sua abordagem. Mas isso não deixa de lhe retirar poder, de cortar a ambição de querer chegar a uma persona interior, ao motor por debaixo de todas aquelas máscaras que nos faz sonhar de todas as vezes que abrimos um livro seu.

A parte final da biografia dá um espaço enorme ao esoterismo vivido pelo poeta, não foi o único, foi uma época terrível para a elite intelectual europeia que se deixou seduzir pela astrologia, espiritismo e sabe-se lá mais o quê. Mas fica-me a impressão de que Zenith tenta nesta parte do friso cronológico elevar a persona além do realismo por via dessas condições esotéricas. Talvez seja uma interpretação errónea minha, mas senti esse forçar do espiritual em Pessoa como a machadada final na depreciação da persona de Pessoa. Percebo a ideia, o mundo do paranormal é uma porta fácil para o incomum, o excecional, mas é também uma porta direta para a incapacidade crítica e analítica, algo que não combina com a agudez dos escritos de Pessoa.

E mais perto ainda da reta final, Zenith remata tudo com o nacionalismo de Pessoa, os seus textos em defesa do Estado Novo, de António Ferro e António Salazar. Não o faz sem mostrar como Pessoa compreendeu a determinada altura que tinha errado, que se tinha enganado totalmente, fazendo uma reviravolta de 180º. Zenith não podia não relatar tal, mas o problema não está aí, surge antes pelo modo como dedicou toda a sua abordagem a mostrar sempre o lado mau e bom, a construir e a elevar sempre o humano simples por detrás do grande poeta, falando do homem comum, esquecendo o artista. Mesmo quando em determinados momentos Zenith dá conta do “génio�, nomeadamente pelas palavras do próprio Pessoa, tal nunca é apresentado como efetivo, parece restar sempre uma sombra, uma dúvida sobre o tamanho dessa genialidade.

Como comecei por dizer, não queria um herói, mas escrever uma biografia é acima de tudo um trabalho de edição da vida de alguém. Quando se resolve nada editar, e a tudo dar o mesmo destaque, surge uma enorme manta de retalhos que dando conta daquilo que uma vida realmente é, não evidencia a pessoa que realmente foi. Todos nós em certas idades dizemos coisas que nunca diríamos passados 10 ou 20 anos, mudamos, crescemos, pensamos coisas negras que nunca diríamos a ninguém e que erradamente escrevemos em diários. Na verdade, somos muito mais do que a capa que continuamente editamos de nós mesmos. E se tudo isso nos pode aproximar daquilo que foi uma vida, as ações e atividades feitas ao longo de 47 anos, nem por isso nos dá uma noção mais completa de quem efetivamente foi, ou melhor, do que verdadeiramente representou e representa. Porque não recordamos tudo e todos, escolhemos quem recordamos, mas mais do que isso, escolhemos como recordar cada uma dessas pessoas que passou por nós. E porque o trabalho do historiador é mais do que descrever, é mais do que desenhar um friso cronológico e preenchê-lo de eventos, é também um trabalho de interpretação.

No final do livro ficou-me o trago amargo de uma biografia que foi ao extremo do pós-modernismo para demonstrar que o ser humano não tem qualquer relação com as clássicas narrativas lineares, ditas “manipuladoras�. Que o ser humano não passa de um conjunto de momentos desencontrados que se vão somando ano após ano, contribuindo para um todo que nunca deixa de ser um amontado de fragmentos. E no entanto, Zenith não deixa de seguir o elemento mais linear de todos, o tempo, sendo na verdade o único vetor consistente que usa para suportar todos aqueles fragmentos. Disse amargo, porque reconhecendo que somos feitos desses fragmentos, aquilo que continua a manter o meu interesse no estudo da narrativa é exatamente o modo como ela, e nós biologicamente dependentes dela, ignora todo esse acaso cósmico para continuar a oferecer-nos estruturas organizadas de informação que servem o exaltar do nosso pensamento e sentir.

Sobre as edições. A versão original foi publicada primeiro em inglês (2021), tendo eu lido pouco mais de metade nessa edição, ainda que na versão áudio com a belíssima narração de Nigel Patterson (42h). O restante foi lido na também belíssima tradução portuguesa dos Telles de Menezes (2022). Passando de uma versão para a outra, fazendo algumas comparações, não senti que nenhuma fosse superior, a qualidade do texto de Zenith mantém-se elevada e a leitura é extremamente fluída. Assim, se a minha crítica acima soa bastante negativa, a leitura do livro não deixa de ser uma mais-valia enquanto experiência, pelo que deixo aqui algumas ligações para outras análises, bem mais positivas, do The Guardian e New York Times.

4.5/5

Publicado com imagens e links no substack, "A biografia fragmentada de Pessoa"
Profile Image for Steve Donoghue.
186 reviews617 followers
Read
September 11, 2021
On one level, Fernando Pessoa is an even less likely subject for a biography - much less a thousand-page biography - than most writers, which gives you a good idea of the challenge here, since most writers are mighty turgid beings. But Richard Zenith is not only one of the world's foremost Pessoa scholars but also, like his subject, deeply enamored of storytelling. So despite the fact that Pessoa spent a great, great deal of his life nibbling and scribbling (and drinking) in one little room, this big book is quietly but intensely entertaining. My full review is here:
Profile Image for James Murphy.
982 reviews12 followers
September 11, 2021
I've been reading Fernando Pessoa for many years. I've owned several collections of his poetry and at one time owned 2 different translations of the fragmentary autobiography considered his masterpiece, The Book of Disquiet. So I was eager for Richard Zenith's huge biography of him. It disappointed me. Not the quality of the biography itself because it's clearly a thorough, balanced portrait of the man and his work. The book is probably much more than I need (or want) to know about Pessoa. As fine as Zenith's book is, he was unable to make him interesting to me. The portrait Zenith painted of the man away from his poetry showed Pessoa without the professional skills or will to become more than he was, a modestly-published but greatly-admired poet. Too private, too shy, too inept at publishing and other business ventures, Zenith has little character to work with and yet, so complete is his research, he makes an enormous book out of him. Even his eccentricities, like his dependence on horoscopes and his interest in the spiritual realm or his use of the many famous heteronyms, the many shards of personality attributed as authors of the writings (a useful description of 47 of them precede the biography itself), once fully-analyzed, become colorless and...well, unusual rather than thought-provoking. Another problem is the comprehensive descriptions of early 20th century Portuguese arts and politics. Most of us aren't steeped in things Portuguese, anyway, once we veer away from Jose Saramago or Antonio Lobo Antunes. So I had trouble relating to the in-depth news of the arts scene and artists around Pessoa. For all the above reasons and more, I didn't get much out of my reading. As biography it's an achievement. I found its subject less interesting than I could have known.

Lately I've been rereading Virginia Woolf's Diaries and recently came to August 1922 when she was reading James Joyce's Ulysses and being disappointed by it for a variety of reasons. I think that one of her comments probably reflects my reception of Zenith's biography of Pessoa: "...so no doubt I have scamped the virtue of it more than is fair."
Profile Image for Ana.
699 reviews157 followers
December 31, 2024
A minha epopeia de 2024, que consegui concluir mesmo ao cair do pano deste ano!
Uma obra primorosa, mas que, para mim, esmiúça algo em demasia a parte literária...

NOTA - 09/10

Parabéns a mim mesma, porque CONSEGUI!!!
Profile Image for Ensaio Sobre o Desassossego.
381 reviews197 followers
August 27, 2022
Fernando Pessoa é o meu poeta favorito. Ainda tenho em mim a mesma sensação que tive quando li pela primeira vez um poema dele nas aulas de Português no secundário: wow. Esta pessoa está a escrever exactamente aquilo que eu sinto!! Foi a primeira vez que me vi representada na literatura, foi a primeira vez que percebi não estar sozinha neste caos que é o universo. Tenho muito a agradecer à minha Professora de Português do 12° ano que nos ensinou Fernando Pessoa de uma forma tão bela e tão única.

Apaixonei-me pelo "Lisbon Revisited" à primeira leitura, mas foi com o poema "Aniversário", declamado de uma forma tão bonita pela minha Professora, que eu chorei com um poema. Eu estou ali, naquele poema. Sempre que o leio, volto imediatamente a ser a menina de 17 anos numa sala de aula a ouvir a professora a declamar com emoção. Todas as sensações regressam a mim. Caraças, como é que algo escrito por uma pessoa, que nunca me conheceu, há quase 100 anos pode dizer-me tanto, falar-me tanto à alma, ao ponto de eu me reconhecer nele.

Nos stories do instagram, fui partilhando excertos da biografia e fui fazendo alguns comentários, chamando sempre o Sr. Pessoa de Nandinho. Permitam-me esta intimidade com o Poeta, mas é que olho para o Fernando Pessoa e vejo-me a mim. Revejo-me nele, nos sentimentos e emoções transmitidos nos poemas. Mesmo que o poeta seja um fingidor, que não era verdade no caso do Pessoa, conseguiu escrever e descrever tão bem o que é isto de ser-se humano.

Há muita coisa a dizer sobre esta biografia, mas o principal é que, na minha opinião, este é o grande acontecimento literário de 2022 em Portugal. Que portento de livro!

Nesta biografia, ficamos a saber que Pessoa era misógino, racista, elitista, defendia uma sociedade baseada em classes, ria-se da ideia de igualdade de género. Mas também ficamos a perceber que tudo isto não passava de uma máscara, uma armadura protectora de quem se sente profundamente deslocado, profundamente só.

Nos agradecimentos, Richard Zenith escreve que "Pessoa nunca poderia ser captado, definido, abarcado. Espero ter escrito um livro que pelo menos ajude o leitor a sentir Pessoa." E é isto que é ler esta biografia: sentir Pessoa 💙
Profile Image for Raquel.
393 reviews
September 26, 2023
Um trabalho muitíssimo exaustivo, detalhado, comovente. Aliás, as quatro estrelas têm que ver apenas com a extensão do livro (a meu ver existem certas contextualizações demasiado extensas). O autor leva-nos ao âmago da complexidade de Pessoa; um universo que tem a magia e a ancestralidade de grutas antigas e misteriosas. Para os amantes da obra de Pessoa esta é uma biografia obrigatória. A par da vida do grande Poeta, existe ainda a descrição do Portugal do início do século XX e a menção às principais figuras artísticas e políticas dessa época. Uma obra que requer fôlego mas que vale muito a pena. Estranha-se e depois entranha-se, como diria o Poeta.
Profile Image for Ajay P. mangattu.
Author8 books151 followers
October 21, 2021
for a reader of Pessoa, this would be an exciting and beautiful book from translator-scholar Richard Zenith. An exhaustive one.
Profile Image for Myles.
612 reviews32 followers
August 6, 2021
THE Pessoa book by THE Pessoa guy. Just found that I preferred the biographer to his subject. Zenith is a thoughtful, obsessive, and playful writer. Pessoa is all of those things too, but he’s also a disorganized closet-case with his head in clouds and some objectionable opinions on minorities. Makes an interesting poet, not a thousand pages of biography, which explains why maybe a third of this book is (really interesting) historical context on Portuguese colonialism, the rise of fascism in Europe, and a class history of Lisbon� somewhere I now need to visit.
Profile Image for Rita (the_bookthiefgirl).
309 reviews76 followers
August 2, 2022
“Pouco sabemos sobre o homem. Aí reside a alegoria. Em vez disso, deixou uma pletora de personagens dramáticas bem mais vívidas do que muitas personalidades humanas.�

É a terceira vez este ano que embarco na aventura de conhecer a biografia de grandes escritores. E que aventura foi esta, absolutamente rápida e tão intensa, que nem sequer dei pelo tempo passar. A excecionalidade que foi conhecer a história de Fernando Pessoa, um nome não notável na sua época, que se rodeou de uma áurea de mistério durante muito tempo, tendo-se-nos apenas sido descrito pelas palavras de Gaspar Simões(seu primeiro biógrafo), e cujo conteúdo da sua famosa arca ainda nos traz pistas tão contraditórias e singulares da sua vida. �

Um dos maiores marcos da literatura portuguesa, não só como ortónimo, mas também pela diversidade de personagens que fez chegar até nós, leitores. Um génio muito mal compreendido. Até Richard Zenith desencantar a sua vida, desde o dia em que nasceu, 13 de Junho de 1888, até à data da sua morte, 30 de novembro de 1935. ( “I know not what tomorrow will bring”� ).

Este livro faz o retrato não só do génio que Pessoa era, mas também o homem com as suas fragilidades, todos os que impactaram na sua vida , as melhores amigas que foram as palavras e a literatura durante toda a sua existência, deixando-nos um legado literário tão vasto e genial. ❤Da criança de constituição frágil, solitária e de imaginação fértil até ao homem de aparência calma, que não se coadunava com a rotina e se sentia desencaixado no mundo, Fernando Pessoa é, nas palavras de Zenith, um homem com H grande, com todos as suas qualidades e dark sides. Porque Pessoa foi o pacote todo. Racista, xenófobo, machista mas , no mesmo pé, defensor do homossexualismo, do ocultismo, da liberdade individual.

Calcorreamos, com este livro, as ruas de Lisboa, onde Pessoa viajou sem viajar; Durban e outros homens singulares como Winston Churchill e Ghandi; a história da situação política de Portugal e o ambiente caótico que caraterizou a Europa do final do século XIX até aos anos 30; o movimento vanguardista da arte e literatura de Almada Negreiros, Santa Rita Pintor e Mário de Sá Carneiro, companheiros de Pessoa.

Viajamos através das vivências do poeta; as suas aventuras, amizades e até a sua história amorosa com Ofélia Queiroz, a santa paciente que provavelmente nunca amou mais ninguém que o seu Nandinho. Tudo isso feito numa linguagem acessível, absolutamente cinematográfica e com contexto absolutamente compreensível. Adorei a maneira como Zenith terminou os subcapítulos, as frases com que descreve psicologicamente Pessoa de uma maneira assim poética.

“ele usou a escrita não para exprimir passivamente quem era, mas para se estudar experimentalmente, para se transformar e expandir.�

Fez-me rir, escrever imensos, imensos comentários acerca da sua personalidade tão, tão singular mas também me fez admirá-lo. Entender a sua dispersão, o seu fracasso perante os seus inúmeros projetos e, no entanto, ele próprio acreditava na sua fama após a morte, na existência de um quinto Império que levantasse o esplendor da literatura portuguesa. E isso fez-me abalar, a sua opinião convicta na nossa língua, apesar de não concordar com o contexto político do país. Diria que Fernando Pessoa foi um homem português como muitos não foram.

Posso dizer que antes de ler a sua biografia, tinha receio de ler “O Livro do Desassossego�. Agora a minha vontade aumentou mais do que nunca. Assim como conhecer o habitáculo na rua Coelho Rocha, em Lisboa. �
Profile Image for Mattjmjmjm.
111 reviews28 followers
August 7, 2021
"For Pessoa as for Campos, who in this case served as his creator’s faithful spokesman, the self’s true emotions cannot be intelligibly known, much less expressed, and the self is unreliable, its reality forever fluid, contingent on its changing relations with the surrounding environment. Self-knowledge, or individuality, is, therefore, a matter of attitude, of acting. The great artist, or great anything, is a great pretender."

This is a masterpiece of a biography about a writer who always seems to elude the reader of his true self, despite this fact, Richard Zenith gives an extremely comprehensive look at not just Pessoa's life and mind frame but his social clique and the early 20th-century history of Portugal. No matter how much detail and insight Zenith the reader might struggle to understand Pessoa as a person. He was a writer that can't be explained as simply shy and introverted but as one hesitant to share the full extent of his imaginative and intellectual life. From a young age, he made heteronyms, these fictional personalities based on the many selves of Pessoa, he read the works of Milton, Percy Shelley, and Shakespeare in the original because of his education of the English language in South Africa. He had many languages at his disposal, an active and imaginative mind to become extremely famous in his lifetime like T.S Eliot and James Joyce but Pessoa was a silent genius in a way.

Yes, he did publish some poems but most of his works remained unpublished during his lifetime. He shared his limited but active social with many modernist writers at the same time. Many people encouraged him to publish but he often refused at times or failed to acquire a publisher. Even when one of his works gain recognition in 1934 many critics found him too cerebral and unemotive, mystical due to his interest in astrology and religious cults. He often failed to complete works of fiction and poetry, he refused to have set work hours(he did translations and business letters for a living), get himself in serious debt but didn't he seem panicked at that fact and was never intimate with most of his friends.

In my aim to understand one of my favorite modernist writers,I have come back full circle with a sense that yes I understand him a bit more but he remains alien. His obsession with mystical pracitices, his disregard for ordinary people, and his unwillingness to be practical in most areas of life. In a way, he was all too human, desperate for meaning in a meaningless world, a world becoming secular by the moment, his interest was also shared by WB Yeats and Rilke in his search for religious meaning. I connect to him for I privilege the life of the mind as one of the most things a civilized society can protect if there is no time or money for the life of the mind there is no real freedom, I think he would have agreed with me on that point. I share his love for literature and philosophy, with writers like Percy Shelley and Milton's fascination with language and meaning. The best of writers you have to feel this connection that you both care about the important things of life, a common culture exists among many dead/alive writers and their readers. I hope to reread Pessoa's works(the ones I have access to) and see his works in a new light.

Profile Image for Mady.
1,303 reviews25 followers
December 4, 2023
This is a really difficult book to rate and I think *I* deserve 5 stars for not giving up and having managed to read such a long and detailed (and often repetitive) account of Pessoa's life! It took me about 10 months to read as I picked it up on & off.

On the one hand I learned a LOT about Portugal's politics and social situation in late 19th, early 20th century, about Pessoa's life (I had no clue!), his heteronyms, Orpheu & other artists that crossed his path. But on the other hand, it also bored me to tears with some frequent repetition of Pessoa's trait for procrastination, planning but not execution, his spiritualist sessions, astrology maps...

Generally I don’t like to read translations, but this book was an impossible case. Somehow I thought it would be better to read it in English and have access to Zenith's original text, but with the very few exception of random words or lines, all Pessoa’s poetry in this book has been translated into English (and why not include the original version as well?).

And I've found this comment by Zenith really surprising: ‘Ricardo Reis, who’s as a hard-core monarchist (his last name means ‘kings�)� - does this mean that all Portuguese people with "Reis" as surname are monarchists?

At some point my feeling was that what Zenith didn’t know, he assumed, created, invented and then wrote. Although I have to give him credit, he did some very very thorough research to put this book together!

Bottom line is that I'm glad I've read this book, but it'll be quite some time (years!) until I pick up another 1000+ pages book!
Profile Image for Guillaume Morissette.
Author6 books135 followers
September 5, 2023
"Correcting the proverb 'Better to be alone than in bad company,' he said that for him, an 'absolute individualist,' it was 'better to be alone, even when the company is good.'�
Profile Image for Mandel.
175 reviews19 followers
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December 29, 2023
Before tackling this behemoth, I'd only read , but I'm quite glad I read it before moving on (as I no doubt will do) to other of Pessoa's works.

There's so much in this comprehensive biography that it defies summary. If you're at all interested though, maybe it will whet your appetite to know that in it we get accounts of how Pessoa's lifelong penchant for writing using heteronyms developed from his childhood love of writing stories about the various figures he put in his hand-built models; how he reacted to the early activism of Ghandhi when the latter was still just a lawyer sticking up for Indian migrant workers in Portugal's African colonies; how he was partly responsible for the 50 year long ban on Coca-Cola in Portugal; how he ended up a lifelong (possibly closeted gay) virgin; how he formed a friendship with Aleister Crowley and helped him execute a massive PR hoax; and how he preached the messianic return of of the 16th century Portuguese king Sebastian.

Of course, these are just some of the particularly intriguing highlights from the strange, remarkable life that Pessoa led. What really matters amidst all this is Pessoa's writing, and Zenith does a splendid job of tracing the stories of his numerous heteronyms and the even more numerous texts he wrote using them. Pessoa began so very many pieces and almost never completed anything - a feature of his personality that he tried but failed to alleviate using many different strategies, among them eroticism, self-isolation, hermeticism, astrology, and quack medical treatments. Thus, Zenith has done admirers of Pessoa an incredible service by giving detailed accounts of numberless fragments and bits of writing scrawled on odd pieces of paper alongside the works that have been compiled through the tireless, no doubt tedious work of Pessoa's editors.

But more than this, Zenith manages to shape the details of Pessoa's life into a highly engaging narrative - no small feat for a man whose outward life was about as adventurous as those of Kant and Kierkegaard. And, Zenith places these details in historical context, teaching readers (like me) who are relatively unfamiliar with the Portugal of the late 19th and early 20th centuries a great deal about the political and cultural developments of the period.
Profile Image for Philip Clark.
14 reviews2 followers
September 8, 2021
Richard Zenith has given us the ultimate biography of this extraordinary poet. In this vast (1000+ pages) book, Zenith provides not only insights into the development of the poet, but also he delves deeply, with intelligent and incisive research, into the historical, personal, sexual, and creative forces of the Portuguese writing and art community that inspired the poet. For anyone not familiar with Pessoa's work, I would recommend 'The Book of Disquiet' to begin. But this biography is so beautifully and compellingly written, that I'd suggest it be by your side as you read Pessoa. It creates a standard that will be hard to match. But more important, it is the ultimate tribute to the poet, in all his strength and fragility; his quirks and desires. I actually felt I was in Pessoa's world. Every page keeps every successive page turning. Remarkable.
102 reviews2 followers
June 3, 2022
Wow! Fernando Pessoa is probably one of the most complex and interesting writers that ever lived! This book is truly a labor of love (it can read rather academic), and it might help if you have some familiarity with Portuguese culture before reading. Pessoa was a poet who wrote under what he labeled "heteronyms..." over 70 of them... as opposed to pseudonyms. His were not just pen names, but characters he developed who had their own birth dates, occupations, astrological charts, styles of writing and philosophies. Creative genius or psychologically troubled? Doesn't much matter... Fernando Pessoa is as unique an individual as you will ever find.
Profile Image for Alvaro de Menard.
113 reviews116 followers
January 26, 2025
Fantastic, very well-written, almost consistently captivating. Revealed a lot of hidden and surprising aspects of Pessoa's life, made me want to be part of the Lisbon literary scene of the early 20th century...would have been interesting to dedicate more on his posthumous acceptance though, it ends kind of awkwardly in a place where he has only published a single book and is not well-known in Portugal and completely unknown in the rest of the world.
Profile Image for Joaquim Pinto.
18 reviews
February 1, 2024
É sempre um prazer ler Pessoa e também o é ler sobre Pessoa; esta biografia é um monumento ao nosso super-Camões.
Profile Image for Lelia.
280 reviews2 followers
August 2, 2023
This book is encyclopedic in its scope and detail. I understand why. Zenith is trying to encapsulate the life of a man whose mind was expansive and multifarious and who lived in tumultuous, changing times. Zenith is generous in offering the reader a thorough grounding in those times - British/Portuguese relations, the Boer War, the end of the monarchy in Portugal, etc. - and I appreciate the attention Zenith pays to people of note who touched even slightly Pessoa’s life - Gandhi, King Ngungunhane. But it got to be too much.

I understand that the childhood years are formative, but unless you’re their mother, people tend to become so much more interesting once they become adults, and that’s when biographies generally hit their stride, too. Zenith lingers in Pessoa’s childhood, tracking his reading, his writing, explaining briefly the juvenalia of the Brontes, the background of Eugen Sandow, author of a book on bodybuilding that Pessoa read, and so much more. I think Zenith loved his subject and relished the wealth of information available to him, but I wish he’d culled it a little more to fine tune his work.

Tracking every idea Pessoa ever had must have been exhausting, and it seems to have resulted in minute, but lackluster, writing on Zenith’s part. There’s a fine art to telling a life story in such a way that you include all the bits without getting bogged down in them, deepening the reader’s understanding without swamping them in minutia. Zenith doesn’t quite manage it, and I found myself skimming swathes of pages and growing to resent Pessoa and Zenith for not being more interesting.
Profile Image for Brooke Salaz.
256 reviews12 followers
October 10, 2021
Monumental achievement. I felt touched, infuriated, awestruck, amazed and just incredibly overwhelmed in learning what this "unsuccessful", scattered yet uncompromisingly, ruthlessly, brilliant person was able to produce and accomplish. Pessoa and his biographer have put on full display his evolution and formation as a person who though, in many ways an outsider, still illuminated for those able to discern and appreciate his gifts, universal human fears, desires, shortcomings, the impossibility of existence along with the occasional miracle and taste of something beyond the ordinary and visible, life in all its facets. His offerings to posterity clearly reflect much of what was unique to his time and place but also perennial. His alter egos and ability to shape shift and expound opposing viewpoints through his heteronyms allowed him to create a universe of his own design that defies what we may think of as "normal" and makes this God-like artist a unique and wondrous discovery for this reader. In many ways his standards for what he wanted to accomplish were unmet but one could say several lifetimes would be required to successfully execute the ever expanding project he was constantly building upon. Defying categorization up until his death and beyond it sounds like there may yet be new discoveries among his voluminous papers to analyze and interpret but what Zenith has done here is fantastic and a heroic effort.
Profile Image for Dan Wilcox.
95 reviews22 followers
January 18, 2023
The 1st & only biography in English of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa (1888 - 1935), & by necessity of the great poet heteronyms he spawned. Everything & more you ever wanted to know about Pessoa, as well the history & politics of Portugal in the earliest days of the 20th Century. Well written, a fascinating story well-told. If you have read Pessoa's poetry I strongly suggest it. If you like biographies I also suggest it to you, like all great biographies it places Pessoa clearly, squarely in his Space & Time.
Profile Image for Conor Flynn.
119 reviews4 followers
September 2, 2021
A review composed of quotes from the book...

Pessoa was a volcanic writer, and when the words started flowing, he used whatever sort of paper was close to hand�.All of which he deposited in the large wooden trunk, his legacy to the world.

But as we read the work, it almost seems that Fernando Pessoa, and even we ourselves, are variations on this invented self, who expresses with uncanny precision our unuttered feelings of disquiet and existential unsettledness, speaking not only to us but also for us. “The only way to be in agreement with life is to disagree with ourselves,� observes Bernardo Soares, who refuses to adapt to the world.

Pessoa, like his semiheteronym, was an abundance of qualities that did not cohere and would not settle into just one soul. “The active life has always struck me as the least comfortable of suicides,� he wrote. He remarks on his instinctive hatred “for decisive acts, for definite thoughts.� He is actively, militantly passive. Dreaming is not a vice that hinders him from accomplishing his goals; dreaming is what he lives for, and he organizes his existence accordingly.

He wrote “Nature is parts without a whole� , yet he often berated himself for being unable to create whole works of literature.

Pessoa could not imagine that his literary dispersion, which faithfully mirrors our ontological instability and the absence of intrinsic unity in the world we inhabit, would make him required reading by the time the next century arrived. His universe of disconnected parts prefigured our own worldview, with developments in history, science, and philosophy having disabused us of whatever harmonious wholes we once cherished.

His fashioning of the heteronyms may be construed as a religious act, as his way of paying homage to God, by realizing his divine potential as a co-creator, made in God’s likeness and image.

One day he copied out, on a sheet of paper tossed into the trunk and not discovered by researchers until the present millennium, a single verse from the ninth chapter of St. Paul’s First Epistle to the Corinthians: “I became all things to all men, that I might save all.�

But what he imagined, envisioned, and projected was uniquely vast and varied. “Be plural like the universe!� he imperatively wrote on a slip of paper found in the trunk in the 1960s.

"Ever since I was a child, I’ve felt the need to enlarge the world with fictitious personalities—dreams of mine that were carefully crafted, envisaged with photographic clarity, and fathomed to the depths of their souls. When I was just five years old, an isolated child and quite content to be isolated, I already enjoyed the company of certain characters from my dreams, including a Captain Thibeaut, the Chevalier de Pas, and various others whom I’ve forgotten, and whose forgetting—like my imperfect memory of the two I just named—is one of my life’s great regrets."

"And instead of ending with my childhood, this tendency expanded in my adolescence, taking firmer root with each passing year, until it became my natural way of being. Today I have no personality: I have divided all my humanness among the various authors whom I’ve served as literary executor. Today I am the meeting-place of a small humanity that belongs only to me�."

More at quotes at
Profile Image for Frank B. Farrell.
40 reviews
May 8, 2024
This superb biography by Richard Zenith tells of the life of Fernando Pessoa, a Portuguese poet and writer of unusual fictions who captures certain contemporary moods, attitudes, and feelings more powerfully than most other writers have done. These moods involve an overwhelming sense of tedium, solitariness, and sadness, and of the burdensome weight of being an individual, self-conscious self. He captures a sense of exhaustion and boredom that makes any action, any decision, any interaction with the world, seem foolish, without connection to any convincing mental state that would motivate an investment of the self in such an action. Pessoa was born in Portugal but after the death of his father while he was very young, his mother remarried the Portuguese consul to Durban, South Africa, so that he grew up there and his early studies and early writings were in English. He lived from early on in a fictional world, finding the works of Dickens and others more real than anything around him. Instead of playing sports, he invented fictional cricket and soccer teams whose games he could control with throws of the dice. Back in Lisbon, he tried to become an important poet and literary editor who would make Portugal important to European culture in the way it had been during the time of Prince Henry the Navigator, Magellan, Dias, and da Gama.

His most important and most characteristic work, The Book of Disquiet, was put together after his death, mostly from sentences on scraps of paper kept over the years in a storage chest. Pessoa’s practice, even earlier when writing poetry, was to develop fictional characters or “heteronyms� who are said to be the authors and who have some closeness to Pessoa but also a degree of distance, so that he could face more easily the emotions he assigned to them. Zenith is quite convinced that Pessoa had a strongly homoerotic makeup but that it is likely he never acted upon it. Zenith explores that particular issue in treating those poems of Pessoa with homoerotic content and in examining Pessoa’s own comments about having a homoerotic mental life that it would be shameful to translate into a desire for actual physical activity. That aversion to physical expression seems to have been expressed as well in his devotion to all sorts of “spiritual� movements: Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, Freemasonry, astrology, fortune-telling, and so forth. He believed there was a higher spiritual order that sometimes impressed itself upon the ordinary world, and that such spiritual movements might train a poet in capturing those impressions. Zenith succeeds admirably in telling Pessoa’s story in a lively, absorbing, and convincing fashion.

I have written at length about Pessoa's life and work in my book

You can read the excerpted chapter on Pessoa for free at the link below:
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