欧宝娱乐

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賮賷 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱賮賵賴乇乇: 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞

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賮賷 兀卮丿賽賾 賲乇丕丨賱 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 丨爻賲賸丕貙 賯丕鬲賱鬲 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賮賷 賲賳丕胤賯 賲鬲亘丕毓丿丞貙 賲孬賱: 氐丨乇丕亍 丕賱卮賲丕賱 丕賱兀賮乇賷賯賷 賵噩亘丕賱 丕賱賯賵賯丕夭貙 賵賵丕噩賴鬲 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 毓亘乇 兀乇丕囟 賰丕賳鬲 鬲丕乇賷禺賷賸賸丕 賮賷 賯賱亘 丿賷丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵毓賱賶 兀胤乇丕賮賴丕. 賵賯丿 乇兀賶 丕賱賲爻卅賵賱賵賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賯賵丞 爻賷丕爻賷丞 賴丕卅賱丞貙 鬲卮丕乇賰 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 毓丿丕亍賴丕 賱賱廿賲倬乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞貙 賵丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵讪賷賷鬲賷貙 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿.

芦賮賷 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱賮賵賴乇乇禄 賴賵 兀賵賱 賵氐賮 卮丕賲賱 賱賲爻丕毓賷 亘乇賱賷賳 丕賱胤賲賵丨丞 賱鬲卮賰賷賱 鬲丨丕賱賮 賲毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷. 賵丕毓鬲賲丕丿賸丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 丕賱兀乇卮賷賮賷丞 賮賷 孬賱丕孬賽 賯丕乇賻賾丕鬲貙 賷賮爻賽賾乇 丿賷冥賷丿 賲毓鬲丿賱 賰賷賮 丨丕賵賱 丕賱賲爻卅賵賱賵賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賱賱乇丕賷禺 丕賱孬丕賱孬 亘賵氐賮賴 賳氐賷乇賸丕 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲. 賵賷爻鬲賰卮賮 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 亘乇賱賷賳 賵丿毓丕賷鬲賴丕 賮賷 爻丕丨丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞貙 賵丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱賲賰孬賻賾賮 丕賱匕賷 賯丕賲鬲 亘賴 丕賱爻賱胤丕鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷賻賾丞 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲貙 賵鬲賯丿賷賲 丕賱乇毓丕賷丞 丕賱乇賵丨賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賱賯賷賳 丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷 賱毓卮乇丕鬲 丕賱丌賱丕賮 賲賳 丕賱賲噩賳賻賾丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賯丕鬲賱賵丕 賮賷 氐賮賵賮 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱丨丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞.

賵賷賰卮賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賷賮 丕賳禺乇胤鬲 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟貙 賮賷 卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賵丕賱噩亘賴丞 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞貙 賲毓 噩賲丕毓丕鬲 賲爻賱賲丞 賲鬲賳賵毓丞貙 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱睾噩乇 賵丕賱賷賴賵丿 丕賱賲鬲丨賵賱賵賳 廿賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲. 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱噩賲毓 亘賷賳 丕賱賳賯丕卮 丕賱賲丿乇賵爻 賵丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱賲鬲賯賻賳 賲毓 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱貙 賮廿賳賴 賷爻賱賽賾胤 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱毓賲賷賯 賱賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 噩賲賷毓 兀賳丨丕亍 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賷毓乇囟 乇丐賷丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賷賳 賮賷 兀賰孬乇 丕賱氐乇丕毓丕鬲 丿賲賵賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳.

680 pages, Paperback

First published November 14, 2014

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丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿乇丕爻丞 鬲睾賵氐 賮賷 兀毓賲丕賯 賲卅丕鬲 丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 丕賱賲丨賮賵馗丞 賮賷 丕賱賲丨賮賵馗丕鬲 毓賳 丕賱丨賽賯賿亘賻丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵噩賴賵丿 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 亘賲禺鬲賱賮 賮乇賵毓賴 丕賱亘賷乇賵賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵亘丕賱兀禺氐 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 賵丕賱噩賷卮 賮賷 鬲噩賳賷丿 賵鬲噩賷賷卮 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵氐賱鬲 丕賱賷賴丕 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞. 鬲乇賰夭 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 毓賳 廿賷囟丕丨 賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 賮賰乇丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 毓賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賯賵丞 賲丨乇賰丞 賱丨賱賮丕亍 賲丨鬲賲賱賷賳 賷賲賰賳 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴賲 賱賷爻 賮賯胤 賲賳 丕噩賱 噩賴賵丿 丕賱鬲噩賳賷丿 賵賱賰賳 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賲噩賴賵丿丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘 賵賲賳 爻丨亘 丕賱丿毓賲 (丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳 亘丿丕賮毓 丕賱丕丨鬲賱丕賱) 丕賱匕賷 兀亘丿鬲賴 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丨賷賳匕丕賰 賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍賸.

丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賵囟丨 亘鬲賮氐賷賱 賲丕 丨爻亘 賲丕 爻賲丨鬲 亘賴 丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 賵賱賰賳賴 丕毓胤丕賳丕 賮賰乇丞 賲賮氐賱丞 賳賵毓丕 賲丕 丨賵賱 丕賱噩賴賵丿 賵賰賷賮 鬲兀孬乇鬲 亘丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱丿丕禺賱賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱兀噩賴夭丞 丕賱亘賷乇賵賯乇丕胤賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賲 鬲賰賳 丿丕卅賲丕 毓賱賷 賵賮丕賯 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱廿噩乇丕卅賷丞 賵賱賰賳 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱兀賷丿賵賱賵噩賷丞 賮賯丿 丨丕賵賱 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 廿丿賲丕噩 賯賵賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵賳亘匕 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱丌乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲毓囟賱丞 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賲丕 賯亘賱 丕賱丨乇亘 鬲氐賵乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 毓賲賵賲丕 賵丕賱毓乇亘 禺氐賵氐丕 亘卮賰賱 爻賱亘賷 賲賲丕 卮賰賱 賴丕噩爻 賰亘賷乇 賮賷 鬲毓丕賲賱 丕賱囟亘丕胤 賵丕賱賲噩賳丿賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賲毓 丕賱噩賴賵丿 丕賱賱丕丨賯丞.

賱賲 賷乇賰夭 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賷 丨賵賱 卮禺氐賷丞 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 賮賲毓 賰賵賳賴 乇賲夭 丕爻賱丕賲賷 賰亘賷乇 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 丕爻鬲賲丕賱鬲賴 廿賱丕 丕賳賴 鬲賲 丕賱鬲囟禺賷賲 賲賳 丿賵乇賴 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賴 丕賱賮毓賱賷 賮賷 噩賴賵丿 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘毓賰爻 賷毓丕賰爻 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賮賯丿 丕賵囟丨鬲 丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 兀賳 鬲兀孬賷乇賴 賵氐賱丕丨賷丕鬲賴 賰丕賳鬲 賲丨丿賵丿丞 賵賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲賮丕丿丞 丕賱兀賰亘乇 賲賳賴 賲毓賳賵賷丞 亘丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴 賰噩夭亍 賲賳 丕賱丌賱丞 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 賵丕丨賷丕賳丕 丕爻鬲卮丕乇鬲賴 賮賷賲丕 賷禺氐 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 亘毓囟 丕賱賲卮丕賰賱 丕賱鬲賷 馗賴乇鬲.

賱賲 鬲賰賳 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賲丐孬乇丞 亘丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱賲胤賱賵亘 賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇丕鬲 毓丿賾丞 賷賲賰賳賳丕 鬲賱禺賷氐賴丕 賮賷 兀賳 丕毓鬲亘丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賵鬲丨丕賱賮賴 賲毓 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賳馗乇 亘毓賷賳 丕賱乇賷亘丞 賱鬲賱賰 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳 丕賳 鬲丐孬乇 毓賱賷 賵囟毓賴丕 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷 孬賲 兀賳 丕賱賲爻卅賵賱賷賳 毓賳 噩賴賵丿 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賮鬲乇囟賵丕 廿賳 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱毓乇賯賷丞 賵丕賱賯賵賲賷丞 卮卅 睾賷乇 賲丐孬乇 賮賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 鬲賲爻賰賴賲 亘丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賰賯賷賲丞 毓賱賷丞 丨賷孬 賱賲 鬲氐賲丿 賴匕賴 丕賱賮乇囟賷丞 亘丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱賲鬲禺賷賱. 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱乇丐賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賲丕 亘毓丿 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賷 賵丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 賴賷 丕賱賲爻賷胤乇丞 亘賰賱 賯氐賵乇賴丕 毓賳 乇丐賷丞 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 賱賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞 丌賳匕丕賰 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 兀毓賲賯 賲賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱賱毓亘 毓賳 賵鬲乇 賳卮乇 賳賮爻 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 亘丕賱賱睾丕鬲 丕賱賲丨賱賷丞.


毓賲賵賲丕賸 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨賰賷 毓賳 噩夭亍 賴丕賲 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳 丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賲毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賰賷賮 賳馗乇 丕賱賷賴賲 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴賲 賯賵丞 亘卮乇賷丞 賷賲賰賳 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 廿賲賰丕賳丕鬲賴丕 賮賷 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱丨乇亘賷 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 毓賱賷 兀乇氐 丕賱賵丕賯毓 亘毓賷丿丕賸 毓賳 丕禺鬲夭丕賱 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賷 卮禺氐 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 兀賵 兀賷丞 卮禺氐賷丞 丕禺乇賷.
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丕夭 丕毓丿丕賲 賲爻賱賲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 乇賵爻 讴賴 亘賴 丿賱蹖賱 禺鬲賳賴 卮丿賳 亘丕 蹖賴賵丿蹖鈥屬囏� 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 鬲丕 賲賲賳賵毓蹖鬲 賲氐乇賮 诏賵卮鬲 禺賵讴 賵 亘乇诏夭丕乇蹖 讴賱丕爻鈥屬囏й� 丌卮倬夭蹖 丨賱丕賱 丿乇 丕乇鬲卮

讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 噩丕賱亘鈥屫臂屬� 賲丕噩乇丕賴丕 丿乇亘丕乇賴 噩賳诏 噩賴丕賳蹖 丿賵賲 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴
亘賴 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丌賱賲丕賳 丕夭 丕爻賱丕賲 賵 賲爻賱賲丕賳鈥屬囏� 亘乇丕蹖 倬蹖乇賵夭蹖 丿乇 噩賳诏
賴乇 趩賳丿 亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 亘賴 噩丕蹖诏丕賴 丕蹖賳 丿賵 丿乇 丕蹖丿卅賵賱賵跇蹖 賳丕夭蹖鈥屬囏� 賴賲 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 卮丿賴
賳賲蹖鬲賵賳賲 亘诏賲 讴鬲丕亘 讴丕賲賱賴 賵賱蹖 賯胤毓丕 賲賮氐賱賴. 賲胤丕賱亘 噩丕賱亘 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿乇卮 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 卮丿賴 賵 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖丕丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴乇 丌賳趩賴 讴賴 倬蹖丿丕 讴乇丿賴 賵 噩丿蹖丿 亘賵丿賴 乇賵 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 诏賳噩賵賳丿賴
鬲賳賴丕 賲卮讴賱蹖 讴賴 亘丕賴丕卮 丿丕卮鬲賲 丕蹖賳 亘賵丿 讴賴 賲胤丕賱亘 趩賳丿丕賳 亘丕爻賱蹖賯賴 讴賳丕乇 賴賲 趩蹖丿賴 賳卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 讴賴 賲胤丕賱亘 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 夭蹖丕丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴. 蹖毓賳蹖 蹖賴 丨乇賮蹖 乇賵 蹖賴 噩丕 夭丿賴. 丿賵 賮氐賱 亘毓丿 賲噩亘賵乇賴 丿賵亘丕乇賴 丕賵賳賵 亘诏賴. 蹖賴 賮氐賱 亘毓丿 丿賵亘丕乇賴 丕賵賳 乇賵 賲蹖诏賴. 丕蹖賳 蹖賴 賲賯丿丕乇 丕丿賲 乇賵 讴爻賱 賲蹖讴乇丿. 賵賱蹖 噩夭 丕蹖賳 賴蹖趩 卮讴丕蹖鬲蹖 賳丿丕乇賲. 賳卮乇 孬丕賱孬 賴賲蹖卮賴 毓丕賱蹖賴.

Profile Image for 兀丨賲丿 毓亘丿 丕賱賮鬲丕丨.
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July 26, 2021
氐丿乇 丨丿賷孬賸丕 毓賳 賲丿丕乇丕鬲 賱賱兀亘丨丕孬 賵丕賱賳卮乇 亘丕賱賯丕賴乇丞 賰鬲丕亘: 芦賮賷 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱賮賵賴乇乇: 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞禄貙 賵賮賷賲丕 賷賱賷 噩丕賳亘賸 賲賳 賰賱賲丞 丕賱賳丕卮乇

亘爻賲 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱氐賱丕丞 賵丕賱爻賱丕賲 毓賱賶 乇爻賵賱 丕賱賱賴 锓贺� 賵丌賱賴 賵氐賻丨亘賴 丕賱賰乇丕賲
賵亘毓丿..
賮賴匕賴 賴賷 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱卮乇毓賷丞 丕賱賰丕賲賱丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賱賰鬲丕亘 (islam and Nazi Germany's War)貙 賱賱賲丐乇賽賾禺 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷賽賾 -廿賷乇丕賳賷賽賾 丕賱兀氐賱- 丿賷冥賷丿 賲購毓鬲賻丿賽賱 (David Motadel). 丕爻鬲睾乇賯 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱 賲賳 賲丐賱賽賾賮賴 賲丕 賷賯乇亘 賲賳 毓卮乇 爻賳賵丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱丿亍賵亘 賮賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 孬賱丕孬賷賳 兀乇卮賷賮賸丕 賵丿丕乇 賲丨賮賵馗丕鬲 賮賷 兀乇亘毓 毓卮乇丞 丿賵賱丞貙 兀孬賲乇賻 孬乇賵丞 賵孬丕卅賯賷丞 賴丕卅賱丞貙 鬲卮賲賱 兀賵乇丕賯賸丕 賵鬲賯丕乇賷乇 賵兀丿賱賻賾丞 爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵毓爻賰乇賷丞貙 賵兀賵丕賲乇 廿丿丕乇賷丞貙 賵賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 丿毓丕卅賷丞貙 賵鬲爻噩賷賱丕鬲 賲乇丕賯亘丞 廿匕丕毓賷丞貙 賵禺胤亘賸丕貙 賵乇爻丕卅賱 亘乇賷丿 賲賷丿丕賳賷丞 賵賲匕賰賽賾乇丕鬲貙 賵賲囟丕亘胤 賲丨丕賰賲丕鬲 賳賵乇賲亘乇睾貙 賵丕賱鬲賲丕爻丕鬲貙 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱兀賵丕賲乇 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞貙 賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 丕賱氐賵乇. 賵匕賱賰 亘禺賱丕賮 丕賱賲賵丕丿賽賾 丕賱賴丕卅賱丞 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯丞 亘賲賵囟賵毓 賰鬲丕亘賴 賲賳 賲氐丕丿乇 賳馗乇賷丞貙 賵賲匕賰賽賾乇丕鬲 卮禺氐賷丞 賲賳卮賵乇丞 賵睾賷乇 賲賳卮賵乇丞貙 賵賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞.. 廿賱禺. 賵賯丿 鬲噩賱賻賾賶 兀孬乇 匕賱賰 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰賲賽賾 丕賱賴丕卅賱 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱丿賯賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲鬲亘賻賾毓賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賽賾賮 亘丿兀亘 賷孬賷乇 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 賵丕賱毓噩賻亘 賮賷 丌賳 賲毓賸丕貙 賰賲丕 鬲噩賱賻賾賶 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賰賲賽賾 丕賱賴丕卅賱 賲賳 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵賮賻賾乇鬲 毓賱賷賴丕 丨賵丕卮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.

賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 -賮賷賲丕 賳丨爻亘- 賴賵 兀卮賲賱 鬲賯氐賺賾 賱毓賻賱丕賯丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貨 賮賴賵 -亘賱丕 噩丿丕賱- 兀賵爻毓 賲賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵丕賱爻賽賾賷賻乇 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 乇賰賻賾夭鬲 毓賱賶 毓賻賱丕賯丞 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷貙 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻貙 亘丕賱賳丕夭賷. 賰賲丕 兀賳賴 賷乇爻賲 氐賵乇丞賸 兀卮賲賱 賱毓賻賱丕賯丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘丿賷丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賴鬲賱乇賷丞 賵丕賱賲卮乇賯 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賱賱賲丐乇賽賾禺 丕賱倬賵賱賳丿賷 賱賵賰丕 賴賷乇夭賵賷夭 丕賱匕賷 鬲購乇噩賽賲 賮賷 丕賱爻鬲賷賳賷賻賾丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賵氐丿乇 賮賷 賲氐乇貙 丨賷孬 賷乇賰賽賾夭 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱兀禺賷乇 毓賱賶 毓賻賱丕賯丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賮賯胤. 賵賴賵 賰匕賱賰 兀卮賲賱 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓乇亘 賵丕賱賲丨乇賻賯丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞: 丨乇亘 丕賱賲乇賵賷賻賾丕鬲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 - 丕賱廿爻乇丕卅賷賱賷丞 賱噩賱亘賷乇 丕賱兀卮賯乇貙 丕賱匕賷 丕賯鬲氐乇 賮賷 鬲賳丕賵賱賴 毓賱賶 賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱鬲賷丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賲賳 丕賱賲丨乇賻賯丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞. 賰賲丕 兀賳賴 兀賵爻毓 亘賲丕 賱丕 賷賯丕爻 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱毓乇亘 賮賷 丕賱賲丨乇賻賯丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞: 囟丨丕賷丕 賲賳爻賷賵賳 賱賱賲丐乇賽賾禺 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 睾賽乇賴乇丿 賴購亘貙 丕賱匕賷 賲爻賻賾 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 賲爻賸賾丕 禺賮賷賮賸丕 丿賵賳 丕賱鬲毓賲購賾賯 賮賷賴貙 賲毓 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕乇 毓賱賶 囟丨丕賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賲賳 丕賱毓乇亘 丿賵賳 睾賷乇賴賲 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.

賵賲賲丕 賷丿賱購賾 毓賱賶 兀賴賲賷丞 賰鬲丕亘賳丕 賴匕丕 賵噩丿賻賾鬲賴 賵噩賻賵丿鬲賴: 廿賯亘丕賱 丿賵乇 賳卮乇 鬲賳卮乇 賮賷 賱睾丕鬲 賲鬲毓丿賽賾丿丞 毓賱賶 鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 賵賳卮乇賴貙 賮賯丿 鬲購乇噩賽賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱氐丕丿乇 亘丕賱廿賳賰賱賷夭賷丞 賱賱賲乇丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 毓丕賲 佗贍佟伽 毓賳 賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 噩丕賲毓丞 賴丕乇冥丕乇丿 (Harvard University Press) 廿賱賶 爻亘毓 賱睾丕鬲貙 賴賷: 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞貙 賵丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞貙 賵丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷丞貙 賵丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷丞貙 賵丕賱乇賵爻賷丞貙 賵丕賱賴賵賱賳丿賷丞貙 賵丕賱鬲購賾乇賰賷丞貙 賵丕賱賮丕乇爻賷丞. 兀賷 廿賳賴 鬲購乇噩賲 廿賱賶 孬賲丕賳賷 賱睾丕鬲 賮賷 睾囟賵賳 爻亘毓 爻賳賵丕鬲 賮賯胤貙 賵匕賱賰 亘禺賱丕賮 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞.
兀賲丕 丿賷冥賷丿 賲購毓鬲丿賱貨 賲丐賱賽賾賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賮賴賵 賲丐乇賽賾禺 兀賱賲丕賳賷 賲賳 兀氐賵賱 廿賷乇丕賳賷丞貙 賷毓賲賱 -丨丕賱賷賸丕- 兀爻鬲丕匕賸丕 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬 亘賰賱賷賻賾丞 賱賳丿賳 賱賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 (London School of Economics and Political Science - LSE). 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 兀胤乇賵丨鬲賴 丕賱鬲賷 賳丕賱 毓賳賴丕 丿乇噩丞 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丕賴 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賲賳 噩丕賲毓丞 賰丕賲亘乇丿噩 毓丕賲 2010. 賵賯丿 賳丕賱鬲 丕賱兀胤乇賵丨丞 毓丿賻賾丞 噩賵丕卅夭 兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞貙 賲賳賴丕 噩丕卅夭丞 倬乇賳爻 賰賵賳爻賵乇鬲 (Prince consort) 丕賱毓乇賷賯丞貙 賰賲丕 丨丕夭鬲 賵爻丕賲 爻賷賱賷 (Seeley Medal) 賱兀賮囟賱 兀胤乇賵丨丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 賰丕賲亘乇丿噩 賱毓丕賲 2010貙 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱噩賵丕卅夭 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞 丕賱賲乇賲賵賯丞.
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賷卮賷毓 丕毓鬲賯丕丿賹 賲賮丕丿賴 兀賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賯賱亘 賲賳賴丕 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 鬲噩乇亘丞 睾乇亘賷丞 禺丕賱氐丞 賵賱丕 毓賻賱丕賯丞 賱丿賷丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘賴丕貙 賵賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 氐丨賷丨賸丕 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞貙 亘丨爻亘 賲丕 亘賷賻賾賳鬲 賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 夭賷睾賲賵賳鬲 亘丕賵賲丕賳 賵毓亘丿 丕賱賵賴丕亘 丕賱賲爻賷乇賷 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱貙 賱賰賳賴 賱賷爻 賰匕賱賰 賲賳 丕賱賵噩賴丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞. 賮賯丿 丕賲鬲丿 兀購賵丕乇 丕賱丨乇亘 賱賷卮賲賱賻 兀賰孬乇 丿賷丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 亘賱 賱毓賱賻賾賳丕 賱丕 賳噩丕賵夭 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賰孬賷乇賸丕 廿賳 賯賱賳丕 廿賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丿丕乇鬲 噩賱購賾賴丕 賮賷 丿賷丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘毓丿 賲乇丕丨賱賴丕 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕貙 賵兀賳賴丕 賱賲 鬲毓購丿 廿賱賶 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 廿賱賻賾丕 賮賷 毓丕賲賴丕 丕賱兀禺賷乇貙 賲毓 廿賳夭丕賱 丕賱賳賵乇賲丕賳丿賷 賵鬲丨乇賷乇 賮乇賳爻丕 賵賴賵賱賳丿丕 賵亘賱噩賷賰丕 睾乇亘賸丕貙 賵兀賵賰乇丕賳賷丕 賵倬賵賱賳丿丕 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 卮乇賯賸丕貙 賵氐賵賱賸丕 廿賱賶 賯賱亘 丕賱乇丕賷禺.

賵賷夭賷丿 賲賳 爻胤賵毓 賴匕賴 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞貙 丕賱賲賵賯毓 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷 賱賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 賵賴賷賲賳丞 兀毓丿丕亍 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賶 兀賰孬乇 亘賯丕毓賴 丌賳匕丕賰. 賮賯亘賱 兀賳 賷氐賱 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 廿賱賶 爻鬲丕賱賷賳睾乇丕丿 賰丕賳賵丕 賯丿 丕丨鬲賱購賾賵丕 噩賲賷毓 兀乇丕囟賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賯胤賳賴丕 兀睾賱亘賷賻賾丕鬲 兀賵 兀賯賱賷賻賾丕鬲 賲爻賱賲丞貙 賵氐賵賱賸丕 廿賱賶 噩夭賷乇丞 丕賱賯賽乇賲 賮賷 丕賱亘丨乇 丕賱兀爻賵丿 噩賳賵亘 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷. 賵丿毓賲賸丕 賱丨賱賮丕卅賴賲 丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷賷賳貙 丕丨鬲賱購賾賵丕 鬲賵賳爻 賱賲丿丞 賵噩賷夭丞 賵氐賵賱賸丕 廿賱賶 賲氐乇 毓賻亘乇 賱賷亘賷丕貙 丨鬲賶 賴夭賷賲鬲賴賲 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞 賮賷 丕賱毓賻賱賻賲賷賳 毓賱賶 賲卮丕乇賮 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿乇賷丞. 賵賱賲 鬲爻賱賻賲 丕賱賲睾乇亘 賵丕賱噩夭丕卅乇貙 丕賱賱鬲丕賳 賰丕賳鬲丕 鬲丨鬲 爻賷胤乇丞 丨賰賵賲丞 冥賷卮賷 丕賱賲賵丕賱賷丞 賱賴賲 賮賷 亘丕乇賷爻 丕賱賲丨鬲賱賻賾丞貙 賲賳 丕賱鬲丿禺賱 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賵賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱鬲賵丿購賾丿 廿賱賷賴賲貙 亘賱 賵鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲 賮賷 賮賽乇賻賯 毓爻賰乇賷丞 賲爻賱賲丞 賲賵丕賱賷丞 賱賴賲. 賵賯丿 丕噩鬲丕丨 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 廿賷乇丕賳 賮賷 毓丕賲 1941貨 丨賮丕馗賸丕 毓賱賶 賳賮胤賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賵賯賵毓 賮賷 兀賷丿賷 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賰丕賳賵丕 賯丿 賵氐賱賵丕 廿賱賶 鬲購禺賵賲賴丕 丕賱卮賲丕賱賷丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯賵賯丕夭.

賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 丕賲鬲丿賻賾 兀購賵丕乇 丕賱丨乇亘 賱賷氐賱 亘賯丕毓賸丕 賲爻賱賲丞 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賯氐賶貙 賮賱賲 鬲賰丿 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 丕賱廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 鬲賳馗乇 亘兀賲賽賾 毓賷賳賻賷賴丕 廿賱賶 賴賵賱賳丿丕 賵賮乇賳爻丕 鬲丨鬲 兀賯丿丕賲 丨賱賷賮鬲賴丕 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 賵廿賱賶 賲丿乇賻賾毓丕鬲 丕賱亘丕賳夭乇 賵鬲賰鬲賷賰丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱禺丕胤賮丞 鬲爻鬲亘賷丨 丨賲丕賴賲丕貙 丨鬲賶 爻丕乇毓鬲 廿賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲賷賱丕亍 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲賴賲丕 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賯氐賶貙 賵氐賵賱賸丕 廿賱賶 丨賯賵賱 丕賱亘鬲乇賵賱 丕賱睾賳賷丞 賮賷 廿賳丿賵賳賷爻賷丕貙 亘毓丿 兀賳 丨乇賲鬲賴丕 丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賲賳 丕賱賲賵丕丿賽賾 丕賱禺丕賲貙 賵兀賴賲賴丕 丕賱賳賮胤 貨 毓賯丕亘賸丕 賱賴丕 毓賱賶 睾夭賵賴丕 冥賷賷鬲賳丕賲 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 賮賷 毓丕賲 1940 (1). 賵爻賷毓乇賽賾噩 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賮賷 亘毓囟 賲賵丕囟毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賶 丕賱噩賴賵丿 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲賳馗賻賾賲丞 賱丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵鬲噩賳賷丿 夭毓丕賲丕鬲賴賲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賯氐賶.

賵賱丕 賷鬲賵賯賮 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賶 丕鬲爻丕毓 丕賱亘賯丕毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 胤丕賱鬲賴丕 丕賱丨乇亘貙 亘賱 爻賷噩丿 丕賱賯丕乇卅貙 賮賷 丕賱賯爻賲 丕賱孬丕賱孬 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 兀賳 賲賯鬲囟賷丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘 賵丕賱賳賯氐 丕賱卮丿賷丿 賮賷 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞貙 兀乇睾賲丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 毓賱賶 鬲噩賳賷丿 噩賲賷毓 賲賳 鬲氐賱 廿賱賷賴 兀賷丿賷賴賲 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵丕賱亘賱胤賷賯 賵賲賳胤賯丞 丕賱賯賵賯丕夭貙 賵鬲購禺賵賲 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷 丕賱噩賳賵亘賷丞 賵丕賱睾乇亘賷丞貨 丌爻賷丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶 賵氐賵賱賸丕 廿賱賶 廿賷乇丕賳 賵兀匕乇亘賷噩丕賳貙 孬賲賻賾 噩夭賷乇丞 丕賱賯賽乇賲 賮賷 丕賱亘丨乇 丕賱兀爻賵丿貙 賵兀賵賰乇丕賳賷丕 賵賱丕鬲冥賷丕 賵賱賷鬲賵丕賳賷丕. 孬賲賻賾 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵卮賲丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 亘锟斤拷 賵賮賷 丕賱賴賳丿 賵兀賮睾丕賳爻鬲丕賳!

賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱爻賽賾賷丕賯 賷賲賰賳 丕賱賯賵賱 廿賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丿乇爻 丕賱毓賻賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 孬賱丕孬丞 賲丨丕賵乇:
丕賱賲丨賵乇 丕賱兀賵賱 賴賵 賲丨賵乇 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賵賷丿乇爻 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷賴 賰賷賮 賲賮賴賻賲鬲 兀噩賴夭丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱丿賷賳賻 毓賲賵賲賸丕貙 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賻 亘丕賱兀禺氐賽賾貙 賵賰賷賮 兀噩丕亘鬲 毓賳 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯丞 亘賴貙 賰賲丕 賷丿乇爻 丕賱丿賻賾賵乇 丕賱匕賷 兀丿賻賾鬲賴 孬賱賻賾丞 賲賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳貙 賲賳 兀賲孬丕賱: 賲丕賰爻 賮賵賳 兀賵倬賽賾賳賴丕賷賲 賵賰丕乇賱 亘賷賰乇 賵賲丕乇鬲賳 賴丕乇鬲賲丕賳 賵睾賷乇賴賲 賮賷 賵囟毓 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲氐賵乇丕鬲 賵丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲貙 賵賲賯丿丕乇 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱匕賷 賲丕乇爻鬲賴 丕毓鬲亘丕乇丕鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 毓賱賷賴賲.

兀賲丕 丕賱賲丨賵乇 丕賱孬丕賳賷貙 賵賴賵 丕賱賲丨賵乇 丕賱鬲賳賮賷匕賷貙 賮賷丿乇爻 賮賷賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 丕賱鬲賳賮賷匕賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕鬲賻賾禺匕鬲賴丕 丕賱爻購賾賱胤丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 鬲丨賯賷賯 兀賴丿丕賮賴丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱鬲賵丿購賾丿 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵賰賷賮 鬲賮丕毓賱鬲 丕賱賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賵丕賱兀噩賴夭丞 賵丕賱兀匕乇毓 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賱賱賳馗丕賲貙 丕賱賲賳禺乇胤丞 賮賷 芦丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞禄貙 賲毓 亘毓囟賴丕 丕賱亘毓囟貨 賲鬲毓丕賵賳丞 賲毓 亘毓囟賴丕 丨賷賳賸丕 賵賲鬲賳丕賮賽爻丞 賮賷 兀丨丕賷賷賳 賰孬賷乇丞 兀禺乇賶. 賵賷爻賱賽賾胤 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵噩賻賾賴賴丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱氐乇丕毓貙 賲毓乇賽賾噩賸丕 毓賱賶 賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賲鬲亘丕賷賳丞 賲賳賴丕貙 賵毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賰鬲賷賰賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 毓購賯賽丿鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賵亘毓囟 丕賱夭毓丕賲丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞貨 賲丨丕賵賻賱丞賸 賲賳賴丕 賱賱禺乇賵噩 賲賳 乇亘賯丞 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷 賵丕囟胤賴丕丿賴 兀賯賱賷賻賾丕鬲賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞 丕賱匕賷 胤丕賱 兀賲丿賴貙 賰賲丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 噩夭賷乇丞 丕賱賯賽乇賲 賵丕賱賯賵賯丕夭貙 兀賵 鬲兀爻賷爻賸丕 賱丿賵賱 廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賲爻鬲賯賱賻賾丞 丿丕禺賱 賲賵夭丕賷賷賰 丕賱賯賵賲賷丕鬲 賵丕賱兀毓乇丕賯 賵丕賱賲賱賱 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳賽 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賱鬲賵賽賾賴 賲賳 丕賱馗賱 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 丕賱胤賵賷賱.

賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱爻賽賾賷丕賯 噩丕亘 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻丕丨丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘 賲賳 賲賷丕丿賷賳 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 賵丕賱倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱賲賵噩賻賾賴丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賲賯丕鬲賱賷賳 賮賷 氐賮賵賮 丕賱噩賷卮 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷貙 賲乇賵乇賸丕 亘賲爻賱賲賷 卮賲丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵丕賱賯賵賯丕夭 賵卮亘賴 噩夭賷乇丞 丕賱賯賽乇賲 賵兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞貙 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳. 賵賮賷 孬賳丕賷丕 賴匕賴 丕賱噩賵賱丞 丿乇爻 鬲賮氐賷賱賸丕 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱亘賷乇賵賯乇丕胤賷丞 丕賱賲丿賳賷丞 賵丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賳丨賵 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賲賲孬賻賾賱丞 賮賷 賵夭丕乇丕鬲 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵丕賱卮乇賯 賵丕賱賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲 賵丕賱丿賽賾毓丕賷丞貙 孬賲賻賾 賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵賯賷丕丿丞 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 (SS).

兀賲丕 丕賱賲丨賵乇 丕賱孬丕賱孬貙 賮賷丿乇爻 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱賲亘丕卮乇丞 賱賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 丕賱賲丨鬲賱丞 賵鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲 賱丨爻丕亘 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 賵賰賷賮 鬲賮丕毓賱鬲 丕賱爻購賾賱胤丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賲毓 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賯丕丿賲賷賳 丕賱噩丿丿. 賮賷爻賱賽賾胤 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丨賲賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲噩賳賷丿 丕賱鬲賷 賯丕賲鬲 毓賱賷賴丕 賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞貙 賵丕賱賮賽乇賻賯 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱禺丕賱氐丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賳卮兀鬲賴丕 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞 賵賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 賵賷賮氐賽賾賱 丕賱賯賵賱賻 賮賷 賰賷賮賷丞 廿丿丕乇丞 丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱噩賷卮貙 賵丕賱丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 丨氐賱賵丕 毓賱賷賴丕 賲賯丕亘賱 鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲貙 賵毓賻賱丕賯丕鬲賴賲 亘睾賷乇賴賲 賲賳 丕賱賲噩賳賻賾丿賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵睾賷乇 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳貙 賲爻賱賽賾胤賸丕 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕爻鬲賴丿賮鬲 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 賵賱丕亍 丕賱賲噩賳賻賾丿賷賳 賵卮丨匕 乇賵丨賴賲 丕賱賯鬲丕賱賷丞.

賵賱賷爻 丕賱卮兀賳 賴賳丕 丕爻鬲毓乇丕囟 賮氐賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賮賯丿 賰賮丕賳丕 丕賱賲丐賱賽賾賮 賲丐賵賳丞 匕賱賰 賮賷 賲賯丿賽賾賲鬲賴貙 賵賱賰賳 賱兀賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷購賯乇兀 毓賱賶 禺賱賮賷賻賾丞 丕賱丨丕囟乇 賵賮賷 賲毓賷賻賾鬲賴貙 賵賱兀賳 兀賴賲賷丞 賰鬲丕亘賳丕 賴匕丕 賱丕 鬲賯鬲氐乇 毓賱賶 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷貙 亘賱 鬲賲鬲丿購賾 賱鬲爻賱賽賾胤 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇丞貨 賳馗賳購賾 兀賳賴 賱丕 囟賻賷乇 賲賳 賱賮鬲 丕賳鬲亘丕賴 丕賱賯丕乇卅 丕賱賰乇賷賲 廿賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷賲賰賳 -廿賳 卮丕亍- 兀賳 賷爻鬲氐丨亘賴丕 賮賷 匕賴賳賴 賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 賲胤丕賱毓鬲賴 賱賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賵氐賮賴丕 乇亍賵爻 兀賯賱丕賲.

賲賳 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 賷孬賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘: 丕賱毓賻賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賵賲卮乇賵毓 鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賱丨爻丕亘 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘賻賷賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷鬲賷賻賳 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷丞. 賮賰賲丕 賴賵 賲毓乇賵賮貙 賰丕賳 賱賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 鬲賯賱賷丿 胤賵賷賱 賮賷 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵鬲丨丿賷丿賸丕 賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 丨賯亘丞 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱賮賷賱賵賱賵噩賷 丕賱胤賵賷賱丞 丕賱賲賲鬲丿賻賾丞 廿賱賶 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞. 賵賷毓賱賲 丕賱亘丕丨孬賵賳 賮賷 丨賯賵賱 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丨噩賲 丕賱噩賴賵丿 丕賱鬲賷 亘匕賱賴丕 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賵賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賮賷 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賳氐賵氐 丕賱鬲購賾乇丕孬賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵鬲丨賯賷賯賴丕 賵賳卮乇賴丕. 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱廿胤丕乇貙 賷爻賵丿 賮賷 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯丞 亘丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 賵丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 乇兀賷賹 賲賮丕丿賴 兀賳 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 鬲賲賷賻賾夭 賮賷 睾丕賱亘賴 亘丕賱丨賷丕丿 賵丕賱鬲丨乇購賾乇 賲賳 丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞貙 賵兀賳賴 丕鬲賻賾爻賲 亘兀賰亘乇 賯丿乇 賲賲賰賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞貙 賵兀賳賴 賱賲 賷禺囟毓 賱睾丕賷丕鬲 爻賷丕爻賷丞 兀賵 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 兀賵 丿賷賳賷丞. 賵賷購乇噩賽毓賵賳 賴匕丕 廿賱賶 睾賷丕亘 丕賱賲卮乇賵毓 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷貙 兀賵 亘丕賱兀丨乇賶 鬲兀禺乇賴 丕賱匕賷 賷乇賻丿購賾 廿賱賶 鬲兀禺乇 鬲賵丨賷丿 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丨鬲賶 毓丕賲 1871. 賵乇睾賲 兀賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賰丕賳 賱賴丕 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 賮賷 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕貙 噩乇賷賸丕 毓賱賶 毓丕丿丞 噩賷乇丕賳賴丕 賮賷 丕賱賯丕乇賻賾丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 鬲馗賱 乇睾賲 賰賱 卮賷亍 鬲噩丕乇賽亘 賲丨丿賵丿丞貙 賮賱賲 鬲鬲噩丕賵夭 兀賯氐丕賴丕 賲丿賻賾丞 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 毓丕賲賸丕. 賵亘丕賱鬲丕賱賷 賷氐毓亘 -毓賳丿 丕賱亘毓囟- 丕賱賯賵賱 亘兀賳 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 兀賵 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賰丕賳賵丕 賷毓賲賱賵賳 賮賷 禺丿賲丞 賲卮乇賵毓 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷 賲丨丿賻賾丿貙 賲孬賱 賳馗乇丕卅賴賲 丕賱廿賳賰賱賷夭 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷賷賳 孬賲賻賾 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳貙 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷毓賲賱賵賳 賮賷 丕賱廿胤丕乇 丕賱孬賯丕賮賷 丕賱毓丕賲賽賾 賱賱乇丐賷丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 亘賲丕 賷鬲囟賲賻賾賳賴 匕賱賰 賲賳 爻賱亘賷賻賾丕鬲 賵廿賷噩丕亘賷賻賾丕鬲(2).

賵賷丿賮毓 賰鬲丕亘賳丕 賴匕丕 廿賱賶 廿毓丕丿丞 丕賱賳賻賾馗乇 賮賷 賮乇賻囟賷丞 賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 鬲賱賰 賵丕賱丕爻鬲丿乇丕賰 毓賱賷賴丕貨 廿匕 賷爻鬲毓乇囟 賱丨馗鬲賻賷賳 鬲丕乇賷禺賷鬲賻賷賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵亘毓囟 賰亘丕乇 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賮賷賴賲丕 賲噩賳賻賾丿賻賷賳 賱禺丿賲丞 丕賱兀賴丿丕賮 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞貙 賵氐賷丕睾丞 廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丕鬲賴丕 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵鬲賰鬲賷賰丕鬲賴丕 丕賱丿賽賾毓丕卅賷丞. 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賴賷 丨賲賱丞 丕賱噩賴丕丿 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賻賰丞 亘賷賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賵丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶貙 兀賲丕 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賴賷 禺胤賻賾丞 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 賵兀噩賴夭鬲賴 賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丿賷賳 賮賷 鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丨卮丿賴賲 賮賷 噩賲賷毓 賲賷丕丿賷賳 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞.

賮賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賳賮爻賴丕 賲賳 丕賱毓賯亘丕鬲 丕賱賰亘乇賶 兀賲丕賲 鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貨 匕丕賰 兀賳賴丕 鬲丨賯賽乇 賰賱 賲丕 賴賵 睾賷乇 丌乇賷. 賵賯丿 兀賷賻賾丿 賲賳馗賽賾乇賴丕 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷貙 兀賱賮乇賷丿 乇賵夭賳亘乇睾貙 廿禺囟丕毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿賲倬乇賷丕賱賷 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷. 賴賳丕 鬲丿禺賻賾賱 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賱鬲賷爻賷乇 爻亘賱 鬲噩丕賵夭 賴匕賴 丕賱毓賯亘丞貙 賵匕賱賰 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 兀毓賲丕賱 廿乇賳爻鬲 賰賵賳賱 賵賴丕賳夭 卮賷丿乇 賵賮乇丿賷賳丕賳丿 賰賱丕賵爻 毓賳 丕賱氐賽賾賱丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳賵乇賲丕賳 賵丕賱噩乇賲丕賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 賷賵賴丕賳 賮賵賰 毓賳 丕賱賳亘賷 锓�.
賱賰賳 丕賱賲賳馗賽賾乇賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 賱賲 賷賰鬲賮賵丕 亘匕賱賰貙 賮賯丿 丨丕賵賱賵丕 廿馗賴丕乇 卮賷亍 賲賲丕 馗賳購賾賵丕 兀賳賴 賯賵丕爻賲 賲卮鬲乇賰丞 鬲噩賲毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貨 賲賳 匕賱賰 丕賱賲賲丕孬賻賱丞 亘賷賳 賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲乇鬲賰賽夭 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賽乇賯 賵賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱賲乇鬲賰賽夭 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賽賾賷賳貙 亘賲丕 賷賳胤賵賷丕賳 毓賱賷賴 賲賳 賲孬丕賱賷丞 賵賳賯丕亍 賲鬲禺賷賻賾賱貙 賵賲賳 匕賱賰 兀賷囟賸丕 丕賱賲賲丕孬賻賱丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 賵丕賱賳亘賷貙 丕賱賱匕賷賳 賱丕 鬲鬲兀爻賻賾爻 爻購賱胤鬲賴賲丕 毓賱賶 賯丕毓丿丞 賳馗丕賲 賯丕賳賵賳賷 爻丕亘賯 毓賱賷賴賲丕貙 亘賱 毓賱賶 兀賲乇 噩賵賴乇賷 賰丕賲賳 賮賷賴賲丕貙 賴賵 丕賱賴賵賷丞 丕賱毓賽乇賯賷丞 賵丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 丕賱賵丕毓賷丞 丕賱禺賱賻賾丕賯丞 毓賳丿 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇貙 賵丕賱丕鬲氐丕賱 亘丕賱爻賲丕亍 毓賳丿 丕賱賳亘賷(3). 賰賲丕 丨丕賵賱鬲 丕賱丿賽賾毓丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 鬲賵馗賷賮 兀丨丿丕孬 丕賱爻賷乇丞 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賽賾賯丞 亘賷賴賵丿 丕賱賲丿賷賳丞 賵氐乇丕毓丕鬲賴賲 賲毓 丕賱賳亘賷 锓� 賵亘毓囟 丕賱丌賷丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 匕賰乇鬲 賲丕 賰丕賳 賲賳 兀賲賻賾丞 亘賳賷 廿爻乇丕卅賷賱 賮賷 丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱禺丕賱賷丞貙 賮賷 廿賷噩丕丿 兀賵噩賴 賱賱卮賻賾亘賴 亘賷賳 丕賱賲賵賯賮 丕賱賳丕夭賷 丕賱賲毓丕丿賷 賱賱賷賴賵丿貙 丕賱爻丕毓賷 賱廿亘丕丿鬲賴賲 兀賷賳賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕貙 賵丕賱賲賵賯賮 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賲賳賴賲 亘賵氐賮賴賲 兀賴賱 賰鬲丕亘貙 賵兀禺賷乇賸丕貙 丨賲賻賱鬲 丕賱倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷賻賾丞 丕賱賲賵噩賻賾賴丞 賱賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 毓丕賲賻賾丞貙 賵鬲購禺賵賲 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 禺丕氐丞貙 丨賲賱丞 卮丿賷丿丞 毓賱賶 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷丞貙 亘丿毓賵賶 廿賱丨丕丿賴丕 賵廿亘丕丨賷賻賾鬲賴丕貙 賵賰丕賳 丕賱丕囟胤賴丕丿 丕賱爻賵冥賷賷鬲賷 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賮賷 賲乇丨賱丞 賲丕 亘賷賳 丕賱丨乇亘賻賷賳貙 禺賷乇 賲毓賷賳 賱賴丕 毓賱賶 丕噩鬲匕丕亘 丕賱兀爻賲丕毓 賵丕賱賯賱賵亘貙 丨賷孬 丿毓賻鬲 廿賱賶 鬲兀爻賷爻 鬲丨丕賱賮 兀賱賲丕賳賷 廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱賲賯丕賵賲鬲賴.

賵毓賱賶 匕賱賰 賮丕賱爻丐丕賱 丕賱匕賷 賷胤乇丨賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷賲丕 賷鬲毓賱賻賾賯 亘賴匕賴 丕賱賲爻兀賱丞: 賴賱 賮乇囟鬲 丕賱賲氐賱丨丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 賳氐賷亘賹 賲賳 丕鬲賽賾禺丕匕 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賻賷賳 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷 賲賵丕賯賮 爻賱亘賷丞 賲賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 毓賱賶 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賮賷 丕賱丨賯亘鬲賻賷賳 丕賱賯賻賷氐乇賷丞 賵丕賱賳賻賾丕夭賷丞 -賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱- 丕鬲禺丕匕 賲賵賯賮 廿賷噩丕亘賷 賲賳賴貙 亘賱 賵賲丨丕賵賱丞 廿賷噩丕丿 兀賵噩賴 賱賱卮賻賾亘賴 亘賷賳 賲賮丕賴賷賲賴 賵兀賮賰丕乇賴 -亘丨爻亘 賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱賲賳馗賽賾乇賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 亘賴丕 賵乇丐賷鬲賴賲 賱賴丕- 賵亘賷賳 兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞責(4)

賰賲丕 賷鬲毓乇賻賾囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 -賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱廿胤丕乇- 賱賱乇丐賶 丕賱廿賷噩丕亘賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 卮丕毓鬲 毓賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘賷賳 兀賯胤丕亘 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賵乇亍賵爻賴貙 賵賲賳賴賲 賴鬲賱乇 賵賴賲賱乇貨 賮賷爻賱賽賾胤 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賳馗乇賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕爻鬲賯賶 賲賳賴丕 賴丐賱丕亍 乇丐賷鬲賴賲 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵兀孬乇 賴匕賴 丕賱乇丐賷丞 賮賷 鬲禺胤賷胤賴賲 賱鬲丨丕賱賮 兀賱賲丕賳賷 廿爻賱丕賲賷 胤賵賷賱 丕賱兀賲丿貙 賷噩丕亘賴 乇兀爻賲丕賱賷丞 丕賱睾乇亘 賵卮賷賵毓賷丞 丕賱卮乇賯 賮賷 丌賳賺 賲毓賸丕.

賵賲賳 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱賲賴賲賻賾丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷孬賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賯囟賷丞 賲毓賳賶 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲貨 賮賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷賲賳丨賳丕 賳亘匕丞 賵丕賯毓賷丞 毓賳 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 賲賳 賯氐丞 廿禺囟丕毓 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕爻鬲鬲亘丕毓賴 賱賱丿賵賱丞 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賯亘 爻賯賵胤 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞(5). 賳毓賳賷 亘匕賱賰 鬲賱賰 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賳鬲賯賱 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賲賳 毓丕賱賻賲 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞貙 賵丕賳鬲賯賱 賵毓賷賴賲 亘丕賱毓丕賱賻賲 賲賳 賰賵賳賴 賳馗丕賲賸丕 賲賵丕賱賷賸丕 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賰賲丕 賰丕賳 胤賷賱丞 孬賱丕孬丞 毓卮乇 賯乇賳賸丕 爻亘賯貙 兀賵 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 睾賷乇 賲毓丕丿賺 賱賴貙 廿賱賶 賳馗丕賲 賱丕 賷兀亘賴 賱賴 廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 賷購毓丕丿賷賴. 賮賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷乇賵賷 賱賳丕 賵噩賴賸丕 賲賳 賵噩賵賴 賴匕賴 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕賱賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賲 賷賰賳 賵毓賷 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷賴丕 賯丿 睾丕丿乇 丨賯亘丞 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞貨 廿匕 賱賲 賷賰賳 賲乇賻賾 毓賱賶 賳賴丕賷鬲賴丕 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 噩賷賱 賵丕丨丿貙 亘賷賳賲丕 賱賲 賷爻鬲賯乇 亘毓丿貙 賱丕 賮賷 賵毓賷賴賲 賵賱丕 賮賷 賵丕賯毓賴賲貙 賳馗丕賲 丕賱賯賵賲賷丕鬲 賵丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱賵胤賳賷丞 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞(6).

兀賲丕 賯囟賷丞 丕賱賯囟丕賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 賷孬賷乇賴丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賴賷 賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱毓賻賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘賵氐賮賴丕 丿賵賱丞 卮賲賵賱賷丞貨 芦丿賵賱丞 丕賱亘賳賶 丕賱賲夭丿賵噩丞禄(7) 亘鬲毓亘賷乇 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷 噩賵乇噩賵 兀睾丕賲亘賷賳 貙 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貨 賮賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 賮賷 噩丕賳亘 賲賳賴貙 鬲兀乇賷禺賹 賵爻乇丿 亘丿賷毓 賱賲賵賯賮 丕賱亘賷乇賵賯乇丕胤賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘兀賮乇購毓賴丕: 丕賱賲丿賳賷丞 賵丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵卮亘賴 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賲賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵兀孬乇 丕賱丨賰賲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 丕賱胤賵賷賱丞貙 丕賱賲鬲噩匕賽賾乇丞 賮賷 丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱毓賽乇賯賷丞貙 毓賱賶 丕賱賳馗乇丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵賰賷賮賷丞 鬲賵馗賷賮賴 賵丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴 賱禺丿賲丞 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞.

賰丕賳 賲賳 毓賵丕賯亘 匕賱賰 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱賲賲丕乇賻爻丞 兀賳 賵賯毓 丕賱毓亘亍 丕賱兀賰亘乇 賱賭 芦丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞禄 -亘丨爻亘 爻乇丿賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘- 毓賱賶 賰丕賴賱 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞貙 孬賲賻賾 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 孬賲賻賾 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 賵丨丿賴丕 鬲賯乇賷亘賸丕 賲毓 丕賯鬲乇丕亘 丕賱丨乇亘 賲賳 賳賴丕賷鬲賴丕貙 兀賷 廿賳 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 芦丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞禄 賰丕賳 賲丨氐賵乇賸丕 賮賷 丕賱兀噩賴夭丞 丕賱賲賳賵胤丞 亘廿賳賮丕匕 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍貙 爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳鬲 賮賷 廿胤丕乇 噩賴丕夭 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱乇爻賲賷貙 兀賵 賲賳 丕賱亘賳賷丞 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 丕賱賲賵丕夭賷丞貨 賮賵賯毓鬲 賲賳丕胤賯 賲爻賱賲丞 賰丕賲賱丞 賮賷 卮乇賯 兀賵乇賵亘丕貙 賮賷 丕賱亘賵爻賳丞 賵賰乇賵丕鬲賷丕 賵睾賷乇賴丕貙 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丨氐乇賸丕 丿賵賳 睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 兀噩賴夭丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞貙 亘賲丕 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱賲爻賱賻賾丨丞貙 賵鬲賵賱賻賾鬲 兀卮丿 兀賮乇毓 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賵丨卮賷丞 賵丿賲賵賷丞 丕賱丿賽賾毓丕賷丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.

賵鬲丿賱 賲爻賷乇丞 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷貙 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻貙 賲毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賲毓賳賶 亘噩賱丕亍貨 廿匕 噩賱亘锟斤拷鬲賴 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賲賳 丕賱毓乇丕賯 賮丕乇賸賾丕 亘毓丿 賮卮賱 丕賳賯賱丕亘 乇卮賷丿 毓丕賱賷 丕賱賰賷賱丕賳賷 丕賱賲丿毓賵賲 賲賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳貙 賱賰賳賴 鬲丨賵賱貙 卮賷卅賸丕 賮卮賷卅賸丕貙 廿賱賶 毓賲賷賱 賱賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞貙 賷毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 賴丕賷賳乇賷卮 賴賲賱乇 氐丿賷賯賴貙 賵兀賳 賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 丕賱賳賻賾丕夭賷丞 賯丿 鬲毓賲賱 賱氐丕賱丨 賮賱爻胤賷賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.

兀賲丕 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱禺胤丕亘貙 賮賯丿 兀賳鬲噩鬲 倬乇賵倬丕睾賳丿丕 丕賱卮賲賵賱賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 芦禺胤丕亘賸丕 廿爻賱丕賲賷賸賾丕 噩丕賲毓賸丕禄 賱賲 賷氐丿乇 廿賱賻賾丕 毓賳 鬲賱賰 丕賱賳馗乇丞 丕賱賴賵賷丕鬲賷丞 丕賱賲睾賱賯丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿賮毓 廿賱賷賴丕 丕賱賯賵賲賷丕鬲 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞貙 賵賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 丕賱賲毓亘兀丞 亘丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱毓賽乇賯賷丞 氐賵乇鬲賴丕 丕賱賯氐賵賶貙 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 丕賱噩賲丕毓丕鬲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞貙 丿賵賳賻 賵囟毓 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 亘賷賳賴賲貙 爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳鬲 丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱賮乇丿賷 兀賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賲胤丕賱亘 賵丕賱睾丕賷丕鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱噩賲丕毓賷貙 賲賵囟毓 丕賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇.

賵賰匕賱賰 賷賱賮鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賳鬲亘丕賴賳丕 廿賱賶 賲爻兀賱丞 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賳馗乇丞 丕賱賷賲賷賳 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 胤賷賱丞 丕賱賳氐賮 丕賱兀賵賱 賲賳 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 毓賳 賳馗乇鬲賴 丕賱丨丕賱賷丞 賱賴 賵賲賵賯賮賴 賲賳賴貙 賮賯丿 鬲丨賵賱 丕賱賷賲賷賳 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷 賲賳 賲賵丕賱丕丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵禺胤亘 賵丿賽賾賴賲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘賻賷賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷鬲賻賷賳 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 廿賱賶 賲毓丕丿丕丞 賰賱 乇賲夭賺 廿爻賱丕賲賷 馗丕賴乇 賵賰賱 噩丕賳亘 賲賳 噩賵丕賳亘 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕.

賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 賵賱賷爻 丌禺乇賸丕: 賷賱賮鬲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賳鬲亘丕賴賳丕 廿賱賶 兀賵噩賴 丕賱鬲卮丕亘賴 賲毓 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 丕賱兀禺乇賶 賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵鬲賵馗賷賮賴 賮賷 丕賱氐乇丕毓丕鬲 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬貙 賰賲丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱亘丕乇丿丞 賵丕賱噩賴丕丿 丕賱兀賮睾丕賳賷貙 賵賰賲丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 丨乇亘 丕賱賲丨丕賵乇 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱亘丕乇丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 丿丕乇鬲 賮賷 兀毓賯丕亘 丕賱乇亘賷毓 丕賱毓乇亘賷 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱.
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賵廿賳賻賾賳丕 廿匕 賳鬲卮乇賻賾賮 亘鬲賯丿賷賲 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱乇氐賷賳 廿賱賶 賯乇賻賾丕亍 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞貙 賳乇噩賵 兀賳 賳賰賵賳 賯丿 賵賮賽賾賯賳丕 賮賷 禺丿賲鬲賴 賵廿禺乇丕噩賴 亘丕賱氐賵乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賱賷賯 亘賴貙 賵鬲購乇囟賷賴賲貨 乇丕噩賷賳 丕賱賲賵賱賶 鬲毓丕賱賶 兀賳 賷賳賮賻毓 亘賴.

賵丕賱丨賲丿 賱賱賴 兀賵賻賾賱賸丕 賵丌禺乇賸丕 賵馗丕賴乇賸丕 賵亘丕胤賳賸丕.
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(1) 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳 鈥撠①嗀柏з�- 鬲爻鬲賵乇丿 80侏 賲賳 丕丨鬲賷丕噩丕鬲賴丕 丕賱賳賮胤賷丞 賲賳 丨賯賵賱 丕賱賳賮胤 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷丞 賮賷 鬲賰爻丕爻.
(2) 丕賳馗乇 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱: 乇囟賵丕賳 丕賱爻賷丿貙 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賵賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳: 丕賱賳卮賵亍 賵丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 賵丕賱賲氐丕卅乇貙 (亘賷乇賵鬲: 丕賱賲丿丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 2016)貙 氐 氐 33-40貨 賲丨賲丿 爻毓丿賵賳 丕賱賲胤賵乇賷貙 芦丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賵丿賵乇賴 賮賷 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞禄貙 丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞貙 毓3貙 丕賱爻賻賾賳丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 卮鬲丕亍 2015賲/1436賴賭貙 氐 氐 205-206貨 氐賱丕丨 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲賳噩丿貙 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賵賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳: 鬲乇丕噩賲賴賲 賵賲丕 兀爻賴賲賵丕 亘賴 賮賷 丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞貙 (亘賷乇賵鬲: 丿丕乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱噩丿賷丿貙 1978)貙 氐 7.
(3) 丕賳馗乇: 噩賵乇噩賵 兀睾丕賲亘賷賳貙 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍貙 (丕賱賯丕賴乇丞: 賲丿丕乇丕鬲 賱賱兀亘丨丕孬 賵丕賱賳卮乇貙 2015)貙 氐 氐 188-189.
(4) 賲賳 賳丕賮賱丞 丕賱賯賵賱 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱毓丕賲 賱丕 賷賳胤亘賯 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 毓賱賶 噩賲賷毓 兀毓賷丕賳 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱賲賳鬲賻賲賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賷 鬲賯賱賷丿 丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷.
(5) 賵賱丕 賷毓賳賷 匕賱賰 亘胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱丨丕賱 賲孬丕賱賷丞 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱丿賵賱丞 賯亘賱 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬貙 賮賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 鬲睾賱賷亘 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賷賳貙 賵噩毓賱 丕賱丿賷賳 賵胤丕亍賸 賱兀賴賵丕亍 丕賱爻賻賾丕爻丞 賵丕賱丨賰丕賲貙 賰丕賳鬲 賲賵噩賵丿丞 胤賷賱丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 賱賰賳賴丕 丕賰鬲爻亘鬲 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬 爻賲丕鬲 禺丕氐丞 賵賮毓丕賱賷丞 禺丕氐丞貙 丨賯賷賯丞賸 亘丕賱丕賱鬲賮丕鬲 廿賱賷賴丕 賵丿乇丕爻鬲賴丕.
(6) 丨賵賱 兀賵噩賴 兀禺乇賶 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 丕賱鬲兀爻賷爻賷丞 賮賷 兀胤乇丕賮 兀禺乇賶 賲賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 丕賳馗乇: 毓賽夭賻賾丞 丨爻賷賳貙 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 鬲賯賳賷賳 丕賱卮乇賷毓丞: 丕賱賳購賾禺亘 丕賱賲丨賱賷賻賾丞貙 賵丕賱爻購賾賱胤丞 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞貙 賵鬲卮賰購賾賱 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞 (丕賱賯丕賴乇丞: 賲丿丕乇丕鬲 賱賱兀亘丨丕孬 賵丕賱賳卮乇貙 2019).
(7) 賷匕賴亘 兀睾丕賲亘賷賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 兀丿賵賱賮 賴鬲賱乇 賱賲 賷賰賳貙 賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱賮賳賷丞貙 丿賷賰鬲丕鬲賵乇賸丕 亘丕賱賲毓賳賶 丕賱賲鬲毓丕乇賻賮 毓賱賷賴貙 賮賯丿 賵氐賱 廿賱賶 丕賱爻購賾賱胤丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕鬲 卮乇毓賷丞貙 賰賲丕 兀賳賴 鬲乇賰 丿爻鬲賵乇 冥丕賷賲丕乇 丕賱卮乇毓賷 賯丕卅賲賸丕 賵賱賲 賷賲爻賻賾賴 亘爻賵亍貙 賵賱賰賳賴 禺賱賯 亘賳賷丞 孬丕賳賷丞 賱丕 鬲鬲賲鬲賻賾毓 亘氐賮丞 乇爻賲賷丞 賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 鈥撠官勝� 丕賱兀睾賱亘- 賱鬲賰賵賳 賲賵丕夭賷丞 賱賱丿爻鬲賵乇 丕賱卮乇毓賷貙 賵兀氐賻賾賱 賵噩賵丿 賴匕賴 丕賱亘賳賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲毓胤賷賱 丕賱丿爻鬲賵乇貙 亘賲賵噩亘 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳貙 賵丕賱丨賰賲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍貙 丨鬲賶 毓購丿賻賾鬲 丕賱丨賯亘丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 兀胤賵賱 丨丕賱丞 丨賰賲 丕爻鬲孬賳丕卅賷 丿丕禺賱 兀賵乇賵亘丕. 鬲賱賰賲 賴賷 芦丿賵賱丞 丕賱亘賳賶 丕賱賲夭丿賵噩丞禄 毓賳丿 兀睾丕賲亘賷賳貙 賵賷毓賳賷 亘賴丕 丕夭丿賵丕噩 丕賱亘賳賷丞 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賱賱丿賵賱丞貙 亘丨賷孬 賷賰賵賳 賱賴丕 馗丕賴乇 卮賰賱賷 賱賴 兀孬乇賹 賲丨丿賵丿賹 賮賷 賲噩乇賷丕鬲 丕賱兀賲賵乇貙 賵亘丕胤賳 禺賮賷 賷賲丕乇賽爻 丕賱爻賽賾賷丕丿丞 丕賱賮毓賱賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕丨鬲賰丕乇 爻購賱胤丞 丕鬲禺丕匕 丕賱賯乇丕乇丕鬲 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞 丕賱賲賴賲賻賾丞. 賵亘丨爻亘 爻乇丿賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 鬲賵賱賻賾賶 賴匕丕 丕賱亘丕胤賳 兀賰孬乇 卮卅賵賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 賲毓 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳.
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November 24, 2024

賲毓 胤賵賱 丕賱毓賴丿 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 亘賷亘賯賶 毓賳丿賰 賲賯賷丕爻 噩賵丿丞 賱賱賲毓賱賵賲丞 丕賱賱賷 亘鬲賯乇丕賴丕 賵亘鬲毓乇賮 鬲賲賷夭 噩賵丿丞 丕賱賲賰鬲賵亘爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳 賲毓 賵噩賴 賳馗乇賰 賵賱丕 賱丕貙 賵丿賴 丕賱賱賷 賱丕丨馗鬲賴 亘賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賷卮乇丨 丕賱丿賵乇 丕賱匕賷 賱毓亘鬲賴 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賵亘賷亘丿兀 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘廿賱賯丕亍 賳馗乇丞 爻乇賷毓丞 毓賳 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱賱賷 丨氐賱鬲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵亘賷鬲賵氐賱 賱賲丨丿賵丿賷鬲賴丕 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丕賱賱賷 賴丕賷丨賰賷賴 毓賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賱賲丕 鬲賯乇兀 毓賳 丕賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 兀賵 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴賲 賲丐孬乇賷賳 賮賷 亘賱丕丿賴賲 丕賱賲丨鬲賱丞 賲賳 兀毓丿丕亍 賴鬲賱乇貙 賴鬲賱丕丨馗 廿賳賴 賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱兀丿賵丕鬲 賵丕賱鬲禺胤賷胤 兀賵 鬲賰賱賮丞 丕賱鬲賳賮賷匕 賰丕賳 丨丕噩丞 賲亘賴乇丞 賲卮 亘賲毓賳賶 廿賷噩丕亘賷 賵賱賰賳 賲賳 賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱廿鬲賯丕賳貙 廿夭丕賷責 賲丕 賴賵 賴鬲賱乇 賵賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 兀禺匕賵丕 賵賯鬲 胤賵賷賱 賷毓賱賲賵丕 丕賱噩賳丿賷 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 廿賳賴 丕賱丌乇賷 賵丨丿賴 賵賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 丌禺乇賵賳 賷爻鬲丨賯賵賳 丕賱丕丨鬲乇丕賲 賮賱賲丕 賷乇噩毓賵丕 賷毓賱賲賵賴 賷丨鬲乇賲 兀毓賷丕丿 丿賷賳賷丞 賵氐賱丕丞 賵賲賱丕亘爻 賵卮毓丕卅乇 卮毓賵亘 卮乇賯賷丞 賵丌爻賷賵賷丞 賲爻賱賲丞 賮兀賰賷丿 丿賴 賲噩賴賵丿 賰亘賷乇 賮賷 丕賱丨賲賱丞貙 賵賱賰賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 丕賱賳鬲丕卅噩 賰丕賳鬲 囟毓賷賮丞(亘賳毓乇賮 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱毓賲賷賯丞 賱賮卮賱 丕賱禺胤丞 丕賱胤賲賵丨丞) 賵丨鬲賶 丕賱賱賷 亘丿兀 賲賳賴丕 賲亘卮乇 賮囟賱 賷鬲乇丕噩毓 鬲丿乇賷噩賷丕 賲毓 賮賯丿丕賳 孬賯丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賳鬲氐丕乇 賴鬲賱乇貙 賲孬賱丕 丨賲賱丞 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賰丕賳鬲 兀賯賱 鬲兀孬賷乇賸丕 賱兀賳 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲孬亘鬲丞 兀賯丿丕賲賴丕 賮賷 賲氐乇 亘卮賰賱 賲賱丨賵馗貙 賵賱賵 丕鬲噩賴賳丕 睾乇亘賸丕 賮賴鬲賱丕賯賷 鬲丨丕賱賮 賴鬲賱乇 賲毓 賳馗丕賲 賮賷卮賷 丕賱賲爻賷胤乇 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲毓賲乇丕鬲 賮乇賳爻丕 兀囟毓賮 丿毓賵丕鬲賴 毓賳 廿賳賴 亘賷禺賱氐 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱毓乇亘 賲賳 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賵賴鬲賱乇 賳賮爻賴 亘毓丿賷賳 丨爻 廿賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丿賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲賰賱賮丞.

賱賵 亘氐賷賳丕 毓賱賶 丨賲賱丞 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賮賴賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲丐孬乇丞 噩丿丕貙 卮毓賵亘 毓賳丿賴丕 乇睾亘丞 鬲鬲丨乇乇 賵鬲爻鬲賯賱 賲卮 賲噩乇丿 乇睾亘丞 賮賷 丕賱丕賳囟賲丕賲 賱賴鬲乇 兀賵 廿賷賲丕賳 亘丿毓賵丕鬲賴貙 賴賲丕 賮毓賱丕 賰丕賳賵丕 毓丕乇賮賷賳 兀賳賴賲 賱丕夭賲 賷丿禺賱賵丕 賮賷 鬲丨丕賱賮 賲毓 兀賷 賯賵賶 賰賲爻賱賲賷賳 -賵賲毓丕賴賲 兀丨賷丕賳丕 賷賴賵丿- 賲爻鬲囟毓賮賷賳 賮賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳貙 賮賷 賲賵丕噩賴丞 賰乇賵丕鬲 賵氐乇亘 賵亘丕乇鬲賷夭丕賳 卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 賵賰賱賴賲 毓賱賶 毓賱丕賯丞 亘丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲. 賰丕賳鬲 丿毓賵丕鬲賴賲 賲丕 亘賷賳 鬲氐丿賷賯 賮賷 廿賳 賴鬲賱乇 賴丕賷賳鬲氐乇 賮鬲賰賵賳 賳噩丕鬲賳丕 賰賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賲毓丕賴貙 賵賲賳賴賲 丕賱丕賴丕賱賷 丕賱亘爻胤丕亍 丕賱賱賷 賰丕賳 賴鬲賱乇 亘丕賱賳爻賱丕賱賴賲 胤乇賷賯丞 賷賯丿乇賵丕 亘賷賴丕 賷氐賱賵丕 賵賷賯賷賲賵丕 爻毓丕卅乇 丿賷賳賴賲 亘毓丿 丕賱賯賲毓 丕賱爻賵賮賷鬲賷 賱賷賴賲 賵丕賱賱賷 賲賵孬賯 亘鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賲丐賱賲丞 賴賳丕 兀賯賱賴丕 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 賱丨馗丕卅乇 禺賳丕夭賷乇 兀賵 賳賵丕丿賷 乇賯氐 賵鬲乇賮賷賴..

賵賲賳賴賲 丕賱賱賷 亘卮賰賱 亘乇丕睾賲丕鬲賷 丕爻鬲睾賱 賵噩賵丿 賷丿 丕賲鬲丿鬲 賱賴賲 賲賲賰賳 鬲爻丕毓丿賴賲 賷囟賲賳賵丕 丨賯賴賲 兀賵 賷毓賱賳賵丕 丿賵賱丞 賲爻鬲賯賱丞貙 賵賲賳賴賲 丕賱賱賷 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 賲毓 賴鬲賱乇 賰丕賳 亘丕賱賳爻亘丕賱賴 賮乇氐丞 賵賮乇鬲 賱賴 爻賱丕丨 賷丿丕賮毓 亘賷賴 毓賳 賯乇賷鬲賴 丕賱賱賷 丕爻鬲亘丕丨鬲賴丕 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 賵丕賱氐乇亘賷丞 賵賴丿賲鬲賴賲 賵賯鬲賱鬲 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賵丕賱賳爻丕亍.
賵賴賳丕 兀禺匕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 廿賳賴 賰匕丕 賲乇丞 賷鬲賰賱賲 毓賳 賵丨卮賷丞 丕賱卮亘丕亘 賮賷 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕賱禺賳噩乇 丕賱賱賷 兀購賳卮卅鬲 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 丕賱賱賷 丕賳囟賲賵丕 賱賴鬲賱乇 賵丕夭丕賷 賰丕賳賵丕 賲噩乇賲賷賳 賮賷 賯鬲丕賱賴賲 賲毓 丕賱氐乇亘 賵丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 丕賱亘丕乇鬲賷夭丕賳 賵睾賷乇賴賲 賮賷 丕賱賲賳胤賯丞 丕賱賲夭丿丨賲丞 丿賷貙 賲毓 廿賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 亘賳賮爻賴 匕賰乇 廿賳 丕賱卮亘丕亘 丿賵賱 乇噩毓賵丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲丿乇賷亘 賮賷听 賮乇賳爻丕 毓賱賶 禺胤丕亘丕鬲 賲賳 兀賴賱賴賲 丕賱賱賷 亘賷爻鬲睾賷孬賵丕 亘毓丿 賴噩賵賲 丕賱氐乇亘 賵丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 毓賱賶 賯乇賶 賲毓馗賲賴丕 兀胤賮丕賱 賵賳爻丕亍 賵毓噩丕卅夭 賮賲卮 毓丕乇賮丞 賴賱 賰丕賳 卮丕賷賮 廿賳賴 乇丿 賮毓賱賴賲 賷賰賵賳 丿亘賱賵賲丕爻賷貙 賵賱丕 賷賯鬲賱賵丕 亘丕賱乇丕丨丞 賵賱丕 廿賷賴.
賱賰賳 毓賲賵賲賸丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賰丕賳 賲賵囟賵毓賷 賱丿乇噩丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賮賷 乇賵丕賷鬲賴 賱賱兀丨丿丕孬.

賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賳鬲丕亘毓 賯氐丞 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷貙 賲賳 兀賵賱 爻賮乇賴 賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 廿賱賶 賲丕 亘毓丿 賴鬲賱乇 賵賴賳鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丨丿賵丿 丿賵乇賴 賵爻丕毓丕鬲 賴賳丨鬲丕乇 賮賷 卮禺氐賷鬲賴.. 賴賱 賴賵 賮毓賱丕 賰丕賳 亘賷丿賵乇 毓賱賶 丨賯 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱賰亘乇賶 丕賱賯丕卅賲丞貙 賵賱丕 賰丕賳 毓丕賷夭 夭毓丕賲丞 賱賳賮爻賴 亘丕爻賲 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賵賱丕 賰丕賳 丨丕亘亘 賷囟賲賳 兀賲賳賴 賵鬲賵丕噩丿賴 毓賱賶 丕賱爻丕丨丞 賲毓 丕賱胤乇賮 丕賱賲乇丨賽賾亘 亘賷賴貙 賵賱丕 賰丕賳 禺丕賷賮 賲賳 丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘丕鬲 丕賱賱賷 亘鬲噩賴夭賴丕 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賱賱賯丿爻 賵賲氐賷乇 賮賱爻胤賷賳責.

賮賷 丕賱丌禺乇 亘賳鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 賲丌賱 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱賱賷 亘丿兀 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱賰賱丕賲 毓賳賴賲貙 賵賲丕匕丕 氐賳毓鬲 亘賴賲 丕賱兀賷丕賲 賲賳賴賲 丕賱賱賷 丕鬲爻噩賳 賵丕賱賱賷 丕鬲丨丕賰賲 賵丕賱賱賷 囟賲賳 丨賷丕鬲賴貙 賵賲賳賴賲 卮毓賵亘 鬲毓乇囟鬲 賱賱丕賳鬲賯丕賲 賵丕賱鬲賳賰賷賱 賲賳听 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 睾賷乇賴賲 毓賱賶 乇兀爻賴賲 賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳.

丕賱氐賵乇 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓丞 賵賲賴賲丞 噩丿丕 賵賮賷 賲賳賴丕 氐賵乇 賮賷 丌禺乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 囟丕賮賴丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲禺氐賵氐 賱賱胤亘毓丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丨爻亘 匕賰乇 丿丕乇 丕賱賳卮乇 賵賴賷 噩賲賷賱丞 賮毓賱丕.. 賱賰賳 丕賱賲賴賲 賮賷 丕賱氐賵乇 丕賱賱賷 丿丕禺賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賳賴丕 亘鬲亘賷賳 丨噩賲 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賵丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賱丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 亘賳卮賵賮 氐賵乇 賱賱賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 丕賱賱賷 兀賱賯鬲賴丕 丕賱胤丕卅乇丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 卮賰丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵丕夭丕賷 丕禺鬲丕乇賵丕 卮賰賱賴丕 賵賱賴噩丞 丕賱賰賱丕賲 賮賷賴丕 賵丨鬲賶 賱賵賳賴丕 丕賱兀禺囟乇 夭賷 乇丕賷丞 丕賱乇爻賵賱
賵兀賵賯丕鬲 亘鬲賳卮乇 丕賱亘乇賵亘丕噩賳丿丕 丌賷丕鬲 賯乇丌賳賷丞 毓賳 丕賱噩賴丕丿 賵丕賱賯鬲丕賱 賵丕賱賰賮丕乇 賵毓賳 賴鬲賱乇 賰禺賱賷賮丞 賱賱賳亘賷 兀賵 丨鬲賶 丕賱廿賲丕賲 丕賱賱賷 丕賱卮賷毓丞 賲賳鬲馗乇賷賳賴貙 賵賯亘賱 賲丕 賳鬲賮丕噩卅 賴賳丕 賴賳卮賵賮 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱 賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賵兀賲乇賷賰丕 賵賴賲丕 亘賷毓賲賱賵丕 鬲卮賵賷卮 毓賱賶 廿匕丕毓丞 亘乇賱賷賳 賵賷噩賷亘賵丕 賲卮丕賷禺 鬲賯乇丕 賯乇丌賳 賮賷 廿匕丕毓鬲賴賲 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賵賷亘毓鬲賵丕 賰鬲賷亘丕鬲 亘乇囟賵丕 夭賷 賲丕 賴鬲賱乇 亘毓鬲 賰鬲賷亘丕鬲 毓賳 丕賱噩賴丕丿 賱賱噩賳賵丿 賮賷 氐賮賵賮賴貙 賵丿賴 賲卮 噩丿賷丿 賵賱丕 賲賮丕噩卅 賵丕賱賵賱丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲丨丿丞 賰乇乇鬲賴 賲毓 兀賮睾丕賳爻鬲丕賳 賮賷 丨乇亘賴丕 丕賱亘丕乇丿丞 賲毓 丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲 賴賳丕賰.

賲賳 丕賱丌孬丕乇 丕賱噩丕賳亘賷丞 賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 廿丿乇丕賰 賰賷賮 賷賲賰賳 賱賱爻乇丿賷丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 兀賳 鬲購賰賵賽賾賳 鬲氐賵賾乇賰 毓賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賳 賱賷爻 睾乇亘賷丕 兀賵 賲賳 賰丕賳 睾乇亘賷賸丕 賵賱賲 賷鬲丨丕賱賮 賲毓 丕賱睾乇亘貙 賲孬賱丕 賳丨賳 賳鬲毓丕賲賱 賱丕 廿乇丕丿賷丕 賲毓 賴鬲賱乇 賵氐賵乇鬲賴 賵鬲丕乇賷禺賴 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 賲噩賳賵賳 賲禺鬲賱 睾亘賷 卮乇賷乇 賵賱賰賳賴 禺胤賷亘 賲賮賵賴 鬲賲賰賳 賲賳 噩賲毓 丕賱丿賴賲丕亍貙 賲毓 兀賳 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 兀賳 賴鬲賱乇 賱賲 賷賮毓賱 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 賮毓賱賴 賯丕丿丞 丿賵賱 賲孬賱 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賵賮乇賳爻丕 賵兀賲乇賷賰丕 賲毓 卮毓賵亘 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀禺乇賶.
賵亘賯乇丕亍丞 鬲鬲丨乇賶 賯賱賷賱丕 賲賳 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 賳噩丿 兀賳 賴鬲賱乇 賴賵 丨丕賰賲 賳丕夭賷 毓賳氐乇賷 賵賱賰賳賴 丕亘賳 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賵賳鬲丕噩賴丕 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賷禺鬲賱賮 毓賳 賳賲丕匕噩賴丕 丕賱兀禺乇賶. 賵賰丕賳鬲 賱丿賷賴 丿賵丕賮毓 賵鬲丨丕賱賮丕鬲 賵毓丿丕賵丕鬲 賱丕 鬲噩毓賱賴 賲禺鬲賱賸丕 兀賵 賵丨卮賷賸丕 賵廿賳賲丕 賮賯胤 睾乇亘賷賸丕 -鬲賲丕賲賸丕 賲孬賱賴賲- 賱丕 賷鬲丨乇賰 廿賱丕 亘賲丕 賷丨賯賯 睾丕賷丞 毓乇賯賴 賵卮毓亘賴 賵兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷鬲賴.

丨丕亘丞 兀賯賵賱 廿賳 賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賳丕 丨丕噩丞 賮賷 賲賳鬲賴賶 丕賱噩賲丕賱 賵丕賱丕丨鬲乇丕賲.

伲佟 兀賰鬲賵亘乇 佗贍佗伽
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629 reviews124 followers
September 24, 2022
丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷賰鬲亘賴 丕賱賲賳鬲氐乇賵賳貙 賱賰賳 亘賯丕亍 賵孬丕卅賯 亘丨賵夭丞 丕賱賲賳賴夭賲賷賳 鬲毓賳賶 兀賳 賱賴賲 賰賱賲丞 爻賷賯賵賱賵賳賴丕 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺..
賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賳賵毓.
丕賱毓賳賵丕賳 賲亘賴乇 賱賲賳 賯乇兀 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賲夭毓噩 賱賲賳 賱賲 賷賯乇兀賴.
鬲禺賷賱 兀賳賰 鬲賯乇兀 賰鬲丕亘丕 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 賵丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟 兀賳賴 賷丨賰賷 鬲丕乇賷禺丕 賮賷 丕賱馗丕賴乇 賲丌爻賷 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕爻鬲囟毓丕賮賴賲 賵丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴 賵丕賱鬲賱丕毓亘 亘賴賲 .. 賱賰賳 賮賷 丕賱賵丕賯毓 賴賳丕賰 噩丕賳亘 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿睾賮丕賱賴 兀賵 賱賳賯賱 " 丕賱賳氐賮 丕賱賲賲鬲賱卅 賲賳 丕賱賰賵亘"
賴賵 毓馗賲丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵賰賷賮 兀賳賴 賮賷 兀爻賵兀 丕賱馗乇賵賮 賱賴 鬲兀孬賷乇 毓馗賷賲 賮賷 兀亘賳丕卅賴 賲賴賲丕 丕亘鬲毓丿賵丕 毓賳賴貙 賵鬲兀孬賷乇 毓馗賷賲 賮賷 賲爻賷乇 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬貙 賱兀噩賱賴 禺胤亘賵丕 賵丿賴 賳馗丕賲 賲孬賱 賴鬲賱乇 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷 丕賱賯賵賲賷 丕賱丿賲賵賷貙 亘賱 賳購賯賽賱 賮賷 賲匕賰乇丕鬲 賯丕丿鬲賴 賵賲賯乇亘賷賴 孬賳丕亍 賴鬲賱乇 毓賱賶 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 亘丕賱胤亘毓 賴賵 賷賲丿丨 噩丕賳亘 丕賱賯賵丞 賵丕賱噩賴丕丿 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵賳噩丿賴 賷鬲賲賳賶 丕賳鬲氐丕乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 賲毓乇賰丞 亘賱丕胤 丕賱卮賴丿丕亍 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮丞 貙 兀賲丕 丕賱毓乇亘 賮賯丿 賳馗乇 賱賴賲 亘毓賳氐乇賷丞 賵丿賵賳賷丞 賵 賮賰丕賳 賷乇賶 兀賳賴賲 丨鬲賶 賱賵 丕賳鬲氐乇賵丕 賮賷 賲毓乇賰丞 亘賱丕胤 丕賱卮賴丿丕亍 賮賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賱賴賲 兀賳 賷爻鬲賲乇賵丕 賮賷 睾夭賵 亘賯賷丞 兀賵乇亘丕貙 賵賰丕賳 賲賳 賷丨賲賱 丕賱乇丕賷丞 亘毓丿賴賲 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳貙 賵賰匕賱賰 兀孬賳賶 毓賱賶 丕賱賵噩賵丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賮賷 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 丕賱丨胤 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞.
賵毓賲賱賷锟斤拷 賵賮賶 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 爻賲丨 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘丕賱丕賱鬲丨丕賯 亘丕賱噩賷卮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 丿賵賳 卮乇胤(佟) 貨 賮賴賲 丕賱噩丿賷乇賵賳 亘丕賱孬賯丞 貙賮賯丕賱 :"賱丕 丌賲賳 兀丨丿丕 廿賱丕 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷賷賳".
賵丨氐賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 毓賱賶 丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 賱賲 賷鬲丨氐賱 毓賱賷賴丕 睾賷乇賴賲 丨鬲賶 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賷賳貙 賲賳 鬲賵馗賷賮 兀卅賲丞(佗) 賵丨乇賷丞 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱卮毓丕卅乇.
兀賲丕 兀孬乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丕賱毓賲賷賯 賮賷 丕賱賯丕亘毓 賮賷 賳賮賵爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賴賵 賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賵毓 賱賱丿賷賳 賵卮毓丕卅乇賴 賵賲馗丕賴乇賴 亘賲噩乇丿 丕賳賰爻丕乇 丕賱丕丨鬲賱丕賱 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷 賵賰兀賳賴 賱賲 賷賰賳 卮賷卅丕.
賴匕賴 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶.

兀賲丕 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 兀賵 丕賱賲兀爻丕丞 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 丕賱賲鬲噩丿丿丞
丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱兀毓丿丕亍 丕賱丿丕禺賱 兀賵 丕賱禺丕乇噩 賱毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱卮乇賷毓丞 賵丕賱賯丕丿丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 鬲丨賯賷賯 賲丌乇亘賴賲 賵丕賳爻賷丕賯賴賲 亘爻匕丕噩丞 賵賴賲 賷丨爻亘賵賳 兀賳賴賲 賷丨爻賳賵賳 氐賳毓丕貙 賵賲賳 禺賱賮賴賲 丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇 賱賱兀爻賮 鬲賲噩丿 賵鬲賲賳丨 賱賱兀毓丿丕亍 丕賱兀賱賯丕亘 賮賷 馗賱 倬乇賵倬丕噩賳丿丕 鬲毓馗賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱丿賮丕毓 毓賳賴 囟丿 丕賱兀毓丿丕亍 (毓乇賮賳丕賴丕 噩賷丿丕 賱賲丕 丕丨鬲賱 賳丕亘賱賷賵賳 賲氐乇 賯亘賱 佟佶贍 毓丕賲 賲賳 丕賱丨乇亘 ) 貙 賰賲丕 賷馗賴乇 噩賱賷丕 賮賷 鬲毓丕賲賱賴賲 賲毓 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 丨鬲賶 兀賳 亘毓囟 丕賱卮賷毓丞 賰毓丕丿鬲賴賲 賮賷 丕賱睾賱賵 賮賷 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 噩毓賱賵丕 賴鬲賱乇 丕賱賲賴丿賷.
賵賮賶 馗賳賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賮賴賲 丕賱毓賲賷賯 賱兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱丿賷賳 賵乇噩丕賱丕鬲賴 賵丿賵乇賴賲丕 賮賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 噩丕亍 賲賳 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 賱胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丨鬲賶 兀賳賴賲 丕爻鬲賵毓亘賵丕 噩賷丿丕 賲爻兀賱丞 鬲賱丕丨賲 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賰賷賮 兀賳 兀匕賷丞 賲爻賱賲 賮賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賷賳鬲賮囟 賱賴 賲爻賱賲賵 丕賱卮乇賯 賲賳 丕賱毓乇丕賯 丨鬲賶 丕賱氐賷賳 兀賵 賴賰匕丕 賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 賷賰賵賳.
賵賱丕 賷賳賮賷 兀賳 賴賳丕賰 賲賳 廿賱鬲夭賲 丕賱丨賷丕丿 貙 賮賱賲 鬲亘賴乇賴賲 丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞. 賵氐丿賯 丨爻賴賲 賮賯丿 丕乇鬲賰亘 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 亘丨賯 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲匕丕亘丨 賮賷 亘賱丕丿 賲孬賱 丕賱亘賵爻賳丞 亘鬲賴賲丞 丿毓賲 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 亘毓丿 鬲賯丿賲 賯賵丕鬲 鬲賷鬲賵貙 孬賲 丕賱賲匕丕亘丨 丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕賲賷丞 賱賱卮賷賵毓賷賷賳 亘毓丿 丕賱丨乇亘.
賲毓 賴匕丕 賱丕 兀丨賲賱賴賲 丕賱賲爻卅賵賱賷丞 賰丕賲賱丞貙 賮賴賲 賯亘毓賵丕 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 廿乇賴丕亘賷 丿賲賵賷 賱乇亘毓 賯乇賳 賰賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷鬲賷 賵 乇兀賵丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 胤賵賯 賳噩丕鬲賴賲 禺丕氐丞 賲毓 丕賱賲毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱丨爻賳丞 賱賱兀賱賲丕賳貙 賵丕賱兀賲賱 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷.

丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丞 丕賱孬丕賱孬丞 賴賵 丕賱鬲亘丕賷賳 賮賷 丕爻鬲賯亘丕賱 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賮 亘賱丕丿 丕賱鬲賶 丨賰賲鬲賴丕 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 乇丨亘賵丕 亘丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵丕胤賲卅賳賵丕 賱賴賲 禺丕氐丞 賲毓 丕賱賲毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱賲亘丕卮乇丞 丕賱噩賷丿丞貙 亘賷賳賲丕 亘賱丿 賰賲氐乇 賱賲 鬲毓丕賳賷 丨賰賲 丕賱亘賱卮賮賷丞 賵賰匕賱賰 賱賲 鬲賯毓 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 賰丕賱亘賱賯丕賳賷賷賳 賲孬賱丕 貙 賵噩丿賳丕 鬲毓丕胤賮丕 賲毓 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵賰兀賳賴 賰賷丿丕 賮賷 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭 兀賵 亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱禺賱丕氐 賲賳賴賲貨 賮賱賲丕 噩丿 丕賱噩丿 賵丿禺賱 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 丨丿賵丿 賲氐乇 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 丿亘 丕賱乇毓亘 賮賷 丕賱賳賮賵爻 賵馗賴乇 丌孬丕乇 丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱丕賳噩賱賷夭 賱賵丨卮賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞.

鬲賰賲賳 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賳賴 賷囟卅 賲賳胤賯丞 賲馗賱賲丞 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賵賮賷賴 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賵丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱卮丕卅賰丞 鬲丨鬲賴丕 賰賱丕賲 賰孬賷乇 賷賯丕賱貙 賵鬲丨鬲丕噩 賲賳 賷亘丨孬 賵賷賳賯亘 賵賷丿乇爻 賵賷丨賱賱.. 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕禺鬲夭丕賱 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賮賷 噩乇丕卅賲 丕乇鬲賰亘鬲賴丕 兀賵 丨乇亘 兀卮毓賱鬲賴丕 亘賱 兀毓賯丿 賲賳 匕賱賰 亘賰孬賷乇 賵賲丕 毓賱丕賯鬲賴丕 亘丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 廿賱丕 卮丕賴丿 賲賳 卮賵丕賴丿 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿.
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(佟)賲賲丕 賷爻噩賱 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 兀賳賴丕 氐丕丨亘丞 兀賰亘乇 鬲毓亘卅丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 氐丕丨亘鬲賴丕 賯賵丞 睾賷乇 賲爻賱賲丞.
(佗) 鬲賲 鬲毓賷賷賳 兀卅賲丞 賰孬乇 賵賱賰賵賳 兀睾賱亘賷鬲賴賲 氐賱鬲賴賲 亘毓賱賵賲 丕賱卮乇賷毓丞 囟毓賷賮丞貙 賮兀賯賷賲鬲 丿賵乇丕鬲 鬲毓賱賷賲賷丞 丿乇賾爻 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 鬲卮丕賵乇 卮倬賵賱乇 賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵 卮乇丕卅毓賴 賵爻賷乇丞 丕賱賳亘賷 氐賱賶 丕賱賱賴 毓賱賷賴 賵爻賱賲 ! 貙 賲毓 鬲賵噩賷賴丕鬲 賱賱丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵丕賱丨孬 毓賱賶 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 賲毓賴賲 賵丕賱乇丿 毓賱賶 丕賱亘賱卮賮賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丨匕賷乇 賲賳賴丕.
2 reviews
December 6, 2014
This book is the first comprehensive history of Muslims under Nazi rule. It鈥檚 very balanced: It deals with Muslim leaders who supported the Axis powers, like the Mufti of Jerusalem; it also deals with the persecution of Muslim Roma and with Muslim inmates in Nazi concentration camps. It鈥檚 monumental. A masterpiece.
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667 reviews61 followers
August 13, 2021
賰鬲丕亘 兀賰丕丿賷賲賷 丕爻鬲賯氐丕卅賷 丿爻賲 賲賳 丕賱胤乇丕夭 丕賱乇賮賷毓... 賵孬賯 賮賷賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱丨乇賰丞 丕賱廿卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 ( 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞) 賲毓 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 賵賲丨丕賵賱鬲賴丕 毓亘乇 卮鬲賶 丕賱胤乇賯 (丕賱鬲賳卮賷胤賷丞) 賵丕賱丨賲賱丕鬲 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 賵丨夭賲丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 賵丕賱兀賵丕賲乇 賵丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱丿丕毓賲丞 賱廿爻鬲賯胤丕亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵鬲毓夭賷夭 乇賵丨 丕賱噩賴丕丿 賵丕賱廿賳囟亘丕胤 賱賲賳丕氐乇丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賵丿賵賱 丕賱賲丨賵乇 賮賷 丨乇亘賴賲 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 囟丿 噩亘賴丞 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍.
賵賯丿 兀亘丕賳 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 氐丨丕卅賮賴 毓賳 丕賱孬賯丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賱賱賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賱賱丨乇賰丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賲賲孬賱丞 賮賷 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 兀丿賵賱賮 賴鬲賱乇 賵 匕乇丕毓賴 丕賱兀賷賲賳 賯丕卅丿 丕賱噩爻鬲丕亘賵 賵賵丨丿丕鬲 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 賴賲賱乇 賵賵夭賷乇 丕賱廿毓賱丕賲 丕賱卮賴賷乇 噩賵亘賱夭 ( 賱賱兀賲丕賳丞 賱賲 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 噩賵亘賱夭 廿賱丕 亘廿卮丕乇丞 毓丕亘乇丞 亘乇睾賲 兀賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 兀氐賷賱 亘賲賴丕賲賴 賲賳 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 賵賴匕丕 丕賱鬲氐乇賮 賷賱賯賷 囟賱丕賱 卮賰 賰亘賷乇丞 毓賱賶 鬲丨丕卮賷 噩賵亘賱夭 賵兀爻亘丕亘賴丕). 丕賱孬賯丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 賮賷 丕賲賰丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 賲毓 丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵丕爻鬲賱賴丕賲 賯賷賲 丕賱噩賴丕丿 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賳氐乇 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 賵亘賳丕亍 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱噩丿賷丿貙 賰賲丕 毓亘乇鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賳 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 賰亘賷乇 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵賮賴賲 丿賯賷賯 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱賳禺亘丞 賵丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 賵 亘丕賱鬲兀賰賷丿 賱賱賮賱爻賮丕鬲 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 丿賵乇 爻賱亘賷 賮賷 丕賱賲爻兀賱丞 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱賯丕毓丿丞 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞 賵亘毓囟 丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賵爻胤賶.

丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 賱丕 賷賯丿賲 丌乇丕亍 賵鬲丨賱賷賱丕鬲 賵賵噩賴丕鬲 賳馗乇 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷賯丿賲 鬲賵孬賷賯丕 賵爻乇丿丕 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕 賲賲鬲毓丕貙 賷睾賱亘 毓賱賷賴 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓賷丞 睾丕賱亘丕 賵丕賱鬲丨丕賲賱 兀丨賷丕賳丕..

賷賮賴賲 賲賳 賲爻乇丿 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賴賳丕 賵廿卮丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賵丨鬲賶 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賯乇丕亍丞 賲丨丕賷丿丞 爻胤丨賷丞 兀賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 爻毓鬲 賱廿爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 賮賯胤 賵兀賳 賰賱 爻賷丕爻鬲賴丕 賵丕噩乇丕亍丕鬲賴丕 賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 丨賲賱丕鬲 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賰丕賳鬲 賱兀睾乇丕囟 鬲賰鬲賷賰賷丞 賮賯胤 賰賲丕 氐乇丨 亘毓囟 丕賱囟亘丕胤 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳.
廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱亘丕丨孬 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賱賷賱丕丨馗 廿匕丕 賳馗乇 賳馗乇丞 卮賲賵賱賷丞 兀賳 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱毓乇亘賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賲毓 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賷毓丿 鬲丨丕賱賮丕 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丕貙 丨賷孬 兀賳 丕賱賲胤賱毓 毓賱賶 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱賮賱爻賮丕鬲 丕賱賲賳亘孬賯丞 毓賳賴丕 賵 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲賳鬲噩丞 囟賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱廿胤丕乇 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷 禺氐賵氐丕 賯亘賱 丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵 鬲丿噩賷賳賴賲貙 鬲鬲賮賯 賵 鬲鬲賱丕賯賶 賮賷 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賲賮氐賱賷丕鬲賴丕 賵 鬲賲馗賴乇丕鬲賴丕 賲毓 丕賱賮賱爻賮丕鬲 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賲丕 賳鬲噩 毓賳賴丕 毓亘乇 丕賱賯乇賵賳... 賵賱丕 兀丿賱 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 賲賳 毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿 氐丿賲丕鬲 丨囟丕乇賷丞 賮賷 兀賷 賮鬲乇丞 賲賳 賮鬲乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘賱 賴賳丕賰 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮丕鬲 賵丕賱賯賵丕爻賲 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞 賱賷爻 兀丿賱 賲賳賴丕 丕賱丨賱賮 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞...
賵丕賱兀賲丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 鬲毓丿 兀賲丞 賲孬丕賱賷丞 賱賳卮乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕貙 賵乇亘賲丕 賱賵 賳噩丨 丕賱禺賱賷賮丞 丕賱爻賱胤丕賳 爻賱賷賲丕賳 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳賷 乇丨賲賴 丕賱賱賴 賮賷 丿賰 兀爻賵丕乇 賮賷賷賳丕 賱賰丕賳 丿禺賵賱 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 亘丕賱匕丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 兀賮賵丕噩丕 賵 賱賯賵賷 亘賴賲 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賲丿鬲賳丕 亘孬乇賵丞 賮賰乇賷丞 亘卮乇賷丞 爻鬲睾賷乇 賵噩賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賮賴賲 賵丕囟丨 賱丿賶 賰賱 賲賳 賴鬲賱乇 賵賴賲賱乇 賳賮爻賷賴賲丕 賵賯丿 毓亘乇賵丕 毓賳賴 鬲毓亘賷乇丕 氐乇賷丨丕.. 丨鬲賶 丕賱鬲賵噩賴丕鬲 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱賲卮亘毓丞 賮賱爻賮賷丕 賵孬賯丕賮賷丕 賮賷 丕賱噩爻丿 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賰丕賳 賷賲賰賳 鬲賮賰賷賰賴丕 賵鬲匕賵賷亘賴丕 亘爻賴賵賱丞 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲..
賱賳 兀禺賵囟 賰孬賷乇丕 賮賷 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 賱賰賳 毓賵丿 賱賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷 賵丕賱丨賲賱丞 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 (賱鬲賳卮賷胤) 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱廿賳囟賲丕賲 賱賱丨乇亘 爻賵丕亍 亘丕賱孬賵乇丕鬲 禺賱賮 禺胤賵胤 丕賱毓丿賵 兀賵 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 賮賷 丕賱噩亘賴丕鬲 亘噩丕賳亘 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳.. 兀賯賵賱 兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱丨賲賱丞 賰丕賳鬲 賱鬲賳噩丨 賳噩丕丨丕 亘丕賴乇丕 賱賵 賰丕賳鬲 禺胤丞 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 賯亘賷賱 丕賱丨乇亘 亘爻賳賵丕鬲 賵賱賷爻鬲 丕乇鬲噩丕賱賷丞 賲鬲賮丕毓賱丞 賲毓 丕賱兀丨丿丕孬.. 賮丕賱毓丿賵 賲卮鬲乇賰 丨賯賷賯丞 賵賱賷爻 丕丿毓丕亍貙 賮丕賱爻賵賮賷賷鬲 丕賱亘賱丕卮賮丞 賵丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭 丕賱廿爻鬲毓賲丕乇賷賷賳 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷賷賳 丕賱賴賲噩 賵丕賱兀賲乇賷賰丕賳 丕賱亘乇丕亘乇丞 賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 丨孬丕賱丞 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賴賲 賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 丕賱毓丿賵 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賱丕 兀丿賱 毓賳 賴匕丕 廿賱丕 賲丕 丨氐賱 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘賷賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷鬲賷賳 賵亘毓丿賴賲丕 亘氐賵乇丞 賰亘賷乇丞 貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷毓鬲乇囟 賲毓鬲乇囟 亘兀賳 賲丕 丨氐賱 亘毓丿 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 賮賮賷 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賰丕賳 丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱 囟毓賷賮丕 賵兀賯賱 賲賳 丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟貙 賳丕賴賷賰 毓賳 鬲氐乇賮丕鬲 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱兀毓丿丕亍 毓亘乇 賯乇賵賳 賵賲丕 賳毓丕賳賷賴 丕賱賷賵賲 賲賳賴賲 禺賷乇 賲孬丕賱..
兀賷囟丕 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賲毓 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 賰丕賳 鬲丨丕賱賮丕 爻賷卅丕 賵爻亘亘 賮賷 鬲賵噩爻 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賴賵 賲丕 賯丕賱賴 賴鬲賱乇 亘丕賱丨乇賮 賮賷 兀賷丕賲賴 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞.. 丿毓賰 兀氐賱丕 毓賳 賰賵賳賴 鬲丨丕賱賮 睾賷乇 賲孬賲乇 兀爻丕爻丕 賵賴丕賲卮賷丕.

賵亘丿賵賳 賰孬賷乇 鬲賮氐賷賱貙 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賷 兀乇賶 兀賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 禺爻乇 丕賱賰孬賷乇 亘賴夭賷賲丞 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賱賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 賵兀賳賴賲 兀囟丕毓賵丕 賮乇氐丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賱賱廿賳囟賲丕賲 兀賮賵丕噩丕 賱賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇亘 賳氐乇丞 賱賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵丕爻鬲賳氐丕乇丕 亘賴賲貙 賮賲賴賲丕 賰丕賳 爻賵亍 賲丕 爻賷賳鬲噩 毓賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賱賳 賷賰賵賳 兀亘丿丕 兀爻賵亍 賲賳 賵囟毓 丕賱毓乇亘 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賷賵賲貙 賷賰賮賷 兀賳 丕爻乇丕卅賷賱 賱賳 鬲賰賵賳 賲賵噩賵丿丞..

廿賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘乇睾賲 賰賱 兀禺胤丕卅賴丕 賵鬲賵噩賴丕鬲賴丕 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞貙 鬲馗賱 賲馗賱賵賲丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵鬲丨鬲丕噩 賱賯乇丕亍丞 賲鬲兀賳賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱爻胤賵乇 賮鬲夭賵賷乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 爻賲丞 丕賳噩賱賵爻賰爻賵賳賷丞 亘丕賲鬲賷丕夭..
賵賱賴匕丕 賰鬲丕亘 丌禺乇...
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September 16, 2018
Hitler's Islam Card

Motadel begins by probing the initial German misconception that existed prior to WW I that pan-Islamism was a powerful and monolithic force that could be harnessed to unseat the hegemony of rival British, French and Tsarist empires. Championed by members of the German intellectual elite such as gentleman adventurers/archaeologists and , such incitement was provocative but the Allies were able to offer their own counter inducements. Calls for a Holy War backed by secular Young Turks in Istanbul were seen as hypocritical as were calls attacking Christian powers that excluded Istanbul's ally Germany. Then as now the Islamic world was widely divided into rival sects based on different cultures and theological groupings.

The Nazi decision to recruit Muslims to the cause of National Socialism was not even considered at the start of WW II as the southern front was delegated to Mussolini's Italy. As an example, the led uprising in Iraq against the British in 1941 only received minimal and belated. support from the Reich. But by late 1942 Germany, now in possession of Crimea and the Balkans faced a devastating loss of 戮 of a million men and the faltering of Italian forces . What follows is a well documented in depth analysis of how German strategy played out in each of North Africa, Russia and the Balkan fronts.

The results were far from uniform. By February 1943 in North Africa the Wehrmacht were only able to muster 2400 Arab recruits, mostly from POW camps and former students who had studied in Berlin. Most were considered unsuitable for combat and served in labour brigades. Many proved to be disloyal. There was more success in the Balkans. 25 years of Soviet oppression of religion provided a fertile ground for Nazi propaganda (Motadel draws on and complements ) which frequently invoked Soviet and Yugoslav Bolshevism, British and French imperialism and American capitalist exploitation all connected to Nazi racial hatred for Jews backed by traditional Quranic verses describing Jewish treachery and eternal enmity.

To this end the Germans made extensive use of imams, attaching them to Muslim units. The fugitive Mufti of Jerusalem who was employed to create propaganda, lecture and advise. Rather than lecturing directly to the soldiers on matters of religion, the Nazis set up training schools for imams, the curriculum shortened to emphasize similarities between National Socialism and Islam.

Widely seen as liberators, religious freedom for Muslims was an easy price for the Nazis to pay, though they had to do this delicately in Ustasi run Catholic Croatia. Both Axis and Allied literature advised on respectful attitudes towards Muslims, not always adhered to by enlisted men, however the Nazis had special problems. In the early part of the Balkan campaign many Muslims were executed as, being circumcised they were mistaken for Jews. Muslim Roma were also killed off, alienating co-religionists. Jewish Mountain Tats, because they practiced polygamy and did not conform to Nazi conceptions of Jew were considered Turkic as were the Karaites and were spared, but not the Krymchaks who were murdered. For the Crimean Tatars and others, giving allegiance was a Hobson's choice, sometimes motivated by religion but also by the need to stay alive during wartime. Those following current events in the Ukraine should realize that the Tatars were punished dearly by mass expulsion to Kazakhstan and Central Asia as were Karachais, Balkars, Chechens and Ingush; many were subsequently executed by the NKVD.

The Wehrmacht and the SS moved from an initial concept of a uniform pan-Islamism to a more refined model. They soon realized that mixing Sunni and Shia in the same units didn't work and rejected inserting Muslims supporters from India into units in Bosnia, calculating that the Indians would be motivated more by nationalist and anti-British concerns than by religion. Not everyone in the German political structure were convinced. Gerhard von Mende, a Director of the Eastern Ministry for the Reich, estimated that only 5% of Eastern Muslims identified purely as Muslims and that only 20% would be receptive to a a religious campaign. (pp240).

Hitler's own assessment of the value of the Nazi-Muslim alliance was as follows: "For the time being I consider the formation of battalions of these pure Caucasian peoples as very risky, while I don't see any danger in forming pure Mohammedan units... Despite all explanations, either from Rosenberg or from the military side, I don't trust the Armenians either... The only ones I consider to be reliable are the pure Mohammedans. .... I consider only the Mohammedans to be safe. All others I consider unsafe". (pp222, Dec 12, 1942).

It's a brilliantly constructed read that should be of great interest for WW II enthusiasts and an essential purchase for library collections on the history of the era. Motadel has integrated a comprehensive range of material from the archives of 14 different countries establishing a holistic picture of how the strategy was implemented and played out. His highly nuanced view of Muslim sentiment is one that could well serve as a model for understanding the turmoil going on in that part of the world today and a general warning about attempts to instrumentalize religious and nationalist beliefs.
Profile Image for 兀丨賲丿 賴丕賳賷.
459 reviews42 followers
December 3, 2024
胤乇賮 賷鬲賳丕夭毓賴 兀胤乇丕賮 丕禺乇賶 賵賱丕 賳丕賯丞 賱賴 賵賱丕 噩賲賱 賴匕丕 賷囟胤賴丿賴 賵匕賱賰 賷賯賳毓賴 丕賳賴 賷丨賲賷賴 賵賮賷 賰賱鬲丕 丕賱丨丕賱鬲賷賳 鬲毓丿丿鬲 丕賱丕爻亘丕亘 賵丕賱賲賵鬲 賵丕丨丿 賲賳 乇賵爻賷丕 賱丕賱賲丕賳賷丕 賲賳 丕賱賲丨賵乇 賱賱丨賱賮丕亍 丿賷 毓乇賰丞 賰亘賷乇丞 賵賲丕 賳丨賳 賮賷賴丕 廿賱丕 亘賷丕丿賯
137 reviews9 followers
August 15, 2022
賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賱賲丐乇禺 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 匕賷 丕賱兀氐賵賱 丕賱廿賷乇丕賳賷丞 (丿賷賮賷丿 賲毓鬲丿賱)貙 賴賵 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 兀胤乇賵丨鬲賴 賱賱丿賰鬲賵丕乇賴 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賲賳 噩丕賲毓丞 賰丕賲亘乇丿噩貙 賵賳丕賱 毓賱賷賴丕 毓丿丞 噩賵丕卅夭 兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞.

賷亘賷賳 賱賳丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賷賮 鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賲毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 廿亘丕賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貨 賱賰賵賳賴賲 賯賵丞 亘卮乇賷丞 賷賲賰賳 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱賴丕 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 毓賱賶 兀乇囟 丕賱賵丕賯毓 亘毓賷丿丕賸 毓賳 丕禺鬲夭丕賱 丕賱兀賲乇 賮賷 卮禺氐 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻 丕賱丨丕噩 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 兀賵 睾賷乇賴貨 賱兀賳 毓丿丿丕賸 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘丕鬲 丕賱爻丕亘賯丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 乇賰夭鬲 毓賱賶 卮禺氐賷丞 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 賵丿賵乇賴丕 丕賱賲乇賰夭賷.

賵賰丕賳 賴丿賮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賯丕乇亘 賲毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賴賵:
路 廿賯乇丕乇 丕賱賴丿賵亍 賮賷 丕賱兀乇丕囟賷 丕賱鬲賷 爻賷胤乇賵丕 毓賱賷賴丕.
路 賵賰匕賱賰 廿孬丕乇丞 丕賱丕囟胤乇丕亘丕鬲 禺賱賮 禺胤賵胤 丕賱毓丿賵貙 賮賯丿 賰丕賳 賲丕 賷賯乇亘 賲賳 150 賲賱賷賵賳丕賸 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賷毓賷卮賵賳 賮賷 兀乇丕囟賷 鬲丨賰賲賴丕 亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丕 賵賮乇賳爻丕貙 賵丨賵丕賱賷 20 賲賱賷賵賳丕賸 鬲丨鬲 丨賰賲 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷鬲賷.
路 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 鬲噩賳賷丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵鬲毓亘賷卅鬲賴賲 賱賱賯鬲丕賱 囟丿 賯賵丕鬲 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍.

賵丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕爻鬲睾乇賯鬲 賲賳賴 賲丕 賷賯乇亘 賲賳 毓卮乇 爻賳賵丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱亘丨孬 賮賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 30 丕乇卮賷賮丕賸 賵丿丕乇 賲丨賮賵馗丕鬲 賮賷 兀乇亘毓 毓卮乇丞 丿賵賱丞貙 鬲卮賲賱: 兀賵乇丕賯丕賸貙 賵鬲賯丕乇賷乇貙 賵兀丿賱丞 爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵毓爻賰乇賷丞貙 賵兀賵丕賲乇 廿丿丕乇賷丞貙 賵賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 丿毓丕卅賷丞貙 賵鬲爻噩賷賱丕鬲 賲乇丕賯亘丞 廿匕丕毓賷丞貙 賵禺購胤亘丕賸貙 賵乇爻丕卅賱 亘乇賷丿貙 賵賲匕賰乇丕鬲貙 賵賲囟丕亘胤 賲丨丕賰賲丕鬲貨 賱匕丕 丨賵鬲 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 毓賱賶 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 鬲賮氐賷賱賷丞 丿賯賷賯丞貙 賵賱丕 鬲禺賱賵 賲賳 鬲胤賵賷賱.
2 reviews
August 17, 2015
A breathtaking account of the Islamic world in the Second World War; thoroughly researched.
Profile Image for 毓亘賷丿 丕賱賱賴.
32 reviews22 followers
April 15, 2022
賵賷賲賰賳 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱賶 丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賷賴 賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷賴 丕賱孬丕賳賷賴 亘賵氐賮賴丕 丨賱賯賴 賲賳 丨賱賯丕鬲 丕賱賯氐賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷賴 丕賱胤賵賷賱賴 賱賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 毓賱賶 賷丿 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬
Profile Image for Fahad Saliem.
162 reviews30 followers
February 9, 2022
(賱丕 賲爻賷賵 賵賱丕 賲爻鬲乇貙 丕賱賱賴 亘丕賱爻賲丕 賵賮賷 丕賱兀乇囟 賴鬲賱乇)
賰丕賳鬲 賴匕賴 廿丨丿賶 丕賱丕賴丕夭賷噩 丕賱丨賲丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賷乇丿丿賴丕 亘毓囟 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻賷胤乇鬲 毓賱賷賴丕 丕賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 廿亘丕賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貙 丨賷孬 賷賳丕賯卮 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵 丕賱匕賷 賴賵 亘丕賱丕爻丕爻 亘丨孬 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 丕爻鬲睾乇賯 丕賱毓賲賱 毓賱賷賴 賱賲丕 賷賯丕乇亘 丕賱毓卮乇 爻賳賵丕鬲 賳丕賱 毓賱賶 丕孬乇賴丕 丕賱亘丕丨孬 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賷 丕賱丕賷乇丕賳賷 丕賱兀氐賱 (丿賷賮賷丿 賲購毓鬲丿賽賱) 卮賴丕丿丞 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇丕賴 賵丨賲賱 孬乇賵丞 賵孬丕卅賯賷丞 賴丕卅賱丞貙 賵丕賱匕賷 丨賲賱 毓賳賵丕賳 (賮賷 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賱賴 賵 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇) 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賱賲氐賱丨丞 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷貙 丨賷孬 丨賲賱 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賴丿丕賮丕賸 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賷 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱賳丕夭賷 賲賳賴丕 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱貙 丕卮睾丕賱 禺胤賵胤 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 丕賱禺賱賮賷丞 亘丕賳鬲賮丕囟丕鬲 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱胤丕亘毓 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵 丕賱賯賵賲賷 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 亘賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲貙 賵丕賱毓丿丕亍 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 賱賱賷賴賵丿 亘賵氐賮賴賲 丕毓丿丕亍 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱丕賳爻丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賵丕賲貙 賵賰匕賱賰 卮丨匕 賴賲賲 丕賱賲噩賳丿賷賳 賵 丕賱賲鬲胤賵毓賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 氐賮賵賮 丕賱噩賷賵卮 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱賲賰孬賮丞 賵 丕賱賲乇賰夭丞 賵丕賱賲乇鬲賰夭丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丿賷賳 賳賮爻賴貙 賵丕賱賲鬲鬲亘毓 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賱賱丕丨丿丕孬 賵 丕賱賵孬丕卅賯 丕賱鬲賷 鬲囟賲賳賴丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻賷賱丕丨馗 丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱噩亘丕乇 丕賱匕賷 賯丕賲鬲 亘賴 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 亘賯賷丕丿丞 賵夭賷乇 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱卮賴賷乇 噩賵亘賱夭 賵氐丕丨亘 丕賱賲賯賵賱丞 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮丞 丕賰匕亘.. 孬賲 丕賰匕亘 丨鬲賶 賷氐丿賯賰 丕賱賳丕爻貙 賮賯丿 賯丕賲鬲 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 亘囟乇亘 賰賱 丕賱丕賵鬲丕乇 丕賱丨爻丕爻丞 賱丿賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵鬲噩賷賷卮 丕賱禺胤丕亘 丕賱毓丕胤賮賷 賵鬲睾賱賷賮賴 亘丕賷丌鬲 賯乇丌賳賷丞 鬲賲 鬲丌賵賷賱賴丕 亘賲丕 賷鬲賳丕爻亘 賲毓 丕賱兀賴丿丕賮 丕賱賲乇爻賵賲丞 賱賱賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞貙 鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰匕賱賰 丕賱鬲賳丕賮爻 丕賱卮丿賷丿 賵丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賯丕丿丞 賵 丕賱丕賰丕丿賷賲賷賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 賲鬲賲孬賱丕賹 賮賷 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 賵 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵 賵夭丕乇丞 丕賱卮乇賯 賱賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱丕爻鬲賮丕丿丞 丕賱賯氐賵賶 賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱丿賵賱 丕賱賲丨賵乇貙 賵賷毓鬲亘乇 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賲賵囟賵毓丕賸 賱賲 賷鬲賲 鬲賳丕賵賱賴 亘丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱賲賰孬賮 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕賸 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 賱賱丕丨丿丕孬 丕賱賲氐丕丨亘丞 賱賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賵馗賷賮 丕賱丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賷 胤賵丕賱 爻賳賷賳 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賲賲丕 賷囟毓 賲賵囟賵毓 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 丕賱賲賵丕囟賷毓 丕賱賲賴賲丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕賸貙 丨賷孬 賲孬賱听 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮乇氐丞 孬賲賷賳丞 賱賱丕賱賲丕賳 亘賱 賵 丕賳亘賴丕乇丕賸 賱丿賶 丕賱賳禺亘 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賶 丕乇賮毓 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 賵 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞貙 賵毓賱賶 乇兀爻 賯丕卅賲丞 丕賱賲毓噩亘賷賳 亘丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰丕賳听 賴鬲賱乇貙 賵賱賳兀禺匕 賮賷 丕賱兀爻胤乇 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞 賲丕 賰鬲亘賴 丕賱亘丕丨孬 丿賷賮賷丿 賲購毓鬲丿賱 賲賳 賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇 賴鬲賱乇 毓賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 毓賱賶 賱爻丕賳 亘毓囟 賲賳 鬲丨丿孬 廿賱賷賴賲 賵卮丕乇賰賴賲 乇丐賷鬲賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱賷丞 毓賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 丕鬲亘丕毓賴貙 丨賷孬 匕賰乇鬲 廿賱夭賴 卮賯賷賯丞 廿賷賮丕 亘乇丕賵賳 亘毓丿 丕賱丨乇亘 (廿賷賮丕 亘乇丕賵賳 賴賷 禺賱賷賱賭丞 賴鬲賱乇貙 孬賭賲 夭賵噩鬲賭賴 賱賷賭賵賲 賵丕丨賭丿貙 賯亘賭賱 丕賳鬲丨丕乇賴賲丕 賲毓丕賸 賮賷 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賲賳 廿亘乇賷賱/ 賳賷爻丕賳 佟侃伽佶)
兀賳 賴鬲賱乇 賰丕賳 賷鬲賳丕賯卮 賲毓賴丕 賵賲毓 卮賯賷賯鬲賴丕 賲乇丕乇丕 毓賳 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貙 賮賮賷 丨賵丕乇賴 賲毓賴賲丕 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丕卅丿丞貙 賰丕賳 賷賯丕乇賳 亘賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 賱賷丨胤 賲賳 賯丿乇 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞貙 賵禺丕氐丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞. 賮毓賱賶 毓賰爻 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丕賱匕賷 賵氐賮賴 亘兀賳賴 丿賷賭賳 賯賵賷 賵毓賲賱賷貙 賵氐賮 賴鬲賱乇 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 亘兀賳賴丕 丿賷賳 賲毓丕賳丕丞 賱賷賳 賵囟毓賷賮 賵賲氐胤賳毓貙 賵賯丕賱 亘兀賳賴 賮賷 丨賷賳 兀賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賴賵 丿賷賳 丕賱丌賳 賵賴賳丕貙 賮廿賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 賴賷 丿賷賳 賲賲賱賰丞 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賷丞貨 賲賲賱賰丞 賯賲賷卅丞 賱賱睾丕賷丞 廿匕丕 賲丕 賯賵乇賳鬲 亘丕賱噩賳丞 丕賱賲賵毓賵丿丞 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賱賯賭丿 賰丕賳 丕賱丿賷賭賳貙 毓賳賭丿 賴鬲賱乇貙 賵爻賷賱丞 毓賲賱賷丞 賱丿毓賲 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟貙 賵賱賷爻 睾丕賷賭丞 賮賭賷 丨賭丿賾 匕丕鬲賴. 賮賯賭丿 匕賴亘 賮賷 兀賰鬲賵亘乇/ 鬲卮乇賷賳 丕賱兀賵賱 賲賳 毓丕賲 佟侃伽佟貙 賵亘丨囟賵乇 賴賲賱乇貙 (賴賲賱乇 賲賳 兀賯賵賶 乇噩丕賱 兀丿賵賱賮 賴鬲賱乇 賵兀賰孬乇賴賲 卮乇丕爻丞貙 賰丕賳 賯丕卅丿 賮乇賯丞 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱亘賵賱賷爻 丕賱爻乇賶 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮 亘丕賱噩賷爻鬲丕亘賵)
廿賱賶 兀賳 芦丕賱鬲毓丕賱賷賲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲兀賲乇 丕賱賳丕爻 亘丕賱丕睾鬲爻丕賱 賵鬲賳賴賶 毓賳 賲卮乇賵亘丕鬲 賲毓賷賳丞貙 賵鬲兀賲乇賴賲 亘丕賱氐賷丕賲 賮賷 兀賵賯丕鬲 亘毓賷賳賴丕貙 賵亘丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 賵丕賱丕爻鬲賷賯丕馗 賲毓 丕賱賮噩乇 賵丕賱氐毓賵丿 廿賱賶 賯賲賭賲 丕賱賲丌匕賳貙 賯賭丿 丕亘鬲賰乇賴丕 兀賳丕爻 兀匕賰賷丕亍. 賵賯丕賱 賲鬲丨賲爻賸丕: 芦廿賳 丕賱丨囟 毓賱賶 丕賱賯鬲賭丕賱 亘卮噩丕毓丞 賴賭賵 兀賷囟賭丕 兀賲賭乇 賮賷 睾賳賶 毓賭賳 丕賱亘賷賭丕賳. 丕賱丨馗 賰賷賭賮 兀賳 丕賱賲夭賱賲賭丕賳 (賷賯氐丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳) 賷賵毓丿賵賳 亘噩賳丞 鬲爻賰賳賴丕 丕賱丨賵乇 丕賱毓賷賳貙 賵鬲噩乇賷 賮賷賴賭丕 兀賳賴丕乇 丕賱禺賲乇貨 廿賳賴丕 噩賳丞 兀乇囟賷賭丞 丨賭賯賭丕禄. 賵賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱貙 賱賲 鬲毓丿 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 亘卮賷亍 賲賲丕孬賱: 芦賵賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱貙 賷毓賱賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賵賳 乇囟丕賴賲 廿賳 爻賲丨 賱賴賲 亘毓丿 丕賱賲賵鬲 亘丕賱鬲乇賳賾賲 賴賱賱賵賷丕! (賴賱賱賵賷丕 賴賷 賰賱賲丞 毓亘乇賷丞 賲毓賳丕賴丕 爻亘丨賵丕 賷賴賵賴). 賵毓賱賯 鬲毓賱賷賯丕 卮亘賷賴丕 亘毓丿 卮賴乇賷賳 賯丕卅賱丕: 芦賷賲賰賳賳賷 鬲禺賷賱 丨賲丕爻丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賱噩賳丞 賲丨賲丿 (賰匕丕 賵乇丿鬲)貙 賱賰賳 賱賷爻 賱噩卅丞 丕賱賳氐丕乇賶 丕賱賲賱賷禺丞! (丕賱賲賱賷禺丞 賷賯氐丿 亘賱丕 胤毓賲). 孬賲 賯丕乇賳 賴鬲賱乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘丕賱兀丿賷丕賳 丕賱丌爻賷賵賷丞 丕賱兀禺乇賶 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賲毓噩亘丕 亘賴丕貙 賮兀毓賱賳 賮賷 丕賱乇丕亘毓 賲賳 廿亘乇賷賱/ 賳賷爻丕賳 賱毓丕賲 佟侃伽佗 兀賳賴 芦賰賲丕 賴賷 丕賱丨丕賱 賮賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賱丕 賳噩丿 賮賷 丿賷賳 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱賷丕亘丕賳賷 兀賷 賳賵毓 賲賳 丕賱廿乇賴丕亘貙 賮賯胤 賵毓賭丿 亘丕賱爻毓丕丿丞禄. 賱賰賭賳 賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕亘賱貙 芦毓賵賱賲鬲禄 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 芦丕賱廿乇賴丕亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷禄貙 賵丕賱匕賷 賳卮兀 賮賷 鬲氐賵乇賴 毓賳 芦丕賱毓賯賷丿丞 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷丞禄. 賵亘毓丿 亘囟毓丞 兀卮賴乇貙 賵賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 賴噩賵賲賴 丕賱賲毓鬲賭丕丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞貙 丕賱鬲賷 賯丕賱 賱賲爻鬲賲毓賷賴 廿賳賴丕 賮乇囟鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳 亘賵丕爻胤丞 芦丕賱乇噩爻 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷 賵丕賱賴賭乇丕亍 丕賱賰賴賳賵鬲賷禄貙 毓亘賭乇 毓賭賳 兀賳 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳 丕噩鬲丕賱鬲賴賲 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞貙 芦賮賷 丨賷賳 兀賳賴 賮賷 兀賲丕賰賳 兀禺乇賶 賲賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賳噩丿 鬲毓丕賱賷賲 丿賷賳賷丞 賰鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 噩丕亍 亘賴丕 賰賵賳賮賵卮賷賵爻 賵亘賵匕丕 賵賲丨賲丿 鬲賯丿賲 - 賱丕 乇賷亘 - 兀爻丕爻賸丕 毓賲賷賯丕 賱賱賲鬲丿賷賳賷賳禄. 賵賮賷 廿賳賰丕乇賴 丕賱卮丿賷丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 鬲賲爻賰賴丕 亘賲丕 芦孬亘鬲 賰匕亘賴禄貙 毓丕丿 賱賷鬲丨丿孬 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 毓賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲听 賮賯丕賱: 芦賱丕 鬲鬲爻賲 賲毓乇賮鬲賳丕 亘丕賱禺丕賱賯 丨賷賳 賷賯丿賲 賱賳丕 卮禺氐 賲丕 鬲氐賵乇賴 毓賳 丕賱廿賱賴 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 賳爻禺丞 亘丕賴鬲丞 賲賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳. 賵賮賷 匕賱賰 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱貙 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷 兀賰孬乇 鬲賳賵乇丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賷賯賵賱: 廿賳 鬲氐賵乇 丕賱廿賱賴 兀賲乇 丨乇賲 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳禄. 賵鬲賵爻賾毓 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 賲鬲兀賲賱丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貨 賮賵氐賮 賮鬲乇丞 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱卮亘賴 噩夭賷乇丞 丌賷亘賷乇賷丕 丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 亘兀賳賴 芦兀賰孬賭乇 丕賱毓賭氐賭賵乇 孬賯丕賮丞 賵賲毓乇賮丞 賵爻毓丕丿丞 賵兀賮囟賱賴賭丕 賲賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻亘丕賳賷 ... 兀賲賭丕 賲賭丕 鬲賭賱丕賴 賮賯賭丿 賰丕賳 毓氐賭乇丕 賲賭賳 丕賱丕囟胤賴丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲鬲賵丕氐賱丞..

賵賯丿 毓亘乇 賴鬲賱乇 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱乇丐賷丞 賯亘賱 匕賱賰貨 廿匕 丕丿毓賶 兀賱亘乇鬲 卮倬蹖乇 (兀賱亘乇鬲 卮倬蹖乇 賲賴賳丿爻 賲毓賲丕乇賷 賵爻賷丕爻賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷貙 賰賲丕 賰丕賳 兀賷囟丕 賲丿賷乇丕 賱廿賳鬲丕噩 丕賱兀爻賱丨丞 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賵毓賲賱 賲爻鬲卮丕乇丕 賱賱夭毓賷賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷 兀丿賵賱賮 賴鬲賱乇)
兀賳 賴鬲賱乇 賰丕賳 卮丿賷丿 丕賱廿毓噩丕亘 亘鬲兀賵賷賱 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 兀禺匕賴 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱亘丕乇夭賷賳. 賯丕賱 卮倬蹖乇: 芦賱賯丿 兀禺亘乇賴 夭丐丕乇賴 亘兀賳 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷賷賳 毓賳丿賲丕 丨丕賵賱賵丕 鬲噩丕賵夭 賮乇賳爻丕 廿賱賶 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱孬丕賲賳貙 乇丿鬲賴賲 賲毓乇賰丞 鬲賵乇 (亘賱丕胤 丕賱卮賴丿丕亍) 賮賱賵 兀賳 丕賱毓乇亘 丕賳鬲氐乇賵丕 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓乇賰丞貨 賱賰丕賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賰賱賴 丕賱賷賵賲 賲丨賲丿賷丕賸貙 賱兀賳 丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賷丐賲賭賳 亘賳卮賭乇賴 亘賭丨賭丿 丕賱爻賷賮 賵廿禺囟丕毓 丕賱兀賲賭賲 噩賲賷毓賴丕 鬲丨鬲 乇丕賷鬲賴貙 賵賱賰丕賳鬲 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳賷丞 賴賷 賵丕乇孬丞 賴匕丕 丕賱丿賷賳貙 賮賴匕丕 丕賱丿賷賳 賷賱丕卅賲 胤亘丕毓 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳賷賷賳 鬲賲丕賲丕. 賵賯丕賱 賴鬲賱乇 廿賳 丕賱毓乇亘貨 賱賰賵賳賴賲 兀丨胤 毓乇賯賷丕 賱賲 賷賰賵賳賵丕 賱賷鬲丨賲賱賵丕 丕賱胤賯爻 丕賱賯丕爻賷 賵兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱亘賱丕丿貙 賵賱丕 丕爻鬲胤丕毓賵丕 丕賱廿亘賯丕亍 毓賱賶 丨賰賲 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱兀氐賱賷丞 丕賱兀賯賭賵賶 賲賳賴賭賲貨 賵賱匕賱賭賰 賱賭賲 賷賰賭賳 丕賱毓乇亘 賴賭賲 賲賳 爻賷賯賮賵賳 毓賱賶 乇兀爻 賴匕賴 丕賱廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞貙 亘賱 丕賱噩乇賲丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳禄

賵賴賳賭丕 賲賭賷賭夭 賴賭鬲賭賱賭乇 亘賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵芦毓乇賯禄 兀鬲亘丕毓賴貙 賮賮賷 丨賷賳 毓丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丿賷賳賭丕 乇丕賯賷丕貙 賵氐賮 兀鬲亘丕毓賴 賲賳 丕賱毓乇亘 亘兀賳賴賲 芦毓乇賯禄 賲賳丨胤. 賱賰賳 賴鬲賱乇 賱賲 賷毓丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丿賷賳丕 芦爻丕賲蹖丕禄 賮賷 匕丕鬲賴貙 賮丕氐賱丕 丕賱丿賷賳 毓賳 芦丕賱毓乇賯禄. 賵毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 丕賳亘賴丕乇賴 亘丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘賵氐賮賴 丿賷賳丕貙 馗賭賱 芦毓乇賯禄 兀鬲亘丕毓賴 賲卮賰賱丞 氐丕賲鬲丞 賱賰賳賴丕 賰丕賲賳丞. 孬賲 丕禺鬲鬲賲 鬲兀賲賱賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賮賷 丕賱睾夭賵 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賱兀賵乇賵亘丕 亘鬲毓賱賷賯賴: 芦賵賰賲丕 鬲乇賵賳貙 賲賳 賳賰丿 丕賱胤丕賱毓 兀賳 賵氐賱賳丕 丕賱锟斤拷賷賳 丕賱禺丕胤卅 ... 賮丕賱丿賷賭賳 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷 ... 賰丕賳 兀賰孬乇 鬲賵丕賮賯丕 賲毓賳丕 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞. 賮賱賲丕匕丕 丕亘鬲賱賷賳丕 亘丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 亘賵丿丕毓鬲賴丕 賵囟毓賮賴丕)
賵賱賲 鬲賰鬲賮賷 丕賱丿毓丕賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘鬲丌賵賷賱 丕賱丌賷丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 賵 丕賱丕丨丕丿賷孬 丕賱賳亘賵賷丞 賵賰鬲丕亘丞 丕賱賲賳卮賵乇丕鬲 賵丕賱賲噩賱丕鬲 賵鬲爻賷賷爻 禺胤亘 氐賱丕丞 丕賱噩賲毓丞 亘賱 丕鬲噩賴鬲 廿賱賶 鬲噩賳賷丿 乇賲賵夭 丿賷賳賷丞 賮賷 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賵 卮乇賯 丕賵乇賵亘丕 賵 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤貙 賵賮賷 賲賯丿賲丞 丕賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賲 丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳 賲毓賴丕 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 (兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻 賵 乇卅賷爻听丕賱賲噩賱爻 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲賷 丕賱丕毓賱賶 賵乇卅賷爻 丕賱賱噩賳丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 丕賱毓賱賷丕 兀賷丕賲 丕賱丕賳鬲丿丕亘 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷) 丨賷孬 爻丕賴賲 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 亘賮鬲丕賵賷賴 賵禺胤亘賴 賵賰鬲丕亘丕鬲賴 丕賱賲賰孬賮丞 賮賷 鬲噩賳賷丿 毓卮乇丕鬲 丕賱丌賱丕賮 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱賯鬲丕賱 賮賷 氐賮賵賮 丕賱噩賷賵卮 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞听賲賳 兀噩賱 賵毓賵丿 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賳 賯亘賷賱 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕賮 亘丕賱丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 賵賲丨丕乇亘丞 丕賱賷賴賵丿听賵丕賱賯賵丕爻賲 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞 亘賷賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 賵丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱賯賵賲賷 丕賱賳丕夭賷貙 賲爻鬲賱賴賲丕賸 丕賱賲丕囟賷 丕賱賯乇賷亘 賱賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賷丞 丕賱賵胤賷丿丞 亘賯賷丕丿丞 賮賷賱賴賱賲 丕賱孬丕賳賷 丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 丕賱乇丕賷禺 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賲毓 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 (賰賱賲丞 丕賱乇丕賷禺 鬲毓賳賷 丕賱丕賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞)
賵賱賳兀禺匕 賴賳丕 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱 丕賱卮丨賳 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱賲賲夭賵噩 亘丕賴丿丕賮 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賮賷 禺胤亘丞 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 兀賲丕賲 丿賵乇丞 廿毓丿丕丿 丕賱兀卅賲丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷賷賳 丨賷孬 賷賯賵賱 賲購毓鬲丿賽賱 (卮丿丿 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 毓賱賶 兀乇亘毓賭丞 賳胤丕賯丕鬲 兀爻丕爻賷丞 鬲卮賰賱 賯丕毓賭丿丞 賱賱鬲丨丕賱賮 亘賷賭賳 丕賱賭乇丕賷賭禺 丕賱孬丕賱孬 賵丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷貨 廿匕 兀毓賱賳 兀賵賱丕 兀賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賱賲 鬲毓鬲丿 兀賵 鬲毓丕丿賷 兀賷丞 丿賵賱丞 廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 毓賱賶 賲乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 孬賭賲 鬲賭丨賭丿孬 毓賭賳 丕賱兀毓賭丿丕亍 丕賱孬賱丕孬丞 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰賷賳 丕賱賲夭毓賵賲賷賳貙 賵丿賮毓 亘賭兀賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 鬲賵丕噩賴 芦丕賱賷賴賵丿賷丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞貨 丕賱毓丿賵 丕賱賲鬲賵丕乇孬 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲禄貙 賵廿賳賰賱鬲乇丕 丕賱鬲賷 賯賲毓鬲 賲賱丕賷賷賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丨胤賲鬲 丕賱賭丨賭賰賭賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賮賷 丕賱賴賳賭丿 賵丕囟胤賱毓鬲 亘丿賵乇 兀爻丕爻賷 賮賷 丕賱賯囟丕亍 毓賱賶 丕賱禺賱丕賮丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞貙 賵兀禺賷乇丕 丕賱亘賱卮賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 芦胤睾鬲 毓賱賶 兀乇亘毓賷賳 賲賱賷賵賳 賲爻賭賱賲禄 賵賲孬賱鬲 禺胤乇丕 賲亘丕卮乇丕 毓賱賶 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 兀噩賲毓貙 孬賲 兀卮丕乇 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 廿賱賶 爻賲丕鬲 夭毓賲 丕卮鬲乇丕賰 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賳丕夭賷賭丞 賮賷賴賭丕貨 賮丕丿毓賶 兀賳 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞 鬲鬲爻賯 賲毓 芦丕賱乇丐賷丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賱毓丕賱賲禄 賮賷 芦噩賵丕賳亘 毓丿丞禄貙 賵兀賳 賰賱賷賴賲丕 賷孬賲賳丕賳 賮賰乇丞 丕賱賯賷丕丿丞貨 賮賯丿 禺囟毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳貙 毓賯賭亘 丕賱鬲丨丕賯 丕賱賳亘賷 锓� ] 亘丕賱乇賮賷賯 丕賱兀毓賱賶貙 賱爻購賱胤丞 卮禺氐 賵丕丨丿 賴賭賵 丕賱禺賱賷賮丞貙 賵賯丿 禺囟毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 丕賱賲胤賱賯丞貙 賵兀賵囟丨 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 兀賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賷賮乇囟 芦丕賱賳馗丕賲 賵丕賱胤丕毓賭丞 賵丕賱丕賱鬲夭丕賲禄 毓賱賶 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳貙 賰賲丕 鬲賮毓賱 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 丕賱賯賵賲賷丞 賲毓 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳. 廿賳 廿丨丿賶 丕賱賮乇丕卅囟 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 毓賱賶 賰賱 賲爻賱賲貙 賴賷 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 丕賱丿丕卅賲 囟丿 兀毓丿丕亍 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲貙 賵丕賱卮賴丕丿丞 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓乇賰丞 鬲卮賭乇賷賮 廿賱賴賷貙 賵賲賳 丕賱賳丕丨賷丞 丕賱賲亘丿兀賷丞貙 賮丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲毓丿丕丿 賱賱鬲囟丨賷丞 亘賰賱 卮賷亍 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 毓賯賷丿鬲賴賲貙 鬲賲丕賲丕 賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷賷賳 丕賱賯賵賲賷賷賳 賲爻鬲毓丿賵賳 賱賱鬲囟丨賷丞 亘賰賱 卮賷亍 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷鬲賴賲. 賵賰匕賱賰 兀卮丕乇 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 廿賱賶 兀賳 賲賵丕賯賮 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷賷賳 丕賱賯賵賲賷賷賳 賲賭賳 賲孬賭賱 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 賵丕賱毓丕卅賱丞 賵丕賱廿賳噩丕亘 賵丕賱兀賲賵賲丞 賵鬲賳卮卅丞 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 卮丿賷丿丞 丕賱鬲賲丕孬賱貨 亘丕賱囟亘胤 賰賲丕 賴賷 兀禺賱丕賯賴賲 賮賷 丕賱毓賲賱. 氐亘睾 丕賱禺胤丕亘貙 賲賳 兀賱賮賴 廿賱賶 賷丕卅賴貙 氐亘睾丞 丿賷賳賷丞 毓賲賷賯丞 夭丕禺乇丞 亘丕賱丌賷丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 賵賲賵丕賯賮 賲賳 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丕賱兀賵賱貙 賲賲丕 兀囟賮賶 毓賱賷賴 胤丕亘毓 丕賱賲賵毓馗丞. 賵賮囟賱 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯賵賱 賮賷 兀賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賷丿毓賵 芦丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰丕賮丞禄 賱賯鬲丕賱 丕賱賷賴賵丿貙 賲爻鬲丿毓賷丕 賯氐丞 賷賴賵丿 禺賷亘乇 丕賱匕賷賳 丨丕賵賱賵丕 丕睾鬲賷丕賱 丕賱賳亘賷 锓篯. 賵鬲賱丕 賰匕賱賰 丌賷丕鬲 賯乇丌賳賷丞 鬲毓囟丿 賳賲賵匕噩 丕賱賯丕卅丿 丕賱兀賵丨丿貙 賵鬲氐賵乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 賯賵丞 毓馗賲賶貙 賵丕賱兀賴賲 賲賳 匕賱賰 兀賳賴丕 鬲孬亘鬲 芦丕賱乇賵丨 丕賱賯鬲丕賱賷丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲禄貙 賵丿賮毓 丕賱賲賮鬲賷 亘兀賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 賷兀賲乇 亘賭 芦丕賱賯鬲丕賱 丨鬲賶 丕賱賳氐乇禄貙 賵禺鬲賲 賯丕卅賱丕: 芦廿賳 賲賴賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賰丕賮丞貙 賵賵丕噩亘賴賭賲貙 賴賭賵 丕賱鬲賵丨賭丿 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 賲丿丕賮毓丞 賴匕丕 丕賱禺胤乇 丕賱賵卮賷賰貙 賵丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳 賲毓 兀氐丿賯丕卅賴賲 賷丿丕 亘賷丿. 賮丕賱鬲毓丕賵賳 丕賱兀氐賷賱 亘賷賳 兀乇亘毓賲卅丞 賲賱賷賵賳 賲爻賱賲 賵兀氐丿賯丕卅賴賲 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷賷賳貙 兀賷 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳貙 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷丐孬乇 鬲兀孬賷乇丕 毓馗賷賲丕 賮賷 賲噩乇賷丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賵賷毓賵丿 亘丕賱賳賮毓 丕賱毓賲賷賲 毓賱賶 丕賱胤乇賮賷賳禄
兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷馗賴乇 賱賳丕 廿賲賰丕賳賷丞 鬲賵馗賷賮 兀賷 丿賷賳 亘賲丕 賷鬲賱丕卅賲 賲毓 丕賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 亘卮乇胤 廿賱賲丕賲 丕賱賳禺亘 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 賱兀賷 賳馗丕賲 爻賷丕爻賷 亘賲丿丕禺賱 賵 賲禺丕乇噩 丕賱丿賷賳 丕賱賲爻鬲賴丿賮 賱賱鬲賵馗賷賮貙 賮賷賰賮賷 兀賳 賳毓賱賲 兀賳 賮賷 丕丨賷丕賳 賰孬賷乇丞 氐丿乇鬲 丕賱丕賵丕賲乇 賲賳 丕賱賯賷丕丿丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賱賲賵馗賮賷賴丕 賱賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱亘丨孬 兀賵 鬲丌賵賷賱 丌賷丕鬲 賯乇丌賳賷丞 鬲卮賷乇 廿賱賶 兀賳 賴鬲賱乇 賴賵 丕賱賲賴丿賷 丕賱賲賳鬲馗乇 丕賵 兀賳 丕賱賲丕賳賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賴賷 丨丕賲賷丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賵 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲丕賵賷賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 丕爻鬲丿毓鬲賴丕 賲賯鬲囟賷丕鬲 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟 胤賵丕賱 爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賵賱乇亘賲丕 賷毓購鬲亘乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丕賱兀丿賯 賵丕賱兀賰孬乇 卮賲賵賱賷丞 賵賲乇噩毓賷丞 賱賲賵囟賵毓 賱賲 賷鬲賲 廿毓胤丕卅賴 丨賯賴 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賮賷 賲乇丨賱丞 毓氐賮鬲 亘丕賱毓丕賱賲 兀噩賲毓 賵丿賲乇鬲 丕賱亘卮乇 賯亘賱 丕賱丨噩乇..
賮賴丿 丕賱噩賴賵乇賷
Profile Image for rrezza_t.
21 reviews
May 30, 2022
讴鬲丕亘 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕 讴丕賲賱蹖賴 賵 亘乇丕蹖 鬲丨賯蹖賯 禺賵亘賴. 賴乇趩賳丿 亘賴 卮丿鬲 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴 賵 倬乇 丕夭 賲胤丕賱亘 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖
Profile Image for Asser elnokaly.
416 reviews41 followers
July 9, 2022
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲毓 賵 賲賱卅 亘丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵 賱賰賳 賷毓賷亘賴 丕賱鬲胤賵賷賱 賮賷 亘毓囟 丕賱丕丨賷丕賳...
14 reviews
April 20, 2024
Incredibly informative but difficult to get through due to overall dryness of the narrative.
Nonetheless, a wonderful piece of historical research. Anyone interested in the modern middle east will find many interesting threads connected here.
Profile Image for Arak.
693 reviews87 followers
December 2, 2024
賷賰卮賮 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賳 丕賱噩賴賵丿 丕賱賲購囟賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘匕賱鬲賴丕 丕賱爻賱胤丕鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 (賲鬲賲孬賱丞賸 賮賷 賯丕卅丿賴丕 賴鬲賱乇) 廿亘賻賾丕賳 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賲賳 兀噩賱 噩匕亘 賯賱賵亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱爻丕賰賳賷賳 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賵賲丕 噩丕賵乇賴丕貙 賵賲賳 孬賲賻賾 鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲 賱賱賯鬲丕賱 賮賷 氐賮賵賮賴丕 囟丿 丿賵賱 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍.
賵賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱噩賴賵丿: 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賱賳亘匕 丕賱毓賳氐乇賷丞 丕賱丌乇賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱毓乇亘 毓賲賵賲賸丕 賵丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 禺氐賵氐賸丕貙 鬲夭賵賷丿 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 睾賷乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 亘賰鬲賷亘丕鬲 廿乇卮丕丿賷丞 賲卮鬲賲賱丞賸 毓賱賶 賳氐丕卅丨 賱賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 賲馗丕賴乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 (賲孬賱: 賱丕 鬲爻禺乇 賲賲賳 賷賮毓賱賴丕 丨鬲賶 賱賵 亘丿鬲 睾乇賷亘丞 賵睾賷乇 賲賮賴賵賲丞!)貙 廿賳卮丕亍 廿匕丕毓丞 亘乇賱賷賳 賵丕賮鬲鬲丕丨賴丕 亘丌賷丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲貙 丕爻鬲賲丕賱丞 亘毓囟 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 廿賱賶 噩丕賳亘賴丕貙 丕賱爻賲丕丨 亘廿賯丕賲丞 丕賱卮毓丕卅乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 毓賱賳賸丕 亘賱 賵丕賱丕賳禺乇丕胤 丕賱賮丕毓賱 賮賷賴丕 (賰丕賱賲卮丕乇賰丞 賮賷 丕賱兀毓賷丕丿)貙 賲丨丕賵賱丞 廿賯賳丕毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 兀賳 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 兀賯賵賶 丿丕毓賲賺 賱賴賲 賵兀賳賴丕 賱丕 鬲賴丿賮 廿賱丕 賱廿賳賯丕匕賴賲 賲賳 兀睾賱丕賱 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇貙 丕賱鬲賱賲賷丨 廿賱賶 兀賳 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 賯丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賲賴丿賷 丕賱賲賳鬲馗乇 兀賵 兀賳賴 賷爻鬲賰賲賱 毓賲賱 丕賱賳亘賷 賲丨賲丿 -氐賱賶 丕賱賱賴 毓賱賷賴 賵爻賱賲-貙 鬲賵夭賷毓 賲賳丕卮賷乇 賲爻鬲賳賮賽乇丞 鬲鬲囟賲賳 亘毓囟 丌賷丕鬲 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 (禺丕氐丞 丌賷丕鬲 丕賱賯鬲丕賱) 兀賵 亘毓囟 丕賱廿卮丕乇丕鬲 廿賱賶 睾夭賵鬲賷 亘丿乇 賵兀丨丿.
孬賲 賷賱禺賽賾氐 丕賱亘丕丨孬 賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 廿賱賶 兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱噩賴賵丿 賰賱賴丕 亘丕亍賻鬲 亘丕賱賮卮賱!
Profile Image for Omar Kassem.
577 reviews165 followers
April 13, 2023
廿匕丕 賯乇兀鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘卮賰賱賺 賲鬲兀賳賺 賮爻鬲賱丕丨馗 丕賳賾 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賱賲 鬲爻鬲睾賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 貙 亘賱 廿賳 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賲毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賰丕賳 鬲丨丕賱賮賸丕 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷賸丕 貙 賮丕賱廿胤丕乇 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷 賱賱賳丕夭賷丞 賷鬲賵丕賮賯 亘卮賰賱賺 兀賵 亘丌禺乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮賷賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丨乇亘賷賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷鬲賷賳 賱丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 匕賱賰..

丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 賰賱 丕賱丕禺胤丕亍 賵丕賱賵丨卮賷丞 賵丕賱賲丌爻賷 丕賱鬲賷 噩乇鬲賴丕 毓賱賶 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 貙 賲馗賱賵賲丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷賸丕 貙 賮丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷賰鬲亘賴 丕賱賲賳鬲氐乇賵賳 賵 鬲夭賵賷乇賴 爻賲丞 兀賳噩賱賵爻賰爻賵賳賷丞.

丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賲賷賱 賵賲賴賲 貙 賷賱賯賷 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 夭丕賵賷丞 囟賷賯丞 囟賲賳 睾乇賮丞 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 貙 亘爻乇丿 賲孬賷乇 賵 賲購乇丕毓丕丞賺 賵丕丨鬲乇丕賲 賱賲賳賴噩賷丕鬲 丕賱爻乇丿 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賵鬲賯氐賷 丕賱丨賯丕卅賯.
Profile Image for davidalromany.
297 reviews22 followers
November 29, 2023
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賷丿 噩丿丕 賮賷 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕爻鬲睾賱丕賱 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丨乇亘賴賲 囟丿 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 賵丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴賲 丕丿丕賴 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 睾乇囟 亘賳丕亍 丨賱賷賮 賱賷賴賲 賮賷 卮乇賯 賲乇賴 亘丕賱賮賱賵爻 賵賲乇賴 亘丕賱鬲賴丿賷丿 賵賲乇賴 亘丕賱賲賳氐亘
Profile Image for Ali Alaa.
129 reviews21 followers
August 11, 2021
鬲亘賯賷 賳馗乇鬲賳丕 丕賱賷 丕賱丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賯丕氐乇丞 毓賱賷 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賷 賮賯胤 賱賰賳 賲丕 賷丿毓賵賳丕 丕賱賷賴 賰鬲丕亘 (賮賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱賮賵賴乇乇) 丕毓賲賯 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賲噩乇丿 丕賱鬲爻丕丐賱 丕賱丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賶貙 賵賰賷賮 氐毓賵丿賴丕 丕賱賷 爻丿丞 丕賱丨賰賲責
賮賳丨賳 賳噩丿 丕賳賮爻賳丕 丕賲丕賲 噩賴丕夭 亘賷乇賵賯乇丕胤賷 賰賮亍 賵賱賷爻 丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賶 賮賯胤貙 賵 賴賵 賲丕 賷噩毓賱賳丕 丕賲丕賲 爻乇丿賷丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賱賰賳 賮賷 丕賱賯賱亘 賲賳賴丕 賴匕賴 丕賱賲乇丞 (丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳) 賱賷爻 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴賲 囟賷賵賮丕賸貙 賵丕賳賲丕 丨卮賵丿 賷噩亘 毓賱賷 丿賵賱丞 丕賱亘爻鬲丕賳賶 丕賱毓賲賱 毓賱賷 鬲賴匕賷亘賴丕 鬲丕乇丞 兀賵 鬲噩賳賷丿賴賲 鬲丕乇丞 丕禺乇賷 賲丕 噩毓賱 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 賮賷 丕賱禺胤丕亘 丕賱賴鬲賱乇賷 賲噩乇丿 賳鬲丕噩 乇丐賷 丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯賷丞 爻丕賴賲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賶貙 賵丕爻鬲賮丕丿 賲賳賴丕 (賴鬲賱乇 ) 亘賯賵丞 毓賰爻 賲丕 賳噩丿賴 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘 丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 (賱丕丿賵丕乇丿 爻毓賷丿) 丕賱匕賶 丕爻鬲亘毓丿 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳賷 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 睾賷乇 丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇賶貙 賵賴賶 爻乇丿賷丞 丌禺乇賷 賷丿丨囟賴丕 丕賱亘乇賵賮賷爻賵乇 (丿賷賮賷丿 賲毓鬲丿賱) .
毓賲賱 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳 毓賱賷 丕賳鬲丕噩 爻乇丿賷丕鬲 丿毓丕卅賷丞 毓賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賲爻鬲賳丿賷賳 毓賱賷 丕賱賳賯丕胤 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰丞 丕賱鬲賷 噩賲毓鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 賵 丕賱賳亘賷 賲丨賲丿 賲丕 噩毓賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱爻乇丿賷丕鬲 鬲賯毓 賮賷 賲兀夭賯 丕賱賲毓賷丕乇賷丞 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓鬲亘乇 丕丨丿賷 丕賱爻賲丕鬲 丕賱賲賲賷夭丞 賱賱胤丕亘毓 丕賱賲丐爻爻賷 賱賱丨丿丕孬丞 丨賷孬 鬲毓鬲亘乇 丕賱賲毓賷丕乇賷丞 氐賷睾丞 丕賳鬲賯丕卅賷丞 鬲爻鬲亘毓丿 賴匕丕 賵 鬲賯鬲乇亘 賲賳 賴匕丕
賱丕 賷鬲賱丕賯賷 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賲毓 丕賱丕賷丿賵賱賵噩賷丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賵丕賳賲丕 賷毓賱賵 賮賵賯賴丕 賮乇爻丕賱丞 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 胤丕賱賲丕 丕乇鬲亘胤鬲 亘賵丨丿丕賳賷丞 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賮乇丿 賵乇亘賴.
毓賲丿鬲 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賷 賯賵賱亘鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱乇賵丨丕賳賷丞 賱鬲噩毓賱賴丕 賮賷 禺丿賲丞 丕賱賲丐爻爻丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞.
賱賲 賷丨丕乇亘 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 毓丿賵丕賸貙 賵丕賳賲丕 丕氐胤賳毓鬲 賱賴賲 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 鬲丕乇賷禺丕賻 賱賴賲 賷卮鬲乇賰賵賳 賮賷賴 賲毓 丕賱賳丕夭賷 鬲噩丕賴 禺氐賵賲賴 賴賵 賵賱賷爻 禺氐賵賲賴賲 丕賵 賱賳賯賱 亘賲毓賳賷 兀丿賯 鬲賲兀爻爻鬲 丕賱丨丿丕孬丞 毓賱賷 丕禺鬲賷丕乇 賱丨馗丕鬲 鬲毓賷丿 賲賳 禺賱丕賱賴丕 丕賳鬲丕噩 丕賱毓賳賮 丕賱匕賷 毓亘乇鬲 毓賳賴 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲 丕賱丕賵乇賵亘賷丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賯賱賷丕鬲賴丕 賰丕賱賷賴賵丿 賱匕賱賰 賳爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賱賯賵賱 丕賳 丕賱賴賵賱賵賰爻鬲 賵 賲毓爻賰乇丕鬲 丕賵卮賮鬲賷夭 賴賷 丕毓丕丿丞 禺賱賯 賵 鬲賵爻賷毓 丕賱毓賳賮 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲丐爻爻丕鬲 賲丐賯鬲丞 鬲毓賲賱 毓賱賷 丕爻鬲亘丕丨丞 丕賱賰賷丕賳 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳賷 賵 噩毓賱賴 毓丕乇賷丕 賱鬲噩丕乇亘 丕賱丨丿丕孬丞 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 .

毓賱賷 噩丕賳亘 丌禺乇 毓賱賷賳丕 丕賱鬲賮乇賷賯 丿賵賲丕 亘賷賳 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賰賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賳囟亘丕胤賷丞 賱賴丕 丨囟賵乇賴丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賵 丕賱賲賮丕賴賷賲賷 賵賴匕丕 賰丕賳 丿賵乇 丕賱乇爻賵賱 賱賷爻 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賲丨丕乇亘丕 賱賮卅丞 賰丕賱賷賴賵丿 丕賵 丕賱賲卮乇賰賷賳 賵丕賳賲丕 賰賮乇丿 廿賳爻丕賳賷 鬲毓丕賷卮 賲毓 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賰賮乇丿 亘丕賱兀爻丕爻 孬賲 卮賰賱 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 乇丐賷鬲賴 丕賱賯賷丕丿賷丞 賱噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱賲丐賲賳賷賳 賮賷賲丕 亘毓丿.
賱賲 賷禺鬲乇 丕賱丕爻賱丕賲 賲毓丕賱噩丕賸 賱賱亘乇氐 丕賵 丨丕賲賱 賱毓氐丕 賲賵爻賷貙 賵丕賳賲丕 兀鬲鬲 丕賱丿賳賷賵賷丞 賯亘賱 丕賱乇爻丕賱丞 賱賷卮賰賱 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵 丕賱丿賳賷賵賷 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賳亘賷 亘賷賳賲丕 卮賰賱 丕賱賮賵賴乇乇 賳賲賵匕噩丕賸 賱毓丿丕亍 丕賱丨丿丕孬丞 賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳賷丞 賵 賵囟毓 囟賵丕亘胤 賲丐爻爻賷丞 賱賴匕丕 丕賱賰丕卅賳 .

丨賯賷賯丞 賷鬲噩丕賵夭 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱爻乇丿賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 胤丕賱賲丕 睾乇賯賳丕 賮賷賴丕 丕賵 亘賲毓賳賷 丕禺乇 丕賱爻乇丿賷丕鬲 丕賱兀賰孬乇 氐禺亘丕賸 丕賱鬲賷 丨噩亘鬲 毓賳丕 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 丕賱丕賱賲丕賳 賱鬲卮賰賷賱 丨賱賮 兀賱賲丕賳賶 / 賲爻賱賲 賵賱賷爻 賯賵賲賶 .
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990 reviews30 followers
May 12, 2019
Dieses Buch ist nichts f眉r Geschichts-Einsteiger! Aber f眉r alle die fundierte Grundkenntnisse in der Geschichte des 20ten Jahrhunderts besitzen ist es ein sehr interessanter und sehr gut geschriebener 脺berblick 眉ber die Islam-Politik der Nazis, mit Ausblicken auf den Ersten Weltkrieg und auf die Zeit des Kalten Krieges bis zu 9/11. Sehr empfehlenswert!

Meine ausf眉hrlichere Rezenssion findet sich unter:


Das Buch w眉rde mir freundlicherweise vom Klett-Cotta-Verlag als digitales Lese-Exemplar zur Verf眉gung gestellt.
6 reviews
December 14, 2014
A great book! Read it together with Steve Coll's Ghost Wars.
Profile Image for Batir.
43 reviews19 followers
January 14, 2022
賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 廿賲鬲丕毓丕 賵孬乇丕亍 賮賷 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲. 賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 賷鬲賲 廿噩乇丕亍 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱賲賵爻賵毓賷 賮賷 丌賱丕賮 丕賱賲氐丕丿乇 丕賱賲賯乇賵亍丞 賵丕賱賲爻賲賵毓丞 賵丕賱賲乇卅賷丞 丕賱賲丨賮賵馗丞 賮賷 丕賱廿乇卮賷賮 丕賱賵胤賳賷 賮賷 9 丿賵賱 賱廿賱賯丕亍 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 丕賱爻乇丿賷丕鬲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賳丕丿乇丕 賲丕 鬲賲 鬲賵孬賷賯賴丕 賵賴賷 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 賵丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞.
賲丐賱賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丿賷賮賷丿 賲毓鬲丿賱 賴賵 賲丐乇禺 兀賱賲丕賳賷 賲賳 丕氐賵賱 廿賷乇丕賳賷丞 賵賷毓賲賱 兀爻鬲丕匕丕 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賮賷 賰賱賷丞 賱賳丿賳 賱賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞貙 賵賯丿 亘匕賱 賮賷 噩賲毓 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱鬲賵孬賷賯賷丞 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩賴賵丿丕 賰亘賷乇丞 鬲噩丕賵夭鬲 禺賲爻 爻賳賵丕鬲貙 賵馗賴乇鬲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 224 氐賮丨丞 賲禺氐氐丞 賱賱賲氐丕丿乇 賵丕賱丨賵丕卮賷 賵丕賱卮乇賵丨丕鬲 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘. 兀賲丕 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賮賴賷 亘丿賷毓丞 賵丿賯賷賯丞 賵爻賱爻丞 賵噩毓賱鬲 賲賳 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲鬲毓丞 丨賯賷賯賷丞.
賷賳賯爻賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賱賶 孬賱丕孬丞 兀噩夭丕亍 賲鬲賲丕爻賰丞. 兀賵賱賴丕 賷乇賰夭 毓賱賶 丕賱賮賰乇 賵丕賱廿賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賵賷卮乇丨 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賮賴賲 丕賱丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷 丨賵賱 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 亘丿亍丕 賲賳 兀亘丨丕孬 丕賱賲爻鬲卮乇賯賷賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丕鬲 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇 賲乇賵乇丕 亘丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 亘丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮 丕賱廿賲賰丕賳賷丞 丕賱賰丕賲賳丞 賮賷 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 丿丕毓賲丕 賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賮賷 賲賵丕噩賴丞 兀毓丿丕卅賴丕 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賵賴匕丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲丨丕賱賮 賲賴夭賵夭 賲毓 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞 賯丕丿賴 兀卅賲丞 賲爻賱賲賷賳 乇丕睾亘賷賳 賮賷 丕賱禺賱丕氐 賲賳 丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞貙 賵賱賰賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 賱賲 賷爻鬲賲乇 賳鬲賷噩丞 囟毓賮 鬲兀孬賷乇 鬲乇賰賷丕 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 鬲鬲噩賴 賳丨賵 丕賱毓賱賲丕賳賷丞 毓賱賶 噩賲賵毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲. 賵賱賰賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 亘賯賷 毓賱賶 噩丿賵賱 兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱禺亘乇丕亍 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷丞 賵禺丕氐丞 賲賳匕 賮賵夭 丕賱丨夭亘 丕賱賳丕夭賷 毓丕賲 1933 丨賷孬 鬲賲 鬲胤賵賷乇 賲賳賴噩賷丞 賵賲賯丕乇亘丞 賮乇賷丿丞 賲賳 賳賵毓賴丕 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賲賳丨鬲 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 氐賵乇丞 丕賷噩丕亘賷丞 賰卮乇賷賰 賯賵賷 賵賲丐孬乇 毓賱賶 賲爻鬲賵賶 毓丕賱賲賷 囟丿 丕賱賷賴賵丿賷丞 賵丕賱亘賱卮賮賷丞 賵丕賱廿賲亘乇賷丕賱賷丞 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 亘丕賱匕丕鬲.
賷亘丨孬 丕賱噩夭亍 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賮賷 丿賵乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賯丕胤賳賷賳 賮賷 賲賵丕賯毓 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 賵卮賲丕賱 廿賮乇賷賯賷丕 賵噩賳賵亘 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷丕鬲賷 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳. 賵賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱爻賷賯 兀賲乇鬲 丕賱賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 亘丕丨鬲乇丕賲 賯賷賲 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵卮毓丕卅乇賴 賵廿毓丕丿丞 亘賳丕亍 丕賱賲爻丕噩丿 賵丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 賵丕賱兀賵賯丕賮 賮賷 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱賲爻賱賲丞 賵禺丕氐丞 賮賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷丕鬲賷 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賰賲丕 鬲賲 丕爻鬲孬賲丕乇 鬲兀孬賷乇 毓丿丿 賰亘賷乇 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賵丕賱兀卅賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 賱丿毓賲 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 毓賱賶 丕賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賱丕賳鬲賮丕囟 毓賱賶 賯賵丕鬲 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 賵亘丕賱兀禺氐 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱爻賵賮賷丕鬲賷丞貙 賵馗賴乇 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱丿賵乇 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賱賱丨丕噩 兀賲賷賳 丕賱丨爻賷賳賷 賲賮鬲賷 丕賱賯丿爻 賵丕賱匕賷 賱噩兀 廿賱賶 亘乇賱賷賳 賲毓 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 賲鬲禺匕丕 賲賳賴丕 賳賯胤丞 丕賳胤賱丕賯 囟丿 丕賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷丞 賵賳賯胤丞 鬲兀賷賷丿 賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丕 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 夭賷丕乇丕鬲 毓丿丿賷丞 賱賲賳胤賯丞 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賱丿毓賲 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賵丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲毓 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕.
賷鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱噩夭亍 丕賱孬丕賱孬 丕賱鬲毓亘卅丞 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲毓 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 丕賱賳馗丕賲賷丞 兀賵 廿賳卮丕亍 賵丨丿丕鬲 賯鬲丕賱賷丞 賲爻賱賲丞 賵賰賷賮 賰丕賳 丨乇氐 丕賱丕賱兀賲丕賳 賰亘賷乇丕 毓賱賶 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 丕賱鬲賯丕賱賷丿 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵賲賳丨 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 丿賷賳賷丞 賱賲 賷丨馗 亘賴丕 丨鬲賶 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷賷賳 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰 賵匕賱賰 賱孬賯丞 丕賱賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 亘丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賯鬲丕賱賷丞 賵丕賱乇賵丨 丕賱毓丕賱賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵賵丨丿丞 賯乇丕乇賴賲 賵賳丿乇丞 丨丿賵孬 鬲賲乇丿 囟丿 丕賱賯賵丕鬲 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞.
賲賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賮賯乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯鬲亘爻鬲 賲賳 卮賴丕丿丕鬲 囟亘丕胤 兀賱賲丕賳 亘毓丿 丕賱丨乇亘 賰賷賮賷丞 賳馗乇丞 丕賱賯賷丕丿丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱鬲賷 鬲賲賷夭鬲 亘丕丨鬲乇丕賲 丕賱丕賱鬲夭丕賲 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷 丕賱賯賵賷 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵丕賱賳丕噩賲 毓賳 "賯賵丞 丕賱丿賷丕賳丞 丕賱賲丨賲丿賷丞"- 丨爻亘 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲丞- 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞. 賵賯丿 賰丕賳 賲丿賴卮丕 兀賳 賴匕賴 丕賱卮賴丕丿丕鬲 賳賯賱鬲 毓賳 賴鬲賱乇 卮禺氐賷丕 賵賴賲賱乇 賯賳丕毓丕鬲賴賲 亘兀賳賴 賱賵 丕賳鬲氐乇 丕賱廿賳鬲卮丕乇 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵兀氐亘丨 丕賱兀賱賲賷丕賳 賲爻賱賲賷賳 賱賰丕賳賵丕 丕賯賵賶 毓爻賰乇賷丕 賲賳 賵囟毓賴賲 丕賱丨丕賱賷. 賵賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱爻賷丕賯 賵賮乇鬲 丕賱亘乇賵亘丕噩丕賳丿丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賲賰丕賳丞 毓丕賱賷丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘賰賱 丕賱兀丿賷丕賳 賵丕賱兀毓乇丕賯 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓賴丕 丕賱賳丕夭賷賵賳 賵鬲賲 鬲胤賵賷乇 禺胤丕亘丕鬲 廿毓賱丕賲賷丞 賲賵噩賴丞 賱賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丨賵賱 囟乇賵乇丞 賲丨丕乇亘丞 丕賱毓丿賵賷賳 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰賷賳 賱賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵賴賲丕 丕賱賷賴賵丿 賵丕賱亘賱卮賮賷丞. 賵賱賲 賷鬲賵乇毓 亘毓囟 丕賱兀卅賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 鬲氐賵乇 賴鬲賱乇 亘兀賳賴 賷丨賲賷 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賷 賲賵丕噩賴丞 兀毓丿丕卅賴.
賲丕 賷賮鬲賯乇 廿賱賷賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賰賱 兀爻賮貙 賵亘丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 賰賱 丕賱鬲賵孬賷賯 丕賱賲匕賴賱 賴賵 賵噩賵丿 鬲丨賱賷賱 毓賲賷賯 賱賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲賷 賲賳毓鬲 鬲噩匕乇 賴匕丕 "丕賱睾夭賱 丕賱賲鬲亘丕丿賱" 亘賷賳 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵亘毓囟 丕賱兀卅賲丞 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 廿賱賶 鬲丨丕賱賮 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷 丕孬乇 毓賱賶 爻賷乇 丕賱丨乇亘貙 賰賲丕 賷賮鬲賯乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 廿賱賶 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱鬲 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賷爻丕毓丿賵賳 丕賱賷賴賵丿 毓賱賶 丕賱賴乇賵亘 賲賳 兀賮乇丕賳 丕賱睾丕夭 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵賴匕丕 兀賲乇 賲賵孬賯 賵賲毓乇賵賮 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕. 丕賱賳賵丕賷丕 丕賱丕賷噩丕亘賷丞 賱賱鬲毓丕賵賳 賱賲 鬲鬲胤賵乇 賳丨賵 鬲丨丕賱賮 爻丕毓丿 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 毓賱賶 丕賱氐賲賵丿 兀賰孬乇 賮賷 爻丕丨丞 丕賱丨乇亘 兀賵 兀孬乇 毓賱賶 賯賵丞 丕賱丨賱賮丕亍 爻賱亘賷丕 賵亘丕賱賴賰爻 賲賳 匕賱賰 賮賯丿 丿賮毓 丕賱賲爻賱賲賵賳 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲丨丕賱賮賵丕 賲毓 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵禺丕氐丞 賮賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷丕鬲賷 孬賲賳丕 亘丕賴馗丕 賲賳 丕賱鬲賴噩賷乇 賵丕賱賯鬲賱 亘毓丿 丕賳鬲氐丕乇 爻鬲丕賱賷賳 丕賱賳賴丕卅賷.
賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賴匕丕 賰鬲丕亘 賱丕 賷爻鬲睾賳賶 毓賳賴 賱賲賳 賷乇賷丿 賲毓乇賮丞 鬲賮丕氐賷賱 鬲賱賰 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕卅賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 鬲夭丕賵噩 賲氐丕賱丨 丕爻鬲賲乇 賱賮鬲乇丞 賯氐賷乇丞 賯胤 賵賱賰賳 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱胤丕賯丞 丕賱賰丕賲賳丞 賮賷賴 兀賰亘乇 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賲丕 鬲丨賯賯 賮毓賱丕.
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841 reviews11 followers
February 3, 2022
Het boek gaat over een van de meest interessante verhalen over de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Het gebruik van de islam en moslims door Duitsland om de oorlog te winnen. Dit boek beschrijft als eerste de uitgebreide geschiedenis van moslims onder het nazibewind. Het vertelt het verhaal van moslimleiders die de Nazi en As-mogendheden steunden, zoals de moefti van Jeruzalem; maar dat niet alleen, het gaat ook over de vervolging van moslim-Roma en moslimgevangenen in nazi-concentratiekampen.

Het boek is verdeeld in drie delen; Basics, moslims in oorlogsgebieden en moslims in het leger. In het eerste deel zal de auteur ons in de juiste context plaatsen door terug te gaan naar het imperialistische beleid ten aanzien van de islam vanaf het einde van de 19e eeuw in de Duitse koloni毛n in Afrika tot het uitbreken van de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Vervolgens wordt ingegaan op de rekrutering van moslimtroepen. Gevolgd door de geopolitieke rol van de islam.

In het tweede deel gaan we in op de ontwikkeling van de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Te beginnen met de rol van de Franse koloniale troepen in de Slag om Frankrijk, de Duitse pogingen aan het front om via pamfletten en luidsprekers tot overlopen aan te sporen.We gaan verder met de rol van de islam in Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten en iets heel interessants, zoals de reactie van de geallieerden op de poging van de Duitsers om de islam voor zich te winnen.

In het laatste deel van het boek, laat Motadel ons de moslims binnen het Duitse leger zien, zowel in de Wehrmacht als in de Waffen-SS. De rekruteringsresultaten in Noord-Afrika waren duidelijk lager dan in de Balkan of gebieden van de Sovjet-Unie, waar nazi-propaganda na jaren van bolsjewistische onderdrukking van religie meer effect had.

Dit boek is dan ook het meest uitgebreide onderzoek naar de relatie van nazi-Duitsland met de wereld van de islam en moslims. Het boek is zeker interessant voor de gevorderde geschiedenisliefhebber, zeker niet voor de beginnende liefhebber. Technische termen uit de nazi-geschiedenis, maar vooral uit de islam, worden niet of nauwelijks uitgelegd. Maar voor iedereen met een goede kennis van de geschiedenis van de 20e eeuw is het een zeer interessant en zeer goed geschreven overzicht van het nazi-islambeleid, met perspectieven op de Eerste Wereldoorlog en de Koude Oorlog-periode tot en met 9/11. Het is echter wel zo dat je er niet aan ontkomt zelf op zoek te gaan naar uitleg en info. Binnen de uitgebreide bibliografie over de Tweede Wereldoorlog zijn er maar weinig boeken over de rol die moslims daarin spelen, maar met dit boek wordt die leegte opgevuld.

De auteur van het boek is een Duitse historicus van Iraanse afkomst. Dit boek is zijn proefschrift, waarop hij in 2010 promoveerde in moderne geschiedenis aan de Universiteit van Cambridge. Het proefschrift won verschillende academische prijzen, waaronder de prestigieuze Prince Consort Award, en won de Seeley Medal voor de beste historische scriptie aan de Universiteit van Cambridge voor het jaar 2010 en andere prestigieuze academische prijzen.

Het kostte de auteur bijna tien jaar van gedegen onderzoek in vele archieven in vele verschillende landen om een 鈥嬧€媔mmense bron van informatie te vergaren, waaronder papieren, rapporten, politieke en militaire handleidingen, administratieve bevelen, propagandafolders, radio-censuuropnames, toespraken en brieven, veldpost, notities, proces-notulen van Neurenberg, petities, talrijke militaire bevelen en tenslotte foto鈥檚 en veel meer.

Samengevat : een aanbevolen boek voor wetenschappers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog , vanwege de onbekende aard van het onderwerp en omdat het de eerste grote studie is die ernaar is uitgevoerd. Een aanrader voor de echt liefhebber van geschiedenis en dan met name de Tweede Wereldoorlog.
Profile Image for Emmanuel Gustin.
389 reviews21 followers
July 15, 2022
A detailed and enlightening study of the attempts that Hitler's government to recruit muslims as soldiers and allies during the second world war. These attempts ultimately failed, if judged on their own terms. While some units composed of muslim recruits were added to the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS, the majority of muslims remained unconvinced by the Nazi propaganda. It was, of course, scarcely credible to portray Hitler (or for that matter, Wilhelm II or Mussolini) as a protector of islam, but that didn't stop some Germans from trying to do just that. And in local cases, they did so with success.

Such successes as the Germans had were largely based on the principle that "the enemy of my enemies is my friend", as muslim recruits often had solid grievances against the government of the USSR, the British empire, or the French empire. The failures were largely due to a very simplistic and orientalist attitude towards muslims, which overlooked internal divisions and conflicts of interest of both religious and worldly nature. German academics who lent themselves to furthering the goals of the regime, did not always succeed (or even attempt) to make policy more insightful. And of course the entire effort stumbled over the ingrained racism of the nazi regime, which turned out to be hard to roll back when it was found to be a hindrance to their own interests.

It is not very appropriate to say such a thing of a bloody war, but the effort also lead to scenes that were more than a little Monty Pythonesque. It happened of course against a very serious background. Some muslim soldiers fought very bravely, some committed atrocities, some lost their lives, some lost their families. But it was also accompanied by absurd spectacles which blended religious feasts with nazi propaganda imagery, and by nazi bosses pontificating about islam in a way that was more than just theologically unorthodox. The tragic and the ridiculous hugged together in a deadly embrace, and Motadel describes everything in rigorous detail.

All the machinations of ambitious politicians, civil servants, and clerics aside, this was a part of the war that affected the fate of a large number of people, common soldiers and civilians. It is good that their story is told at last.



9 reviews
May 27, 2025
With 160 pages of just notes, it is clear this book is an academic work rather than meant for the general audience. The book documents how Nazi Germany tried to weaponize Islam by aligning its followers against colonial powers (for instance in North Africa, Middle East) and, later on, more specifically against Bolshevism and Jews. This was done on the one hand by propaganda behind enemy lines in order to create unrest and uprisings; on the other hand, by active participation of Muslim men in the German Wehrmacht and SS. It illustrates how Nazi Germany tried to facilitate this by installing Imams and Muftis, and by creating Muslim SS battalions that would follow Muslim rules regarding diet and observance of prayer times, fasting and holy days. It also illustrates the cynicism of German leaders such as Heinrich Himmler, who rejected Christianity because it was "too soft".

Not really a book for the general public, but a great resource for those interested in World War II in general and German recruitment strategies in particular.
Profile Image for Mohamed El-Mahallawy.
Author听1 book120 followers
March 15, 2022
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Profile Image for Ahmed Raafat.
108 reviews24 followers
March 23, 2023
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丕賳 賮賷 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀丨賷丕賳 爻乇丿 賱爻賷丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賳丕夭賷賷賳 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賵賴賷 爻賷丕爻丕鬲 鬲賲賷夭鬲 亘丕賱丕乇鬲噩丕賱 賵丕賱乇睾亘丞 賮賷 廿賷賯丕賮 丕賱禺爻丕卅乇 賮賷 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 賱賱丨乇亘 賵賱賲 鬲賰賳 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 鬲禺胤賷胤 丕爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷 胤賵賷賱 丕賱賲丿賶 賱鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱兀賵囟丕毓 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱賵丕賯毓丞 鬲丨鬲 丕賱丕爻鬲毓賲丕乇 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷. 賲丕 兀毓丕亘 賴匕丕 丕賱爻乇丿 賴賵 賰孬乇丞 兀爻賲丕亍 丕賱囟亘丕胤 賵丕賱爻賷丕爻賷賷賳 丕賱兀賷丿賷賵賱賵噩賷賷賳 賵丕賱兀卅賲丞 丕賱賲鬲毓丕賵賳賷賳 賲毓 丕賱賲噩賴賵丿 丕賱丨乇亘賷 丕賱賳丕夭賷 丿賵賳 賵噩賵丿 噩丿賵賱 賱賱兀毓賱丕賲 兀賵 賲賱丨賯 亘氐賵乇賴賲 賵賴賵 賲丕 氐毓賾亘 丕賱鬲賲賷賷夭 亘賷賳 丿賵乇 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賵噩毓賱 爻乇丿賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀丨丕丿賷丞 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴. 乇亘賲丕 賱匕賱賰 賰丕賳 兀賮囟賱 賮氐賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱賲鬲毓賱賯 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷丞 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱丕爻鬲卮乇丕賯 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷 賵丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳賷-丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷 賮賷 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賵賴賵 丕賱鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱匕賷 亘賳賶 毓賱賷賴 丕賱乇丕賷禺 丕賱孬丕賱孬 禺胤丕亘賴 丕賱丿毓丕卅賷 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賮賷 丕賱賯賵賯丕夭 賵丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賵卮賲丕賱 兀賮乇賷賯賷丕 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱丨乇亘 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞貨 賵賴賵 丕賱禺胤丕亘 丕賱匕賷 丨丿鬲 賲賳 賮毓丕賱賷鬲賴 馗乇賵賮 鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賲毓 丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷賷賳 賵丨賰賵賲丞 賮賷卮賷 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 賵廿賳 賱丕賯賶 丕賱禺胤丕亘 賳噩丕丨丕賻 賲毓賯賵賱丕賸 賮賷 丕賱亘賱賯丕賳 賵賲毓 賲爻賱賲賷 丕賱丕鬲丨丕丿 丕賱爻賵賮賷鬲賷 丕賱爻丕亘賯
Profile Image for I帽aki Tofi帽o.
Author听29 books55 followers
July 10, 2020
La quantit茅 de sources consult茅es est impressionnante, mais le r茅sultat final est un peu d茅cevant. Les chapitres d茅di茅s 脿 la manipulation des autorit茅s religieuses musulmanes pendant la guerre sont tr猫s int茅ressants parce que l'auteur parle de toutes les r茅gions de population musulmane occup茅es par les nazies (Bosnie, le nord d'Afrique, les r茅publiques sovi茅tiques) et de la manipulation de l'information vis 脿 vis les populations locales; cependant, les chapitres d茅di茅s 脿 la fin de la guerre et 脿 l'茅volution de la propagande occidentale (surtout celle des 脡tats Unis) dans le monde islamique sont fragmentaires et peu claires.
En tout cas, un livre 脿 lire pour connaitre l'usage de la religion comme arme de propagande politique chez le r茅gime nazi.
Profile Image for Andr茅s CM .
121 reviews11 followers
March 22, 2021
Resaltar la magn铆fica edici贸n y traducci贸n que ha llevado a cabo Alianza Editorial, adem谩s del gran apartado fotogr谩fico del libro que he disfrutado sobremanera. En resumen, una gran lectura recomendada a los estudiosos de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y que solo por lo desconocido del tema y tratarse del primer gran estudio realizado sobre 茅l, merece un importante lugar en sus respectivas bibliotecas.
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