Liu Qing's Lectures on Modern Western Thought was first published in 2021. It introduces 19 thinkers from a modern perspective, and discusses extensively and systematically the pros and cons of instrumental rationality, how to deal with nihilism, the alienation of people by consumerism, the fairness and justice of wealth distribution, and globalization. The mind is clear and the spirit is bright. You will understand the foundation and framework of their ideological edifice through the life stories of these 19 thinkers. You will also face many difficult problems in your personal life and the public sphere on top of the ideological edifice, and receive prudent and sincere answers.
Liu Qing was born in Xining, Qinghai in 1963. He is an expert in political philosophy and a Zijiang Distinguished Professor at East China Normal University. He received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from East China Institute of Textile Technology (now Donghua University), a master's degree in chemical engineering from China Textile University (now Donghua University), a master's degree in political science from Marquette University, and a doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota. He mainly conducts research in political philosophy, the history of Western thought, modern and contemporary Western thought, and international political issues.
Table of Contents introduction 01What is the practical significance of thought 02What is modernity and modernity 03 Changes between the past and present: What are the differences between ancient and modern times? Chapter 1 The Coming of Age of Modern Thought 04Signpost: Weber and the Coming of Age of Modern Thought 05 Weber I: Why is disenchantment the awakening moment of human beings? 06 Weber II: How did the modern “war of the gods” happen? Chapter 2 The Spiritual Crisis of Modern People 09 Road Sign: The "Spiritual Crisis" of Modern People 10 Nietzsche I: What does "God is dead" mean? 11 Nietzsche II: Who is the “Superman”? Chapter 3 Lessons from the 20th Century 18 Road Signs: Why the Disasters of the 20th Century Are Incredible 19 Bauman: Was the Holocaust caused by madness? 20 Arendt I: Is the Holocaust really the “banality of evil”? Chapter 4 Liberalism and Its Critics 32 Road Signs: Why Liberalism is Constantly Challenged 33 John Rawls: How to achieve social justice 34 Nozick: What is the freest country like? The End of the Post-Cold War Debate 40 Road Signs: The World Order in the Post-Cold War Era 41 Fukuyama: What does the “end of history” theory actually mean? 42 Huntington: Is the “Clash of Civilizations” Inevitable?
This book is called "Western Modern Thought", which contains at least a few keywords, "Western", "modern", and "thought". So, what is "thought"? When it comes to thought, we may naturally think of philosophy. When talking about philosophy, we may tend to over-beautify it and think it is profound and difficult to understand; or we may over-vilify it and think that philosophy is just empty talk and impractical. However, in fact, everyone has his or her own philosophy of life and code of conduct, but most people cannot express their abstract thoughts and philosophical ideas clearly in words or languages like philosophers, thinkers, and writers. Therefore, I think it is necessary to study the thoughts of others, especially those of our relatives and friends around us, including lovers, because when we can abstract and summarize the thoughts of others, perhaps it is easier for us to abstract and summarize our own thoughts. This is a close look. If you look far away, it is also meaningful to try to understand the thoughts of those who are recognized as great and outstanding people. Due to the educational environment, I was an extremely utilitarian person in the first twenty years of my life, and I emphasized the meaning and results of everything I did. The greatest meaning at that time was to get good grades and find a good job. Apart from that, everything, including relationships with others, could be abandoned. If we think that thoughts are not important, then my words and deeds at that time are commendable and pragmatic. But if we think that thoughts are important, then my behavior at that time is more like a machine, simplifying life into a binary or even a unitary model. Is such a life really worth living? Perhaps it can be understood that I also had my own thoughts at that time, but my core thoughts now are completely different from those at that time, so I deny my past self in some aspects. From a material perspective, I may not have changed much from the past, but because of the change in my thoughts, many things I would do in the past are no longer done, and many things I would say in the past are no longer said. Things that were considered unimportant in the past are now considered important. This is the power of thought. Since thoughts can have such a lasting and profound impact on our behavior, how can we not spend time to understand them?
In this book, another keyword is "modern". So, what is modern? The author discusses the difference between ancient and modern times from three perspectives. First, a notable feature from ancient times to modern times is the improvement of personal subjective values. A major feature of ancient times is that personal subjective values must be subject to objective standards, usually collectively recognized standards. If an individual's views contradict the views of the collective, then the individual must be wrong. Similarly, a collective or even a group must obey some objective forces, which may be the power of religion or the power of heaven. The second change is that the natural order is broken. The natural order emphasized in ancient times is an intuitive and naive understanding, while modern society denies this natural order of destiny and heaven. In theory, any order can be debated. The third change is the change from ancient to modern, that is, the establishment of a rational order. The core of modern civilization thought is the Western Enlightenment, especially the advocacy of rationality in the Enlightenment. Rationality is placed in a higher position than God. Today's laws, technology, and economy are all based on rationality. Admittedly, this has brought many problems, such as the lack of faith, the meaning of life, and materialization, but it is undeniable that rationality has brought unimaginable progress in the past, at least at the material level. The core of rationality is the ability to question, including questioning God.
What is adulthood? For individuals, adulthood means the ability to consciously reflect on their own behavior, knowing what they are doing, why they are doing it, and understanding the consequences. This can probably be called psychological adulthood. For the human group, first of all, there needs to be a few thinkers who can reflect on themselves, and then their thoughts have a profound and extensive impact on the entire society, which can probably be called the adulthood of the human group. The author puts Max Weber in such an important position and mentions four important parts of Weber's thought. The first is the disenchantment of the world. Disenchantment means removing the filter and removing the mystery of the world. In the past, we believed that everything had spirits and looked at the world with a romantic color. Now we use Occam's razor to remove those parts that cannot be verified. The second point is the war of gods. In the past, the myths of various countries more or less described the war of gods. Even in monotheistic religions, there are often demons as the opposite of gods. The battle of gods can be compared to the conflict of values. The former is difficult for us to observe, but the latter is real and almost everyone can feel it. When our romantic filter of the world is removed, the world becomes objective, monotonous, and cold. Collective narratives have been weakened, individual wills have been strengthened, and the diversification of individual wills has made the conflict of values more intense than ever before. From some perspectives, this is certainly more free, but from other perspectives, we don’t know which values to stick to, and firm beliefs are becoming increasingly scarce. The third point is the establishment of rationality. Modern science is based on rationality. The so-called rationality is a questioning spirit, a spirit that can be proven, verified, and repeated. Rationality can be roughly divided into two aspects: value rationality and instrumental rationality. Instrumental rationality is relatively objective and explores objective things; while value rationality involves people’s subjective will, so it is difficult to conclude. Therefore, the instrumental rationality of modern society is far better developed than value rationality, which also brings some problems. The last point is the iron cage of the world. When instrumental rationality prevails, the biggest subjective factor of human beings—people themselves—is also quantified, so where is the uniqueness of each person? Everyone has become a part of this machine that can be replaced at any time, and the world has become an iron cage that protects us and imprisons us.
There are probably far more people who know the name Nietzsche than those who understand Nietzsche's thoughts. Nietzsche's thoughts have several core ideas, the first of which is the "God is dead" that everyone often hears. This is a very eye-catching assertion, but what does it mean specifically? In human society, in order to generate cohesion and give life a certain meaning, people often achieve this through religion or collective culture. For example, some people set the meaning of their lives as "serving God" so that they can enter heaven and gain eternal life after their physical death; some people place the meaning of their lives on their country and aim to govern the country and bring peace to the world. No matter which way, it all comes down to the fact that the human mind is too fragile. Once we encounter difficulties, we will feel extremely depressed. Only firm faith can give us strength. Therefore, we need some object of faith, which can be collectively called God. What Nietzsche said about "God is dead" actually refers to the negation of this meaning, that is, the denial that life naturally has a certain ultimate goal. The meaning of life is actually like the various games and ball games that we are keen to watch. What is the meaning of putting the ball into the basket or kicking it into the goal? These are all artificially defined. With the death of God, Nietzsche put forward a second important point: if this value foundation that is higher than our real life no longer exists, then what is the meaning of life? When we raise this question, nihilism may arise. In his view, only by becoming a "superman" can we resist nihilism. What is a superman? Lu Xun said, "A true warrior dares to face the bleak life." Romain Rolland also said, "There is only one kind of heroism in the world, that is, to recognize the truth of life and still love life." The so-called Superman is to live with tenacious vitality under the premise of knowing that it is meaningless. Just like we all know that we will die eventually, all our efforts and struggles will eventually be blown away by the wind, but knowing this result, we still experience this process with full emotions. Such people can be called supermen. Finally, Nietzsche's judgment on the truth. He believes that there is no so-called truth in the world, only interpretation. What does this mean? In other words, in this sense, he actually denies the universal truth. These so-called truths are defined and summarized by people and are only useful in specific situations. If these premises are ignored, they will be mistakenly believed to be universally applicable.
Sartre is a representative of existentialism. The starting point of his thought is that the essence of life is nothingness. Because in his understanding, existence precedes essence. In other words, we are not born to be a certain person or profession or to play a certain role, but these essences are formed after birth. Just like there is a piece of wood first, and then people process it into different objects according to different purposes, and then there are different distinctions. Therefore, when people exist, they are actually nothing, which also means that there are infinite possibilities. This is a bit like what Zhuangzi said, "The use of uselessness is the greatest use." It is precisely because gourds are empty that they can hold water, wine, and different things. People are like such a container, a container that accommodates various possibilities. It is precisely because of this emptiness that there is freedom and freedom to decide what to put in it. Human freedom is reflected in the fact that we can decide what to put in this container. If a person is a gourd, we put water in it, it is a gourd of water; if we put wine in it, it is a gourd of wine; or if we put peanuts in it, it is a gourd of peanuts. This is what Sartre said about human freedom. However, when we hear the word "freedom", we naturally think it is a good word, but freedom also means responsibility, which means heavy, because we can only face this responsibility by ourselves, and we cannot shift this responsibility to anyone. I have made such a mistake before. I always find excuses for my behavior, saying that it is because my parents asked me to do it, or because my parents expect me to do it, so I do it. This is a typical self-deception. Because I choose to listen to their choice, then, in the final analysis, my behavior is still due to my own free will. Just like when I discuss my graduation thesis with my tutor now, sometimes I unconsciously say "Because you asked me to do it", and the tutor will say: "When I put forward my point of view, you can accept or oppose it, but if you accept my point of view, then this is your own point of view, and you need to argue for it yourself." Therefore, Sartre said that freedom is a heavy burden. Thinking further, it is precisely because of the conflict between this kind of freedom between each other that people want to be free, and the final result is that the conflict for the subject status continues to unfold. Just like in many relationships, one party often plays a stronger role and the other party plays a relatively weaker role. Therefore, this kind of strength and weakness actually refers to who plays more of a subject role in the process, like a person, and who plays an object role in the process, like an object. Sartre's judgment on the abuser and the masochist in intimate relationships is also based on this.
叁年之后第二次读这本书,还是很喜欢。语言十分易懂,涵盖内容广泛,发我深省。 以下是我阅读后的主要感悟: 1) "There is only one heroism in the world: to see the world as it is and to love it." Nihilism is the essence of the world, creating "the unbearable lightness of being," but as the tale of Sisyphus tells - in the constant process of finding and striving, meanings have already been granted. I was so caught up in nihilism around the time when I read this book for the first time three years ago, but now I have understood much better how we should live with nihilism. 2) What does it mean to truly possess individual freedom? Where is the balance between being a tiny part of the huge operating system blindly and being ourselves? 3) There are no better and worse cultures or values in the context of both individual and national pursuits - they are just different. 4) However, debates between various value systems would always persist, and it is in this process that new ideas surge.
A very gentle introduction to the minds of these thinkers: - Weber, Neitzsche, Freud, Sartre, Bauman, Arendt, Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Isaiah Berlin, Herbert Marcuse, Rawls, Robert Nozick, Ronald Dworkin, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, Jürgen Habermans, Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington (1-3 chapters dedicated to each)
This book helped me craft a big picture in understanding many similar + contradicting Western ideas and philosophies. Style of the book is a let-us-go-on-a-walk-together type (a lot of hand-holding from the author), which is sufficient for people like me who simply hope to make sense of the field without dedicating my entire life studying it.
Definitely a book worth reading! Opens door to a lot of self introspection.
Chinese: 就是说,把思想写的通俗易懂才是功力。 English: This book is a simple introduction to contemporary political thought, the author LiuQing has a great sense of how to make an obscure idea understandable, give my full respect.