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刘擎西方现代思想讲义

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人生的意义,人们向往的自由和公平的价值,人类文明的复杂冲突与未来趋势……这些让你困惑的大小问题,过去也困扰过韦伯、尼采、萨特等杰出的头脑。他们尽最大努力做出阐释,为后人提供了宝贵的思想标识。在这部讲义里,刘擎介绍了现代视域下的19位思想大家,广泛而系统地讨论工具理性的利 弊,如何面对虚无主义,消费主义对人的异化,财富分配的公平正义和全球化等议题。思想不惑,精神明亮。你将在这19位大家的生平故事中,理解他们建构思想大厦的地基与框架。你还会在思想大厦之上,直面个人生活和社会公共领域的诸多难题,收获审慎而真诚的回答。

332 pages, Kindle Edition

Published January 23, 2022

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 37 reviews
Profile Image for Junyan.
658 reviews
December 10, 2021
不认为女性的堕胎权有讨论的余地。“堕胎”一词很狡猾,就跟把“我们的母亲们和父亲们”翻译为“我们的父辈”一样狡猾。女性掌控自己的身体,决定终止妊辰,这样一种行为的合理性被抛入没有生育能力的男性群体中审视批判,无异于没有翅膀、无飞行能力的人类讨论鸟类有没有飞翔权、鸟类应怎样运用翅膀一样荒谬。
Profile Image for Chelsea.
155 reviews
March 11, 2021
从这本书真正意识到思想从来不是海市蜃楼,楼台亭阁而就是基于现实的生活,内在于现实生活,观念就是行为实践的动力。它是一本关注现代性的困境下回答的对于人生的问题,脱离于集体的孤独感,获得自由同时带来的抉择的不安,一场对于人生哲学随行漫步从尼采的上帝之死到西西弗斯神话中积极的人生态度用无尽的斗争对抗虚无,佛洛依德的人格叁元结构下的本性的释放和自由,萨特的存在虚无主义到自由个体下的创造性的人生;而极端理性主义的困境带来的20世纪的看似非理性的大屠杀,书中的许多的观念解答了多年之惑,摘录一段对于萨特的存在虚无的解读:我们永远都在成为“是谁”的路上,而没有终点。
“如果人的存在就是意识,而意识本身就是虚无,那么人的存在就是虚无。存在先于本质,先有了虚无的存在,然后我们才要去找到自己的本质。那么人要怎么去获得一个本质呢?最直接的做法就是模仿物。所以我们看到,人总是要去占有某种东西。通过占有这些东西,我们可以得到确定的本质,甚至给自己一个定义:我是一个收藏家,我是一个游戏高手,等等。
萨特把这种欲望叫做“生存者和存在物的复合”,就是渴望与对象合二为一,来解决人的虚无状况。可是这样就解决了虚无的问题么?萨特认为,这种做法注定要失败,因为这只是局部的,暂时的满足了对确定性的需求,根本上的虚无是无法改变的。因为人是自为的存在,不断为自己寻找本质,不断变化,人有无限潜在的可能性。人想通过占有物去获得确定性,但有限的,固定不变的东西没有办法填满无限的可能性。“存在结构会溢出我们所占有的对象”。人是一种徒劳的激情,总是有一种激情推动我们去占有,去追求,但我们希望得到的那种满足其实永远无法实现。
这么说来,难道人注定只能屈服于空虚和徒劳么?当然不是。萨特说,正是在这种状态中,人类特有的尊严诞生了。存在就是虚无,恰恰是人类行动意志的基础,正是因为存在没有预先的本质,所以我们才能够自由地行动。因为存在先于本质,那么就没有什么预先给定的东西把我们固定住,束缚住,就意味着我们永远可以超越“过去的本质”,“现在的本质”去追求“未来”。”
Profile Image for Barack Liu.
573 reviews19 followers
June 10, 2024

521-Lectures on Modern Western Thought-Qing Liu

Barack
2024/06/02

Liu Qing's Lectures on Modern Western Thought was first published in 2021. It introduces 19 thinkers from a modern perspective, and discusses extensively and systematically the pros and cons of instrumental rationality, how to deal with nihilism, the alienation of people by consumerism, the fairness and justice of wealth distribution, and globalization. The mind is clear and the spirit is bright. You will understand the foundation and framework of their ideological edifice through the life stories of these 19 thinkers. You will also face many difficult problems in your personal life and the public sphere on top of the ideological edifice, and receive prudent and sincere answers.

Liu Qing was born in Xining, Qinghai in 1963. He is an expert in political philosophy and a Zijiang Distinguished Professor at East China Normal University. He received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from East China Institute of Textile Technology (now Donghua University), a master's degree in chemical engineering from China Textile University (now Donghua University), a master's degree in political science from Marquette University, and a doctorate in political science from the University of Minnesota. He mainly conducts research in political philosophy, the history of Western thought, modern and contemporary Western thought, and international political issues.

Table of Contents
introduction
01What is the practical significance of thought
02What is modernity and modernity
03 Changes between the past and present: What are the differences between ancient and modern times?
Chapter 1 The Coming of Age of Modern Thought
04Signpost: Weber and the Coming of Age of Modern Thought
05 Weber I: Why is disenchantment the awakening moment of human beings?
06 Weber II: How did the modern “war of the gods” happen?
Chapter 2 The Spiritual Crisis of Modern People
09 Road Sign: The "Spiritual Crisis" of Modern People
10 Nietzsche I: What does "God is dead" mean?
11 Nietzsche II: Who is the “Superman”?
Chapter 3 Lessons from the 20th Century
18 Road Signs: Why the Disasters of the 20th Century Are Incredible
19 Bauman: Was the Holocaust caused by madness?
20 Arendt I: Is the Holocaust really the “banality of evil”?
Chapter 4 Liberalism and Its Critics
32 Road Signs: Why Liberalism is Constantly Challenged
33 John Rawls: How to achieve social justice
34 Nozick: What is the freest country like?
The End of the Post-Cold War Debate
40 Road Signs: The World Order in the Post-Cold War Era
41 Fukuyama: What does the “end of history” theory actually mean?
42 Huntington: Is the “Clash of Civilizations” Inevitable?

This book is called "Western Modern Thought", which contains at least a few keywords, "Western", "modern", and "thought". So, what is "thought"? When it comes to thought, we may naturally think of philosophy. When talking about philosophy, we may tend to over-beautify it and think it is profound and difficult to understand; or we may over-vilify it and think that philosophy is just empty talk and impractical. However, in fact, everyone has his or her own philosophy of life and code of conduct, but most people cannot express their abstract thoughts and philosophical ideas clearly in words or languages like philosophers, thinkers, and writers. Therefore, I think it is necessary to study the thoughts of others, especially those of our relatives and friends around us, including lovers, because when we can abstract and summarize the thoughts of others, perhaps it is easier for us to abstract and summarize our own thoughts. This is a close look. If you look far away, it is also meaningful to try to understand the thoughts of those who are recognized as great and outstanding people. Due to the educational environment, I was an extremely utilitarian person in the first twenty years of my life, and I emphasized the meaning and results of everything I did. The greatest meaning at that time was to get good grades and find a good job. Apart from that, everything, including relationships with others, could be abandoned. If we think that thoughts are not important, then my words and deeds at that time are commendable and pragmatic. But if we think that thoughts are important, then my behavior at that time is more like a machine, simplifying life into a binary or even a unitary model. Is such a life really worth living? Perhaps it can be understood that I also had my own thoughts at that time, but my core thoughts now are completely different from those at that time, so I deny my past self in some aspects. From a material perspective, I may not have changed much from the past, but because of the change in my thoughts, many things I would do in the past are no longer done, and many things I would say in the past are no longer said. Things that were considered unimportant in the past are now considered important. This is the power of thought. Since thoughts can have such a lasting and profound impact on our behavior, how can we not spend time to understand them?

In this book, another keyword is "modern". So, what is modern? The author discusses the difference between ancient and modern times from three perspectives. First, a notable feature from ancient times to modern times is the improvement of personal subjective values. A major feature of ancient times is that personal subjective values must be subject to objective standards, usually collectively recognized standards. If an individual's views contradict the views of the collective, then the individual must be wrong. Similarly, a collective or even a group must obey some objective forces, which may be the power of religion or the power of heaven. The second change is that the natural order is broken. The natural order emphasized in ancient times is an intuitive and naive understanding, while modern society denies this natural order of destiny and heaven. In theory, any order can be debated. The third change is the change from ancient to modern, that is, the establishment of a rational order. The core of modern civilization thought is the Western Enlightenment, especially the advocacy of rationality in the Enlightenment. Rationality is placed in a higher position than God. Today's laws, technology, and economy are all based on rationality. Admittedly, this has brought many problems, such as the lack of faith, the meaning of life, and materialization, but it is undeniable that rationality has brought unimaginable progress in the past, at least at the material level. The core of rationality is the ability to question, including questioning God.

What is adulthood? For individuals, adulthood means the ability to consciously reflect on their own behavior, knowing what they are doing, why they are doing it, and understanding the consequences. This can probably be called psychological adulthood. For the human group, first of all, there needs to be a few thinkers who can reflect on themselves, and then their thoughts have a profound and extensive impact on the entire society, which can probably be called the adulthood of the human group. The author puts Max Weber in such an important position and mentions four important parts of Weber's thought. The first is the disenchantment of the world. Disenchantment means removing the filter and removing the mystery of the world. In the past, we believed that everything had spirits and looked at the world with a romantic color. Now we use Occam's razor to remove those parts that cannot be verified. The second point is the war of gods. In the past, the myths of various countries more or less described the war of gods. Even in monotheistic religions, there are often demons as the opposite of gods. The battle of gods can be compared to the conflict of values. The former is difficult for us to observe, but the latter is real and almost everyone can feel it. When our romantic filter of the world is removed, the world becomes objective, monotonous, and cold. Collective narratives have been weakened, individual wills have been strengthened, and the diversification of individual wills has made the conflict of values more intense than ever before. From some perspectives, this is certainly more free, but from other perspectives, we don’t know which values to stick to, and firm beliefs are becoming increasingly scarce. The third point is the establishment of rationality. Modern science is based on rationality. The so-called rationality is a questioning spirit, a spirit that can be proven, verified, and repeated. Rationality can be roughly divided into two aspects: value rationality and instrumental rationality. Instrumental rationality is relatively objective and explores objective things; while value rationality involves people’s subjective will, so it is difficult to conclude. Therefore, the instrumental rationality of modern society is far better developed than value rationality, which also brings some problems. The last point is the iron cage of the world. When instrumental rationality prevails, the biggest subjective factor of human beings—people themselves—is also quantified, so where is the uniqueness of each person? Everyone has become a part of this machine that can be replaced at any time, and the world has become an iron cage that protects us and imprisons us.

There are probably far more people who know the name Nietzsche than those who understand Nietzsche's thoughts. Nietzsche's thoughts have several core ideas, the first of which is the "God is dead" that everyone often hears. This is a very eye-catching assertion, but what does it mean specifically? In human society, in order to generate cohesion and give life a certain meaning, people often achieve this through religion or collective culture. For example, some people set the meaning of their lives as "serving God" so that they can enter heaven and gain eternal life after their physical death; some people place the meaning of their lives on their country and aim to govern the country and bring peace to the world. No matter which way, it all comes down to the fact that the human mind is too fragile. Once we encounter difficulties, we will feel extremely depressed. Only firm faith can give us strength. Therefore, we need some object of faith, which can be collectively called God. What Nietzsche said about "God is dead" actually refers to the negation of this meaning, that is, the denial that life naturally has a certain ultimate goal. The meaning of life is actually like the various games and ball games that we are keen to watch. What is the meaning of putting the ball into the basket or kicking it into the goal? These are all artificially defined. With the death of God, Nietzsche put forward a second important point: if this value foundation that is higher than our real life no longer exists, then what is the meaning of life? When we raise this question, nihilism may arise. In his view, only by becoming a "superman" can we resist nihilism. What is a superman? Lu Xun said, "A true warrior dares to face the bleak life." Romain Rolland also said, "There is only one kind of heroism in the world, that is, to recognize the truth of life and still love life." The so-called Superman is to live with tenacious vitality under the premise of knowing that it is meaningless. Just like we all know that we will die eventually, all our efforts and struggles will eventually be blown away by the wind, but knowing this result, we still experience this process with full emotions. Such people can be called supermen. Finally, Nietzsche's judgment on the truth. He believes that there is no so-called truth in the world, only interpretation. What does this mean? In other words, in this sense, he actually denies the universal truth. These so-called truths are defined and summarized by people and are only useful in specific situations. If these premises are ignored, they will be mistakenly believed to be universally applicable.

Sartre is a representative of existentialism. The starting point of his thought is that the essence of life is nothingness. Because in his understanding, existence precedes essence. In other words, we are not born to be a certain person or profession or to play a certain role, but these essences are formed after birth. Just like there is a piece of wood first, and then people process it into different objects according to different purposes, and then there are different distinctions. Therefore, when people exist, they are actually nothing, which also means that there are infinite possibilities. This is a bit like what Zhuangzi said, "The use of uselessness is the greatest use." It is precisely because gourds are empty that they can hold water, wine, and different things. People are like such a container, a container that accommodates various possibilities. It is precisely because of this emptiness that there is freedom and freedom to decide what to put in it. Human freedom is reflected in the fact that we can decide what to put in this container. If a person is a gourd, we put water in it, it is a gourd of water; if we put wine in it, it is a gourd of wine; or if we put peanuts in it, it is a gourd of peanuts. This is what Sartre said about human freedom. However, when we hear the word "freedom", we naturally think it is a good word, but freedom also means responsibility, which means heavy, because we can only face this responsibility by ourselves, and we cannot shift this responsibility to anyone. I have made such a mistake before. I always find excuses for my behavior, saying that it is because my parents asked me to do it, or because my parents expect me to do it, so I do it. This is a typical self-deception. Because I choose to listen to their choice, then, in the final analysis, my behavior is still due to my own free will. Just like when I discuss my graduation thesis with my tutor now, sometimes I unconsciously say "Because you asked me to do it", and the tutor will say: "When I put forward my point of view, you can accept or oppose it, but if you accept my point of view, then this is your own point of view, and you need to argue for it yourself." Therefore, Sartre said that freedom is a heavy burden. Thinking further, it is precisely because of the conflict between this kind of freedom between each other that people want to be free, and the final result is that the conflict for the subject status continues to unfold. Just like in many relationships, one party often plays a stronger role and the other party plays a relatively weaker role. Therefore, this kind of strength and weakness actually refers to who plays more of a subject role in the process, like a person, and who plays an object role in the process, like an object. Sartre's judgment on the abuser and the masochist in intimate relationships is also based on this.


Profile Image for John.
156 reviews
November 27, 2021
人生本来没有什么意义,所有意义都是人为制造或者赋予的。这本来就是一种幻觉。让人成为真正无依无靠、无牵无挂、一无所有的人,直面虚无主义的绝境。这个真相并不直接导致消极。从虚无到消极,有一个必经的中间环节,那就是一种虚幻的信念:认为在世界的表象背后还存在绝对的本质,并且认为人生必须依靠这个绝对的本质才能找到价值和意义。但价值不是现成在哪里等你“发现”,所有的价值都是人主观创造出来的,生命活动的标志就是能够自己确立价值,这是生命本身的力量。用自己的生命意志去创造,追求自身生命力量的增长和完满,登上顶峰的斗争本身足以充实人的心灵。最终确立和实现自己的生命意义,这就是超人。
2 reviews
October 13, 2024
最大的问题是这本书通俗易懂过头了,带给我们的也只是西方思想的皮毛,如初高中历史书那样“元年春王正月”大一统式的粗线条观念。

而有趣的是,恰恰由于这本书的简单,导致现在许多学校都要求高中生去阅读,以期他们在议论文中引经据典。我害怕的是这种短平快的认识会伴随高中生们到老。

想到几年前的生活在树上虽然不佳,但终归是一种对既定规则挑战和尝试。现在用“西哲”写考场作文,有矫揉造作之嫌,但终归是比感动中国人物好许多。甚至,有些地区还不让用这些人物,理由是思想西化。

看看思想史也总是好的,在这个理科至上的时代,在我们的新时代…
22 reviews1 follower
March 1, 2024
我最想知道我们了解研究西方思想的目的是什么?这本书主要是走马观花,哲学入门讲了“是什么”。可对这些思想对西方,对东方,对东亚,对中国有什么影响?当今的中国还应该借鉴和改进哪些思想,却语焉不详。 简单来说这本书更像是给初中生上课的教材,但缺少洞见和分析。
Profile Image for Yiwei.
88 reviews1 follower
July 19, 2024
这本书很适合我这种哲学、政治学门外汉读,内容稍浅显,语言通俗易懂,举例生动形象。特别是最后的“答学友问”部分很有现实的借鉴意义。推荐!准备继续读几本哲学入门书,嘿嘿
15 reviews
January 11, 2022
*尼采:人生是没有意义的,意义都是人类赋予的;事情是没有真相的,视角决定真相。所以人要自己创造意义,持开放态度对待各个视角。
*弗洛伊德:借用科学的名义提出了精神分析学,提出了包括潜意识在内的概念,虽然是伪科学,但是他的主张为欲望正名,马克思韦伯在宗教的时代提出理性,弗洛伊德又在理性的时代提出欲望,解放思想的功劳里有他一份力吧,至少在艺术创作领域能够出现一些场景应该也归功于他。
*萨特:主张存在主义,人的意义是意识,意识是虚无的,那么人就是虚无的。存在即虚无,如果存在没有意义,那么人就不会被束缚,无论客观条件是怎样的,人在根本上都是自由的。人具有控制主观行动的自由,你可以选择你对一件事情的态度与行为,但是这种自由要求个体对自己的选择负责,因为个体所做出的行为都是基于自己评价标准为做出的,只有你自己是人生价值的创造者,所以做出的任何选择产生的结果都没有可逃避的借口,所以说“自由是一种沉重的负担”。也正是因为每个人都是自由的,当两个人相遇时就会产生“主体”与“客体”之争,憎恨就意味着你承认了对方的主体性,这也是“他人即地狱”的来源。
*阿伦特:提出纳粹极端之恶与恶的平庸性,极端之恶的是一种理性发展会产生的结果,但不是必定会产生的。理性的齿轮运转过快,每个人都是螺丝钉,每个人对屠杀的感觉都不明确,甚至只是觉得自己填了十张表,但是这些人的组成就变成了极端之恶。恶的平庸性则是在大环境定义的什么叫道德下,没有自己的独立思考。独立判断的源头在苏格拉底,说过宁可自己遭受冤屈,也不愿行不义,这种境界不需要多少高深的知识,只要自己始终过一种自我反思的生活,不断与自己的内心对话。这就是所谓“moral integrity”。因为这样的人能够坦然面对自己 ,不用规矩和套话来自我欺骗,保全了自己人格的完整。现代公民的道德困境就在于,在具体的处境中,冒着风险,真诚地去做出自己独立的判断,并为此承担责任。

突然悟了一条看人的方法,会自我反思的。所以说一些社会精英将时间全部放在了提高效率的事情上,享乐的事情上,并没有很多反思的时间。

*波普尔:贯穿始终的洞见就是人类是最容易犯错的物种,这是人类固有的特征。如今我们说的,试错方法和纠错机制的常识,很大程度归功于波普尔的贡献。最着名的就是“证伪主义”理论,科学理论的标志不是它能够被证明是对的,而是它可以被证明为错的。并不是说科学理论必定会被证伪,而是要具有“经验上被证伪的可能性”。没有办法检测的理论,不管正不正确,它都不科学。
批判乌托邦社会工程,即“整体主义”,覆盖一切规划一切的乌托邦社会工程不可能成功,“历史决定论”是不合理的。“历史决定论”即是历史是被一套规律所决定的,向某个确定的目标发展,最终会实现这个确定的目标。
当今离婚率高的原因:1.对女性性欲望的否定被心理学以及平等观的兴起而打破 2.工业化和城市化进程,使我们的经济和社会地位不再和其婚姻状况所绑定,因此来自亲属邻居等的干预压力也少了 3.安全避孕措施和司法改革对非婚生子女的公平待遇也降低了“性自由”的代价 4.婚姻中女性对丈夫的依赖以及丈夫对妻子家务活的依赖也因为平等意识和现代服务技术的兴起而减少。
欲望 地位 代价 依赖。 这些变化都打破了保护婚姻稳定的“非感情限制因素”。
无论如何,现代人在用自己的方式享受现代化的成果,也承担现代性的代价。高度自主的生活方式就必定有础叠两面,“我命由我不由天”“自食其果,咎由自取”。
萨特的存在主义就是为了澄清主导我们行动逻辑的一部分观念从何而来,然后才可以做出自己的判断。
*伯林:定义了消极自由,必须同时满足这四类限定:外部性限定;人为性限定;机会限定;重要性限定。除了这些,所遇到的挫折都不能统称为“不自由”。
8 reviews
July 10, 2024
叁年之后第二次读这本书,还是很喜欢。语言十分易懂,涵盖内容广泛,发我深省。
以下是我阅读后的主要感悟:
1) "There is only one heroism in the world: to see the world as it is and to love it." Nihilism is the essence of the world, creating "the unbearable lightness of being," but as the tale of Sisyphus tells - in the constant process of finding and striving, meanings have already been granted. I was so caught up in nihilism around the time when I read this book for the first time three years ago, but now I have understood much better how we should live with nihilism.
2) What does it mean to truly possess individual freedom? Where is the balance between being a tiny part of the huge operating system blindly and being ourselves?
3) There are no better and worse cultures or values in the context of both individual and national pursuits - they are just different.
4) However, debates between various value systems would always persist, and it is in this process that new ideas surge.
Profile Image for Yaping Wang.
39 reviews6 followers
March 21, 2024
对文盲十分友好。讲稿改成的书,属于在通勤路上都能读下去的那种的易读,但也必须以失去丰富深刻为代价。

考虑到正在写 JMP 的我就是那个时不时陷入存在主义危机无所适从的文盲,觉得此书还是非常值得一读的,失去丰富深刻也没关系,至少有了 roadmap 可以按图索骥。况且刘擎真的很会讲课。

一些随手记的点:
1. 尼采果然很有意思,从到视角主义,都值得进一步了解。
2. 萨特的原来是这个意思,瞬间明白了很多亲密关系里无比痛苦的瞬间我都在痛苦什么.......哈贝马斯的听起来很乐观很理想主义,和萨特真是两个极端。
3. 偶像柏林的理论被讲得好浅薄无趣 (而我也就是对柏林微微有了解,果然可以想见稍微有点思想史常识的人会如何看待本书2333
4. 第四章开始的 研究政治哲学的那一挂人 明显感觉理论深度不如前人。
5. 书末“补充讲解”的内容比正文更有意思、更值得思考。
6. “答学友问”最末的最后推荐的斯坦福哲学字典 放在序言里就给出该多好啊...
7. 刘擎曾问桑德尔,学术生涯后期,因为公共哲学写作而失去了探究更具学术深度的理论的机会,惋惜吗。桑德尔回答,公民教育也是学者/哲学家的事情。这个回答对刘擎想必有很大冲击,这本书的出版不就是最好印证吗。也让我思考起自己苟且在学术圈的日常——写废纸和教学,哪个更重要呢?
15 reviews
May 24, 2023
1. 我们可以把现代社会的来临看作西方历史上最近的一次古今之变,一句话概括就是从“自然”变成“不自然”。具体讲有三点:1. 过去我们更重视客观价值, 现在我们更重视主观意见,主观可以压倒一切。 2. 人们观念中的自然秩序被理性打破。3. 自然秩序被打破了,我们建立了理性的新秩序。
2. 推动古今之变的核心动力是启蒙理性主义,两个思想特征是人类中心主义和个人主义。
3. 现代社会主导思想是科学。科学也许可以给我们最优方案,但是无法教给我们最优选择。科学无法解决最重要的人类生活意义和价值判断问题。
4. 面对身边时常发生的因价值观不同而起的争论,我们应平和从容地应对。坦然面对多元价值冲突的困境,与之共存,也是智性成熟的表现。
5. 工具理性在于计算,针对确定的目标计算成本和收益,找到最优化的手段。价值理性,就是用用理性来判断目标本身是不是有价值。现在工具理性大行其道,压倒了价值理性。手段压倒了目的。
6. 世界上只有一种英雄主义,那就是在看清生活的真相之后,依然热爱生活。
7. 所有的价值都是人主观创造出来的。登上顶峰的斗争本身足以充实人的心灵。应该设想,西西弗斯??幸福的。
8. 如果你相信尼采,就不应该盲从尼采或者任何别人写下的教条,而是去探索自己的生命。
9. 科学理论的一个重要特征是可证伪性,过程应是“问题—猜想—反驳”的试错机制。佛洛伊德的精神分析学说不具有可证伪性,永远能够自圆其说,是伪科学。
10. 我们需要做出选择,为了一些终极价值牺牲掉另一些终极价值,这就是人类困境的永久特征。
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Ediena.
11 reviews
May 4, 2025
“人类因为理性而伟大,因为知道理性的局限性而成熟。”

全书从用神灵解释各种自然现象的古代,讲到通过科学人类逐渐对世界祛魅,到现代社会越来越理性化,人们开始强调个人的自由性,形成难以统一的价值体系,再讲到全球化的融合,最后讲出不同制度和文化的间的分就必合的趋势。

很多思想令我醍醐灌顶,以下是一些记录:

当现实主义替代了宗教,人们从世界这个母体中脱离了,变成了孤零零生活在世界上的个体。

登上顶峰的斗争本身足以充实人的心灵。应该设想,西西弗斯是幸福的。

萨特说的自由不是为所欲为的自由,而是总是可以改变现状的自由。

马克思: 人只有在运用自己的动物机能—吃、喝、生殖,至多还有居住、修饰等等—的时候,才觉得自己在自由活动,而在运用人的机能时,觉得自己只不过是动物。

本真性不同于自由性,本真性就是人忠实于自己的内心,而不盲从于外在的压力与影响。

我们的自我来自我们和他人的对话,以及对话中的反思。

福山的“历史终结”理论:只要人类追求现代化,就会发展科学技术;发展科学技术,就会采用市场经济;而发展了市场经济,就会导致自由民主制。

美好的人生就是一生都在追求美好人生的人生。
Profile Image for 吕不理.
377 reviews47 followers
October 6, 2023
跑偏一下 乃们人文科学咋这么多天才啊 十几岁年大学二十出头博士毕业 研究的还都是很大很深很抽象的东西。牛逼。社群主义的观点跟我喜欢的作家有点像 我们不是孤立的个体 而是基于文化背景的鲜活故事编织的巨大叙事。对于现代性的思考和辩论里 总觉得缺少属于我和我的群体的叙事。不能保持冷漠!

话说总会被网路意见领袖犀利的说辞震撼到 书评区激烈的意见也让我惊讶 大家都好适合输出哦。也会被加入讨论的人们激烈的情绪卷席 大家是真的好痛苦跟好愤怒。但看完以后又很失语 我没啥观点可辩驳也没啥观点非捍卫不可 大家立场和观点的差异实在太大了 我觉得很多时候我们过分信任沟通和逻辑推演的力量了。

(如果可以我只想拍下暴露地球坐标的按钮。我能拍出李斯特的手速来 给世界送钟。让这个星球闪烁成宇宙disco ball 在痛苦的苏格拉底和快乐的小猪之间 以我的智商我很可能会沦为痛苦的小猪。届时我必毁天灭地嘿。)
Profile Image for Zi.
77 reviews17 followers
March 11, 2024
A very gentle introduction to the minds of these thinkers:
- Weber, Neitzsche, Freud, Sartre, Bauman, Arendt, Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Isaiah Berlin, Herbert Marcuse, Rawls, Robert Nozick, Ronald Dworkin, Michael Sandel, Michael Walzer, Charles Taylor, Jürgen Habermans, Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington (1-3 chapters dedicated to each)

This book helped me craft a big picture in understanding many similar + contradicting Western ideas and philosophies. Style of the book is a let-us-go-on-a-walk-together type (a lot of hand-holding from the author), which is sufficient for people like me who simply hope to make sense of the field without dedicating my entire life studying it.

Definitely a book worth reading! Opens door to a lot of self introspection.

(no english edition, yet. only chinese.)
2 reviews
March 8, 2024
key Takeaway

1. 现代性:重视当下的特殊性,现代性代表着一种对传统的否定态度,不断进步的可能性,对人的创造性和主体性的肯定。而现代化,在经济上是现代工业,商业和城市的崛起,在政治上是民族国家的形成以及现在民主与宪政的发展,在社会层面是大规模人口流动和阶层流动,在思想文化上,是理性主义获得主导地位,还有自由,平等和人权意识的兴盛
2. 科学与意义无关,因为对于我们唯一重要的问题,我们应当如何生活,科学本身提供不了答案
3. 虽然科学和理性在发展,但因为其无法解决意义的问题,人们各自信奉各自的价值观,谁也无法说服谁,产生诸神之争
4. 韦伯:我们的时代,是一个理性化,理知化,尤其是将世界之迷魅祛除的时代;我们这个时代的宿命,便是一切终极而最崇高的价值,已自公共领域隐没
47 reviews
July 27, 2022
这本书看名字就很枯燥,看之前我翻了下目录发现二十多个思想家只认识个尼采和弗洛伊德,认识名字那种。所以完全是抱着学习的心态硬着头皮打开的。
万万没想到它不仅通俗易懂,简直引人入胜。人的孤独感、漂泊感,明明没那么大野心却无法不卷,人生的意义是啥,宗教为啥一定需要一个信仰之跃,这些困扰我的问题原来是现代性带来的、现代人必然面临的问题,而且许多思想家已经想过了。
全书后2/3聚焦社会问题,譬如20世纪纳粹主义、苏联社会主义和西方资本主义的产生与各自的问题——就说这种我既一无所知又不感兴趣的政治哲学话题,到底是怎么让我毫无障碍甚至津津有味地看下去的?!不怪志胜放弃求职也要追星了濒辞濒
5 reviews
March 1, 2023
本书作者以深入浅出的语言简单的介绍许多着名的西方思想家对20世纪发生的灾难与现代化发展所带来的困境与对传统的冲突进行了深刻的批评与反思。对刚开始接触、想要了解西方现代思想的初学者是一本相当不错的入门书籍。

思想与现实社会并不是分离或对立的,因为思想是实践现实社会的动力。或许看清世界之本质,反思、探索现代化带来的困境与精神危机,积极思考和明白理性的局限以免堕入过度追求依赖理性化的陷阱,才是这本书想要带给我们的启发。
Profile Image for Chunyan.
2 reviews
October 15, 2023
Chinese: 就是说,把思想写的通俗易懂才是功力。
English: This book is a simple introduction to contemporary political thought, the author LiuQing has a great sense of how to make an obscure idea understandable, give my full respect.
Profile Image for bob.
86 reviews5 followers
May 26, 2021
把深邃的现代思想介绍的这么脉络清楚、简单易懂,作者了不起
Profile Image for Tianxiao.
134 reviews2 followers
June 20, 2021
我一直在想,思想这个不存在于实体世界的存在到底是一种什么样的存在,它存在的意义是什么。 大概,思想一直在面对和承认世界的复杂,并试图去解释这种复杂,一段时日之后还会去挑战原有的解释。
Profile Image for Yiling.
47 reviews
October 12, 2021
通俗易懂,言简意赅,哲学入门级佳作!
现代西方哲学思想科普读物
能把复杂的理论讲清楚、明白的教授对我来说已经相当优秀了,因为只有一缸水的知识储备才能为你提供那一瓢水的讲解。虽然如评论区所言它可能带有引起误解的个人解读并且缺少了系统论证,但这也是出于增加可读性,考虑受众接受度的结果。
1 review
January 20, 2022
想用理性去穷尽知识,这就是理性的自负。认识到理性知识本身的局限性,对此保持审慎和怀疑。
204 reviews2 followers
April 11, 2022
好好读,停不下来那种,不过这样也就少了很多思考,等整理笔记再重温一下。另外,又有了好多想看的书!
12 reviews
October 30, 2022
被于佩尔在《将来的事》里扮演的哲学老师迷住,躺在草坪上讨论哲学场景令人向往,故从书柜里翻出了前段时间买回的思想讲义。这书过程中经常令我感叹,读到最后真觉得自己的心灵更加自由。
Profile Image for Valeria.
48 reviews2 followers
December 30, 2022
前两章差点让我弃读,以为全书都是一些入门级哲学思想讨论,心里疑惑这个书评分是不是有些过誉了?作者讨论了现代人面临的困境,很多都是一些已经被讨论过很多很多遍的话题,难免有些老生常谈,仔细往后面读,还是挺有意思的,后半部分还是有不少有启发性意义的观点和论述。
Profile Image for Betty.
6 reviews1 follower
January 27, 2023
作为导读还满不错的,不过评分跟内容比好像稍微过誉了一点,不管是这里还是豆瓣。
Profile Image for Garry Zhang.
37 reviews6 followers
April 23, 2023
挑了几个耳熟能详的???家看了看——马克斯·韦伯、尼采、汉娜·阿伦特、卡尔·波普尔、以赛亚·伯林、赫伯特·马尔库塞。信息量有些大,读来有些消化不良……
Profile Image for Jiachen Guo.
68 reviews7 followers
May 21, 2023
这本书的第一句话啊就气到我了: "人类区别于其他物种的独特性在于,既能做事儿,又会想事儿。" 是什么给了作者这样的迷之自信? 是他对其他物种的无知, 和严重缺乏的逻辑思维能力.

果不其然, 这本书逻辑混乱, 使用大量不严谨的话术忽悠读者, 任何思想在作者笔下都显得非常廉价, 背离了原创者的本意. 我第一次觉得尼采的思想这么可笑幼稚, 当然这不怪尼采, 而是因为作者诠释的实在太烂了.
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