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唳曕唳∴Θ唰囙Ξ 唳唳班Μ唳距Π唰嬥Ω唳�
唳曕唳∴Θ唰囙Ξ : 唳唳班Μ唳距Π唰嬥Ω唳�, 唳班唳多唳唳距Ο唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳多唳班唳� 唳犩唳� 唳嗋唰� 唳嗋Π 唳む唳� 唳Π唰囙Π 唳︵Χ 唳︵唳ㄠ唳� 鈥樴唳� 唳溹唳ㄠ鈥� 唳忇Μ唳� 唳唳班唳 唳呧唳距Θ唳� 唳樴唳ㄠ唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ啷� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ唰囙Π 唳膏唳ム 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳氞Σ唰�, 唳嗋Π 唳氞Σ唰囙Θ 唳唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳班唳溹Θ唰堗Δ唳苦 唳忇Μ唳� 唳膏唳Π唳苦 唳氞Π唳苦Δ唰嵿Π啷� 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳膏唳曕唳班唳� 唳Π唳苦唳侧唳Θ唳�, 唳膏唳� 唳涏唰囙Π 唳唳膏唳むΜ唳距Ο唳监Θ; 唳氞唳� 唳嗋Π 唳唳侧唳熰 唳氞唳侧鈥� 唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο, 唳唳ム唳, 唳呧Π唰嵿Η 唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο 唳膏Μ 唳忇唳膏唳ム 唳唳多 唳唳啷� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳�-唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳涏唳∴唳距, 唳嗋Π唳� 唳唰� 唳氞唳ㄠ-唳呧唰囙Θ唳� 唳ㄠ唳� 唳嗋Π 唳唳栢唳� 唳呧Θ唰嵿Δ唳灌唳� 唳唳涏唳侧イ 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ唰囙Π 唳唳む唳 唳膏唳曕唳班唳�-唳嗋Π唰嵿唳距唳�, 唳椸唳唳む唳�, 唳溹唰嵿唳� 唳唳唳�, 唳忇Μ唳� 唳呧Μ唳多唳 唳唳唳炧唳溹唳� 唳嗋Π 唳呧Δ唳� 唳呧Μ唳多唳 唳唳侧唰庎Ω唳曕唳班唳椸イ 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ, 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο唳苦イ 唳溹唳班唳唳� 唳唳︵唳� 唳唳多唳� 唳嗋Π 唳侧唳侧Λ唰屶鈥� 唳︵唳� 唳唰嵿Ψ唰囙Π 唳む唳侧唳Ξ唰傕Σ唰嵿Ο 唳侧Α唳监唳囙イ 唳樴唳ㄠ唳曕唳班Ξ 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳唳� 唳ム唳班唳侧唳�, 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳膏唳膏Κ唰囙Θ唰嵿Ω, 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳粪Α唳监Ο唳ㄠ唳む唳班唳� 唳唳唳曕唳溹イ
400 pages, Hardcover
Published February 1, 2022
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March 29, 2022
唳: 唳曕唳∴Θ唰囙Ξ 唳唳班Μ唳距Π唰嬥Ω唳�
唳侧唳栢: 唳多唳Θ 唳氞唰嵿Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€
唳唳班唳距Χ唳�: 唳唳氞 唳唳Σ唳苦唰囙Χ唳�
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳班唳距Χ: 唳唳唳班唳唳距Π唳� 唰ㄠЕ唰ㄠЖ
唳Π唳唳唳�: 唳灌唳班唳∴Μ唳距唳ㄠ唳�
唳唳粪唳犩唳膏唳栢唳 : 唰Е唰�
唳唳侧唳� : 唰К唰� /-
唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰囙Π 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳曕唳粪Ξ唳む唳� 唳忇唳熰 唳ㄠ唳唳∴ 唳膏Π唰嵿Ξ唰嵿Κ唳� 唳班Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳曕唳粪Ξ唳む唳 唳膏唳椸唳班唳 唳唳班 唳唳溹Ο唳监 唳灌Ο唳� 唳む唳班唳� 唳班唳ㄠ 唳曕Π唰� 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω啷� 唳Π唳距唳苦Δ唳班 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳班唳ㄠ 唳曕Π唰� 唳ㄠ啷� 唳嗋Π 唳唳溹Ο唳监唳班 唳む唳︵唳� 唳Δ唰� 唳曕Π唰�, 唳む唳︵唳� 唳呧Μ唳膏唳ム唳ㄠ 唳ム唳曕 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳班唳ㄠ唳� 唳氞唳粪唳熰 唳曕Π唰� 唳ム唳曕啷� 唳Π唳距唳苦Δ唳班 唳Π唳距Μ唳班 唳灌Δ唳唳椸唳イ
唳︵唳� 唳唳炧唳氞 唳曕唳� 唳夃Κ唳ㄠ唳唳膏 唳侧唳栢 唳∴唳唳� 唳唳班唳夃Θ 唳Σ唳涏唳�, 鈥淗istory is always written by the winners. When two cultures clash, the loser is obliterated, and the winner writes the history books-books which glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe. As Napoleon once said, 'What is history, but a fable agreed upon?鈥�
唳Δ唳� 唳呧Ν唰嵿Ο唰佮Ζ唳 唳Θ唰嵿Η唰佮Π 唳Θ唰嵿Ε唳距Ο唳� 唳о唳唳� 唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕イ 唰оН唰оИ 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Й 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳唳椸唳苦唰� 唳忇Π唳苦 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ 唳Σ唳涏唳� 唳膏Π唰嵿Μ唳ㄠ唳多唳� 唳唳� 唳 The Age of Catastrophe啷�
唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕唳� 唳Η唰嵿Ο唳唳� 唳ム唳曕 唳唳ム唳 唳曕Ξ 唳Δ唳︵唳唳�, 唳熰唳侧Ξ唳距唳距Σ, 唳唳Π唰嵿Ο唳 唳︵唳栢唳ㄠ啷� 唳むΜ唰� 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦唰囙Π 唳膏Ξ唳粪唳熰 唳嗋 唳呧Μ唳о唳� 唳膏唳Δ 唳 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳ㄠ唳 唳樴唳ㄠ唳� 唳む唳侧Θ唳� 唳唳侧 唳︵唳粪唳曕Π啷� 唳膏Ν唰嵿Ο唳む唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ξ唳距Θ唰嵿Δ唳苦唳むΞ 唳樴唳ㄠ唳椸唳侧唳� 唳Η唰嵿Ο唰� 唳忇唳� 唳灌唳膏唳 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳唳ㄠΜ唰囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰� 唳忇唳熰 唳唳多唳粪唳� 唳膏唳ム唳ㄠ唳� 唳呧Η唳苦唳距Π唰€啷�
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唳� 唳忇Π 唳夃唳膏イ
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳膏唳む唳班Κ唳距Δ 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳唳班Ν唰傕Δ 唳嗋Σ唰嬥唳ㄠ 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳溹Θ 唳唳ㄠ唳班唳� 唳曕唳囙Θ唳膏唳� 唳Δ 唳唳︵唳о唳唳� 唳唳唰嵿Δ唳苦 唳唳唳涏唳侧唳� 唳 唳оΘ唳むΘ唰嵿Δ唰嵿Π唰囙Π 唳忇Δ 唳夃Θ唰嵿Θ唳� 唳膏唳むΠ唰�, 唳呧Μ唳距Η 唳唳｀唳溹唳�, 唳膏唳唳о唳� 唳 唳唳曕唳� 唳唳︵唳班 唳唳ㄠ唳Ο唳� 唳囙Δ唰嵿Ο唳距Ζ唳苦Π 唳Σ唰� 唳 唳Π唳苦Μ唰囙Χ 唳膏唳粪唳熰 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏, 唳む唳む 唳忇Π唳曕Ξ 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳樴唳� 唳曕唳班唳Δ 唳呧Ω唳唳Μ啷�
'The Oxford History of the First World War' 唳ㄠ唳 唳唳距唰嵿Π唳ㄠ唳ム唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳距Ζ唳� , 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳灌唳� 唳膏唳む唳班唳氞唳� 唳Σ唳涏唳� - '....it was an unnecessary war fought in a manner that defied common sense, but on the other it was the war that shaped the world in which we still live. When the First World War began, historians, especially in Imperial Germany, identified a 鈥榣ong鈥� nineteenth century, starting with the French Revolution in 1789 and ending in 1914.'
唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳むΜ唰佮 唳唳︵唳� 唳灌Σ唰嬥イ
唳唳唳班唳� 唳唳� 唳曕Θ唳唳班唳ㄠ唳膏 唳唰嵿Δ唳唳� 唳班唳栢Δ唰� 唳椸唳唰� 唳 唳侧Ο唳监唳� 唳溹Π唰嵿 唳Σ唰囙唳苦Σ唰囙Θ, ""We want to protect the future against a repetition of the horrors of this war...", 唳む唳ㄠ唳� 唳Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€唳曕唳侧 唳Μ唳苦Ψ唰嵿Ο唰庎Μ唳距Γ唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唳苦Σ唰囙Θ 唳 "We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time."
唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο唳� 唳灌Σ唰� 唳膏唳� 唳Μ唳苦Ψ唰嵿Ο唰庎Μ唳距Γ唰€啷� 唰оН唰┼Н 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳膏唳唳熰唳唳Π唰� 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳侧唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳呧Ν唳苦Ο唳距Θ唰囙Π 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳多唳班 唳灌Σ 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η啷�
唳膏Ξ唳膏唳� 唳嗋唳距Χ唳熰 唳∴唳曕 唳夃唳� 唳唳� 唳曕唳多Π-唳唳侧 唳膏唳傕;
唳む唳� 唳侧唳溹唳� 唳澿唳唰� 唳∴唳侧Κ唳距Σ唳� 唳嗋Σ唰佮Ε唳距Σ唰� 唳曕Π唰�
唳灌Δ唳距Χ 唳Θ唳膏唳Δ唳� 唳о唳侧唳 唳Α唳监Σ 唳夃Μ唰佮Α唳� 唳灌Ο唳监;
唳灌唳撪Ο唳监唳� 唳唳栢 唳涏唳熰Σ 唳唳權 唳曕唳佮Α唳监唳� 唳氞唳�
唳多唳曕Σ-唳涏唳佮Α唳监 唳曕Ο唳监唳︵-唳∴唳曕唳む唳� 唳Δ唰嬥イ
唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳︵唳 唳曕唳� ?
唳唳班唳 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳距Ω唰€ 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唰嵿Π唳膏唳班Γ唳唳︵唰� 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳膏唳ム 唳膏唳ム唳� 唳唳班Χ唰嵿Θ 唳撪唰� -- 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳曕 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳膏Ξ唳澿唳む唳� 唳唳о唳Ξ唰� 唳班唳栢 唳唳� 唳ㄠ?
唳Ζ唳侧唳む 唳曕 唳Π唳苦Ω唰嵿Ε唳苦Δ唳� 唳Ζ唳� 唳唳膏Ξ唳距Π唰嵿 唳 唳む唳侧唳班唳佮Π 唳Δ唰� 唳ㄠ唳む 唳ム唳曕Δ唰囙Θ?
唳夃唳侧Ω唳ㄠ唳� 唳氞唳︵唳� 唳︵Λ唳� 唳膏Ζ唳苦唰嵿唳� 唳膏唳Δ唰嵿Δ唰嵿Μ唰囙 唳囙唰嵿-唳Π唳距Ω唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦唳苦唳膏唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦唰嵿Π唳苦Ο唳监唳 唳唳唳膏唳溹Ξ 唳嗋Π 唳唳唳膏唳溹Ξ唰囙Π 唳嗋唳む唳∴唳樴Α唳监唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ξ啷�
唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳忇Π唳苦 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ 唳む唳佮Π The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914鈥�1991 唳唳距唰嵿Π唳ㄠ唳ム 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳唳多唳Μ唰嵿Ο唳距Κ唰€ 唳唳ㄠ唳︵唳� 唳� 唳む唳唳班Ω唰傕Δ 唳唳曕唳班唳曕啷� 唳嗋Μ唳距Π 唳忇唳距Η唳距Π唰� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳膏唳ム 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唰囙 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ啷�
唳� 唳 唳 唳熰唳囙Σ唳� 唳む唳佮Π 'The Origins of the Second World War' 唳唳唰� 唳Δ唳唳班唳距Χ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳 唳� 唳唳︵唳� 唳曕唳班唳班 唳Ω唰嵿Δ唳苦Ψ唰嵿唳唳班Ω唰傕Δ 唳ㄠΟ唳�, 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ξ唳苦Σ唳苦Δ 唳唳侧唳� 唳Ω唳侧イ 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠΠ唳� 唳ㄠ唳溹唳︵唳� 唳︵唳 唳忇Α唳监唳む 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳む唳佮Π 唳膏唰嵿唰€唳膏唳ム唳︵唳� 唳樴唳∴唰� 唳氞唳唳唰囙唰囙Θ 唳膏Ξ唳膏唳� 唳︵唳唳唳班イ
唳多唳Θ 唳氞唰嵿Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€唳� 唳侧唳栢 唳忇 唳, 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳多唳唳多 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳嗋Π 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ 唳Σ唰囙イ 唳椸唳熰 唳唳唰囙Π 唳む唳囙Χ唳熰 唳呧Η唰嵿Ο唳距Ο唳监唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ 唳呧Θ唰囙 唳膏Ξ唳唳�, 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳多唳唳多 唳膏唳む唳侧唳�-唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳呧Θ唰嵿Δ唳班唰嵿唳むΞ 唳Θ唳膏唳むΔ唰嵿Μ 唳涏唳佮Ο唳监 唳椸唳涏啷�
唳唳權唳侧 唳唳犩, 唳氞唳班唳氞Π唳苦Δ 唳 唳夃Κ唳距Ο唳监 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳嗋Π 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唳曕 唳Α唳监唳涏唳�, 唳溹唳ㄠ唳涏唳� 唳膏唳囙Ν唳距Μ唰� 唳ㄠΟ唳�; 唳唳� 唳曕唳涏唳熰 唳呧Θ唰嵿Ο唳唳啷むΖ唰佮 唳∴唳曕唳熰唳熰Π 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳班唳曕唳� 唳呧Θ唰囙 唳氞唳む唳む唳曕Π唰嵿Ψ唳� 唳むΕ唰嵿Ο 唳嗋唰囙イ 唳呧Θ唰囙唳膏Ξ唳唳�, 唳膏唳膏Μ 唳むΕ唰嵿Ο 唳唳傕Σ唳距Ν唳距Ψ唳距Ο唳� 唳忇唰囙Μ唳距Π唰� 唳ㄠΔ唰佮Θ啷�
唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳多唳多Μ, 唳むΠ唰佮Γ 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳膏唳Κ唰嵿Θ, 唳唳班唳 唳氞Σ唰嵿Σ唳苦Χ唰囙Π 唳曕唳涏 唳唳佮唰� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳熰唳ㄠ唳溹唳� 唳唳班唳唳曕 鈥� 唳栢唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ν唳Δ 唳唳傕Σ唳� 唳唳粪唳 唳忇唳唳班 唳唳班Ε唳イ 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳夃唰嵿唳む, 唳ㄠ唳� 唳Ζ唰嵿Ο唳唳�; 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳氞-唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳囙唰嵿唳�, 唳曕唳� 唳栢唳唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦Ο唰嬥唳苦Δ唳� 鈥� 唳唳傕Σ唳距Ν唳距Ψ唳距Ο唳� 唳ㄠ唳冟Ω唳ㄠ唳︵唳灌 唳唳Δ唳苦唰嵿Π唳 唳氞唳粪唳熰啷�
唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� -- 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰囙Π 唳Π唳唳む唳� 唳︵唳溹Θ唰囙啷� 唳唳班唰佮Π 唳唳� , 唳呧Ξ唳苦Σ唳� 唳唳班Ν唰傕Δ啷� 唳呧唳唳侧唳� 唳唳侧 唳む唳佮Π 'Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives' 唳唳む 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳忇唳熰 唳涏Ο唳�-唳︵Λ唳� 唳む唳侧唳Ξ唰傕Σ唰嵿Ο 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳氞Σ唰佮Θ, 唳︵唳栢 唳唳� 唳唳犩 :
唰�) They were born ten years apart, Stalin on December 21, 1879, at Gori in Georgia, Hitler on April 20, 1889, at Braunau on the River Inn. This gap in age is a fact never to be forgotten in any comparison of the different stages of their careers; it grew even wider at the end, Hitler dying in 1945 at the age of fifty-six, Stalin outliving him to die, in 1953, at the age of seventy-three.
唰�) Fifteen-hundred miles separated Georgia, on the borderlands of Europe and Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and Upper Austria, in the heart of Central Europe, between the Danube and the Alps. An even greater distance separated their historical and social development. Yet there were features in common in the backgrounds of the two men.
唰�) Neither belonged to the traditional ruling class and it is difficult to imagine either coming to power in the world into which they were born.
唰�) Their careers were possible only in the new world created by the breakdown of the old order in Europe, as a result of the First World War鈥攐f the defeat first of tsarist Russia, then of the Central Powers, and of the revolutions that followed.
唰�) Yet their ideas and beliefs were formed and remained set in the mold of the world in which they grew up. Stalin鈥檚 Marxism, Hitler鈥檚 combination of Social Darwinism and racism were nineteenth-century systems that reached the peak of their influence in Europe at the turn of the century, in the last decade of the nineteenth, the first of the twentieth century.
唰�) The same was true of their tastes in art, architecture, literature, and music, subjects on which they claimed to lay down the law and in which neither showed the least sympathy...
唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳膏唳曕唳粪 唳 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唳曕 唳呧Θ唰佮Κ唳距Δ唰�, 唳曕唳炧唳氞唰� 唳椸Γ唳む唳ㄠ唳む唳班唳� 唳膏唳佮Α唳监 唳唳唰囙 唳夃唳む 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳膏唳むΠ唳距 唳唰嵿Δ唰冟Δ唳� 唳忇Μ唳� 唳曕Σ唳距Ξ 唳侧唳栢 唳涏唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳灌唳む唳唳距Π啷� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳膏唳� 唳呧Π唰嵿Ε唰� 唳涏唳侧唳� '唳膏唳熰唳班唳� 唳唳唳ㄠ唳溹唳�'啷�
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唳唳班唳唳∴Λ唰嬥Π唰嵿Α 唳唳多唳Μ唳苦Ζ唰嵿Ο唳距Σ唳唰囙Π 唳呧Η唰嵿Ο唳距Κ唳�, 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳唳班唳熰唳� 唳灌唳夃Ω唳∴唳� 唳唳班 唳膏唳ㄠ唳︵Π 唳Π唰嵿Γ唳ㄠ 唳︵唳唰囙唰囙Θ 唳︵唳�'唳灌唳溹唳班唳� 唳忇 唳氞唳班唳む唳班唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳唳班イ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳侧唳栢唰囙Θ , "鈥淔or all the similarities that can be identified between Hitler and Stalin, there were big differences. Unlike Hitler, Stalin did not preach racial and national intolerance openly. In public, he spoke of friendship and equality between peoples. Hitler鈥檚 use of pseudo-religious terminology found no comparison in Stalin鈥檚 speeches. Hitler enjoyed the loyalty of his subordinates; Stalin motivated support through arbitrary terror. Hitler never brought Germany to a position of autarky; in Russia Stalin began to achieve it.鈥�
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唳唳班唳膏唳�-唳侧唳熰唳Ω唰嵿 唳曕唳侧唳侧唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ, 唳唳班唳熰 唳班唳溹Θ唰€唳む唳� 唳氞唳� 唳唳唰囙Π 唳Π唳苦Ω唳� 唳涏唳∴唳苦Ο唳监, 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ν唳Δ 唳忇 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳傕Σ唳� 唳唳粪唳 唳唳犩 唳Α唳监Δ唰� 唳氞Σ唰囙唰囙Θ啷�
唳唳多唳氞唳む唳� 唳膏Ν唰嵿Ο唳む唳� 唳む唳ㄠ唳� 唳椸唳班唳む唳Κ唰傕Π唰嵿Γ 唳唳囙Σ唳Σ唳� 唳Ε唳� , 唳唰嵿唳� 唳多Δ唳曕 唳班唳唳� 唳膏唳唳班唳溹唳唳� 唳Δ唳�, 唳氞Δ唰佮Π唰嵿Ζ唳� 唳多Δ唳距Μ唰嵿Ζ唰€唳� 唳囙唳班唳唳� 唳唳侧唳唳� 唳∴唳� 唳� 唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳夃Κ唳班 唳嗋Η唳距Π唳苦Δ 唳囙Ο唳监唳� 唳唳唳距Π唰嵿Ω唰囙Π 唳夃Κ唳ㄠ唳唳� 'The Dream of Scipio'-唳� 唳忇 唳氞Π唳苦Δ唰嵿Π 唳Σ唳涏, 鈥淲hen all this is over, people will try to blame the Germans alone, and the Germans will try to blame the Nazis alone, and the Nazis will try to blame Hitler alone. They will make him bear the sins of the world. But it's not true. You suspected what was happening, and so did I. It was already too late over a year ago...."
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唳犩唳� 唳氞Μ唰嵿Μ唳苦Χ 唳樴Θ唰嵿唳距Π 唳Η唰嵿Ο唰� (唰ㄠЗ唳多 唳呧唳膏唳�, 唰оН唰┼Н) 唳班唳唳ㄠ唰嵿Π唳� 唳椸唳Θ 唳唳班唳熰唳曕Σ 唳膏 (唳唳む 唳唳侧唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳� 唳呧Θ唰嵿Ο唳距Θ唰嵿Ο 唳膏Θ唰嵿Θ唳苦唳苦Δ 唳︵唳多Ν唳距唰囙Π 唳曕Ε唳� 唳涏唳�) 唳氞唳曕唳む 唳膏 唳曕Π唰囙Θ啷�'
唳膏Π唰嵿Μ唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ξ唳む唳曕唳班Ξ唰� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唳曕 唳唳� 唳唳佮唳熰 唳Π唰嵿Μ唰� 唳唳唰嵿Δ 唳曕Π唳� 唳唳 :
唰�) 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰┼Н 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳Ο唳监Σ唳� 唳膏唳唳熰唳唳Π 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Ё 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰ㄠЁ唳多 唳溹唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳唳︵唳о唳班Ξ唰嵿Ν 唳忇Μ唳� 唳Χ唰嵿唳苦Ξ 唳囙唳班Κ唰囙Π 唳︵唳多Ω唳唳灌 唳溹唳班唳唳� 唳膏唳ㄠ唳Ζ唰囙Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ唳距Ν唳苦Ο唳距Θ ;
唰�) 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰Ё 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰ㄠЖ唳多 唳溹唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Ж 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰оМ唳� 唳ㄠΝ唰囙Ξ唰嵿Μ唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳膏唳唳唰囙Δ 唳囙唳ㄠ唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳夃Κ唳� 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ , 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳嗋Ο唳监Δ唳ㄠΜ唰冟Ζ唰嵿Η唳� 唳忇Μ唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳唳侧唰庎唳曕唳班唳�;
唰�) 唳む唳む唳 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰Ж 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰оН唳多 唳ㄠΝ唰囙Ξ唰嵿Μ唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰З 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰┼Ё唳多 唳∴唳膏唳唳Π 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳∴ 唳Ζ唳�, 唳呧唰嵿Ψ唳多唰嵿Δ唳苦Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ唳距Δ唰嵿Ξ唳� 唳班Γ唳ㄠ唳む唳� 唳唳Π唰嵿Ε唳む ;
唰�) 唳氞Δ唰佮Π唰嵿Ε 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰И 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳Ο唳监Σ唳� 唳溹唳ㄠ唳唳距Π唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Й 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰 唳 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳囙唳班唳 唳呧唰嵿Ψ唳多唰嵿Δ唳苦Π 唳Π唳距Ν唳�, 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳班Γ唳距唰嵿唳� 唳 唳膏唳曕唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班Θ唰嵿唰囙Π 唳夃Ζ唰嵿唳距唳� , 唳ㄠ唰庎Ω唳� 唳︵唳� 唳ム唳曕 唳囙唳班唳唳 唳︵唳多Ω唳唳灌唳� 唳唳曕唳む , 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳Δ唳� 唳� 唳嗋Δ唰嵿Ξ唳膏Ξ唳班唳Γ ;
唰�) 唳唰嵿唳� 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰Й 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰 唳 唳ム唳曕 唰ㄠΠ唳� 唳膏唳唳熰唳唳Π 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳溹唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳Π唳距唳 唳忇Μ唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳呧Μ唳膏唳ㄠイ
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唳唳班Δ唰嵿Ο唰佮Δ唰嵿Δ唳班 唳唳膏唳︵唳� 唳Σ唰囙Θ: 唳呧唳苦唳膏啷� 唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο唰囙Π 唳膏唳ム唳� 唳忇Π 唳Π唰� 唳む唳ㄠ 唳唳� 唳曕Π唰囙Θ, '唳Π唳� 唳唳ム唳 唳唳曕唳 唳唳班Ο唳监唳� 唳曕Π唳� 唳唳む 唳唳班, 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳唳班唳｀ 唳灌唳傕Ω唳� 唳ㄠ唳� 唳ㄠ唳� 唳�'啷� 唳呧Κ唳班Κ唳曕唳粪 唳多唳班唳曕唳粪唳｀唳� 唳班唳溹Θ唰堗Δ唳苦 唳夃Ζ唰嵿Ζ唰囙Χ唰嵿Ο 唳涏唳� 唳忇唳む唳唳�, 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唳班唳溹唳� 唳膏唳ム唳Θ唰囙Π啷� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唳班唳溹唳� 唳膏唳ム唳Θ唰囙Π 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο 唳 唳唳︵唳� 唳む-唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唳唳︵唳оイ 唳呧唳苦唳膏 唳Π唳 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰嵿Ξ 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰嵿Ξ 唳灌唳傕Ω唳� 唳むΕ唰堗Μ 唳氞イ 唳呧Θ唳班唳ム 唳灌唳傕Ω唳� 唳曕Π唳� 唳ㄠ唳粪唳唳班Ο唳监唳溹Θ 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ 唳班唰嵿Ψ唳距Π唰嵿Ε唰� 唳灌唳傕Ω唳距 唳多唳班唳粪唳� 唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ啷�
唳оΠ唰嵿Ξ唰囙Π 唳唳班Ο唳监唳溹Θ唰�, 唳溹唳む唳� 唳唳班Ο唳监唳溹Θ唰�, 唳︵唳多唳� 唳唳班Ο唳监唳溹Θ唰� 唳呧唳苦唳膏 唳ㄠΟ唳�, 唳灌唳傕Ω唳距 唳曕Π唰嵿Δ唳班唳唳イ 唳唳班Δ唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳班Η唳距Θ 唳氞Π唳苦Δ唰嵿Π 唳唳膏唳︵唳� 唳多唳班唳曕唳粪唳� 唳膏唳Η唳班唳唰嵿Ο唰傕Δ 唳灌Θ唳ㄠ 唳Σ唰囙 唳Π唳｀唳啷� 唳唳Π唰嵿Ε 唳灌Μ唰囙Θ 唳溹唳ㄠ唳� 唳曕唳班 唳班唳溹Ω唳唳 唳多唳� 唳氞唳粪唳熰 唳曕Π唰囙唳苦Σ唰囙Θ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳多唳ㄠ唳む唳� 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο啷�
唳唳距Ν唳距Π唳む唳� 唳膏Π唰嵿Μ唳む唳� 唳曕唳粪唳む唳班Δ唰囙唰囙Π 唳︵唳, 唳嗋唰嵿Ο唳距Θ唰囙Π 唳唳唳ㄠΔ唳� 唳溹唳∴唰� 唳班唰嵿Δ唰囙Π 唳Θ唰嵿Ο唳距イ 唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳むΜ唰佮 唳唳� 唳多唳ㄠ唳む唳Π唰嵿Μ唰� 唳︵唳栢 唳Ο唳监唳� 唳膏唳椸唳班唳唳� 唳多唳粪, 唳唳班Μ唳� 唳澿唰嵿唳� 唳� 唳班唰嵿Δ唳曕唳粪Π唳｀唳� 唳Π 唳多唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班唰冟Δ唳苦Π 唳Δ 唳唰嵿唳唳ㄠ唳∴Μ 唳班唳溹唳Κ唳距唰� 唳Ω唰囙唰� , 唳膏唳栢 唳溹Θ唳膏唳о唳班Γ , 唳む唳ㄠ 唳膏唳班唳ム 唳灌Ο唳� 唳Θ唰佮Ψ唰嵿Ο唳溹Θ唰嵿Ξ啷�
唳︵唳栢 唳唳ㄠΜ唳距Η唳苦唳距Π唰囙Π 唳溹Ο唳监唳唳曕唳班イ
唳多唳ㄠ唳む唳� 唳多唳粪唳ム , 唳唳︵唳� 唳呧Ε唳 唳呧唰嬥Ψ唳苦Δ 唳犩唳｀唳∴唳唳︵唳� 唳ㄠΟ唳监イ
唳呧Σ唳唳む啷�
唳侧唳栢: 唳多唳Θ 唳氞唰嵿Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€
唳唳班唳距Χ唳�: 唳唳氞 唳唳Σ唳苦唰囙Χ唳�
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳班唳距Χ: 唳唳唳班唳唳距Π唳� 唰ㄠЕ唰ㄠЖ
唳Π唳唳唳�: 唳灌唳班唳∴Μ唳距唳ㄠ唳�
唳唳粪唳犩唳膏唳栢唳 : 唰Е唰�
唳唳侧唳� : 唰К唰� /-
唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰囙Π 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳曕唳粪Ξ唳む唳� 唳忇唳熰 唳ㄠ唳唳∴ 唳膏Π唰嵿Ξ唰嵿Κ唳� 唳班Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳曕唳粪Ξ唳む唳 唳膏唳椸唳班唳 唳唳班 唳唳溹Ο唳监 唳灌Ο唳� 唳む唳班唳� 唳班唳ㄠ 唳曕Π唰� 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω啷� 唳Π唳距唳苦Δ唳班 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳班唳ㄠ 唳曕Π唰� 唳ㄠ啷� 唳嗋Π 唳唳溹Ο唳监唳班 唳む唳︵唳� 唳Δ唰� 唳曕Π唰�, 唳む唳︵唳� 唳呧Μ唳膏唳ム唳ㄠ 唳ム唳曕 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳班唳ㄠ唳� 唳氞唳粪唳熰 唳曕Π唰� 唳ム唳曕啷� 唳Π唳距唳苦Δ唳班 唳Π唳距Μ唳班 唳灌Δ唳唳椸唳イ
唳︵唳� 唳唳炧唳氞 唳曕唳� 唳夃Κ唳ㄠ唳唳膏 唳侧唳栢 唳∴唳唳� 唳唳班唳夃Θ 唳Σ唳涏唳�, 鈥淗istory is always written by the winners. When two cultures clash, the loser is obliterated, and the winner writes the history books-books which glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe. As Napoleon once said, 'What is history, but a fable agreed upon?鈥�
唳Δ唳� 唳呧Ν唰嵿Ο唰佮Ζ唳 唳Θ唰嵿Η唰佮Π 唳Θ唰嵿Ε唳距Ο唳� 唳о唳唳� 唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕イ 唰оН唰оИ 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Й 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳唳椸唳苦唰� 唳忇Π唳苦 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ 唳Σ唳涏唳� 唳膏Π唰嵿Μ唳ㄠ唳多唳� 唳唳� 唳 The Age of Catastrophe啷�
唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕唳� 唳Η唰嵿Ο唳唳� 唳ム唳曕 唳唳ム唳 唳曕Ξ 唳Δ唳︵唳唳�, 唳熰唳侧Ξ唳距唳距Σ, 唳唳Π唰嵿Ο唳 唳︵唳栢唳ㄠ啷� 唳むΜ唰� 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦唰囙Π 唳膏Ξ唳粪唳熰 唳嗋 唳呧Μ唳о唳� 唳膏唳Δ 唳 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳ㄠ唳 唳樴唳ㄠ唳� 唳む唳侧Θ唳� 唳唳侧 唳︵唳粪唳曕Π啷� 唳膏Ν唰嵿Ο唳む唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ξ唳距Θ唰嵿Δ唳苦唳むΞ 唳樴唳ㄠ唳椸唳侧唳� 唳Η唰嵿Ο唰� 唳忇唳� 唳灌唳膏唳 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳唳ㄠΜ唰囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰� 唳忇唳熰 唳唳多唳粪唳� 唳膏唳ム唳ㄠ唳� 唳呧Η唳苦唳距Π唰€啷�
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唳� 唳忇Π 唳夃唳膏イ
唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳膏唳む唳班Κ唳距Δ 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳唳班Ν唰傕Δ 唳嗋Σ唰嬥唳ㄠ 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳溹Θ 唳唳ㄠ唳班唳� 唳曕唳囙Θ唳膏唳� 唳Δ 唳唳︵唳о唳唳� 唳唳唰嵿Δ唳苦 唳唳唳涏唳侧唳� 唳 唳оΘ唳むΘ唰嵿Δ唰嵿Π唰囙Π 唳忇Δ 唳夃Θ唰嵿Θ唳� 唳膏唳むΠ唰�, 唳呧Μ唳距Η 唳唳｀唳溹唳�, 唳膏唳唳о唳� 唳 唳唳曕唳� 唳唳︵唳班 唳唳ㄠ唳Ο唳� 唳囙Δ唰嵿Ο唳距Ζ唳苦Π 唳Σ唰� 唳 唳Π唳苦Μ唰囙Χ 唳膏唳粪唳熰 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏, 唳む唳む 唳忇Π唳曕Ξ 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳樴唳� 唳曕唳班唳Δ 唳呧Ω唳唳Μ啷�
'The Oxford History of the First World War' 唳ㄠ唳 唳唳距唰嵿Π唳ㄠ唳ム唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳距Ζ唳� , 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳灌唳� 唳膏唳む唳班唳氞唳� 唳Σ唳涏唳� - '....it was an unnecessary war fought in a manner that defied common sense, but on the other it was the war that shaped the world in which we still live. When the First World War began, historians, especially in Imperial Germany, identified a 鈥榣ong鈥� nineteenth century, starting with the French Revolution in 1789 and ending in 1914.'
唳曕唳ㄠ唳む 唳むΜ唰佮 唳唳︵唳� 唳灌Σ唰嬥イ
唳唳唳班唳� 唳唳� 唳曕Θ唳唳班唳ㄠ唳膏 唳唰嵿Δ唳唳� 唳班唳栢Δ唰� 唳椸唳唰� 唳 唳侧Ο唳监唳� 唳溹Π唰嵿 唳Σ唰囙唳苦Σ唰囙Θ, ""We want to protect the future against a repetition of the horrors of this war...", 唳む唳ㄠ唳� 唳Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€唳曕唳侧 唳Μ唳苦Ψ唰嵿Ο唰庎Μ唳距Γ唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唳苦Σ唰囙Θ 唳 "We shall have to fight another war again in 25 years time."
唳膏Δ唰嵿Ο唳� 唳灌Σ唰� 唳膏唳� 唳Μ唳苦Ψ唰嵿Ο唰庎Μ唳距Γ唰€啷� 唰оН唰┼Н 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳膏唳唳熰唳唳Π唰� 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳侧唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳呧Ν唳苦Ο唳距Θ唰囙Π 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳膏唰嵿唰� 唳多唳班 唳灌Σ 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η啷�
唳膏Ξ唳膏唳� 唳嗋唳距Χ唳熰 唳∴唳曕 唳夃唳� 唳唳� 唳曕唳多Π-唳唳侧 唳膏唳傕;
唳む唳� 唳侧唳溹唳� 唳澿唳唰� 唳∴唳侧Κ唳距Σ唳� 唳嗋Σ唰佮Ε唳距Σ唰� 唳曕Π唰�
唳灌Δ唳距Χ 唳Θ唳膏唳Δ唳� 唳о唳侧唳 唳Α唳监Σ 唳夃Μ唰佮Α唳� 唳灌Ο唳监;
唳灌唳撪Ο唳监唳� 唳唳栢 唳涏唳熰Σ 唳唳權 唳曕唳佮Α唳监唳� 唳氞唳�
唳多唳曕Σ-唳涏唳佮Α唳监 唳曕Ο唳监唳︵-唳∴唳曕唳む唳� 唳Δ唰嬥イ
唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳︵唳 唳曕唳� ?
唳唳班唳 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳距Ω唰€ 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唰嵿Π唳膏唳班Γ唳唳︵唰� 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳膏唳ム 唳膏唳ム唳� 唳唳班Χ唰嵿Θ 唳撪唰� -- 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η 唳曕 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳膏Ξ唳澿唳む唳� 唳唳о唳Ξ唰� 唳班唳栢 唳唳� 唳ㄠ?
唳Ζ唳侧唳む 唳曕 唳Π唳苦Ω唰嵿Ε唳苦Δ唳� 唳Ζ唳� 唳唳膏Ξ唳距Π唰嵿 唳 唳む唳侧唳班唳佮Π 唳Δ唰� 唳ㄠ唳む 唳ム唳曕Δ唰囙Θ?
唳夃唳侧Ω唳ㄠ唳� 唳氞唳︵唳� 唳︵Λ唳� 唳膏Ζ唳苦唰嵿唳� 唳膏唳Δ唰嵿Δ唰嵿Μ唰囙 唳囙唰嵿-唳Π唳距Ω唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦唳苦唳膏唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦唰嵿Π唳苦Ο唳监唳 唳唳唳膏唳溹Ξ 唳嗋Π 唳唳唳膏唳溹Ξ唰囙Π 唳嗋唳む唳∴唳樴Α唳监唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ξ啷�
唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳忇Π唳苦 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ 唳む唳佮Π The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914鈥�1991 唳唳距唰嵿Π唳ㄠ唳ム 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳唳多唳Μ唰嵿Ο唳距Κ唰€ 唳唳ㄠ唳︵唳� 唳� 唳む唳唳班Ω唰傕Δ 唳唳曕唳班唳曕啷� 唳嗋Μ唳距Π 唳忇唳距Η唳距Π唰� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳膏唳ム 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唰囙 唳︵唳唰€ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳灌Μ唳膏Μ唳距Ξ啷�
唳� 唳 唳 唳熰唳囙Σ唳� 唳む唳佮Π 'The Origins of the Second World War' 唳唳唰� 唳Δ唳唳班唳距Χ 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ 唳 唳� 唳唳︵唳� 唳曕唳班唳班 唳Ω唰嵿Δ唳苦Ψ唰嵿唳唳班Ω唰傕Δ 唳ㄠΟ唳�, 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ξ唳苦Σ唳苦Δ 唳唳侧唳� 唳Ω唳侧イ 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠΠ唳� 唳ㄠ唳溹唳︵唳� 唳︵唳 唳忇Α唳监唳む 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳む唳佮Π 唳膏唰嵿唰€唳膏唳ム唳︵唳� 唳樴唳∴唰� 唳氞唳唳唰囙唰囙Θ 唳膏Ξ唳膏唳� 唳︵唳唳唳班イ
唳多唳Θ 唳氞唰嵿Π唳Π唰嵿Δ唰€唳� 唳侧唳栢 唳忇 唳, 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳多唳唳多 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳嗋Π 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ 唳Σ唰囙イ 唳椸唳熰 唳唳唰囙Π 唳む唳囙Χ唳熰 唳呧Η唰嵿Ο唳距Ο唳监唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ 唳呧Θ唰囙 唳膏Ξ唳唳�, 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳多唳唳多 唳膏唳む唳侧唳�-唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳呧Θ唰嵿Δ唳班唰嵿唳むΞ 唳Θ唳膏唳むΔ唰嵿Μ 唳涏唳佮Ο唳监 唳椸唳涏啷�
唳唳權唳侧 唳唳犩, 唳氞唳班唳氞Π唳苦Δ 唳 唳夃Κ唳距Ο唳监 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳嗋Π 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唳曕 唳Α唳监唳涏唳�, 唳溹唳ㄠ唳涏唳� 唳膏唳囙Ν唳距Μ唰� 唳ㄠΟ唳�; 唳唳� 唳曕唳涏唳熰 唳呧Θ唰嵿Ο唳唳啷むΖ唰佮 唳∴唳曕唳熰唳熰Π 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Κ唳班唳曕唳� 唳呧Θ唰囙 唳氞唳む唳む唳曕Π唰嵿Ψ唳� 唳むΕ唰嵿Ο 唳嗋唰囙イ 唳呧Θ唰囙唳膏Ξ唳唳�, 唳膏唳膏Μ 唳むΕ唰嵿Ο 唳唳傕Σ唳距Ν唳距Ψ唳距Ο唳� 唳忇唰囙Μ唳距Π唰� 唳ㄠΔ唰佮Θ啷�
唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳多唳多Μ, 唳むΠ唰佮Γ 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳膏唳Κ唰嵿Θ, 唳唳班唳 唳氞Σ唰嵿Σ唳苦Χ唰囙Π 唳曕唳涏 唳唳佮唰� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳熰唳ㄠ唳溹唳� 唳唳班唳唳曕 鈥� 唳栢唳� 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ν唳Δ 唳唳傕Σ唳� 唳唳粪唳 唳忇唳唳班 唳唳班Ε唳イ 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳夃唰嵿唳む, 唳ㄠ唳� 唳Ζ唰嵿Ο唳唳�; 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳氞-唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳囙唰嵿唳�, 唳曕唳� 唳栢唳唳� 唳唳班Δ唳苦Ο唰嬥唳苦Δ唳� 鈥� 唳唳傕Σ唳距Ν唳距Ψ唳距Ο唳� 唳ㄠ唳冟Ω唳ㄠ唳︵唳灌 唳唳Δ唳苦唰嵿Π唳 唳氞唳粪唳熰啷�
唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� -- 唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω唰囙Π 唳Π唳唳む唳� 唳︵唳溹Θ唰囙啷� 唳唳班唰佮Π 唳唳� , 唳呧Ξ唳苦Σ唳� 唳唳班Ν唰傕Δ啷� 唳呧唳唳侧唳� 唳唳侧 唳む唳佮Π 'Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives' 唳唳む 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π 唳� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳忇唳熰 唳涏Ο唳�-唳︵Λ唳� 唳む唳侧唳Ξ唰傕Σ唰嵿Ο 唳曕Π唰囙唰囙Θ啷� 唳氞Σ唰佮Θ, 唳︵唳栢 唳唳� 唳唳犩 :
唰�) They were born ten years apart, Stalin on December 21, 1879, at Gori in Georgia, Hitler on April 20, 1889, at Braunau on the River Inn. This gap in age is a fact never to be forgotten in any comparison of the different stages of their careers; it grew even wider at the end, Hitler dying in 1945 at the age of fifty-six, Stalin outliving him to die, in 1953, at the age of seventy-three.
唰�) Fifteen-hundred miles separated Georgia, on the borderlands of Europe and Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and Upper Austria, in the heart of Central Europe, between the Danube and the Alps. An even greater distance separated their historical and social development. Yet there were features in common in the backgrounds of the two men.
唰�) Neither belonged to the traditional ruling class and it is difficult to imagine either coming to power in the world into which they were born.
唰�) Their careers were possible only in the new world created by the breakdown of the old order in Europe, as a result of the First World War鈥攐f the defeat first of tsarist Russia, then of the Central Powers, and of the revolutions that followed.
唰�) Yet their ideas and beliefs were formed and remained set in the mold of the world in which they grew up. Stalin鈥檚 Marxism, Hitler鈥檚 combination of Social Darwinism and racism were nineteenth-century systems that reached the peak of their influence in Europe at the turn of the century, in the last decade of the nineteenth, the first of the twentieth century.
唰�) The same was true of their tastes in art, architecture, literature, and music, subjects on which they claimed to lay down the law and in which neither showed the least sympathy...
唳囙Δ唳苦唳距Ω 唳膏唳曕唳粪 唳 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唳曕 唳呧Θ唰佮Κ唳距Δ唰�, 唳曕唳炧唳氞唰� 唳椸Γ唳む唳ㄠ唳む唳班唳� 唳膏唳佮Α唳监 唳唳唰囙 唳夃唳む 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷� 唳膏唳むΠ唳距 唳唰嵿Δ唰冟Δ唳� 唳忇Μ唳� 唳曕Σ唳距Ξ 唳侧唳栢 唳涏唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳灌唳む唳唳距Π啷� 唳膏唳む唳侧唳� 唳膏唳� 唳呧Π唰嵿Ε唰� 唳涏唳侧唳� '唳膏唳熰唳班唳� 唳唳唳ㄠ唳溹唳�'啷�
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唳唳班唳唳∴Λ唰嬥Π唰嵿Α 唳唳多唳Μ唳苦Ζ唰嵿Ο唳距Σ唳唰囙Π 唳呧Η唰嵿Ο唳距Κ唳�, 唳愢Δ唳苦唳距Ω唳苦 唳唳班唳熰唳� 唳灌唳夃Ω唳∴唳� 唳唳班 唳膏唳ㄠ唳︵Π 唳Π唰嵿Γ唳ㄠ 唳︵唳唰囙唰囙Θ 唳︵唳�'唳灌唳溹唳班唳� 唳忇 唳氞唳班唳む唳班唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳唳班イ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳侧唳栢唰囙Θ , "鈥淔or all the similarities that can be identified between Hitler and Stalin, there were big differences. Unlike Hitler, Stalin did not preach racial and national intolerance openly. In public, he spoke of friendship and equality between peoples. Hitler鈥檚 use of pseudo-religious terminology found no comparison in Stalin鈥檚 speeches. Hitler enjoyed the loyalty of his subordinates; Stalin motivated support through arbitrary terror. Hitler never brought Germany to a position of autarky; in Russia Stalin began to achieve it.鈥�
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唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ 鈥� 唳膏唳むΠ唳距 唳多唳Θ唰囙Π 唳唳唰� 唳唳� 唳曕唳涏 唳Π唳苦Ω唳傕唰嵿Ο唳距Θ 唳嗋唰囙イ 唳むΜ唰� 唳膏唳� 唳Π唳苦Ω唳傕唰嵿Ο唳距Θ 唳忇唰囙Μ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο唳� 唳呧唰嵿唰囙Π 唳曕唳侧唳� 唳灌Ο唳监 唳唳唳ㄠ啷� 唳膏唳唳唰囙Δ 唳囙唳ㄠ唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳夃Κ唳班 唳灌唳Σ唳距Π 唳 唳唳侧唳唳ㄢ€撪Δ唳距Π 唳む唳む唳む唳唳� 唳 唳灌唳唳唳距Π唰嵿唰囙Π 唳嗋唰嵿唳苦, 唳嗋Π 唳唳膏唳むΜ 唳班唳唳唳� 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳膏Μ唳苦Ω唰嵿Δ唳距Π唰� 唳Σ唳� 唳灌Ο唳监唳涏啷�
唳唳︵唳� 唳多唳班 唳灌唳唳距Π 唳Π唰�, 唰ㄠЁ唳多 唳溹唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班唳 唳唳班Δ唰嵿Ο唰囙 唳唳灌唳班唳む唳� 唳班唳溹Θ唳距Ξ唳氞 唳嗋Π 唰ㄠЖ唳多 唳溹唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班唳 唳唳班Δ唳苦唳� 唳樴Γ唰嵿唳距Π 唳唳Π唳� 唳嗋唰囙イ 唳忇Μ唳� 唳む唳� 唳嗋唰囙Π 唳忇唳熰 唳呧Η唰嵿Ο唳距Ο唳监, 唳� 唳忇唳� 唳溹唳� 唳唳膏唳�, 唳唳︵唳� 唳多唳班唳� 唳嗋唰囙Π 唳唳班唳 唳唳班Δ唳苦Ζ唳苦Θ唰囙Π 唳栢Μ唳班唳栢Μ唳班イ
唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳多唳班唳む 唳膏唳む唳侧唳ㄠ唳� 唳溹唳ㄠ唳班唳侧Ζ唰囙Π 唳呧Κ唰嵿Π唳膏唳む唳� 唳呧Μ唳膏唳ム 唳唳多Ζ唰� 唳Σ唳距Π 唳唳多唳唳多, 唳侧唳� 唳膏唳ㄠ唳曕Ζ唰囙Π 唳唳班唳膏唳�-唳侧唳熰唳Ω唰嵿 唳曕唳侧唳侧唳� 唳呧Ω唳� 唳膏唳灌Ω唰€ 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳曕Ε唳� 唳侧唳栢唰囙Π 唳唳粪唳 唳忇Ω唰囙唰囙イ
唳唳班唳膏唳�-唳侧唳熰唳Ω唰嵿 唳曕唳侧唳侧唳� 唳椸Σ唰嵿Κ, 唳唳班唳熰 唳班唳溹Θ唰€唳む唳� 唳氞唳� 唳唳唰囙Π 唳Π唳苦Ω唳� 唳涏唳∴唳苦Ο唳监, 唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ν唳Δ 唳忇 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳唳傕Σ唳� 唳唳粪唳 唳唳犩 唳Α唳监Δ唰� 唳氞Σ唰囙唰囙Θ啷�
唳唳多唳氞唳む唳� 唳膏Ν唰嵿Ο唳む唳� 唳む唳ㄠ唳� 唳椸唳班唳む唳Κ唰傕Π唰嵿Γ 唳唳囙Σ唳Σ唳� 唳Ε唳� , 唳唰嵿唳� 唳多Δ唳曕 唳班唳唳� 唳膏唳唳班唳溹唳唳� 唳Δ唳�, 唳氞Δ唰佮Π唰嵿Ζ唳� 唳多Δ唳距Μ唰嵿Ζ唰€唳� 唳囙唳班唳唳� 唳唳侧唳唳� 唳∴唳� 唳� 唳唳� 唳多Δ唳曕唳� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳多唳Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唰囙Π 唳夃Κ唳班 唳嗋Η唳距Π唳苦Δ 唳囙Ο唳监唳� 唳唳唳距Π唰嵿Ω唰囙Π 唳夃Κ唳ㄠ唳唳� 'The Dream of Scipio'-唳� 唳忇 唳氞Π唳苦Δ唰嵿Π 唳Σ唳涏, 鈥淲hen all this is over, people will try to blame the Germans alone, and the Germans will try to blame the Nazis alone, and the Nazis will try to blame Hitler alone. They will make him bear the sins of the world. But it's not true. You suspected what was happening, and so did I. It was already too late over a year ago...."
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唳犩唳� 唳氞Μ唰嵿Μ唳苦Χ 唳樴Θ唰嵿唳距Π 唳Η唰嵿Ο唰� (唰ㄠЗ唳多 唳呧唳膏唳�, 唰оН唰┼Н) 唳班唳唳ㄠ唰嵿Π唳� 唳椸唳Θ 唳唳班唳熰唳曕Σ 唳膏 (唳唳む 唳唳侧唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳� 唳呧Θ唰嵿Ο唳距Θ唰嵿Ο 唳膏Θ唰嵿Θ唳苦唳苦Δ 唳︵唳多Ν唳距唰囙Π 唳曕Ε唳� 唳涏唳�) 唳氞唳曕唳む 唳膏 唳曕Π唰囙Θ啷�'
唳膏Π唰嵿Μ唳膏Ξ唰嵿Ξ唳む唳曕唳班Ξ唰� 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳唳距Ο唰佮Ζ唰嵿Η唳曕 唳唳� 唳唳佮唳熰 唳Π唰嵿Μ唰� 唳唳唰嵿Δ 唳曕Π唳� 唳唳 :
唰�) 唳唳班Ε唳� 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰┼Н 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳Ο唳监Σ唳� 唳膏唳唳熰唳唳Π 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Ё 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰ㄠЁ唳多 唳溹唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳唳︵唳о唳班Ξ唰嵿Ν 唳忇Μ唳� 唳Χ唰嵿唳苦Ξ 唳囙唳班Κ唰囙Π 唳︵唳多Ω唳唳灌 唳溹唳班唳唳� 唳膏唳ㄠ唳Ζ唰囙Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ唳距Ν唳苦Ο唳距Θ ;
唰�) 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰Ё 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰ㄠЖ唳多 唳溹唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Ж 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰оМ唳� 唳ㄠΝ唰囙Ξ唰嵿Μ唳� 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳膏唳唳唰囙Δ 唳囙唳ㄠ唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳夃Κ唳� 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ , 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳嗋Ο唳监Δ唳ㄠΜ唰冟Ζ唰嵿Η唳� 唳忇Μ唳� 唳灌唳熰Σ唳距Π唰囙Π 唳唳侧唰庎唳曕唳班唳�;
唰�) 唳む唳む唳 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰Ж 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰оН唳多 唳ㄠΝ唰囙Ξ唰嵿Μ唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰З 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰┼Ё唳多 唳∴唳膏唳唳Π 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳唳︵唳о唳� 唳唳∴ 唳Ζ唳�, 唳呧唰嵿Ψ唳多唰嵿Δ唳苦Π 唳嗋唰嵿Π唳Γ唳距Δ唰嵿Ξ唳� 唳班Γ唳ㄠ唳む唳� 唳唳Π唰嵿Ε唳む ;
唰�) 唳氞Δ唰佮Π唰嵿Ε 唳Π唰嵿Μ : 唰оН唰И 唳膏唳侧唳� 唳Ο唳监Σ唳� 唳溹唳ㄠ唳唳距Π唳� 唳ム唳曕 唰оН唰Й 唳膏唳侧唳� 唰 唳 唳Π唰嵿Ο唳ㄠ唳� - 唳囙唳班唳 唳呧唰嵿Ψ唳多唰嵿Δ唳苦Π 唳Π唳距Ν唳�, 唳︵唳唳む唳 唳班Γ唳距唰嵿唳� 唳 唳膏唳曕唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班Θ唰嵿唰囙Π 唳夃Ζ唰嵿唳距唳� , 唳ㄠ唰庎Ω唳� 唳︵唳� 唳ム唳曕 唳囙唳班唳唳 唳︵唳多Ω唳唳灌唳� 唳唳曕唳む , 唳溹唳班唳唳ㄠ唳� 唳Δ唳� 唳� 唳嗋Δ唰嵿Ξ唳膏Ξ唳班唳Γ ;
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March 25, 2025
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March 29, 2023
I think this book is actually a gem because I don't think that there has been such an informative non-fiction book on World War 2 written in Bengali language.
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