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丿賷賵丕賳 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷
198 pages
First published January 1, 1995
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乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷
24听books200听followerssee also: Rifa'a Al-Tahtawi
賵賱丿 乇賮丕毓丞 乇丕賮毓 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賮賷 爻賳丞 1216賴賭 /1801賲 賮賷 賳丕丨賷丞 胤賴胤丕貙 廿丨丿賶 賳賵丕丨賷 賲丨丕賮馗丞 爻賵賴丕噩 亘氐毓賷丿 賲氐乇貙 賵賳爻亘 廿賱賶 賯乇賷鬲賴貙賵賯丿 賳卮兀 賮賷 兀爻乇丞 賰乇賷賲丞 丕賱兀氐賱 卮乇賷賮丞 丕賱賳爻亘貙 賮兀亘賵賴 賷賳鬲賴賷 賳爻亘賴 廿賱賶 丕賱丨爻賷賳 亘賳 毓賱賷 亘賳 兀亘賷 胤丕賱亘. 賵兀賲賴 賮丕胤賲丞 亘賳鬲 丕賱卮賷禺 兀丨賲丿 丕賱賮乇睾賱賷貙 賷賳鬲賴賷 賳爻亘賴丕 廿賱賶 賯亘賷賱丞 丕賱禺夭乇噩貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賯乇賷丞 丿乇爻 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賵賲 丕賱卮乇毓 賵丕賱丨爻丕亘 丕賱兀賵賱賷丞 賮賯丿 賱賯賷 乇賮丕毓丞 毓賳丕賷丞 賲賳 兀亘賷賴貙 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 鬲賳賯賱賴 亘賷賳 毓丿丞 亘賱丕丿 賮賷 氐毓賷丿 賲氐乇貙 賮丨賮馗 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲貙 孬賲 乇噩毓 廿賱賶 賲賵胤賳賴 胤賴胤丕 亘毓丿 兀賳 鬲賵賮賷 賵丕賱丿賴. 賵賵噩丿 賲賳 兀爻乇丞 兀禺賵丕賱賴 丕賴鬲賲丕賲丕 賰亘賷乇丕 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 夭丕禺乇丞 亘丕賱卮賷賵禺 賵丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賮丨賮馗 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷賴賲 丕賱賲鬲賵賳 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲鬲丿丕賵賱丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱毓氐乇貙 賵賯乇兀 毓賱賷賴賲 卮賷卅丕 賲賳 丕賱賮賯賴 賵丕賱賳丨賵.
丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷 丕賱丕夭賴乇 賵 丕賱卮賷禺 丨爻賳 丕賱毓胤丕乇
賵賮賶 丕賱爻丕丿爻丞 毓卮乇丞 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 賳夭賱 丕賱賯丕賴乇丞 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞 亘丕賱兀夭賴乇貙 賵亘毓丿賴丕 亘禺賲爻 爻賳賵丕鬲 鬲賵賱賻賾賶 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 賮賶 丕賱兀夭賴乇 貙 賵鬲賵孬賯鬲 氐賱鬲賴 亘卮賷禺賴貙 卮賷禺 丕賱兀夭賴乇貙 丕賱毓賱丕賲丞 : 丨爻賳 丕賱毓賻胤賻賾丕乇 .. 賵馗賱賻賾 乇賮丕毓丞 賷丿乇賽賾爻 亘丕賱兀夭賴乇 賱賲丿丞 毓丕賲賷賳貙 賯囟賶 亘毓丿賴賲丕 毓丕賲賷賳 廿賲丕賲丕賸 賵賵丕毓馗丕賸 賮賶 丕賱噩賷卮 丕賱匕賶 兀爻賻賾爻賴 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賶 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 胤賲賵丨賴 賮賶 鬲賰賵賷賳 廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 鬲乇孬 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞.
賵丕賱賲賳毓胤賮購 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賮賶 爻賷乇丞 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賶 貙 賷亘丿兀 賲毓 爻賮乇賴 爻賳丞 1242賴噩乇賷丞 (=1826 賲) 廿賱賶 賮乇賳爻丕 囟賲賳 亘毓孬丞 兀乇爻賱賴丕 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賶賾 毓賱賶 賲鬲賳 丕賱爻賮賷賳丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷丞 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 "賱丕鬲乇賵賷鬲" 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 .. 賵賰丕賳 丨爻賳 丕賱毓賻胤賻賾丕乇貙 賵乇丕亍 鬲乇卮賷丨 乇賮丕毓丞 賱賱爻賮乇 賲毓 丕賱亘毓孬丞 賰廿賲丕賲賺 賱賴丕 賵賵丕毓馗賺 賱胤賱丕亘賴丕貙 亘賷丿 兀賳 乇賮丕毓丞 胤賻賱賻亘賻 丕賱丕賳囟賲丕賲 賱賱亘毓孬丞 賰丿丕乇爻賺 貙 賮鬲賻賲賻賾 囟賻賲賻賾賴 廿賱賷賴丕 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 .. 賵亘毓丿 爻賳賵丕鬲 禺賲爻賺 丨丕賮賱丞 貙 兀丿賶 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賲鬲丨丕賳 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞貙 賵賯丿賻賾賲 賲禺胤賵胤丞 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱匕賶 賳丕賱 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 卮賴乇丞 賵丕爻毓丞 : 鬲賻禺賿賱賽賷氐購 丕賱廿賽亘賿乇賽賷夭賽 賮賶賽 鬲賻賱賿禺賽賷氐賽 亘賻丕乇賽賷夭.
賮賷 爻賳丞 1832賲 (1283賴賭) 毓丕丿 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 廿賱賶 賲氐乇 賲賳 亘毓孬鬲賴 賵賰丕賳鬲 賯丿 爻亘賯鬲賴 廿賱賶 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賷 鬲賯丕乇賷乇 兀爻丕鬲匕鬲賴 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 鬲丨賰賷 鬲賮賵賯賴 賵丕賲鬲賷丕夭賴 賵鬲毓賱賯 毓賱賷賴 丕賱丌賲丕賱 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞. 賵賰丕賳鬲 兀賵賱賶 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵賱丕賴丕 亘毓丿 毓賵丿鬲賴 賲賳 亘丕乇賷爻貙 賵馗賷賮丞 賲鬲乇噩賲 亘賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤亘貙 賮賰丕賳 兀賵賱 賲氐乇賷 賷毓賷賳 賮賷 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱. 賵賮賷 爻賳丞 1833 (1249賴賭) 丕賳鬲賯賱 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賲賳 賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤亘 廿賱賶 賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤賵亘噩賷丞 (丕賱賲丿賮毓賷丞) 亘賲賳胤賯丞 (胤乇賴) 廿丨丿賶 囟賵丕丨賷 丕賱賯丕賴乇丞 賰賷 賷毓賲賱 賲鬲乇噩賲丕賸 賱賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱賴賳丿爻賷丞 賵丕賱賮賳賵賳 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞.
賷毓鬲亘乇 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 兀賵賱 賲賳卮卅 賱氐丨賷賮丞 兀禺亘丕乇 賮賷 丕賱丿賷丕乇 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞 丨賷孬 賯丕賲 亘鬲睾賷賷乇 卮賰賱 噩乇賷丿丞 (丕賱賵賯丕卅毓 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞) 丕賱鬲賷 氐丿乇 毓丿丿賴丕 丕賱兀賵賱 賮賷 爻賳丞 3 丿賷爻賲亘乇 1828賲 兀賷 毓賳丿賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賮賷 亘丕乇賷爻 賱賰賳賴 賱賲丕 毓丕丿 鬲賵賱賶 丕賱廿卮乇丕賮 毓賱賷賴丕 爻賳丞 1842賲 賵賰丕賳鬲 鬲氐丿乇 亘丕賱賱睾鬲賷賳 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞 丨賷孬 噩毓賱 丕賱兀禺亘丕乇 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞貙 賵兀賵賱 賲賳 兀丨賷丕 丕賱賲賯丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 毓亘乇
賵賱丿 乇賮丕毓丞 乇丕賮毓 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賮賷 爻賳丞 1216賴賭 /1801賲 賮賷 賳丕丨賷丞 胤賴胤丕貙 廿丨丿賶 賳賵丕丨賷 賲丨丕賮馗丞 爻賵賴丕噩 亘氐毓賷丿 賲氐乇貙 賵賳爻亘 廿賱賶 賯乇賷鬲賴貙賵賯丿 賳卮兀 賮賷 兀爻乇丞 賰乇賷賲丞 丕賱兀氐賱 卮乇賷賮丞 丕賱賳爻亘貙 賮兀亘賵賴 賷賳鬲賴賷 賳爻亘賴 廿賱賶 丕賱丨爻賷賳 亘賳 毓賱賷 亘賳 兀亘賷 胤丕賱亘. 賵兀賲賴 賮丕胤賲丞 亘賳鬲 丕賱卮賷禺 兀丨賲丿 丕賱賮乇睾賱賷貙 賷賳鬲賴賷 賳爻亘賴丕 廿賱賶 賯亘賷賱丞 丕賱禺夭乇噩貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賯乇賷丞 丿乇爻 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賵賲 丕賱卮乇毓 賵丕賱丨爻丕亘 丕賱兀賵賱賷丞 賮賯丿 賱賯賷 乇賮丕毓丞 毓賳丕賷丞 賲賳 兀亘賷賴貙 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 鬲賳賯賱賴 亘賷賳 毓丿丞 亘賱丕丿 賮賷 氐毓賷丿 賲氐乇貙 賮丨賮馗 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲貙 孬賲 乇噩毓 廿賱賶 賲賵胤賳賴 胤賴胤丕 亘毓丿 兀賳 鬲賵賮賷 賵丕賱丿賴. 賵賵噩丿 賲賳 兀爻乇丞 兀禺賵丕賱賴 丕賴鬲賲丕賲丕 賰亘賷乇丕 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 夭丕禺乇丞 亘丕賱卮賷賵禺 賵丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賮丨賮馗 毓賱賶 兀賷丿賷賴賲 丕賱賲鬲賵賳 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賲鬲丿丕賵賱丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱毓氐乇貙 賵賯乇兀 毓賱賷賴賲 卮賷卅丕 賲賳 丕賱賮賯賴 賵丕賱賳丨賵.
丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 賮賷 丕賱丕夭賴乇 賵 丕賱卮賷禺 丨爻賳 丕賱毓胤丕乇
賵賮賶 丕賱爻丕丿爻丞 毓卮乇丞 賲賳 毓賲乇賴 賳夭賱 丕賱賯丕賴乇丞 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞 亘丕賱兀夭賴乇貙 賵亘毓丿賴丕 亘禺賲爻 爻賳賵丕鬲 鬲賵賱賻賾賶 丕賱鬲丿乇賷爻 賮賶 丕賱兀夭賴乇 貙 賵鬲賵孬賯鬲 氐賱鬲賴 亘卮賷禺賴貙 卮賷禺 丕賱兀夭賴乇貙 丕賱毓賱丕賲丞 : 丨爻賳 丕賱毓賻胤賻賾丕乇 .. 賵馗賱賻賾 乇賮丕毓丞 賷丿乇賽賾爻 亘丕賱兀夭賴乇 賱賲丿丞 毓丕賲賷賳貙 賯囟賶 亘毓丿賴賲丕 毓丕賲賷賳 廿賲丕賲丕賸 賵賵丕毓馗丕賸 賮賶 丕賱噩賷卮 丕賱匕賶 兀爻賻賾爻賴 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賶 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 胤賲賵丨賴 賮賶 鬲賰賵賷賳 廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇賷丞 鬲乇孬 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱毓孬賲丕賳賷丞.
賵丕賱賲賳毓胤賮購 丕賱賰亘賷乇 賮賶 爻賷乇丞 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賶 貙 賷亘丿兀 賲毓 爻賮乇賴 爻賳丞 1242賴噩乇賷丞 (=1826 賲) 廿賱賶 賮乇賳爻丕 囟賲賳 亘毓孬丞 兀乇爻賱賴丕 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賶賾 毓賱賶 賲鬲賳 丕賱爻賮賷賳丞 丕賱丨乇亘賷丞 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 "賱丕鬲乇賵賷鬲" 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 .. 賵賰丕賳 丨爻賳 丕賱毓賻胤賻賾丕乇貙 賵乇丕亍 鬲乇卮賷丨 乇賮丕毓丞 賱賱爻賮乇 賲毓 丕賱亘毓孬丞 賰廿賲丕賲賺 賱賴丕 賵賵丕毓馗賺 賱胤賱丕亘賴丕貙 亘賷丿 兀賳 乇賮丕毓丞 胤賻賱賻亘賻 丕賱丕賳囟賲丕賲 賱賱亘毓孬丞 賰丿丕乇爻賺 貙 賮鬲賻賲賻賾 囟賻賲賻賾賴 廿賱賷賴丕 賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 .. 賵亘毓丿 爻賳賵丕鬲 禺賲爻賺 丨丕賮賱丞 貙 兀丿賶 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賲鬲丨丕賳 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞貙 賵賯丿賻賾賲 賲禺胤賵胤丞 賰鬲丕亘賴 丕賱匕賶 賳丕賱 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 卮賴乇丞 賵丕爻毓丞 : 鬲賻禺賿賱賽賷氐購 丕賱廿賽亘賿乇賽賷夭賽 賮賶賽 鬲賻賱賿禺賽賷氐賽 亘賻丕乇賽賷夭.
賮賷 爻賳丞 1832賲 (1283賴賭) 毓丕丿 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 廿賱賶 賲氐乇 賲賳 亘毓孬鬲賴 賵賰丕賳鬲 賯丿 爻亘賯鬲賴 廿賱賶 賲丨賲丿 毓賱賷 鬲賯丕乇賷乇 兀爻丕鬲匕鬲賴 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 鬲丨賰賷 鬲賮賵賯賴 賵丕賲鬲賷丕夭賴 賵鬲毓賱賯 毓賱賷賴 丕賱丌賲丕賱 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞. 賵賰丕賳鬲 兀賵賱賶 丕賱賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賵賱丕賴丕 亘毓丿 毓賵丿鬲賴 賲賳 亘丕乇賷爻貙 賵馗賷賮丞 賲鬲乇噩賲 亘賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤亘貙 賮賰丕賳 兀賵賱 賲氐乇賷 賷毓賷賳 賮賷 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱. 賵賮賷 爻賳丞 1833 (1249賴賭) 丕賳鬲賯賱 乇賮丕毓丞 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賲賳 賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤亘 廿賱賶 賲丿乇爻丞 丕賱胤賵亘噩賷丞 (丕賱賲丿賮毓賷丞) 亘賲賳胤賯丞 (胤乇賴) 廿丨丿賶 囟賵丕丨賷 丕賱賯丕賴乇丞 賰賷 賷毓賲賱 賲鬲乇噩賲丕賸 賱賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱賴賳丿爻賷丞 賵丕賱賮賳賵賳 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷丞.
賷毓鬲亘乇 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 兀賵賱 賲賳卮卅 賱氐丨賷賮丞 兀禺亘丕乇 賮賷 丕賱丿賷丕乇 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞 丨賷孬 賯丕賲 亘鬲睾賷賷乇 卮賰賱 噩乇賷丿丞 (丕賱賵賯丕卅毓 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞) 丕賱鬲賷 氐丿乇 毓丿丿賴丕 丕賱兀賵賱 賮賷 爻賳丞 3 丿賷爻賲亘乇 1828賲 兀賷 毓賳丿賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱胤賴胤丕賵賷 賮賷 亘丕乇賷爻 賱賰賳賴 賱賲丕 毓丕丿 鬲賵賱賶 丕賱廿卮乇丕賮 毓賱賷賴丕 爻賳丞 1842賲 賵賰丕賳鬲 鬲氐丿乇 亘丕賱賱睾鬲賷賳 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賵丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞 丨賷孬 噩毓賱 丕賱兀禺亘丕乇 丕賱賲氐乇賷丞 丕賱賲丕丿丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 亘丿賱丕賸 賲賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷丞貙 賵兀賵賱 賲賳 兀丨賷丕 丕賱賲賯丕賱 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 毓亘乇
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