والكتاب لا يشمل دراسة "نظرية" للإلحاد، وبدلًا من ذلك بقدم سردية شديدة الثراء لحقبة أخفيت الكثير من وثائقها لعشرات السنين، وكانت موضوعًا للإنكار والنفي المتكرر في أدبيات عديدة استهدفت نفي الطبيعة الإلحادية للتجربة السوفييتية، ومن بين سمات المجتمع الشيوعي التي لفتت نظر المراقبين الغربيين باستمرار كانت السياسة السوفييتية الطموح التي تهدف إلى تغيير الشخصية البشرية. لقد فرضت الأيديولوجية السوفييتية أن يتم إنشاء "الشخص السوفييتي الجديد" ليكون: محبًا للسلام، عالميًا، وطنيًا، ملتزمًا بالقانون، جماعيًا، مجتهدًا، وملحدًا متشددًا. ولتعزيز الإلحاد أنشأت سلطات الدولة والحزب الشيوعي برنامجًا تعليميًا شاملاً يُترجم على أنه: "التنشئة الملحدة". وقد كانت تلك النواة الصلبة للمخططات العامة لتكوين الشخصية التي ابتكرتها السلطات السوفييتية، كما تصورها ونفذها خبراء الحزب الشيوعي، وتضمن هذه المخططات "جهودًا متعددة الأوجه عبر العمر لتغذية الإلحاد، وتحويله إلى طريقة تفكير لكل مواطن سوفييتي" كان الهدف النهائي للماركسية السوفييتية "تطوير بيئة نقية حيث تكون تأثيرات الإيمان الديني محدودة جدًا بحيث يصبح الفراغ في المجال الديني مستدامًا ذاتيًا. وفي التصور الأيديولوجي، يمثل مثل هذا الوضع بيئة نقية حيث يمكن أن يحدث تطور الشخصية الكاملة للشخص الشيوعي الجديد دون عوائق". وبالتالي، فإن التنشئة الملحدة تجاوزت محاولات تحييد الدين، وجعلته في ركن خاص من الحياة الروحية للفرد. إن الإلحاد السوفييتي ينطوي على "نظرة عالمية" متماسكة مناهضة للدين وأجندة مناسبة للعمل والتي بدونها لا يمكن للمجتمع السوفييتي أن يصل إلى مرحلته التنموية النهائية/ الشيوعية. وقد كان الهدف النهائي للتنشئة الإلحادية ما أسماه الكتاب السوفييت: "نظرة علمية إلحادية للعالم". وقد بذلت الدولة كل ما في وسعها "للتغلب" على الدين، لجعله "يذبل"، ولكن عندما فشلت مساعيها "البناءة"، كانت مستعدة لنشر مجموعة واسعة من أجهزة الرقابة الاجتماعية للقضاء على العادات الدينية.(15) وبعد عقود من "الإغواء" و"القمع" انهار الحزب الشيوعي السوفييتي ومشروعه الإلحادي.
This is a great overview of the evolution of Soviet thought about atheism and the changing ways the Communist regime tried to impose its anti-religious ideology from 1917 to 1991. From the early optimistic assessment that religion was a symptom of the oppression of the proletariat and would simply collapse of its own accord, through the murderous anti-religious campaigns of Stalin prior to 1942 to the eventual effective abandonment of the whole enterprise of "atheist work" under Gorbachev, Smolkin shows that Soviet atheism was always a core tenet of Soviet Marxist-Leninism, but was never a central concern. The bafflement of the atheist cadres as to why their efforts seemed to be so fruitless is, at times, slightly amusing. There are also parallels between their lack of comprehension of religious impulses and their naïve faith in scientism and the power of worthy but boring lecturing of believers and the recent New Atheists' similar misunderstanding of their opponents.
This was a very interesting and enjoyable book. Smolkin chronicles the evolution of Soviet Atheism's campaign (political, ideological, spiritual) to stamp out religion. While holding itself out to be a kind of humanism, this atheism fails to recognize its kinship with religion/religious sentiment, causing it to fail (quite hilariously, per Smolkin's account), much to the chagrin of Soviet elites. Though it is a little dry, that's to be expected in a book that's mostly historical with a little analysis. On the whole, Smolkin did an admirable job. You should read it!
A really good book that analyses, perhaps too academically and therefore dully sometimes, the fight that the Soviets took to religion during their long regime. From Lenin to Stalin to Khrushchev, etc - all these leaders and their subordinates tried various tactics and strategies to neutralise the power (both spiritual and political) of the Orthodox Church and faith in God, in general. In the end, they realised that it was a lost battle. Gorbachev conceded and ultimately when he allowed the millenial celebrations of the Church in Russia in 1988 to be celebrated openly, the general sense in the party was that the game was up. These sanctioned millenial celebrations, of course, were in stark contrast to the persecutions, massacres, etc. that the Church suffered (on and off at times) throughout the 20th century.
This quote summarises the reason why the long campaign of the Soviets against religion failed: "In its battle against religion... Soviet atheism struggled to fill the sacred spaces it had cleared. Atheism's inability to address existential questions, meet spiritual needs... created the perception that atheism was an empty space rather than a meaningful category".
I must also underline here that the author did a really good (academically-sound, let's say) job in presenting all facts and analyses as they are: in their unblemished form. Even after reading through the entire book, I still cannot work out wether the author is an atheist herself or not. Well done on this, Victoria.
I have mostly read books about the church during the Soviet era and they in the main emphasise the immense hardship the church came under, particularly during the first decades after the revolution. From the perspective of the promotion of atheism the Soviet state was not as successful as it might sound, at least when it comes to people's habits. Smolkin makes a good and interesting point. The book is not exactly captivating and quite dry at times. For the person (like me) who is interested in the question of Soviet communism and religion it is something of a gem, and very nice to read something as up to date as this.
Great book! Fairly easy to read and well organised. I was struggling to find anything on this rather niche subject and this book was perfect for my essay!