Dramas, such as The Seagull (1896, revised 1898), and including "A Dreary Story" (1889) of Russian writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, also Chekov, concern the inability of humans to communicate.
Born (袗薪褌芯薪 袩邪胁谢芯胁懈褔 效械褏芯胁) in the small southern seaport of Taganrog, the son of a grocer. His grandfather, a serf, bought his own freedom and that of his three sons in 1841. He also taught to read. A cloth merchant fathered Yevgenia Morozova, his mother.
"When I think back on my childhood," Chekhov recalled, "it all seems quite gloomy to me." Tyranny of his father, religious fanaticism, and long nights in the store, open from five in the morning till midnight, shadowed his early years. He attended a school for Greek boys in Taganrog from 1867 to 1868 and then Taganrog grammar school. Bankruptcy of his father compelled the family to move to Moscow. At the age of 16 years in 1876, independent Chekhov for some time alone in his native town supported through private tutoring.
In 1879, Chekhov left grammar school and entered the university medical school at Moscow. In the school, he began to publish hundreds of short comics to support his mother, sisters and brothers. Nicholas Leikin published him at this period and owned Oskolki (splinters), the journal of Saint Petersburg. His subjected silly social situations, marital problems, and farcical encounters among husbands, wives, mistresses, and lust; even after his marriage, Chekhov, the shy author, knew not much of whims of young women.
Nenunzhaya pobeda, first novel of Chekhov, set in 1882 in Hungary, parodied the novels of the popular M贸r J贸kai. People also mocked ideological optimism of J贸kai as a politician.
Chekhov graduated in 1884 and practiced medicine. He worked from 1885 in Peterburskaia gazeta.
In 1886, Chekhov met H.S. Suvorin, who invited him, a regular contributor, to work for Novoe vremya, the daily paper of Saint Petersburg. He gained a wide fame before 1886. He authored The Shooting Party, his second full-length novel, later translated into English. Agatha Christie used its characters and atmosphere in later her mystery novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. First book of Chekhov in 1886 succeeded, and he gradually committed full time. The refusal of the author to join the ranks of social critics arose the wrath of liberal and radical intelligentsia, who criticized him for dealing with serious social and moral questions but avoiding giving answers. Such leaders as Leo Tolstoy and Nikolai Leskov, however, defended him. "I'm not a liberal, or a conservative, or a gradualist, or a monk, or an indifferentist. I should like to be a free artist and that's all..." Chekhov said in 1888.
The failure of The Wood Demon, play in 1889, and problems with novel made Chekhov to withdraw from literature for a period. In 1890, he traveled across Siberia to Sakhalin, remote prison island. He conducted a detailed census of ten thousand convicts and settlers, condemned to live on that harsh island. Chekhov expected to use the results of his research for his doctoral dissertation. Hard conditions on the island probably also weakened his own physical condition. From this journey came his famous travel book.
Chekhov practiced medicine until 1892. During these years, Chechov developed his concept of the dispassionate, non-judgmental author. He outlined his program in a letter to his brother Aleksandr: "1. Absence of lengthy verbiage of political-social-economic nature; 2. total objectivity; 3. truthful descriptions of persons and objects; 4. extreme brevity; 5. audacity and originality; flee the stereotype; 6. compassion." Because he objected that the paper conducted against Alfred Dreyfus, his friendship with Suvorin ended
袙褉邪谐懈 = Enemies and other short stories, Anton Chekhov
A six-year-old child鈥攖he only son of Kirolov, an aging doctor, and his wife, who cannot expect to have another child鈥攈as died of diphtheria. Just as the parents are beginning to succumb to grief, the doorbell rings.
Leaving his wife beside the dead child鈥檚 bed, Kirolov goes to the door. There he finds a man who is so distraught that he can hardly speak. After the man manages to introduce himself as Aboguin, he says that his wife has collapsed and that he believes her to be dying of heart failure.
Because he has no inkling of what has just happened to Kirolov鈥檚 family, Aboguin assumes that the doctor will, as a matter of course, come with him immediately. Although the doctor is still in shock, he pulls himself together enough to explain why he cannot go. Aboguin tries to be sympathetic but points out that Kirolov is the only doctor in the area, and without his help, his wife almost certainly will die.
While Aboguin waits in the hallway, Kirolov wanders aimlessly about his house, looking at a book, sitting down for a time in his study, and finally ending up in the bedroom, where his wife is still prostrate beside the body of their dead child.
After standing there for some minutes, Kirolov returns to the hall, where Aboguin is still waiting for him. Again, Aboguin insists on the doctor鈥檚 going to his wife; again, Kirolov refuses. When Aboguin reminds Kirolov of his ethical responsibility and promises that it will take no more than an hour to make...
A tragic, but as it is often with Chekhov, funny, even grotesque story about a doctor who, 5 minutes after losing his only son to diphtheria, is summoned by a grief stricken husband to his sick wife.
Abogin has come to Kirilov, the doctor, to get him to leave his house where his son had just died and come to Abogin's where his wife is dying. You can tell from the author descriptions of both men that there is a difference in their financial status. After a lot of back and forth, Abogin finally convinces Kirikov to leave for one hour to check into his wife's condition.
Deep discussions of unhappiness ensue:
"Unhappiness does not unite people, but separates them; and just where one would imagine that people should be united by the community of grief, there is more injustice and cruelty done than among the comparatively contented."
En 15 p谩ginas se nos muestra la ca铆da de la humanidad com煤n ante la diferencia, ya sea pol铆tica, de clase, todo aquello aplicable a alg煤n tipo de enemistad. La incomprensi贸n y repulsi贸n, un odio que no puede ser atravesado, cegadoras del hombre ante la miseria, ante su propio espejo humano, del otro hombre. El aislamiento en el dolor, la natural reclusi贸n en uno mismo que repudia la alteridad y sufrimiento ajeno al individual. Frente a este relato de dos p茅rdidas paralelas en hombres contrarios, que sumergidos en sus propios duelos, sus naturalezas les llevan al enfrentamiento como respuesta a sus pesares, y no a la uni贸n ni comprensi贸n. Interesante, con reflexiones lapidaris y una sensibilidad y agudeza notables. Chejov hace comprensible, en cierto modo nos acerca aquello incomprensible y latente en nuestro presente, la paradoja del enfrentamiento mutuo ante situaciones parejas, y la victoria de los discrusos fr铆volos separatistas, o el egocentrismo, frente a la uni贸n universal de las situaciones humanas comunes. La triste naturaleza de la condici贸n humana de la que parecemos ser incapaces de escapar.