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效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪
袩械褉褕懈泄 褍泻褉邪褩薪芯屑芯胁薪懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈泄 褉芯屑邪薪, 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪懈泄 袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪芯屑 袣褍谢褨褕械屑 1846 褉芯泻褍. 校 褑褨泄 芦褏褉芯薪褨褑褨 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈褏 锌芯写褨泄禄 邪胁褌芯褉 胁褨写褌胁芯褉懈胁 胁褨写芯屑褨 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌芯写褨褩 鈥� 褔芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍 褍 袧褨卸懈薪褨, 褟泻邪 胁褨写斜褍谢邪褋褟 1663 褉芯泻褍. 笑械泄 褌胁褨褉 斜褍胁 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪懈泄 锌褨写 胁锌谢懈胁芯屑 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈褏 褉芯屑邪薪褨胁 袙邪谢褜褌械褉邪 小泻芯褌褌邪.
288 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1846
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About the author
Panteleimon Kulish
45听books9听followersProminent Ukrainian writer, historian, ethnographer, and translator. He was born into an impoverished Cossack-gentry family. After completing only five years at the Novhorod-Siverskyi gymnasium he enrolled at Kiyv University in 1837 but was not allowed to finish his studies because he was not a noble. He obtained a teaching position in Lutsk in 1840. There he wrote his first historical novel in Russian Mykhailo Charnyshenko, or Little Russia Eighty Years Ago (2 vols, 1843). Mykhailo Maksymovych promoted Kulish's literary efforts and published several of his early stories. His first longer work written in Ukrainian was the epic poem Ukraina (1843). In 1843鈥�5 Kulish taught in Kiyv and studied Ukrainian history and ethnography. There he befriended Taras Shevchenko, Mykola Kostomarov, and Vasyl Bilozersky; their circle later became the nucleus of the secret Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Panteleimon Kulish was the first person known to translate the whole of the Bible into the modern Ukrainian language and was also the first to write historical novels in Ukrainian. His most famous contribution in this field was the novel Chorna Rada (The Black Council) which was set in Cossack times. Kulish was also active in historical writing, composing a brief history of Ukraine in verse (under the title Ukraina) and a much larger History of the Reunification of Rus in three volumes. The latter dealt with the era of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky in the seventeenth century. His two-volume collection of Ukrainian folklore, Notes on Southern Rus retains its scholarly significance to the present day.
校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻, 锌芯械褌, 写褉邪屑邪褌褍褉谐, 褎芯谢褜泻谢芯褉懈褋褌, 械褌薪芯谐褉邪褎, 屑芯胁芯蟹薪邪胁械褑褜, 锌械褉械泻谢邪写邪褔, 泻褉懈褌懈泻, 褉械写邪泻褌芯褉, 胁懈写邪胁械褑褜. 袗胁褌芯褉 锌械褉褕芯褩 褎芯薪械褌懈褔薪芯褩 邪斜械褌泻懈 写谢褟 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯胁懈, 褖芯 锌芯锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻褍 胁薪械褋械薪懈褏 写芯 薪械褩 蟹屑褨薪 谢械卸懈褌褜 胁 芯褋薪芯胁褨 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁芯锌懈褋褍. 袙褨写芯屑懈泄 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 褟泻 邪胁褌芯褉 锌械褉褕芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪芯屑芯胁薪芯谐芯 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯谐芯 褉芯屑邪薪褍 芦效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪禄.
袩械褉褕懈屑 泄芯谐芯 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪懈屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑 斜褍谢邪 芯锌芯胁褨写泻邪 芦笑懈谐邪薪禄, 褟泻褍 胁褨薪 胁懈褌胁芯褉懈胁 褨蟹 锌芯褔褍褌芯褩 胁褨写 屑邪褌械褉褨 薪邪褉芯写薪芯褩 泻邪蟹泻懈.
袩懈褋邪胁 谐褍屑芯褉懈褋褌懈褔薪褨 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟:"笑懈谐邪薪", "袩邪薪 袦褍褉谢芯", "袦邪谢芯褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻褨 邪薪械泻写芯褌懈"; 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟 薪邪 褌械屑褍 薪械褖邪褋谢懈胁芯谐芯 泻芯褏邪薪薪褟: "袚芯褉写芯胁懈褌邪 锌邪褉邪", "袛褨胁芯褔械 褋械褉褑械"; 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟: "袦邪褉褌懈薪 袚邪泻", "袘褉邪褌懈", "小褨褔芯胁褨 谐芯褋褌褨"; 褌邪 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褨薪褕懈褏 褌胁芯褉褨胁, 蟹芯泻褉械屑邪: "袛芯 泻芯斜蟹懈", "袟邪胁芯褉芯卸械薪邪 泻褉懈薪懈褑褟", "袦邪褉褍褋褟 袘芯谐褍褋谢邪胁泻邪", 褌邪 褨薪褕褨.
袩械褉械泻谢邪胁 袘褨斜谢褨褞, 屑邪泄卸械 胁褋褜芯谐芯 楔械泻褋锌褨褉邪, 覑械褌械, 袛卸. 袘邪泄褉芯薪邪 (蟹芯泻褉械屑邪, 锌芯械屑懈 芦效邪泄谢褜写-袚邪褉芯谢褜写芯胁邪 屑邪薪写褉褨胁泻邪禄, 芦袛芯薪-袞褍邪薪禄), 斜邪谢邪写懈 袗. 袦褨褑泻械胁懈褔邪 芦袪褍褋邪谢泻邪禄, 芦啸懈屑械褉懈禄, 芦效褍屑邪褑褜泻褨 写褨褌懈禄 (芯锌褍斜谢褨泻芯胁邪薪芯 胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨 芦袨褋薪芯胁邪禄 1861 褉.). 袧邪锌褉懈泻褨薪褑褨 褋胁芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褟 袩. 袣褍谢褨褕 锌褨写谐芯褌褍胁邪胁 写芯 写褉褍泻褍 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褍 蟹斜褨褉泻褍 芦袩芯蟹懈褔械薪邪 泻芯斜蟹邪: 袩械褉械褋锌褨胁懈 褔褍卸芯蟹械屑薪懈褏 褋锌褨胁褨胁禄, 泻芯褌褉邪 胁懈泄褕谢邪 胁 袞械薪械胁褨 1897 褉., 胁卸械 锌芯 褋屑械褉褌褨 锌芯械褌邪.
校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻, 锌芯械褌, 写褉邪屑邪褌褍褉谐, 褎芯谢褜泻谢芯褉懈褋褌, 械褌薪芯谐褉邪褎, 屑芯胁芯蟹薪邪胁械褑褜, 锌械褉械泻谢邪写邪褔, 泻褉懈褌懈泻, 褉械写邪泻褌芯褉, 胁懈写邪胁械褑褜. 袗胁褌芯褉 锌械褉褕芯褩 褎芯薪械褌懈褔薪芯褩 邪斜械褌泻懈 写谢褟 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 屑芯胁懈, 褖芯 锌芯锌褉懈 薪懈蟹泻褍 胁薪械褋械薪懈褏 写芯 薪械褩 蟹屑褨薪 谢械卸懈褌褜 胁 芯褋薪芯胁褨 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌褉邪胁芯锌懈褋褍. 袙褨写芯屑懈泄 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 褟泻 邪胁褌芯褉 锌械褉褕芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪芯屑芯胁薪芯谐芯 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯谐芯 褉芯屑邪薪褍 芦效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪禄.
袩械褉褕懈屑 泄芯谐芯 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉薪懈屑 褌胁芯褉芯屑 斜褍谢邪 芯锌芯胁褨写泻邪 芦笑懈谐邪薪禄, 褟泻褍 胁褨薪 胁懈褌胁芯褉懈胁 褨蟹 锌芯褔褍褌芯褩 胁褨写 屑邪褌械褉褨 薪邪褉芯写薪芯褩 泻邪蟹泻懈.
袩懈褋邪胁 谐褍屑芯褉懈褋褌懈褔薪褨 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟:"笑懈谐邪薪", "袩邪薪 袦褍褉谢芯", "袦邪谢芯褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻褨 邪薪械泻写芯褌懈"; 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟 薪邪 褌械屑褍 薪械褖邪褋谢懈胁芯谐芯 泻芯褏邪薪薪褟: "袚芯褉写芯胁懈褌邪 锌邪褉邪", "袛褨胁芯褔械 褋械褉褑械"; 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 芯锌芯胁褨写邪薪薪褟: "袦邪褉褌懈薪 袚邪泻", "袘褉邪褌懈", "小褨褔芯胁褨 谐芯褋褌褨"; 褌邪 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褨薪褕懈褏 褌胁芯褉褨胁, 蟹芯泻褉械屑邪: "袛芯 泻芯斜蟹懈", "袟邪胁芯褉芯卸械薪邪 泻褉懈薪懈褑褟", "袦邪褉褍褋褟 袘芯谐褍褋谢邪胁泻邪", 褌邪 褨薪褕褨.
袩械褉械泻谢邪胁 袘褨斜谢褨褞, 屑邪泄卸械 胁褋褜芯谐芯 楔械泻褋锌褨褉邪, 覑械褌械, 袛卸. 袘邪泄褉芯薪邪 (蟹芯泻褉械屑邪, 锌芯械屑懈 芦效邪泄谢褜写-袚邪褉芯谢褜写芯胁邪 屑邪薪写褉褨胁泻邪禄, 芦袛芯薪-袞褍邪薪禄), 斜邪谢邪写懈 袗. 袦褨褑泻械胁懈褔邪 芦袪褍褋邪谢泻邪禄, 芦啸懈屑械褉懈禄, 芦效褍屑邪褑褜泻褨 写褨褌懈禄 (芯锌褍斜谢褨泻芯胁邪薪芯 胁 卸褍褉薪邪谢褨 芦袨褋薪芯胁邪禄 1861 褉.). 袧邪锌褉懈泻褨薪褑褨 褋胁芯谐芯 卸懈褌褌褟 袩. 袣褍谢褨褕 锌褨写谐芯褌褍胁邪胁 写芯 写褉褍泻褍 锌芯械褌懈褔薪褍 蟹斜褨褉泻褍 芦袩芯蟹懈褔械薪邪 泻芯斜蟹邪: 袩械褉械褋锌褨胁懈 褔褍卸芯蟹械屑薪懈褏 褋锌褨胁褨胁禄, 泻芯褌褉邪 胁懈泄褕谢邪 胁 袞械薪械胁褨 1897 褉., 胁卸械 锌芯 褋屑械褉褌褨 锌芯械褌邪.
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August 29, 2016
袣薪懈谐邪 锌褉芯 褌械 褟泻 写械泻褨谢褜泻邪 谢械写邪褖褨褏 薪械褏芯褉芯褕懈褏 谢褞写械泄 蟹邪褏芯褌褨谢懈 锌芯锌邪薪褍胁邪褌懈, 蟹邪谢褍褔懈谢懈褋褟 锌褨写褌褉懈屑泻芯褞 袦芯褋泻胁懈 褟泻邪 锌芯薪邪写邪胁邪谢邪 褩屑 泻褍锌褍 芯斜褨褑褟薪芯泻, 蟹斜褉芯褞, 褨 胁褨泄褋褜泻芯; 蟹胁械褉谐薪褍谢懈 褔懈薪薪芯谐芯 袚械褌褜屑邪薪邪 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褞褔懈 屑械褌芯写 褋褌邪写薪芯褩 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨褩, 褨 褍褌胁芯褉懈谢懈 褋胁芯褞 小褏褨写薪芯-校泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻褍 薪邪褉芯写薪褍 褉械褋锌褍斜谢褨泻褍. 袩褨褋谢褟 褔芯谐芯 袦芯褋泻胁邪 褕胁懈写泻芯 蟹邪斜褉邪谢邪 褋胁芯褩 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻懈 薪邪蟹邪写, 蟹邪谐褉械斜谢邪 褑褞 褌械褉懈褌芯褉褨褞 锌褨写 褋械斜械, 邪 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 胁锌邪谢邪 胁 锌芯胁薪懈泄 斜械蟹谢邪写 褨 蟹邪薪械锌邪写. 袣芯褉芯褔械 泻邪卸褍褔褨, 屑芯卸薪邪 锌械褉械泄屑械薪褍胁邪褌懈 泻薪懈谐褍 褌邪泻: 小褍褔邪褋薪邪 袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 校泻褉邪褩薪懈 携泻邪 袙卸械 袙褨写斜褍胁邪谢邪褋褟 校 1663 袪芯褑褨 袗谢械 袦懈 袙褋械 袧褨褟泻 袧械 袧邪胁褔懈屑芯褋褟 袧邪 袙谢邪褋薪懈褏 袩芯屑懈泻邪褏. 袗斜芯 褌邪泻: 袧褨泻芯谢懈 袧械 袛芯胁褨褉褟泄 袦芯褋泻胁褨.
袝褏, 褟泻斜懈 袛芯薪斜邪褋 褨 袣褉懈屑 褔懈褌邪胁 袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪邪 袣褍谢褨褕邪, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 胁褋械 斜 蟹邪褉邪蟹 斜褍谢芯 褨薪邪泻褕械...
袝褏, 褟泻斜懈 袛芯薪斜邪褋 褨 袣褉懈屑 褔懈褌邪胁 袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪邪 袣褍谢褨褕邪, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 胁褋械 斜 蟹邪褉邪蟹 斜褍谢芯 褨薪邪泻褕械...
October 24, 2022
Ukrainian Braveheart. The ending had so much hope and pride. Happy Ukrainian Independence day btw!
July 10, 2018
袨褋褌邪薪薪褨屑 褔邪褋芯屑 褟 薪械 薪邪 卸邪褉褌 蟹邪褏芯锌懈胁褋褟 泻薪懈谐邪屑懈 锌褉芯 泻芯蟹邪褑褜泻褨 褔邪褋懈. 笑械 胁卸械 写褉褍谐邪 泻薪懈谐邪 蟹邪 泻芯褉芯褌泻懈泄 锌械褉褨芯写, 邪 薪邪 锌褨写褏芯写褨 褖械 芯写薪邪, 褑褜芯谐芯 褉邪蟹褍 胁卸械 薪械 褏褍写芯卸薪褟, 邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪邪. 袧械 锌邪屑'褟褌邪褞 褔懈 褔懈褌邪胁 褟 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍" 胁 褕泻褨谢褜薪褨 褉芯泻懈, 泻芯谢懈 屑邪胁 斜懈 褌芯 褉芯斜懈褌懈. 携 褔邪褋褌芯 锌褉芯锌褍褋泻邪胁 芯斜芯胁'褟蟹泻芯胁褨 褌胁芯褉懈 泄 薪邪褌芯屑褨褋褌褜 褔懈褌邪胁 蟹邪锌芯褟屑懈 褌械, 褖芯 屑械薪褨 褋锌褉邪胁写褨 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟. 携泻褖芯 褨 褔懈褌邪胁, 褌芯 薪邪胁褉褟写 褍褋胁褨写芯屑懈胁 褩褩 写芯褋褌邪褌薪褜芯 蟹褉褨谢芯. 孝芯屑褍 褨 胁蟹褟胁褋褟 蟹邪 锌械褉械褔懈褌褍胁邪薪薪褟 写谢褟 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯斜 泻褉邪褖械 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈 屑懈薪褍胁褕懈薪褍, 写谢褟 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯斜 写褨蟹薪邪褌懈褋褟 褖芯 褉芯斜懈褌懈 写邪谢褨. 袨褌邪泻褨 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 褉芯屑邪薪懈 写芯蟹胁芯谢褟褞褌褜 泻褉邪褖械 锌褨褉薪褍褌懈 胁 "写褍褏 械锌芯褏懈" 褨 锌邪褉邪谢械谢褜薪械 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪芯褩 锌褉邪褑褨 泄 褏褍写芯卸薪褨褏 褉芯屑邪薪褨胁 锌褉芯 褌褍 写芯斜褍, 写芯蟹胁芯谢褟褦 褌芯薪褕械 胁褨写褔褍褌懈 芯锌懈褋邪薪械 胁 芯斜芯褏 泻薪懈谐邪褏.
袩褉芯褌械 蟹胁褨褋薪芯 卸, 锌褉懈褌褟谐薪褍褌褨 蟹邪 胁褍褏邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌邪褉邪谢械谢褨 屑褨卸 屑懈薪褍谢懈屑 褨 褌械锌械褉褨褕薪褨屑 褑械 薪褨褖芯 褨薪褕械, 褟泻 锌褉懈褌褟谐薪褍褌褨 蟹邪 胁褍褏邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌邪褉邪谢械谢褨. 袩褉芯褌械 褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌械胁薪褨 胁懈褋薪芯胁泻懈 屑芯卸薪邪 褨 褉芯屑邪薪 袣褍谢褨褕邪 褌褍褌 写邪褦 胁械谢懈泻械 锌芯谢械 写谢褟 褉芯蟹写褍屑褨胁. 袧邪泄锌械褉褕械 - 褑械 谢邪屑邪薪薪褟 写械褟泻懈褏 褋褌械褉械芯褌懈锌褨胁, 褟泻褨 胁泻芯褉褨薪懈谢懈褋褟 胁 屑邪褋芯胁褨泄 褋胁褨写芯屑芯褋褌褨, 褖芯写芯 褉芯谢褨 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁 胁 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩 校泻褉邪褩薪懈. 袟邪锌芯褉芯蟹褜泻懈泄 泻芯蟹邪泻 写谢褟 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褟 褑械 斜械蟹蟹邪褋褌械褉械卸薪懈泄 褨写械邪谢 褨 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 写谢褟 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褟. 袉 褋锌褉邪胁写褨, 褑械 褔褍写芯胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 胁褨泄褋褜泻芯胁芯褩 写芯斜谢械褋褌褨, 斜芯泄芯胁芯谐芯 褌芯胁邪褉懈褋褌胁邪 褨 胁褨写屑芯胁懈 胁褨写 褋锌芯泻褍褋 胁 褨屑'褟 褨写械邪谢褨胁 蟹邪褏懈褋褌褍 胁褨褉懈 泄 袘邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪懈. 袦懈 锌懈褕邪褦屑芯褋褟 泻芯蟹邪泻邪屑懈 - 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖芯褞 锌褨褏芯褌芯褞 袆胁褉芯锌懈 褌芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍, 锌懈褕邪褦屑芯褋褟 褩褏薪褨屑懈 褋谢邪胁械褌薪懈屑懈 写褨褟薪薪褟屑懈, 屑褍卸薪褨褋褌褞 泄 褨薪褕懈屑懈 褔械褋薪芯褌邪屑懈, 邪谢械 蟹邪斜褍胁邪褦屑芯 锌褉芯 褨薪褕褍 褩褏薪褞 褋褌芯褉芯薪褍. 袘芯 褌械 褖芯 胁芯薪懈 斜褍谢懈 褖械 褌懈屑懈 蟹邪斜褨褟泻邪屑懈, 褔邪褋褌芯 斜褍薪褌褍胁邪谢懈 谢懈褕 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褋邪屑芯谐芯 斜褍薪褌褍. 袉薪泻芯谢懈 褩褏薪褨 写褨褩 褕谢懈 胁 褉芯蟹褉褨蟹 蟹褨 褋褌褉邪褌械谐褨褔薪懈屑懈 锌褉褨芯褉懈褌械褌邪屑懈 校泻褉邪褩薪懈, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯 褌邪泻褌懈褔薪芯 胁芯薪懈 锌褉懈薪芯褋懈谢懈 胁懈谐芯写褍. 袛芯 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褍, 褋邪屑械 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨 褋胁芯褦褞 邪褌邪泻芯褞 薪邪 袣褉懈屑 薪械 写邪谢懈 胁 褋胁褨泄 褔邪褋 袙懈谐芯胁褋褜泻芯屑褍 蟹 泻褉懈屑褋褜泻懈屑 褏邪薪芯屑 写褨泄褌懈 写芯 袦芯褋泻胁懈 泄 褋锌邪谢懈褌懈 褩褩. 袦懈 褨写械邪谢褨蟹褍褦屑芯 芯斜褉邪蟹 泻芯蟹邪泻邪, 褔邪褋褌芯 薪械 褉芯蟹写褨谢褟褦屑芯 谐芯褉芯写芯胁懈褏 褨 薪懈蟹芯胁懈褏 (蟹邪锌芯褉芯蟹褜泻懈褏) 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 邪 褉褨蟹薪懈褑褟 屑褨卸 薪懈屑懈 褔邪褋褌芯 斜褍谢邪 胁械谢懈泻邪. 袣褍谢褨褕 锌褉芯 褑褞 褉褨蟹薪懈褑褞 褨 锌懈褕械 胁 褋胁芯褦屑褍 褉芯屑邪薪褨. 袧褨褟泻 薪械 锌褉懈薪懈卸褍褞褔懈 褉芯谢褨 薪懈蟹芯胁懈褏 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 胁褨薪 薪邪屑邪谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 褖芯 写械褟泻褨 褩褏薪褨 褨写械褩 胁褋械蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯褩 褉褨胁薪芯褋褌褨 褨薪泻芯谢懈 斜褍谢懈 褕泻褨写谢懈胁懈屑懈 写谢褟 校泻褉邪褩薪懈.
袙懈褋薪芯胁芯泻 褟泻懈泄 褟 屑芯卸褍 蟹褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌褨褋谢褟 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 "效芯褉薪芯褩 褉邪写懈" 锌褉芯褋褌懈泄 褨 胁泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁 芯写薪褍 褎褉邪蟹褍: "袩芯锌褍谢褨蟹屑 - 褍谢褞斜谢械薪邪 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 褉芯蟹胁邪谐邪 since 1663" 袛褍屑邪褦褌械 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍胁邪褌懈 谢褞写褟屑 褖邪褋褌褟, "褍褋褨屑 褨 蟹邪写邪褉屑邪" - 褑械 胁懈薪邪褏褨写 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻褨胁? 袧褨, 屑懈 褉芯蟹胁邪卸邪谢懈褋褟 褑懈屑 褖械 4 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 褌芯屑褍. 携泻懈泄 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌 薪邪 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褌胁芯 锌芯芯斜褨褑褟褦 斜褨谢褜褕械, 褌芯谐芯 褨 锌褨写褌褉懈屑邪褦屑芯, 邪 写褍屑邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑 邪薪邪谢褨蟹褍胁邪褌懈 锌械褉械写胁懈斜芯褉薪褨 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑懈 屑懈 薪械 斜褍写械屑芯! 袧褍屑芯 褏谢芯锌褑褨 蟹斜械褉褨屑芯褋褟 谐褍褉褌芯屑 褨 泻褉懈泻薪械屑芯 "袡褍谢褞 薪邪 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褌胁芯!" 袉 褌芯写褨 胁卸械 薪械 斜褍写械 屑褨卸 薪邪屑懈 薪褨 斜邪谐邪褌懈褏 薪褨 斜褨写薪懈褏 褨 胁褋褨 斜褍写褍褌褜 褉褨胁薪褨 芯写懈薪 锌械褉械写 芯写薪懈屑. 袗 褨薪褕褨 谐褍泻邪褞褌褜"袧褨! 袥褟褕泻褍 斜褍谢邪胁褍 写邪泄褌械, 芯褌芯 胁卸械 谐械褌褜屑邪薪 斜褍写械! 袙褋褨屑 薪芯褋邪 褍褌褉械. 袗 褟泻 胁褨薪 泻芯褉褨胁 谢褞斜懈褌褜!? 孝芯 褨 薪邪褕芯谐芯 斜褉邪褌邪 - 谐芯谢芯谐芯, 斜芯褋芯谐芯 褨 胁斜芯谐芯谐芯 谢褞斜懈褌懈 斜褍写械."
袣褍谢褨褕 锌褉芯 褑械 褨 锌懈褕械:
"鈥� 啸胁邪谢邪 斜芯谐褍! 啸胁邪谢邪 斜芯谐褍! 袧邪褕邪 胁蟹褟谢邪! 袧械屑邪 褌械锌械褉 薪褨 锌邪薪邪, 薪褨 屑褍卸懈泻邪, 薪械屑邪 薪褨 胁斜芯谐懈褏, 薪褨 斜邪谐邪褌懈褏! 校褋褨 锌芯卸懈胁械屑芯 胁 写芯褋褌邪褌泻褍!
鈥� 些芯 卸, 斜褉邪褌懈褖邪? 鈥� 泻邪卸褍褌褜 褨薪褕褨. 鈥� 袪褍褕邪泄屑芯 锌邪薪褋褜泻懈屑 写芯斜褉芯屑 写褨谢懈褌懈褋褜! 袩芯胁薪械 屑褨褋褌芯 褌械锌械褉 锌邪薪褋褌胁邪."
袨褌 褔芯谐芯 蟹邪胁卸写懈 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 褔械褉薪褨. 袧械 褉褨胁薪芯褋褌褨, 薪械 胁芯谢褨, 邪 锌邪薪褋褌胁邪! 小邪屑械 褌芯屑褍 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褌薪懈屑 蟹械褉薪芯屑 锌褉芯褉芯褋谢懈 胁 薪邪褕懈褏 泻褉邪褟褏 褨写械褩 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌褨胁, 褟泻褨 褌械卸 芯斜褨褑褟谢懈 胁褨写薪褟褌懈 泄 锌芯写褨谢懈褌懈. 小邪屑械 褌芯屑褍 蟹邪褉邪蟹 褌邪泻 褏芯褔褍褌褜 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨 胁褨褉懈褌懈 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌邪屑 褟泻褨 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍褞褌褜 谢械谐泻械 褉褨褕械薪薪褟. 笑褨 卸 谢褞写懈 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍胁邪谢懈 泄芯谐芯 胁 1663-屑褍. 笑械 卸 褌邪泻 谢械谐泻芯, 胁懈斜褉邪褌懈 "锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯谐芯" 谐械褌褜屑邪薪邪 褟泻懈泄 胁褨写锌懈谢褟褦 褌芯斜褨 褕屑邪褌芯泻 斜邪谐邪褌褋褌胁邪. 笑械 薪邪斜邪谐邪褌芯 锌褉芯褋褌褨褕械 邪薪褨卸 胁邪卸泻芯 锌褉邪褑褞胁邪褌懈, 薪邪卸懈胁邪褞褔懈 褋芯斜褨 写芯斜褉邪. 袦懈 褏芯褔械屑芯 谢械谐泻懈褏 褨 褕胁懈写泻懈褏 褉褨褕械薪褜 褍 褑褜芯屑褍 薪邪褕邪 芯褋薪芯胁薪邪 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪: 褨 胁 1663-屑褍 褨 胁 1917-屑褍, 褌邪 泄 胁 2019-屑褍 胁芯薪邪 斜褍写械 褌邪泻芯褞 卸.
袛褍屑邪褞 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍" 褌褉械斜邪 蟹屑褍褕褍胁邪褌懈 褔懈褌邪褌懈 胁褋褨褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁 锌械褉械写 泻芯卸薪懈屑懈 胁懈斜芯褉邪屑懈, 胁谢邪褕褌褍胁邪褌懈 褌邪泻褨 褋芯斜褨 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪褨 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 写谢褟 胁褋褨褏 谢褞写械泄, 胁褨泻 褟泻懈褏 写芯褋褟谐薪褍胁 屑械卸褨 "屑芯卸械 胁懈斜懈褉邪褌懈 邪斜芯 斜褍褌懈 胁懈斜褉邪薪懈屑". 笑械 写芯蟹胁芯谢懈褌褜 薪械 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褌胁械褉械蟹芯 锌芯谐谢褟薪褍褌懈 薪邪 薪邪褕褍 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞, 邪谢械 褨 薪械 薪邪褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻 褍 屑邪泄斜褍褌薪褜芯屑褍.
袩褉芯褌械 蟹胁褨褋薪芯 卸, 锌褉懈褌褟谐薪褍褌褨 蟹邪 胁褍褏邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌邪褉邪谢械谢褨 屑褨卸 屑懈薪褍谢懈屑 褨 褌械锌械褉褨褕薪褨屑 褑械 薪褨褖芯 褨薪褕械, 褟泻 锌褉懈褌褟谐薪褍褌褨 蟹邪 胁褍褏邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌邪褉邪谢械谢褨. 袩褉芯褌械 褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌械胁薪褨 胁懈褋薪芯胁泻懈 屑芯卸薪邪 褨 褉芯屑邪薪 袣褍谢褨褕邪 褌褍褌 写邪褦 胁械谢懈泻械 锌芯谢械 写谢褟 褉芯蟹写褍屑褨胁. 袧邪泄锌械褉褕械 - 褑械 谢邪屑邪薪薪褟 写械褟泻懈褏 褋褌械褉械芯褌懈锌褨胁, 褟泻褨 胁泻芯褉褨薪懈谢懈褋褟 胁 屑邪褋芯胁褨泄 褋胁褨写芯屑芯褋褌褨, 褖芯写芯 褉芯谢褨 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁 胁 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩 校泻褉邪褩薪懈. 袟邪锌芯褉芯蟹褜泻懈泄 泻芯蟹邪泻 写谢褟 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褟 褑械 斜械蟹蟹邪褋褌械褉械卸薪懈泄 褨写械邪谢 褨 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 写谢褟 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褟. 袉 褋锌褉邪胁写褨, 褑械 褔褍写芯胁懈泄 锌褉懈泻谢邪写 胁褨泄褋褜泻芯胁芯褩 写芯斜谢械褋褌褨, 斜芯泄芯胁芯谐芯 褌芯胁邪褉懈褋褌胁邪 褨 胁褨写屑芯胁懈 胁褨写 褋锌芯泻褍褋 胁 褨屑'褟 褨写械邪谢褨胁 蟹邪褏懈褋褌褍 胁褨褉懈 泄 袘邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪懈. 袦懈 锌懈褕邪褦屑芯褋褟 泻芯蟹邪泻邪屑懈 - 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖芯褞 锌褨褏芯褌芯褞 袆胁褉芯锌懈 褌芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍, 锌懈褕邪褦屑芯褋褟 褩褏薪褨屑懈 褋谢邪胁械褌薪懈屑懈 写褨褟薪薪褟屑懈, 屑褍卸薪褨褋褌褞 泄 褨薪褕懈屑懈 褔械褋薪芯褌邪屑懈, 邪谢械 蟹邪斜褍胁邪褦屑芯 锌褉芯 褨薪褕褍 褩褏薪褞 褋褌芯褉芯薪褍. 袘芯 褌械 褖芯 胁芯薪懈 斜褍谢懈 褖械 褌懈屑懈 蟹邪斜褨褟泻邪屑懈, 褔邪褋褌芯 斜褍薪褌褍胁邪谢懈 谢懈褕 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褋邪屑芯谐芯 斜褍薪褌褍. 袉薪泻芯谢懈 褩褏薪褨 写褨褩 褕谢懈 胁 褉芯蟹褉褨蟹 蟹褨 褋褌褉邪褌械谐褨褔薪懈屑懈 锌褉褨芯褉懈褌械褌邪屑懈 校泻褉邪褩薪懈, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯 褌邪泻褌懈褔薪芯 胁芯薪懈 锌褉懈薪芯褋懈谢懈 胁懈谐芯写褍. 袛芯 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褍, 褋邪屑械 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨 褋胁芯褦褞 邪褌邪泻芯褞 薪邪 袣褉懈屑 薪械 写邪谢懈 胁 褋胁褨泄 褔邪褋 袙懈谐芯胁褋褜泻芯屑褍 蟹 泻褉懈屑褋褜泻懈屑 褏邪薪芯屑 写褨泄褌懈 写芯 袦芯褋泻胁懈 泄 褋锌邪谢懈褌懈 褩褩. 袦懈 褨写械邪谢褨蟹褍褦屑芯 芯斜褉邪蟹 泻芯蟹邪泻邪, 褔邪褋褌芯 薪械 褉芯蟹写褨谢褟褦屑芯 谐芯褉芯写芯胁懈褏 褨 薪懈蟹芯胁懈褏 (蟹邪锌芯褉芯蟹褜泻懈褏) 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 邪 褉褨蟹薪懈褑褟 屑褨卸 薪懈屑懈 褔邪褋褌芯 斜褍谢邪 胁械谢懈泻邪. 袣褍谢褨褕 锌褉芯 褑褞 褉褨蟹薪懈褑褞 褨 锌懈褕械 胁 褋胁芯褦屑褍 褉芯屑邪薪褨. 袧褨褟泻 薪械 锌褉懈薪懈卸褍褞褔懈 褉芯谢褨 薪懈蟹芯胁懈褏 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 胁褨薪 薪邪屑邪谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 褖芯 写械褟泻褨 褩褏薪褨 褨写械褩 胁褋械蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯褩 褉褨胁薪芯褋褌褨 褨薪泻芯谢懈 斜褍谢懈 褕泻褨写谢懈胁懈屑懈 写谢褟 校泻褉邪褩薪懈.
袙懈褋薪芯胁芯泻 褟泻懈泄 褟 屑芯卸褍 蟹褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌褨褋谢褟 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 "效芯褉薪芯褩 褉邪写懈" 锌褉芯褋褌懈泄 褨 胁泻谢邪写邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁 芯写薪褍 褎褉邪蟹褍: "袩芯锌褍谢褨蟹屑 - 褍谢褞斜谢械薪邪 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 褉芯蟹胁邪谐邪 since 1663" 袛褍屑邪褦褌械 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍胁邪褌懈 谢褞写褟屑 褖邪褋褌褟, "褍褋褨屑 褨 蟹邪写邪褉屑邪" - 褑械 胁懈薪邪褏褨写 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褏 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻褨胁? 袧褨, 屑懈 褉芯蟹胁邪卸邪谢懈褋褟 褑懈屑 褖械 4 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 褌芯屑褍. 携泻懈泄 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌 薪邪 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褌胁芯 锌芯芯斜褨褑褟褦 斜褨谢褜褕械, 褌芯谐芯 褨 锌褨写褌褉懈屑邪褦屑芯, 邪 写褍屑邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑 邪薪邪谢褨蟹褍胁邪褌懈 锌械褉械写胁懈斜芯褉薪褨 锌褉芯谐褉邪屑懈 屑懈 薪械 斜褍写械屑芯! 袧褍屑芯 褏谢芯锌褑褨 蟹斜械褉褨屑芯褋褟 谐褍褉褌芯屑 褨 泻褉懈泻薪械屑芯 "袡褍谢褞 薪邪 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褌胁芯!" 袉 褌芯写褨 胁卸械 薪械 斜褍写械 屑褨卸 薪邪屑懈 薪褨 斜邪谐邪褌懈褏 薪褨 斜褨写薪懈褏 褨 胁褋褨 斜褍写褍褌褜 褉褨胁薪褨 芯写懈薪 锌械褉械写 芯写薪懈屑. 袗 褨薪褕褨 谐褍泻邪褞褌褜"袧褨! 袥褟褕泻褍 斜褍谢邪胁褍 写邪泄褌械, 芯褌芯 胁卸械 谐械褌褜屑邪薪 斜褍写械! 袙褋褨屑 薪芯褋邪 褍褌褉械. 袗 褟泻 胁褨薪 泻芯褉褨胁 谢褞斜懈褌褜!? 孝芯 褨 薪邪褕芯谐芯 斜褉邪褌邪 - 谐芯谢芯谐芯, 斜芯褋芯谐芯 褨 胁斜芯谐芯谐芯 谢褞斜懈褌懈 斜褍写械."
袣褍谢褨褕 锌褉芯 褑械 褨 锌懈褕械:
"鈥� 啸胁邪谢邪 斜芯谐褍! 啸胁邪谢邪 斜芯谐褍! 袧邪褕邪 胁蟹褟谢邪! 袧械屑邪 褌械锌械褉 薪褨 锌邪薪邪, 薪褨 屑褍卸懈泻邪, 薪械屑邪 薪褨 胁斜芯谐懈褏, 薪褨 斜邪谐邪褌懈褏! 校褋褨 锌芯卸懈胁械屑芯 胁 写芯褋褌邪褌泻褍!
鈥� 些芯 卸, 斜褉邪褌懈褖邪? 鈥� 泻邪卸褍褌褜 褨薪褕褨. 鈥� 袪褍褕邪泄屑芯 锌邪薪褋褜泻懈屑 写芯斜褉芯屑 写褨谢懈褌懈褋褜! 袩芯胁薪械 屑褨褋褌芯 褌械锌械褉 锌邪薪褋褌胁邪."
袨褌 褔芯谐芯 蟹邪胁卸写懈 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 褔械褉薪褨. 袧械 褉褨胁薪芯褋褌褨, 薪械 胁芯谢褨, 邪 锌邪薪褋褌胁邪! 小邪屑械 褌芯屑褍 斜谢邪谐芯写邪褌薪懈屑 蟹械褉薪芯屑 锌褉芯褉芯褋谢懈 胁 薪邪褕懈褏 泻褉邪褟褏 褨写械褩 泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌褨胁, 褟泻褨 褌械卸 芯斜褨褑褟谢懈 胁褨写薪褟褌懈 泄 锌芯写褨谢懈褌懈. 小邪屑械 褌芯屑褍 蟹邪褉邪蟹 褌邪泻 褏芯褔褍褌褜 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨 胁褨褉懈褌懈 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌邪屑 褟泻褨 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍褞褌褜 谢械谐泻械 褉褨褕械薪薪褟. 笑褨 卸 谢褞写懈 锌褉芯锌芯薪褍胁邪谢懈 泄芯谐芯 胁 1663-屑褍. 笑械 卸 褌邪泻 谢械谐泻芯, 胁懈斜褉邪褌懈 "锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯谐芯" 谐械褌褜屑邪薪邪 褟泻懈泄 胁褨写锌懈谢褟褦 褌芯斜褨 褕屑邪褌芯泻 斜邪谐邪褌褋褌胁邪. 笑械 薪邪斜邪谐邪褌芯 锌褉芯褋褌褨褕械 邪薪褨卸 胁邪卸泻芯 锌褉邪褑褞胁邪褌懈, 薪邪卸懈胁邪褞褔懈 褋芯斜褨 写芯斜褉邪. 袦懈 褏芯褔械屑芯 谢械谐泻懈褏 褨 褕胁懈写泻懈褏 褉褨褕械薪褜 褍 褑褜芯屑褍 薪邪褕邪 芯褋薪芯胁薪邪 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪: 褨 胁 1663-屑褍 褨 胁 1917-屑褍, 褌邪 泄 胁 2019-屑褍 胁芯薪邪 斜褍写械 褌邪泻芯褞 卸.
袛褍屑邪褞 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍" 褌褉械斜邪 蟹屑褍褕褍胁邪褌懈 褔懈褌邪褌懈 胁褋褨褏 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁 锌械褉械写 泻芯卸薪懈屑懈 胁懈斜芯褉邪屑懈, 胁谢邪褕褌褍胁邪褌懈 褌邪泻褨 褋芯斜褨 蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪芯薪邪褑褨芯薪邪谢褜薪褨 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 写谢褟 胁褋褨褏 谢褞写械泄, 胁褨泻 褟泻懈褏 写芯褋褟谐薪褍胁 屑械卸褨 "屑芯卸械 胁懈斜懈褉邪褌懈 邪斜芯 斜褍褌懈 胁懈斜褉邪薪懈屑". 笑械 写芯蟹胁芯谢懈褌褜 薪械 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褌胁械褉械蟹芯 锌芯谐谢褟薪褍褌懈 薪邪 薪邪褕褍 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞, 邪谢械 褨 薪械 薪邪褉芯斜懈褌懈 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻 褍 屑邪泄斜褍褌薪褜芯屑褍.
January 20, 2023
This is the first Ukrainian historic novel, first published in 1846 by one of the prominent Ukrainians 鈥� , who among other things created the first modern phonetic alphabet for the Ukrainian language, which with changes is used today, made the first Ukrainian translation of Bible, as well as translations of Shakespeare, Goethe and Byron. The English title is The Black Council and it refers to the election of Hetman in 1663. It is currently almost a clich茅 to say that these or those historical periods are 鈥榡ust like the Game of Thrones鈥�, after a famous TV series based on 鈥檚 work. In this case, the situation on Ukrainian lands was no less tense and filled with heroics and betrayal but I think it was interesting in itself, without references to anything else.
I鈥檝e re-read it now because this year I plan to read more of Ukrainian classics, so I took (Ukr) and decided to go through the list as it is composed, i.e. chronologically. This is the #1 in the list.
The story starts quite slow by introducing the main characters, goes with:
Late in the spring of 1663 two travelers mounted on good horses were approaching Kyiv from the direction of Bilhorod. One was a young Cossack, armed for battle; the other, by his dress and white beard, appeared to be a priest, but by the long sword under his cassock, the pistols at his belt and the long scars on his face, looked like an old Cossack. Their horses were tired, their clothes covered with dust鈥攖hey had obviously traveled a long way
As readers soon find out, the younger Cossack is Petro and his father, former Cossack Colonel Shram (Scar) go for a visit to one of Shram鈥檚 comrades Cherevan (Bellied) before going to Kyiv and then to the current Hetman Somko. Here the story goes not a little bit cringy for modern readers, for among pleasantries Shram and Cherevan decided to marry their children who only just met and while Petro is eager, Cherevan鈥檚 only daughter Lesia is much less so, but she cannot say no and only her mother, who is way smarter than her dad, manages to turn the situation into a joke. As we find out soon after, the mom had a dream years ago that her child as a princess will marry a prince, and as this prince both mother and daughter see in Hetman Somko, a man twice her age, who kisses her into forehead as a daughter. As if this hasn鈥檛 been enough, there is the third candidate for Lecia鈥檚 hand, a Zaporizhian Cossack Kyrylo Tur (Bull). Zaporizhians are less like men and more like a force of nature, fickle weather that may give a great harvest one day and destroy everything with a flood another. A short quote that shows Tur鈥檚 attitude. After taking part in a feast as an honored guest instead of thanking the lord and lady of the house he quips: 鈥淭hank God and me and not our host. If he doesn鈥檛 feed me, someone else will and I shall not die of hunger.鈥�
Kyrylo, who as it turns out, once saved Shram from Poles, constantly claims that he鈥檒l steal Lesia and take her with him to Montenegro, leading her to a nervous breakdown, while men laugh at those too-impressive women. Kyrylo does what he has promised鈥�
All these troubles for Lesia are not as much to show gender roles of the period, but as an allusion to the fate of Ukrainian lands, for the second part of the story deals with the Black Council, an attempt to set another man as a Hetman. At the moment there are two 鈥� on the left (Muscovite) and right (Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth) banks of the river and there is a third, backed by Zaporizhians. By using populist rhetoric the latter gets the support of the poor peasants by offering them equality while bribing a Muscovite mission鈥�
It is a very interesting story on many levels: as the earliest historic novel that at the same time doesn鈥檛 fall in the usual romantic heroization of people who give their lives for their native land, but makes a lot of characters self-serving bastards; as a critique of populism way before most of the globe had democratic regimes, but monarchies; as a critical view on internal discontent instead of 鈥榚vil foreign invaders and heroic locals鈥� trope. At the same time, even if historically correct, the depicted male chauvinism, anti-Semitism and some other issues may trigger sensitive readers
I鈥檝e re-read it now because this year I plan to read more of Ukrainian classics, so I took (Ukr) and decided to go through the list as it is composed, i.e. chronologically. This is the #1 in the list.
The story starts quite slow by introducing the main characters, goes with:
Late in the spring of 1663 two travelers mounted on good horses were approaching Kyiv from the direction of Bilhorod. One was a young Cossack, armed for battle; the other, by his dress and white beard, appeared to be a priest, but by the long sword under his cassock, the pistols at his belt and the long scars on his face, looked like an old Cossack. Their horses were tired, their clothes covered with dust鈥攖hey had obviously traveled a long way
As readers soon find out, the younger Cossack is Petro and his father, former Cossack Colonel Shram (Scar) go for a visit to one of Shram鈥檚 comrades Cherevan (Bellied) before going to Kyiv and then to the current Hetman Somko. Here the story goes not a little bit cringy for modern readers, for among pleasantries Shram and Cherevan decided to marry their children who only just met and while Petro is eager, Cherevan鈥檚 only daughter Lesia is much less so, but she cannot say no and only her mother, who is way smarter than her dad, manages to turn the situation into a joke. As we find out soon after, the mom had a dream years ago that her child as a princess will marry a prince, and as this prince both mother and daughter see in Hetman Somko, a man twice her age, who kisses her into forehead as a daughter. As if this hasn鈥檛 been enough, there is the third candidate for Lecia鈥檚 hand, a Zaporizhian Cossack Kyrylo Tur (Bull). Zaporizhians are less like men and more like a force of nature, fickle weather that may give a great harvest one day and destroy everything with a flood another. A short quote that shows Tur鈥檚 attitude. After taking part in a feast as an honored guest instead of thanking the lord and lady of the house he quips: 鈥淭hank God and me and not our host. If he doesn鈥檛 feed me, someone else will and I shall not die of hunger.鈥�
Kyrylo, who as it turns out, once saved Shram from Poles, constantly claims that he鈥檒l steal Lesia and take her with him to Montenegro, leading her to a nervous breakdown, while men laugh at those too-impressive women. Kyrylo does what he has promised鈥�
All these troubles for Lesia are not as much to show gender roles of the period, but as an allusion to the fate of Ukrainian lands, for the second part of the story deals with the Black Council, an attempt to set another man as a Hetman. At the moment there are two 鈥� on the left (Muscovite) and right (Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth) banks of the river and there is a third, backed by Zaporizhians. By using populist rhetoric the latter gets the support of the poor peasants by offering them equality while bribing a Muscovite mission鈥�
It is a very interesting story on many levels: as the earliest historic novel that at the same time doesn鈥檛 fall in the usual romantic heroization of people who give their lives for their native land, but makes a lot of characters self-serving bastards; as a critique of populism way before most of the globe had democratic regimes, but monarchies; as a critical view on internal discontent instead of 鈥榚vil foreign invaders and heroic locals鈥� trope. At the same time, even if historically correct, the depicted male chauvinism, anti-Semitism and some other issues may trigger sensitive readers
November 27, 2022
袩械褉褕懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈泄 褉芯屑邪薪 胁 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻褨泄 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉褨 锌芯写械泻褍写懈 褉芯屑邪薪褌懈褔薪芯-褨写械邪谢褨褋褌懈褔薪懈泄, 锌芯写械泻褍写懈 锌邪褌褉褨邪褉褏邪谢褜薪芯-褕芯胁褨薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈泄. 袚芯谢芯胁薪褨 谐械褉芯褩, 锌芯谢泻芯胁薪懈泻 楔褉邪屑 蟹褨 褋胁芯褩屑 褋懈薪芯屑, 屑邪薪写褉褍褞褌褜 蟹 袩褉邪胁芯斜械褉械卸薪芯褩 校泻褉邪褩薪懈 薪邪 袥褨胁芯斜械褉械卸薪褍 - 胁 屑褨褋褌械褔泻芯 袧褨卸懈薪, 写械 屑邪褦 胁褨写斜褍褌懈褋褜 褔芯褉薪邪 (胁褋械蟹邪谐邪谢褜薪邪) 褉邪写邪.
袦褨褋褑褟 蟹屑褨薪褞褞褌褜 芯写薪械 芯写薪械, 褟泻 褍 褉芯褍写-屑褍胁褨. 效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪 褉邪蟹-锌芯-褉邪蟹 锌芯褋褌邪褦, 褟泻 褖芯褋褜 蟹邪谐褉芯蟹谢懈胁械, 薪械胁褨写胁芯褉芯褌薪械. 袣芯蟹邪褑褜泻邪 胁芯谢械谢褞斜薪褨褋褌褜 褌邪 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪褨 褍褋褌芯褩 袣褍谢褨褕械屑 蟹芯斜褉邪卸褍褞褌褜褋褟 褟泻 写卸械褉械谢芯 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜薪芯褩 薪械褋褌邪斜褨谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 薪邪锌褉邪胁写褍 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦 胁褋褨 写芯褋褌褍锌薪褨 泄芯屑褍 屑械褌芯写懈 (谐褉邪斜褍褦 泻邪蟹薪褍, 锌褨写泻褍锌芯胁褍褦 锌褉芯褋褌械 泻芯锟斤拷邪褑褌胁芯, 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞褦 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌褋褜泻懈屑懈 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻邪屑懈), 褖芯斜 写芯斜懈褌懈褋褜 褋胁芯褩褏 褑褨谢械泄 褌邪 芯褌褉懈屑邪褌懈 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褜泻褍 斜褍谢邪胁褍.
袣褍谢褨褕械胁邪 芯褋芯斜懈褋褌邪 写芯褉芯谐邪 蟹邪胁芯写懈褌懈屑械 泄芯谐芯 褔懈屑褉邪蟹 谐谢懈斜褕械 褍 蟹邪褋褍写卸械薪薪褟 泻芯蟹邪褑褌胁邪 褌邪 袪褍褩薪懈 褌邪 胁芯褋褏胁邪谢械薪薪褟 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 "褦写褨薪芯写褦褉卸邪胁褨褟". 携泻褖芯 褑褨泻邪胁芯, 褌芯 蟹胁械褉薪褨褌褜褋褟 写芯 "袝锌褨谢芯谐褍 写芯 效芯褉薪芯褩 袪邪写懈", 褟泻芯褞 袣褍谢褨褕 芯蟹写芯斜懈胁 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯屑芯胁薪械 胁懈写邪薪薪褟 褉芯屑邪薪褍 1857 褉芯泻褍.
袧邪 屑芯褞 写褍屑泻褍, 袣褍谢褨褕, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 泄 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨, 锌芯泻邪蟹邪胁 胁褉邪蟹谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯胁褉褟写褍胁邪薪薪褟, 泻芯谢懈 泄芯屑褍 蟹邪谐褉芯卸褍褞褌褜 写械褋锌芯褌懈褔薪褨 褨屑锌械褉褋褜泻褨 褉械卸懈屑懈. 袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 (胁 褌芯屑褍 褔懈褋谢褨 褨 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪) 蟹薪邪褦 锌褉懈泻谢邪写懈, 泻芯谢懈 写芯 胁谢邪写懈 褍 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪懈泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌褉懈褏芯写懈谢懈 谢褞写懈, 褖芯 蟹谐芯写芯屑 胁懈褌懈褉邪谢懈 薪芯谐懈 芯斜 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪褨 褋胁芯斜芯写懈 褌邪 薪邪褋邪写卸褍胁邪谢懈 褌懈褉邪薪褨褞. 小邪屑芯胁褉褟写褍胁邪薪薪褟 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁 褍 褉芯屑邪薪褨 袣褍谢褨褕邪 褋懈褉械 褌邪 褔芯褉薪械. 袧械锌懈褋械屑薪懈屑 薪邪褉芯写芯屑 谢械谐泻芯 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞胁邪褌懈. 孝芯屑褍 褔懈褌邪褞褔懈 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍" 褋褜芯谐芯写薪褨, 屑械薪械 薪械 锌芯泻懈写邪谢邪 写褍屑泻邪 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌褨褟 锌褉邪褑褞褦 褌褨谢褜泻懈 泻芯谢懈 褋锌懈褉邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪 褋懈谢褜薪懈泄 褨薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 芯褋胁褨褔械薪芯谐芯 褌邪 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 谐褉芯屑邪写褟薪褋褌胁邪.
袦褨褋褑褟 蟹屑褨薪褞褞褌褜 芯写薪械 芯写薪械, 褟泻 褍 褉芯褍写-屑褍胁褨. 效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪 褉邪蟹-锌芯-褉邪蟹 锌芯褋褌邪褦, 褟泻 褖芯褋褜 蟹邪谐褉芯蟹谢懈胁械, 薪械胁褨写胁芯褉芯褌薪械. 袣芯蟹邪褑褜泻邪 胁芯谢械谢褞斜薪褨褋褌褜 褌邪 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪褨 褍褋褌芯褩 袣褍谢褨褕械屑 蟹芯斜褉邪卸褍褞褌褜褋褟 褟泻 写卸械褉械谢芯 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜薪芯褩 薪械褋褌邪斜褨谢褜薪芯褋褌懈. 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 薪邪锌褉邪胁写褍 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦 胁褋褨 写芯褋褌褍锌薪褨 泄芯屑褍 屑械褌芯写懈 (谐褉邪斜褍褦 泻邪蟹薪褍, 锌褨写泻褍锌芯胁褍褦 锌褉芯褋褌械 泻芯锟斤拷邪褑褌胁芯, 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞褦 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌褋褜泻懈屑懈 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻邪屑懈), 褖芯斜 写芯斜懈褌懈褋褜 褋胁芯褩褏 褑褨谢械泄 褌邪 芯褌褉懈屑邪褌懈 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褜泻褍 斜褍谢邪胁褍.
袣褍谢褨褕械胁邪 芯褋芯斜懈褋褌邪 写芯褉芯谐邪 蟹邪胁芯写懈褌懈屑械 泄芯谐芯 褔懈屑褉邪蟹 谐谢懈斜褕械 褍 蟹邪褋褍写卸械薪薪褟 泻芯蟹邪褑褌胁邪 褌邪 袪褍褩薪懈 褌邪 胁芯褋褏胁邪谢械薪薪褟 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 "褦写褨薪芯写褦褉卸邪胁褨褟". 携泻褖芯 褑褨泻邪胁芯, 褌芯 蟹胁械褉薪褨褌褜褋褟 写芯 "袝锌褨谢芯谐褍 写芯 效芯褉薪芯褩 袪邪写懈", 褟泻芯褞 袣褍谢褨褕 芯蟹写芯斜懈胁 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯屑芯胁薪械 胁懈写邪薪薪褟 褉芯屑邪薪褍 1857 褉芯泻褍.
袧邪 屑芯褞 写褍屑泻褍, 袣褍谢褨褕, 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 泄 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨, 锌芯泻邪蟹邪胁 胁褉邪蟹谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯胁褉褟写褍胁邪薪薪褟, 泻芯谢懈 泄芯屑褍 蟹邪谐褉芯卸褍褞褌褜 写械褋锌芯褌懈褔薪褨 褨屑锌械褉褋褜泻褨 褉械卸懈屑懈. 袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 (胁 褌芯屑褍 褔懈褋谢褨 褨 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪) 蟹薪邪褦 锌褉懈泻谢邪写懈, 泻芯谢懈 写芯 胁谢邪写懈 褍 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪懈泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜 锌褉懈褏芯写懈谢懈 谢褞写懈, 褖芯 蟹谐芯写芯屑 胁懈褌懈褉邪谢懈 薪芯谐懈 芯斜 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌懈褔薪褨 褋胁芯斜芯写懈 褌邪 薪邪褋邪写卸褍胁邪谢懈 褌懈褉邪薪褨褞. 小邪屑芯胁褉褟写褍胁邪薪薪褟 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁 褍 褉芯屑邪薪褨 袣褍谢褨褕邪 褋懈褉械 褌邪 褔芯褉薪械. 袧械锌懈褋械屑薪懈屑 薪邪褉芯写芯屑 谢械谐泻芯 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞胁邪褌懈. 孝芯屑褍 褔懈褌邪褞褔懈 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍" 褋褜芯谐芯写薪褨, 屑械薪械 薪械 锌芯泻懈写邪谢邪 写褍屑泻邪 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 写械屑芯泻褉邪褌褨褟 锌褉邪褑褞褦 褌褨谢褜泻懈 泻芯谢懈 褋锌懈褉邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪 褋懈谢褜薪懈泄 褨薪褋褌懈褌褍褌 芯褋胁褨褔械薪芯谐芯 褌邪 胁褨写锌芯胁褨写邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 谐褉芯屑邪写褟薪褋褌胁邪.
November 10, 2020
袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 锌褉芯 锌褉懈褏褨写 写芯 胁谢邪写懈 锌芯锌褍谢懈褋褌褨胁, 褨 褔懈屑 胁芯薪芯 蟹邪泻褨薪褔褍褦褌褜褋褟. 袥邪薪褑褞卸芯泻 1663 - 1846-2019 褟泻 胁芯薪邪 褦. 袉褋褌芯褉褨褟 锌褉芯 锌褉懈褏褨写 写芯 胁谢邪写懈 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌邪 褌邪 褌械, 写芯 褔芯谐芯 褌芯泄 锌芯锌褍谢褨蟹屑 锌褉懈蟹胁芯写懈褌褜. 孝褉芯褕泻懈 锌褉褟屑芯谢褨薪褨泄薪芯 褌邪 薪邪褩胁薪芯 蟹邪 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈屑懈 屑褨褉泻邪屑懈 (芯 褌邪泻, 锌邪褌褟泻邪谢懈 褍 薪邪褋 蟹邪 褑褨 褋褌芯褉褨褔褔褟 写芯斜褉械 锌褉芯泻邪褔邪谢懈褋褟), 邪谢械 蟹邪 褋褍褌褌褞, 屑芯卸薪邪 胁蟹褟褌懈 斜褍写褜-褟泻褨 褉械锌谢褨泻懈 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻芯谐芯 蟹 褌胁芯褉褍 袣褍谢褨褕邪, 褌褉芯褕泻懈 "芯褋褍褔邪褋薪懈褌懈", 锌械褉械胁械褋褌懈 薪邪 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪褍 锌褉芯斜谢械屑邪褌懈泻褍 - 褨 芯褌褉懈屑邪褌懈 锌械褉械写胁懈斜芯褉褔褨 谐邪褋谢邪 芯写薪芯谐芯 锌褉械蟹懈写械薪褌邪. 袩褉懈 褌芯屑褍, 褨薪褕邪 褋褌芯褉芯薪邪 薪械 褨写械邪谢褨蟹褍褦褌褜褋褟 褌邪泻芯卸 (褖芯 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯), 斜邪 斜褨谢褜褕械, 写褍卸械 薪邪芯褔薪芯 锌芯泻邪蟹邪薪芯, 褟泻 锌褉懈胁谢邪写薪褨 胁屑褨褞褌褜 锌械褉械胁写褟谐邪褌懈褋褟 薪邪 褏芯写褍, 褨 褖芯 屑芯褋泻芯胁褨褟 - 褌芯 蟹邪胁卸写懈 锌褉芯 泻芯褉褍锌褑褨褞 褌邪 蟹褉邪写薪懈褑褌胁芯 (褏芯褔邪 邪胁褌芯褉 褨 薪邪屑邪谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 芯斜褨谢懈褌懈 "写芯斜褉芯谐芯 褑邪褉褟, 褟泻懈泄 薪褨褔芯谐芯-褌芯 薪械 蟹薪邪褦, 褖芯 泻芯褟褌褜 斜芯褟褉懈"). 袣芯褉芯褌褕械, 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 褌胁芯褉褍 褨 写芯褋褨 薪械 胁褌褉邪褔械薪芯.
袙锌谢懈胁 袙邪谢褜褌械褉邪 小泻芯褌褌邪 写褍卸械 胁褨写褔褍褌薪懈泄, 邪谢械 "效芯褉薪褨泄 袪邪写褨" 褌褉芯褏懈 斜褉邪泻褍褦 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜褨胁, 锌褉懈褌邪屑邪薪薪懈褏 泻褉邪褖懈屑 褌胁芯褉邪屑 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 褕芯褌谢邪薪写褑褟. 袪芯屑邪薪 胁懈写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹邪薪邪写褌芯 泻芯褉芯褌泻懈屑 褨 褎芯泻褍褋褍褦褌褜褋褟 屑邪泄卸械 薪邪 锌芯写褨褟褏 写械泻褨谢褜泻芯褏 写薪褨胁.
校褌褨屑, 屑芯胁邪 褨 褋褌懈谢褨蟹邪褑褨褟 - 褔褍写芯胁褨, 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪懈泄 褦 邪胁褌芯褉褋褜泻懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜, 褟褋泻褉邪胁褨, 写械褌邪谢褨蟹芯胁邪薪褨 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨. 孝械泻褋褌 - 褋褍褑褨谢褜薪械 械褋褌械褌懈褔薪械 蟹邪写芯胁芯谢械薪薪褟.
袙锌谢懈胁 袙邪谢褜褌械褉邪 小泻芯褌褌邪 写褍卸械 胁褨写褔褍褌薪懈泄, 邪谢械 "效芯褉薪褨泄 袪邪写褨" 褌褉芯褏懈 斜褉邪泻褍褦 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜褨胁, 锌褉懈褌邪屑邪薪薪懈褏 泻褉邪褖懈屑 褌胁芯褉邪屑 胁械谢懈泻芯谐芯 褕芯褌谢邪薪写褑褟. 袪芯屑邪薪 胁懈写邪褦褌褜褋褟 蟹邪薪邪写褌芯 泻芯褉芯褌泻懈屑 褨 褎芯泻褍褋褍褦褌褜褋褟 屑邪泄卸械 薪邪 锌芯写褨褟褏 写械泻褨谢褜泻芯褏 写薪褨胁.
校褌褨屑, 屑芯胁邪 褨 褋褌懈谢褨蟹邪褑褨褟 - 褔褍写芯胁褨, 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪懈泄 褦 邪胁褌芯褉褋褜泻懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜, 褟褋泻褉邪胁褨, 写械褌邪谢褨蟹芯胁邪薪褨 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨. 孝械泻褋褌 - 褋褍褑褨谢褜薪械 械褋褌械褌懈褔薪械 蟹邪写芯胁芯谢械薪薪褟.
November 30, 2023
袟邪褏芯锌谢懈胁懈泄 褨 邪褌屑芯褋褎械褉薪懈泄 褉芯屑邪薪, 褟泻懈泄 芯锌懈褋褍褦 褌械屑薪褨 褔邪褋懈 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩. 袛褍卸械 褑褨泻邪胁懈泄 蟹 褌芯褔泻懈 蟹芯褉褍 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈褏 锌芯写褨泄, 邪 褌邪泻芯卸 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉懈 校泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁 褌芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍.
March 31, 2025
4.5猸愶笍 袧械 屑芯卸褍 锌芯褋褌邪胁懈褌懈 袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪褍 薪懈卸褔褍 芯褑褨薪泻褍. 袗胁褌芯褉褋褜泻邪 屑芯胁邪 胁 褑褨泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 薪邪写蟹胁懈褔邪泄薪芯 泻褉邪褋懈胁邪, 蟹 斜邪褉胁懈褋褌懈屑懈 芯锌懈褋邪屑懈 褟泻 谐械褉芯褩胁, 褌邪泻 褨 锌芯写褨泄. 袗谢械 写械褟泻褨 褎褉邪蟹懈, 薪邪 泻褕褌邪谢褌 芦屑褨褋褑械 卸褨薪泻懈 斜褨谢褟 锌械褔褨禄, 褉褨蟹邪谢懈 胁褍褏芯, 褏芯褔 褟 泄 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褞, 褖芯 胁 泻芯薪褌械泻褋褌褨 褌芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍 褑械 斜褍谢邪 薪芯褉屑邪.
校 写懈褌懈薪褋褌胁褨 褑褟 泻薪懈谐邪 蟹邪褏芯锌谢褞胁邪谢邪 屑械薪械 谐械褉芯褩褔薪懈屑懈 褌邪 褉芯屑邪薪褌懈褔薪懈屑懈 褋褞卸械褌邪屑懈, 邪 褌械锌械褉, 锌械褉械褔懈褌褍褞褔懈 褩褩 写芯褉芯褋谢芯褞, 胁褨写泻褉懈胁邪褞 写谢褟 褋械斜械 薪芯胁褨 褋械薪褋懈. 笑械 胁械谢懈泻邪 褔邪褋褌懈薪邪 薪邪褕芯褩 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉懈, 褌芯卸 芯写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯 胁邪褉褌邪 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯斜 锌芯胁械褉褌邪褌懈褋褟 写芯 薪械褩 蟹 斜褨谢褜褕 褍褋胁褨写芯屑谢械薪懈屑 锌芯谐谢褟写芯屑.
校 写懈褌懈薪褋褌胁褨 褑褟 泻薪懈谐邪 蟹邪褏芯锌谢褞胁邪谢邪 屑械薪械 谐械褉芯褩褔薪懈屑懈 褌邪 褉芯屑邪薪褌懈褔薪懈屑懈 褋褞卸械褌邪屑懈, 邪 褌械锌械褉, 锌械褉械褔懈褌褍褞褔懈 褩褩 写芯褉芯褋谢芯褞, 胁褨写泻褉懈胁邪褞 写谢褟 褋械斜械 薪芯胁褨 褋械薪褋懈. 笑械 胁械谢懈泻邪 褔邪褋褌懈薪邪 薪邪褕芯褩 泻褍谢褜褌褍褉懈, 褌芯卸 芯写薪芯蟹薪邪褔薪芯 胁邪褉褌邪 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯斜 锌芯胁械褉褌邪褌懈褋褟 写芯 薪械褩 蟹 斜褨谢褜褕 褍褋胁褨写芯屑谢械薪懈屑 锌芯谐谢褟写芯屑.
July 10, 2024
效芯褉薪邪 蟹褉邪写邪. 小谢褨锌懈泄 褨写械邪谢褨蟹屑 褨 褌褍锌懈泄 锌芯锌褍谢褨蟹屑. 袨斜屑邪薪褍谢懈 胁褋褨褏 褨 褋邪屑懈褏 褋械斜械.
December 5, 2020
芦袦芯卸械 褑械 褌褨谢褜泻懈 薪邪 薪邪褍泻褍 屑懈褉芯胁褨 褨 锌褍褋褌懈胁 袚芯褋锌芯写褜 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 胁 褉褍泻懈 褏邪褉褑懈蟹褟泻邪屑. 袧械 屑芯卸薪邪, 屑邪斜褍写褜, 褨薪褕械 褟泻 谐芯褉械屑 褌邪 斜褨写芯褞 写芯胁械褋褌懈 谢褞写械泄 写芯 褉芯蟹褍屑褍禄 (1863 褉.)
September 8, 2021
袧邪 写懈胁芯 谢械谐泻芯 褔懈褌邪褦褌褜褋褟 褨 锌械褉械谐褍泻褍褦褌褜褋褟 蟹 褋褜芯谐芯写械薪薪褟屑.
袙懈锌褍褋泻 锌芯写泻邪褋褌褍 鈥溞熜笛€械肖邪褉斜芯胁邪薪泄 谢懈褋鈥� 薪邪 锌褉芯 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍"
Youtube
袙懈锌褍褋泻 锌芯写泻邪褋褌褍 鈥溞熜笛€械肖邪褉斜芯胁邪薪泄 谢懈褋鈥� 薪邪 锌褉芯 "效芯褉薪褍 褉邪写褍"
Youtube
April 6, 2025
效懈褌邪褞褔懈 褍 褕泻芯谢褨, 斜褍谢芯 胁邪卸泻芯 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈, 褔芯屑褍 薪械 写褨泄褕谢懈 蟹谐芯写懈, 胁褋械 蟹写邪胁邪谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯褋褌芯, 斜芯 卸 锌褉芯 褉芯蟹斜褉邪褌 褨 泄芯谐芯 薪邪褋谢褨写泻懈 屑芯卸薪邪 斜褍谢芯 泄 蟹写芯谐邪写邪褌懈褋褟. 袉 蟹写芯谐邪写邪褌懈褋褟 屑芯卸薪邪 斜褍谢芯, 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褟泻 胁懈褉褨褕懈褌懈, 褟泻 写芯屑芯胁懈褌懈褋褟 - 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 蟹邪胁卸写懈 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪褨, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 屑邪褞褔懈 薪械蟹邪谢械卸薪褍 写械褉卸邪胁褍, 锌芯褏懈褌薪褍褌懈 锌械褉械泻芯薪邪薪薪褟 谢褞写械泄 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯. 袩邪褉邪谢械谢械泄 蟹 锌褨蟹薪褨褕懈屑懈 锌械褉褨芯写邪屑懈 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩 褨 蟹 褋褍褔邪褋薪褨褋褌褞 褌褍褌 薪械屑邪谢芯.
些芯褉邪蟹褍 蟹胁械褉褌邪谢邪 褍胁邪谐褍 薪邪 褌械, 褟泻懈屑 薪械褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁懈屑 斜褍谢芯 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褖械 卸褨薪芯泻 胁 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪芯屑褍 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁褨.
袙 褉芯屑邪薪褨 芯锌懈褋邪薪褨 写械褌邪谢褨 锌芯斜褍褌褍, 蟹胁懈褔邪褩, 写褍卸械 泻芯谢芯褉懈褌薪芯, 褨 褟泻 胁械写械褌褜褋褟 芯锌芯胁褨写褜 褋锌芯写芯斜邪谢芯褋褟, 褔懈褌邪褔 薪褨斜懈 芯褔械胁懈写械褑褜 锌芯写褨泄.
些芯褉邪蟹褍 蟹胁械褉褌邪谢邪 褍胁邪谐褍 薪邪 褌械, 褟泻懈屑 薪械褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁懈屑 斜褍谢芯 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褖械 卸褨薪芯泻 胁 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪芯屑褍 褋褍褋锌褨谢褜褋褌胁褨.
袙 褉芯屑邪薪褨 芯锌懈褋邪薪褨 写械褌邪谢褨 锌芯斜褍褌褍, 蟹胁懈褔邪褩, 写褍卸械 泻芯谢芯褉懈褌薪芯, 褨 褟泻 胁械写械褌褜褋褟 芯锌芯胁褨写褜 褋锌芯写芯斜邪谢芯褋褟, 褔懈褌邪褔 薪褨斜懈 芯褔械胁懈写械褑褜 锌芯写褨泄.
June 27, 2024
袗泻褌褍邪谢褜薪懈泄 褌胁褨褉:
鈥溞溞拘缎�, 褋械 褌褨谢褜泻芯 薪邪 薪邪褍泻褍 屑懈褉芯胁褨 褨 锌褍褋褌懈胁 谐芯褋锌芯写褜 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 胁 褉褍泻懈 褏邪褉褑懈蟹褟泻邪屑. 袧械 屑芯卸薪邪, 屑邪斜褍褌褜, 褨薪褕械, 褟泻 褌褨谢褜泻芯 谐芯褉械屑 写邪 斜褨写芯褞, 写芯胁械褋褌懈 谢褞写械泄 写芯 褉芯蟹褍屑褍鈥�
袦芯卸谢懈胁芯 锌褉芯褉芯褔懈泄:
"袙卸械, 鈥� 写褍屑邪胁, 鈥� 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 谢褟褏邪屑 蟹邪 褋械斜械 芯写写褟褔懈谢邪, 薪械写芯谢褟褕泻褨胁 胁懈谐薪邪谢邪, 褍薪褨褞 褋褌械褉谢邪, 卸懈写芯胁褍 锌械褉械写褍褕懈谢邪. 孝械锌械褉 薪械褏邪泄, 鈥� 泻邪卸械, 鈥� 卸懈胁械 谐褉芯屑邪写褋褜泻懈屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑".
袣芯谢懈 卸 写懈胁懈褌褜褋褟, 邪卸 褨蟹薪芯胁 薪械谐邪褉邪蟹写 锌芯褔懈薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪 袙泻褉邪褩薪褨. 小胁邪褉懈 写邪 褔胁邪褉懈, 褨 胁卸械 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褜泻芯褞 斜褍谢邪胁芯褞 锌芯褔邪谢懈 谐褉邪褌懈褋褜, 屑芯胁 褑褨锌泻芯屑. 袩芯胁械褉薪褍谢芯褋褜 褍 褋褌邪褉芯谐芯 褋械褉褑械, 褟泻 锌芯褔褍胁, 褖芯 泻芯蟹邪褑褜泻邪 泻褉芯胁 褨谢谢褦褌褜褋褟 锌芯薪邪写 袛薪褨锌褉芯屑 褔械褉械蟹 袙懈谐芯胁褋褜泻芯谐芯[14] 褨 褔械褉械蟹 薪邪胁褨卸械薪芯谐芯 挟褉褍褋褟 啸屑械谢褜薪懈褔械薪泻邪,[15] 褖芯 芯写械褉卸邪胁 锌褨褋谢褟 泄芯谐芯 谐械褌褜屑邪薪芯胁邪薪薪褦; 邪 褟泻 写芯褋褌邪谢邪褋褜 芯写 挟褉褍褋褟 斜褍谢邪胁邪 孝械褌械褉褨,[16] 褌芯 胁褨薪 邪卸 蟹邪 谐芯谢芯胁褍 胁褏芯锌懈胁褋褟.鈥�
鈥溞溞拘缎�, 褋械 褌褨谢褜泻芯 薪邪 薪邪褍泻褍 屑懈褉芯胁褨 褨 锌褍褋褌懈胁 谐芯褋锌芯写褜 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 胁 褉褍泻懈 褏邪褉褑懈蟹褟泻邪屑. 袧械 屑芯卸薪邪, 屑邪斜褍褌褜, 褨薪褕械, 褟泻 褌褨谢褜泻芯 谐芯褉械屑 写邪 斜褨写芯褞, 写芯胁械褋褌懈 谢褞写械泄 写芯 褉芯蟹褍屑褍鈥�
袦芯卸谢懈胁芯 锌褉芯褉芯褔懈泄:
"袙卸械, 鈥� 写褍屑邪胁, 鈥� 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 谢褟褏邪屑 蟹邪 褋械斜械 芯写写褟褔懈谢邪, 薪械写芯谢褟褕泻褨胁 胁懈谐薪邪谢邪, 褍薪褨褞 褋褌械褉谢邪, 卸懈写芯胁褍 锌械褉械写褍褕懈谢邪. 孝械锌械褉 薪械褏邪泄, 鈥� 泻邪卸械, 鈥� 卸懈胁械 谐褉芯屑邪写褋褜泻懈屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑".
袣芯谢懈 卸 写懈胁懈褌褜褋褟, 邪卸 褨蟹薪芯胁 薪械谐邪褉邪蟹写 锌芯褔懈薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪 袙泻褉邪褩薪褨. 小胁邪褉懈 写邪 褔胁邪褉懈, 褨 胁卸械 谐械褌褜屑邪薪褋褜泻芯褞 斜褍谢邪胁芯褞 锌芯褔邪谢懈 谐褉邪褌懈褋褜, 屑芯胁 褑褨锌泻芯屑. 袩芯胁械褉薪褍谢芯褋褜 褍 褋褌邪褉芯谐芯 褋械褉褑械, 褟泻 锌芯褔褍胁, 褖芯 泻芯蟹邪褑褜泻邪 泻褉芯胁 褨谢谢褦褌褜褋褟 锌芯薪邪写 袛薪褨锌褉芯屑 褔械褉械蟹 袙懈谐芯胁褋褜泻芯谐芯[14] 褨 褔械褉械蟹 薪邪胁褨卸械薪芯谐芯 挟褉褍褋褟 啸屑械谢褜薪懈褔械薪泻邪,[15] 褖芯 芯写械褉卸邪胁 锌褨褋谢褟 泄芯谐芯 谐械褌褜屑邪薪芯胁邪薪薪褦; 邪 褟泻 写芯褋褌邪谢邪褋褜 芯写 挟褉褍褋褟 斜褍谢邪胁邪 孝械褌械褉褨,[16] 褌芯 胁褨薪 邪卸 蟹邪 谐芯谢芯胁褍 胁褏芯锌懈胁褋褟.鈥�
March 14, 2023
袨写懈薪 屑褨薪褍褋 屑邪褦 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻邪 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉邪, 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯 褌邪, 褟泻邪 锌芯斜褍写芯胁邪薪邪 薪邪 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈褏 锌芯写褨褟褏, - 褩褩 薪械屑芯卸谢懈胁芯 褔懈褌邪褌懈 斜械蟹 斜芯谢褞 胁 褋械褉褑褨, 斜芯 泻芯卸薪械 褋谢芯胁芯, 褔懈 褌芯 写褨褟, 褔懈 褋懈褌褍邪褑褨褟, 褑械 褌邪泻械, 褖芯 胁褨写谐褍泻褍褦褌褜褋褟 胁 褌芯斜褨. 袪芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褟屑, 褋锌褨胁褔褍褌褌褟屑, 谐芯褉写褨褋褌褞, 薪械薪邪胁懈褋褌褞, 斜芯 褋胁褨褌 锌芯胁褌芯褉褞胁邪薪懈泄 褨 褑械 胁褋械 胁卸械 胁 斜褍谢芯, 谢懈褕械 胁 褨薪褕懈褏 谐械褉芯褟褏 褌邪 褔邪褋邪褏.
孝械, 褖芯 胁褨写斜褍胁邪谢芯褋褜 胁 1663, 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褦褌褜褋褟 褨 胁 2023. 袟写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 4 胁褨泻懈 锌褉芯泄褕谢芯, 邪 褔胁邪褉懈 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褞褌褜褋褟 褌褨 褋邪屑褨. 袉 写邪谢褨 薪械 屑芯卸褍褌褜 锌芯写褨谢懈褌懈 褌褍 校泻褉邪褩薪褍, 斜褍谢邪胁褍, 胁谢邪写褍, 褨 泻芯卸薪械 褌褟谐薪械 薪邪 褋械斜械, 斜芯 胁胁邪卸邪褦, 褖芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 胁褨薪 芯写懈薪 锌褉邪胁懈泄, 邪谢械 胁芯褉芯谐邪 褌褉械斜邪 薪械 褕褍泻邪褌懈 薪械 屑褨卸 薪邪褋, 邪 蟹蟹芯胁薪褨.
孝邪 泄 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨褟 屑邪褋 褌褍褌 锌褉懈褋褍褌薪褟, 褟泻 谢械谐泻芯 泻械褉褍胁邪褌懈 薪邪褌芯胁锌芯屑, 蟹邪写褍褉懈褌懈 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑懈 谐邪褉薪懈屑懈 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌褋褜泻懈屑懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 谢械谐泻懈屑懈 褉褨褕械薪薪褟屑懈. 袉 胁褋械 胁 锌褨写褌褉懈屑泻褍 谐褉芯褕械泄, 谐褉芯褕械泄, 胁谢邪写懈. 些芯斜 蟹邪谐邪褉斜邪褌懈 褋芯斜褨 褨 褋芯斜褨 锌芯斜褨谢褜褕械.
小锌芯写芯斜邪胁褋褟 芯斜褉邪蟹 袘芯卸芯谐芯 效芯谢芯胁褨泻邪, 褋械斜褌芯 泻芯斜蟹邪褉褟. 袙褨薪 胁懈褋褌褍锌邪褦 褌褍褌, 褟泻 屑褍写褉械褑褜, 褟泻 胁褔懈褌械谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 褨 薪械 蟹邪 褌懈褏, 褨 薪械 褨薪褕懈褏. 袙褨薪 胁卸械 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨胁, 褖芯 褌芯 胁褋械 芦褋褍褦褌邪 褋褍褦褌禄, 褨 褋械薪褋褍 薪械屑邪褦. 袙褨薪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 袆 蟹褨 褋胁芯褦褞 屑褍写褉褨褋褌褞 褨 泄芯屑褍 薪械 褌褉械斜邪 薪褨褔芯谐芯 斜褨谢褜褕械.
袣芯谢懈 屑邪谢懈泄 楔褉邪屑械薪泻芯 锌芯写褨谢懈胁褋褟 蟹 薪懈屑 褋屑褍褌泻芯屑, 褖芯 屑芯胁谢褟胁, 褟泻 褌邪泻, 褖芯 胁 褋胁褨褌褨 谢械写邪褖芯 锌邪薪褍褦, 邪 写芯斜褉械 蟹邪 锌褉邪褑褞 泄 谐芯褉械 薪械 屑邪褦 卸芯写薪芯褩 薪邪谐褉邪写懈? (袨褌 褌芯斜褨 胁褨褔薪械 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 薪械褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁芯褋褌懈 卸懈褌褌褟), 邪 袘芯卸懈泄 效芯谢芯胁褨泻 泄芯屑褍 薪邪 褌械 芯褌胁褨褔邪褦: 芦袧械屑邪褦, 泻邪卸械褕, 薪邪谐褉邪写懈! 袟邪 褖芯 薪邪谐褉邪写懈? 袟邪 褌械, 褖芯 胁 屑械薪械 写褍褕邪 谢褍褔褔邪 芯写 屑芯褩褏 斜谢懈卸薪褨褏?
袗 褋械 卸 褏褨斜邪 屑邪谢邪 屑懈谢芯褋褌褜 袚芯褋锌芯写薪褟? 袦邪谢邪 屑懈谢芯褋褌褜, 褖芯 屑芯褟 写褍褕邪 褋屑褨褦 褨 蟹屑芯卸械 褌邪泻械, 褖芯 褨薪褕芯屑褍 泄 薪械 锌褉懈褋薪懈褌褜-褋褟?.. 袉薪褕懈泄 褨褖械 褋泻邪卸械, 褖芯 褌邪泻懈泄 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻, 褟泻 褌胁褨泄 锌邪薪-芯褌械褑褜, 褍谐邪薪褟褦 蟹邪 褋谢邪胁芯褞! 啸懈屑械褉邪! 小谢邪胁懈 褌褉械斜邪 屑懈褉芯胁褨, 邪 薪械 褌芯屑褍, 褏褌芯 褋谢邪胁械薪. 袦懈褉 薪械褏邪泄 薪邪胁褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 写芯斜褉褍, 褋谢褍褏邪-
褞褔懈, 褟泻 芯写写邪胁邪谢懈 卸懈蟹薪褜 蟹邪 谢褞写褋褜泻械 斜谢邪谐芯; 邪 褋谢邪胁薪芯屑褍 褋谢邪胁邪 褍 袘芯谐邪!禄
袨褌邪泻邪 薪邪泄谢褨锌褕邪 屑褍写褉褨褋褌褜, 褖芯 褟 胁蟹褟谢邪 写谢褟 褋械斜械 蟹 褋械褩 泻薪懈卸泻懈, 斜芯 褦 薪邪谐褉邪写邪, 褌邪 褦写懈薪邪, 写谢褟 褌械斜械 - 褑械 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褟 写谢褟 褋邪屑芯谐芯 褋械斜械, 褖芯 褌懈 卸懈胁械褕 谢褨锌褕械 胁褨写 褨薪褕懈褏. 袉 褖芯 写褍褕邪 褌胁芯褟 谢褍褔褔邪. 袉 褖芯 屑邪褦褕 褋胁褨泄 褕谢褟褏 褨 写芯褉芯谐褍. 袉 褌芯 褦 褌胁芯褦.
孝械, 褖芯 胁褨写斜褍胁邪谢芯褋褜 胁 1663, 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褦褌褜褋褟 褨 胁 2023. 袟写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 4 胁褨泻懈 锌褉芯泄褕谢芯, 邪 褔胁邪褉懈 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褞褌褜褋褟 褌褨 褋邪屑褨. 袉 写邪谢褨 薪械 屑芯卸褍褌褜 锌芯写褨谢懈褌懈 褌褍 校泻褉邪褩薪褍, 斜褍谢邪胁褍, 胁谢邪写褍, 褨 泻芯卸薪械 褌褟谐薪械 薪邪 褋械斜械, 斜芯 胁胁邪卸邪褦, 褖芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 胁褨薪 芯写懈薪 锌褉邪胁懈泄, 邪谢械 胁芯褉芯谐邪 褌褉械斜邪 薪械 褕褍泻邪褌懈 薪械 屑褨卸 薪邪褋, 邪 蟹蟹芯胁薪褨.
孝邪 泄 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨褟 屑邪褋 褌褍褌 锌褉懈褋褍褌薪褟, 褟泻 谢械谐泻芯 泻械褉褍胁邪褌懈 薪邪褌芯胁锌芯屑, 蟹邪写褍褉懈褌懈 谐芯谢芯胁薪懈屑懈 谐邪褉薪懈屑懈 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌褋褜泻懈屑懈 胁懈褋谢芯胁邪屑懈, 谢械谐泻懈屑懈 褉褨褕械薪薪褟屑懈. 袉 胁褋械 胁 锌褨写褌褉懈屑泻褍 谐褉芯褕械泄, 谐褉芯褕械泄, 胁谢邪写懈. 些芯斜 蟹邪谐邪褉斜邪褌懈 褋芯斜褨 褨 褋芯斜褨 锌芯斜褨谢褜褕械.
小锌芯写芯斜邪胁褋褟 芯斜褉邪蟹 袘芯卸芯谐芯 效芯谢芯胁褨泻邪, 褋械斜褌芯 泻芯斜蟹邪褉褟. 袙褨薪 胁懈褋褌褍锌邪褦 褌褍褌, 褟泻 屑褍写褉械褑褜, 褟泻 胁褔懈褌械谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 褨 薪械 蟹邪 褌懈褏, 褨 薪械 褨薪褕懈褏. 袙褨薪 胁卸械 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨胁, 褖芯 褌芯 胁褋械 芦褋褍褦褌邪 褋褍褦褌禄, 褨 褋械薪褋褍 薪械屑邪褦. 袙褨薪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 袆 蟹褨 褋胁芯褦褞 屑褍写褉褨褋褌褞 褨 泄芯屑褍 薪械 褌褉械斜邪 薪褨褔芯谐芯 斜褨谢褜褕械.
袣芯谢懈 屑邪谢懈泄 楔褉邪屑械薪泻芯 锌芯写褨谢懈胁褋褟 蟹 薪懈屑 褋屑褍褌泻芯屑, 褖芯 屑芯胁谢褟胁, 褟泻 褌邪泻, 褖芯 胁 褋胁褨褌褨 谢械写邪褖芯 锌邪薪褍褦, 邪 写芯斜褉械 蟹邪 锌褉邪褑褞 泄 谐芯褉械 薪械 屑邪褦 卸芯写薪芯褩 薪邪谐褉邪写懈? (袨褌 褌芯斜褨 胁褨褔薪械 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟 薪械褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁芯褋褌懈 卸懈褌褌褟), 邪 袘芯卸懈泄 效芯谢芯胁褨泻 泄芯屑褍 薪邪 褌械 芯褌胁褨褔邪褦: 芦袧械屑邪褦, 泻邪卸械褕, 薪邪谐褉邪写懈! 袟邪 褖芯 薪邪谐褉邪写懈? 袟邪 褌械, 褖芯 胁 屑械薪械 写褍褕邪 谢褍褔褔邪 芯写 屑芯褩褏 斜谢懈卸薪褨褏?
袗 褋械 卸 褏褨斜邪 屑邪谢邪 屑懈谢芯褋褌褜 袚芯褋锌芯写薪褟? 袦邪谢邪 屑懈谢芯褋褌褜, 褖芯 屑芯褟 写褍褕邪 褋屑褨褦 褨 蟹屑芯卸械 褌邪泻械, 褖芯 褨薪褕芯屑褍 泄 薪械 锌褉懈褋薪懈褌褜-褋褟?.. 袉薪褕懈泄 褨褖械 褋泻邪卸械, 褖芯 褌邪泻懈泄 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻, 褟泻 褌胁褨泄 锌邪薪-芯褌械褑褜, 褍谐邪薪褟褦 蟹邪 褋谢邪胁芯褞! 啸懈屑械褉邪! 小谢邪胁懈 褌褉械斜邪 屑懈褉芯胁褨, 邪 薪械 褌芯屑褍, 褏褌芯 褋谢邪胁械薪. 袦懈褉 薪械褏邪泄 薪邪胁褔邪褦褌褜褋褟 写芯斜褉褍, 褋谢褍褏邪-
褞褔懈, 褟泻 芯写写邪胁邪谢懈 卸懈蟹薪褜 蟹邪 谢褞写褋褜泻械 斜谢邪谐芯; 邪 褋谢邪胁薪芯屑褍 褋谢邪胁邪 褍 袘芯谐邪!禄
袨褌邪泻邪 薪邪泄谢褨锌褕邪 屑褍写褉褨褋褌褜, 褖芯 褟 胁蟹褟谢邪 写谢褟 褋械斜械 蟹 褋械褩 泻薪懈卸泻懈, 斜芯 褦 薪邪谐褉邪写邪, 褌邪 褦写懈薪邪, 写谢褟 褌械斜械 - 褑械 褉芯蟹褍屑褨薪薪褟 写谢褟 褋邪屑芯谐芯 褋械斜械, 褖芯 褌懈 卸懈胁械褕 谢褨锌褕械 胁褨写 褨薪褕懈褏. 袉 褖芯 写褍褕邪 褌胁芯褟 谢褍褔褔邪. 袉 褖芯 屑邪褦褕 褋胁褨泄 褕谢褟褏 褨 写芯褉芯谐褍. 袉 褌芯 褦 褌胁芯褦.
March 23, 2023
"效芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪" 袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪邪 袣褍谢褨褕邪 - 锌械褉褕懈泄 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈泄 褉芯屑邪薪. 校 薪褜芯屑褍 芯锌懈褋邪薪褨 薪械锌械胁薪褨 褔邪褋懈 锌褨褋谢褟 褋屑械褉褌褨 袘芯谐写邪薪邪 啸屑械谢褜薪懈褑褜泻芯谐芯, 褔芯褉薪邪 褉邪写邪 褍 袧褨卸懈薪褨, 薪邪 褟泻褍 蟹褨斜褉邪谢芯褋褟 泻芯蟹邪褑褌胁芯 薪邪胁械褋薪褨 1663 褉芯泻褍.
鉅赌
效懈褌邪谢邪 锌褉芯 褌褨 锌芯写褨褩 褨 锌芯褉褨胁薪褞胁邪谢邪 褨蟹 褋褜芯谐芯写械薪薪褟屑. 360 褉芯泻褨胁 屑懈薪褍谢芯, 邪 薪褨褔芯谐芯 薪械 蟹屑褨薪懈谢芯褋褟: 斜芯褉芯褌褜斜邪 蟹邪 胁谢邪写褍, 芯写懈薪 薪邪褉芯写 锌芯写褨谢械薪懈泄 薪邪 写胁邪 褌邪斜芯褉懈 薪邪 褔芯谢褨 褨蟹 褋懈谢褜薪懈屑懈 谢褨写械褉邪屑懈, 卸芯写械薪 褨蟹 褟泻懈褏 薪械 褏芯褔械 褋泻谢邪写邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩褏 锌芯胁薪芯胁邪卸械薪褜, 褨 锌褨写褋褌褍锌薪懈泄 褋褍褋褨写, 褖芯 锌褨写谢懈胁邪褦 芯谢懈胁褍 褍 胁芯谐薪懈褖械 褉芯蟹斜褉邪褌褍.
鉅赌
袣薪懈谐邪 薪械胁械谢懈褔泻邪 蟹邪 芯斜褋褟谐芯屑, 邪谢械 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨胁 褍 薪褨泄 斜邪谐邪褌芯. 袉 泻芯卸薪芯谐芯 邪胁褌芯褉 蟹褍屑褨胁 写械褌邪谢褜薪芯 锌褉芯锌懈褋邪褌懈, 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 泄芯谐芯 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯褋褌褨, 锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨 褨 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪褨 褟泻芯褋褌褨. 孝邪泻芯卸 褍 袣褍谢褨褕邪 写褍卸械 屑邪谢褜芯胁薪懈褔褨 褨 邪褌屑芯褋褎械褉薪褨 芯锌懈褋懈 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪懈褏 屑褨褋褌 褨 褋械谢懈褖 - 褑械 写懈胁芯胁懈卸薪邪 锌芯械蟹褨褟 褍 锌褉芯蟹褨, 械褋褌械褌懈褔薪邪 薪邪褋芯谢芯写邪.
鉅赌
袙泻褌芯褉械 锌械褉械泻芯薪邪谢邪褋褜, 褖芯 蟹邪 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 谐懈薪褍谢懈 褨 谐懈薪褍褌褜 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖褨. 袗谢械 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褍 薪邪泄褌械屑薪褨褕褨 褔邪褋懈 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟 屑褨褋褑械 写谢褟 褖邪褋褌褟. 笑械 邪胁褌芯褉 锌芯泻邪蟹邪胁 薪邪 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨 袥械褋褨 褨 袩械褌褉邪.
鉅赌
袣薪懈谐邪 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪邪 褨 褑褨泻邪胁邪.
鉅赌
效懈褌邪谢邪 锌褉芯 褌褨 锌芯写褨褩 褨 锌芯褉褨胁薪褞胁邪谢邪 褨蟹 褋褜芯谐芯写械薪薪褟屑. 360 褉芯泻褨胁 屑懈薪褍谢芯, 邪 薪褨褔芯谐芯 薪械 蟹屑褨薪懈谢芯褋褟: 斜芯褉芯褌褜斜邪 蟹邪 胁谢邪写褍, 芯写懈薪 薪邪褉芯写 锌芯写褨谢械薪懈泄 薪邪 写胁邪 褌邪斜芯褉懈 薪邪 褔芯谢褨 褨蟹 褋懈谢褜薪懈屑懈 谢褨写械褉邪屑懈, 卸芯写械薪 褨蟹 褟泻懈褏 薪械 褏芯褔械 褋泻谢邪写邪褌懈 褋胁芯褩褏 锌芯胁薪芯胁邪卸械薪褜, 褨 锌褨写褋褌褍锌薪懈泄 褋褍褋褨写, 褖芯 锌褨写谢懈胁邪褦 芯谢懈胁褍 褍 胁芯谐薪懈褖械 褉芯蟹斜褉邪褌褍.
鉅赌
袣薪懈谐邪 薪械胁械谢懈褔泻邪 蟹邪 芯斜褋褟谐芯屑, 邪谢械 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨胁 褍 薪褨泄 斜邪谐邪褌芯. 袉 泻芯卸薪芯谐芯 邪胁褌芯褉 蟹褍屑褨胁 写械褌邪谢褜薪芯 锌褉芯锌懈褋邪褌懈, 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 泄芯谐芯 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯褋褌褨, 锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨 褨 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪褨 褟泻芯褋褌褨. 孝邪泻芯卸 褍 袣褍谢褨褕邪 写褍卸械 屑邪谢褜芯胁薪懈褔褨 褨 邪褌屑芯褋褎械褉薪褨 芯锌懈褋懈 褌芯谐芯褔邪褋薪懈褏 屑褨褋褌 褨 褋械谢懈褖 - 褑械 写懈胁芯胁懈卸薪邪 锌芯械蟹褨褟 褍 锌褉芯蟹褨, 械褋褌械褌懈褔薪邪 薪邪褋芯谢芯写邪.
鉅赌
袙泻褌芯褉械 锌械褉械泻芯薪邪谢邪褋褜, 褖芯 蟹邪 校泻褉邪褩薪褍 谐懈薪褍谢懈 褨 谐懈薪褍褌褜 薪邪泄泻褉邪褖褨. 袗谢械 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褍 薪邪泄褌械屑薪褨褕褨 褔邪褋懈 胁 卸懈褌褌褨 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌褜褋褟 屑褨褋褑械 写谢褟 褖邪褋褌褟. 笑械 邪胁褌芯褉 锌芯泻邪蟹邪胁 薪邪 锌褉懈泻谢邪写褨 袥械褋褨 褨 袩械褌褉邪.
鉅赌
袣薪懈谐邪 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪邪 褨 褑褨泻邪胁邪.
May 17, 2017
袧邪 褋邪屑芯屑 写械谢械 褟 褉邪写, 褔褌芯 薪械 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪谢 褝褌芯 锌芯写 褕泻芯谢褜薪褘屑 泻薪褍褌芯屑, 邪 褉械褕懈谢 胁芯褌 褌芯谢褜泻芯 褋械泄褔邪褋, 褋邪屑芯褋褌芯褟褌械谢褜薪芯. 袩褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈械 写械泄褋褌胁懈褌械谢褜薪芯 芯褔械薪褜 褍胁谢械泻邪褌械谢褜薪芯 泻邪泻 褋 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻芯泄 (芯锌懈褋邪薪懈械 褋褌邪褉芯谐芯 袣懈械胁邪 胁芯芯斜褖械 褋褍锌械褉邪褌屑芯褋褎械褉薪芯械, 薪芯, 褋邪屑芯 褋芯斜芯泄, 褌褍褌 褋薪邪褔邪谢邪 谢懈褔薪芯 锌芯斜褘胁邪褌褜 薪褍卸薪芯), 褌邪泻 懈 褋 锌芯谢懈褌懈褔械褋泻芯泄 褌芯褔泻懈 蟹褉械薪懈褟. 袨 薪械泻芯褌芯褉褘褏 胁械褖邪褏, 芯锌懈褋邪薪薪褘褏 胁 效械褉薪芯泄 袪邪写械, 褋褌芯懈褌 褋褌芯懈褌 蟹邪写褍屑邪褌褜褋褟 懈 褋械泄褔邪褋, 胁 褌芯屑 褔懈褋谢械, 懈 芯 谢懈褔薪芯屑 锌芯胁械写械薪懈懈.
袩褉芯褔懈褌邪谢芯褋褜 薪邪 芯写薪芯屑 写褘褏邪薪懈懈, 锌褉邪胁写邪, 芯褔械薪褜 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯谢芯薪懈蟹屑芯胁, 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍 胁 15 谢械褌 褉芯屑邪薪 锌芯薪懈屑邪褌褜 锌芯谢薪芯褑械薪薪芯 薪械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌褋褟 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪褘屑 写谢褟 褔械谢芯胁械泻邪 懈蟹 褉褍褋褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪芯谐芯 谐芯褉芯写邪. 袙 锌褉芯褔械屑, 锌芯谢邪谐邪褞, 斜械蟹 芯锌褘褌邪 卸懈蟹薪懈 胁薪械 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈泄 褌芯卸械.
袩褉芯褔懈褌邪谢芯褋褜 薪邪 芯写薪芯屑 写褘褏邪薪懈懈, 锌褉邪胁写邪, 芯褔械薪褜 屑薪芯谐芯 锌芯谢芯薪懈蟹屑芯胁, 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯 锌芯褝褌芯屑褍 胁 15 谢械褌 褉芯屑邪薪 锌芯薪懈屑邪褌褜 锌芯谢薪芯褑械薪薪芯 薪械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌褋褟 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪褘屑 写谢褟 褔械谢芯胁械泻邪 懈蟹 褉褍褋褋泻芯褟蟹褘褔薪芯谐芯 谐芯褉芯写邪. 袙 锌褉芯褔械屑, 锌芯谢邪谐邪褞, 斜械蟹 芯锌褘褌邪 卸懈蟹薪懈 胁薪械 褍褔械斜薪褘褏 蟹邪胁械写械薪懈泄 褌芯卸械.
December 16, 2015
That wasn't very bad, but it was very boring. if it wasn't my school assignment I definitely wouldn't read it...
Generally, the story describes separate Ukraine in the 17th century and Ukrainian Cossacks fighting with each other.
It's a chronic and it says us about the fictional dark times of Ukraine after a great board of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, so it wasn't a new for me that I didn't find it both: super exciting and interesting.
Generally, the story describes separate Ukraine in the 17th century and Ukrainian Cossacks fighting with each other.
It's a chronic and it says us about the fictional dark times of Ukraine after a great board of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, so it wasn't a new for me that I didn't find it both: super exciting and interesting.
January 8, 2023
携 薪械 锌邪屑'褟褌邪褞 薪邪胁褨褌褜, 褔懈 褔懈褌邪谢邪 褟 效芯褉薪褍 袪邪写褍 胁 褕泻芯谢褨.
袦械薪褨 31 褉褨泻.
袟邪 胁褨泻薪芯屑 袥褞褌邪 胁褨泄薪邪 2022, 褖芯 胁卸械 锌械褉械褌褨泻谢邪 胁 褉褨泻 2023. 袦邪泄卸械 9 褉芯泻褨胁 胁褨泄薪懈.
携 锌谢褍褌邪褞褋褜 胁 泻邪褉褌懈薪泻邪褏. 袣芯蟹邪泻懈 屑械薪褨 胁胁懈卸邪褞褌褜褋褟 胁 锌褨泻褋械谢褨, 胁 薪芯胁懈薪邪褏 芯褔褨泻褍褞 锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈 胁芯褩薪褨胁 胁 泻褍薪褌褍褕邪褏.
袞邪褏邪褞褋褜 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 泻薪懈谐懈.
袟邪褏芯锌谢褞褞褋褜 褋谢芯胁芯屑.
袡写械 360泄 褉褨泻 胁褨泄薪懈 蟹邪 褨褋薪褍胁邪薪薪褟 校泻褉邪褩薪懈.
袦械薪褨 31 褉褨泻.
袟邪 胁褨泻薪芯屑 袥褞褌邪 胁褨泄薪邪 2022, 褖芯 胁卸械 锌械褉械褌褨泻谢邪 胁 褉褨泻 2023. 袦邪泄卸械 9 褉芯泻褨胁 胁褨泄薪懈.
携 锌谢褍褌邪褞褋褜 胁 泻邪褉褌懈薪泻邪褏. 袣芯蟹邪泻懈 屑械薪褨 胁胁懈卸邪褞褌褜褋褟 胁 锌褨泻褋械谢褨, 胁 薪芯胁懈薪邪褏 芯褔褨泻褍褞 锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈 胁芯褩薪褨胁 胁 泻褍薪褌褍褕邪褏.
袞邪褏邪褞褋褜 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 泻薪懈谐懈.
袟邪褏芯锌谢褞褞褋褜 褋谢芯胁芯屑.
袡写械 360泄 褉褨泻 胁褨泄薪懈 蟹邪 褨褋薪褍胁邪薪薪褟 校泻褉邪褩薪懈.
August 25, 2022
袣薪懈谐邪 锌褉芯 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 锌芯写褨褩 1663 褉芯泻褍, 邪 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 褋胁芯褦褩 薪械 胁褌褉邪褌懈谢邪 写芯 褋懈褏 锌褨褉, 薪邪 卸邪谢褜. 袩褉芯 褌械, 褟泻 谢械谐泻芯 屑邪薪褨锌褍谢褞胁邪褌懈 胁懈斜芯褉芯屑 谢褞写械泄 褔械褉械蟹 锌芯锌褍谢褨蟹屑 褌邪 锌褍褋褌褨 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻懈, 褨 褟泻 褕胁懈写泻芯 胁芯薪懈 芯斜械褉褌邪褞褌褜褋褟 褉芯蟹褔邪褉褍胁邪薪薪褟屑. 袦邪褋褌 褉褨写 写谢褟 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨胁, 褖芯斜 薪械 写芯锌褍褋泻邪褌懈 芯写薪褨 泄 褌褨 卸 褋邪屑褨 锌芯屑懈谢泻懈
December 20, 2023
袙 褕泻褨谢褜薪褨 褔邪褋懈, 胁褋褨 褌胁芯褉懈 蟹 褍泻褉邪褩薪褋褜泻芯褩 谢褨褌械褉邪褌褍褉懈 褔懈褌邪谢邪, 斜芯 褌褉械斜邪 斜褍谢芯 褨 谐械褌褜 薪械 蟹邪屑懈褋谢褞胁邪谢邪褋褜 薪邪写 褌械泻褋褌芯屑, 褌芯屑褍 褨 薪械 写褍卸械 褑褨泻邪胁懈谢邪褋褜.
啸芯褔 褨 蟹邪褉邪蟹 褌械卸 斜褍谢芯 薪械 锌褉芯褋褌芯 褔懈褌邪褌懈, 邪谢械 胁褋械 芯写薪芯 斜褨谢褜褕 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢芯.
小锌芯写芯斜邪谢芯褋褟, 褖芯 袣褍谢褨褕 锌芯泻邪蟹褍褦 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨胁 蟹 褍褋褨褏 褋褌芯褉褨薪, 薪械 褉芯屑邪薪褌懈蟹褍褞褔懈 褩褏 写褨褩 褌邪 胁懈褋谢芯胁懈.
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芦袦邪斜褍褌褜, 褖芯 写邪褉屑芯, - 写褍屑邪褦 褋芯斜褨 楔褉邪屑, - 屑邪斜褍褌褜, 薪械 褌邪泻邪 袘芯卸邪 胁芯谢褟, 褖芯斜 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹 褍锌芯泻芯械屑 褏谢褨斜邪-褋芯谢褨 褍卸懈胁邪谢邪! 效懈, 屑芯卸械 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褜 褍卸械 泻褨薪械褑褜 褋胁褨褌褍, 褖芯 胁芯蟹褋褌邪薪械 褋胁褨泄 薪邪 褋胁芯谐芯? 袉 蟹胁褨写泻懈, 锌褨写褨泄屑邪褦褌褜褋褟 褏屑邪褉邪, 袘芯卸械 褌懈 屑褨泄 屑懈谢懈泄?..禄
啸芯褔 褨 蟹邪褉邪蟹 褌械卸 斜褍谢芯 薪械 锌褉芯褋褌芯 褔懈褌邪褌懈, 邪谢械 胁褋械 芯写薪芯 斜褨谢褜褕 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨谢芯.
小锌芯写芯斜邪谢芯褋褟, 褖芯 袣褍谢褨褕 锌芯泻邪蟹褍褦 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨胁 蟹 褍褋褨褏 褋褌芯褉褨薪, 薪械 褉芯屑邪薪褌懈蟹褍褞褔懈 褩褏 写褨褩 褌邪 胁懈褋谢芯胁懈.
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芦袦邪斜褍褌褜, 褖芯 写邪褉屑芯, - 写褍屑邪褦 褋芯斜褨 楔褉邪屑, - 屑邪斜褍褌褜, 薪械 褌邪泻邪 袘芯卸邪 胁芯谢褟, 褖芯斜 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹 褍锌芯泻芯械屑 褏谢褨斜邪-褋芯谢褨 褍卸懈胁邪谢邪! 效懈, 屑芯卸械 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褜 褍卸械 泻褨薪械褑褜 褋胁褨褌褍, 褖芯 胁芯蟹褋褌邪薪械 褋胁褨泄 薪邪 褋胁芯谐芯? 袉 蟹胁褨写泻懈, 锌褨写褨泄屑邪褦褌褜褋褟 褏屑邪褉邪, 袘芯卸械 褌懈 屑褨泄 屑懈谢懈泄?..禄
April 11, 2025
袩褉芯褋谢褍褏邪谢邪 胁 邪褍写褨芯 褎芯褉屑邪褌褨. 2 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 锌褉芯泄褕谢芯 胁褨写 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪薪褟 泄 4 胁褨写 褋邪屑懈褏 褑懈褏 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈褏 锌芯写褨泄, 邪 邪泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯褋褌褨 薪械 胁褌褉邪褔邪褦 褌胁褨褉. 袉 褉芯蟹斜褉邪褌 屑褨卸 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褟屑懈, 褨 锌褉芯泄写懈褋胁褨褌懈 锌褉懈 胁谢邪写褨, 褨 褔械褋薪褨 褋胁褨写芯屑褨 谢褞写懈 蟹褨 褋胁褨褌褍 蟹卸懈胁邪褞褌褜褋褟, 褨 屑芯褋泻邪谢懈泻懈 胁褋械 褌邪泻褨 卸, 褋锌褉邪谐谢褨 褌褍褌 褑邪褉褞胁邪褌懈鈥�
January 8, 2023
袩邪薪褌械谢械泄屑芯薪 袣褍谢褨褕 谐邪褉薪芯 锌芯泻邪蟹邪胁 泻芯薪褎谢褨泻褌 屑褨卸 胁械褉褋褌胁邪屑懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪褟, 褟泻懈泄 蟹邪谢懈褕懈胁褋褟 锌褨褋谢褟 褋谢邪胁薪懈褏 锌芯胁褋褌邪薪褜 啸屑械谢褜薪懈褑褜泻芯谐芯. 袩芯泻邪蟹邪胁, 褟泻械 褋胁邪胁褨谢谢褟 褉芯蟹胁芯写懈谢懈 泻芯蟹邪泻懈, 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 胁芯薪懈 谐械褉芯褩 褨 褩屑 屑芯卸薪邪. 袨写薪褨 褋褌邪胁邪谢懈 褌懈屑懈 卸 锌邪薪邪屑懈, 锌褉芯褌懈 褟泻懈褏 斜芯褉芯谢懈褋褟 泻褨谢褜泻邪 褉芯泻褨胁 薪邪蟹邪写, 褨薪褕褨 锌褍褋泻邪谢懈褋褟 斜械褉械谐邪, 斜芯 谢懈褕邪谢懈褋褟 斜褨写薪懈屑懈. 袉 褟泻 褑械 锌褉懈蟹胁械谢芯 写芯 锌褨写薪械褋械薪薪褟 薪邪褌褍褉邪谢褜薪芯谐芯 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌邪 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻芯谐芯, 胁 褟泻芯屑褍 胁褋褨 褕褍泻邪谢懈 褋胁褨泄 胁懈褏褨写, 邪 胁褨薪 谢褨锌懈胁 褌械, 褖芯 泻芯卸械薪 褏芯褌褨胁 锌芯褔褍褌懈.
笑械 褔褍写芯胁懈泄 褌胁褨褉 锌褉芯 褌械, 褟泻 胁邪卸谢懈胁芯 蟹邪 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻芯褞 薪械 胁褌褉邪褔邪褌懈 褨写械邪谢懈, 褌邪 薪邪胁锌邪泻懈. 袩褉芯 褌械, 褟泻 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻 屑芯卸械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪褌懈 褋芯褑褨邪谢褜薪褍 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褌邪 蟹邪斜懈褌懈 薪邪 薪械褩, 邪 褨写械邪谢褨褋褌 - 褖懈褉芯 锌褉芯 薪械褩 蟹邪斜褍褌懈.
袩褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯 褌械, 褖芯 袣褍谢褨褕 褔邪褋褌褍褦 斜邪谐邪褌懈屑 褋谢芯胁薪懈泻芯屑 褌邪 褑褨泻邪胁懈屑懈 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸邪屑懈. 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉 - 褖械 褌邪 褕械谢褜屑邪. 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 - 褋锌褉邪胁卸薪褨泄 写芯泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈泄 泻芯屑褍薪褟泻邪, 薪邪泄 斜懈 褔芯褉褌 泄芯谐芯 褨蟹谢懈蟹邪胁. 袣芯蟹邪泻懈 - 胁 屑械薪褕芯褋褌褨 谢懈褑邪褉褨, 邪 胁 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 - 芯泻邪褟薪薪褨 褋械泻褋懈褋褌褋褜泻褨 褏邪褉褑懈蟹褟泻懈.
袨褔褨泻褍泄褌械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 谐褍谐谢褨薪薪褟, 褟泻褖芯 褏芯褔械褌械 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈, 褏褌芯 胁 褔芯屑褍 胁写褟谐薪褍褌懈泄, 褨 褔芯屑褍 胁褋褨 褋褌邪胁谢褟褌褜 芯写懈薪 芯写薪芯屑褍 鈥溞夹拘葱叫感� 锌褉懈谐芯胁芯褉鈥�. 携 写褨蟹薪邪谢邪褋褟 写褍卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 薪芯胁芯谐芯 锌褉芯 薪邪褕褍 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞, 褨 褋锌芯写褨胁邪褞褋褟, 褖芯 褟泻褖芯 胁褋褨 褑械 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪褞褌褜, 屑懈 褋褌邪薪械屑芯 褋胁褨写芯屑褨褕懈屑懈 褌邪 薪械 斜褍写械屑芯 褉芯斜懈褌懈 褌懈褏 卸械 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻.
笑械 褔褍写芯胁懈泄 褌胁褨褉 锌褉芯 褌械, 褟泻 胁邪卸谢懈胁芯 蟹邪 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻芯褞 薪械 胁褌褉邪褔邪褌懈 褨写械邪谢懈, 褌邪 薪邪胁锌邪泻懈. 袩褉芯 褌械, 褟泻 锌芯谢褨褌懈泻 屑芯卸械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪褌懈 褋芯褑褨邪谢褜薪褍 褋锌褉邪胁械写谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褌邪 蟹邪斜懈褌懈 薪邪 薪械褩, 邪 褨写械邪谢褨褋褌 - 褖懈褉芯 锌褉芯 薪械褩 蟹邪斜褍褌懈.
袩褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯 褌械, 褖芯 袣褍谢褨褕 褔邪褋褌褍褦 斜邪谐邪褌懈屑 褋谢芯胁薪懈泻芯屑 褌邪 褑褨泻邪胁懈屑懈 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸邪屑懈. 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉 - 褖械 褌邪 褕械谢褜屑邪. 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 - 褋锌褉邪胁卸薪褨泄 写芯泻芯屑褍薪褨褋褌懈褔薪懈泄 泻芯屑褍薪褟泻邪, 薪邪泄 斜懈 褔芯褉褌 泄芯谐芯 褨蟹谢懈蟹邪胁. 袣芯蟹邪泻懈 - 胁 屑械薪褕芯褋褌褨 谢懈褑邪褉褨, 邪 胁 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 - 芯泻邪褟薪薪褨 褋械泻褋懈褋褌褋褜泻褨 褏邪褉褑懈蟹褟泻懈.
袨褔褨泻褍泄褌械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 谐褍谐谢褨薪薪褟, 褟泻褖芯 褏芯褔械褌械 蟹褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈, 褏褌芯 胁 褔芯屑褍 胁写褟谐薪褍褌懈泄, 褨 褔芯屑褍 胁褋褨 褋褌邪胁谢褟褌褜 芯写懈薪 芯写薪芯屑褍 鈥溞夹拘葱叫感� 锌褉懈谐芯胁芯褉鈥�. 携 写褨蟹薪邪谢邪褋褟 写褍卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 薪芯胁芯谐芯 锌褉芯 薪邪褕褍 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞, 褨 褋锌芯写褨胁邪褞褋褟, 褖芯 褟泻褖芯 胁褋褨 褑械 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪褞褌褜, 屑懈 褋褌邪薪械屑芯 褋胁褨写芯屑褨褕懈屑懈 褌邪 薪械 斜褍写械屑芯 褉芯斜懈褌懈 褌懈褏 卸械 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻.
February 1, 2024
孝褉懈褋褌邪 褉芯泻褨胁 锌褉芯泄褕谢芯, 邪 褍泻褉邪褩薪褑褨 褨 写芯褋褨 胁褨褉褟褌褜 锌芯锌褍谢褨褋褌邪屑.. 褔懈褌邪褦褕 屑芯胁 锌褉芯 褋褜芯谐芯写械薪薪褟. 袧邪卸邪谢褜
December 9, 2024
袗泻褌褍邪谢褜薪芯
July 11, 2023
袥褞写懈薪邪 褔械褋褌褨 褌褍褌 - 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉
December 12, 2021
袧褍 褑械泄 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉 褨 芯斜械蟹斜邪褕械薪薪懈泄
December 6, 2018
The Black Council, a novel written by Kulish in 1857, a historical novel and rather political one with minor elements of a love story. The black council was a name for a public assembly usually comprising of military leaders of the region of Ukraine or as it was commonly called back then, Malorossia (meaning the lesser Rus). The narrative is set in the mid 17th century and although the events around perhaps the most known black council are described and constitute a decent chunk of the plot, the novel also presents variations on friendship, patriotism, family relations as well as a love story. The black council illustrated in the novel was famously inclusive of not only the military heads of Cossacks but also peasants and local merchants.
I personally distinguish two specific aspects of the novel that a modern reader can find interesting. One is political. At the time Ukrainian Cossacks were a local military power to be reckoned with in order to control the region. Russian czardom, Polish and Lithuanian monarchies, Ottoman Empire, even Swedish kingdom, all fought for the land for decades. Several times Cossacks were tempted and did change sides for the promises of autonomy and independence. The novel explicitly emphasises the longing for liberty and freedom of the young people populating the region of Ukraine. The longing eventually was the people's undoing when its opinion was swayed by populist rhetoric of one of the factions within Cossack army. Some could say that attempts to gain power by promising independence while being backed by other foreign states are being made to this very day, whichever end of political spectrum you look at. Still the surprising part is not that a small regional power is being seduced into alliance by several major powers at once, it is rather a commonplace situation, arising around most small states in the modern still politically and economically polarised world; the surprising part is rather that in Ukraine this political swaying has been happening for already more than 300 years and the end of this motion can hardly be seen with the ongoing military conflict in the east showing no signs of extinguishment. Another even more paradoxical thing is why this keeps happening despite there being such a vivid representation of this political dilemma in the national culture and art for already so substantial amount of time. This question may be left unanswered for time.
But to turn to a less dire and less upsetting elements of the novel, just prior to reading the Black Council, I finished a volume of essays by Jung on archetypes and the collective unconscious, which certainly added a psychoanalytical twist to my perception of the novel. Despite a rather trite love story, the novel exhibits limpidly the Old Sage archetype in the character of colonel Shram, having to advise his old friend, his son and eventually the captive Hetman (the legitimate leader of Ukrainian Cossacks, in the novel betrayed and imprisoned by the rebelling faction of the army). Say what you will about the scientificity of Jung's psychoanalytical theories, but his extensive analysis of mythologies and fairytales of various cultures and finding common motifs, heroic figures and villains amidst them is indisputably a good bit of solid culturological research. Considering how folkloric the Ukrainian literature has been in its cradle, that is throughout the whole of 19th century, it is no wonder that mythological archetypes have found their way into a historical novel that is so expressly political.
This has been the gist of this novel for me, to use such a powerful archetype, omnipresent in cultures all across the world in all times and to parallel it, to juxtapose it against the perpetual political indecision, crisis and manipulation that even by the time the novel was published has been present in that geographical region for ages. As if in a time loop, political directions kept changing with ascendence of new elites to power; and yet the new sages came too and advised and kept watching others ignoring their advice and failing because of it.
I personally distinguish two specific aspects of the novel that a modern reader can find interesting. One is political. At the time Ukrainian Cossacks were a local military power to be reckoned with in order to control the region. Russian czardom, Polish and Lithuanian monarchies, Ottoman Empire, even Swedish kingdom, all fought for the land for decades. Several times Cossacks were tempted and did change sides for the promises of autonomy and independence. The novel explicitly emphasises the longing for liberty and freedom of the young people populating the region of Ukraine. The longing eventually was the people's undoing when its opinion was swayed by populist rhetoric of one of the factions within Cossack army. Some could say that attempts to gain power by promising independence while being backed by other foreign states are being made to this very day, whichever end of political spectrum you look at. Still the surprising part is not that a small regional power is being seduced into alliance by several major powers at once, it is rather a commonplace situation, arising around most small states in the modern still politically and economically polarised world; the surprising part is rather that in Ukraine this political swaying has been happening for already more than 300 years and the end of this motion can hardly be seen with the ongoing military conflict in the east showing no signs of extinguishment. Another even more paradoxical thing is why this keeps happening despite there being such a vivid representation of this political dilemma in the national culture and art for already so substantial amount of time. This question may be left unanswered for time.
But to turn to a less dire and less upsetting elements of the novel, just prior to reading the Black Council, I finished a volume of essays by Jung on archetypes and the collective unconscious, which certainly added a psychoanalytical twist to my perception of the novel. Despite a rather trite love story, the novel exhibits limpidly the Old Sage archetype in the character of colonel Shram, having to advise his old friend, his son and eventually the captive Hetman (the legitimate leader of Ukrainian Cossacks, in the novel betrayed and imprisoned by the rebelling faction of the army). Say what you will about the scientificity of Jung's psychoanalytical theories, but his extensive analysis of mythologies and fairytales of various cultures and finding common motifs, heroic figures and villains amidst them is indisputably a good bit of solid culturological research. Considering how folkloric the Ukrainian literature has been in its cradle, that is throughout the whole of 19th century, it is no wonder that mythological archetypes have found their way into a historical novel that is so expressly political.
This has been the gist of this novel for me, to use such a powerful archetype, omnipresent in cultures all across the world in all times and to parallel it, to juxtapose it against the perpetual political indecision, crisis and manipulation that even by the time the novel was published has been present in that geographical region for ages. As if in a time loop, political directions kept changing with ascendence of new elites to power; and yet the new sages came too and advised and kept watching others ignoring their advice and failing because of it.
June 14, 2024
笑褞 泻薪懈谐褍 褟 褖械 褔懈褌邪谢邪 褍 褕泻芯谢褨, 薪邪 褌芯泄 褔邪褋 胁芯薪邪 蟹邪锟斤拷邪谢芯屑 褋锌褉邪胁懈谢邪 谐邪褉薪械 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟, 褌褨谢褜泻懈 褌褉褨褕泻懈 薪褍写薪褍胁邪褌邪 褔械褉械蟹 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞, 褟泻褍 褟 薪械 写褍卸械 谢褞斜谢褞.
袟邪褉邪蟹 胁懈褉褨褕懈谢邪 锌械褉械褔懈褌邪褌懈 褉芯屑邪薪, 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 胁褨薪 锌褉芯 锌芯写褨褩 褍 屑芯褦屑褍 褉褨写薪芯屑褍 屑褨褋褌褨, 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 芯褋胁褨卸懈褌懈 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褨 褨薪褎芯褉屑邪褑褨褞.
袙 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褨, 屑芯褦 斜邪褔械薪薪褟 薪械 蟹屑褨薪懈谢邪褋褟, 邪 芯褌 锌芯谢械屑褨泻邪 锌褉芯 胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 谐芯褉薪褍褌懈褋褟 写芯 屑芯褋泻芯胁褨褩, 邪薪褨卸 写芯 袩芯谢褜褖褨 屑械薪械 薪械 薪邪 卸邪褉褌 褉芯蟹褨蟹谢懈谢邪.
楔泻芯写邪, 褖芯 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 薪邪褋 褌邪泻 薪褨褔芯屑褍 褨 薪械 薪邪胁褔懈谢邪.
袧械 屑芯卸薪邪 薪褨泻芯屑褍 写芯胁褨褉褟褌懈, 邪谢械 泄 泻褉邪褖械 写褉褍卸懈褌懈 蟹 褍褋褨屑邪 锌芯 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯褋褌褨.
袉 胁邪褉褌芯 卸懈褌懈 褋胁芯褩屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑 褨 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯褋褌褟屑懈, 褨 薪械 锌芯泻谢邪写邪褌懈褋褟 薪邪 泻芯谐芯褋褜 褔懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 蟹邪谢械卸邪褌懈.
袞邪褏谢懈胁芯, 褖芯 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹邪胁卸写懈 褉芯蟹写褨谢褟谢邪褋褟 褨 谢褞写懈 谐褉懈蟹谢懈褋褟 屑褨卸 褋芯斜芯褞. 袉 薪邪胁褨褌褜 写芯褋褨 薪褨褔芯谐芯 薪械 蟹屑褨薪褞褦褌褜褋褟.
孝邪泻芯卸 褟 斜褍谢邪 写褍卸械 褉芯蟹褔邪褉芯胁邪薪邪 锌芯胁械写褨薪泻芯褞 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨胁, 泻芯褌褉褨 斜褍谢懈 蟹褍褏胁邪谢懈屑懈 褨 谐褉邪斜褍胁邪谢懈 屑邪泄薪芯 谢褞写械泄.
携 胁 褕芯褑褨.
袗 褖械 芯斜褍褉懈谢芯 蟹薪械褑褨薪褞褞褔械 褨 蟹胁械褉褏薪褦 褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褟 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 写芯 卸褨薪芯泻, 褟泻 写芯 芯斜褋谢褍谐芯胁褍褞褔芯谐芯 锌械褉褋芯薪邪谢褍, 褟泻懈泄 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 薪懈褦 褨 褔芯谐芯褋褜 褏芯褔械, 泻褍褏芯胁邪褉泻懈 褨 褨薪泻褍斜邪褌芯褉邪.
袘邪褔, 薪褍写薪芯 褩屑 蟹 斜邪斜邪屑懈 胁写芯屑邪 褋懈写褨褌懈 褨 褏邪蟹褟泄薪褍胁邪褌懈.
袞邪褏!
袊褏 薪邪褖邪写泻懈 褖械 写芯褋褨 褉芯蟹泻懈写邪薪褨 锌芯 胁褋褜芯屑褍 褋胁褨褌褍. 袣芯谢懈 卸 胁芯薪懈 械胁芯谢褞褑褨芯薪褍褞褌褜?
袗 薪邪 褖芯 蟹写邪褌薪褨 谢褞写懈 蟹邪褉邪写懈 胁谢邪写懈... 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 卸邪褏邪胁.
孝邪泻械 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟, 褖芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪褨 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨 写褨褋褌邪褞褌褜褋褟 写芯 胁谢邪写懈.
携泻褖芯 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 锌褉芯 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨胁, 褌芯 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 屑械薪褨 褋锌芯写芯斜邪胁褋褟 袩械褌褉芯 楔褉邪屑械薪泻芯, 锌褉褟屑芯 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈泄 谐邪褉薪懈泄 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻 蟹 锌褉芯谐褉械褋懈胁薪懈屑懈 锌芯谐谢褟写邪屑懈, 褨 泄芯谐芯 斜邪褌褜泻芯 楔褉邪屑.
小锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉 褨 薪械胁褨写斜褍谢懈泄 谐械褌褜屑邪薪 小芯屑泻芯 薪械胁懈屑芯胁薪芯 屑械薪械 写褉邪褌褍胁邪谢懈 褋邪屑械 褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褟屑 写芯 卸褨薪芯褑褌胁邪, 邪谢械 锌芯褌褨屑 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 胁芯薪懈 褌褉褨褕泻懈 褉械邪斜褨谢褨褌褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褍 屑芯褩褏 芯褔邪褏 褋胁芯褩屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈 褨 写褨褟屑懈.
袉 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 褖芯 蟹邪 蟹胁懈褔邪褩 泻褉邪褋褌懈 卸褨薪芯泻 褨 薪邪褋懈谢褜薪芯 屑邪褌懈 褩褏 蟹邪 写褉褍卸懈薪? 袙芯薪懈 褖芯 褉械褔褨?
袣芯褉芯褌褕械, 褑褨泻邪胁芯 斜褍谢芯 锌芯褉懈薪邪褌懈 褍 屑懈薪褍谢械 褋胁芯褦褩 斜邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪懈, 邪谢械 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 斜, 褖芯斜 胁芯薪芯 斜褍谢芯 芯锌懈褋邪薪械 斜褨谢褜褕 屑邪谢褜芯胁薪懈褔芯 褨 械屑芯褑褨泄薪芯.
袛芯斜褉械, 褖芯 邪胁褌芯褉 写芯写邪胁 褨薪褕褨 谢褨薪褨褩, 芯泻褉褨屑 褋邪屑芯褩 袪邪写懈.
啸芯褔 褟泻芯褋褜 褉芯蟹斜邪胁懈谢懈 褋褍褏褨 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 褎邪泻褌懈.
P.S. 校 袧褨卸懈薪褨 褦 屑械屑芯褉褨邪谢褜薪邪 写芯褕泻邪, 锌褉懈褋胁褟褔械薪邪 褋褍屑薪芯蟹胁褨褋薪褨泄 效芯褉薪褨泄 褉邪写褨.
袟邪褉邪蟹 胁懈褉褨褕懈谢邪 锌械褉械褔懈褌邪褌懈 褉芯屑邪薪, 褌芯屑褍 褖芯 胁褨薪 锌褉芯 锌芯写褨褩 褍 屑芯褦屑褍 褉褨写薪芯屑褍 屑褨褋褌褨, 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 芯褋胁褨卸懈褌懈 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褨 褨薪褎芯褉屑邪褑褨褞.
袙 锌褉懈薪褑懈锌褨, 屑芯褦 斜邪褔械薪薪褟 薪械 蟹屑褨薪懈谢邪褋褟, 邪 芯褌 锌芯谢械屑褨泻邪 锌褉芯 胁邪卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 谐芯褉薪褍褌懈褋褟 写芯 屑芯褋泻芯胁褨褩, 邪薪褨卸 写芯 袩芯谢褜褖褨 屑械薪械 薪械 薪邪 卸邪褉褌 褉芯蟹褨蟹谢懈谢邪.
楔泻芯写邪, 褖芯 褨褋褌芯褉褨褟 薪邪褋 褌邪泻 薪褨褔芯屑褍 褨 薪械 薪邪胁褔懈谢邪.
袧械 屑芯卸薪邪 薪褨泻芯屑褍 写芯胁褨褉褟褌懈, 邪谢械 泄 泻褉邪褖械 写褉褍卸懈褌懈 蟹 褍褋褨屑邪 锌芯 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯褋褌褨.
袉 胁邪褉褌芯 卸懈褌懈 褋胁芯褩屑 褉芯蟹褍屑芯屑 褨 胁谢邪褋薪懈屑懈 屑芯卸谢懈胁芯褋褌褟屑懈, 褨 薪械 锌芯泻谢邪写邪褌懈褋褟 薪邪 泻芯谐芯褋褜 褔懈 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 蟹邪谢械卸邪褌懈.
袞邪褏谢懈胁芯, 褖芯 校泻褉邪褩薪邪 蟹邪胁卸写懈 褉芯蟹写褨谢褟谢邪褋褟 褨 谢褞写懈 谐褉懈蟹谢懈褋褟 屑褨卸 褋芯斜芯褞. 袉 薪邪胁褨褌褜 写芯褋褨 薪褨褔芯谐芯 薪械 蟹屑褨薪褞褦褌褜褋褟.
孝邪泻芯卸 褟 斜褍谢邪 写褍卸械 褉芯蟹褔邪褉芯胁邪薪邪 锌芯胁械写褨薪泻芯褞 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 泻芯蟹邪泻褨胁, 芯褋芯斜谢懈胁芯 蟹邪锌芯褉芯卸褑褨胁, 泻芯褌褉褨 斜褍谢懈 蟹褍褏胁邪谢懈屑懈 褨 谐褉邪斜褍胁邪谢懈 屑邪泄薪芯 谢褞写械泄.
携 胁 褕芯褑褨.
袗 褖械 芯斜褍褉懈谢芯 蟹薪械褑褨薪褞褞褔械 褨 蟹胁械褉褏薪褦 褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褟 斜褨谢褜褕芯褋褌褨 写芯 卸褨薪芯泻, 褟泻 写芯 芯斜褋谢褍谐芯胁褍褞褔芯谐芯 锌械褉褋芯薪邪谢褍, 褟泻懈泄 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 薪懈褦 褨 褔芯谐芯褋褜 褏芯褔械, 泻褍褏芯胁邪褉泻懈 褨 褨薪泻褍斜邪褌芯褉邪.
袘邪褔, 薪褍写薪芯 褩屑 蟹 斜邪斜邪屑懈 胁写芯屑邪 褋懈写褨褌懈 褨 褏邪蟹褟泄薪褍胁邪褌懈.
袞邪褏!
袊褏 薪邪褖邪写泻懈 褖械 写芯褋褨 褉芯蟹泻懈写邪薪褨 锌芯 胁褋褜芯屑褍 褋胁褨褌褍. 袣芯谢懈 卸 胁芯薪懈 械胁芯谢褞褑褨芯薪褍褞褌褜?
袗 薪邪 褖芯 蟹写邪褌薪褨 谢褞写懈 蟹邪褉邪写懈 胁谢邪写懈... 袘褉褞褏芯胁械褑褜泻懈泄 卸邪褏邪胁.
孝邪泻械 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟, 褖芯 褌褨谢褜泻懈 薪械谐邪褌懈胁薪褨 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨 写褨褋褌邪褞褌褜褋褟 写芯 胁谢邪写懈.
携泻褖芯 谐芯胁芯褉懈褌懈 锌褉芯 锌械褉褋芯薪邪卸褨胁, 褌芯 薪邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 屑械薪褨 褋锌芯写芯斜邪胁褋褟 袩械褌褉芯 楔褉邪屑械薪泻芯, 锌褉褟屑芯 褋褍褔邪褋薪懈泄 谐邪褉薪懈泄 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻 蟹 锌褉芯谐褉械褋懈胁薪懈屑懈 锌芯谐谢褟写邪屑懈, 褨 泄芯谐芯 斜邪褌褜泻芯 楔褉邪屑.
小锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 袣懈褉懈谢芯 孝褍褉 褨 薪械胁褨写斜褍谢懈泄 谐械褌褜屑邪薪 小芯屑泻芯 薪械胁懈屑芯胁薪芯 屑械薪械 写褉邪褌褍胁邪谢懈 褋邪屑械 褋褌邪胁谢械薪薪褟屑 写芯 卸褨薪芯褑褌胁邪, 邪谢械 锌芯褌褨屑 蟹邪谐邪谢芯屑 胁芯薪懈 褌褉褨褕泻懈 褉械邪斜褨谢褨褌褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褍 屑芯褩褏 芯褔邪褏 褋胁芯褩屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈 褨 写褨褟屑懈.
袉 胁蟹邪谐邪谢褨 褖芯 蟹邪 蟹胁懈褔邪褩 泻褉邪褋褌懈 卸褨薪芯泻 褨 薪邪褋懈谢褜薪芯 屑邪褌懈 褩褏 蟹邪 写褉褍卸懈薪? 袙芯薪懈 褖芯 褉械褔褨?
袣芯褉芯褌褕械, 褑褨泻邪胁芯 斜褍谢芯 锌芯褉懈薪邪褌懈 褍 屑懈薪褍谢械 褋胁芯褦褩 斜邪褌褜泻褨胁褖懈薪懈, 邪谢械 褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 斜, 褖芯斜 胁芯薪芯 斜褍谢芯 芯锌懈褋邪薪械 斜褨谢褜褕 屑邪谢褜芯胁薪懈褔芯 褨 械屑芯褑褨泄薪芯.
袛芯斜褉械, 褖芯 邪胁褌芯褉 写芯写邪胁 褨薪褕褨 谢褨薪褨褩, 芯泻褉褨屑 褋邪屑芯褩 袪邪写懈.
啸芯褔 褟泻芯褋褜 褉芯蟹斜邪胁懈谢懈 褋褍褏褨 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪褨 褎邪泻褌懈.
P.S. 校 袧褨卸懈薪褨 褦 屑械屑芯褉褨邪谢褜薪邪 写芯褕泻邪, 锌褉懈褋胁褟褔械薪邪 褋褍屑薪芯蟹胁褨褋薪褨泄 效芯褉薪褨泄 褉邪写褨.
February 4, 2016
笑褨泻邪胁邪 泻薪懈卸泻邪, 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪邪 胁 泻褉褍褌芯屑褍 褋褌懈谢褨. 袥褞写褟屑, 褖芯 褑褨泻邪胁谢褟褌褜褋褟 褨褋褌芯褉褨褦褞 - 褉械泻芯屑械薪写褍褞 锌械褉械褔懈褌邪褌懈.
袩褨写 褔邪褋 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 薪褨褟泻 薪械 锌芯泻懈写邪谢邪 写褍屑泻邪, 褟泻斜懈 胁 泻薪懈卸褑褨 蟹邪屑褨薪懈褌懈 写械褟泻褨 褨屑械薪邪 谐械褉芯褩胁 褨 械锌芯褏褍, 泻芯谢懈 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褞褌褜褋褟 锌芯写褨褩 - 胁懈泄褕谢邪 斜 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 袦邪泄写邪薪 2014 褉芯泻褍 屑邪泄卸械 芯写懈薪 胁 芯写懈薪. 袉 褋褌邪褦 褌褉芯褏懈 褋褍屑薪芯 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈, 褖芯 薪邪褕芯屑褍 薪邪褉芯写芯胁褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 350 褉芯泻褨胁 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔懈谢芯, 褖芯斜 锌芯褉芯蟹褍屑薪褨褕邪褌懈 褨 锌械褉械褋褌邪褌懈 胁械褋褌懈褌褜 薪邪 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻懈 "锌邪泻褉邪褖械薪薪褟" :(
袩褨写 褔邪褋 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 薪褨褟泻 薪械 锌芯泻懈写邪谢邪 写褍屑泻邪, 褟泻斜懈 胁 泻薪懈卸褑褨 蟹邪屑褨薪懈褌懈 写械褟泻褨 褨屑械薪邪 谐械褉芯褩胁 褨 械锌芯褏褍, 泻芯谢懈 胁褨写斜褍胁邪褞褌褜褋褟 锌芯写褨褩 - 胁懈泄褕谢邪 斜 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 袦邪泄写邪薪 2014 褉芯泻褍 屑邪泄卸械 芯写懈薪 胁 芯写懈薪. 袉 褋褌邪褦 褌褉芯褏懈 褋褍屑薪芯 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褌懈, 褖芯 薪邪褕芯屑褍 薪邪褉芯写芯胁褨 薪邪胁褨褌褜 350 褉芯泻褨胁 薪械 胁懈褋褌邪褔懈谢芯, 褖芯斜 锌芯褉芯蟹褍屑薪褨褕邪褌懈 褨 锌械褉械褋褌邪褌懈 胁械褋褌懈褌褜 薪邪 芯斜褨褑褟薪泻懈 "锌邪泻褉邪褖械薪薪褟" :(
September 2, 2018
袟邪褏芯锌谢褞褞褔懈泄 褨褋褌芯褉懈褔薪懈泄 褉芯屑邪薪, 锌褨褋谢褟 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 褟泻芯谐芯 蟹邪褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 褌褉褨褕泻懈 谐谢懈斜褕械 写芯褋谢褨写懈褌懈 褌械屑褍 泻芯蟹邪褑褌胁邪. 袩芯胁械写褨薪泻邪 谢褞写械泄 薪械 蟹屑褨薪褞褦褌褜褋褟 泻褉褨蟹褜 褋芯褌薪褨 褉芯泻褨胁, 褨 锌械褉械写 薪懈屑懈 褋褌芯褟褌褜 芯写薪褨 泄 褌褨 卸 写懈谢械屑懈 褌邪 锌懈褌邪薪薪褟. 袨褌褉懈屑邪胁 褔懈褌邪褑褜泻褍 薪邪褋芯谢芯写褍.
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