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丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱毓賵丕胤賮 毓賳丿 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲
賰鬲丕亘 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱毓賵丕胤賮 毓賳丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲貙 丕賱匕賷 賷購賳賯賱 兀賵賾賱 賲乇丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 亘賲亘丕丿乇丞 賲賳 丕賱賲賳馗賲丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賱賱鬲乇噩賲丞貙 賴賵 賲賳 兀賰孬乇 兀毓賲丕賱 丿丕乇賵賷賳 丕賱賲賯乇賵亍丞貙 賵賴賵 丨賷賾賹 亘賲丕 賮賷賴 賲賳 胤購乇賻賮賺 賵丕爻鬲卮賴丕丿丕鬲 賵賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 丕爻鬲賯丕賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賲亘丕卮乇丞賸 賲賳 兀氐丿賯丕卅賴 賵兀賵賱丕丿賴. 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘貙 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 馗賴賵乇賴 毓丕賲 1872貙 賱賲 賷兀禺匕 丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱匕賷 兀乇丕丿賴 丕賱賲丐賱賮貙 亘賱 鬲購乇賽賰賻鬲 兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳賴 賱賰賷 賷鬲賲 賳卮乇賴丕 賮賷 丕賱胤亘毓丕鬲 丕賱賱丕丨賯丞貙 賱賰賳 賲毓馗賲賴丕 賱賲 賷噩丿 胤乇賷賯賴 廿賱賶 丕賱賳卮乇 賮賷 丨賷丕鬲賴. 孬賲賾 亘毓丿 賵賮丕鬲賴 賳卮乇鬲 兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳 丕賱胤亘毓丞 丕賱賲賳賯賵賱丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 賮賯丿 噩購賲賽毓 賲毓馗賲 賲丕 噩丕亍 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱兀氐賱賷 賲毓 丕賱丨賵丕卮賷 賵亘賯賷丞 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 賯丿 賳卮乇鬲 賲賳賮乇丿丞. 賵賱丕卮賰 賮賷 兀賳賾 丕賱賴丿賮 丕賱匕賷 鬲賵禺賾鬲賴 丕賱賲賳馗賲丞 賲賳 賵乇丕亍 匕賱賰貙 賴賵 廿亘乇丕夭 賮丨賵賶 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱卮賰賱 丕賱匕賷 兀乇丕丿賴 丿丕乇賵賷賳 兀氐賱丕賸貙 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賷噩毓賱賴 兀爻丕爻賷丕賸 賮賷 賲賰鬲亘丞 賰賱 賲賳 賷賴鬲賲 亘丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵丕賱爻賱賵賰.
425 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1872
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7,345 people want to read
About the author
Charles Darwin
2,248听books3,276听followersCharles Robert Darwin of Britain revolutionized the study of biology with his theory, based on natural selection; his most famous works include
On the Origin of Species
(1859) and
The Descent of Man
(1871).
Chiefly Asa Gray of America advocated his theories.
Works of Jacques Martin Barzun include Darwin, Marx, Wagner (1941).
Charles Robert Darwin, an eminent English collector and geologist, proposed and provided scientific evidence of common ancestors for all life over time through the process that he called. The scientific community and the public in his lifetime accepted the facts that occur and then in the 1930s widely came to see the primary explanation of the process that now forms modernity. In modified form, the foundational scientific discovery of Darwin provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.
Darwin developed his interest in history and medicine at Edinburgh University and then theology at Cambridge. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist, whose observations and supported uniformitarian ideas of Charles Lyell, and publication of his journal made him as a popular author. Darwin collected wildlife and fossils on the voyage, but their geographical distribution puzzled him, who investigated the transmutation and conceived idea in 1838. He discussed his ideas but needed time for extensive research despite priority of geology. He wrote in 1858, when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay, which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication.
His book of 1859 commonly established the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He examined human sexuality in Selection in Relation to Sex , and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals followed. A series of books published his research on plants, and he finally examined effect of earthworms on soil.
A state funeral recognized Darwin in recognition of preeminence and only four other non-royal personages of the United Kingdom of the 19th century; people buried his body in Westminster abbey, close to those of John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Her fathered Francis Darwin, astronomer George Darwin, and politician, economist and eugenicist Leonard Darwin.
(Arabic: 鬲卮丕乇賱夭 丿丕乇賵賷賳)
Chiefly Asa Gray of America advocated his theories.
Works of Jacques Martin Barzun include Darwin, Marx, Wagner (1941).
Charles Robert Darwin, an eminent English collector and geologist, proposed and provided scientific evidence of common ancestors for all life over time through the process that he called. The scientific community and the public in his lifetime accepted the facts that occur and then in the 1930s widely came to see the primary explanation of the process that now forms modernity. In modified form, the foundational scientific discovery of Darwin provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.
Darwin developed his interest in history and medicine at Edinburgh University and then theology at Cambridge. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist, whose observations and supported uniformitarian ideas of Charles Lyell, and publication of his journal made him as a popular author. Darwin collected wildlife and fossils on the voyage, but their geographical distribution puzzled him, who investigated the transmutation and conceived idea in 1838. He discussed his ideas but needed time for extensive research despite priority of geology. He wrote in 1858, when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay, which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication.
His book of 1859 commonly established the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He examined human sexuality in Selection in Relation to Sex , and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals followed. A series of books published his research on plants, and he finally examined effect of earthworms on soil.
A state funeral recognized Darwin in recognition of preeminence and only four other non-royal personages of the United Kingdom of the 19th century; people buried his body in Westminster abbey, close to those of John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Her fathered Francis Darwin, astronomer George Darwin, and politician, economist and eugenicist Leonard Darwin.
(Arabic: 鬲卮丕乇賱夭 丿丕乇賵賷賳)
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 112 reviews
January 5, 2025
Given our troubled world, I find it helpful to remember that empathy is essential to human and animal nature. The study of emotion must lead us toward a deeper understanding of these universal, powerful forces that energize and transform our lives. Expression is an old friend.
I learned then that he gathered his observations over 30 years. His subjects included animals, human infants, children, adults from every walk of life, and many different cultures. Moreover, he approached the study of emotional expression from the perspective of art, literature, and inner experience, as well as from muscles and the nervous system. Although it was first published around 150 years ago (1872), Darwin's work inspires and informs contemporary research in many fields.
This work is the main contribution to interdisciplinary studies that converge in psychology and biology. It is a crucial piece of Darwin's work. If the well-known decay of the compared psychology in the early years of the XX Century. When the genetic followers forgot about the behaviors, the psychologists did without anatomy and physiology, briefly diminishing the influence on the actual contributions. The culmination of modern etiology has acted in favor of rediscovering this extraordinary and even singular text.
What Darwin considers authentic expressions to be precise is the reflexes and instincts that suppose not only the innate capacity to react in a determined way but also the innate acknowledgment of that expression in others.
That's a whole and unfairly not-so-known book that deserves to be recognized with significant value.
I learned then that he gathered his observations over 30 years. His subjects included animals, human infants, children, adults from every walk of life, and many different cultures. Moreover, he approached the study of emotional expression from the perspective of art, literature, and inner experience, as well as from muscles and the nervous system. Although it was first published around 150 years ago (1872), Darwin's work inspires and informs contemporary research in many fields.
This work is the main contribution to interdisciplinary studies that converge in psychology and biology. It is a crucial piece of Darwin's work. If the well-known decay of the compared psychology in the early years of the XX Century. When the genetic followers forgot about the behaviors, the psychologists did without anatomy and physiology, briefly diminishing the influence on the actual contributions. The culmination of modern etiology has acted in favor of rediscovering this extraordinary and even singular text.
What Darwin considers authentic expressions to be precise is the reflexes and instincts that suppose not only the innate capacity to react in a determined way but also the innate acknowledgment of that expression in others.
That's a whole and unfairly not-so-known book that deserves to be recognized with significant value.
September 16, 2015
Let me tell you how I got to this book.
You may already know the dictum of Jean Paul Sartre about animals as 鈥榓nimated things鈥�, that is animals are moving things without emotions. This has revolted me always, but only recently I delved into this, subsequent to my encounter with a calf.
I have been observing this calf being licked tenderly by its mother cow, particularly on his head. This is a calf that always stays away from the rest of the calves. Then, after he came to see me over a number of days, once he approached me, while I was sitting down and observing.
I tried to reach out, but he moved back. So I withdrew my hand and touched my own head, the way his mother does on his head. The calf鈥檚 face relaxed. And, for an instant, his eyes brightened, and the skin around them crinkled as if he was smiling!!
This threw me off for a while. I searched on Amazon and found this book written by Darwin. A really informative book, with lots of comparison between animals and us.
You bet, my opinion on animals changed after that.
You may already know the dictum of Jean Paul Sartre about animals as 鈥榓nimated things鈥�, that is animals are moving things without emotions. This has revolted me always, but only recently I delved into this, subsequent to my encounter with a calf.
I have been observing this calf being licked tenderly by its mother cow, particularly on his head. This is a calf that always stays away from the rest of the calves. Then, after he came to see me over a number of days, once he approached me, while I was sitting down and observing.
I tried to reach out, but he moved back. So I withdrew my hand and touched my own head, the way his mother does on his head. The calf鈥檚 face relaxed. And, for an instant, his eyes brightened, and the skin around them crinkled as if he was smiling!!
This threw me off for a while. I searched on Amazon and found this book written by Darwin. A really informative book, with lots of comparison between animals and us.
You bet, my opinion on animals changed after that.
November 1, 2015
毓噩賷亘 賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賱 賮賷 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲賴 賵鬲兀賲賱丕鬲賴貙 賵賱丕 兀亘丕賱睾 毓賳丿賲丕 兀賯賵賱 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賱 丌賷丞 賰賵賳賷丞 毓馗賷賲丞 賲賳 丌賷丕鬲 丕賱禺丕賱賯 :)
賲丕 賱賮鬲賳賷 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賱 兀賷囟丕 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷鬲賲鬲毓 亘賴丕貙 賵毓夭賵賴 賱賱賳氐賵氐 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨胤丕鬲 賵丕賱乇爻賵賲貙 賵丕賱廿卮丕丿丞 亘噩賴賵丿 丕賱亘丕丨孬賷賳貙 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賳賲賵匕噩 賮乇賷丿 賱賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱賳亘賷賱貙 賵丕賱禺賱賵賯.
兀賲丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲匕賴賱 賮賷 亘丕亘賴貙 賵賰丕賳鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賲賵賮賯丞貙 賵兀爻賱賵亘 丿丕乇賵賷賳 爻賱爻 賵噩賲賷賱 賮賷 毓乇囟賴 賱賱兀丿賱丞 賵 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲.
胤亘毓丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀乇丿丕 亘賴 丿丕乇賵賷賳 兀賳 賷丿毓賲 亘賴 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 丕賱賲卮賴賵乇丞 賳馗乇賷丞 "丕賱廿賳鬲禺丕亘 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷" 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賯乇乇賴 賵禺鬲賲 亘賴 賰鬲丕亘賴 丨賷孬 匕賰乇 兀賳 賮賷 爻賷丕賯賴 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀丿賱丞 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 兀賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 廿賳禺乇胤 賲賳 噩賳爻 兀賯賱 賲賳賴 乇賯賷丕.
賲丕 賱賮鬲賳賷 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賱 兀賷囟丕 賴匕賴 丕賱兀賲丕賳丞 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賷鬲賲鬲毓 亘賴丕貙 賵毓夭賵賴 賱賱賳氐賵氐 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨胤丕鬲 賵丕賱乇爻賵賲貙 賵丕賱廿卮丕丿丞 亘噩賴賵丿 丕賱亘丕丨孬賷賳貙 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賳賲賵匕噩 賮乇賷丿 賱賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱賳亘賷賱貙 賵丕賱禺賱賵賯.
兀賲丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲匕賴賱 賮賷 亘丕亘賴貙 賵賰丕賳鬲 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賲賵賮賯丞貙 賵兀爻賱賵亘 丿丕乇賵賷賳 爻賱爻 賵噩賲賷賱 賮賷 毓乇囟賴 賱賱兀丿賱丞 賵 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲.
胤亘毓丕 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀乇丿丕 亘賴 丿丕乇賵賷賳 兀賳 賷丿毓賲 亘賴 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 丕賱賲卮賴賵乇丞 賳馗乇賷丞 "丕賱廿賳鬲禺丕亘 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷" 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賯乇乇賴 賵禺鬲賲 亘賴 賰鬲丕亘賴 丨賷孬 匕賰乇 兀賳 賮賷 爻賷丕賯賴 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀丿賱丞 賵丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 兀賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 廿賳禺乇胤 賲賳 噩賳爻 兀賯賱 賲賳賴 乇賯賷丕.
November 3, 2011
Warning: if you read this book in a public space - like, say, a Subway - you will absent-mindedly start contorting your face in line with the facial expressions described in this book.
May 12, 2008
This book is more a historical document than a scientific paper, by today's requirements for scientific documents.
Darwing collects here his notes on the expressions of humans with a single chapter about animals and some referrences to monkeys, so the title is highly misleading (it annoyed me, anyways).
Despite that, this work is at the root of understanding both human and animal behavior and the three principles of expression are now evidently the base of every modern theory on animal and human behavior and that, in itself, gives this book a historical value.
Darwing depicts his notes on his own children, on various and un-measured sightings of human and animal beahvior (like "I once saw a girl doing ___ " or "my neighbour's dog once ___ ") which nower days would be completely unfit for scientific research. Those were the days, though, and for anyone interested or amused by the development of scientific thinking and research this book is an enjoyable gem.
Another historical value this book has is in the fact that, in order to investigate human expression in human societies relatively unexposed and influenced by Eurpoean man, Darwin had a small army of informants at remote Biritsh colonies investigating and reporting of their experiences with the local natives. These informants were judges, policemen, missionaries and wives of various officials. With these times long gone (thankfully), it's a reminder and a documentation of the spirits of the time and the way these far-away cultures, still unchanged at the time, behaved.
This book is not an easy read as the english is that of Victorian times and often words that mean one thing to us mean another, when he author is concerned, and the unabridged version hold a lot of repeating and coarse writing that's not for readers who just want an easy book to stare at.
Still, it's a good book, and for historians with a love for human studies, it's a good book.
Darwing collects here his notes on the expressions of humans with a single chapter about animals and some referrences to monkeys, so the title is highly misleading (it annoyed me, anyways).
Despite that, this work is at the root of understanding both human and animal behavior and the three principles of expression are now evidently the base of every modern theory on animal and human behavior and that, in itself, gives this book a historical value.
Darwing depicts his notes on his own children, on various and un-measured sightings of human and animal beahvior (like "I once saw a girl doing ___ " or "my neighbour's dog once ___ ") which nower days would be completely unfit for scientific research. Those were the days, though, and for anyone interested or amused by the development of scientific thinking and research this book is an enjoyable gem.
Another historical value this book has is in the fact that, in order to investigate human expression in human societies relatively unexposed and influenced by Eurpoean man, Darwin had a small army of informants at remote Biritsh colonies investigating and reporting of their experiences with the local natives. These informants were judges, policemen, missionaries and wives of various officials. With these times long gone (thankfully), it's a reminder and a documentation of the spirits of the time and the way these far-away cultures, still unchanged at the time, behaved.
This book is not an easy read as the english is that of Victorian times and often words that mean one thing to us mean another, when he author is concerned, and the unabridged version hold a lot of repeating and coarse writing that's not for readers who just want an easy book to stare at.
Still, it's a good book, and for historians with a love for human studies, it's a good book.
January 19, 2009
Read it for free:
November 18, 2018
Under-appreciated historic classic and sadly, most updated textbook we have on the subject.
September 17, 2023
Make sure you read the Paul Ekman-edited new version. Darwin, of course, is a genius, and this book seems so modern so as to be unimpressive for our era. It was ahead of its time in its cross-cultural analysis in Darwin's era, and even in the 60s Darwin's theories caused a scandal in the anthropology field between a then-established Margaret Mead, and the young Paul Ekman. Do not skip the intro, where this fascinating meta-story is told!
February 26, 2023
賱賲 賷毓賱賲 丕賱爻賷丿 丿丕乇賵賷賳 丕賳賴 亘賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲賴 丕賱丿賯賷賯丞 賴匕賴 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賲賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賵 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賷丕( 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳) 爻毓賷丕 賵乇丕亍 丕賱鬲賵爻毓 賮賶 丕孬亘丕鬲 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 毓賳 丕賱賳卮賵亍 賵 丕賱丕乇鬲賯丕亍 貙 兀賳賴 亘匕賱賰 賲賳 丕賵丕卅賱 賲賳 賵囟毓賵丕 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 丿賯賷賯丞 毓賳 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賵 丕爻亘丕亘賴丕 賵 賲丨丕賵賱丞 鬲鬲亘毓 丕氐賱賴丕 丕匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲鬲賵丕乇孬丞 賲賳 丌亘丕亍賳丕 丕賵 馗賴乇鬲 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱鬲噩賲毓丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 丕賱孬賯丕賮丕鬲 ... 賵 丕賰鬲卮賮 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲賴 丕賳 亘毓囟 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 毓丕賱賲賷丞 鬲鬲賵丕噩丿 賮賶 賰賱 丕賱丕毓乇丕賯 ..... 賵 賷鬲賮乇丿 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賶 亘亘毓囟 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 賰丕丨賲乇丕乇 丕賱賵噩賴 賵 丕賱鬲賵乇丿 毓賳丿 丕賱禺噩賱...賵 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷毓鬲亘乇 亘丨孬賴 賴匕丕 丕丨丿 丕賱賲乇丕噩毓 丕賱賴丕賲丞 賵 丕賱丕賵賱賶 賱賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丿乇丕爻丞 毓賱賲 丕賱賳賮爻 賵 丕賱爻賱賵賰 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賶. 賷孬亘鬲 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賰鬲丕亘丕鬲賴 丕賳賴 賲賳 丕毓馗賲 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗賷賳 賵 丕賱賲乇丕賯亘賷賳 賮賶 鬲丕乇賷禺賳丕 丕賱亘卮乇賶 賵 丕丨丿 賲賳 丿賮毓賵丕 丕賱毓賱賲 廿賱賶 兀賯氐賶 丨丿賵丿賴 賮賶 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲.
July 27, 2013
丌丕丕丕丕賴 .. 賵兀禺賷乇丕" 丕賳鬲賴賷鬲 賲賳 鬲賳丕賵賱 毓卮乇丞 賰賷賱賵睾乇丕賲丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱卮丨賵賲 賵丕賱丿賴賵賳 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷丞! 乇亘賲丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賷爻 亘賴匕賴 丕賱丿爻丕賲丞 賱賰賳賴 兀賵丕卅賱 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱氐乇賮丞 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 賲賲丕 丿毓丕賳賷 賱賴匕丕 丕賱廿丨爻丕爻.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 鬲賮爻乇 廿賳丨丿丕乇 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 毓賳丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賲賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱兀賯賱 乇賯賷丕"貙 賰賲丕 賷賮爻乇 賲賳卮兀 兀賵 兀氐賵賱 丕賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇 丕爻鬲賳丕丿丕" 廿賱賶 賲亘丕丿卅 孬賱丕孬丞 毓丕賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賷丨丕賵賱 卮乇丨賴丕 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘. 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕" 毓賳 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賱賲禺鬲賱賮 賲馗丕賴乇 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 丕賱噩爻丿賷 毓賳丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵亘毓囟 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲.
毓丕丿丞"貙 胤丕賱賲丕 賰賳鬲 匕賱賰 丕賱卮禺氐 丕賱禺噩賵賱 丕賱匕賷 睾丕賱亘丕" 賲丕 賷丨丕賵賱 賯丿乇 丕賱廿賲賰丕賳 鬲噩賳亘 鬲賵丕氐賱 丕賱毓賷賵賳 賲毓 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 禺丕氐丞 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 賵賯賱賲丕 鬲賲毓賳鬲 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 賵噩賴 卮禺氐 賱賮鬲乇丞 胤賵賷賱丞 亘丿丕毓賷 丕賱丨賷丕亍 兀賵 丕賱禺噩賱貙 賵賱賰賳 亘毓丿 兀賳 亘丿兀鬲 賮賷 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕氐亘丨 賳馗乇賷 賷鬲賮丨氐 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賷賯賮賵賳 兀賲丕賲賷貙 賵噩賵賴賴賲貙 毓賷賵賳賴賲貙 丨乇賰丕鬲 兀噩爻丕丿賴賲貙 賷丨丕賵賱 噩丕賴丿丕" 廿丿乇丕賰 兀賵 丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 兀賵 丕賱鬲孬亘鬲 賲賳 丕賱噩夭賷卅丕鬲 兀賵 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺氐 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賲禺鬲賱賮 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲 毓賳賴丕 囟賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘! 丕氐亘丨鬲 丕賳馗乇 賱亘賰丕亍 丕賱胤賮賱 賵氐乇丕禺賴 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賱睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱兀賲賵賲丞貙 賱賱囟丨賰貙 賱賱亘賰丕亍貙 丨鬲賶 丕賱賯亘賱丕鬲 .. 賮賲賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱鬲賷 噩匕亘鬲賳賷 禺賱丕賱 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱鬲賯亘賷賱 賴賵 賲賳 丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱卮丕卅毓丞 毓賳丿 丕賱亘卮乇 賲賳匕 兀賯丿賲 丕賱爻賱丕賱丕鬲 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱丨亘 兀賵 丕賱丨賳丕賳貙 賵賯丿 丿毓丕賳賷 賴匕丕 賱賱鬲賮賰乇 亘兀賳賴丕 鬲兀鬲賷 亘丕賱鬲賵丕夭賷 賲毓 丕賱廿丨爻丕爻 亘丕賱丨丕噩丞 賱賱鬲賱丕賲爻 兀賵 賲賱丕賲爻丞 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賳丨亘賴賲貙 賵賱乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賱賴匕賷賳 丕賱賳賵毓賷賳 賲賳 胤乇賯 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賰賵賳賴賲丕 丕賱兀賰孬乇 賱匕丞 賵廿卮亘丕毓 賱賱乇睾亘丞 兀賵 丕賱丕丨丕爻賷爻 丕賱賮賷丕囟丞 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱卮賮丕賴 賵乇丐賵爻 丕賱兀氐丕亘毓 賴賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱噩爻賲 睾夭丕乇丞 亘丕賱丨丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賱賲爻賷丞.
賯丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯丿賷賲 賳賵毓丕" 賲丕 賵賱丕 賷乇賯賶 賱賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賮賷 毓賱賵賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱匕賷 賳卮賴丿賴 丕賱賷賵賲 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 賵 丕賱丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓鬲賲丿 賰賱賷丕" 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇丕賯亘丞 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 兀賵 鬲毓賷賷賳 賲乇丕賯亘賷賳 丌禺乇賷賳貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨鬲賲丕" 賷丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵兀賮賰丕乇 噩丿賷乇丞 亘丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 賱賰賱 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賵丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丞貙 賵丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕賷禺賱賵 賲賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲胤丕乇丨 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲囟賷賮 賱賰 卮賷卅丕" 賮賰乇賷丕" 毓賳丿 丕賱鬲賮賰乇 亘賴丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱毓賲賵賲 賴賵 丨鬲賲丕" 賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賲賷貙 賵兀賳丕 卮禺氐賷丕" 賵噩丿鬲 丿乇丕爻丞 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳丿 丕賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 毓丕賲丞 賵丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 禺丕氐丞 賲賵囟賵毓 賲卮賵賯 賵賲孬賷乇 賱賱廿賴鬲賲丕賲貙 賵丕毓鬲賯丿 兀賳賷 爻兀賯乇兀 丕賱賲夭賷丿 毓賳賴 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 鬲賮爻乇 廿賳丨丿丕乇 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 毓賳丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賲賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱兀賯賱 乇賯賷丕"貙 賰賲丕 賷賮爻乇 賲賳卮兀 兀賵 兀氐賵賱 丕賱亘毓囟 丕賱丌禺乇 丕爻鬲賳丕丿丕" 廿賱賶 賲亘丕丿卅 孬賱丕孬丞 毓丕賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賷丨丕賵賱 卮乇丨賴丕 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賵賱 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘. 賵賷鬲丨丿孬 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕" 毓賳 丕賱賳賵丕丨賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賱賲禺鬲賱賮 賲馗丕賴乇 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 丕賱噩爻丿賷 毓賳丿 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵亘毓囟 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲.
毓丕丿丞"貙 胤丕賱賲丕 賰賳鬲 匕賱賰 丕賱卮禺氐 丕賱禺噩賵賱 丕賱匕賷 睾丕賱亘丕" 賲丕 賷丨丕賵賱 賯丿乇 丕賱廿賲賰丕賳 鬲噩賳亘 鬲賵丕氐賱 丕賱毓賷賵賳 賲毓 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 禺丕氐丞 丕賱睾乇亘丕亍 賵賯賱賲丕 鬲賲毓賳鬲 丕賱賳馗乇 賮賷 賵噩賴 卮禺氐 賱賮鬲乇丞 胤賵賷賱丞 亘丿丕毓賷 丕賱丨賷丕亍 兀賵 丕賱禺噩賱貙 賵賱賰賳 亘毓丿 兀賳 亘丿兀鬲 賮賷 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕氐亘丨 賳馗乇賷 賷鬲賮丨氐 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賷賯賮賵賳 兀賲丕賲賷貙 賵噩賵賴賴賲貙 毓賷賵賳賴賲貙 丨乇賰丕鬲 兀噩爻丕丿賴賲貙 賷丨丕賵賱 噩丕賴丿丕" 廿丿乇丕賰 兀賵 丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 兀賵 丕賱鬲孬亘鬲 賲賳 丕賱噩夭賷卅丕鬲 兀賵 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 丕賱鬲賷 鬲禺氐 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 賲禺鬲賱賮 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲 毓賳賴丕 囟賲賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘! 丕氐亘丨鬲 丕賳馗乇 賱亘賰丕亍 丕賱胤賮賱 賵氐乇丕禺賴 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賱睾乇賷夭丞 丕賱兀賲賵賲丞貙 賱賱囟丨賰貙 賱賱亘賰丕亍貙 丨鬲賶 丕賱賯亘賱丕鬲 .. 賮賲賳 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱鬲賷 噩匕亘鬲賳賷 禺賱丕賱 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱鬲賯亘賷賱 賴賵 賲賳 丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱卮丕卅毓丞 毓賳丿 丕賱亘卮乇 賲賳匕 兀賯丿賲 丕賱爻賱丕賱丕鬲 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱丨亘 兀賵 丕賱丨賳丕賳貙 賵賯丿 丿毓丕賳賷 賴匕丕 賱賱鬲賮賰乇 亘兀賳賴丕 鬲兀鬲賷 亘丕賱鬲賵丕夭賷 賲毓 丕賱廿丨爻丕爻 亘丕賱丨丕噩丞 賱賱鬲賱丕賲爻 兀賵 賲賱丕賲爻丞 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賳丨亘賴賲貙 賵賱乇亘賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱鬲賮爻賷乇 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賱賴匕賷賳 丕賱賳賵毓賷賳 賲賳 胤乇賯 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賰賵賳賴賲丕 丕賱兀賰孬乇 賱匕丞 賵廿卮亘丕毓 賱賱乇睾亘丞 兀賵 丕賱丕丨丕爻賷爻 丕賱賮賷丕囟丞 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱卮賮丕賴 賵乇丐賵爻 丕賱兀氐丕亘毓 賴賷 兀賰孬乇 賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱噩爻賲 睾夭丕乇丞 亘丕賱丨丕爻丕鬲 丕賱賱賲爻賷丞.
賯丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯丿賷賲 賳賵毓丕" 賲丕 賵賱丕 賷乇賯賶 賱賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賮賷 毓賱賵賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱匕賷 賳卮賴丿賴 丕賱賷賵賲 禺丕氐丞 賮賷 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 賵 丕賱丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓鬲賲丿 賰賱賷丕" 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇丕賯亘丞 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 兀賵 鬲毓賷賷賳 賲乇丕賯亘賷賳 丌禺乇賷賳貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨鬲賲丕" 賷丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賵兀賮賰丕乇 噩丿賷乇丞 亘丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲 賱賰賱 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱毓賱賵賲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賵丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賷丞貙 賵丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕賷禺賱賵 賲賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲胤丕乇丨 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿 鬲囟賷賮 賱賰 卮賷卅丕" 賮賰乇賷丕" 毓賳丿 丕賱鬲賮賰乇 亘賴丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丕賱毓賲賵賲 賴賵 丨鬲賲丕" 賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賲賷貙 賵兀賳丕 卮禺氐賷丕" 賵噩丿鬲 丿乇丕爻丞 兀爻丕賱賷亘 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳丿 丕賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 毓丕賲丞 賵丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 禺丕氐丞 賲賵囟賵毓 賲卮賵賯 賵賲孬賷乇 賱賱廿賴鬲賲丕賲貙 賵丕毓鬲賯丿 兀賳賷 爻兀賯乇兀 丕賱賲夭賷丿 毓賳賴 賮賷 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賱 廿賳 卮丕亍 丕賱賱賴.
September 30, 2012
賰鬲丕亘 賮爻賱噩丞 亘廿賲鬲賷丕夭. 兀賴鬲賲 亘胤乇賯 賵兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 賲亘丕丿卅 孬賱丕孬丞 毓丕賲丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賴賷 賲亘丿兀 丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲賯乇賵賳丞 亘丕賱賮丕卅丿丞 賵賲亘丿兀 丕賱賳賯賷囟 兀賵 丕賱兀胤乇賵丨丞 丕賱賲囟丕丿丞 賵兀禺賷乇丕賸 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賮毓丕賱賷丕鬲 丕賱賲爻亘亘丞 毓賳 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱毓氐亘賷 賵丕賱賲爻鬲賯賱丞 鬲賲丕賲丕賸 毓賳 丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 賵廿賱賶 丨丿 賲丕 毓賳 丕賱毓丕丿丞. 賰卮賮 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱鬲毓賯賷丿丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱毓氐亘賷 賱丿賷賳丕 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賮賷 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賲孬賱 廿匕丕 胤乇兀鬲 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 匕賴賳賷鬲丕賳 亘賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲, 兀賵 亘鬲毓丕賯亘 賲鬲賳丕睾賲 賮賷 鬲乇丿丿賴丕 兀賵 卮丿鬲賴丕 賮廿賳 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 鬲賰賵賳 賰丕賮賷丞 賱廿爻鬲丿毓丕亍 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱兀禺乇賶 爻賵丕亍 乇睾亘賳丕 賮賷賴丕 兀賵 賱賲 賳乇睾亘. 賵賴賳丕賰 兀賷馗丕賸 賮毓丕賱賷丕鬲 兀禺乇賶 鬲丨丿孬 爻亘亘賴丕 賴賵 丕賱賲丨丕賰丕丞 兀賵 丕賱鬲毓丕胤賮 賵賴賷 鬲賯賱賷丿 鬲毓丕亘賷乇 丌禺乇賶 賳乇丕賴丕 賵賱賰賳 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 亘賱丕 兀賷 賮丕卅丿丞 鬲匕賰乇 賱賳丕. 兀賰孬乇 賲賵囟賵毓 賲卮賷賯 賴賵 丕賱囟丨賰 賵賴賱 賮賷 廿爻鬲胤丕毓丞 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 兀賳 鬲囟丨賰, 亘丨孬鬲 賮賷 丕賱丌賳鬲乇賳鬲 毓賳 丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賵卮丕賴丿鬲 毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱賮賷丿賷賵丕鬲 賵乇睾賲 兀賳 囟丨賰丕鬲賴丕 鬲禺鬲賱賮 賯賱賷賱丕賸 賵兀丨賷丕賳丕 鬲賰賵賳 亘賱丕 氐賵鬲 賮廿賳賴丕 鬲卮亘賴 囟丨賰丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 乇睾賲 兀賳 囟丨賰 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賱丕 賷夭丕賱 賮乇賷丿丕賸 賲賳 賳賵毓賴. 賲丕 兀爻鬲賮夭賳賷 賴賵 亘毓囟 廿爻鬲賳鬲丕噩丕鬲 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賱鬲賮爻賷乇 亘毓囟 鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 丕賱睾囟亘 賱丿賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓賱賶 兀賳 賱賴丕 兀氐賱 賱賱丨賷賵丕賳 卮亘賷賴 丕賱賯乇丿. 賵賱賰賳 兀賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓丕亘賷乇 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮亘賴 亘丕賯賷 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 賵賱賷爻 丕賱賯乇賵丿 賮賯胤. 賵賱賰賳 爻兀賯鬲亘爻 賲丕 賯丕賱賴 賴賵 亘丕賱丨乇賮 丕賱賵丕丨丿: 賵爻賷亘賯賶 毓丿丿 賲賳 丕賱賳賯丕胤 丕賱鬲丕亘毓丞 賱賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 睾丕賲囟丕賸 賵睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱 賱賱鬲賮爻賷乇.
March 20, 2025
Um dos meus mais queridos e admirados livros! Apesar de publicado originalmente em 1872, continua muito atual e muito essencial para a compreens茫o das emo莽玫es e a forma como estas se expressam em diferentes esp茅cies. Defende que muitos gestos e express玫es faciais t锚m uma base biol贸gica comum entre humanos e animais, o que significou um passo fundamental para o estudo da evolu莽茫o do comportamento e das emo莽玫es, sendo um dos primeiros estudos sistem谩ticos sobre o tema e, como tal, uma obra fundamental para a psicologia, a biologia evolutiva e a antropologia.
Uma das muitas contribui莽玫es mais interessantes do livro 茅 a ideia de que as express玫es emocionais n茫o s茫o apenas culturais, mas sim universais e herdadas. Darwin sustenta que certas express玫es, como o sorriso ou o franzir das sobrancelhas, surgem de mecanismos biol贸gicos comuns e n茫o apenas de conven莽玫es sociais, um argumento que viria a ser confirmado mais tarde por investiga莽玫es de Paul Ekman (especialista em comunica莽茫o n茫o verbal), que demonstraram a universalidade das express玫es faciais b谩sicas entre diferentes culturas.
脡 um daqueles livros que gosto de ir 鈥渆spreitar鈥� de vez em quando. Nunca est谩 completamente lido.
Uma das muitas contribui莽玫es mais interessantes do livro 茅 a ideia de que as express玫es emocionais n茫o s茫o apenas culturais, mas sim universais e herdadas. Darwin sustenta que certas express玫es, como o sorriso ou o franzir das sobrancelhas, surgem de mecanismos biol贸gicos comuns e n茫o apenas de conven莽玫es sociais, um argumento que viria a ser confirmado mais tarde por investiga莽玫es de Paul Ekman (especialista em comunica莽茫o n茫o verbal), que demonstraram a universalidade das express玫es faciais b谩sicas entre diferentes culturas.
脡 um daqueles livros que gosto de ir 鈥渆spreitar鈥� de vez em quando. Nunca est谩 completamente lido.
September 29, 2017
Charles Darwin has started his argument in this book on three principles;
1- the movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire or in relieving some sensation.
2- Antithesis: the habit of voluntarily performing opposite movements under opposite impulses has become firmly established in us by the practice of our whole lives.
3- The direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will, and independently, in large part, of the habit.
On the one hand I have seen a great show of evidences support his point of view based on studies and correspondences with great doctors and philosophers.
On the other hand; he hasn鈥檛 use any theological evidence, e. g. Bible passages and/or Quran verses. He鈥檚 simply used the scientific methods and research鈥檚.
By ending this texture you will be able to determine, examine and understand yours and other reactions in each time.
This book can be used as a reference for sure!
1- the movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire or in relieving some sensation.
2- Antithesis: the habit of voluntarily performing opposite movements under opposite impulses has become firmly established in us by the practice of our whole lives.
3- The direct action of the excited nervous system on the body, independently of the will, and independently, in large part, of the habit.
On the one hand I have seen a great show of evidences support his point of view based on studies and correspondences with great doctors and philosophers.
On the other hand; he hasn鈥檛 use any theological evidence, e. g. Bible passages and/or Quran verses. He鈥檚 simply used the scientific methods and research鈥檚.
By ending this texture you will be able to determine, examine and understand yours and other reactions in each time.
This book can be used as a reference for sure!
November 10, 2017
In On the Origin of Species (1859), Charles Darwin explained how species originate via a continuous process of natural selection that shapes organisms, over eons of time, into the funtioning complexities that they are, suited for a particular way of life. In The Descent of Man (1871), Darwin applied his theory of evolution by natural selection to mankind. The difference between mankind and animals is one of degree, not of kind: there are vestiges in man of our animal past and there are primitive traces of man's capabilities in animals. The different races of mankind have come about -
according to Darwin, not to modern evolutinary biologists - through sexual selection.
During the writing of The Descent of Man, Darwin collected more and more information on the expression of emotions in mankind and in animals. He decided to cut it from manuscript and make it into a standalone book: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).
There is a clear gap between his Origins and Descent on the one side and Expression on the other side, though. The first two books are classics and can still be read by modern day readers: they contain gems of truth and are, historically speaking, influential masterpieces. Expressions is nothing like this. I will explain why this is so in following paragraphs, and this will let anyone decide is he/she wants to read this book or not.
Darwin's main thesis in Expressions is that the (for the most part involuntary) emotions that we express daily are the result of our evolutionary past. The expression of these emotions had an adaptive function during the lifetimes of our ancestors. This means (1) that animals and humans share common expressions (or at least the mechanisms of expressing those emotions) and (2) that human emotions have their origin in animal instincts.
The way Darwin works out his thesis is unorthodox. He compiles lots and lots of data and meticulously describes all the physical expressions of the emotions; each chapter deals with different types of emotions and therefore the Expressions can better be viewed as an 'Encyclopedia of Emotions' than as a book. This is one of the main reasons why Expressions is not really interesting for modern day readers: endless summations of emotions - not really an attractive foresight.
Another point that has to be stressed is that modern day cognitive psychology and neuroscience have unearthed much knowledge that Darwin didn't have access to. This means that Darwin's interpretations are almost all outdated. This makes it, sort of, redundant to read Expressions.
So why read it at all? Well, there are two important reasons for reading this.
First, one should focus on Darwin's method and not on his answers. Darwin tried to argue that human beings and animals share a common past and therefore share a lot of commonalities in the expression of emotions. Darwin collects evidence to prove his point via many different methods. He sent questionnaires abroad to the British colonial enterprises to acquire data on emotions from different races; he used the then-new technique of photographing people; he studied the insane (on the assumption that these people show pure emotions, whereas healthy persons cover up a lot of emotions); he used the research of Duchenne who used electroshocks to stimulate different facial areas to study the emotions; he observed children (mostly his own) in their emotive expressions; and he gathered much information of other (international) experts in the field.
In short, Darwin gathered an enormous database. That his analysis was qualitative (i.e. not statistical, as most of modern science is) is a minor detail: the content of his database was faulty, incomplete and he analyzed it in the wrong way - yet, his method was unique compared to his contemporaries. In other words, Darwin was the first scientist to study the emotive expressions of man and animals in a scientific way.
Second, Darwin's contemporaries used obscure hypotheses to explain all of mankind's peculiarities. Darwin was one of the few who was prepared to go the whole mile. As soon as you accept evolution by natural selection as the driving force behind natural diversity, mankind's favored position crumbles (hence The Descent (!) of Man). No longer is there a hierarchy in nature; all that remains is a tree of geneaology, of which mankind is just one little (and very recent) branch. In other words, mankind is a product of evolution, just like the rest of life on planet Earth, and hence we have to explain mankind's features with reference to our evolutionary past. This last step was too much for most of Darwin's contemporaries (Wallace, Lyell, etc.), who tried to come up with pseudo-scientific and arbitrary reasons why mankind was to be regarded as special creation (for example, clinging on to Descartes' dualism of mind/body).
Darwin tried in his Descent and Expressions to come up with a uniform and general principle, a natural explanation, for all of mankind's characteristics and traits. In that sense, Expressions is 'just' volume 3 of Descent. It is important to realize what Darwin did: for the first time a scientist offered a (convincing) natural explanation for all that man is. Mankind differs in degree from the other animals; there is no distinction in kind between man and the rest of life. This message is not really explicitly stated in Darwin's own work, but one can see with hindsight Darwin's revolutionary break with the past. So, this is a good reason for reading Expressions (especially if one has read, and enjoyed, The Descent of Man).
So, to sum up: the content of Expressions is outdated, its method is flawed, yet the revolutionary character of offering a natural explanation for the emotions of man (and animals) is a timeless component of this book. It is a historical document, and offers a fruitful way of thinking about humanity.
As a last remark, I'd like to add that Darwin's approach to the psychology of mankind (in Expressions our emotional sphere) has been vindicated in the (fairly recently established) field of evolutionary psychology. This science tries to explain all of man's mental faculties by tracing them to our evolutionary past. This has led to a whole new way of interpreting the results of mainstream psychology, which offers only proximate explanations, whereas evolutionary psychology offers ultimate explanations. This fact alone establishes the wisdom of Charles Darwin, who has been vindicated on lots of different points (his theory of evolution by natural selection, the role of sexual selection, etc.). The man clearly was a genius.
according to Darwin, not to modern evolutinary biologists - through sexual selection.
During the writing of The Descent of Man, Darwin collected more and more information on the expression of emotions in mankind and in animals. He decided to cut it from manuscript and make it into a standalone book: The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).
There is a clear gap between his Origins and Descent on the one side and Expression on the other side, though. The first two books are classics and can still be read by modern day readers: they contain gems of truth and are, historically speaking, influential masterpieces. Expressions is nothing like this. I will explain why this is so in following paragraphs, and this will let anyone decide is he/she wants to read this book or not.
Darwin's main thesis in Expressions is that the (for the most part involuntary) emotions that we express daily are the result of our evolutionary past. The expression of these emotions had an adaptive function during the lifetimes of our ancestors. This means (1) that animals and humans share common expressions (or at least the mechanisms of expressing those emotions) and (2) that human emotions have their origin in animal instincts.
The way Darwin works out his thesis is unorthodox. He compiles lots and lots of data and meticulously describes all the physical expressions of the emotions; each chapter deals with different types of emotions and therefore the Expressions can better be viewed as an 'Encyclopedia of Emotions' than as a book. This is one of the main reasons why Expressions is not really interesting for modern day readers: endless summations of emotions - not really an attractive foresight.
Another point that has to be stressed is that modern day cognitive psychology and neuroscience have unearthed much knowledge that Darwin didn't have access to. This means that Darwin's interpretations are almost all outdated. This makes it, sort of, redundant to read Expressions.
So why read it at all? Well, there are two important reasons for reading this.
First, one should focus on Darwin's method and not on his answers. Darwin tried to argue that human beings and animals share a common past and therefore share a lot of commonalities in the expression of emotions. Darwin collects evidence to prove his point via many different methods. He sent questionnaires abroad to the British colonial enterprises to acquire data on emotions from different races; he used the then-new technique of photographing people; he studied the insane (on the assumption that these people show pure emotions, whereas healthy persons cover up a lot of emotions); he used the research of Duchenne who used electroshocks to stimulate different facial areas to study the emotions; he observed children (mostly his own) in their emotive expressions; and he gathered much information of other (international) experts in the field.
In short, Darwin gathered an enormous database. That his analysis was qualitative (i.e. not statistical, as most of modern science is) is a minor detail: the content of his database was faulty, incomplete and he analyzed it in the wrong way - yet, his method was unique compared to his contemporaries. In other words, Darwin was the first scientist to study the emotive expressions of man and animals in a scientific way.
Second, Darwin's contemporaries used obscure hypotheses to explain all of mankind's peculiarities. Darwin was one of the few who was prepared to go the whole mile. As soon as you accept evolution by natural selection as the driving force behind natural diversity, mankind's favored position crumbles (hence The Descent (!) of Man). No longer is there a hierarchy in nature; all that remains is a tree of geneaology, of which mankind is just one little (and very recent) branch. In other words, mankind is a product of evolution, just like the rest of life on planet Earth, and hence we have to explain mankind's features with reference to our evolutionary past. This last step was too much for most of Darwin's contemporaries (Wallace, Lyell, etc.), who tried to come up with pseudo-scientific and arbitrary reasons why mankind was to be regarded as special creation (for example, clinging on to Descartes' dualism of mind/body).
Darwin tried in his Descent and Expressions to come up with a uniform and general principle, a natural explanation, for all of mankind's characteristics and traits. In that sense, Expressions is 'just' volume 3 of Descent. It is important to realize what Darwin did: for the first time a scientist offered a (convincing) natural explanation for all that man is. Mankind differs in degree from the other animals; there is no distinction in kind between man and the rest of life. This message is not really explicitly stated in Darwin's own work, but one can see with hindsight Darwin's revolutionary break with the past. So, this is a good reason for reading Expressions (especially if one has read, and enjoyed, The Descent of Man).
So, to sum up: the content of Expressions is outdated, its method is flawed, yet the revolutionary character of offering a natural explanation for the emotions of man (and animals) is a timeless component of this book. It is a historical document, and offers a fruitful way of thinking about humanity.
As a last remark, I'd like to add that Darwin's approach to the psychology of mankind (in Expressions our emotional sphere) has been vindicated in the (fairly recently established) field of evolutionary psychology. This science tries to explain all of man's mental faculties by tracing them to our evolutionary past. This has led to a whole new way of interpreting the results of mainstream psychology, which offers only proximate explanations, whereas evolutionary psychology offers ultimate explanations. This fact alone establishes the wisdom of Charles Darwin, who has been vindicated on lots of different points (his theory of evolution by natural selection, the role of sexual selection, etc.). The man clearly was a genius.
August 7, 2014
Darwin was definitely a genius! This book reveals him as an ultra observant naturalist and have great imagination and abstraction. Among the three principles of expression, the 2nd- the principle of antithesis - reminded me a lot of ancient greek thoughts, e.g. unity of the opposites, - and a much neglected point by modern neuroscientists.
Nonetheless, one thing he struggled too much about is to find *one* or *only a few* reasons for the origin of the expression of a specific emotion. I may think more more like: an expression is most frequently used because it have all the possible reasons to occur, or in other words, it does not have any reason to *not* occur. Then I'd put the 3rd principle (undirected flow) as the first.
A trivial point: his writing style is definitely not my type. The first chapter about the principles was great. but the rest was like what? -- totally reminded me of my college Plant textbook -- organized in chunks of phenomenology based on some taxological assumptions. but that's more like a personal aesthetic preference.
Nonetheless, one thing he struggled too much about is to find *one* or *only a few* reasons for the origin of the expression of a specific emotion. I may think more more like: an expression is most frequently used because it have all the possible reasons to occur, or in other words, it does not have any reason to *not* occur. Then I'd put the 3rd principle (undirected flow) as the first.
A trivial point: his writing style is definitely not my type. The first chapter about the principles was great. but the rest was like what? -- totally reminded me of my college Plant textbook -- organized in chunks of phenomenology based on some taxological assumptions. but that's more like a personal aesthetic preference.
Read
June 5, 2012I don't think I'm ever going to finish this cover to cover so here goes...
Good book. Obviously not a story, but it's a fascinating observation of how emotions are expressed. Darwin well documents where all his deduction comes from, if he suspects the credibility of anything and why... and so on. If you're studying Enlightenment/Humanities/anything along those lines, it's also a good firsthand look into the MO and influences of thinkers of the time.
Nevermind how notable Darwin is.
Good book. Obviously not a story, but it's a fascinating observation of how emotions are expressed. Darwin well documents where all his deduction comes from, if he suspects the credibility of anything and why... and so on. If you're studying Enlightenment/Humanities/anything along those lines, it's also a good firsthand look into the MO and influences of thinkers of the time.
Nevermind how notable Darwin is.
July 3, 2022
I started reading this book with great expectations which I could hold upp to the middle of the book.Unfortunatley I bought a bad copy and the supposed illustrations were not included in the book. After the middle of the book there were many repetitions of other peoples observations.It was nice to read that Darwin exchanged letters with Dr. Duchene , a french neurologist and
Dr .Donders , a dutch opthalmologist . A big portion of the book builds on other naturalists observation over the globe plus Darwins own observations.
Dr .Donders , a dutch opthalmologist . A big portion of the book builds on other naturalists observation over the globe plus Darwins own observations.
March 31, 2014
In this book Darwin writes mostly about the overt expressions of emotions, not about their evolutionary function or, for that matter, what constitutes an emotion (versus sensation, feeling, affect, passion). And, at times, it's not clear if Darwin is describing an emotion itself or its expression. The value of this book, following his "Origins" and "Descent" books, is that Darwin suggests a universal innateness in certain human emotional expressions and their close tie to the non-human animal world.
Darwin opens this book by outlining three principles that explain these expressions, but his discussion was not all that understandable. His first principle is that our (animal?) ancestors voluntary actions became reinforced by habit before becoming fixed as an inherited characteristic. I didn't understand this. An emotional expression seems to be more like a byproduct of an underlying emotion that was formed by fortuitous mutation and selected by natural selection. For example, it's likely that reptiles didn't "choose" to be fearful, but those with fearful responses were able to survive and pass along this capacity and the physiological expressions that go along with it to succeeding generations. I also didn't understand the significance of Darwin's second principle of antithesis whereby "actions of a directly opposite kind, though of no use, should be unconsciously performed through habit and association, under the influence of a directly opposite sensation or emotion," and that these expressions become "hereditary through long practice." For illustration, Darwin might be referring in part to "sympathy," where we mirror certain actions that we are performing, such as moving our "jaws simultaneously with the blades of the scissors." His third principle involves clear expressions that come directly from the nervous system, independent of the will and largely independent of habit. Here Darwin appears to align himself with Spencer's argument about the "overflow of nervous energy."
Darwin's theory seems Lamarckian: Do something good long enough and it becomes inherited. His theory is strikingly similar to Spencer's 1852 critique of Alexander Bain (Darwin's book has numerous references to both). Spencer uses a Lamarck-like argument to demonstrate the development of emotions from "lower" life forms, and from the lower emotions of human "savages" who are focused only on immediate desires, to the sophisticated, cognition-infused higher emotions of "civilized" peoples. These higher-level emotions, Spencer states, then become hereditary: "We know that emotional characteristics...are hereditary; and the differences between civilized nations descended from the same stock show us the cumulative results of small modifications hereditarily transmitted." This type of argument was pre-Mendel, and we now have a significantly different view how new traits develop, genetically. Spencer's argument also stands in stark contrast to what some modern-day neuroscience says about emotions - that the primal impulses and responses in lowly reptiles, and the social emotions of mammals and primates, are very much operative in all humans, today, no matter how civilized they are. In other words, while the neo-cortex adds to the pot, the stew is essentially the same. In part, Darwin's "Expressions" book makes an argument for universal emotions and their expression, but his argument regarding their origins may not be at all accurate.
Darwin discusses "emotions and sensations" as if they are emotional reactions (fear, anger) to an outside stimulus, but elsewhere he hints that emotions are inner needs that push the self outward. He mentions that certain actions "relieve or gratify certain sensations, desires, &c" and refers to "desire or sensation," suggesting that emotions are outgoing actions and the expression of internal need (i.e., we give an emotional response to an external stimulus). I have no clue what "&c" refers to and it adds to the confusion. With his emphasis on expression versus underlying emotion itself, Darwin does not clarify that a single expression may have more than one emotional impetus. For example, ill-temper and its various expressions may be the result of chronic bodily pain, or from a perpetual anger at negative stimuli from the outside, the inability of the self to satisfy its needs and desires, or it may be just poor body chemistry.
Darwin's strongest discussion is on the expressions (blushing, shyness, shame) coming from unwanted self-attention. This was excellent. While good, and acknowledging the difficult historical context for this sort of a book, Darwin's discussion takes our insight about emotions only so far. Darwin says these expressions from unwanted attention are due to concern about what others think, but he does not indicate why this should be a concern at all. For that answer, the reader must go to Darwin's "Descent" and his discussion of our tribal nature.
Darwin opens this book by outlining three principles that explain these expressions, but his discussion was not all that understandable. His first principle is that our (animal?) ancestors voluntary actions became reinforced by habit before becoming fixed as an inherited characteristic. I didn't understand this. An emotional expression seems to be more like a byproduct of an underlying emotion that was formed by fortuitous mutation and selected by natural selection. For example, it's likely that reptiles didn't "choose" to be fearful, but those with fearful responses were able to survive and pass along this capacity and the physiological expressions that go along with it to succeeding generations. I also didn't understand the significance of Darwin's second principle of antithesis whereby "actions of a directly opposite kind, though of no use, should be unconsciously performed through habit and association, under the influence of a directly opposite sensation or emotion," and that these expressions become "hereditary through long practice." For illustration, Darwin might be referring in part to "sympathy," where we mirror certain actions that we are performing, such as moving our "jaws simultaneously with the blades of the scissors." His third principle involves clear expressions that come directly from the nervous system, independent of the will and largely independent of habit. Here Darwin appears to align himself with Spencer's argument about the "overflow of nervous energy."
Darwin's theory seems Lamarckian: Do something good long enough and it becomes inherited. His theory is strikingly similar to Spencer's 1852 critique of Alexander Bain (Darwin's book has numerous references to both). Spencer uses a Lamarck-like argument to demonstrate the development of emotions from "lower" life forms, and from the lower emotions of human "savages" who are focused only on immediate desires, to the sophisticated, cognition-infused higher emotions of "civilized" peoples. These higher-level emotions, Spencer states, then become hereditary: "We know that emotional characteristics...are hereditary; and the differences between civilized nations descended from the same stock show us the cumulative results of small modifications hereditarily transmitted." This type of argument was pre-Mendel, and we now have a significantly different view how new traits develop, genetically. Spencer's argument also stands in stark contrast to what some modern-day neuroscience says about emotions - that the primal impulses and responses in lowly reptiles, and the social emotions of mammals and primates, are very much operative in all humans, today, no matter how civilized they are. In other words, while the neo-cortex adds to the pot, the stew is essentially the same. In part, Darwin's "Expressions" book makes an argument for universal emotions and their expression, but his argument regarding their origins may not be at all accurate.
Darwin discusses "emotions and sensations" as if they are emotional reactions (fear, anger) to an outside stimulus, but elsewhere he hints that emotions are inner needs that push the self outward. He mentions that certain actions "relieve or gratify certain sensations, desires, &c" and refers to "desire or sensation," suggesting that emotions are outgoing actions and the expression of internal need (i.e., we give an emotional response to an external stimulus). I have no clue what "&c" refers to and it adds to the confusion. With his emphasis on expression versus underlying emotion itself, Darwin does not clarify that a single expression may have more than one emotional impetus. For example, ill-temper and its various expressions may be the result of chronic bodily pain, or from a perpetual anger at negative stimuli from the outside, the inability of the self to satisfy its needs and desires, or it may be just poor body chemistry.
Darwin's strongest discussion is on the expressions (blushing, shyness, shame) coming from unwanted self-attention. This was excellent. While good, and acknowledging the difficult historical context for this sort of a book, Darwin's discussion takes our insight about emotions only so far. Darwin says these expressions from unwanted attention are due to concern about what others think, but he does not indicate why this should be a concern at all. For that answer, the reader must go to Darwin's "Descent" and his discussion of our tribal nature.
December 1, 2022
Many detailed observations of physiological emotional expressions, though there is much still unknown in the book, especially of psychological expressions. I dont know why i read this one since there must be newer data on this subject but it was satisfying to read.
April 26, 2020
賷賳賲賾 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賳 丕賱賯丿乇丞 丕賱賮丕卅賯丞 賱丿賶 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 鬲卮丕乇賱夭 丿丕乇賵賷賳 毓賱賶 丿賯丞 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丞 賵丕毓鬲賲丕丿賴 毓賱賶 爻亘賱 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賮賷 鬲賯丿賷賲 賴匕賴 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱囟禺賲丞 丕賱鬲賷 賯丿賲賴丕 賱賱亘卮乇賷丞 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賳賵丕賳. 賵賰丕賳鬲 鬲乇噩賲丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱乇丕卅毓 賯丿 禺賱賯 丨賷賱賵賱丞賸 亘賷賳賷 賵亘賷賳 丕賱賲賱賱 丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲乇賷 兀睾賱亘 丕賱賯乇丕亍 廿夭丕亍 亘毓囟 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賰賵賳 賲丕丿鬲賴丕 毓賱賲賷丞 亘丨鬲丞貙 乇睾賲 兀賳賴 氐乇丨 賮賷 賲賯丿賲鬲賴 -兀賷 丿丕乇賵賷賳- 亘兀賳 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 兀賲乇 卮丕卅賰 賵亘丕賱睾 丕賱氐毓賵亘丞貙 匕賱賰 賱兀賳 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 睾丕賱亘賸丕 賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 胤賮賷賮丞 噩丿賸丕 賵匕丕鬲 胤亘賷毓丞 毓丕亘乇丞貙 賵賲賳 丕賱禺胤兀 兀賳 賳毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 賲禺賷賾賱鬲賳丕 賮賷 丿乇丕爻丞 賴匕丕 丕賱噩丕賳亘 丕賱毓賲賷賯.
兀孬賳丕亍 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻鬲卮毓乇 兀賳賰 賲賲爻賵爻貙 賱兀賳賰 賵亘卮賰賱賺 賱丕 廿乇丕丿賷 爻賵賮 鬲噩乇亘 賰賱 丕賱鬲毓丕亘賷乇 賵丕賱廿賷賲丕亍丕鬲 -兀賵 賱賳賯賱 兀睾賱亘賴丕- 丕賱鬲賷 鬲胤乇賯 賱賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴貙 爻鬲乇賮毓 丨丕噩亘賷賰 賵鬲夭賲 卮賮鬲賷賰貙 賵鬲賴夭賾 賰鬲賮賷賰 賵鬲乇禺賷 毓囟賱丕鬲 賵噩賴賰 賰賷賮賲丕 丕鬲賮賯(:
兀賱丨賯 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 亘賮氐賱賺 兀禺賷乇 賷亘賷賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱匕賷 丕鬲禺匕賴 賮賷 鬲兀賱賷賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 孬賱丕孬丞 賲亘丕丿卅 賵賴賷: 丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲賯乇賵賳丞 亘丕賱賮丕卅丿丞 賵丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱孬丕賳賷: 賳賯賷囟 丕賱毓丕丿丞 兀賵 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱賲囟丕丿丞 賵賷毓賳賷 亘匕賱賰 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 丕賱賲毓丕賰爻丞 賵丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱孬丕賱孬: 丕賱賮毓丕賱賷丕鬲 丕賱賳丕鬲噩丞 毓賳 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱毓氐亘賷 "丕賱賱丕廿乇丕丿賷丞". 賮賮賷 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賮氐賵賱 賷丨鬲賰賲 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅貙 賵賷丨丕賵賱 廿孬亘丕鬲 丕賱賲賯丕乇亘丕鬲 亘賷賳 廿賷賲丕亍丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇 賵鬲卮丕亘賴賴丕 賲毓 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱兀丿賳賶貙 兀賵 丕賱賯乇賵丿. 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賰鬲爻亘賴丕 賮賷 兀爻賮丕乇賴貙 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賲乇丕賯亘丞 兀胤賮丕賱賴 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丨賷丕鬲賴 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞 賵丿乇丕爻鬲賴 賱賱爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲貙 賴匕丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 兀賯乇丕賳賴 賮賷 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳. 賵賱毓賱 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 鬲賰乇乇 丕爻賲賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴乇亘乇鬲 爻亘賳爻乇 丕賱匕賷 乇爻禺 賲賮丕賴賷賲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱丕乇鬲賯丕亍.
賮賷 丕賱賲噩賲賱: 丕爻鬲賮丿鬲 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 賰賳鬲 兀鬲賵賯毓貙 賱丕 爻賷賲丕 兀賳賷 賰賳鬲 賵賱丕 兀夭丕賱 賲兀禺賵匕賸丕 亘賱睾丞 丕賱噩爻丿 賵賰賳鬲 兀賯鬲賳毓 亘兀賳 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱丨乇賰賷賾丞 丕賱氐丕賲鬲丞貙 丕賱賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲貙 賴賷 亘賲孬丕亘丞 賱睾丞 賲爻鬲賯賱丞 睾賷乇 賲賳胤賵賯丞貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賰丿 賯賳丕毓鬲賷.
@y22s3
兀孬賳丕亍 賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻鬲卮毓乇 兀賳賰 賲賲爻賵爻貙 賱兀賳賰 賵亘卮賰賱賺 賱丕 廿乇丕丿賷 爻賵賮 鬲噩乇亘 賰賱 丕賱鬲毓丕亘賷乇 賵丕賱廿賷賲丕亍丕鬲 -兀賵 賱賳賯賱 兀睾賱亘賴丕- 丕賱鬲賷 鬲胤乇賯 賱賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴貙 爻鬲乇賮毓 丨丕噩亘賷賰 賵鬲夭賲 卮賮鬲賷賰貙 賵鬲賴夭賾 賰鬲賮賷賰 賵鬲乇禺賷 毓囟賱丕鬲 賵噩賴賰 賰賷賮賲丕 丕鬲賮賯(:
兀賱丨賯 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 亘賮氐賱賺 兀禺賷乇 賷亘賷賳 賮賷賴 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱匕賷 丕鬲禺匕賴 賮賷 鬲兀賱賷賮 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲賲丿 毓賱賶 孬賱丕孬丞 賲亘丕丿卅 賵賴賷: 丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 丕賱賲賯乇賵賳丞 亘丕賱賮丕卅丿丞 賵丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱孬丕賳賷: 賳賯賷囟 丕賱毓丕丿丞 兀賵 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱賲囟丕丿丞 賵賷毓賳賷 亘匕賱賰 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱丨賵丕賮夭 丕賱賲毓丕賰爻丞 賵丕賱賲亘丿兀 丕賱孬丕賱孬: 丕賱賮毓丕賱賷丕鬲 丕賱賳丕鬲噩丞 毓賳 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱毓氐亘賷 "丕賱賱丕廿乇丕丿賷丞". 賮賮賷 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賮氐賵賱 賷丨鬲賰賲 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅貙 賵賷丨丕賵賱 廿孬亘丕鬲 丕賱賲賯丕乇亘丕鬲 亘賷賳 廿賷賲丕亍丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇 賵鬲卮丕亘賴賴丕 賲毓 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱兀丿賳賶貙 兀賵 丕賱賯乇賵丿. 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲賴 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕賰鬲爻亘賴丕 賮賷 兀爻賮丕乇賴貙 兀賵 丨鬲賶 賲乇丕賯亘丞 兀胤賮丕賱賴 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丨賷丕鬲賴 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞 賵丿乇丕爻鬲賴 賱賱爻賱賵賰賷丕鬲貙 賴匕丕 亘丕賱廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 兀賯乇丕賳賴 賮賷 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱亘賱丿丕賳. 賵賱毓賱 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 鬲賰乇乇 丕爻賲賴 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賵 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷 賴乇亘乇鬲 爻亘賳爻乇 丕賱匕賷 乇爻禺 賲賮丕賴賷賲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱丕乇鬲賯丕亍.
賮賷 丕賱賲噩賲賱: 丕爻鬲賮丿鬲 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賰孬乇 賲賲丕 賰賳鬲 兀鬲賵賯毓貙 賱丕 爻賷賲丕 兀賳賷 賰賳鬲 賵賱丕 兀夭丕賱 賲兀禺賵匕賸丕 亘賱睾丞 丕賱噩爻丿 賵賰賳鬲 兀賯鬲賳毓 亘兀賳 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱丨乇賰賷賾丞 丕賱氐丕賲鬲丞貙 丕賱賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲貙 賴賷 亘賲孬丕亘丞 賱睾丞 賲爻鬲賯賱丞 睾賷乇 賲賳胤賵賯丞貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賰丿 賯賳丕毓鬲賷.
@y22s3
January 18, 2023
Actions of all kinds, if regularly accompanying any state of the mind, are at once recognised as expressive. To understand, as far as is possible, the source or origin of the various expressions which may be hourly seen on the faces of the men around us, not to mention our domesticated animals, ought to possess much interest for us. Yet assuredly we can sympathize with those for whom we feel no affection. Even the simulation of an emotion tends to arouse it in our minds.
The movements of expression give vividness and energy to our spoken words. We may actually behold the expression changing in an unmistakable manner in a man or animal, and yet be quite unable, to analyse the nature of the change. They reveal the thoughts and intentions of others more truly than do words, which may be falsified.
He who admits on general grounds that the structure and habits of all animals have been gradually evolved, will look at the whole subject of Expression in a new and interesting light. Conventional expressions or gestures, acquired by the individual during early life, would probably have differed in the different races, in the same manner as do their languages.
The three Principles on expression of emotion classified by Darwin are as follows:
I. The principle of serviceable associated Habits.
II. The principle of Antithesis.
III. The principle of actions due to the constitution of the Nervous System, independently from the first of the Will, and independently to a certain extent of Habit.
The far greater number of the movements of expression, and all the more important ones, are, as we have seen, innate or inherited; and such cannot be said to depend on the will of the individual. We shall, also, consider another proposition included in our first Principle ; namely, that the checking of one habitual movement sometimes requires other slight movements; these latter serving as a means of expression.
Respiration is partly voluntary, but mainly reflex, and is performed in the most natural and best manner without the interference of the will. The love between the opposite sexes is widely different from maternal love; and when lovers meet, we know that their hearts beat quickly, their breathing is hurried, and their faces flush ; for this love is not inactive like that of a mother for her infant. In like manner those muscles of the face which are least obedient to the will, will sometimes alone betray a slight and passing emotion. The glands again are wholly independent of the will, and a man suffering from grief may command his features, but cannot always prevent the tears from coming into his eyes.
The whole expression of a man in good spirits is exactly the opposite of that of one suffering from sorrow. A bright and sparkling eye is as characteristic of a pleased or amused state of mind, as is the retraction of the corners of the mouth and upper lip with the wrinkles thus produced.
In considering the mode in which vocal utterances express emotion, we are naturally led to inquire into the cause of what is called " expression" in music. Music often produces another peculiar effect. We know that every strong sensation, emotion, or excitement鈥攅xtreme pain, rage, terror, joy, or the passion of love鈥攁ll have a special tendency to cause the muscles to tremble; and the thrill or slight shiver which runs down the backbone and limbs of many persons when they are powerfully affected by music, seems to bear the same relation to the above trembling of the body, as a slight suffusion of tears from the power of music does to weeping from any strong and real emotion.
It is known that the involuntary movements of the heart are affected if close attention be paid to them. It does not seem possible that any animal, until its mental powers had been developed to an equal or nearly equal degree with those of man, would have closely considered and been sensitive about its own personal appearance. Therefore we may conclude that blushing originated at a very late period in the long line of our descent.
From the various facts just alluded to, and given in the course of this volume, it follows that, if the structure of our organs of respiration and circulation had differed in only a slight degree from the state in which they now exist, most of our expressions would have been wonderfully different. Thus it is shown that expression in itself, or the language of the emotions, as it has sometimes been called, is certainly of importance for the welfare of mankind.
Actions, which were at first voluntary, soon become habitual, and at last hereditary, and may then be performed even in opposition to the will. Such words as that "certain movements serve as a means of expression" are apt to mislead, as they imply that this was their primary purpose or object.
Darwin have endeavoured to show in considerable detail that all the chief expressions exhibited by man are the same throughout the world. This fact is interesting, as it affords a new argument in favour of the several races being descended from a single parent-stock, which must have been almost completely human in structure, and to a large extent in mind, before the period at which the races diverged from each other. No doubt similar structures, adapted for the same purpose, have often been independently acquired through variation and natural selection by distinct species; but this view will not explain close similarity between distinct species in a multitude of unimportant details.
All on Darwin's words: from these several causes, we may conclude that the philosophy of our subject has well deserved the attention which it has already received from several excellent observers, and that it deserves still further attention, especially from any able physiologist.
Some general inqiries below by Charles Darwin to various person has a great assistance on the exploration about origin and development of expression of emotion:
(1.) Is astonishment expressed by the eyes and mouth being opened wide, and by the eyebrows being raised ?
(2.) Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin allows it to be visible? and especially how low down the body does the blush extend ?
(3.) When a man is indignant or defiant does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square his shoulders and clench his fists ?
(4.) When considering deeply on any subject, or trying to understand any puzzle, does he frown, or wrinkle the skin beneath the lower eyelids ?
(5.) When in low spirits, are the corners of the mouth depressed, and the inner corner of the eyebrows raised by that muscle which the French call the " Grief muscle " ? The eyebrow in this state becomes slightly oblique, with a little swelling at the inner end; and the forehead is transversely wrinkled in the middle part, but not across the whole breadth, as when the eyebrows are raised in surprise.
(6.) When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little wrinkled round and under them, and with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners ?
(7.) When a man sneers or snarls at another, is the corner of the upper lip over the canine or eye tooth raised on the side facing the man whom he addresses ?
(8.) Can a dogged or obstinate expression be recognized, which is chiefly shown by the mouth being firmly closed, a lowering brow and a slight frown ?
(9.) Is contempt expressed by a slight protrusion of the lips and by turning up the nose, with a slight expiration ?
(10.) Is disgust shown by the lower lip being turned down, the upper lip slightly raised, with a sudden expiration, something like incipient vomiting, or like something spit out of the mouth ?
(11.) Is extreme fear expressed in the same general manner as with Europeans?
(12.) Is laughter ever carried to such an extreme as to bring tears into the eyes?
(13.) When a man wishes to show that he cannot prevent something being done, or cannot himself do something, does he shrug his shoulders, turn inwards his elbows, extend outwards his hands and open the palms; with the eyebrows raised?
(14.) Do the children when sulky, pout or greatly protrude the lips?
(15.) Can guilty, or sly, or jealous expressions be recognized? though I know not how these can be defined.
(16.) Is the head nodded vertically in affirmation, and shaken laterally in negation?
The movements of expression give vividness and energy to our spoken words. We may actually behold the expression changing in an unmistakable manner in a man or animal, and yet be quite unable, to analyse the nature of the change. They reveal the thoughts and intentions of others more truly than do words, which may be falsified.
He who admits on general grounds that the structure and habits of all animals have been gradually evolved, will look at the whole subject of Expression in a new and interesting light. Conventional expressions or gestures, acquired by the individual during early life, would probably have differed in the different races, in the same manner as do their languages.
The three Principles on expression of emotion classified by Darwin are as follows:
I. The principle of serviceable associated Habits.
II. The principle of Antithesis.
III. The principle of actions due to the constitution of the Nervous System, independently from the first of the Will, and independently to a certain extent of Habit.
The far greater number of the movements of expression, and all the more important ones, are, as we have seen, innate or inherited; and such cannot be said to depend on the will of the individual. We shall, also, consider another proposition included in our first Principle ; namely, that the checking of one habitual movement sometimes requires other slight movements; these latter serving as a means of expression.
Respiration is partly voluntary, but mainly reflex, and is performed in the most natural and best manner without the interference of the will. The love between the opposite sexes is widely different from maternal love; and when lovers meet, we know that their hearts beat quickly, their breathing is hurried, and their faces flush ; for this love is not inactive like that of a mother for her infant. In like manner those muscles of the face which are least obedient to the will, will sometimes alone betray a slight and passing emotion. The glands again are wholly independent of the will, and a man suffering from grief may command his features, but cannot always prevent the tears from coming into his eyes.
The whole expression of a man in good spirits is exactly the opposite of that of one suffering from sorrow. A bright and sparkling eye is as characteristic of a pleased or amused state of mind, as is the retraction of the corners of the mouth and upper lip with the wrinkles thus produced.
In considering the mode in which vocal utterances express emotion, we are naturally led to inquire into the cause of what is called " expression" in music. Music often produces another peculiar effect. We know that every strong sensation, emotion, or excitement鈥攅xtreme pain, rage, terror, joy, or the passion of love鈥攁ll have a special tendency to cause the muscles to tremble; and the thrill or slight shiver which runs down the backbone and limbs of many persons when they are powerfully affected by music, seems to bear the same relation to the above trembling of the body, as a slight suffusion of tears from the power of music does to weeping from any strong and real emotion.
It is known that the involuntary movements of the heart are affected if close attention be paid to them. It does not seem possible that any animal, until its mental powers had been developed to an equal or nearly equal degree with those of man, would have closely considered and been sensitive about its own personal appearance. Therefore we may conclude that blushing originated at a very late period in the long line of our descent.
From the various facts just alluded to, and given in the course of this volume, it follows that, if the structure of our organs of respiration and circulation had differed in only a slight degree from the state in which they now exist, most of our expressions would have been wonderfully different. Thus it is shown that expression in itself, or the language of the emotions, as it has sometimes been called, is certainly of importance for the welfare of mankind.
Actions, which were at first voluntary, soon become habitual, and at last hereditary, and may then be performed even in opposition to the will. Such words as that "certain movements serve as a means of expression" are apt to mislead, as they imply that this was their primary purpose or object.
Darwin have endeavoured to show in considerable detail that all the chief expressions exhibited by man are the same throughout the world. This fact is interesting, as it affords a new argument in favour of the several races being descended from a single parent-stock, which must have been almost completely human in structure, and to a large extent in mind, before the period at which the races diverged from each other. No doubt similar structures, adapted for the same purpose, have often been independently acquired through variation and natural selection by distinct species; but this view will not explain close similarity between distinct species in a multitude of unimportant details.
All on Darwin's words: from these several causes, we may conclude that the philosophy of our subject has well deserved the attention which it has already received from several excellent observers, and that it deserves still further attention, especially from any able physiologist.
Some general inqiries below by Charles Darwin to various person has a great assistance on the exploration about origin and development of expression of emotion:
(1.) Is astonishment expressed by the eyes and mouth being opened wide, and by the eyebrows being raised ?
(2.) Does shame excite a blush when the colour of the skin allows it to be visible? and especially how low down the body does the blush extend ?
(3.) When a man is indignant or defiant does he frown, hold his body and head erect, square his shoulders and clench his fists ?
(4.) When considering deeply on any subject, or trying to understand any puzzle, does he frown, or wrinkle the skin beneath the lower eyelids ?
(5.) When in low spirits, are the corners of the mouth depressed, and the inner corner of the eyebrows raised by that muscle which the French call the " Grief muscle " ? The eyebrow in this state becomes slightly oblique, with a little swelling at the inner end; and the forehead is transversely wrinkled in the middle part, but not across the whole breadth, as when the eyebrows are raised in surprise.
(6.) When in good spirits do the eyes sparkle, with the skin a little wrinkled round and under them, and with the mouth a little drawn back at the corners ?
(7.) When a man sneers or snarls at another, is the corner of the upper lip over the canine or eye tooth raised on the side facing the man whom he addresses ?
(8.) Can a dogged or obstinate expression be recognized, which is chiefly shown by the mouth being firmly closed, a lowering brow and a slight frown ?
(9.) Is contempt expressed by a slight protrusion of the lips and by turning up the nose, with a slight expiration ?
(10.) Is disgust shown by the lower lip being turned down, the upper lip slightly raised, with a sudden expiration, something like incipient vomiting, or like something spit out of the mouth ?
(11.) Is extreme fear expressed in the same general manner as with Europeans?
(12.) Is laughter ever carried to such an extreme as to bring tears into the eyes?
(13.) When a man wishes to show that he cannot prevent something being done, or cannot himself do something, does he shrug his shoulders, turn inwards his elbows, extend outwards his hands and open the palms; with the eyebrows raised?
(14.) Do the children when sulky, pout or greatly protrude the lips?
(15.) Can guilty, or sly, or jealous expressions be recognized? though I know not how these can be defined.
(16.) Is the head nodded vertically in affirmation, and shaken laterally in negation?
February 6, 2025
I started reading this book for a paper I was working on a specific aspect of the human social and epistemic life鈥攏amely, the epistemology of disgust.
This book came before its time. It is probably the only book out there that has given full attention to the study of emotions in man and animals鈥攈ow those emotions arise and what gives rise to those emotions.
P.S.: I read the Pheonix Science Series edition (published in 1965 by the University of Chicago Press).
This book came before its time. It is probably the only book out there that has given full attention to the study of emotions in man and animals鈥攈ow those emotions arise and what gives rise to those emotions.
P.S.: I read the Pheonix Science Series edition (published in 1965 by the University of Chicago Press).
July 27, 2018
鈥淟e cr茅ateur n鈥檃 donc pas eu 脿 se pr茅occuper ici des besoins de la m茅canique; il a pu, selon sa sagesse,...par une divine fantaisie, mettre en action tel ou tel muscle, un seul ou plusieurs muscles 脿 la fois, lorsqu鈥檌l a voulu que les signes caract茅ristiques des passions, m锚me les plus fugaces, fussent 茅crits passag猫rement sur le face de l鈥檋omme. Ce langage de la physionomie une fois cr茅e, il lui a suffi, pour le rendre universel et immuable, de donner 脿 tout 锚tre humain la facult茅 instinctive d鈥檈xprimer toujours ses sentiments par la contraction des m锚mes muscles.鈥�
As it was the quote by Dr. Duchenne written in the introduction by Darwin. One can't refrain oneself but gasped at the ingeniousness of our expressions, which seemed to be so mediocre and innate that we've neglect how such complexity are inherited from centuries of evolution. Our expressions are of such importance because of its universality that never fails to convey the states of mind so unintentionally. In this book it endeavors in tracing back the primal origins behind our behaviors, and where the art and science intersected.
Even though it is considered as a scientific paper when this is published in 1872, in our modern days this could only be classified as a journal in the history of human expression, many proofs are from his daily observation or depiction of travelers to back up his theory. It doesn't analyze the invigoration of muscles from anatomical level but rather more on the hereditary cause of habitual movements, therefore rendered the book very readable for non-professionals. But it is still interesting to see different interpretation on both congeniality and subconscious expression, that later comes to be the symbolic manner of that certain emotion. The book more often extract verses from classic literature into his details of portrayal, like Shakespeare or Homer, thus showed from what perspective he wrote this book.
There鈥檚 some interesting points that I wanted to raise. First with Darwin's interpretation of devotion,
"As devotion is, in some degree, related to affection, though mainly consisting of reverence, often combined with fear, the expression of this state of mind may here be briefly noticed... Devotion is chiefly expressed by the face being directed towards the heavens, with the eyeballs upturned. Sir C. Bell remarks that, at the approach of sleep, or of a fainting-fit, or of death, the pupils are drawn upwards and inwards;... With babies, whilst sucking their mother's breast, this movement of the eyeballs often gives to them an absurd appearance of ecstatic delight;... and here it may be clearly perceived that a struggle is going on against the position naturally assumed during sleep. As the eyes are often turned up in prayer, without the mind being so much absorbed in thought as to approach to the unconsciousness of sleep, the movement is probably a conventional one-- the result of the common belief that Heaven, the source of Divine power to which we pray, is seated above us."
A humble kneeling posture, with the hands upturned and palms joined, which is a accustomed position for prayer, actually resonated the submission of a slave as having his hands tied. There's no doubt in how our behavior implicitly tells of our history and values. It therefore concludes what religion is, a mystic unconsciousness that closes all external sense, that dwell oneself into the imaginary presence of an superior ideal, a fantasy that blinded us from the all blemish and ugliness. Religion is a kind of beauty, it is fear and submission, created out of contradictions. Even a posture that鈥檚 characteristic of a religious dedication echoed of biological and historical means. In terms of portraiture, having sufficient knowledge on behavioural psychology not only built depth to the appreciation of beauty, both on a canvas or a breathing thing, but also an objective understanding of humanity. Maybe humanity, and who we truly are, are a mix of corporeal desire and an image created out of social norms and culture.
Another part of a subconscious expression is of the liberation of nerve-force. It is the essence of the whole book. Emotion and behaviour are reciprocal. The existence of an emotion is the motivation to urge for action. Therefore emotion must finds itself to an impulsion of muscle initiation, a relief of that push for change that finds itself so unintentionally an expression, a manifestation. The relationship between mental and physical are tantamount. The mental exists to save the physical from death, an indication of life. Darwin shares the example of a dog,
鈥淲hen a dog approaches a strange dog or man in a savage or hostile frame of mind be walks upright and very stiffly; his head is slightly raised, or not much lowered; the tail is held erect, and quite rigid; the hairs bristle, especially along the neck and back; the pricked ears are directed forwards, and the eyes have a fixed stare. These actions, as will hereafter be explained, follow from the dog's intention to attack his enemy, and are thus to a large extent intelligible. As he prepares to spring with a savage growl on his enemy, the canine teeth are uncovered, and the ears are pressed close backwards on the head;... Let us now suppose that the dog suddenly discovers that the man he is approaching, is not a stranger, but his master; and let it be observed how completely and instantaneously his whole bearing is reversed. Instead of walking upright, the body sinks downwards or even crouches, and is thrown into flexuous movements; his tail, instead of being held stiff and upright, is lowered and wagged from side to side; his hair instantly becomes smooth; his ears are depressed and drawn backwards, but not closely to the head; and his lips hang loosely. From the drawing back of the ears, the eyelids become elongated, and the eyes no longer appear round and staring. It should be added that the animal is at such times in an excited condition from joy;... They are explicable, as far as I can see, solely from being in complete opposition or antithesis to the attitude and movements which, from intelligible causes, are assumed when a dog intends to fight, and which consequently are expressive of anger.鈥�
Some countenance are appeared with an intelligible cause to be ready to encounter attacks. But as it seems to be, some actions serve no purpose of fleeing from imminent danger. These emotions that exerted the power for action, which in turn symbolise life, are much more bounded to physicality than we thought. Some are merely antithetical invigoration as these emotion find a way for liberation.
Despite how vague or inaccurate is some of his estimation, it鈥檚 still a detailed inspection on behaviour and emotion. I didn鈥檛 fully comprehend all his writings therefore it may need a second read, though I鈥檓 not sure if it is worth going through.
As it was the quote by Dr. Duchenne written in the introduction by Darwin. One can't refrain oneself but gasped at the ingeniousness of our expressions, which seemed to be so mediocre and innate that we've neglect how such complexity are inherited from centuries of evolution. Our expressions are of such importance because of its universality that never fails to convey the states of mind so unintentionally. In this book it endeavors in tracing back the primal origins behind our behaviors, and where the art and science intersected.
Even though it is considered as a scientific paper when this is published in 1872, in our modern days this could only be classified as a journal in the history of human expression, many proofs are from his daily observation or depiction of travelers to back up his theory. It doesn't analyze the invigoration of muscles from anatomical level but rather more on the hereditary cause of habitual movements, therefore rendered the book very readable for non-professionals. But it is still interesting to see different interpretation on both congeniality and subconscious expression, that later comes to be the symbolic manner of that certain emotion. The book more often extract verses from classic literature into his details of portrayal, like Shakespeare or Homer, thus showed from what perspective he wrote this book.
There鈥檚 some interesting points that I wanted to raise. First with Darwin's interpretation of devotion,
"As devotion is, in some degree, related to affection, though mainly consisting of reverence, often combined with fear, the expression of this state of mind may here be briefly noticed... Devotion is chiefly expressed by the face being directed towards the heavens, with the eyeballs upturned. Sir C. Bell remarks that, at the approach of sleep, or of a fainting-fit, or of death, the pupils are drawn upwards and inwards;... With babies, whilst sucking their mother's breast, this movement of the eyeballs often gives to them an absurd appearance of ecstatic delight;... and here it may be clearly perceived that a struggle is going on against the position naturally assumed during sleep. As the eyes are often turned up in prayer, without the mind being so much absorbed in thought as to approach to the unconsciousness of sleep, the movement is probably a conventional one-- the result of the common belief that Heaven, the source of Divine power to which we pray, is seated above us."
A humble kneeling posture, with the hands upturned and palms joined, which is a accustomed position for prayer, actually resonated the submission of a slave as having his hands tied. There's no doubt in how our behavior implicitly tells of our history and values. It therefore concludes what religion is, a mystic unconsciousness that closes all external sense, that dwell oneself into the imaginary presence of an superior ideal, a fantasy that blinded us from the all blemish and ugliness. Religion is a kind of beauty, it is fear and submission, created out of contradictions. Even a posture that鈥檚 characteristic of a religious dedication echoed of biological and historical means. In terms of portraiture, having sufficient knowledge on behavioural psychology not only built depth to the appreciation of beauty, both on a canvas or a breathing thing, but also an objective understanding of humanity. Maybe humanity, and who we truly are, are a mix of corporeal desire and an image created out of social norms and culture.
Another part of a subconscious expression is of the liberation of nerve-force. It is the essence of the whole book. Emotion and behaviour are reciprocal. The existence of an emotion is the motivation to urge for action. Therefore emotion must finds itself to an impulsion of muscle initiation, a relief of that push for change that finds itself so unintentionally an expression, a manifestation. The relationship between mental and physical are tantamount. The mental exists to save the physical from death, an indication of life. Darwin shares the example of a dog,
鈥淲hen a dog approaches a strange dog or man in a savage or hostile frame of mind be walks upright and very stiffly; his head is slightly raised, or not much lowered; the tail is held erect, and quite rigid; the hairs bristle, especially along the neck and back; the pricked ears are directed forwards, and the eyes have a fixed stare. These actions, as will hereafter be explained, follow from the dog's intention to attack his enemy, and are thus to a large extent intelligible. As he prepares to spring with a savage growl on his enemy, the canine teeth are uncovered, and the ears are pressed close backwards on the head;... Let us now suppose that the dog suddenly discovers that the man he is approaching, is not a stranger, but his master; and let it be observed how completely and instantaneously his whole bearing is reversed. Instead of walking upright, the body sinks downwards or even crouches, and is thrown into flexuous movements; his tail, instead of being held stiff and upright, is lowered and wagged from side to side; his hair instantly becomes smooth; his ears are depressed and drawn backwards, but not closely to the head; and his lips hang loosely. From the drawing back of the ears, the eyelids become elongated, and the eyes no longer appear round and staring. It should be added that the animal is at such times in an excited condition from joy;... They are explicable, as far as I can see, solely from being in complete opposition or antithesis to the attitude and movements which, from intelligible causes, are assumed when a dog intends to fight, and which consequently are expressive of anger.鈥�
Some countenance are appeared with an intelligible cause to be ready to encounter attacks. But as it seems to be, some actions serve no purpose of fleeing from imminent danger. These emotions that exerted the power for action, which in turn symbolise life, are much more bounded to physicality than we thought. Some are merely antithetical invigoration as these emotion find a way for liberation.
Despite how vague or inaccurate is some of his estimation, it鈥檚 still a detailed inspection on behaviour and emotion. I didn鈥檛 fully comprehend all his writings therefore it may need a second read, though I鈥檓 not sure if it is worth going through.
January 16, 2012
When presented the theory of evolution, Darwin's contemporaries were willing to agree with it up to a point, but many people still wanted to believe that humans were a special case (uniquely created by God), much too advanced intellectually and morally to be related to the lower animals; others were upset that the theory said that Europeans were related to races they considered savage. Darwin wrote this book, as well as "Descent of Man," to demonstrate the similarities in behavior between man and the animals, and among the various races of man.
The book certainly succeeds in its purpose; whether some of Darwin's ideas about the origins of specific gestures and facial expressions have been borne out by subsequent experiment and observation, I don't know.
The last chapter but one includes a long discourse on blushing, which really interested Darwin as an evolutionary question. As an involuntary reaction to shyness, or positive or negative attention from others, where does blushing come from? Very fascinating!
The book certainly succeeds in its purpose; whether some of Darwin's ideas about the origins of specific gestures and facial expressions have been borne out by subsequent experiment and observation, I don't know.
The last chapter but one includes a long discourse on blushing, which really interested Darwin as an evolutionary question. As an involuntary reaction to shyness, or positive or negative attention from others, where does blushing come from? Very fascinating!
March 21, 2014
For everybody, Darwin is only associated wit the theory of 茅volution. By this book, the last one, he is also one of the father of 茅thology, the science of animal comportment.
He defines 6 elementary feelings which are for him universal in the animal kingdom. Things evolved. There are now computing tools to model the feelings. The eyebrow plays a major role in this expression. Darwin had noted its relative immobility to the chimpanzee. According to Popper, it would contradict the theory.
We know recently that the muscles of eyebrows are included in a wide fibrous ligament. It limits the mobility of muscles. Thus the chimpanzee can not mobilize its eyebrows a lot.
Darwin was right.
He defines 6 elementary feelings which are for him universal in the animal kingdom. Things evolved. There are now computing tools to model the feelings. The eyebrow plays a major role in this expression. Darwin had noted its relative immobility to the chimpanzee. According to Popper, it would contradict the theory.
We know recently that the muscles of eyebrows are included in a wide fibrous ligament. It limits the mobility of muscles. Thus the chimpanzee can not mobilize its eyebrows a lot.
Darwin was right.
October 30, 2014
Incredibly interesting book, while some parts are funny by todays standards (sometimes the comparisons with retards/mentally ill and aboriginals is a bit racist and non PC to the point of being laugh out loud hilarious) it is a very educational piece of work which gives a excellent analysis of which emotions and expressions are innate and which are learned. Darwin was such a revolutionary thinker. I enjoy anything he wrote.
Read
June 5, 2009This book made my skin crawl, frankly. I never had any doubt that human emotions were the same as 'animal' emotions, and were often expressed the same way. But Darwin's description of his research strategy reveals appalling cruelty in the way animals (particularly zoo animals) were treated in the Victorian era--there are several descriptions of how animals resond to being beaten, for example.
June 16, 2018
賰丕賳鬲 乇丨賱丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 噩丿丕 丕賳 鬲乇賶 丿丕乇賵賳 匕賱賰 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱毓亘賯乇賷 亘毓賷賳 胤賮賱 賵賯賱亘 丕賲乇兀丞 丨賳賵賳 賰賷賮 賷乇丕賯亘 賵 賷亘丨孬 賵 賷噩鬲賴丿 賮賷 丿乇丕爻賴 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷丞 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳賷丞 亘賲禺鬲賱賮 丕毓賲丕乇賴賲 賵賰賷賮 賷賯丕乇賳賴丕 賵賷囟毓 賲賳 賰賵賲丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 賲亘丕丿卅 賱鬲賮爻賷乇賴丕 賵賷丨丕賵賱 丕賳 賷氐賱 丕賱賶 丕爻鬲賳鬲丕噩 賲毓賯賵賱貙 賵賱賵 丕賳 賲丕賰丕賳 賷賳賯氐賴 賮賯胤 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賵毓賱賲 丕賱丕毓氐丕亘 賱賰丕賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丕 亘丨賯 貙賱賰丕賳 噩賵賴乇丞 丕賱毓賱賲 丕賱孬賲賷賳丞貙賲丕丕乇賵毓賰 賵丕噩賲賱賰 賷丕丿丕乇賵賳 賵賲丕丕氐亘乇賰 鉂わ笍
March 31, 2017
Outdated. Only useful as historical reference. Paul Ekman has better book for facial expressions
September 30, 2020
賷丨丕賵賱 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賮賶 賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲噩丕乇亘賴 賵鬲噩丕乇亘 睾賷乇賴 賲賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賵丕賱鬲丕賲賱 丕賱丿賯賷賯 賮賶 賲丕 鬲卮賷乇 丕賱賷賴 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 賵丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱賱丕丕乇丕丿賷丞 賵丕賱丕賮毓丕賱 丕賱賲賳毓賰爻丞 賱丿賶 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 丕賳 賷孬亘鬲 賵噩賵丿 丕鬲氐丕賱 鬲胤賵乇賶 亘賷賳 賴匕賴 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 亘賷賳 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賵丕賱鬲賶 賲賳 亘賷賳賴丕 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 噩爻丿賷丞 賵賳賮爻賷丞 賱賱丕胤賮丕賱 丕賵 賱爻賰丕賳 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷丞 丕賵 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱睾乇賷夭賷丞 賵丕賱賱丕丕乇丕丿賷丞 賱丿賶 丕賱睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱賷賳 賱鬲毓賱賲 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘賲丨丕賰丕丞 丕賱丕禺乇賷賳 賰丕賱賲禺鬲賱賷賳 毓賯賱賷丕 賵賮丕賯丿賶 丕賱爻賲毓 賵丕賱亘氐乇 . 賵賲賯丕乇賳丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 亘毓囟賴丕 亘亘毓囟 丕賵 亘鬲賱賰 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賲賳 丕噩賱 丕爻鬲賳亘丕胤 丕賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 . 賵賷卮丿丿 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 鬲噩丕乇亘賴 毓賱賶 丕賱賲賲丕孬賱丞 丕賱賵丕囟丨丞 亘賷賳 胤亘賷毓丞 丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱毓丕胤賮賷丞 賵丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲賳丕 賵丕賳 丕禺鬲賱賮鬲 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲丞 賮賶 亘毓囟 丕賱丕丨賷丕賳 賵丨鬲賶 賮賶 賴匕賴 丕賱丕丨賷丕賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 鬲丿乇賷噩賶 鬲亘毓丕 賱賲爻鬲賵賶 鬲胤賵乇 丕賱賰丕卅賳 賵胤亘賷毓丞 亘賷卅鬲賴 賵鬲賰賵賷賳賴 賵毓賱丕賯鬲賴 亘丕爻賱丕賮賴 .
丕賲丕 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 賮賶 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 賮賴賶 鬲賳卮丕 丕爻丕爻丕 賲賳 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賮賶 鬲乇賰賷亘 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賰丕賱毓囟賱丕鬲 丕賱賵噩賴賷丞 賵賲丿賶 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷賴丕 賵賰匕賱賰 鬲乇賰賷亘 丕賱賯氐亘丞 丕賱賴賵丕卅賷丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賵 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱氐賵鬲賷丞 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 . 賵賰匕賱賰 賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 賳丕卮卅丞 毓賳 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賱賱丨賷賵丕賳 賰賰賵賳賴 卮乇爻丕賸 賵亘乇賷丕賸 丕賵 兀賱賷賮丕賸 賲爻鬲兀賳爻丕賸 . 丕賵 賰賰賵賳賴 丕賳毓夭丕賱賷丕 丕賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丕賸 . 賴匕賴 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 賷賲賰賳賴丕 丕賳 鬲爻丕毓丿 毓賱賶 鬲胤賵賷乇 賯丿乇丞 鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 賲毓賷賳丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賱丨丕噩丞 賵丕賱丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲爻鬲賲乇 丕賵 丕賳 鬲賱睾賷賴丕 賰賳鬲賷噩丞 賱毓賰爻 丕賱丨丕賱丞 賮賱丕 鬲賵噩丿 丨丕噩丞 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賱賲 賷毓丿 賲賵噩賵丿丕 丕賵 睾賷乇 賲爻鬲丨爻賳 賮賷賯賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 賵爻賷賱鬲賴 賰毓囟賱丞 賲丕 賲孬賱丕 賮鬲賯賱 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴丕 毓賱賶 賲乇 丕賱丕噩賷丕賱 賵賯丿 鬲夭賵賱 賲賳 丕賱賵噩賵丿 賵賱丕 賷亘賯賶 賲賳賴丕 丕賱丕 噩夭亍 丕孬乇賶 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱 丕賱賳賲賵 賵亘賱丕 賵馗賷賮丞 賮賶 丕賱丕噩賷丕賱 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞 .
賰賲丕 丕賳 丕賱丨丕噩丕鬲 丕賱噩爻丿賷丞 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷丞 丕賱賲氐丕丨亘丞 賱亘毓囟 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 賰丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱丕爻乇丕毓 賮賶 丕賱鬲賳賮爻 丕賵 禺賮囟 丕孬乇 夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賳亘囟 毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 賰丕賱毓賷賳 丕賵 丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賮乇丕夭丕鬲 亘毓囟 丕賱睾丿丿 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賳卮胤 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 丕賵 禺賮囟 丨乇丕乇丞 丕賱噩爻丿 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賲噩賴賵丿 毓賳賷賮 賵丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 鬲乇賰賷夭 丕賱賳卮丕胤 丕賱毓氐亘賶 毓賱賶 毓囟賵 賲毓賷賳 鬲賰賵賳 賴賳丕賰 丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賳卮丕胤賴 賵賲丕 賷氐丕丨亘賴 賲賳 丕孬乇 毓賱賶 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賵賲馗賴乇賴丕 . 賰賱 匕賱賰 賷丐丿賶 丕賱賶 鬲乇爻賷禺 鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 賲毓賷賳丞 鬲賰賵賳 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賷丞 丕賱賶 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 賲馗賴乇 丕賱卮禺氐 丕賱賲賳賮毓賱 賵鬲禺鬲賱賮 丕卮賰丕賱 賰賱 鬲毓亘賷乇 鬲亘毓丕 賱丨丿丞 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 賰匕賱賰 賵賯丿 賷丐丿賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱卮丿賷丿丞 丕賱賶 丕賱賲賵鬲 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱毓丿賲 賯丿乇丞 丕賱噩爻丿 毓賱賶 賲噩丕乇丕丞 丕孬丕乇 丨丿丞 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 .
賵賷賮爻乇 丿丕賵乇賷賳 賲賳 丕噩賱 丕賷囟丕丨 匕賱賰 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 賰丕賱丨夭賳 賵丕賱賷兀爻 丕賵 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 丕賱賲賮乇胤丞 丕賵 丕賱賲賮丕噩兀丞 丕賵 丕賱禺賵賮 丕賵 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賵丕賱賴噩賵賲 賵丕賱丨亘 賵丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘 丕賵 亘毓丿 亘匕賱 賲噩賴賵丿 賰亘賷乇 賵賮賶 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賷賳 毓賯賱賷丕 丕賵 丕氐丨丕亘 丕賱丕賲乇丕囟 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賳賯賵賱 丕賳賴 賱丕 賷賮爻乇 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 匕丕鬲賴 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷賮爻乇 丕賱鬲毓丕亘賷乇 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲賴 亘卮賰賱 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賶 賵丕賱鬲賶 鬲賰賵賳 賲鬲夭丕賲賱賴 賲毓 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 丕賱賳賮爻賶 亘卮賰賱 賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賶 賵亘丿賳賶 賰丕賳賯亘丕囟丕鬲 賵丕賳亘爻丕胤丕鬲 丕賱毓囟賱丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賵丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱賯氐亘丞 丕賱賴賵丕卅賷丞 丕賵 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱氐賵鬲賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 . 丕賵 賰夭賷丕丿丞 丕賵 賴亘賵胤 賲毓丿賱 囟乇亘丕鬲 丕賱賯賱亘 賵賲禺鬲賱賮 丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱丕卮丕乇丕鬲 丕賱毓氐亘賷丞 賲賳 賵 丕賱賶 丕賱賲禺 賵卮丿鬲賴丕 賵鬲睾賷乇 爻乇毓丞 丕賱鬲賳賮爻. 賵賷賵囟丨 睾乇囟 賲禺鬲賱賮 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賵賲丕 賷氐丕丨亘賴丕 賲賳 毓賱丕賲丕鬲 鬲乇鬲爻賲 毓賱賶 賲賱丕賲丨 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 丕賵 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵賵囟毓賷丕鬲 噩爻丿賷丞 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賷丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 鬲乇鬲爻賲 賮賶 賲禺賷賱丞 賲購卮丕賴丿賴丕 賰丕卮丕乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賳賮爻賶 賲毓賷賳 賵鬲賯賵丿賴 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賵丕孬丕乇丞 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賳賮爻賶 賵丨賷賵賶 賲賯丕亘賱 賮賷賴 . 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賴賵 賲丕 爻賷胤賵乇賴 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 亘卮賰賱 丕氐胤賳丕毓賶 丕丿乇丕賰丕 賱丕賴賲賷鬲賴 鬲亘毓丕 賱鬲胤賵乇 賯丿乇丕鬲賴 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 毓賱賶 賲乇 毓氐賵乇賴 .
丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 丕賱鬲賶 賷乇賵賷賴丕 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賵鬲毓賱賷賱賴丕 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賶 賵丕賱賳賮爻賶 爻賵丕亍 賮賶 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 丕賵 亘賷賳 卮毓賵亘 丕賱丕乇囟 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷丞 賲賳賴丕 賵丕賱丨囟乇賷丞 賴賶 丕賱毓賳丕氐乇 丕賱鬲賶 賵噩丿鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賰亘乇 丕賱賲鬲毓丞 禺賱丕賱 賯乇丕卅鬲賶 賵賴賵 丕賱丕賲乇 丕賱匕賶 丕乇噩毓賴 賮賶 丕賱賲賯丕賲 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱賶 噩賵丿丞 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丨賷孬 毓賳賷鬲 丕賳 丕爻鬲賲乇 賮賶 賯乇丕亍丞 鬲乇丕噩賲 丕賱丕爻鬲丕匕 賲噩丿賶 賲丨賲賵丿 丕賱賲賱賷噩賶 賱丿丕乇賵賷賳 亘毓丿 禺亘乇丕鬲賶 丕賱賲賲鬲毓丞 賱鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 賰鬲丕亘賶賾 丕氐賱 丕賱丕賳賵丕毓 貙 賵賳卮兀丞 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕亍 丕賱噩賳爻賶 .
丕賲丕 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 賮賶 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 賮賴賶 鬲賳卮丕 丕爻丕爻丕 賲賳 丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮 賮賶 鬲乇賰賷亘 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 賰丕賱毓囟賱丕鬲 丕賱賵噩賴賷丞 賵賲丿賶 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷賴丕 賵賰匕賱賰 鬲乇賰賷亘 丕賱賯氐亘丞 丕賱賴賵丕卅賷丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賵 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱氐賵鬲賷丞 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 . 賵賰匕賱賰 賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 賳丕卮卅丞 毓賳 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賵丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賱賱丨賷賵丕賳 賰賰賵賳賴 卮乇爻丕賸 賵亘乇賷丕賸 丕賵 兀賱賷賮丕賸 賲爻鬲兀賳爻丕賸 . 丕賵 賰賰賵賳賴 丕賳毓夭丕賱賷丕 丕賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丕賸 . 賴匕賴 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 賷賲賰賳賴丕 丕賳 鬲爻丕毓丿 毓賱賶 鬲胤賵賷乇 賯丿乇丞 鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 賲毓賷賳丞 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賱丨丕噩丞 賵丕賱丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲爻鬲賲乇 丕賵 丕賳 鬲賱睾賷賴丕 賰賳鬲賷噩丞 賱毓賰爻 丕賱丨丕賱丞 賮賱丕 鬲賵噩丿 丨丕噩丞 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賱賲 賷毓丿 賲賵噩賵丿丕 丕賵 睾賷乇 賲爻鬲丨爻賳 賮賷賯賱 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 賵爻賷賱鬲賴 賰毓囟賱丞 賲丕 賲孬賱丕 賮鬲賯賱 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲賴丕 毓賱賶 賲乇 丕賱丕噩賷丕賱 賵賯丿 鬲夭賵賱 賲賳 丕賱賵噩賵丿 賵賱丕 賷亘賯賶 賲賳賴丕 丕賱丕 噩夭亍 丕孬乇賶 睾賷乇 賲賰鬲賲賱 丕賱賳賲賵 賵亘賱丕 賵馗賷賮丞 賮賶 丕賱丕噩賷丕賱 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞 .
賰賲丕 丕賳 丕賱丨丕噩丕鬲 丕賱噩爻丿賷丞 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷丞 丕賱賲氐丕丨亘丞 賱亘毓囟 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 賰丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱丕爻乇丕毓 賮賶 丕賱鬲賳賮爻 丕賵 禺賮囟 丕孬乇 夭賷丕丿丞 丕賱賳亘囟 毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賳丕胤賯 賰丕賱毓賷賳 丕賵 丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賮乇丕夭丕鬲 亘毓囟 丕賱睾丿丿 丕賱鬲賶 鬲賳卮胤 禺賱丕賱 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 丕賵 禺賮囟 丨乇丕乇丞 丕賱噩爻丿 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱賲噩賴賵丿 毓賳賷賮 賵丕賱丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 鬲乇賰賷夭 丕賱賳卮丕胤 丕賱毓氐亘賶 毓賱賶 毓囟賵 賲毓賷賳 鬲賰賵賳 賴賳丕賰 丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 賳卮丕胤賴 賵賲丕 賷氐丕丨亘賴 賲賳 丕孬乇 毓賱賶 丨丕賱丞 丕賱丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱丕禺乇賶 賵賲馗賴乇賴丕 . 賰賱 匕賱賰 賷丐丿賶 丕賱賶 鬲乇爻賷禺 鬲毓亘賷乇丕鬲 賲毓賷賳丞 鬲賰賵賳 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賷丞 丕賱賶 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 賲馗賴乇 丕賱卮禺氐 丕賱賲賳賮毓賱 賵鬲禺鬲賱賮 丕卮賰丕賱 賰賱 鬲毓亘賷乇 鬲亘毓丕 賱丨丿丞 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 賰匕賱賰 賵賯丿 賷丐丿賶 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱卮丿賷丿丞 丕賱賶 丕賱賲賵鬲 賳鬲賷噩丞 賱毓丿賲 賯丿乇丞 丕賱噩爻丿 毓賱賶 賲噩丕乇丕丞 丕孬丕乇 丨丿丞 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 .
賵賷賮爻乇 丿丕賵乇賷賳 賲賳 丕噩賱 丕賷囟丕丨 匕賱賰 賵賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲卮丕賴丿丕鬲 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 賰丕賱丨夭賳 賵丕賱賷兀爻 丕賵 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 丕賱賲賮乇胤丞 丕賵 丕賱賲賮丕噩兀丞 丕賵 丕賱禺賵賮 丕賵 丕賱丿賮丕毓 賵丕賱賴噩賵賲 賵丕賱丨亘 賵丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘 丕賵 亘毓丿 亘匕賱 賲噩賴賵丿 賰亘賷乇 賵賮賶 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賷賳 毓賯賱賷丕 丕賵 丕氐丨丕亘 丕賱丕賲乇丕囟 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 賳賯賵賱 丕賳賴 賱丕 賷賮爻乇 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 匕丕鬲賴 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賷賮爻乇 丕賱鬲毓丕亘賷乇 丕賱賲爻鬲禺丿賲賴 亘卮賰賱 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賶 賵丕賱鬲賶 鬲賰賵賳 賲鬲夭丕賲賱賴 賲毓 丕賱丕賳賮毓丕賱 丕賱賳賮爻賶 亘卮賰賱 賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賶 賵亘丿賳賶 賰丕賳賯亘丕囟丕鬲 賵丕賳亘爻丕胤丕鬲 丕賱毓囟賱丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賵丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱賯氐亘丞 丕賱賴賵丕卅賷丞 丕賵 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱氐賵鬲賷丞 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 . 丕賵 賰夭賷丕丿丞 丕賵 賴亘賵胤 賲毓丿賱 囟乇亘丕鬲 丕賱賯賱亘 賵賲禺鬲賱賮 丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱丕卮丕乇丕鬲 丕賱毓氐亘賷丞 賲賳 賵 丕賱賶 丕賱賲禺 賵卮丿鬲賴丕 賵鬲睾賷乇 爻乇毓丞 丕賱鬲賳賮爻. 賵賷賵囟丨 睾乇囟 賲禺鬲賱賮 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 賵賲丕 賷氐丕丨亘賴丕 賲賳 毓賱丕賲丕鬲 鬲乇鬲爻賲 毓賱賶 賲賱丕賲丨 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳 丕賵 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵賵囟毓賷丕鬲 噩爻丿賷丞 賱丕 丕乇丕丿賷丞 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 鬲乇鬲爻賲 賮賶 賲禺賷賱丞 賲購卮丕賴丿賴丕 賰丕卮丕乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賳賮爻賶 賲毓賷賳 賵鬲賯賵丿賴 丕賱賶 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賵丕孬丕乇丞 丕賳賮毓丕賱 賳賮爻賶 賵丨賷賵賶 賲賯丕亘賱 賮賷賴 . 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲賵丕氐賱 賴賵 賲丕 爻賷胤賵乇賴 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 亘卮賰賱 丕氐胤賳丕毓賶 丕丿乇丕賰丕 賱丕賴賲賷鬲賴 鬲亘毓丕 賱鬲胤賵乇 賯丿乇丕鬲賴 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 毓賱賶 賲乇 毓氐賵乇賴 .
丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘 丕賱鬲賶 賷乇賵賷賴丕 丿丕乇賵賷賳 賵鬲毓賱賷賱賴丕 丕賱賮賷夭賷賵賱賵噩賶 賵丕賱賳賮爻賶 爻賵丕亍 賮賶 丕賱丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 丕賵 亘賷賳 卮毓賵亘 丕賱丕乇囟 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷丞 賲賳賴丕 賵丕賱丨囟乇賷丞 賴賶 丕賱毓賳丕氐乇 丕賱鬲賶 賵噩丿鬲 賮賷賴丕 丕賰亘乇 丕賱賲鬲毓丞 禺賱丕賱 賯乇丕卅鬲賶 賵賴賵 丕賱丕賲乇 丕賱匕賶 丕乇噩毓賴 賮賶 丕賱賲賯丕賲 丕賱兀賵賱 丕賱賶 噩賵丿丞 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 丨賷孬 毓賳賷鬲 丕賳 丕爻鬲賲乇 賮賶 賯乇丕亍丞 鬲乇丕噩賲 丕賱丕爻鬲丕匕 賲噩丿賶 賲丨賲賵丿 丕賱賲賱賷噩賶 賱丿丕乇賵賷賳 亘毓丿 禺亘乇丕鬲賶 丕賱賲賲鬲毓丞 賱鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 賰鬲丕亘賶賾 丕氐賱 丕賱丕賳賵丕毓 貙 賵賳卮兀丞 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 賵丕賱丕賳鬲賯丕亍 丕賱噩賳爻賶 .
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