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鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴

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This endlessly inspiring & instructive chronicle of the worlds greatest thinkers, from Socrates to Santayana, describes not only their ideas but their place in history & their influence on our modern intellectual heritage.

501 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1926

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About the author

Will Durant

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William James Durant was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for the 11-volume The Story of Civilization, written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for his book, The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which was considered "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."

They were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1967 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.

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Profile Image for Ahmad Sharabiani.
9,563 reviews745 followers
August 23, 2021
The Story of Philosophy, Will Durant

The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers is a 1926 book by Will Durant, in which he profiles several prominent Western philosophers and their ideas, beginning with Socrates and Plato and on through Friedrich Nietzsche.

Durant attempts to show the interconnection of their ideas and how one philosopher's ideas informed the next.

鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 乇賵夭 賳禺爻鬲 賳賵丕賲亘乇 爻丕賱 1986賲蹖賱丕丿蹖

毓賳賵丕賳: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴貨 诏乇丿丌賵乇蹖: 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 毓亘丕爻 夭乇蹖丕亘 禺賵蹖蹖貨 趩丕倬 賳禺爻鬲 1335貨 丿乇 426氐 趩丕倬 丿賵賲 1346貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 1348貨 丿乇 丿賵 噩賱丿貨 趩丕倬 趩賴丕乇賲 爻丕賱 1349貨 趩丕倬 倬賳噩賲 1350貨 趩丕倬 卮卮賲 1351貨 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲

丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 芦丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賮賱爻賮賴禄貙 丿乇 讴卮賵乇 賲丕 亘丕 毓賳賵丕賳: 芦鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴禄 亘爻蹖丕乇 趩丕倬 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱 蹖丕夭丿賴 賮氐賱 丕爻鬲貙 賮氐賱 賳禺爻鬲: 芦丕賮賱丕胤賵賳 (亘賴 毓賱丕賵賴 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 爻賯乇丕胤)禄貨 賮氐賱 丿賵賲: 芦丕乇爻胤賵禄貨 賮氐賱 爻賵賲: 芦亘蹖讴賳禄貨 賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲: 芦丕爻倬蹖賳賵夭丕禄貨 賮氐賱 倬賳噩賲: 芦賵賱鬲乇 (亘賴 毓賱丕賵賴 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 乇賵爻賵)禄貨 賮氐賱 卮卮賲: 芦讴丕賳鬲 (亘賴 毓賱丕賵賴 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賴诏賱)禄貨 賮氐賱 賴賮鬲賲: 芦卮賵倬賳賴丕賵乇禄貨 賮氐賱 賴卮鬲賲: 芦丕爻倬賳爻乇禄貨 賮氐賱 賳賴賲: 芦賳蹖趩賴禄貨 賮氐賱 丿賴賲: 芦亘乇诏爻賵賳貙 讴乇賵趩賴 賵 乇丕爻賱禄貨 賮氐賱 蹖丕夭丿賴賲: 芦爻丕賳鬲丕蹖丕賳丕貙 噩蹖賲夭 賵 丿蹖賵蹖蹖禄.貨

鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 19/07/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 31/05/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
Profile Image for Riku Sayuj.
658 reviews7,528 followers
March 11, 2014
This was a long postponed book as I always thought it would be a long and trudging read, hard to comprehend and harder to remember afterwards. But Durant's treatment of the philosophers and their ideas as organic evolutions of their character and their times was what made the book a joy to read.

The ideas and the long dead philosophers come alive magnificently in these pages and Durant even manages to fill one with the thirst to go ahead and read all these works that are compressed and presented here.

This is one of those books which takes a long time to read not because they are long and arduous but because you end up spending more time thinking about each section than in the reading. The best part of the book was the fact that wherever possible the ideas are put forth in the philosopher's own words without commentary or interpretation marring the expostulation.

With the right mix of history, biography and philosophy, Durant has achieved a wonderful synthesis and summary of the evolution of thought. It leaves one with a tantalizing glimpse of great minds and a partial open door through which is too filled with riches to be left unexplored.
Profile Image for Jessica.
Author听2 books29 followers
February 6, 2008
This is the most sensitive look at philosophy I've ever read. Will Durant is brilliant-- and who wasn't touched by his heartfelt dedication to his wife at the beginning? I think what really set this book apart is Durant's inclusion of just enough biographical information of the philosophers to remind you that they were just people like you and me who happened to think deep, amazing things about life and were deeply affected by their own childhoods and personal lives, i.e. Nietzsche and his less than sparkling love-life! This is the book that made me fall in love with philosophy. I consider this to be in my top 5 favorite books of all time. One problem, however... slight as it may be... When I first read this book, i had borrowed it from my library and I remember that it was such a beautiful hard-cover edition with an elegant binding that made the pages uneven but gorgeous. Even the pages themselves had a lovely, aged feel to them due to their thickness. Looking back, I realize that instead of checking it out 11 times that year, I should have just stolen it (yes! i admit it!) because now all I own is a simple paperback copy that pales in resemblance. The story inside dazzles your mind, but how i miss the edition that felt so good to hold.
Profile Image for Trevor.
1,463 reviews24k followers
October 1, 2012
This is quite a conservative history of philosophy. As such I would probably recommend Russell鈥檚 work over this one 鈥� but this has the advantage of being shorter, and that鈥檚 quite an advantage. There are main chapters on a series of 鈥榢ey鈥� philosophers 鈥� Plato, Aristotle, Bacon, Spinoza, Voltaire, Kant, Schopenhauer, Spencer, Nietzsche 鈥� and some shorter chapters on Bergson, Croce, Russell, Santayana, James and Dewey. Along the way he also mentions Comte, Hegel, Locke, Rousseau and Hume. Of the main chapters, about fifty pages are dedicated to the key philosophers I've listed. This is interesting as it generally starts with their 鈥榣ife鈥� and then moves onto their 鈥榠deas鈥� and ends with a criticism 鈥� although, often these are rather glowing. There are a few nice jokes along the way 鈥� my favourite being about Santayana (someone I knew virtually nothing of before reading this) and his version of atheistic Catholicism (for want of a better term) that he would like to see Europe remain Catholic long after it had given up Christianity 鈥� and a wit who said, 鈥淕od doesn鈥檛 exist and Mary is His mother鈥�.

One of the underlying themes here is that Plato was right that the best form of society is an aristocracy. We need to be ruled by the best people. Well, this is hardly contentious in one sense 鈥� better to be ruled by the best of people than the worst 鈥� but how we are to go about choosing these best of people is where the problems tend to arise. If at all possible I think I would rather pass on the Nietzschean artist/war-lord/herd鈥檚 man/superman.

The interesting thing about this book is that he feels epistemology (the theory of how we know stuff) has troubled philosophy for far too long and that he felt the time was fast approaching when philosophy would get over epistemology and go back to more worthwhile questions 鈥� particularly to do with how to live a good life 鈥� ethics.

His explanations are always clear and generally also insightful. He essentially weaves his way through his explanations using the philosopher鈥檚 own words and drawing together their thinking in ways that clarify what they had to say 鈥� this is particularly evident with Nietzsche, who does tend to be a bit all over the place.

Still, as I said, this is a very conservative collection. Hegel gets seven pages and his lack of influence on James is highlighted, but not his very strong influence on Dewey. Dewey gets half the mention of James who gets about half the mention of Santayana, in virtually inverse relation to any current valuation of their worth, I would suspect. I also found it interesting that some philosophers were even selected (not sure I would have picked Voltaire in my top ten philosophers for an extended discussion). Books that have extensive chapters on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche (like The Consolations of Philosophy say) do tend to be more conservative 鈥� and, to be honest, I did find myself getting a bit bored hearing their views rehearsed yet again. I felt he was kinder to both of these philosophers than he was to Kant 鈥� but I also think Kant鈥檚 contribution to philosophy so greatly outweighs either of their's that this would have to be seen as an odd valuation to say the least.

I am going to have to spend some time reading Spinoza, but I鈥檝e no idea just when I鈥檒l get time to read him the requisite two to three times. Still, he does sound particularly interesting and I have been meaning to read his Ethics for years 鈥� I even have it on my bookshelf waiting, always waiting鈥� It's a good thing Spinoza is so patient.

This wasn鈥檛 a terrible overview of the history of Philosophy 鈥� but I guess it could more accurately have been called, 鈥淪ome of My Favourite Philosophers鈥� 鈥� if you know what I mean.
Profile Image for 賮丐丕丿.
1,093 reviews2,213 followers
April 25, 2017
賳賰丕鬲 賲孬亘鬲
丕夭 禺氐賵氐賷丕鬲 賵賷賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲貙 趩賴 丕賷賳噩丕 賵 趩賴 丿乇 鬲丕乇賷禺 鬲賲丿賳貙 賳孬乇 爻丕丿賴 賵 賴賲賴 賮賴賲 丕賵爻鬲 賰賴 诏賴诏丕賴 趩丕卮賳賶 胤賳丕夭賶 賴賲 亘賴 丌賳 賲賶 丕賮夭丕賷丿.
賳賷夭貙 賴賲賷卮賴 丿乇 趩賳鬲賴 賶 禺賵丿 賲賯丿丕乇 夭賷丕丿賶 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 乇賳诏丕乇賳诏 賵 噩丕賱亘 鬲丕乇賷禺賶 丿丕乇丿 賰賴 亘賴 賲賳丕爻亘鬲貙 乇賵賷卮丕賳 賲賶 賰賳丿 賵 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 賴乇 趩賴 亘賷卮鬲乇 倬丕賶 賳賵卮鬲賴 丕卮 賲賷禺賰賵亘 賲賶 賰賳丿.

賳賰丕鬲 賲賳賮賶
丕夭 丿賵 噩賴鬲 讴鬲丕亘 鬲氐賵蹖乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 賳丕賯氐蹖 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賲蹖 丿賴丿貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳 噩賴鬲 丕亘丿丕賸 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘丕 賮賱爻賮賴 蹖 睾乇亘 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿.

賳禺爻鬲 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕夭 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 蹖讴 賮蹖賱爻賵賮貙 鬲賳賴丕 亘賴 亘禺卮 丿賱禺賵丕賴卮 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賵 丕夭 爻丕蹖乇 亘禺卮 賴丕 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 趩卮賲 倬賵卮蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲. 丕賱亘鬲賴 诏丕賴蹖貙 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丿賱禺賵丕賴 賴賲丕賳 賳馗乇蹖賴 蹖 丕氐賱蹖 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 丕爻鬲貙 丕賲丕 丿乇 賲賵丕乇丿蹖 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 丿賱禺賵丕賴 亘禺卮蹖 亘蹖 丕賴賲蹖鬲 蹖丕 讴賲 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丕夭 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 丕爻鬲. 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴貙 賳馗乇蹖賴 蹖 丕氐賱蹖 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 賳丕诏賮鬲賴 賲丕賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 賲孬賱丕賸 丿乇 丕賮賱丕胤賵賳 亘賴 噩丕蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賳 亘賴 賳馗乇蹖賴 蹖 賲購孬購賱貙 亘賴 賮賱爻賮賴 蹖 爻蹖丕爻蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴貙 蹖丕 丿乇 丕乇爻胤賵 亘賴 丕禺賱丕賯.

丿賵賲 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 爻賱爻賱賴 蹖 賮賱丕爻賮賴 蹖 鬲兀孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇貙 毓丿賴 丕蹖 乇丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 讴乇丿賴 賵 丕夭 毓丿賴 蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕爻賲蹖 賳蹖丕賵乇丿賴 蹖丕 禺蹖賱蹖 讴賵鬲丕賴 丿乇 毓乇囟 蹖讴 蹖丕 丿賵 氐賮丨賴 鬲賵囟蹖丨卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴. 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴貙 讴鬲丕亘 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 夭蹖亘丕 賵 夭賳噩蹖乇賵丕乇蹖 讴賴 亘蹖賳 鬲賮讴乇丕鬲 賮賱丕爻賮賴 亘賵丿賴 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賳賲蹖 丿賴丿. 丕蹖賳 讴賴 趩胤賵乇 丨乇讴鬲蹖 讴賴 丿讴丕乇鬲 丌睾丕夭 讴乇丿 丿乇 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 亘賴 亘丕乇讴賱蹖 乇爻蹖丿 賵 亘丕 賴蹖賵賲 丕賵噩 诏乇賮鬲 賵 鬲賵爻胤 讴丕賳鬲 鬲毓丿蹖賱 卮丿.
丕蹖賳 乇賯氐 賴賲丕賴賳诏 賮賱丕爻賮賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賲睾賮賵賱 賲丕賳丿賴 賵 亘賴 噩丕蹖卮貙 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 噩夭蹖乇賴 噩夭蹖乇賴貙 鬲讴賴 賴丕蹖 倬乇丕讴賳丿賴 丕蹖 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 丌賵乇丿賴 卮丿賴 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 蹖 賳丕丌卮賳丕 乇丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 诏蹖噩 賲蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 鬲氐賵蹖乇蹖 噩丕賲毓 丕乇丕卅賴 丿賴丿.
Profile Image for 毓賲乇 丕賱丨賲丕丿賷.
Author听7 books695 followers
September 4, 2018
賴匕丕 賲賱禺氐 賰鬲亘鬲賴 賮賷 毓丕賲 佗贍佟佗 賵兀賳丕 賲爻鬲賯賱 丕賱賯胤丕乇 賲賳 亘賵丿丕亘爻鬲 賲鬲賵噩賴丕 廿賱賶 賮賷賷賳丕貙賵賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱賱丨馗丕鬲 丕賱噩賲賷賱丞 賰賳鬲 賲爻鬲丨囟乇丕 賯乇亘賷 賲賳 賲賴丿 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵丕賱鬲賷 賵賱丿鬲 亘匕乇鬲賴丕 賮賷 亘賱丕丿 丕賱賷賵賳丕賳 賵賲爻鬲丨囟乇丕 亘毓囟 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賯乇兀鬲賴丕 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 貙賮賴匕丕 丕賱爻賽賮乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷 賱丕 賷爻鬲睾賳賷 毓賳 丕賱廿胤賱丕毓 毓賱賷賴 賲賳 兀乇丕丿 噩爻 亘毓囟 兀亘賵丕亘 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞.

賯丿 賷丐禺匕 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丐賱賮 廿賴賲丕賱賴 匕賰乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賵爻賷胤 丕賱匕賷 丕胤賱毓鬲 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賮賷賴 毓賱賶 鬲乇丕孬 兀噩丿丕丿賴丕 丕賱廿睾乇賷賯 貙 賵賯丿 賷賰賵賳 匕賱賰 乇丕噩毓丕 賱爻亘亘賷賳 兀賵賱賴賲丕 兀賳 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賷乇賶 兀賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲賷丞 賱賲 鬲囟賮 卮賷卅丕 賱賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 賮賱賯丿 賰丕賳 丿賵乇賴丕 丕賱鬲賱禺賷氐 賵丕賱卮乇丨 賵丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞貙 丕賱爻亘亘 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賴賵 兀賳賴 乇賰夭 毓賱賶 賮賱丕爻賮丞 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賵丕賱睾乇亘 賵兀賴賲賱 賲丕 爻賵丕賴賲 賲賳 賮賱丕爻賮丞 廿爻賱丕賲賷賷賳 賵丌爻賷賵賷賷賳.

佟- 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 :
丕賱丿賵賱丞 毓賳丿 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷丨賰賲賴丕 丕賱賲賱賵賰 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賮賴賲 賯丕丿丞 乇賵丨賷賵賳 賵賱丕 賷噩賵夭 兀賳 賷丨賰賲賴丕 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵丕賱睾賵睾丕亍 貙 賮賷賰賵賳 丕賱鬲丨囟賷乇 賱噩賲賴賵乇賷丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賰賲丕 賷賱賷 :
兀賵賱丕 賷噩亘 兀賳 賳亘丿兀 亘廿禺乇丕噩 噩賲賷毓 丕賱爻賰丕賳 廿賱賶 丕賱兀乇賷丕賮 賵賳囟毓 賷丿賳丕 毓賱賶 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 丿賵賳 爻賳 丕賱毓丕卮乇丞 賱兀賳賰 賱丕 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賯丕賲丞 賲丿賷賳丞 賲孬丕賱賷丞 亘兀賵賱丕丿 氐睾丕乇 兀賮爻丿賴賲 丕賱賰亘丕乇貙 孬賲 賳毓胤賷 丕賱兀胤賮丕賱 賮乇氐丞 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲貙丕爻鬲禺丿賲 丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 賵丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賶 賵賱丕 鬲賯鬲氐乇 毓賱賶 丕賱乇賷丕囟丞 賱丕賳賴丕 鬲丨賷賱賰 賱賱鬲賵丨卮 賵賱丕 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賶 賮賴賷 鬲噩毓賱賰 賱賷賳丕.

賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賱賱卮毓亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賯賵賷丕 丿賵賳 丕賱丕賷賲丕賳 亘丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱丌禺乇丞貙賵亘毓丿 爻賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 賳噩乇賷 丕賲鬲丨丕賳 鬲氐賮賷丞 賵賲賳 賷賮卮賱 賷賵噩賴 賱賱兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷丞 賰丕賱夭乇丕毓丞 賵丕賱氐賳丕毓丞 貙 賵賲賳 賷賳噩丨 賷鬲賱賯賶 鬲毓賱賷賲丕 賵鬲丿乇賷亘丕 賱賲丿丞 佟贍 爻賳賵丕鬲貙賵賲賳 賷賮卮賱 賮賷 丕賱丕賲鬲丨丕賳 丕賱孬丕賳賷 賷氐亘丨 囟亘丕胤丕 賵賳禺亘乇賴賲 兀賳賴賲 賷噩亘 丕賳 賷乇囟賵丕 亘賯丿乇 丕賱賱賴 賱兀賳 丕賱噩賲賷毓 兀禺賵丞.

孬賲 賳毓賱賲 丕賱賳丕噩丨賷賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賮賷 爻賳 丕賱孬賱丕孬賷賳 賵賱丕 賳毓賱賲賴賲 廿賷丕賴丕 賵賴賲 兀胤賮丕賱 賱丕賳賴丕 毓夭賷夭丞 賵賱丕 賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 鬲購鬲禺匕 賱賱鬲爻賱賷丞貙 賵亘毓丿 佶 爻賳賵丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱廿毓丿丕丿 丕賱胤賵賷賱 賷氐賱賵賳 兀禺賷乇丕 丕賱賶 賲乇鬲亘丞 "丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮" 丕賱匕賷 爻賷鬲賵賱賶 丕賱丨賰賲 賵賷丨乇乇 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷貙賱賰賳 毓賱賷賴賲 兀賳 賷賳夭賱賵丕 廿賱賶 賰賴賵賮 丕賱賳丕爻 廿匕 賱丕 賯賷賲丞 賱賱鬲毓丕賱賷賲 廿匕丕 賱賲 賳賯賲 亘鬲噩乇亘鬲賴丕貙賵賷丨賰賵賳 匕賯賵賳賴賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 兀賲丕賲 丨賯丕卅賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱賯丕爻賷丞 賵賷賰爻亘賵賳 禺亘夭賴賲 亘毓乇賯 噩亘賷賳賴賲 賱賲丿丞 佟佶 爻賳丞 貙 孬賲 賮賷 爻賳 丕賱禺賲爻賷賳 賷氐亘丨 賴丐賱丕亍 丨賰丕賲 丕賱丿賵賱丞.

賱丕 賷賵噩丿 賳馗丕賲 胤亘賯賷 賮賷 兀乇爻鬲賯乇丕胤賷丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵賱丕 賵乇丕孬丞 賱賱賲賳丕氐亘 賮丕亘賳 丕賱丨丕賰賲 賵丕亘賳 賲丕爻丨 丕賱兀丨匕賷丞 賷亘丿丌賳 丿乇丕爻鬲賴賲丕 毓賱賶 賯丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 賵賴賰匕丕 賷丨賰賲賳丕 兀賮囟賱 丕賱乇噩丕賱貙廿匕丕 兀孬亘鬲鬲 丕賱賲乇兀丞 賲賯丿乇鬲賴丕 丿毓賴丕 鬲丨賰賲 賵丕匕丕 丕孬亘鬲 丕賱乇噩賱 賳賮爻賴 锟斤拷丕丿乇丕 毓賱賶 睾爻賱 丕賱氐丨賵賳 丿毓賴 賷賯賵賲 亘毓賲賱賴貙 賴匕丕 賲賱禺氐 賳馗乇賷丞 噩賲賴賵乇賷丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷丞貙賵賱賰賳 賴賱 賴賷 爻丕賱賲丞 賲賳 丕賱賳賯丿 賰賲丕 賯丿 賷亘丿賵 賲賳 亘乇賷賯賴丕 責

丕丨鬲賰乇鬲 胤亘賯丞 乇噩丕賱 丕賱丿賷賳 - 亘爻亘亘 胤亘賷毓鬲賴丕 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 賵賲賵丕賴亘賴丕 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 賵賲賷賱賴丕 賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱鬲兀賲賱 - 賲賳丕氐亘 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵賲乇丕賰夭賴丕 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 丕賱賵爻胤賶 貙 賵 丕爻鬲賲丿鬲 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賰匕亘丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 丕賱賲賱賵賰賷丞 賵亘匕賱賰 鬲賲賰賳賵丕 賲賳 丨賰賲 兀賵乇賵亘丕 亘爻賴賵賱丞 賱賲丿丞 佟贍贍贍 毓丕賲 貙 賵賰匕賱賰 丕賱卮賷賵毓賷丞 丨賷賳 丨賰賲鬲 乇賵爻賷丕 丨賷孬 賰丕賳鬲 兀賯賱賷丞 毓賲丕賱賷丞 賰乇爻鬲 丨賷丕鬲賴丕 賱兀賴丿丕賮賴丕 賰賲丕 賮毓賱 丕賱賯丿賷爻賵賳 賱丿賷丕賳丕鬲賴賲 貙 賵賰賱 賲賳賴賲 賷爻鬲丨囟乇 噩賲賴賵乇賷丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 兀賲丕賲賴 丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷丨賰賲賴丕 氐賮賵丞 貙 賵賰賱 胤乇賮 賷乇賶 賳賮爻賴 氐賮賵丞.

賰匕賱賰 賳馗乇 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 丕賱賶 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷賷賳 丕賱兀孬賷賳賷賷賳 賵丕賱爻賮爻胤丕卅賷賷賳 毓賱賶 兀賳賴賲 兀毓丿丕亍 賱兀賳 丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇 賮賷 賳馗乇賴 賱賷爻鬲 賲丐賴賱丞 賱賱賯賷丕丿丞 貙 丕賱賴乇賲 毓賳丿賴 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 賯賲丞 賲賰賵賳丞 賲賳 (丨賰丕賲) 賵賴賲 丕賱毓賯賱 賵賮囟賷賱鬲賴賲 丕賱丨賰賲丞 貙 賷丨賷胤 亘賴賲 胤丕卅賮丞 (丕賱賲丨丕乇亘賷賳 賵丕賱丨乇丕爻) 丕賱匕賷賳 賷賲孬賱賵賳 丕賱廿乇丕丿丞 賵賮囟賷賱鬲賴賲 丕賱卮噩丕毓丞貙 孬賲 賷兀鬲賷 (丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇 丕賱卮毓亘賷丞) 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 鬲卮丕乇賰 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賲 賵鬲賲孬賱 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 賵賮囟賷賱鬲賴賲 丕賱鬲亘氐乇 賵賰亘丨 噩賲丕丨 睾乇丕卅夭賴賲貙 噩賲賴賵乇賷丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 丿賵賱丞 毓爻賰乇賷丞 丨賷孬 賷賵賱丿 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳賵賳 賲賳鬲賲賷賳 賱胤亘賯丕鬲賴賲 賵賱丕賷氐毓丿賵賳 廿賱賶 兀毓賱賶 廿賱丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丕鬲 禺丕氐丞 賵丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 賴賷 兀賳 賷賯賵賲 賰賱 賮乇丿 亘賵丕噩亘賴 賮賷 胤亘賯鬲賴.

賵賮賷 丿賵賱丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 鬲賰賵賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 丕賱噩賳爻賷丞 賲賳馗賲丞 亘卮賰賱 氐丕乇賲 賱廿賳噩丕亘 兀賮囟賱 賳卮卅 賮賴賵 賷丿毓賵 廿賱賶 鬲胤亘賷賯 毓賱賲 丕賱氐丨丞 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷丞 賰賲丕 丨丕賵賱鬲 鬲胤亘賷賯賴 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 丕賱卮賲賵賱賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱毓卮乇賷賳 貙 賱匕賱賰 賳賯丿 "賰丕乇賱 亘賵亘乇" 噩賲賴賵乇賷丞 丕賮賱丕胤賵賳 賷卮丿丞 賮賴賷 丿賵賱丞 鬲賯賵丿賴丕 賯賱丞 賲氐胤賮丕丞 賵賱賷爻 賲爻賲賵丨丕 賮賷賴丕 亘丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱丕 賱賯賱丞 賵鬲爻賷胤乇 毓賱賷賴丕 丕賱乇賯丕亘丞 丕賱氐丕乇賲丞 丕賱賲爻鬲亘丿丞.

亘毓賷丿丕 毓賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻丞 鬲亘賳賶 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賮賷 丨賵丕乇賴 丕賱賲爻賲賶 ( 賮丕賷丿賵賳) 賳馗乇賷丞 禺賱賵丿 丕賱兀乇賵丕丨貙 賵兀囟丕賮 毓賱賷賴丕 賳馗乇賷丞 鬲賳丕爻禺 丕賱兀乇賵丕丨 - 鬲亘毓丕 賱賱鬲賯丕賱賷丿 丕賱賮賷孬丕睾賵乇孬賷丞 - 賵丕賱鬲賷 賵囟毓賴丕 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 賰鬲丕亘賴 毓賱賶 賴賷卅丞 賯氐丞 氐賵賮賷丞 賮丕賱丨賷丕丞 貙 丕賱毓丕丿賱丞 賲乇鬲亘胤丞 亘賳馗丕賲 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵丕賱匕賷 賳爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賳鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴 亘賲爻丕毓丿丞 丕賱兀爻丕胤賷乇 賵賱賷爻 丕賱丨噩噩 丕賱毓賯賱賷丞.

佗- 兀乇爻胤賵 :
賷乇賶 兀乇爻胤賵 兀賳賴 賱亘賱賵睾 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 毓賱賷賳丕 丕鬲禺丕匕 丕賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱兀賵爻胤 貙 賮鬲賳鬲馗賲 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 毓賳丿賴 賮賷 卮賰賱 孬賱丕孬賷 賲丨丿丿 貙 賮賲孬賱丕 賷賰賵賳 亘賷賳 丕賱鬲賴賵乇 賵丕賱噩亘賳 卮賷亍 丕爻賲賴 丕賱卮噩丕毓丞 貙 賱賯丿 兀賵噩丿 丕賱丨賰賲丕亍 丕賱爻亘毓丞 鬲賯賱賷丿 丕賱丕毓鬲丿丕賱 毓賳丿賲丕 賳賯卮賵丕 毓賱賶 賲毓亘丿 兀亘賵賱賵 (賱丕 卮賷亍 賮賷賴 廿賮乇丕胤) 貙 賵賷毓鬲賯丿 兀乇爻胤賵 兀賳 丕賱賵爻胤 丕賱匕賴亘賷 賱賷爻 賰賱 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞貙 賮丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 賮賷 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 兀賴賲 賲賳 丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 貙 丕匕 賱丕 丨丕噩丞 賱賱毓丿丕賱丞 丨賷賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賳丕爻 兀氐丿賯丕亍貙 賲賳 賱賴 兀氐丿賯丕亍 賰孬乇 賱丕 氐丿賷賯 賱賴貙 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 丕賱丨賯丞 鬲賯鬲囟賷 丕賱丿賵丕賲 賱丕 丕賱卮丿丞 丕賱賲鬲賯胤毓丞.

丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷 毓賳丿 兀乇爻胤賵 賱丕 賷毓乇囟 賳賮爻賴 賱賱賲禺丕胤乇 亘睾賷乇 囟乇賵乇丞貙 賵丕賱毓丕乇 毓賳丿賴 賴賵 賲爻丕毓丿丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賱賴 賱兀賳賴 賷乇丕賴 丿賱賷賱 鬲亘毓賷丞貙 賱丕 賷賴夭 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷 廿毓噩丕亘 丕賱賳丕爻 賱賴貙 賱丕 賷爻丕賷乇 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 廿賱丕 丕匕丕 賰丕賳 氐丿賷賯丕 賱兀賳 丕賱賲爻丕賷乇丞 賲賳 卮賷賲 丕賱毓亘賷丿貙 賱丕 賷亘丕賱賷 亘賲丿丨 丕賵 匕賲 丕賱賳丕爻貙 兀賮囟賱 氐丿賷賯 賱賳賮爻賴 貙 賷亘鬲賴噩 賮賷 丕賱賵丨丿丞 丨賷孬 兀賳賴 賱丕 賷毓賷卮 賵丨丿賴 丕賱丕 丕賱廿賱賴 兀賵 丕賱賵丨卮.

胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賵爻胤 毓賳丿 兀乇爻胤丞 賴賷 兀賯乇亘 廿賱賶 丕賱賵丨卮 賲賳賴丕 賱賱廿賱賴貙 賮賲毓馗賲 丕賱賳丕爻 兀睾亘賷丕亍 賵賰爻丕賱賶貙 賵兀賮囟賱 胤乇賷賯丞 賱賱丨賰賲 賴賵 丕賱兀乇爻鬲賯乇丕胤賷丞貙 賵賴賷 丨賰賲 賯賱丞 賲賳 丕賱賲孬賯賮賷賳 賵兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賲丐賴賱丕鬲 貙 賱丕 賷噩賵夭 鬲乇賰 鬲賯乇賷乇 丕賱賲氐賷乇 賱賱賰孬乇丞 貙賵兀爻賵亍 丕賱丨賰賵賲丕鬲 賴賷 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞 亘爻亘亘 毓丿賲 鬲丨丕賱賮 丕賱賮囟賷賱丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賵丕賱賯賵丞 丕賱賰亘乇賶 貙 爻賷鬲賵賮乇 賮賷 丕賱丿賵賱丞 丕賱丿賷賲賯乇丕胤賷丞 胤乇賷賯 賲賮鬲賵丨 賱賰賱 賲賳氐亘 兀賲丕賲 丕賱噩賲賷毓 貙 兀賲丕 賮賷 兀乇爻鬲賯乇丕胤賷丞 兀乇爻胤賵 賮丕賱賲賳丕氐亘 鬲賮鬲丨 賱賱賲鬲毓賱賲賷賳 賮賯胤.

賷乇賶 兀乇爻胤賵 兀賳賴 廿匕丕 丕毓鬲賯丿 丕賱賳丕爻 鬲丿賷賳 丕賱丨丕賰賲 賷賯賱 禺賵賮賴賲 賲賳 馗賱賲賴 賵賷賯賱 賲賷賱賴賲 賱賱鬲丌賲乇 毓賱賷賴 賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿賴賲 兀賳 丕賱丌賱賴丞 爻鬲賯丕鬲賱 賲毓賴.

兀賲丕 丕賱賲乇兀丞 毓賳丿賴 賮賴賷 賲賳 丕賱乇噩賱 賰丕賱毓亘丿 賲賳 丕賱爻賷丿 貙 賵賴賷 乇噩賱 賳丕賯氐 賷噩亘 兀賳 賱丕 鬲鬲爻丕賵賶 賲毓賴.

賵賯毓 兀乇爻胤賵 賮賷 兀禺胤丕亍 噩爻賷賲丞 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀丨賷丕亍 - 賱賰賳賴丕 賲賯亘賵賱丞 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱廿賲賰丕賳賷丕鬲 毓氐乇賴 - 賰丕毓鬲賯丕丿賴 丕賳 丕賱匕賰乇 賴賵 丕賱匕賷 賷丨賷賷 賵賷賯賵賷 丕賱噩賳賷賳 貙 賵賱賲 賷賰賳 賷賲賷夭 亘賷賳 丕賱卮乇賷丕賳 賵丕賱賵乇賷丿 貙 賵賰丕賳 賷乇賶 兀賳 丕賱丿賲丕睾 賲亘乇丿 賱賱丿賲 賵兀賳 毓丿丿 丕毓囟丕亍 丕賱乇噩賱 侉 賵毓丿丿 丕爻賳丕賳 丕賱賲乇兀丞 丕賯賱 賲賳 丕賱乇噩賱 賵賰匕賱賰 噩賲噩賲鬲賴丕 貙 賲毓 匕賱賰 賷毓鬲亘乇 兀乇爻胤賵 賴賵 賲丐爻爻 毓賱賲 丕賱兀噩賳丞 賵丕賯鬲乇亘 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 賲賳丿賱 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷丞 賮賷 賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱氐賮丕鬲 亘賷賳 丕賱爻賱丕賱丕鬲.

毓賯丿賷丕 賷乇賶 兀乇爻胤賵 兀賳 丕賱賱賴 賰丕卅賳 賲毓賳賵賷 毓賳丿賴 乇賵丨 賲丿乇賰丞 賱賳賮爻賴丕 亘賱丕 丕乇丕丿丞 賵賱丕 乇睾亘丕鬲 賮賴賵 賱丕 賷毓賲賱 卮賷卅丕 爻賵賶 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賮賷 噩賵賴乇 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 匕丕鬲賴 貙 賵賴賵 賱賷爻 禺丕賱賯 丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘賱 丕賱賲丨乇賰 丕賱兀賰亘乇 賱噩賲賷毓 毓賲賱賷丕鬲 丕賱毓丕賱賲.

丕賱毓賯賱 丕賱賮毓丕賱 毓賳丿賴 賴賵 賯賵丞 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱賲丨囟丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 賷氐賷亘賴丕 丕賱賮賳丕亍 貙 賵兀乇爻胤賵 賷丿賲乇 丕賱賳賮爻 亘乇睾亘丕鬲賴丕 賵毓賵丕胤賮賴丕 賵賷噩毓賱 賱賱毓賯賱 賵噩賵丿丕 爻乇賲丿賷丕 兀亘丿賷丕.

伲-賮乇丕賳爻賷爻 亘賷賰賵賳:
賷毓鬲亘乇 亘賷賰賵賳 氐賵鬲 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 丨賵賱賵丕 丕賱賯丕乇丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賲賳 兀乇囟 丕賱睾丕亘 賵丕賱兀丿睾丕賱 廿賱賶 兀乇囟 丕賱賮賳 賵丕賱毓賱賲 貙 賵廿賱賷賴 賷乇噩毓 賮囟賱 賮賰乇丞 丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱賰亘乇賶 丕賱鬲賷 賵囟毓鬲 賮賷 毓賴丿 丕賱鬲賳賵賷乇 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷.

鬲亘賳賶 亘賷賰賵賳 丕賱賲匕賴亘 丕賱毓賲賱賷 兀賵 丕賱亘乇丕噩賲丕鬲賷 丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲亘乇 兀賴賲賷丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅 賮賷 賳鬲丕卅噩賴丕 丕賱毓賲賱賷丞 貙 賮賰丕賳 賷乇賶 丕賳 丕賱丕爻鬲賳丕丿 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賲 丿丕卅賲丕 毓賱賶 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賳馗乇賷丞 囟乇亘 賲賳 賲噩賵賳 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 貙 賮乇噩丕賱 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 賷匕賲賵賳 丕賱丿乇丕爻丞 賵丕賱亘爻胤丕亍 賷賰亘乇賵賳賴丕 賵丕賱丨賰賲丕亍 賷爻鬲禺丿賲賵賳賴丕.

賷噩亘 鬲毓賵賷丿 丕賱噩爻賲 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲胤乇賮 賵丕賱廿賮乇丕胤貙 賵賷噩亘 鬲毓賵賷丿賴 毓賱賶 丕賱賰亘鬲 賱卅賱丕 鬲賯囟賷 毓賱賷賴 亘乇賴丞 丕賳胤賱丕賯 賮賷毓噩夭 毓賳 賰亘丨賴丕 貙 賮賲賳 賷鬲毓賵丿 毓賱賶 丕賱兀胤毓賲丞 丕賱爻賴賱丞 賷氐丕亘 亘毓爻乇 賴囟賲 毓賳丿賲丕 賷丨丕賱 亘賷賳賴 賵亘賷賳賴丕 賱兀賷 爻亘亘 賲賳 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘.

賳夭毓 亘賷賰賵賳 賱賱賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷丞 丕賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 賮丿賷賳賴 賰丕賳 賰丿賷賳 賲賱賰賴 貙 賵賰丕賳 賷乇賶 丕賳 丕賱賲賱丕卅賰丞 賵丕賱丌賱賴丞 賴賲 丕賱賲鬲賮乇噩賵賳 丕賱賵丨賷丿賵賳 賱賲爻乇丨賷丞 丕賱丕賳爻丕賳賷丞 貙 賵毓賳丿賲丕 丕鬲賴賲 亘丕賱丕賱丨丕丿 乇丿 丕賳賴 賯丿 賱丕 賷丐賲賳 亘噩賲賷毓 賲丕賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賱賰賳賴 賲賳 丕賱丕爻鬲丨丕賱丞 丕賳 賱丕賷丐賲賳 亘賵噩賵丿 毓賯賱 賲丿亘乇 賱賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲.

賵賷乇賶 兀賳 賮卅丞 丕賱卮亘丕亘 賴賲 賲亘鬲賰乇賷賳 賵賲賳賮匕賷賳 兀賰孬乇 賲賳賴賲 丨賰丕賲 賵賲爻鬲卮丕乇賷賳 貙 賵賷乇賶 亘賷賰賵賳 兀賳 兀賮囟賱 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱丨賰賲 賴賵 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱賲賱賰賷 賵丕賱賲乇賰夭賷 丕賱賯賵賷 貙 賵賰丕賳 賷亘丿賷 兀爻賮賴 賱鬲賯丿賲 丕賱氐賳丕毓丞 賱兀賳賴丕 鬲賮爻丿 丕賱賳丕爻 賵鬲氐乇賮賴賲 毓賳 丕賱丨乇亘.

賷乇賶 亘賷賰賵賳 兀賳 兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱孬賵乇丞 賴賷 賰丕賱鬲丕賱賷 : 丕賱亘丿毓 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵丕賱囟乇丕卅亘 賵鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賳 賵丕賱毓丕丿丕鬲 賵鬲丨胤賷賲 丕賱丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 賵丕賱馗賱賲 賵丕賱丕噩丕賳亘 賵鬲賯丿賷賲 賲賳 賱丕 賷爻鬲丨賯 賵丕賱賲噩丕毓丕鬲 賵丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱賲爻乇丨賵賳.

賰鬲亘 賰鬲丕亘 (兀胤賱丕賳鬲爻 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞) 賵賴賷 毓賳丿賴 賲丿賷賳丞 丕賱毓賱賲 丕賱賮丕囟賱丞 - 賵賯丿 鬲丨丿孬 丕賮賱丕胤賵賳 毓賳 兀胤賱丕賳鬲爻 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賵丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 丕賱賯丕乇丞 丕賱睾丕乇賯丞 賮賷 丕賱亘丨丕乇 丕賱睾乇亘賷丞 賵乇亘賲丕 賴賷 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱鬲賷 賱賲 鬲睾乇賯 賱賰賳 賲丕 睾乇賯 賴賵 卮噩丕毓丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賮賷 丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮 丕賱賲噩賴賵賱 - 賵鬲丨丿孬 賮賷賴丕 毓賳 亘丨丕乇丞 囟賱賵丕 胤乇賷賯賴賲 丕賱賶 噩夭賷乇丞 毓丕賲賱賴賲 兀賴賱賴丕 賲毓丕賲賱丞 丨爻賳丞 賱賰賳 兀禺亘乇賵賴賲 兀賳 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 賷賲賳毓 廿賯丕賲丞 丕賱兀噩丕賳亘 貙 賵兀賳賴 丨賰賲賴賲 爻賱賷賲丕賳 賲賳匕 佟侃贍贍 爻賳丞 賵兀賳卮兀 亘賷鬲 爻賱賷賲丕賳 賵丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲亘乇 兀賳亘賱 賲丐爻爻丕鬲 丕賱丿賵賱丞 貙 賱丕 鬲囟賲 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丿賷賳丞 爻賷丕爻賷賷賳 賱賰賳 丨賰賵賲丞 賷鬲賵賱賶 兀賲乇賴丕 丕賱賮賳賷賵賳 賵丕賱賲賴賳丿爻賵賳 賵丕賱噩賷賵賱賵噩賷賵賳 賵丕賱賮賱賰賷賵賳 賵丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 貙 賮賱丕 鬲賵噩丿 丨賰賵賲丞 亘丕賱賲毓賳賶 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷 賱兀賳 兀賴賱 賲丿賷賳丞 亘賷賰賵賳 丕賱賮丕囟賱丞 賲卮睾賵賱賵賳 亘亘爻胤 賳賮賵匕賴賲 毓賱賶 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲 貙 賮丕賱丨賰丕賲 賲卮睾賵賱賵賳 亘丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱賳噩賵賲 賵丕賱丕賳鬲賮丕毓 亘賯賵丞 賲爻丕賯胤 丕賱賲賷丕賴 貙 賵丕賱鬲噩丕乇丞 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 廿乇爻丕賱 亘毓孬丞 賰賱 佟佗 爻賳丞 賱賷毓賷卮賵丕 亘賷賳 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱丕噩賳亘賷丞 賵賷毓賵丿賵丕 亘毓丿賴丕 賱賷賯丿賲賵丕 鬲賯丕乇賷乇 毓賳 兀亘丨丕孬賴賲 丕賱賶 夭毓賲丕亍 亘賷鬲 爻賱賷賲丕賳.

伽- 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 :
賷乇賶 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 兀賳 丕賱兀賳亘賷丕亍 賱噩兀賵丕 賮賷 丿毓賵鬲賴賲 廿賱賶 噩匕亘 丕賱禺賷丕賱 賵丕賱爻賷胤乇丞 毓賱賷賴 賵賱賲 賷爻鬲賴丿賮賵丕 賲禺丕胤亘丞 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丕囟胤乇賵丕 賱鬲賰賷賷賮 兀賳賮爻賴賲 賵賮賯丕 賱乇睾亘丕鬲 丕賱卮毓亘 賵鬲賮賰賷乇賴 貙 賱匕賱賰 賱噩兀賵丕 廿賱賶 爻乇丿 賯氐氐 丕賱賲毓噩夭丕鬲 貙 賮亘丕賱賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 賮廿賳 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱兀賳亘賷丕亍 賷毓賵丿 賱賱廿爻賱賵亘 丕賱亘賷丕賳賷 丕賱爻丕丨乇 亘丨賰賲 胤亘賷毓丞 乇爻丕賱鬲賴賲 賵卮丿丞 毓賵丕胤賮賴賲 貙 賮賱賵 賮爻乇賳丕 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 丕賱兀爻丕爻 賱賲丕 賵噩丿賳丕 賮賷賴 賲丕 賷賳丕賯囟 丕賱毓賯賱貙 兀賲丕 賱賵 賮爻乇賳丕賴 丨乇賮賷丕 賮賴賵 胤丕賮丨 亘丕賱鬲賳丕賯囟丕鬲 賵丕賱賲爻鬲丨賷賱丕鬲貙 賮賲孬賱丕 賱賵 賯丕賱 賲賵爻賶 賱賯賵賲賴 兀賳 丕賱乇賷丕丨 丕賱卮乇賯賷丞 賴賷 賲賳 卮賯鬲 丕賱亘丨乇 丕賱兀丨賲乇 賱賲丕 賰丕賳 賱賯賵賱賴 兀孬乇 毓賱賷賴賲.

賷噩毓賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 兀賵賱 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱兀禺亘丕乇 賵丕賱廿卮丕毓丕鬲 賰賲毓乇賮鬲賷 亘鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賷賱丕丿賷 貙 孬丕賳賷賴丕 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱睾丕賲囟丞 賰兀賳 賷毓乇賮 丕賱胤亘賷亘 丕賱毓賱丕噩 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱毓丕賲 賮賱賲 賷鬲賵氐賱 賱賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 亘丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 貙 孬丕賱孬賴丕 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賰丕賱鬲賵氐賱 廿賱賶 丨賯賷賯丞 賰亘乇 丨噩賲 丕賱卮賲爻 貙 乇丕亘毓賴丕 丕賱廿爻鬲丿賱丕賱 丕賱爻乇賷毓 丕賵 丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 賰賲毓乇賮丞 兀賳 丕賱賰賱 兀賰亘乇 賲賳 丕賱噩夭亍.

賷噩毓賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 匕丕鬲 賲馗賴乇賷賳 : 丕賱噩賵賴乇 賵賴賵 丕賱噩賴丞 丕賱禺丕賱賯丞 丕賱賮毓丕賱丞 丕賱丨賷賵賷丞 賵賴賷 丕賱賱賴 貙 丕賱毓乇囟 賵賴賵 丕賱噩賴丞 丕賱賲賳賮毓賱丞 賵丕賱賲禺賱賵賯丞 賲孬賱 丕賱睾丕亘丕鬲 賵丕賱賴賵丕亍 貙 賵賴賵 賷卮亘賴 賰賱丕賲 丕賱賯丕卅賱賷賳 亘賵丨丿丞 丕賱賵噩賵丿 貙 賵"丕賱賱賴" 毓賳丿賴 賴賵 丕賱爻賱爻賱丞 丕賱爻亘亘賷丞 丕賱賰丕賲賳丞 賵乇丕亍 賰賱 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍.

賷乇賶 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 兀賳 賰賱 賲禺賱賵賯 賷禺賱毓 氐賮丕鬲賴 丕賱禺丕氐丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賱賴 貙 賮賱賵 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 丕賱賲孬賱孬 兀賳 賷鬲賰賱賲 賱賯丕賱 兀賳 丕賱賱賴 賲孬賱孬賷 丕賱兀毓囟丕亍 賵賱賯丕賱鬲 丕賱丿丕卅乇丞 兀賳 胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賱賴 丿丕卅乇賷 貙 賱賰賳 賳賯丿 丕賱丿賰鬲賵乇 賲丕乇鬲賷賳賵 賴匕賴 丕賱賮賰乇丞 亘賯賵賱賴 廿賳 噩毓賱 丕賱賱賴 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 丕賲鬲丿丕丿 賵賮賰乇 噩丕亍鬲 賲賳 賳馗乇 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丕鬲 噩爻賲賴 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 賱兀賳 丕賱丕賲鬲丿丕丿 賵丕賱賮賰乇 賴賲丕 賲賳 氐賮丕鬲 丕賱兀噩爻丕賲 賵丕賱毓賯賵賱


賷噩毓賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 廿乇丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴 賴賷 丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賳 賰賱賴丕 賵毓賯賱賴 賴賵 丕賱毓賯賵賱 賰賱賴丕 賵丕賱鬲賷 賴賷 丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱賲賳鬲卮乇丞 賮賷 兀乇噩丕亍 丕賱夭賲丕賳 賵丕賱賲賰丕賳 賵賴賵 丕賱賵毓賷 賵丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱匕賷 賷亘毓孬 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 丕賱毓丕賱賲 噩亘乇賷 賵賷爻賷乇 賮賷 胤乇賷賯丞 賱丕 賲賳丕氐 賲賳賴丕 貙 賵丕賱卮乇 賵丕賱禺賷乇 賳爻亘賷丕賳 賷毓賵丿丕賳 廿賱賶 兀匕賵丕賯 丕賱亘卮乇 貙賵丕賱賱賴 賮賵賯 禺賷乇賳丕 賵卮乇賳丕.

丨丕賵賱 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 丕賱鬲賵賮賷賯 亘賷賳 兀卮賰丕賱 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 丕賱孬賱丕孬 賵丨亘賰賴丕 賮賷 賵丨丿丞 賲賳爻噩賲丞 : 佟- 亘賵匕丕 賵丕賱賲爻賷丨 : 丕賱乇丨賲丞 賵丕賱賱賷賳 賵丕賱賲丨亘丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿毓賵 賱賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 亘賷賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賵鬲丿賮毓 丕賱卮乇 亘丕賱禺賷乇 佗- 賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷 賵賳賷鬲卮賴 : 賮囟丕卅賱 丕賱毓賳賮 賵丕賱乇噩賵賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿毓賵 丕賱賶 毓丿賲 丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 賵鬲賲噩丿 丕賱丨乇亘 賵丕賱賮鬲丨 賵鬲毓鬲亘乇 丕賱賯賵丞 賴賷 丕賱賮囟賷賱丞 賵鬲毓馗賲 丕賱兀乇爻鬲賯乇丕胤賷丞 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賰賲 伲- 爻賯乇丕胤 賵兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賵兀乇爻胤賵 : 丕賱毓賯賱 丕賱賳丕囟噩 丕賱賲孬賯賮 賴賵 丕賱賵丨賷丿 丕賱賯丕丿乇 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賰賲 鬲亘毓丕 賱賱馗乇賵賮 賮賷毓乇賮 賲鬲賶 賷丨亘 兀賳 鬲爻賵丿 丕賱賲丨亘丞 賵丕賱賯賵丞 賮丕賱賮囟賷賱丞 賴賷 丕賱毓賯賱 賵丿毓賵丕 賱賳馗丕賲 賷噩賲毓 亘賷賳 丕賱兀乇爻鬲賯乇丕胤賷丞 賵丕賱丿賷賲賵賯乇丕胤賷丞.

賵賷乇賶 兀賳賴 賱賵 賰丕賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賳丕爻 賲爻賵賯賷賳 亘丕賱毓賯賱 賱賲丕 賰丕賳 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 亘丨丕噩丞 丕賱賶 賯賵丕賳賷賳 賮丕賱賳丕爻 鬲爻賷胤乇 毓賱賷賴賲 丕賱毓賵丕胤賮 賵丕賱兀賴賵丕亍貙 賵兀賳賴 賷噩亘 廿胤丕毓丞 丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賳 丨鬲賶 賱賵 賰丕賳鬲 噩丕卅乇丞 賲丕丿丕賲鬲 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 賱丕 鬲賲賳毓 丕賱賳丕爻 賲賳 丕賱賰賱丕賲 賵丕賱丕丨鬲噩丕噩 亘丕賱胤乇賯 丕賱爻賱賲賷丞 兀賲丕 廿賳 賲賳毓鬲 賮賴賷 鬲賰賵賳 賯丿 賴丿賲鬲 噩賲賷毓 賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱丿賵賱丞.

賵賷噩亘 丨氐乇 丕賱賲賳丕氐亘 賮賷 兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賰賮丕亍丕鬲 賱丕賳 丕賱丨賰賲丞 賱賷爻鬲 賮賷 賰孬乇丞 丕賱賳丕爻 賵賯丿 賷賳鬲禺亘賵賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賳丕爻 亘賱丕丿丞 賮賷 兀毓馗賲 賲賳丕氐亘 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇 賲鬲賯賱亘丞 賮賷 兀賴賵丕卅賴丕 賵賲賷賵賱賴丕 賮賷噩亘 丨氐乇 丨賯 丕賱鬲乇卮賷丨 賮賷 兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賲賵丕賴亘 賵兀賴賱 丕賱毓賱賲.

佶- 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 :
禺胤 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 賮賷 乇賵丕賷丕鬲賴 禺胤丕 噩丿賷丿丕 噩毓賱 賲賳 兀亘胤丕賱賴 丌乇丕亍 貙 賵賲賳 兀賵睾丕丿賴 禺乇丕賮丕鬲 貙 賵賲賳 丨賵丕丿孬賴 兀賮賰丕乇 貙 賮賲孬賱丕 兀賵噩丿 賮賷 兀丨丿 乇賵丕賷丕鬲賴 丕賱鬲賳丕賯囟 亘賷賳 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷丞 賵丕賱賰賳丕卅爻賷丞.

賯丿賲 賱賲丿丕賲 "卮丕鬲賱賷賴" 賰鬲丕亘 "賲賯丕賱 賮賷 兀禺賱丕賯 丕賱卮毓賵亘" 賱賰賳賴丕 丕賳鬲賯丿鬲賴 亘賯賵賱賴丕 丕賳賴 賱丕 賷賴賲賴丕 兀賳 "兀亘睾賱" 禺賱賮 "賴丕賰賵賳" 賮賷 丕賱爻賵賷丿 賵毓孬賲丕賳 賴賵 丕亘賳 兀乇胤睾乇賱 ! 賮賵丕賮賯賴丕 賵賯丕賱 賱丕 賷賳亘睾賷 兀賳 賷賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 爻賵賶 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賮賱賯丿 卮賵賴 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 亘丕賱兀爻丕胤賷乇 毓賳丿 噩賲賷毓 丕賱卮毓賵亘.

孬賲 毓夭賲 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺賴 兀賳 賱丕 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賲賱賵賰 亘賱 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 賵丕賱賯賵賶 丕賱噩賲丕賴賷乇賷丞 賵兀賳 賱丕 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱丿賵賱 亘賱 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷 貙 賵賰丕賳 賷賯賵賱 噩購乇賾丿 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賲賳 丕賱賮賳賵賳 賵鬲賯丿賲 丕賱毓賯賱 賮賱匕賱賰 賱賳 賮賷賴 卮賷卅丕 貙 賲賳毓 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 賲賳 丿禺賵賱 賮乇賳爻丕 賱兀賳賴 丕毓鬲亘乇 賳賮爻賴 廿賳爻丕賳丕 兀賵賱丕 賵賮乇賳爻賷丕 孬丕賳賷丕.

乇賮毓 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 卮毓丕乇 (丕爻丨賯賵丕 丕賱毓丕乇) 賵兀卮毓賱 賳丕乇丕 賮賰乇賷丞 兀丿鬲 賱鬲丨胤賷賲 丕賱乇賴亘丕賳賷丞 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕 貙 賮丨丕賵賱鬲 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 卮乇丕亍 匕賲鬲賴 賵毓乇囟鬲 毓賱賷賴 賯亘毓丞 賰丕乇丿賷賳丕賱 貙 賮乇賮囟 賵乇賮毓 卮毓丕乇 丕賱鬲爻丕賲丨 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵賯丕賱 丕賳 丕賱爻賱丕賲 賱賳 賷鬲丨賯賯 賲丕賱賲 賷鬲爻丕賲丨 丕賱賳丕爻 賵賷鬲毓賱賲賵丕 賰賷賮 賷鬲爻丕賲丨賵賳 賲毓 賲賳 賷禺丕賱賮賴賲.

胤毓賳 賮賷 賲賵孬賵賯賷丞 丕賱廿賳噩賷賱 賵丕爻鬲賲丿 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘丕鬲賴 賲賳 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賵賲賳 賲亘丿兀 丕賱丕賷賲丕賳 亘丕賱賱賴 賵丨丿賴 賵丕賳賰丕乇 丕賱賵丨賷 賵丕賱兀賳馗賲丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵兀胤賱賯 毓亘丕乇鬲賴 ( 賱賯丿 賰丕賳 兀賵賱 賰丕賴賳 兀賵賱 賲丨鬲丕賱 賷賯丕亘賱 兀賵賱 兀丨賲賯) 貙 亘賷賾賳 兀賳 丕賱禺賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱锟斤拷爻賷胤丞 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲 賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻亘亘鬲 賮賷 丕賱丨乇賵亘 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賵賱賲 賷賰賳 爻亘亘賴丕 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞.

乇賮囟 丕賱廿賱丨丕丿 賵 賰丕賳 賷乇賶 兀賳 丕賱氐賱丕丞 賱賷爻鬲 賱胤賱亘 丕禺鬲乇丕賯 賯丕賳賵賳 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 亘賱 賱賯亘賵賱 丕賱賯丕賳賵賳 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 兀賳 廿乇丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴 賱丕 鬲鬲睾賷乇 賵賱丕 鬲鬲亘丿賱.

賰丕賳 賷乇賶 兀賳 丕賱毓亘乇丕賳賷賷賳 丕賱賯丿賲丕亍 賰丕賳賵丕 賲噩乇丿賷賳 賲賳 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯 賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賰丕賳賵丕 賷毓鬲賯丿賵賳 亘兀亘丿賷丞 丕賱兀乇賵丕丨 賵亘賰賵賳賴賲 卮毓亘 丕賱賱賴 丕賱賲禺鬲丕乇貙 兀賲丕 爻亘賷賳賵夭丕 賮賰丕賳 賳賲賵匕噩丕 賱賱兀禺賱丕賯 賲毓 賰賵賳賴 賲賱丨丿丕 孬賲 睾賷乇 乇兀賷賴 賵兀氐亘丨 賷毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 賱丕 賯賷賲丞 賱賴 亘丿賵賳 丕賱丕賷賲丕賳 亘丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丕賱孬賵丕亘 賵丕賱毓賯丕亘 貙 賵賰丕賳 賷乇賷丿 賲賳 夭賵噩鬲賴 賵禺賷丕胤賴 兀賳 賷丐賲賳賵丕 亘丕賱賱賴 賵廿賱丕 睾卮賵賴 賮賷 賲毓丕賲賱鬲賴 貙 賵丨鬲賶 賱賵 賱賲 賷賰賳 賱賱賴 賲賵噩賵丿丕 賮賷噩亘 兀賳 賳禺鬲乇毓 廿賱賴丕 貙 賮丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 爻丕毓丿 賮賷 廿亘毓丕丿 丕賱賳丕爻 毓賳 丕賱噩乇丕卅賲 賵賲丕 爻亘亘 丕賱賰賵丕乇孬 賱賳丕 賴賷 丕賱禺乇丕賮丕鬲 丕賱丿禺賷賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲氐乇賮賳丕 毓賳 毓亘丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴 毓亘丕丿丞 禺丕賱氐丞貙 賮賱賷爻 丕賱丿賷賳 賲賷鬲丕賮賷夭賷賯賷丕 賮毓亘丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴 賱睾丞 賷賮賴賲賴丕 賰賱 丕賱賳丕爻 賵賴賷 賲鬲賲孬賱丞 賮賷 丕賱毓亘丕丿丞 賵丕賱毓丿賱 賵毓賲賱 丕賱禺賷乇 貙 賯丕賲 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 亘亘賳丕亍 賰賳賷爻丞 賯丕賱 毓賳賴丕 廿賳賴丕 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱賵丨賷丿丞 丕賱鬲賷 亘賳賷鬲 賮賷 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賱毓亘丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴.

丕賱禺賱丕賮 亘賷賳 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 賵乇賵爻賵 : 賷毓鬲賯丿 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 丕賳 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱賳馗賲 賷兀鬲賷 亘丕賱鬲丿乇賷噩 賵丕賱鬲毓賱賷賲 賵賲禺丕胤亘丞 丕賱毓賯賱 亘丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱爻賱賲賷丞 貙 兀賲丕 乇賵爻賵 丕賱匕賷 賱賲 賷丐賲賳 亘丕賱毓賯賱 廿賱丕 賯賱賷賱丕 賮乇兀賶 賵噩賵亘 鬲丨胤賷賲 賴匕賴 丕賱賳馗賲 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱毓賲賱 丕賱毓丕胤賮賷 丕賱睾乇賷夭賷 賵鬲丨胤賷賲 丕賱賲丿賳賷丞 賵丕賱丌丿丕亘 賵丕賱毓賱賵賲 賵丕賱毓賵丿丞 丕賱賷 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賰丕賳 賷毓賷卮 賮賷賴丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 孬賲 賷亘賳賶 賳馗丕賲 噩丿賷丿 賷賰賵賳 丕賱丨賰賲 賮賷賴 賱賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱賲爻丕賵丕丞 賵丕賱兀禺賵丞 貙 賵乇丿 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 毓賱賶 乇賵爻賵 兀賳賴 賱賲 賷賯賲 兀丨丿 亘賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丨丕賵賱丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丨丕賵賱 鬲丨賵賷賱賳丕 廿賱賶 賵丨賵卮 賵丨賷賵丕賳丕鬲 貙 賵賲賳 賰乇賷賲 兀禺賱丕賯 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 兀賳賴 賴丕噩賲 丕賱爻賱胤丕鬲 丕賱爻賵賷爻乇賷丞 賱賲賳毓賴丕 賰鬲丕亘 乇賵爻賵 貙 賵兀胤賱賯 毓亘丕乇鬲賴 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞:
( 兀賳丕 賱丕 兀鬲賮賯 賲毓賰 賮賷 賰賱賲丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賲丕 賯賱鬲賴 賱賰賳賳賷 爻兀丿丕賮毓 毓賳 丨賯賰 賮賷 丕賱賰賱丕賲 賵丨乇賷丞 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 丨鬲賶 丕賱賲賵鬲 )

佴- 賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷 :
賴賵 兀賵賱 賲賮賰乇 丨丿賷孬 兀爻爻 賮賱爻賮丞 爻賷丕爻賷丞 亘毓賷丿丞 毓賳 丕賱兀爻丕爻 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵囟毓鬲 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵賲氐賱丨鬲賴丕 賮賯胤 賳氐亘 毓賷賳賴丕 貙賮鬲兀賳賷亘 丕賱囟賲賷乇 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷 禺丕囟毓 賱賲氐丕賱丨 丕賱丿賵賱丞

賰丕賳鬲 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 賮賷 毓賴丿賴 鬲賲孬賱 胤丕賵賱丞 賮賷 賱毓亘丞 丕賱卮胤乇賳噩 賱賱賯賵賶 丕賱毓馗賲賶 賮乇賳爻丕 賵兀爻亘丕賳賷丕 賵賴丕亘爻亘賵乇噩 賵丕賱匕賷賳 賯丕賲賵丕 亘廿卮毓丕賱 伲 丨乇賵亘 賰亘賷乇丞 賮賷 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 亘賷賳 毓丕賲賷 佟伽侃佗 賵 佟佶佗佶賲 貙 賮賷賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲賲夭賯丞 丕賱賶 賮賱賵乇賳爻丕 賵丕賱亘賳丿賯賷丞 賵賲丕賷賱丕賳丿 賵賳丕亘賵賱賷 賵丿賵賱丞 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賮賷 乇賵賲丕 貙 賮兀乇丕丿 賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷 兀賳 賷馗賴乇 亘賲馗賴乇 賲賳賯匕 丕賱胤賱賷丕賳 賲賳 丕賱兀賱賲丕賳 賵丕賱賮乇賳爻賷賷賳 賵丕賱爻賵賷爻乇賷賷賳 賵丕賱丕爻亘丕賳.

賳馗乇鬲 賮賱爻賮丞 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賵兀乇爻胤賵 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷丞 丕賱賰賱丕爻賷賰賷丞 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 毓丕賯賱 貙 賮丕賱丨丕賰賲 賷鬲氐乇賮 亘丨賰賲丞 賵賷賮鬲乇囟 賮賷 丕賱禺丕囟毓賷賳 賱賴 乇丿賵丿 丕賮毓丕賱 毓丕賯賱丞 貙 賱賰賳 丕賱睾乇丕卅夭 賴賷 丕賱賲爻賷胤乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓賳丿 賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷 賵賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 賷噩亘 兀賳 賷鬲賵噩賴 賱賴丕 丕賱丨丕賰賲 賵賱賷爻 賱毓賯賱賴 責 賮丕賱丨丕賰賲 丕賱丨賰賷賲 賷賳馗乇 賱賴 丕賱卮毓亘 賳馗乇丞 囟毓賮.

賵丕賱賮囟賷賱丞 毓賳丿 賲賷賰丕賮賷賱賱賷 賴賷 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇賵賳丞 丕賱毓賯丕卅丿賷丞 兀賵 丕賱廿爻鬲乇丕鬲賷噩賷丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 (丨爻賳 丕賱丨馗) 賵丕賳鬲賴丕夭 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱賲賳丕爻亘丞 賵賷丿禺賱 賮賷賴 廿賲賰丕賳賷丞 丕爻鬲毓賲丕賱 丕賱毓賳賮 兀賵 丕賱丿賴丕亍 丕賱賲丕賰乇 毓賳丿 丕賱囟乇賵乇丞.

胤乇丨 賲亘丿兀 丕賱賯賳丕毓 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷 貙 賵丕賱匕賷 賷賵噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱丨丕賰賲 兀賳 賷賯丿賲 賳賮爻賴 賱賱卮毓亘 丨爻亘 賲鬲胤賱亘丕鬲 丕賱賲賵賯賮貙 賵賷噩亘 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賲乇賴賵亘丕 賵賱賷爻 賲賰乇賵賴丕貙 賵丕賱囟毓賮 賴賵 兀賳 賷丨丕賵賱 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賲丨亘賵亘丕

侑- 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 :
- 賴賵 賲丐爻爻 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賮賷 丕賱毓氐乇 丕賱丨丿賷孬 貙 賷賳馗乇 廿賱賶 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丕鬲 - 賵亘丕賱兀禺氐 丕賱賴賳丿爻丞 賲賳賴丕 - 毓賱賶 兀賳賴丕 丕賱賲孬丕賱 丕賱兀毓賱賶 賱賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓丕賱賲賷 賱賱鬲丿賱賷賱 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱賲胤賱賯貙 賮丕賱毓賱賵賲 毓賳丿賴 鬲乇鬲賰夭 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 睾賷乇 賲丐賰丿 亘賲丕 賮賷賴丕 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞.

( 丕賱卮賰 丕賱賲賳賴噩賷) : 鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 賰賱 丨賰賲 賮賷 兀賵賱 丕賱兀賲乇 毓賱賶 兀賳賴 鬲丨賷夭 賵兀禺囟毓賴 賱賱卮賰 賮賴賵 賲丨乇賰 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞.

( 丕賱鬲丨賱賷賱) : 丕賱賲卮賰賱丞 鬲氐賷乇 兀爻賴賱 毓賳丿 鬲賮賰賷賰賴丕 廿賱賶 兀噩夭丕亍 賲禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賮賱廿賳噩丕夭 亘賳丕亍 賮賷 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賷亘丿兀 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 亘丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 賵賲賳賴丕 賷鬲氐丕毓丿 賱賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱賲乇賰亘丞. 亘賷鬲 丕賱毓賱賲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷 賱賰賱 丕賳爻丕賳 賲賰丕賳 賮賷賴 賱丕 賷賳賯氐賴 丨噩乇 賵丕丨丿

賷乇賶 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 兀賳賴 胤丕賱賲丕 兀賳 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 賱丕 賷賲鬲賱賰 賷賯賷賳丕 賮賷 兀賷 賲噩丕賱 毓賱賲賷 賮賷噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賳 賷毓賷卮 亘兀禺賱丕賯 毓氐乇賴 亘(乇夭丕賳丞) 鬲賱鬲夭賲 亘賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵丿賷賳賴丕 賵(鬲氐賲賷賲) 賮賷 丕賱爻賷乇 丿賵賳 鬲乇丿丿 丕賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘.

賵丕賱賯賵丕賳賷賳 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 賱丕 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 鬲賵囟丨 賲丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻鬲賳丿 廿賱賷賴丕 賲賵噩賵丿丞 丨賯賷賯丞 兀賲 賱丕 貙 賮賲孬賱丕 夭賵丕賷丕 丕賱賲孬賱孬 鬲爻丕賵賷 佟侉贍 賱丕卮賰 賮賷 匕賱賰 賱賰賳賴丕 賱丕 鬲賯賵賱 卮賷卅丕 毓賲丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賲孬賱孬 賲賵噩賵丿丕 丨賯賷賯丞 貙 賴賱 賷賵噩丿 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 兀賳賳丕 賱丕 賳毓賷卮 賮賷 丨賱賲 賷賯丿賲 賵毓賵丿丕 賰丕匕亘丞 責

( 兀賳丕 兀賮賰乇 廿匕賳 兀賳丕 賲賵噩賵丿 ) : 賱丕 鬲賵噩丿 賲賯賵賱丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷卮賰 賮賷賴丕 丨賷孬 兀賳 廿丿乇丕賰丕鬲 丨賵丕爻賳丕 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 禺丿丕毓賳丕 貙 廿賱丕 丕賱卮賰 丕賱匕賷 賴賵 毓賲賱 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賱卮賰 賮賷賴 賮賴賵 丕賱賷賯賷賳 丕賱匕賷 鬲賯丕賲 毓賱賷賴 賰賱 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱賷賯賷賳 丕賱兀禺乇賶貙 孬賲 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賯賵賱丞 丕賳胤賱賯 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 賱賷丿賱賱 毓賱賶 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴---) 賮丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賳丕賯氐 賱賰賳 賷賵噩丿 賮賷 鬲賮賰賷乇賴 鬲氐賵乇 賱丕 賷賳賲丨賷 賱賱賰賲丕賱 賱賰賳 丕賱賰賲丕賱 睾賷乇 賵丕乇丿 賮賷 毓丕賱賲賴 ---) 賷鬲丨鬲賲 丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲氐賵乇 賯丿 睾乇爻 賲賳 匕丕鬲 賰丕賲賱丞 賮賱賵 賱賲 賷賰賳 丕賱賱賴 賲賵噩賵丿丕 賱賲丕 賰丕賳 賰丕賲賱丕 .

侉- 亘丕爻賰丕賱 :
賷乇賮囟 乇兀賷 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲賷賷賳 賵丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱匕賷賳 賷噩毓賱賵賳 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賲乇鬲亘胤丕 亘匕丕鬲 丕賱賱賴 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 毓賯賱賴 貙 賮丕賱毓賯賱 毓賳丿賴 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賴賲夭丞 賵氐賱 亘賷賳 丕賱賱賴 賵丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賱兀賳 丕賱賱賴 禺丕乇噩 賳胤丕賯 兀賷 毓賯賱 貙 賮賲丨丕賵賱丞 廿孬亘丕鬲 賵噩賵丿賴 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱毓賯賱 賲丨賰賵賲 毓賱賷賴丕 亘丕賱賮卮賱貙 賷毓鬲亘乇 亘丕爻賰丕賱 賲賳 賰亘丕乇 丕賱賲丨賮夭賷賳 廿賱賶 賲匕賴亘 丕賱賵噩賵丿賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 佗贍

氐丕丨亘 賲賯賵賱丞 ( 賯賱亘賷 賯賱賯 丨鬲賶 賷爻鬲賯乇 賮賷賰 ) 貙 賮丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 毓賳丿賴 賮夭毓 賲賳 丕賱賮乇丕睾 賷馗賱 丿丕卅賲 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 鬲卮鬲賷鬲 丕賱匕賴賳.

( 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅 爻賵賮 鬲購丨爻 賵丕賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲 爻賷爻鬲丿賱 毓賱賷賴丕 ) 賮賰賱 丕賱賳馗乇賷丕鬲 毓賳丿 亘丕爻賰丕賱 鬲兀爻爻鬲 賮賷 丕賱兀氐賱 毓賱賶 丕賱丨丿爻 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賲毓乇賮鬲賴丕 亘丕賱賮毓賱 亘賱 亘丕賱賯賱亘 賲孬賱 兀賳 丕賱兀毓丿丕丿 賱丕 賳賴丕卅賷丞 貙 賮丕賱賯賱亘 賷賲賱賰 毓賯賱賴 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賴 丕賱毓賯賱 亘丕賱賲賮賴賵賲 丕賱囟賷賯 貙 賮賷毓胤賷 亘丕爻賰丕賱 賲丨丿賵丿賷丞 賱賱毓賯賱 賮賷 賲賯丕亘賱 丕賱賯賱亘 丕賱匕賷 賷賲賰賳 丕賱賵氐賵賱 亘賴 廿賱賶 丕賱賱賴 亘廿丨爻丕爻 丕賱賯賱亘 丕賱賲鬲胤丕亘賯 賲毓 賲亘丿兀 丕賱丨亘 兀賵 丕賱乇丨賲丞 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 賵丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲亘乇 賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱賱賴 賰廿丨爻丕爻 賱賱賯賱亘 丕賵 賰丨亘 賷賲賳丨 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賰鬲爻丕亘賴.

賷乇賶 亘丕爻賰丕賱 廿賳 賲賵賯賮賳丕 賲賳 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴 賴賵 賲賵賯賮 乇賴丕賳 廿賲丕 賱賱廿賷賲丕賳 亘賵噩賵丿賴 兀賵 毓丿賲 賵噩賵丿賴 貙 兀賲丕 丨乇賷丞 丕賱丕賲鬲賳丕毓 毓賳 丕賳禺丕匕 賯乇丕乇 賮賱丕 賷毓鬲乇賮 亘賴丕 亘丕爻賰丕賱貙 賷噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賳 賷乇丕賴賳 毓賱賶 賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴 賱兀賳 丕賱禺爻丕乇丞 丕賱賲賲賰賳丞 賱丕 鬲鬲賰丕賮兀 賲胤賱賯丕 賲毓 賲賰爻亘 丕賱爻毓丕丿丞 丕賱乇賵丨賷丞 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞 丕賱賲賲賰賳 貙 賵 毓賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賳 賷鬲氐乇賮 賰賲丐賲賳 賷鬲亘毓 卮毓丕卅乇 丕賱丿賷賳 賵賷賰亘丨 卮賴賵丕鬲賴 賱賷賲賴丿 賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱廿賷賲丕賳 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷.

侃- 噩賵賳 賱賵賰 :
賷乇賶 賱賵賰 兀賳 爻賱胤丞 丕賱丨丕賰賲 鬲爻鬲賲丿 卮乇毓賷鬲賴丕 賲賳 丕賱賳丕爻 賵賱賷爻 賲賳 丕乇丕丿丞 丕賱賱賴貙 賵賰丕賳 賰 賷乇賶 兀賳賴 毓賳丿 賵噩賵丿 (丕賱賵囟毓 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷) 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿賳賴丕亍 丕賱賮賵囟賶 廿賱丕 亘兀賳 鬲毓胤賷 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱賰丕賲賱丞 賱丨丕賰賲 賲爻賱丨 亘爻賱胤丞 賲胤賱賯丞 賵賴賵 賴賳丕 賷賯賮 亘噩丕賳亘 丕賱賲賱賰賷丞 丕賱賲爻鬲亘丿丞 賲賵丕賮賯丕 "賴賵亘爻" 賮賷 賳馗乇賷鬲賴 毓賳 丕賱毓賯丿 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷.

孬賲 兀氐亘丨 賱賵賰 賲賳丕氐乇丕 賱賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 賵賱賱賲賱賰賷丞 丕賱丿爻鬲賵乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲噩毓賱 賲丕 賷賯乇賴 丕賱亘乇賱賲丕賳 賷毓賱賵 丿丕卅賲丕 賮賵賯 丕賱賲賱賰 賵丕賱丨賰賵賲丞貙 賵兀禺匕 賷丿丕賮毓 毓賳 丨乇賷丞 賲賲丕乇爻丞 丕賱卮毓丕卅乇 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 賱噩賲賷毓 丕賱胤賵丕卅賮 亘丕爻鬲孬賳丕亍 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰 丨賷孬 兀賳賴賲 賱丕 賷胤賷毓賵賳 廿賱丕 丕賱亘丕亘丕 賵賱丕 賷胤賷毓賵賳 兀賷 丨丕賰賲 丿賷賳賷賵賷 賲賲丕 賷卮賰賱 禺胤乇丕 毓賱賶 丕賱爻賱丕賲 丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷.

乇丿 毓賱賶 "噩賵賳 賮賷賱賲乇" 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 (兀亘賵丞) 賵丕賱匕賷 丕丿毓賶 賮賷賴 兀賳 丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱賲賱賰賷 賷爻鬲賲丿 卮乇毓賷鬲賴 賲賳 丕賱爻賱胤丞 丕賱兀亘賵賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵賴亘賴丕 丕賱賱賴 賱丌丿賲 賮賷 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞貙 賮乇丿 毓賱賷賴 賲爻鬲賳丿丕 賴賵 丕賱丌禺乇 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞.

賷乇賶 賱賵賰 兀賳 賱賱廿賳爻丕賳 丨爻亘 賯丕賳賵賳 丕賱毓賯賱 孬賱丕孬丞 丨賯賵賯 兀爻丕爻賷丞 : 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱賲賱賰賷丞 貙 賵丕賱賱賴 禺賱賯 賰賱 丕賱亘卮乇 兀丨乇丕乇丕 賲鬲爻丕賵賷賳貙 賵毓賳丿 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕賱兀賲乇 賰賳 賲毓 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳賷賳 囟丿 丕賱丨賰丕賲 賱兀賳 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 賴賷 兀丿丕丞 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳 賵賱賷爻 丕賱毓賰爻.

鬲兀孬乇 亘賴 賲賳馗乇賷 丕賱孬賵乇丞 丕賱賮乇賳爻賷丞 賲孬賱 賲賵賳鬲賷爻賰賷賵 賵賮賵賱鬲賷乇 賵乇賵爻賵 貙 賵賰匕賱賰 賵丕囟毓賷 丕賱丿爻鬲賵乇 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賲孬賱 鬲賵賲丕爻 噩賷賮乇爻賵賳 賵賮乇丕賳賰賱賷賳.

佟贍- 賴賷睾賷賱 :
賷乇賶 賴賷睾賷賱 兀賳賳丕 賱丕 賳爻鬲胤賷毓 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 亘卮賷亍 廿賱丕 廿匕丕 賯丕乇賳丕賴 亘卮賷亍 丌禺乇貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賱卮賷亍 兀賳 賷賵噩丿 兀賵 賷賰賵賳 賱賴 賲毓賳賶 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賲噩乇丿丕 毓賳 丕賱毓賱丕賯丕鬲 賵丕賱氐賱丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 兀賰孬乇賴丕 卮賲賵賱丕 賴賷 氐賱丞 丕賱鬲賳丕賯囟.

賵 丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 毓賳丿賴 賵丨丿丞 毓囟賵賷丞 賱兀噩夭丕亍 賲囟丕丿丞 貙 賮鬲卮賰賷賱 丌乇丕卅賳丕 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賱賲爻丕卅賱 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賴賵 丕賱鬲匕亘匕亘 亘賷賳 賯胤乇賷賳貙 賮丨乇賰丞 丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賴賷 丨乇賰丞 丿丕卅賲丞 賱賱鬲賵賮賷賯 亘賷賳 丕賱兀囟丿丕丿貙 賮賰賱 賯囟賷丞 鬲丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 鬲賳丕賯囟 鬲賳鬲賴賷 丕賱賶 丕賱廿賳爻噩丕賲 亘賷賳 丕賱兀賲賵乇 丕賱賲鬲毓丕乇囟丞 貙 賵匕賱賰 賷賳胤亘賯 毓賱賶 丨乇賰丞 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賵丕賱賰賵賳 貙 賮丕賱賲賳胤賯 賵丕賱賲賷鬲丕賮賷夭賷賯賷丞 卮賷亍 賵丕丨丿.

賵賲賴賲丞 丕賱丿賷賳 毓賳丿 賴賷睾賷賱 賴賷 亘賱賵睾 丕賱賲賳胤賯 廿賱丕 賵賴賵 丕賱賱賴貙 賵丕賱卮毓賵乇 兀賳賴 匕賱賰 丕賱匕賷 鬲丨賱賱鬲 賮賷賴 噩賲賷毓 丕賱賲鬲賳丕賯囟丕鬲 賲賳 賲丕丿丞 賵毓賯賱 賵禺賷乇 賵卮乇 賵賮丕毓賱 賵賲賮毓賵賱.

賵賱賷爻 丕賱氐乇丕毓 賲毓 丕賱卮乇 賲噩乇丿 鬲氐賵乇 爻賱亘賷 賱賰賳賴 賲乇丨賱丞 賱亘賱賵睾 丕賱禺賷乇 賵鬲丨賯賷賯賴 賮丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賷氐賳毓 賮賷 丕賱賮鬲乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯乇乇 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賳賲賵 賵丕賱鬲胤賵乇 賮丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賷氐賱 丕賱賶 爻賲賵賴 丕賱賰丕賲賱 毓賳 胤乇賷賯 丕賱廿賱夭丕賲 賵丕賱丨丕噩丞 賵丕賱賲爻丐賵賱賷丕鬲 賵丕賱卮丿丞 賵丕賱兀賱賲 貙 賰賱 丨丕賱丞 毓賱賶 丕賱乇睾賲 賲賳 廿賳 賲氐賷乇賴丕 丕賱夭賵丕賱 賮賷賴丕 丕賱丨賯 丕賱賲賯丿爻 丕賱匕賷 賷禺氐賴丕 賰賲乇丨賱丞 囟乇賵乇賷丞 賱賱鬲胤賵乇.


佟佟- 乇丕賵賱爻 :
- 丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 毓賳丿 乇丕賵賱爻 賱丕 鬲賯亘賱 丕賱丨賱賵賱 丕賱賵爻胤 賮丕賱毓丿賱 毓賳丿賴 賷爻亘賯 丕賱禺賷乇 賵丕賱氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓丕賲 貙 賮丕賱禺賷乇 賴賵 賯亘賱 賰賱 卮賷亍 賴匕丕 丕賱匕賷 賷毓鬲亘乇 毓丿賱丕 貙 禺賱丕賮丕 賱兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賳賮毓賷丞 丕賱匕賷賳 賯丿賲賵丕 丕賱禺賷乇 賵丕賱氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓丕賲 毓賱賶 丕賱毓丿賱 貙 賮丕賱爻賱賵賰 丕賱毓丕丿賱 毓賳丿 丕賱賳賮毓賷丞 禺丕囟毓 賱賱爻賱賵賰 丕賱禺賷乇 賵 禺丕囟毓 賱賱氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓丕賲 丕賱匕賷 賷賲賰賳 丕賱賵氐賵賱 廿賱賷賴 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱爻賱賵賰 丕賱禺賷乇貙 賮丕賱禺賷乇 賷爻亘賯 丕賱毓丿賱 賮賷 丕賱鬲乇鬲賷亘 貙 賵賴匕丕 賳鬲丕噩 氐乇丕毓 毓賯丕卅丿賷 賲鬲賵丕乇孬 亘賷賳 丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓胤賷 丕賱兀賵賱賵賷丞 賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳 丕賱賮乇丿賷丞 賵丕賱丨乇賷丞貙 賵丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓胤賷 丕賱丕賵賱賵賷丞 賱賱毓丿丕賱丞 賵丕賱丕氐賱丕丨 丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷 貙 賱賰賳 乇丕賵賱爻 亘乇賳丕賲噩賴 賴賵 "丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 賰廿賳氐丕賮" 亘丿賵賳 鬲囟丨賷丞 亘丕賱丨賯賵賯 丕賱賮乇丿賷丞 毓賳丿 丕賱丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賵亘匕賱賰 賷賰賵賳 毓賰爻 丕賱丕卮鬲乇丕賰賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱丕鬲噩丕賴.

賷乇賶 亘兀賳賴 賷鬲丨鬲賲 毓賱賶 丕賱賲噩鬲賲毓 丕賱兀禺匕 亘毓賷賳 丕賱丕毓鬲亘丕乇 丨丕賱丞 丕賱兀囟毓賮 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丕 賰賲賯賷丕爻 丨丕爻賲 貙賵匕賱賰 禺賱丕賮丕 賱賲匕賴亘 丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 丕賱賰賱丕爻賷賰賷丞 貙 賵賱匕賱賰 賴賵 賷賮囟賱 賲噩鬲賲毓丕 賲丨丿賵丿 丕賱乇禺丕亍 丕匕丕 賰丕賳 丕賱丨丿 丕賱兀丿賳賶 賲囟賲賵賳 賱賱兀賰孬乇 賮賯乇丕 毓賱賶 賲噩鬲賲毓 睾賳賷 賲賲賰賳 兀賳 兀爻賯胤 賮賷賴 鬲丨鬲 禺胤 丕賱賮賯乇.

鬲賯賮 丕賱丿賵賱 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賵禺氐賵氐丕 丕賱廿爻賰賳丿賮丕賳賷丞 賲賳賴丕 賯乇賷亘丕 賲賳 鬲氐賵乇丕鬲 乇丕賵賱爻 -丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賲賱 賱賱氐丕賱丨 丕賱毓丕賲- 賲賳 丕賱賳馗丕賲 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 丕賱匕賷 賷毓胤賷 兀賵賱賵賷丞 賱賱賳噩丕丨 丕賱丕賯鬲氐丕丿賷 賯亘賱 丕賱廿噩乇丕亍丕鬲 丕賱丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賱賱丿賵賱丞 貙 賵賱賯丿 丕賳鬲賯丿 兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賱賷亘乇丕賱賷丞 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 兀賮賰丕乇 乇丕賵賱爻 賲孬賱 "賲賷禺丕卅賷賱 賮丕賱夭乇" 丨賷孬 賳賯丿賵丕 鬲賵噩賴 乇丕賵賱爻 廿賱賶 丿賵賱丞 丕賱乇毓丕賷丞 丕賱廿噩鬲賲丕毓賷丞 賲毓 兀賳 乇丕賵賱爻 賳賮爻賴 丕賳鬲賯丿 鬲丨賵賱 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳 廿賱賶 賲鬲賱賯 賱賲毓賵賳丞 丕賱丿賵賱丞 賵亘匕賱賰 賷丿賮賳 毓夭鬲賴 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞

賲賳 丕賱賲賱賮鬲 兀賳 乇丕賵賱爻 賷乇賶 兀賳賴 毓賳丿 賳賮丕丿 賰賱 丕賱賵爻丕卅賱 丕賱賲卮乇賵毓丞 賮廿賳賴 賷賯乇 賱賱賲賵丕胤賳 丨賯 丕賱毓氐賷丕賳 丕賱賲丿賳賷.
Profile Image for Roy Lotz.
Author听2 books8,900 followers
August 30, 2016
The Story tried to salt itself with a seasoning of humor, not only because wisdom is not wise if it scares away merriment, but because a sense of humor, being born of perspective, bears a near kinship to philosophy; each is the soul of the other.

A few years ago, as I began teaching myself philosophy, I bought a used copy of this book. But I could never seem to get around to it. So its yellowed pages only grew more yellow, and its already cracked and broken spine castigated me from my bookshelf every time I passed by. Thus, to relieve my conscience, I finally decided to dive in; but I quickly lost interest. Every time I put the book down, I waited a long time before picking it up again; and it was only when I downloaded an audiobook that I was able to finish Durant鈥檚 popular history of philosophy.

This difficulty in finishing is the clearest indication of how I felt about it: I was unimpressed. Though by no means a bad book, and one with many good qualities, I can鈥檛 say I would recommend this book to anyone, for I believe Durant does an injustice to his topic. Simply put, this is both a poor history of and introduction to philosophy; it fails to convey adequately what philosophy is, what philosophers do, and how philosophy developed. There is little of intellectual or academic interest in these pages, and despite its eloquence I often managed to find the book quite dull.

The trouble comes early on, when Durant makes this announcement:
The author believes that epistemology has kidnapped modern philosophy, and well nigh ruined it; he hopes for the time when the study of the knowledge-process will be recognized as the business of psychology, and when philosophy will again be understood as the synthetic interpretation of all experience rather than the analytic description of the mode and process of experience itself.

The absurdity of the above paragraph is obvious to anyone who has read a fair share of philosophy. Writing a history of philosophy while omitting epistemology is like writing a history of chemistry while refusing to talk about chemical bonds. Epistemology is a central part of philosophy, and, besides, a central concern of the greatest modern philosophers; so any treatment of the subject lacking epistemology is doomed to miss the mark.

Besides this, I would also like to point out that the above paragraph reveals an intellectual weakness as well. How could epistemology be the subject of psychology, a science? Epistemology asks 鈥淲hat is knowledge?鈥� This is clearly not a subject that can be investigated empirically or decided scientifically, for scientific investigation presupposes that knowledge is empirical in nature. In other words, by the time you set out to do science, epistemology is over and done with. So already Durant is showing himself to be a poor philosopher, as well as a poor historian.

When we get into the thick of Durant鈥檚 book, we encounter an even more general problem. Durant鈥檚 modus operandi throughout this work is to treat the ideas of philosophers as byproducts of their experiences and their personalities. Not only does this often lead him into cheap psychoanalyzing (such as speculating about how Nietzsche鈥檚 father and mother influenced his outlook) as well as broad and often ridiculous generalizations about peoples and places (the Germans do this, the Jews do that), but, more damningly, turns systems of philosophy into mere quirks of personality and whims of fancy. In this book, philosophers are artists, not thinkers. Although Durant would have you believe that this is the wise and cosmopolitan perspective on the matter, this fails completely to do justice to these men.

Philosophy is, among other things, the art of argumentation. Philosophers鈥攇ood philosophers, at least鈥攁re extremely focused on the logical reasons for their beliefs. This is embodied in that great creation-myth of Western philosophy, Plato鈥檚 tales of Socrates, wherein that old sage wanders from citizen to citizen, perpetually demanding to know the reasons why they believe what they do. Plato鈥檚 Socrates is always asking, What do you mean by this word? And why do you mean it that way? The final goal of the philosopher is to harbour no dogmatic opinions鈥攁nd by dogmatic I mean opinions that are accepted without scrutiny鈥攂ut rather to probe and investigate every assumption, idea, and goal in life.

Durant鈥檚 treatment of philosophers does exactly the opposite. In Durant鈥檚 hands, philosophers are mere pundits, who spout theories left and right without taking the time to justify them. Durant鈥檚 chapters on their ideas are mere litanies of opinions; and the final impression is that philosophy is just the art of having pompous and high-sounding views about grandiose subjects. It is absolutely worthless to know that Plato believed in a world of ideal forms without knowing why he did so; and the same goes for every other philosopher鈥檚 view. This emphasis on reason and argument is what separates philosophy from philosophizing; but you will find almost exclusively the latter in this book.

I would be being unfair if I didn鈥檛 acknowledge that many of this book鈥檚 faults are due to its genesis. This book was originally published as a series of pamphlets for the Blue Book series, which were inexpensive paperbacks for worker education. This origin largely explains why this book contains such a huge chronological leap, from Aristotle all the way to Francis Bacon, and also why Durant continually emphasizes the practical over the theoretical, the biographical over the intellectual. Less excusable, perhaps, was Durant鈥檚 choice to write a chapter on Voltaire, who wasn鈥檛 even a philosopher, and Herbert Spencer, who was obsolescent even back when this book was written. Much better would have been a chapter on John Locke, who formulated many of the ideas later endorsed by Voltaire, and John Stuart Mill, a contemporary of Herbert Spencer who has had a much more lasting effect on the subsequent history of philosophy. While I鈥檓 at it, I think a chapter on Descartes would have been much better than a chapter on Francis Bacon (who is a fairly minor figure in the history of philosophy), for Descartes was also a pioneer of science, as well as a great mathematician, not to mention the father of modern philosophy.

For these reason, I would much more highly recommend Russell鈥檚 History of Western Philosophy over this book, as Russell, being himself a philosopher, at least does his best to reconstruct the reasons for other philosophers鈥� views, even if Russell sometimes falls short in this task. (I also want to note, in passing, that Durant considers Russell鈥檚 early work in logic and mathematics to be pure hogwash, whereas most philosophers today consider that to be Russell鈥檚 most enduring work.) The only place that Durant surpasses Russell is in his chapter on Kant, which I think is a truly excellent piece of work, and a good place to start for any students seeking to understand that obscure German metaphysician. But other than this brief flash of sunlight, the rest of this book is nothing but passing storm clouds, rumbling ominously, constantly threatening to rain, and yet passing overhead with nary a drop, leaving us as parched as they found us.
Profile Image for Mashael Alamri.
328 reviews549 followers
June 29, 2009
賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賴賷 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 賲賵爻賵毓丞 鬲丨賰賷 ( 鬲丕乇賷禺) 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲亘爻胤丞 賲噩賲賵毓丞 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 392 氐賮丨丞 \11 賮氐賱 賲賳 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳 賵爻賯乇丕胤 丨鬲賶 噩賵賳 丿賷賵賷 ,賮賷 丌禺乇 賰賱 賯爻賲\賮氐賱 賴賳丕賰 賳賯丿 賱賮賱爻賮鬲賴 ,

賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賲丿禺賱 賱賲賳 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷鬲亘丨乇 賮賷 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵鬲丕乇賷禺賴丕(賲毓 乇賵丕賷丞 毓丕賱賲 氐賵賮賷)
丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賴賷 賮賳 胤乇丨 丕賱兀爻卅賱丞 賴賷 丕爻鬲亘丿丕賱 丕賱賳賯胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲毓賱賳 亘兀賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賴賳丕 丕賳鬲賴賶 亘毓賱丕賲丞 丕爻鬲賮賴丕賲 鬲噩乇賳丕 賱賳噩賷亘 毓賱賶 丕賱爻丐丕賱 丕賱匕賷 賴賵 賮賷 丕賱兀爻丕爻 廿賷噩丕亘賴 毓賱賶 爻丐丕賱 爻丕亘賯 , 賴賷 卮賷亍 卮亘賷賴 亘賭賭 賲賳 爻亘賯 丕賱丌禺乇 丕賱亘賷囟丞 兀賲 丕賱丿噩丕噩丞 責 賵賳亘賯賶 賳賮賱爻賮 丕賱賲賵囟賵毓 賵賳噩丿 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丿毓賲 賰賱鬲丕 丕賱賮賰乇鬲賷賳 賵賳馗賱 賳乇丿丿 亘兀賳 丕賱亘賷囟丞 賴賷 丕賱鬲賷 兀賳鬲噩鬲 丿噩丕噩丞 賵賱賰賳 丕賱丿噩丕噩丞 兀鬲鬲 賲賳 丕賱亘賷囟丞 賱丕 賲丨丕賱丞 , 賱兀賳 賰賱鬲丕賴丕 氐丨賷丨 ,

* 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賮賷賴丕 亘毓囟 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍
Profile Image for Nandakishore Mridula.
1,306 reviews2,587 followers
June 23, 2015
This is the best introduction to Western philosophy that the layman can find. It's a "dummies" book which, however, does not assume that the reader is a dummy.

I would have given it a five, had it included Eastern philosophies too.
Profile Image for Mohamed Bayomi.
231 reviews164 followers
October 15, 2020
賯乇丕亍丞 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲噩乇亘丞 噩賲賷賱丞 賵 賲賮賷丿丞 噩丿丕 賮賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賵賯鬲 , 氐丨賷丨 丕賳賴 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 丕賳 鬲禺鬲氐乇 丨賷丕丞 賮賷賱爻賵賮 賵 賰鬲亘賴 賵 丕賮賰丕乇賴 賮賷 禺賲爻賷賳 氐賮丨丞 鈥� 賵賴賷 鬲賯乇賷亘丕 賲鬲賵爻胤 毓丿丿 氐賮丨丕鬲 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱賵丕丨丿 鈥� 賱賰賳 賲丕 賯丿賲賴 賱賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賴賷 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 乇爻賲 亘毓囟 丕賱禺胤賵胤 賵賵囟毓 亘毓囟 丕賱丨丿賵丿 賵丕賱毓賱丕賲丕鬲 , 賮丕賱丕賲乇 兀卮亘賴 亘兀賳賳賷 丕禺賷乇丕 賯丿 鬲毓賱賲鬲 丕賳 丕乇爻賲 禺乇賷胤丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲 , 丕賳 丕禺胤 毓賱賶 丕賱賵乇賯丞 丕賱亘賷囟丕亍 丕賱賯丕乇丕鬲 賵丕賳 丕乇爻賲 丨丿賵丿 丕賱丿賵賱 賵 丕賳 丕囟毓 亘毓囟 丕賱毓賵丕氐賲 賵 丕賱賲丿賳 賵丕賱丕賳賴丕乇 丕賱賰亘賷乇丞 , 賵鬲賱賰 禺胤賵丞 賲毓賯賵賱丞 噩丿丕 賵賱毓賱 賴匕丕 賲丕 丕乇丿鬲賴 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳匕 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞 , 賱賰賳 丕賳 丕乇爻賲 毓賱賶 丕賱禺乇賷胤丞 丕賱鬲囟丕乇賷爻 , 丕賱噩亘丕賱 賵 丕賱爻賴賵賱 賵丕賱賲賳禺賮囟丕鬲 賵 丕賱亘丨賷乇丕鬲 , 丕賱賲丿賳 賵丕賱賯乇賶 丕賱氐睾賷乇丞 , 丕鬲噩丕賴丕鬲 丕賱乇賷丕丨 賮賴匕丕 卮賷亍 兀禺乇
Profile Image for Irena Pasvinter.
383 reviews105 followers
January 23, 2025
"The Story of Philosophy", first published in 1924, tells the history of the philosophy through the life and work of philosophers the author considers great. The story of each philosopher's life and the summary of their philosophical views and contributions is followed by the critique section, which discusses the legacy of the philosopher's work. Being written in 1924, the chapter on Nietzsche misses any reference to the usage of his teachings made by Nazism. At the same time, probably because of the later editions, there is a mention of Bergson dying in 1941 and Sanatayana in 1952. So there is something chillingly unsatisfying in the chapter on Nietzsche left unupdated, in view of future developments.

I loved that for each of the greatest philosophers the author discussed how their philosophy is influenced by their personality and is very much its product.

What I didn't like was the author's petty and narrow-minded contempt towards mathematics, expressed on many occasions, his inability to accept that pure mathematics can be just as beautiful as philosophical suppositions. More than once he states that logic is "the most boring part of philosophy" (obviously, because of its close relationship with mathematics). According to Will Durant, Bertrand Russel rose to greatness only after he left mathematical logic behind and went into "pure" philosophy.

Other authors(for example, ) turn mathematical logic into an exciting and mentally stimulating narrative, but Will Durant's obviously nurtured a vicious old grudge against mathematics and logic.

Read in 2015.
Profile Image for Erik Graff.
5,127 reviews1,353 followers
October 17, 2013
In August of 1982 I was invited down to Tampa-St. Pete with my girlfriend to visit her paternal grandmother. We stayed in a trailer court with a pool during a week of hot and muggy weather. With no car, the only activities available to us were walks to the mall or sitting by the pool. For me, this being my first trip to Florida, the high points were the many varieties of reptiles: turtles in the drainage ditch behind the house and magical little lizards darting about everywhere.

School was to start when we returned, so I brought Durant's Story of Philosophy along. After a summer of recreational reading, it was time to get back into gear. Surprisingly, Durant's book turned out to be one of the best reads during the whole season. It was clear, coherent, even fun, the author mixing the lives of the philosophers in with their thinking. I particularly enjoyed reading his account of Spinoza, normally a rather obscure figure. I got so excited during part of that section that I had to get up, walk around and think before jumping in and out of the pool to begin anew.
Profile Image for Ehsan.
88 reviews285 followers
January 30, 2011
賵兀禺賷乇賸丕 兀賳賴賷鬲購 賰鬲丕亘 賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 .. !
賷賲賰賳賳賷 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 賯乇丕亍鬲賴 賴賷 兀賮囟賱 氐夭丕賯丞 毓賯丿鬲賴丕 賲毓 賰鬲丕亘 丨鬲賶 丕賱丌賳 貙 賮賱賯丿 賰賳鬲購 丨乇賷氐丞 毓賱賶 鬲賱禺賷氐 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賴 賵鬲賯爻賷賲賴 廿賱賶 賮氐賵賱 賵丕賱鬲禺胤賷胤 毓賱賶 賰賱 毓亘丕乇丞 鬲賱賮鬲賳賷 亘兀賱賵丕賳 賲禺鬲賱賮丞 貙 賱賯丿 賯乇兀鬲賴 亘兀賲丕賳丞 XD
賷賲賰賳賳賷 鬲賱禺賷氐 乇丐賷鬲賷 丨賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 賳賯丕胤 賲鬲毓丿丿丞 :
佟 : 賱賲 兀爻鬲胤毓 賮賴賲 丕賱賲毓賷丕乇 丕賱匕賷 賵囟毓賴 賵賷賱 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲丨丿孬 毓賳賴賲 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 貙 賮賰孬賷乇 賲賳賴賲 賱賲 賷兀鬲 亘噩丿賷丿 賵賱賰賳賴 噩丿丿 兀賮賰丕乇賸丕 賯丿賷賲丞 賵賲賰乇乇丞 貙 丕爻鬲睾乇亘鬲購 賲賳賴 毓丿賲 丕賱丨丿賷孬 毓賳 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 賲孬賱丕賸 乇睾賲 兀賳賴 賲丐爻爻 賲匕賴亘 丕賱卮賰 .

佗 : 賱賲 賷鬲丨丿孬 廿賱丕 毓賳 賮賱丕爻賮丞 兀賵乇賵亘賷賷賳 賵賷賵賳丕賳賷賷賳 賲鬲噩丕賴賱丕賸 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱賴賳丿 賵丕賱賲睾乇亘 丕賱毓乇亘賷 賵丕賱兀賳丿賱爻 賵亘賯賷丞 亘賱丕丿 丕賱毓丕賱賲 .. 賰丕賳 丕賱兀噩丿賶 兀賳 賷爻賲賷 賰鬲丕亘賴 賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 !

伲 : 賱賯丿 丨丕賵賱 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賲丨丕賷丿賸丕 毓賳丿 丕賱丨丿賷孬 丨賵賱 賮賷賱爻賵賮 賲丕 兀賲賰賳 貙 賱賰賳賾賴 賰丕賳 賷賮卮賱 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 .

伽 : 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賲夭毓噩丞 賳賵毓賸丕 賲丕 賵鬲丨鬲賵賷 毓賱賶 兀禺胤丕亍 賰孬賷乇丞 貙 賰賳鬲購 兀卮毓乇 亘丕賱鬲賵鬲乇 賵兀賳丕 兀賯乇兀 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵賱賲 兀丿乇賰 丕賱爻亘亘 丨鬲賶 賯乇兀鬲購 鬲賳亘賷賴 賲卮丕毓賱 丨賵賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賳賯胤丞 .

佶 : 丨丕賵賱 丕賱賲鬲乇噩賲 丕賱乇丿 毓賱賶 廿爻丕亍丞 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賱賱匕丕鬲 丕賱廿賱賴賷丞 賵賱賱兀賯丿丕乇 賮賷 丕賱賴賵丕賲卮 賵賴匕丕 兀賲乇 噩賷丿 噩丿丕賸 貙 賱賰賳賾 賲丕 兀孬丕乇 丕爻鬲丕亍賷 賴賵 毓丿賲 乇丿賴 毓賱賶 噩賲賱丞 兀賵乇丿賴丕 丕賱賲丐賱賮 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丨賵賱 兀賳 毓賲乇 亘賳 丕賱禺胤丕亘 兀賲乇 亘廿丨乇丕賯 賲賰鬲亘丞 丕賱丕爻賰賳丿乇賷丞 禺卮賷丞 賰鬲亘賴丕 貙 賵賴匕賴 賲睾丕賱胤丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賲毓乇賵賮丞 賰丕賳 賷噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丕賱乇丿 毓賱賷賴丕 .

佴 : 賱賯丿 賯乇乇鬲 賲賳匕 丕賱賱丨馗丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 丕賱鬲賷 兀賲爻賰鬲購 賮賷賴丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賳賳賷 爻兀鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓 兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 亘丨賷丕丿賷丞 賰賲丕 爻兀鬲噩丕賴賱 賲亘丕丿卅賴賲 丕賱丿賷賳賷丞 丕賱賲賳丨乇賮丞 貙 丕賱丨賯 兀賳賷 禺卮賷鬲锟斤拷 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賷 賲賳 丕賱鬲兀孬乇 亘賴賲 賵賱賰賳賳賷 禺丕胤乇鬲購 亘丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 丿賵賳 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賱賷 丕賱丨氐丕賳丞 丕賱毓賯丕卅丿賷丞 丕賱賰丕賮賷丞 貙 賱賰賳 亘毓丿 丕賳鬲賴丕卅賷 賲賳 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀丿乇賰鬲購 亘兀賳賾 鬲禺亘胤 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賵廿賳賰丕乇賴賲 賱賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴 賱丕 丨賵賱 賱賴 賵賱丕 亘乇賴丕賳 賵賱丕 賯賵丞 貙 丕賱丨賲丿 賱賱賴 丕賱匕賷 乇夭賯賳丕 賳毓賲丞 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賵丕賱毓賯賷丿丞 丕賱丨賯

兀禺賷乇賸丕 貙 賲賳 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮 兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀丨丿 兀毓馗賲 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 兀購賱賾賮鬲 賮賷 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵賷毓鬲亘乇 賮丕鬲丨丞賸 噩賷丿丞賸 賱賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 兀卮賴乇 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 - 丕賱兀賵乇亘賷賷賳 - !
Profile Image for Meem Arafat Manab.
376 reviews236 followers
August 25, 2017
唳氞Ξ唰庎唳距Π 唳, 唳Ζ唳苦 唳唳班 唳唳唳距Ω唳唳灌唳� 唳 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳呧Θ唰囙 唳唳多 唳夃唳曕Γ唰嵿唳苦Δ, 唳む唳︵唳� 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο 唳ㄠ啷� 唳忇 唳唳Θ, 唳班唳膏唳侧唳� 唳唳熰唳班 唳ㄠ唳唰� 唳唳班唳� 唳椸唳侧Μ唳班唳粪Γ 唳灌Ο唳�, 唳膏唳� 唳椸唳侧唳� 唳唳椸唳︵唳� 唳曕Π唳距Θ唰� 唳唳 唳∴唳班唳ㄠ唳熰唳� 唳唳班Ο唳监唳膏唳班唳�, 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳ㄠ 唳む唳ㄠ 唳灌唳椸唳侧Π唰� 唳︵唳涏唳� 唳灌唳班唳唳班唳� 唳膏唳唳ㄠ唳膏唳班唳� 唳忇唳� 唳唳む唳� 唳唳Π唰€唳む 唳嗋 唳唳む, 唳侧唳Θ唳苦, 唳︵唳曕唳班唳む唳� 唳溹唳唳椸 唳灌Ο唳� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳溹唳唳椸 唳灌Ο唳� 唳ㄠ唳� 唳唳班唳曕唳� 唳 唳呧Κ唳班唳Π 唳唳∴唳距Π 唳Α唳� 唳唳囙Ζ唰囙Π唳撪イ 唳むΕ唳距唳ム唳� 唳唳班-唳膏唰嵿Π唰囙唳苦唳︵唳� 唳ㄠ唳唰囙 唳む唳Θ 唳夃唰嵿唳唳氞唳� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳ㄠ唳� 唳膏唳Ο唳监 唳呧唳唳ㄠ唳熰-唳唳唳� 唳灌唳夃Ξ啷�

唳唳熰 唳 唳囙唳班唳唳� 唳︵Π唰嵿Χ唳ㄠ唳班唳氞唳氞 唳ㄠ唳唰�, 唳呧Δ唳忇Μ 唳唳班Δ-唳氞唳�-唳嗋Λ唰嵿Π唳苦唳� 唳 唳忇 唳唳唰� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳膏唳� 唳曕Ε唳� 唳唰佮Μ唳苦Η唳唳� 唳Σ唳� 唳灌Ο唳监 唳椸唳涏啷� 唳嗋Λ唰嵿Π唳苦唳� 唳呧Μ唳多唳� 唳曕唳ム唳� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳多唳о 唳嗋唰� 唳唳唳� 唳溹唳∴唰囙イ

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唳む唳涏唳∴唳�, 唳忇 唳 唳忇Δ唳熰唳� 唳唳傕Σ唳� 唳唳粪唳 唳侧唳栢 唳 唳忇唳� 唳Α唳监Δ唰� 唳椸唳唰� 唳唳班Ε唳Μ唳距Π 唳熰唳� 唳唳囙Σ唳距Ξ, 唳嗋Ξ唳距Π 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳︵Π唰嵿Χ唳ㄠ 唳嗋Ω唰嵿Ε唳� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳嗋Ξ唳� 唳嗋Ω唳侧 唳灌Ο唳监Δ 唳ㄠ唳膏唳む唳曕 唳ㄠ 唳多唳о, 唳唳距Κ唳距Δ唳� 唳椸唳涏唳� 唳曕唳涏 唳忇唳熰啷� 唳嗋Ξ唳距Π 唳忇 唳膏Μ唳曕唳涏唳む 唳呧Μ唳苦Χ唰嵿Μ唳距Ω唰�, 唳呧Θ唳膏唳む唳む唳 唳呧Μ唳苦Χ唰嵿Μ唳距Ω, 唳呧Μ唳苦Χ唰嵿Μ唳距Ω唰囙, 唳忇唳熰 唳唳ㄠ 唳呧Χ唰嵿Μ唳む唳ム唳唳� 唳Δ, 唳忇唳唳� 唳灌唳む 唳灌Ο唳监 唳Π唰� 唳唳� 唳唳氞唳班 唳忇唳� 唳む唳� 唳灌唳溹唳� 唳唳� 唳多唳о 唳唳ム 唳犩唳曕 唳唳啷� 唳忇 唳唳班Χ唰嵿Θ 唳嗋唰� 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳 唳Α唳监 唳灌Ο唳� 唳ㄠ唳�, 唳曕唳班Γ 唳嗋Π 唳曕唳ㄠ 唳︵Π唰嵿Χ唳� 唳唳粪Ο唳监唳� 唳 唳嗋Π 唳唳� 唳灌唳�, 唳忇Δ唳栢唳ㄠ 唳溹Σ唳 唳灌Ο唳� 唳ㄠ啷�

唳嗋Ξ唳苦Θ 唳嗋唳膏唳� 唳嗋Σ唳苦唰� 唳膏唳唳班唳多唳� 唳溹Θ唰嵿Ο 唳оΘ唰嵿Ο唳唳︵イ
Profile Image for Matt.
1,115 reviews741 followers
August 1, 2013

Ok, so I can only give this book two stars for the following reasons:

* According to the (admittedly arbitrary) GR star-signification system, two stars means it's "ok"

* This is, of course, a bit of an arbitrary distinction amid arbitrariness (stars? wtf?) since a more definitive statement isn't really being made

* Ironically, I'm going to (have to) back up my seemingly arbitrary statement with some definitive ones! Ambiguity be damned! Let us not talk falsely now, the hour is getting late...

* So I definitely applaud the book for being a popular, cheap, relatively compact, little buffet of philosophical thought. It definitely turned a lot of curious people (old and young alike) into the initially forbidding worlds of Plato, Epictetus, Hegel, Kant, Locke, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, et al.

* That's a really good thing. It doesn't really matter what the particular qualities of the gateway drug are, it's more important where it leads you. If this book got people to start mulling over the dialectic and the categorical imperative and existenz then that's no doubt a good thing.

* But, at the same time, I strongly suspect that Mister Durant is kind of full of shit.

* I mean, I'm no expert on the history of philosophy but I think there's a handy way to keep anthologies and intro-fests to a sort of gold standard.

* Read the excerpts that deal with your particular area of expertise and you'll most likely get a sense of the kind of perspective the book itself is taking.

* I know a lot about Nietzsche (I know, I know, but still...) and I was pretty much shocked to see how Durant does him in his specific entry.

* Nietzsche's father, a solider, died when lil' Fred was small? Ok. Sure. That's a fact, alright, but...

* This meant that Nietzsche had a misplaced dad/warrior obsession that led him to draw some crazy conclusions about master/slave and ubermensch and all that?

* Nope. Nopenopenopenope. That's just weak, lazy presupposition and lame-as-hell summary or explication of Nietzsche's work. Bargain-basement psychoanalyzing of a guy who knew himself some psychology (and he didn't always get it from a book, either) that really actually obfuscates the issue at hand, which is to introduce the neophytes to important figures in the history of Western thought.

* Honestly, the more I think about it the more annoyed I get. I mean, seriously. Love or hate the guy but don't pigeonhole him because of one event that happened BEFORE HE PROBABLY EVEN KNEW IT DID and let that wrap up decades of intense reflection. What, judge Kant by his metronomyic daily walk around the block or Bentham by the fact that he wanted to be...er...mummified after he died? (it's true, dig it: )

* I'm plenty happy to psychoanalyze philosophers, but only to a point. You can't brusquely shade over someone's entire philosophical career with shite like that. Unless, you're assuming that you don't actually need to teach people something about their work and can pretty much just wrap it up in the guise of brevity or metaphor, but, if this were true: why bother in the first place?

* So, ipso facto, this book's explanations of other thinkers is rendered pretty highly suspect.

* Good to break people like me in, who find august names like Spinoza and Heidegger daunting but am deeply curious about what they thought, but potentially very bad if this kind of shite is all you have to go on.

Profile Image for 賲丨賲丿 廿賱賴丕賲賷.
Author听22 books3,823 followers
November 30, 2010
賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀賲鬲毓 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲爻鬲毓乇囟 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞貙 賵賲丐賱賮賴 賵丕丨丿 賲賳 兀賰孬乇 丕賱賲丐賱賮賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 兀丨亘賴賲 賵丕爻鬲賲鬲毓 亘毓賯賱賴賲 丕賱毓賲賷賯 賵廿賳爻丕賳賷鬲賴賲 丕賱乇丨亘丞 賵賲噩賴賵丿賴 丕賱賵丕賮乇 賮賷 丕賱鬲兀賱賷賮.. 廿賳賴 賵賱 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 兀丨丿 賲購孬購賱賷 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘丞
Profile Image for KNIGHT.
133 reviews100 followers
February 20, 2018
賱賱禺乇賵噩 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘兀賰亘乇 賮丕卅丿丞 賲賲賰賳丞 , 賰鬲亘鬲 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 :
1) 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賯乇丕亍 賷乇卮丨 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰賲丿禺賱 賱賲賳 賱丕 賷毓乇賮 毓賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 , 賵 兀賳丕 賱爻鬲 兀噩丿賴 鬲乇卮賷丨丕 賮賷 賲賰丕賳賴 , 賮丕賱賰鬲丕亘 睾賷乇 賲賳丕爻亘 兀亘丿丕 賱賲賳 賱丕 禺賱賮賷丞 賱賴 賲胤賱賯丕 毓賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 .. 賮賴賵 賱丕 賷毓乇賮賰 亘丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵 賱丕 賲賵囟賵毓鬲賴丕 .. 賮賯胤 爻乇丿 鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賱賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 .. 賰賲丕 兀賳 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 丕禺鬲丕乇 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱匕賷賳 賱丕 夭丕賱鬲 賮賱爻賮鬲賴賲 鬲鬲乇丿丿 兀氐丿丕卅賴丕 賮賷 毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇 . 賰賲丕 兀賳賴 兀賴賲賱 匕賰乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮丕鬲 丕賱賲毓賯丿丞 賱賰賱 賮賷賱爻賵賮 賲賰鬲賮賷丕 亘胤丕亘毓 賮賱爻賮鬲賴 丕賱毓丕賲 .. 賵 賴賳丕賰 賮賱丕爻賮丞 賲賴賲賷賳 賲孬賱 賴賷噩賱 鬲噩賳亘 毓乇囟賴賲 鬲賱丕賮賷丕 賱賱氐毓賵亘丞 賰賲丕 兀馗賳 .
2) 兀賳氐丨 丿丕卅賲丕 亘賰賵乇爻 crashcourse philosophy 賰賲賯丿賲丞 賱賲賳 兀乇丕丿 丕賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 , 賮丕賱賮賷丿賷賵賴丕鬲 匕丕鬲 丕賱毓卮乇 丿賯丕卅賯 . 賲毓 爻賴賵賱丞 丕賱毓乇囟 賵 爻賱丕爻丞 丕賱鬲賯丿賷賲 .. 賵 丕賱賲丨鬲賵賶 睾賷乇 賲鬲丨賷夭 賱賵噩賴丕鬲 丕賱賳馗乇 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 廿賱賶 丨丿 賲丕 .. 毓賱賶 毓賰爻 賯賳丕丞 school of life ... 丕賱鬲賷 賱丕 兀賳氐丨 亘爻賱爻賱鬲賴丕 毓賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 兀亘丿丕 .
3) 賰賲丕 兀賳 乇賵丕賷丞 毓丕賱賲 氐賵賮賷 賴賷 禺賷丕乇 噩賷丿 噩丿丕 賱鬲亘丿兀 亘賴 亘毓丿 丕賱賮賷丿賷賵賴丕鬲 ... 賵 賱賵 兀鬲亘毓鬲 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 亘賰鬲丕亘 賯氐丞 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱賲噩賱丿 丕賱爻丕亘毓 , 賱鬲鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 賲賴丿 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱兀賵乇賵亘賷丞 賵 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱賲丕賯亘賱 爻賯乇丕胤 , 爻賷賰賵賳 丕賱賵囟毓 兀賮囟賱 .. 賵 廿賳 卮卅鬲 丕賰鬲賮賷鬲 亘丕賱氐賮丨丕鬲 賲賳 174 廿賱賶 233 賵 賲賳 461 丕賱賶 509 ..
4) 賵 賱鬲睾胤賷丞 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲賲 廿賴賲丕賱賴賲 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷賲賰賳賰 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 亘丕賱鬲夭丕賲賳 賲賯丿賲丕鬲 賲賳 爻賱爻賱丞 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕 .. 丕賱氐丕丿乇丞 毓賳 丿丕乇 賴賳丿丕賵賷 .. 賵 賴賷 賱賷爻鬲 賰孬賷乇丞 ..
丿賷賰丕乇鬲 : 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕
* 兀馗賳 兀賳賴 賲賳 丕賱賲賴賲 丕賱丕胤賱丕毓 毓賱賶 丿賷賰丕乇鬲 賱賮賴賲 兀賮囟賱 賱賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱匕賷賳 爻亘賯賴賲 .
噩賵賳 賱賵賰 : 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕
乇賵爻賵 : 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕
* 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 噩丿丕 賵 锟斤拷賱爻 , 禺氐賵氐丕 兀賳 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賷賴賲賱 乇賵爻賵 賵 賷禺鬲夭賱賴 賮賷 毓亘丕乇丕鬲 爻胤丨賷丞.
賴賷噩賱 : 賲賯丿賲丞 賯氐賷乇丞 噩丿丕
* 兀馗賳 兀賳賰 賱賵 賱賲 鬲賯乇兀 賲賳 賴匕賴 丕賱爻賱爻賱丞 爻賵賶 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賰賮丕賰 , 賵 賱丕 兀馗賳 兀賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賰賲賱 賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丿賵賳 鬲鬲毓乇賮 廿賱賶 賴賷噩賱 .

賵 賱賮賴賲 兀賮囟賱 賱賮賱爻賮丞 賳賷鬲卮丞 , 毓賱賶 賵噩賴 兀賮囟賱 賲賲丕 兀賵乇丿賴 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賵 亘卮賰賱 兀毓賲賯 , 賴賳丕賰 賮氐賱 賳賷鬲卮丞 賲賳 賰鬲丕亘 鬲毓賱賲 丕賱丨賷丕丞 鈥� 賱賵賰 賮乇丕賷 .. 賲賳 兀賮囟賱 丕賱匕賷賳 鬲賳丕賵賱賵丕 賮賱爻賮丞 賳賷鬲卮丞 賲賲賳 賯乇兀鬲 賱賴賲 兀賵 爻賲毓鬲賴賲 .

賰丕賳鬲 乇丨賱丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 亘丨賯 .
Profile Image for Vishal.
108 reviews39 followers
November 14, 2015
As a total philosophy novice, this book served as a great introduction 鈥� lucidly written, a gripping kaleidoscopic look at the lives of some of the great thinkers of our time, and largely accessible apart from the (unavoidable) strays into abstruse philosophy talk. To me, philosophy is most appealing when applied to the political, social or personal realm; it鈥檚 the metaphysical part that I struggle to get my head around.

The most interesting sections in this book were those that dealt with the early Greek philosophers; Voltaire and his strong convictions against political inequality and religious persecution; and the life of the mad man Nietzsche who I don鈥檛 necessarily agree with but put across his views in the most arresting, compelling and fiercely poetic way possible. Spinoza and Kant I found to be intriguing yet baffling, although I desperately wanted to understand them better, particularly as the views of the former were borne from the kind of discrimination that most heroes suffer from. What I did get from him is that we need not become atheists if we don鈥檛 believe in God, but just understand that God is Nature, impartial, but also a guiding light when we need to see wisdom in the dark.

鈥楽pinoza does not accept the divinity of Christ, but puts him first among men鈥�

I found Schopenhauer鈥檚 incessant negativity a bit depressing, and Herbert Spencer鈥檚 sci-fi like vision of the world evolving and then dissolving fascinating but full of too many sweeping generalizations.

Among other things, this book made me questions the merit of democracy and revolutions; did they really bring about the changes desired in the first place? In the case of Russia didn鈥檛 it even beget (if not a worse system) a worse abuse of power by the ruling class?

鈥楾he nemesis of revolution鈥�.(is) that in order to survive they must restore the tyranny they destroyed鈥�

As libertarian as I like to be, American philosopher George Santayana poses a very interesting question; is man better off (as Hinduism often preaches) being content with his own lot instead of participating in 鈥� and therefore perpetuating to infinity 鈥� the rat race of life which is the cause of so much lack of inner peace?

鈥榃hat Santayana despises above all is the chaos and indecent haste of modern life. He wonders was there not more happiness for men in the old aristocratic doctrine that the good is not liberty, but wisdom, and contentment with one鈥檚 natural restrictions; the classical tradition knew that only a few can win. But now that democracy has opened the great free-for-all, catch-as-catch-can wrestling match of laissez faire industrialism, every soul is torn with climbing, and no one knows content鈥�

Dubious, but haven鈥檛 all of us wondered at some point that ambition in the wrong hands can be the root of many ills? Plato for example thought that politics could benefit from a slight 鈥榚litism鈥�; leaving power in the hands of those who were most competent to rule, rather than allow leaders to be selected on the basis of crowd-pleasing attributes:

鈥榃hen we are ill we call for a trained physician, whose degree is a guarantee of specific preparation and technical competence-we do not ask for the handsomest physician, or the most eloquent one; well then, when the whole state is ill should we not look for the service and guidance of the wisest and the best? To devise a method of barring incompetence and knavery from public office, and of selecting and preparing the best to rule for the common good-that is the problem of political philosophy鈥�

An idealistic view, thoroughly debatable, but one guided by enlightened principles 鈥� what is perfect philosophy if not that? Seriously, I鈥檓 still not sure! But at least I feel I鈥檓 on the road to knowing thanks to this great book.
Profile Image for Mohammadjavad Abbasi.
64 reviews16 followers
February 21, 2016
亘丿賵賳 鬲乇丿蹖丿 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 賴賲賴 丕賯爻丕賲 丨讴賲鬲 乇丕 丿丕乇丕 賴爻鬲賳丿 噩夭 毓賯賱 爻賱蹖賲 賵 亘爻丕 倬乇賵丕夭 賴丕蹖 賮賱爻賮蹖 讴賴 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 乇賯鬲 賵 丕賳亘爻丕胤 賴賵丕蹖 賲噩丕賵乇 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲.丿乇 丕蹖賳 爻賮乇 讴賴 丿乇 倬蹖卮 丿丕乇蹖賲 亘丕蹖丿 鬲氐賲蹖賲 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲 讴賴 噩夭 丿乇 亘賳丕丿乇 乇賵卮賳 賵 倬乇賳賵乇 賯丿賲 賳诏匕丕乇蹖賲 賵 丕夭 丌亘賴丕蹖 鬲蹖乇賴 賵 诏賱 丌賱賵丿 賲丕賵乇丕胤亘蹖毓賴 賵 丿乇蹖丕 賴丕蹖 倬乇 爻乇 賵 氐丿丕蹖 丕賱賴蹖丕鬲 亘乇 丨匕乇 亘丕卮蹖賲

亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賳讴鬲賴 賲孬亘鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 賮賱丕爻賮賴 丕蹖 讴賴 丨乇賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 诏賮鬲賳 丿丕乇賳丿 匕讴乇 讴乇丿賴 賵 亘賴 卮乇丨 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 毓賯丕蹖丿 丌賳 賴丕 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 丕爻鬲.
賳讴鬲賴 賲賳賮蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賳蹖夭 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 诏丕賴 噩丕賳亘丿丕乇丕賳賴 丕夭 亘乇禺蹖 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳 賳賯丿 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕賲乇 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕乇爻胤賵 賵 卮賵倬賳賴丕賵乇 讴丕賲賱丕 賲卮賴賵丿 丕爻鬲.賵 噩賳亘賴 賲賳賮蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賴賲 亘賴 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 噩丕 賴丕 丕夭 賮賴賲 賲胤賱亘 乇丕 丿卮賵丕乇 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 賳蹖丕夭 亘賴 趩賳丿 亘丕乇 禺賵丕賳蹖 丿丕乇丿.
丿乇 賲噩賲賵毓 賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 亘乇丕蹖丕賳 賲诏蹖 亘賵蹖跇賴 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賮賱爻賮賴 乇丕 亘乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖丿賲.
Profile Image for Dylan.
320 reviews
September 22, 2022
鈥淪cience is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.鈥�


The Story of Philosophy is an incredible yet compact book. Despite being 700 pages, it could have been double its length and still would feel like it had more to discuss. Firstly, I will say the name can be misleading (main title) as it primarily focuses on Western Philosophy, and even that, a lot isn't tackled. That said, Will Durant does a great job covering Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, Spinoza, Voltaire, Kant, Schopenhauer, Spencer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Benedetto Croce, Bertrand Russell, Santayana, William James, and John Dewey philosophies. I won鈥檛 review every single philosophy but briefly talk about Will Durant's approach.

The biggest strength of the text is the composition of the chapters. When Will Durant should input his own observations or when it should be the philosophers he is discussing (like Plato) It firstly begins with a small background of the philosopher; he then connects the dots to the prior philosophers (what carried over or what didn鈥檛), exploring their philosophies (in bite sizes) and end with either a conclusion or end note. Furthermore, Will Durant鈥檚 prose is simply gorgeous to read. He does an incredible job at helping you (coming to terms with some ideas). I wouldn't state that Will Durant holds your hands (as certain elements are for sure difficult) but, he makes the subject more approachable with his clarity. It's hard to believe this is Durant first published book as it's written so well.

Brief talk of some of the Philosophers:

It鈥檚 so damn fascinating that so much of Plato鈥檚 writing can still be applicable nowadays. I won鈥檛 say I agree with him wholeheartedly, however, the core principles of the Republic I do agree with in some measure. An example the right people should oversee the state, the person who has the qualification to lead. Though aspects I believe are quite na茂ve, however, the principles are heading in the right direction for humanity. The man was a forward thinker, and I can鈥檛 see why he鈥檚 so beloved. The criticism page was fascinating. It鈥檚 not what you would think, yes Will criticises aspects of Plato鈥檚 philosophy, but he also defends his philosophy from the usual criticism that often opposes his ideology, explaining rationally why certain arguments are quite flawed.

Aristotle was an interesting read as he had such a stark contrast to the philosophy of Plato. Surprising a lot is stated can be still applicable to our current society. I enjoyed his perspective on Democracy and Aristocracy, Ethics, Metaphysics, and some others. Though because there were the first people to create the discipline of biology, a lot stated (in that field) is simply wrong. His perspective on marriage has aged the poorest out of the many things he tackles though it's 2000+ years old it's only to be expected. Once again, the criticism section was very insightful, the historical background was cool to learn and learning about the death of Aristotle was interesting. It's duller than Plato鈥檚 philosophy and less engaging but solid overall.

Francis Bacon is a very interesting man; he was one of the founding fathers (if not the founding father) of modern philosophy. One aspect I seriously must respect for him is his perspective on science. Though it's not the modern method of 鈥渉ypothesis, deduction and experiment鈥�, It was the closest thing to it, especially during the era he was born in. He was trying to bridge the gap (or mistake) that he saw within Greek Philosophers with a less theoretically perspective but built upon practicality (or logic). However, he had a similar perspective (like Plato鈥檚) on government, how a philosopher-king is ideal. He believed Monarchy was the best form of government. His philosophy was more building upon the philosophers that influence him he鈥檚 technically not 鈥渙riginal鈥� but akin to Shakespeare wears his influences on his sleeves. Whenever Durant was quoting him, it was just bloody elegant, the man's prose was beautiful to read. Of course, I don鈥檛 wholly believe in his philosophy, but it鈥檚 interesting.

鈥淩ead not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.鈥�


The Voltaire exploration might have been the most engaging section for me. Both Voltaire's philosophy and general life experience, I found to be very intriguing. He was an agnostic man and a champion for reason. There were numerous quotes stated by him that still rings true (to our current society and my own philosophy). The man was indeed one of the greatest thinkers to exist.

There鈥檚 more to explore here and I鈥檓 not touching the surface, but I hope this illustrates a good point. This book makes you think. The Philosopher-King, ideology opposing that concept, logic, science, the nature of metaphysics, what is conscientious and so much varied ideologies are explored.

Conclusion:

In Conclusion, I loved reading this incredibly dense book. One of my favourite aspects is how aspects of the philosophers connected to each other. It was interesting reading about their background, ideologies, what made them distinct and so much more. Did things go over my head? Absolutely, in particular Immanuel Kant. However, this book has made me interested to tackle more philosophy and read the primary sources. So, it has achieved its task. Being a history and development of philosophical ideas (of certain philosophes) in the Western world.

8/10
Profile Image for Fatema Hassan , bahrain.
423 reviews827 followers
January 7, 2016



乇亘賲丕 鬲賰賵賳 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賴賷 丕賱爻購賾賱胤丞 賱賰賳 賱睾鬲賴丕 賲賱鬲亘爻丞 毓賱賶 賲乇賷丿賷賴丕貙 賱匕賱賰 賰丕賳 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丕乇鬲賮丕毓 丕賱賲禺夭賵賳 賵鬲夭丕賷丿賴 賵 丕賱兀賴賲 丿賯鬲賴 亘毓丿 賰賱 賯乇丕亍丞 賲毓乇賮賷丞 賵賮賱爻賮賷丞 睾丕賷丞 賮賷 丨丿 匕丕鬲賴丕 賵 廿賳 賰丕賳鬲 亘胤賷卅丞 丕賱賲賳丕賱
賮 ( 賴賳賷卅賸丕 賱賲賳 賱賲 賷氐亘丨 亘毓丿 毓亘丿丕賸 賱匕賱賰 丕賱廿賳鬲馗丕乇 丕賱匕賷 鬲囟毓賴 賮賷賳丕 丕賱毓丕丿丞 ) 賰賲丕 賷賯賵賱 噩賵爻鬲丕賷賳 睾丕乇丿乇貙 賵賱賷鬲賴 賷毓賱賲 賲丕 鬲賮毓賱賴 丕賱毓噩丕賱丞 賱賮賴賲 賰賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賰賲 賲賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賮賷 兀賳賮爻 賴匕丕 丕賱噩賷賱..兀丿賷賳 賱睾丕乇丿乇 亘鬲乇鬲賷亘 賰賱 睾賵睾丕亍 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賮賷 毓賯賱賷 亘丿丕賷丞 賲賳 丕賱兀爻賲丕亍 丨鬲賶 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 賰賲丕 爻兀丿賷賳 賱丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 亘鬲乇鬲賷亘 賰賱 賴匕賴 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞.

丨爻賳賸丕貙 丕鬲賮賯 賲毓 賲賳 賷賯賵賱 兀賳 賴匕賴 賯氐丞 賮賱丕爻賮丞 賵賱賷爻鬲 賯氐丞 賮賱爻賮丞 賱賰賳賲丕 賷毓乇賮 賰賱 兀賲乇 亘乇噩丕賱賴 賰賲丕 毓賲乇丕賳賴 兀賵 丨賷夭賴 爻賷丨賷賱賰 鬲賱賯丕卅賷賸丕 賱賱丕爻鬲毓賱丕賲 賱賴賵賷丞 亘賳丕卅賷賴 貙 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賰 鬲賵賱賷賮丞 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵 亘賷賵睾乇丕賮賷丞 毓賳 兀賴賲 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賱賮賴賲 賵噩賴賴賲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳賷 丕賱賴卮 兀賵賱丕賸 貙賵 賱賲丨丞 毓賳 賳賴噩賴賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷 丕賱匕賷 賷鬲囟賲賳 兀賴賲 賳馗乇賷丕鬲賴賲 賵 兀賮賰丕乇賴賲 亘賯賱賲 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 賵 丕賱賲丐乇禺 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷 賵賷賱 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲貙 賷鬲亘毓 賰賱 匕賱賰 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱兀賴賲 亘賵乇賯丞 賳賯丿賷丞 亘賯賱賲 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賷亘賷賳 賮賷賴丕 乇兀賷賴 丕賱禺丕氐 賵 兀亘乇夭 賳賯丕胤 丕鬲賮丕賯賴 賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賮賴 賲毓 賰賱 賮賷賱爻賵賮 兀丿乇噩賴 賮賷 賴匕賴 丕賱賯丕卅賲丞 貙 賵 丨鬲賶 亘兀爻賱賵亘 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 丕賱爻賱爻 賵丕賱鬲卮噩賷毓賷 丕爻鬲睾乇賯鬲 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 賵賯鬲賸丕 賲胤賵賱賸丕貙 賵賱賰賳 氐丿賯賸丕 兀丨亘亘鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱賵賯鬲 賵賱賲 兀亘丕賱賷 亘胤賵賱賴 賵賴賵 賱賲 賷爻鬲禺乇噩 丨賲丕爻鬲賷 丕賱亘鬲丞貙 賷賯丕賱 廿賳賰 廿賳 兀乇丿鬲 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賲賳 囟賷賵賮 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賮賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱亘丕亘 丕賱匕賷 鬲胤乇賯賴 賱鬲爻鬲兀匕賳 丿丕禺賱丕賸 賱毓丕賱賲賴丕.

乇睾賲 廿賳 丕賱毓賳氐乇 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷 賴賵 丕賱毓賳氐乇 丕賱睾丕卅亘 毓賳 賲賰鬲亘鬲賷 丕賱兀賵賱賶 亘賯賶 丕賱兀賯乇亘 賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲賷 賵 丕賱廿孬丕乇丞 賱卮睾賮賷 賱丕賯鬲乇丕賳賴 亘丕賱毓賳氐乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷貙 賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲賷 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 毓賲賵賲丕賸 賲毓賯賵賱丞 丨鬲賶 賳賷鬲卮賴 賲丕 毓丿丕 賱賷亘賷亘賳鬲夭 丕賱匕賷 賳丕丿乇丕賸 賲丕 爻賲毓鬲 亘賴 賵 亘乇噩爻賵賳 丕賱匕賷 賮丕噩卅賳賷貙 賱賴匕丕 锟斤拷丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賮乇氐丞 賱賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賷 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 賲丕 氐賳賮賴賲 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 亘賮賱丕爻賮丞 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱賲毓丕氐乇賵賳/ 噩賵乇噩 爻賳鬲賷丕賳丕 賵 賵賱賷賲 噩賷賲爻 賵 噩賵賳 丿賷賵賷 丕賱匕賷 賷孬亘鬲 丕賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 賲匕丕賴亘賴賲 賵丌乇丕卅賴賲 兀賳 丕賱賲卮丕賰賱 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 丕賱兀賲 賱丕夭丕賱鬲 賯丕卅賲丞 賵丕賱丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 丕賳噩亘鬲 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 丨丕囟乇丞 賮賷 賰賱 毓氐乇 賵 兀賵丕賳 亘丿賱賷賱 賲賳丕丿丕鬲賴賲 賱賱毓賵丿丞 賱賱兀賳爻丕賯 丕賱賳馗乇賷丞 賲丕 賯亘賱 鬲卮賰賷賱 丕賱賮賰乇 丕賱賰鬲丕亘賷 賵亘毓丿賴 賱賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱兀賵丕卅賱 兀氐丨丕亘 丕賱賲賷丕丿賷賳 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賲 鬲亘賱賶 賲毓 丕賱夭賲賳 毓賳丿 丕賱亘毓囟貙 鬲賱賰 丕賱禺賷賵胤 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 毓丕丿 賱賴丕 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賲乇丕乇丕賸 賱賱噩賲毓 賵丕賱賮氐賱 賵賱賰賳 亘氐賵乇 兀禺乇賶 鬲丨賲賱 亘氐賲丕鬲 賰賱 賲賳賴賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 貙 賵 亘賷賳賲丕 鬲賯鬲氐乇 賲毓乇賮鬲賷 賱爻丕乇鬲乇 賵 賰丕賲賵 亘亘毓囟 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱兀丿亘賷丞 丿賵賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 賰丕賱睾孬賷丕賳 賵 丕賱胤丕毓賵賳 賰丕賳鬲 賮乇氐丞 賱賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賷賴賲 兀賷囟賸丕貙 賳噩丨 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賮賷 鬲賯乇賷亘 氐賵乇丞 賲賳 丕爻鬲睾賱賯 毓賱賶 噩夭卅賷賸丕 賮賴賲賴 亘賷賳賴賲 賵 丕毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 禺賷丕乇 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賱賴匕賴 丕賱孬賱丞 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞 噩丕亍 賲丿乇賵爻賸丕 賵廿賱丕 賱賰丕賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賲鬲丿 廿賱賶 賲丕 賱丕 賳賴丕賷丞 .. 賵 廿賳 丕賳鬲亘丕賳賷 丕丨爻丕爻 兀賳賴 亘賳丕賴 毓賱賶 鬲賮囟賷賱丕鬲 卮禺氐賷丞 鬲賵噩亘 毓賱賷賾 丕賱鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賳賮爻賴 亘卮賰賱 兀賮囟賱 賱賲毓乇賮丞 爻亘亘 禺賷丕乇丕鬲賴 ..賱匕賱賰 兀賲賷賱 -賲丐賯鬲賸丕 -賱賮賰乇丞 兀賳賴 氐賳毓 賲賳賴賲 賳賯丕胤 兀乇禺賲賷丿爻 ( 兀毓胤賳賷 賳賯胤丞 孬丕亘鬲丞 賱兀乇賮毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 ) 賵乇賮毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賱賴 賲毓丕賳賺 廿賷噩丕亘賷丞 賰賲丕 賱賴 兀禺乇賶 爻賱亘賷丞 賮賴賵 禺賱禺賱丞 鬲賵丕夭賳 賲鬲毓賲丿丞 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕.. 賱匕賱賰 賳噩丿賴 賲賯丕亘賱 賰賱 賳賯胤丞 兀乇禺賲賷丿爻 賷賲乇 爻乇賷毓賸丕 毓賱賶 賲賳 丨賵賱賴丕 賲賳 賮賱丕爻賮丞 賰廿乇賴丕氐丕鬲 賱馗賴賵乇 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 丕賱匕賷 丕禺鬲丕乇賴 賵賱賷爻 賴匕丕 丕噩丨丕賮 亘賵噩賴丞 賳馗乇賴貙 兀噩丿賴 亘賳賶 丕賳鬲賯丕丐賴 賱賴賲 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 兀賳賴賲:
- 丕賱卮禺氐賷丕鬲 丕賱廿賳鬲賯丕賱賷丞 丕賱賯丕丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丨爻賲 氐乇丕毓 賮賱爻賮賷 賲毓賷賳 ( 賰賲丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 氐乇丕毓 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵丕賱賲丕丿賷丞 丕賱匕賷 睾賷乇 賲爻丕乇賴 爻賯乇丕胤 - 兀毓乇賮 賳賮爻賰- 兀賵賱丕賸 ) 賵賱賵 兀賳 匕賱賰 賱丕 賷卮賮毓 賱丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 鬲睾胤賷鬲賴 丕賱卮丨賷丨丞 賱賲丨丕賵賱丞 噩乇賾 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 鬲丨鬲 賯亘丞 丕賱丿賷賳 賲鬲賲孬賱丞 賮賷 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱賯乇賵爻胤賷丞 賵 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 ( 鬲賵賲丕 丕賱兀賵賰賷賳賷 賵 丕賱賯丿賷爻 兀賵睾爻胤賷賳 ) 賰兀亘乇夭 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賱丕賴賵鬲賷丞 ..賲賯丕亘賱 鬲卮丕丐賲賷丞 卮賵亘賳賴丕賵乇 賵 噩丿賱賷丞 賴賷睾賱 賵丨賱賵賱賷鬲賴 賵 廿賱丨丕丿 賳賷鬲卮賴 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 卮賰賱 禺賱賱 賮賷 丕賱鬲爻賱爻賱 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賷 賮賰賱 氐乇丕毓 賮賱爻賮賷 鬲賵賾賱丿 毓賳賴 氐乇丕毓 賮賰乇賷 賲丐賷丿 兀賵 賲囟丕丿 賱賱賲毓鬲賯丿丕鬲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷丞/ 鬲胤乇賮 丿賷賳賷 / 賳夭毓丞 毓丿賲賷丞 兀賵 廿賱丨丕丿賷丞 賰賲丕 鬲賲禺囟 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 亘丕乇賲賳賷丿爻 賵賴賷乇賯賱賷胤爻 毓賳 毓丿賲賷丞 賵卮賰賵賰賷丞 夭賷賳賵賳 孬賲 兀爻賮乇 賰賱 賴匕丕 毓賳 賵賱丕丿丞 賮賱爻賮丞 爻賯乇丕胤 賵鬲賱丕賲賷匕賴 - 乇睾賲 鬲亘丕賷賳賴丕- 賵 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇賷鬲賴丕貙 賵亘賴匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱乇賵丕賯賷丞 賵 丕賱廿亘賯賵乇賷丞 賮賷 噩丿賱 賵氐乇丕毓 賱賲 鬲賳賴賴 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞 兀賱丕 爻胤丨賷賸丕 賵賷鬲亘毓賴丕 賳賯丿 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱賴賷賱賷賳賷丞 賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賱兀睾乇賷賯 丕賱賯丿丕賲賶 賰賲丕 賮賷 睾賳賵氐賷丞 賵賲孬賳賵賷丞 兀賮賱賵胤賷賳 丕賱匕賷 噩賲毓 賲爻賷丨賷鬲賴 亘丕賱鬲氐賵賮 賵 鬲賲爻賰賴 賲亘丕丿卅 兀賮賱丕胤賵賳. 賵賴匕丕 丕賱氐乇丕毓 賵丕賱鬲卮毓亘丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賱賷賴 賲爻鬲賲乇丞 賰賲丕 賵囟賾丨 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲 賮賷 賳賴噩 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賲乇賷賰丕 爻賳鬲賷丕賳丕 賵 丿賷賵賷 賵 噩賷賲爻 .

- 兀賵 亘丨爻亘 賲賵丕賯賮 賵 賰鬲亘 賵 廿氐丿丕乇丕鬲 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賳卮乇賵賴丕 賵兀孬乇鬲 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞 賵亘賳鬲 鬲賵噩賴丕鬲 賲毓賷賳丞 兀賵 鬲賳丕賲賶 賮賷 兀毓賯丕亘賴丕 丨爻 賯賵賲賷 賵孬賵乇賷 賲鬲丕禺賲 賱賴丕 賵賲爻鬲賱賴賲賸丕 兀爻爻賴丕 丕賱鬲賳賵賷乇賷丞 賮賵賱鬲賷乇 丕賱兀亘賷賯賵乇賷 丕賱賳夭毓丞 賵 乇賵爻賵 丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷 - 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷 丕賱賳夭毓丞 賲孬賱丕賸- 賲毓 賵噩賵亘 賲賱丕丨馗丞 丕禺鬲賱丕賮賴賲丕 丕賱噩匕乇賷.
-兀賵 賲賳 賯丕賲賵丕 亘亘賳丕亍 賲毓乇賮丞 氐賮乇賷丞 賲賳 噩丿賷丿
- 兀賵 賲賳 兀賯丕賲賵丕 賮賱爻賮鬲賴賲 亘兀賮賰丕乇 賴丿丕賲丞 鬲乇賰鬲賴賲 賲毓賱賯賷賳 亘賷賳 丕賱賱兀丿乇賷丞 賵 丕賱廿賱丨丕丿 賵 丕賱毓丿賲賷丞.
- 鬲賳丕賵賱賴 賱 ( 賰丕賳鬲 ) 乇睾賲 丕賮乇丕丿賴 賱賴 兀亘賵丕亘 賲毓丿賵丿丞 賷購賯丕賱 賮賷 噩賲賱丞 賵丕丨丿丞貙 廿匕丕 賲丕 鬲匕賰乇鬲 噩賲賱丞 噩賵爻鬲丕賷賳 噩丕乇丿乇 毓賳賴( 賰丕賳胤 賴賵 毓賯賱 鬲胤亘賷賯賷 賷賯賵賲 亘禺賷丕乇 丕禺賱丕賯賷) 賱丕 賵氐賮 賲賯鬲囟亘 賵賲氐賷亘 賰賵氐賮 睾丕乇丿乇 貙賮 ( 賰丕賳鬲 ) 噩賲毓 丕賱賲丿丕乇爻 丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘丞 賮賷 亘丿賷賴賷鬲賴 丕賱賲孬丕賱賷丞 賵 鬲兀賰賷丿賴 丕賱賲卮賴賵乇 亘囟乇賵乇丞 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘賵噩賵丿 丕賱賱賴貙 丕賱鬲囟丕乇亘 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賴賵 賲丕 賷氐賱賳賷 賵禺氐賵氐丕 毓賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 .

丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲乇噩毓 賮賱爻賮賷 賵禺胤賵丞 孬丕亘鬲丞 兀賵賱賶 賱鬲乇賮毓 丕賱毓丕賱賲.

兀鬲賲賳賶 兀賳 丕賱鬲賮賱爻賮 賱賲 賷賲賳毓賳賷 毓賳 丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 賮賷 賯賵賱 乇兀賷賷 亘丕賱賰鬲丕亘.


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130 reviews114 followers
June 13, 2017
讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 毓丕賱蹖 夭乇蹖丕亘 禺賵蹖蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 爻賵丿賲賳丿蹖 乇丕 丕夭 賲爻蹖乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賮賱爻賮賴 亘賴 賲丕 賲蹖 丿賴丿. 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 丕夭 蹖賵賳丕賳 卮乇賵毓 讴乇丿賴 賵 丿乇 丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖 賲毓丕氐乇 鬲賲丕賲 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲. 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲毓丕氐乇 亘賴 爻丕賱 1926. 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賴丕蹖 賲賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賮蹖賱爻賵賮丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賵 賳賵卮鬲賴 賴丕蹖 禺賵丿卮丕賳 亘賴 賲丕 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿. 蹖毓賳蹖 丕讴孬乇 賲鬲賵賳 卮丕賲賱 賲鬲賳 賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 丌賳賴丕爻鬲. 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 丿乇 丌禺乇 賴乇賮氐賱 賳賯丿賴丕 賵 蹖丕 爻賵丕賱 賴丕蹖 賵丕乇丿賴 亘賴 賲讴鬲亘 賴乇 賮蹖賱爻賵賮 乇丕 賳蹖夭 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲. 賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 毓賱丕賵賴 亘乇 賲毓乇賮蹖 賴賲賴 蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 丌賳賴丕 丿乇 氐蹖賲鬲 倬丕賵乇賯蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 讴賴 爻丕丿賴 賮賴賲鬲乇 賴爻鬲丿 賵蹖丕 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丕賵賱蹖賴 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 卮乇賵毓 讴賳蹖賲 乇丕 賴賲 賲毓乇賮蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲. 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻賵賮蹖 賵 爻倬爻 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲毓乇賮蹖 禺賵亘 賵 丕噩賲丕賱蹖 丕夭 噩乇蹖丕賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 賮賱爻賮賴 賵 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲讴鬲亘 賴丕蹖 賮賱爻賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 賲蹖 禺賵丕賴賳丿 卮賳丕禺鬲蹖 丕夭 賮賱爻賮賴 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿 丿丕乇丿. 丕賱亘鬲賴 賵賯鬲蹖 丌丿賲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賴丕 乇丕 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳丿 賲鬲丕爻賮丕賳賴 噩丕蹖 賮賱爻賮賴 蹖 卮乇賯 賵 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖 賵 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 乇丕 丿乇 丌賳 禺丕賱蹖 賲蹖 亘蹖賳丿. 賲賳 賵賯鬲蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 鬲賲丕賲 讴乇丿賲 亘賴 蹖丕丿 丌賳 噩賲賱賴 蹖 丕爻丕胤蹖乇蹖 丕賮鬲丕丿賲 讴賴 賲蹖 诏賮鬲: 丨賯蹖賯鬲 丕亘鬲丿丕 丌蹖賳賴 丕蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 卮讴爻鬲 賵 賴乇 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 鬲讴賴 丕蹖 丕夭 丌賳 乇丕 蹖丕賮鬲 賵 賮讴乇 讴乇丿 讴賴 亘賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲 乇爻蹖丿賴 丕爻鬲.
芦賲賳 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 賲蹖賲蹖乇賲 讴賴 禺丿丕 乇丕 賲蹖 倬乇爻鬲賲貙 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿賵爻鬲 賲蹖 丿丕乇賲 賵 亘賴 丿卮賲賳丕賳 禺賵丿 讴蹖賳賴 丕蹖 賳丿丕乇賲 賵 丕夭 禺乇丕賮丕鬲 亘蹖夭丕乇 賵 賲鬲賳賮乇賲.禄 賵賱鬲乇
Profile Image for Sidharth Vardhan.
Author听23 books756 followers
August 9, 2016
on bad side, book is a difficult reading and if you are new to subject might kill entirely your interest. Also it should be called 'The story of western Philosophy' as there is absolutely nothing about Asian philosophy.Also some big names from western philosophy itself are missing. For someone wanting an introduction,'Sophie's world' is incredible reading. it is for more serious students and it wins 4 stars as it is far better far better than you may find in market. you can't help respecting writer for his hard work and analysis of the few philosophers he discuses.
Profile Image for 賲噩丿賱賷丞 丕賳丿乇賵賲丕禺賷.
37 reviews116 followers
May 23, 2012
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲丨丿孬 毓賳 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賳賮爻賴賲 丕賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞..賵賴匕丕 丕賲乇 噩賷丿 賱賱賲亘鬲丿卅賷賳 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮丞
賴賳丕賰 亘毓囟 丕賱丕卮賰丕賱賷丕鬲 :
丕賵賱丕 丕賳賴 賱賲 賷鬲賰賱賲 丕賱丕 毓賳 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賵乇賵亘丕 賵毓乇噩 毓賱賶 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕賲乇賷賰丕 賯賱賷賱丕 賵鬲噩丕賴賱 亘賯賷丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲
孬丕賳賷丕 : 賳噩丿賴 賷爻賴亘 賲毓 亘毓囟 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 毓賱賶 丨爻丕亘 賮賱丕爻賮丞 丕禺乇賷賳
孬丕賱孬丕 :亘丿兀 賲賳 爻賯乇丕胤 賲鬲噩丕賴賱丕 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賯亘賱賴 賲孬賱 丕賳賰爻賵噩賵乇丕爻 賵賴賷乇賯賱賷鬲爻 賵睾賷乇賴賲 賲賳 丕賱爻賮爻胤丕卅賷賷賳 賵丕賮賱丕爻賮丞
賵賱賰賳 賵亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 丕賯賷賲賴 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘噩賷丿 噩丿丕
Profile Image for SeyedMahdi Hosseini.
160 reviews83 followers
February 26, 2021
亘禺卮賴丕蹖蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 讴賴 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿賲 賴丕蹖賱丕蹖鬲 讴乇丿賲:
- 亘乇鬲乇丕賳丿 乇丕爻賱: 氐賮鬲 亘丕乇夭 賲乇丿 讴賲 賴賵卮 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 毓賯丕蹖丿 乇丕 夭賵丿 賵 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲胤賱賯 賲蹖 倬匕蹖乇丿 賵賱蹖 毓丕賱賲 丿蹖乇 賲毓鬲賯丿 賲蹖 卮賵丿 賵 诏賮鬲丕乇卮 亘丕 賯蹖丿 賵 丨丿 賵 卮乇胤 鬲賵丕賲 丕爻鬲.
- 讴乇賵趩賴: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 毓亘丕乇鬲 丕夭 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 丿乇賵睾賴丕蹖 賲鬲毓丿丿貙 丿乇賵睾蹖 乇丕 讴賴 亘蹖卮 丕夭 賴賲賴 亘賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲 卮亘蹖賴 丕爻鬲 亘乇诏夭蹖賳賳丿.
- 賳蹖趩賴: 賲孬賱 丕毓賱丕蹖 賳噩丕亘鬲 賵 丌禺乇蹖賳 丨丿 賲乇丿 亘乇鬲乇 丌賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賴丿賮蹖 亘噩賵蹖丿 讴賴 亘乇 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 賵 丨鬲蹖 賲禺氐賵氐丕 亘乇 禺賵蹖卮鬲賳 丿乇卮鬲 賵 爻禺鬲 亘丕卮丿. 賲賯氐丿蹖 亘禺賵丕賴丿 讴賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 丌賳 賴乇 趩賴 丕夭 丿爻鬲卮 亘乇丌蹖丿 亘讴賳丿.
- 賳蹖趩賴: 倬爻 丕夭 賲賵賱丿 賳蹖讴 賵 鬲乇亘蹖鬲 氐丨蹖丨貙 丌禺乇蹖賳 毓丕賲賱 倬蹖丿丕 丌賵乇賳丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇丿 亘乇鬲乇貙 蹖讴 賲丿乇爻賴 爻禺鬲 賵 噩丿蹖 丕爻鬲. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲丿乇爻賴 鬲讴賲蹖賱 賳賮爻 亘丕蹖丿 丕賲乇 賲爻賱賲蹖 亘丕卮丿 賵 噩丕蹖夭賴 賵 丕賳毓丕賲 賳禺賵丕賴丿. 丿乇 丌賳噩丕 亘丕蹖丿 丌爻丕蹖卮 讴賲 賵 賲爻卅賵賱蹖鬲 夭蹖丕丿 亘丕卮丿. 丿乇 丌賳噩丕 亘丕蹖丿 噩爻賲 毓丕丿鬲 讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘丿賵賳 賳丕賱賴 賵 卮讴賵賴 鬲丨賲賱 乇賳噩 讴賳丿. 亘丕蹖丿 丕乇丕丿賴 丕胤丕毓鬲 賵 賮乇賲丕賳丿賴蹖 乇丕 蹖丕丿 亘诏蹖乇丿 賳賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 爻乇爻乇蹖貙 賳賴 丕睾賲丕囟 賵 丌夭丕丿蹖 讴賴 賲丕蹖賴 囟毓賮 乇賵丨 賵 噩爻賲 诏乇丿丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲丿乇爻賴 亘丕蹖丿 蹖丕丿 亘诏蹖乇賳丿 鬲丕 丕夭 鬲賴 丿賱 亘禺賳丿賳丿. 賲賯丕賱賴 賮賱丕爻賮賴 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 丕夭 乇賵蹖 丕爻鬲毓丿丕丿卮丕賳 亘禺賳丿賴 爻賳噩蹖丿. 丌賳讴賴 亘賴 丕賱丕鬲乇蹖賳 賳賯胤賴 讴賵賴 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 亘賴 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖賴丕 賲蹖鈥屫嗀�. 丿乇 鬲乇亘蹖鬲 賲乇丿 亘乇鬲乇 賳亘丕蹖丿 鬲賱禺蹖 賵 賲乇丕乇鬲 睾蹖乇丕禺賱丕賯蹖 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丕乇丕丿賴 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 鬲賲乇蹖賳 賵 乇蹖丕囟鬲 丿丕丿 賵賱蹖 賳賴 丕蹖賳讴賴 诏賵卮鬲 賵 噩爻丿 乇丕 賲丨讴賵賲 讴乇丿.
- 爻倬賳爻乇: 蹖讴 讴賱賲賴鈥屰� 賳丕亘賴賳诏丕賲貙 賲丕賳賳丿 丌賳趩賴 讴卅賵倬丕鬲乇丕 诏賮鬲 賵 蹖丕 蹖讴 鬲賱诏乇丕賮 鬲丨乇蹖賮鈥屫簇� 亘賴 丕賲爻 賵 蹖丕 蹖讴 亘丕丿 丿乇 爻丕賱丕賲蹖爻 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賳鬲丕蹖噩 亘蹖卮賲丕乇蹖 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘丕乇 丌賵乇丿. ... 丌禺乇 丕夭 賴賲賴 賯丕賳賵賳 芦鬲毓丕丿賱禄 亘賴 胤賵乇 賳丕诏夭蹖乇 賮乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫必池�. 賴乇 丨乇讴鬲蹖 亘乇 丕孬乇 賲賯丕賵賲鬲貙 丿蹖乇 蹖丕 夭賵丿貙 亘賴 丕賳鬲賴丕 賲蹖鈥屫必池�. 賴乇 賳賵爻丕賳 賲賵夭賵賳 亘賴 鬲丿乇蹖噩 爻乇毓鬲 賵 賵爻毓鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫囏� (賲诏乇 丌賳讴賴 丕夭 禺丕乇噩 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賳蹖乇賵蹖蹖 賵丕乇丿 卮賵丿). 賲丿丕乇 爻蹖丕乇丕鬲 讴賲鬲乇 賵 讴賵趩讴鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屭必� 倬爻 丕夭 賯乇賳賴丕 诏乇賲蹖 鬲丕亘卮 禺賵乇卮蹖丿 乇賵 亘賴 讴丕賴卮 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 丕氐胤讴丕讴 賵 鬲賲丕爻 丕賲賵丕噩 噩夭乇 賵 賲丿 丨乇讴鬲 賵囟毓蹖 夭賲蹖賳 乇丕 讴賳丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж操嗀�. 讴乇賴 夭賲蹖賳 亘丕 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳賴丕 噩賳亘卮 賵 丨乇讴鬲 讴賴 亘乇 乇賵蹖 丌賳 丕爻鬲 賵 亘丕 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳賴丕 卮讴賱 丨蹖丕鬲 賲賳亘爻胤 賵 賲鬲夭丕蹖丿貙 乇賵夭蹖 亘胤卅蹖鈥屫� 丨乇讴鬲 禺賵丕賴丿 讴乇丿貨 禺賵賳賴丕 亘丕 丨乇丕乇鬲 賵 爻乇毓鬲 讴賲鬲乇 丿乇 乇诏賴丕蹖 禺卮讴 噩乇蹖丕賳 禺賵丕賴丿 丿丕卮鬲貨 丿蹖诏乇 卮鬲丕亘 賳禺賵丕賴蹖賲 讴乇丿 賵 賲丕賳賳丿 丕賯賵丕賲 讴賴賳 亘賴卮鬲 乇丕 噩丕蹖 乇丕丨鬲 賵 爻讴賵鬲 賵 爻讴賵賳 禺賵丕賴蹖賲 丿丕賳爻鬲 賵 丿乇 丌乇夭賵蹖 賳蹖乇賵丕賳丕 禺賵丕賴蹖賲 亘賵丿.
- 丿乇 1850 賳馗乇蹖賴 鬲胤賵乇 亘乇 賴賲賴鈥屫� 丨丕讴賲 亘賵丿. 爻倬賳爻乇貙 賲丿鬲蹖 倬蹖卮 丕夭 丿丕乇賵蹖賳 賲爻丕卅賱賴 乇丕 丿乇 乇爻丕賱賴鈥屫й� 亘賴 賳丕賲 芦賮乇囟蹖賴 鬲讴丕賲賱禄 1852 賵 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 芦丕氐賵賱 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖禄 1855 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿. 丿乇 1858 丿丕乇賵蹖賳 賵 賵丕賱丕爻 鬲鬲亘毓丕鬲 賲卮賴賵乇 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 丕賳噩賲賳 賱蹖賳賴 賯乇丕卅鬲 讴乇丿賳丿 賵 丿乇 1851 亘賳蹖丕賳 丿賳蹖丕蹖 讴賴賳貙 賴賲趩賳丕賳讴賴 讴卮蹖卮丕賳 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┴必嗀� 亘丕 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 芦丕氐賱 丕賳賵丕毓禄 賮乇賵 乇蹖禺鬲. 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱 蹖讴 賳馗乇蹖賴 賲卮乇賵丨 賵 讴丕賲賱丕 賲爻鬲賳丿 丿乇亘丕乇賴 胤乇夭 鬲丨賵賱 芦丕夭 乇丕賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 胤亘蹖毓蹖 蹖丕 亘賯丕蹖 丕氐賱丨 丿乇 鬲賳丕夭毓 亘乇丕蹖 亘賯丕禄 亘賵丿 賳賴 賳馗乇蹖賴鈥屫й� 賲亘賴賲 丕夭 鬲丨賵賱 丕賳賵丕毓 毓丕賱蹖 丕夭 爻丕賮賱. ... 丿乇 賴乇 丿賵乇賴鈥屫й� 丕賮讴丕乇 丨丕讴賲 亘乇 毓氐乇 賲丨氐賵賱 噩夭亍 噩夭亍 賲乇丿賲蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 讴賲鈥屬堌ㄛ屫� 丿乇 诏賲賳丕賲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫槽屫池嗀� 賵賱蹖 丕蹖賳 毓賯丕蹖丿 賵 丕賮讴丕乇 賲賳鬲爻亘 亘賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 卮丿 讴賴 丌賳 乇丕 乇賵卮賳 讴乇丿賳丿 賵 賲鬲賵丕賮賯 爻丕禺鬲賳丿. 賴賲趩賳丕賳讴賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 噩丿蹖丿 亘賴 賳丕賲 丌賲乇蹖诏賵 賵爻倬賵趩蹖 賳丕賲蹖丿賴 卮丿 夭蹖乇丕 丕賵 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 讴爻蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 賳賯卮賴鈥屰� 丌賳 乇丕 鬲乇爻蹖賲 讴乇丿. 賴乇亘蹖鬲 爻倬賳爻乇 賵爻倬賵趩蹖 毓氐乇 丿丕乇賵蹖賳 賵 鬲丕 丕賳丿丕夭賴鈥屫й� 讴賱賲亘賵爻 丌賳 賴賲 亘賵丿.
- 賵賱鬲乇: 賲賳 蹖讴 讴賱賲賴 丕夭 丌賳趩賴 鬲賵 賲蹖鈥屭堐屰� 賯亘賵賱 賳丿丕乇賲貙 賵賱蹖 鬲丕 丿賲 賲乇诏 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 鬲賵 丨賯 诏賮鬲賳 爻禺賳丕賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖貙 賲亘丕乇夭賴 禺賵丕賴賲 讴乇丿.
- 賲孬賱 賱丕鬲蹖賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫�: Scripta manent, verba volant 鈥� 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屬呚з嗀� 賵 诏賮鬲賴鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必�.
- 丕賵 (爻倬蹖賳賵爻夭丕) 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 讴蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘丕 賲丨亘鬲 夭丕蹖賱 爻丕禺鬲 鬲丕 讴蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘丕 讴蹖賳賴鈥屫й� 丿蹖诏乇貙 卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕蹖賳 丿賵 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴 賴賲 賳夭丿蹖讴賳丿. 夭蹖乇丕 讴蹖賳賴 亘丕 丕丨爻丕爻 讴蹖賳賴鈥屰� 賲鬲賯丕亘賱 卮丿蹖丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 芦丕诏乇 讴爻蹖 卮禺氐 丿蹖诏乇蹖 乇丕 丿卮賲賳 亘丿丕乇丿 賵 丨爻 讴賳丿 讴賴 丕賵 亘賴 賵蹖 賲丨亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屬堌必藏� 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 丿賵 毓丕胤賮賴鈥屰� 賲禺丕賱賮 丨亘 賵 亘睾囟 诏蹖乇 禺賵丕賴丿 讴乇丿.禄 丕夭 丕蹖賳 噩賴鬲 (趩賳丕賳讴賴 爻倬蹖賳賵夭丕 亘丕 禺賵卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃� 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲) 賲丨亘鬲 鬲賵賱蹖丿 賲丨亘鬲 賲蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 丌賳噩丕 讴賴 讴蹖賳賴 囟毓蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 讴蹖賳賴鈥� 賳卮丕賳賴鈥屰� 囟毓賮 賵 賵丨卮鬲 賲丕爻鬲. 賲丕 丕诏乇 賲胤賲卅賳 亘丕卮蹖賲 讴賴 亘乇 丿卮賲賳蹖 睾丕賱亘 禺賵丕賴蹖賲 卮丿貙 亘賴 丕賵 讴蹖賳賴 賳禺賵丕賴蹖賲 賵乇夭蹖丿. 芦丌賳讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 讴蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘丕 讴蹖賳賴鈥屰� 賲鬲賯丕亘賱 噩賵丕亘 诏賵蹖丿貙 丿乇 亘丿亘禺鬲蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 夭蹖爻鬲 賵賱蹖 丌賳讴賴 讴賵卮卮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 讴蹖賳賴 乇丕 亘丕 毓卮賯 賵 賲丨亘鬲 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 亘亘乇丿貙 亘丕 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賵 賱匕鬲 賲亘丕乇夭賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕 蹖讴 蹖丕 趩賳丿 鬲賳 賲亘丕乇夭賴 讴賳丿 賵 亘賴 賲爻丕毓丿鬲 亘禺鬲 賵 丕賯亘丕賱 丕丨鬲蹖丕噩蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 丌賳讴賴 賲睾賱賵亘 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 亘丕 禺賵卮蹖 賵 賱匕鬲 鬲爻賱蹖賲 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屭必嗀�.禄
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105 reviews328 followers
August 9, 2016
A best book to begin with to acquaint with philosophy. The author has imbued the whole work with passion, clarity and brevity. The nuances of each philosophical idea is explained without turning pedantic and the striking vein of agility in his style provides a colorful read.

I enjoyed those chapters on Voltaire(my favorite writer and philosopher) and the dazzling accounts on Spinoza. Never before have I understood the philosophical stand of Kant with such a pristine lucidity. However, I am skeptical about the author's account of Nietzsche and his views upon the philosopher.

The book kindles our imagination and offers a delicious food for our thought by presenting the world's best minds at war in their course to understand and reveal the meaning of this world, in and around us.

An Essential read for every beginner of philosophy.
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756 reviews840 followers
April 23, 2020
賱賵 賯賷賱 賱賷 兀賳 兀賯鬲乇丨 賰鬲丕亘丕 賰賭鈥澷傌地� 賲丕 賯亘賱 丕賱賳賵賲鈥� 賱丕賯鬲乇丨鬲 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘.
賱賲 兀鬲賵賯毓 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 亘賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱禺賮丞 丕賱兀丿亘賷丞貙 賵丕賱賵囟賵丨 賵丕賱爻賴賵賱丞貙 賮丕賱賰鬲丕亘 噩丕亍 賯乇賷亘丕 賮賷 賲毓丕賳賷賴 賵賲亘丕賳賷賴 賲賳 賲爻鬲賵賶 丕賱毓丕賲丞貙 賵賱丕 鬲卮毓乇 賲毓賴 亘兀賷 孬賯賱貙 兀賵 賳禺亘賵賷丞.
兀毓鬲亘乇賴 賲賳 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱賲鬲賵爻胤丞 丨噩賲丕貙 賵賯賷賲丞貙 賵兀爻賱賵亘丕貙 賵氐丕賱丨 賱賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞.
賵賱賵 爻賲賷 亘賭"賯氐丞 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞" 賱賰丕賳 兀丿賯貙 廿匕 兀賳賴 賷爻賷乇 賲毓 賰賱 賮賷賱爻賵賮 賲爻鬲毓乇囟丕 賯氐丞 丨賷丕鬲賴 亘賳丕亍 毓賱賶 鬲爻賱爻賱 兀賮賰丕乇賴 亘廿賷噩丕夭 賵亘爻丕胤丞.
賯丿 鬲卮毓乇 亘丕賳賯胤丕毓 賮賷 賳氐賵氐 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱丕爻賷賲丕 亘賷賳 賮賷賱爻賵賮 賵丌禺乇貙 廿匕 鬲丨賲賱 乇賵丨賴 胤丕亘毓 丕賱賲賯丕賱丕鬲 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 丕賱賳氐 丕賱賲鬲爻賯 賵丕賱賲賵丨丿 賮賷 丕賱爻乇丿.
賰賲丕 兀賳 丕爻鬲毓乇丕囟 兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賮賱丕爻賮丞 賴賵 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 丿賷賵乇丕賳鬲賷丞 亘丨鬲丞貙 賵丕賱鬲乇賰賷夭 毓賱賶 亘毓囟 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳 賮賷 賮賱爻賮丕鬲賴賲 賴賵 賱丕 賷禺賱賵 賲賳 丕賳丨賷丕夭 賮賷 丕賱賮賴賲 兀賵 丕賱丕賴鬲賲丕賲貙 賵賯丿 賱丕 賷毓亘乇 亘丕賱囟乇賵乇丞 毓賳 賴匕丕 丕賱賮賷賱爻賵賮 賰賲丕 賷噩亘貙 賵賯丿 胤乇丨 賮賷 氐賵乇 賲亘爻胤丞貙 賵廿賱丕 賮廿賳 賮賰乇丞 賵丕丨丿丞 賲賳 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賮賰丕乇 丕賱賲胤乇賵丨丞 亘丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 賲丨賱 兀亘丨丕孬 兀賰丕丿賷賲賷丞貙 賵丨賱賯 毓賱賲賷丞.
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835 reviews223 followers
June 5, 2018
Subtle and finely written. It leads the way to the spiritual awakening! a must-read for anyone who shares a deep interest in non-fiction and philosophy, in particular.
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406 reviews140 followers
January 16, 2019
蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺蠈 4,
胃伪 蔚蟺伪谓苇位胃蠅
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40 reviews79 followers
September 15, 2007
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丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿 賵 禺賵賳丿賳卮 乇賵 亘賴 讴爻丕蹖蹖 讴賴 亘賴 賮賱爻賮賴 毓賱丕賯賲賳丿 賴爻鬲賳 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖 讴賳賲... 讴鬲丕亘賴丕蹖 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻賵賮蹖 賵 賲丕噩乇丕賴丕蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳 丿乇 賮賱爻賮賴 (賳賯丿卮 乇賵 賳賵卮鬲賲) 丿乇 丕氐賵賱 讴賱蹖 卮亘蹖賴 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻賵賮蹖 賵 讴鬲丕亘 賲丕噩乇丕賴丕蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳 丿乇 賮賱爻賮賴 丿乇 丨丿 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖蹖 賵 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 丨丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賮賱爻賮賴 賴爻鬲賳 賵 讴鬲丕亘 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賮賱爻賮賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 賮賱爻賮蹖 讴丕賲賱鬲乇蹖 丿丕乇賴.
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