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賱賲丕匕丕 賱丕 賷氐丕亘 丨賲丕乇 丕賱賵丨卮 亘賯乇丨丞 丕賱賲毓丿丞 : 兀孬乇 丕賱囟睾賵胤 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞 毓賱賶 丕賱氐丨丞 丕賱毓丕賲丞 賵賰賷賮 賳鬲毓丕賲賱 賲毓賴丕
賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賵囟賵毓賸丕 毓賱賲賷賸賾丕 賵丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賸賾丕 賵賳賮爻賷賸賾丕 賷賴賲 賰賱 賯丕乇卅貙 賮賴賵 賷卮乇丨 賱賳丕 亘兀爻賱賵亘 毓賱賲賷 賲亘爻胤貙 亘賱 賵禺賮賷賮 丕賱馗賱貙 賰賷賮 賷爻亘亘 丕賱賰乇亘 丕賱賲爻鬲賲乇 丨卮丿賸丕 賲賳 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱噩爻丿賷丞 賵丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 兀賵 賷賮丕賯賲賴丕貙 賵賲賳賴丕 丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘 賵丕賱賯購乇賻丨 賵丕賱鬲賴丕亘 丕賱賯賵賱賵賳 賵兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱賯賱亘 賵丕賱爻賰乇賷 賵囟睾胤 丕賱丿賲 賵睾賷乇賴丕.
賷賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲毓乇賷賮賸丕 賱賱賰乇亘貙 賵賰賷賮賷丞 鬲丨乇賰 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賴乇賲賵賳丕鬲 賵兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳 丕賱丿賲丕睾 丕爻鬲噩丕亘丞 賱賴貙 賵鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賰乇亘 賮賷 噩賴丕夭 丕賱丿賲 賵賮賷 賲禺夭賵賳 丕賱胤丕賯丞貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賳賲賵 賵丕賱鬲賳丕爻賱貙 賵賮賷 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱賲賳丕毓賷貙 賵賲丿賶 鬲兀孬賷乇賴 毓賱賶 鬲丿乇噩賳丕 賮賷 丕賱卮賷禺賵禺丞貙 孬賲 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳賴 賵亘賷賳 丕賱丕囟胤乇丕亘 丕賱賳賮爻賷 丕賱兀賰孬乇 卮賷賵毓賸丕 (丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘 丕賱丨丕丿). 孬賲 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賰乇亘 賮賷 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞貙 賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟 兀賳賲丕胤 卮禺氐賷丕鬲 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘囟毓賮 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賰賷賮 賲毓 丕賱賰乇亘貙 賵賷禺氐氐 賮氐賱丕賸 毓賳 毓賱丕賯丞 毓丕賲賱 丕賱賮賯乇 亘丕賱氐丨丞.
廿賳 亘毓囟 賲丕 賷禺亘乇賳丕 亘賴 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲乇賵毓貙 賵賱賰賳賳丕 廿匕丕 氐亘乇賳丕 賲毓 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丨鬲賶 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 賮爻賳噩丿 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲乇丕噩毓丞 賱賲丕 賴賵 賲毓乇賵賮 毓賳 賲毓丕賱噩丞 丕賱賰乇亘貙 賵賰賷賮 鬲胤亘賯 賲亘丕丿卅 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓丕賱噩丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞貙 賵爻賳噩丿 亘丕亘賸丕 賱賱兀賲賱 賷夭丿丕丿 丕鬲爻丕毓賸丕 賷賵賲賸丕 亘毓丿 賷賵賲.
賷賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲毓乇賷賮賸丕 賱賱賰乇亘貙 賵賰賷賮賷丞 鬲丨乇賰 賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱賴乇賲賵賳丕鬲 賵兀噩夭丕亍 賲賳 丕賱丿賲丕睾 丕爻鬲噩丕亘丞 賱賴貙 賵鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賰乇亘 賮賷 噩賴丕夭 丕賱丿賲 賵賮賷 賲禺夭賵賳 丕賱胤丕賯丞貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賳賲賵 賵丕賱鬲賳丕爻賱貙 賵賮賷 丕賱噩賴丕夭 丕賱賲賳丕毓賷貙 賵賲丿賶 鬲兀孬賷乇賴 毓賱賶 鬲丿乇噩賳丕 賮賷 丕賱卮賷禺賵禺丞貙 孬賲 丕賱毓賱丕賯丞 亘賷賳賴 賵亘賷賳 丕賱丕囟胤乇丕亘 丕賱賳賮爻賷 丕賱兀賰孬乇 卮賷賵毓賸丕 (丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘 丕賱丨丕丿). 孬賲 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 鬲兀孬賷乇 丕賱賰乇亘 賮賷 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞貙 賵賷爻鬲毓乇囟 兀賳賲丕胤 卮禺氐賷丕鬲 鬲乇鬲亘胤 亘囟毓賮 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賰賷賮 賲毓 丕賱賰乇亘貙 賵賷禺氐氐 賮氐賱丕賸 毓賳 毓賱丕賯丞 毓丕賲賱 丕賱賮賯乇 亘丕賱氐丨丞.
廿賳 亘毓囟 賲丕 賷禺亘乇賳丕 亘賴 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲乇賵毓貙 賵賱賰賳賳丕 廿匕丕 氐亘乇賳丕 賲毓 丕賱賲丐賱賮 丨鬲賶 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 賮爻賳噩丿 賮賷 丕賱賮氐賱 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賲乇丕噩毓丞 賱賲丕 賴賵 賲毓乇賵賮 毓賳 賲毓丕賱噩丞 丕賱賰乇亘貙 賵賰賷賮 鬲胤亘賯 賲亘丕丿卅 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓丕賱噩丞 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱賷賵賲賷丞貙 賵爻賳噩丿 亘丕亘賸丕 賱賱兀賲賱 賷夭丿丕丿 丕鬲爻丕毓賸丕 賷賵賲賸丕 亘毓丿 賷賵賲.
580 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1993
5,497 people are currently reading
56.3k people want to read
About the author
Robert M. Sapolsky
26听books4,992听followersRobert Morris Sapolsky is an American neuroendocrinology researcher and author. He is currently a professor of biology, and professor of neurology and neurological sciences and, by courtesy, neurosurgery, at Stanford University. In addition, he is a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,431 reviews
March 11, 2015
The author spends 22 chapters beating us to death with hundreds of studies about how and why stress is bad for us. He focuses strongly on the chemistry and physiology of stress in animals and humans. He then spends 1 chapter on things we can do about it. Basically: don't be born poor, don't have a bad marriage, exercise and be religious. There. Now you don't have to read the book.
October 16, 2010
Non-Fiction. Twelve chapters on how stress is going to kill you, followed by six chapters on why stress is stressful, when it's not, and what we can do about it.
If you're a worrier, this may not be the book for you. I won't lie, it upset me in the beginning. There are so many ways that stress can affect your health, your memory, the way you age, how you deal with stressors, and even how your children deal with stressors. The book can become a source of stress itself, one that far outweighs the few methods it gives for dealing with stress. But it addresses a lot of important issues, like the economics of stress and the way poverty and pay inequality have life-long health ramifications. It's not just about stress on a personal level, but a social, cultural, and political one. It also looks at the role stress plays in mental illness, pain, infertility, and addiction.
The science can be quite dense at times, but Sapolsky is good at walking you through it and recalling topics he introduced earlier so you never have to feel like you're studying for something. He makes this easy to read, even if the subject is a difficult one. He's a great writer with a sense of humor, an obvious love of science, and respect for views that aren't his own. He offers multiple approaches for any given problem and points out questions we don't have answers for yet.
Four stars. Good science writing that challenges assumptions and doesn't take itself too seriously. Also includes extensive end notes and an index. If you read this, get the third edition; it's revised and updated.
If you're a worrier, this may not be the book for you. I won't lie, it upset me in the beginning. There are so many ways that stress can affect your health, your memory, the way you age, how you deal with stressors, and even how your children deal with stressors. The book can become a source of stress itself, one that far outweighs the few methods it gives for dealing with stress. But it addresses a lot of important issues, like the economics of stress and the way poverty and pay inequality have life-long health ramifications. It's not just about stress on a personal level, but a social, cultural, and political one. It also looks at the role stress plays in mental illness, pain, infertility, and addiction.
The science can be quite dense at times, but Sapolsky is good at walking you through it and recalling topics he introduced earlier so you never have to feel like you're studying for something. He makes this easy to read, even if the subject is a difficult one. He's a great writer with a sense of humor, an obvious love of science, and respect for views that aren't his own. He offers multiple approaches for any given problem and points out questions we don't have answers for yet.
Four stars. Good science writing that challenges assumptions and doesn't take itself too seriously. Also includes extensive end notes and an index. If you read this, get the third edition; it's revised and updated.
February 14, 2020
I just really love Robert Sapolsky. I was familiar with a lot of stuff covered in the book but I still really enjoyed reading through it. Personally feel like he's a very good science communicator and makes things digestible in a way that's accessible for everyone without really losing much of the nuance. I really don't know what else to write, usually when I write long reviews its because I have a lot of pent up irritation to vent but when I love things I'm just like guys this is good totally would recommend. I do think I enjoyed Behave a lot more though because it covers a lot more biology/plus I learnt a lot of new things from it. Also really appreciate him providing context on the limitations of what one can really do to cope with inequity especially when I see so much pop psychology being about just trying to make everyone have grit or whatever.
May 11, 2025
Selections from the Filmography of James O. Incandenza:
鈥淚t could be your glucocorticoids.鈥� - Year of the Ectopic Heartbeat Dubstep Frequency Crowd Dispersal Device (?) Sex Panther Entertainment Unlimited/X-Ray and Infrared Photography by Marvin McGroin鈥檚 Medicinal Anthrax Soft Shell Tacos Incorporated, Amarillo, TX. The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig), Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky), Jennifer (Jen), Jim (Jim Cornette). George 鈥淭he Animal鈥� Steele (The Animal Himself). Lucious Malfoy (Jason Isaacs). Listed by some archivists as completed the following year, Y.T.-S.D.B. UNRELEASED
Film begins silent. A naked man (George 'The Animal' Steele) is sitting in a nondescript room, stress eating Toblerones. Weeping. His body visibility wracked with anguish as tributaries of warm nougat and honey stochastically traverse the lumpy topology of his hirsute torso. Twisting and bifurcating. His chest and stomach tattooed with a network of lines the color of Swiss mocha, all converging inexorably on the tenebrous vortex of his navel, where their flavors may be lost forever, beyond the event horizon, or else re-congealed into a perfect orb of Toblerone, sans almonds, and shot into another dimension. Adjacent, a dog-eared copy of Why Zebras Don鈥檛 Get Ulcers and several disemboweled turnbuckles. Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky) breaks the silence with susurrus of a glucocorticoidical nature, causing the tremulous bulk of the seated figured (George 鈥淭he Animal鈥� Steele) to quake with continued sobs.
"Primates are super smart and organized just enough to devote their free time to being miserable to each other and stressing each other out. But if you get chronically, psychosocially stressed, you're going to compromise your health. So, essentially, we've evolved to be smart enough to make ourselves sick."
Scene transitions to ringside view with J. (Yours truly) and Jim (Jim Cornette) commentating on the arrival of the main event; The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) vs. Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky). In a flourish of flash bang pyrotechnics, The Ultimate Warrior (James Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) emerges from backstage like a shaved mule with rainbow plumages fastened and KISS makeup applied. A creature built for carnage. Canines bared in atavistic rage. Nostrils flared to pump Cretaceous levels of oxygen into his swollen musculature.
鈥淗ere he comes, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚mplacable. Like a force of nature, Jim.鈥�
鈥淎 goddamn man mountain, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎 veritable mountain of man, Jim.
鈥淩ight you are, Jen.
鈥淎 being like unto all that was glorious about the era of hair metal, processed and packed into a latex baggie like a summer sausage, Jim.
鈥淲ould you just look at that sausage, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎n ultra thin condom glistening with obscene amounts of spermicide and stuffed to bursting with walnuts, Jim.鈥�
鈥淕et a load of the vascularity, I mean, would you just look at that, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 almost sickening, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 a little sick, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚 may throw up right here. Watch me, Jim.鈥�
鈥淪o help me, if you go, then I go, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 more frightened than sick, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檒l piss myself. You know I鈥檒l do it, Jen.鈥�
鈥淣ot again. Stay strong, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 clenching, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 sympathetically clenching, Jim.鈥�
鈥淗苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍驳.鈥�
鈥淗苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍驳鈥�
The Ultimate Warrior (James Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig), while striding down the walkway, is flagged by an uppity fan. Lucious Malfoy (Jason Isaacs) resplendent in anti-muggle apparel, is heard to sneer: 鈥淵our mother has chronically elevated glucocorticoids.鈥�
鈥淗e鈥檚 got him by the robes, Jim.鈥�
鈥淏y the balls too, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚 can confirm that a massive hand is firmly on the hog, Jim.鈥�
鈥淛ust look at those hands, Jen.鈥�
鈥淭here he goes, Jim!鈥�
鈥淕ood God! Would you just look at that parabola, Jen!鈥�
鈥淟ike a comet of white hair trailing popcorn and Chardonnay, Jim鈥�
In the center of the ring Robert Sapolsky (Robert Maurice Sapolsky, the John A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Professor of Biological Sciences, and Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and by courtesy, Neurosurgery, at Stanford University. In addition, research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.) Takes up a mic and continues:
"The stress response is incredibly ancient evolutionarily. Fish, birds and reptiles secrete the same stress hormones we do, yet their metabolism doesn't get messed up the way it does in people and other primates. Just look at the dichotomy between what your body does during real stress鈥攆or example, something is intent on eating you and you're running for your life鈥攙ersus what your body does when you're turning on the same stress response for months on end for purely psychosocial reasons. You mobilize energy in your thigh muscles, you increase your blood pressure and you turn off everything that's not essential to surviving, such as digestion, growth and reproduction. You think more clearly, and certain aspects of learning and memory are enhanced. All of that is spectacularly adapted if you're dealing with an acute physical stressor鈥攁 real one."
The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) grabs hold of the ropes and shakes them violently.
鈥淲ould you just look at that intensity, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 as if he鈥檚 grabbed hold of a live wire, Jim.鈥�
鈥淪trong current flowing through that man, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎 mesmerizing vibrational frequency of fixed amplitude is emerging, Jim鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 enough to deter a slop-hound from mounting a gut-wagon, Jen.鈥�
鈥淲ell said. Any further attempts to waller in viscera will be met with extreme electrification, Jim.
鈥淓lectrification, Jen.鈥�
鈥淗e鈥檚 got the mic, Jim!鈥�
鈥淚 came here for one reason 鈥� to attack and keep coming. Not to ask but just to give, not to want but just to sing, sing the power of the Warrior, because this freak of nature right here is just beginning to swell, and when I get big enough, brother, there ain鈥檛 gonna be room for anybody else but me and all the Warriors floating through the veins.鈥�
"If you turn on the stress response chronically for purely psychological reasons,鈥� Sapolsky admonishes. 鈥淵ou increase your risk of adult onset diabetes and high blood pressure. If you're chronically shutting down the digestive system, there's a bunch of gastrointestinal disorders you're more at risk for as well."
鈥淚 WAS SENT IN A CAPSULE FROM A PLACE NOT FROM HERE AND I CAME HERE FOR ONE REASON: TO ATTACK AND KEEP COMIN'. NOT TO ASK, BUT JUST TO GIVE. NOT TO WANT, BUT JUST TO SEND!鈥�
"Furthermore,鈥� Sapolsky counters. 鈥淚f you're chronically stressed, all sorts of aspects of brain function are impaired, including, at an extreme, making it harder for some neurons to survive neurological insults. Also, neurons in the parts of the brain relating to learning, memory and judgment don't function as well under stress. That particular piece is what my lab has spent the last 20 years on." The Warrior, seeming terrible confused, opens the floor. "If you plan to get stressed like a normal mammal, you had better turn on the stress response or else you're dead. But if you get chronically, psychosocially stressed, like a Westernized human, then you are more at risk for heart disease and some of the other leading causes of death in Westernized life." The Warrior, having it up to here with relentless mumbo jumbo, explodes, drawing himself up and towering over the diminutive smarty pants, pectorals dancing in rhythmic electrochemical spasms.
LODGED IN MY SKULL ... WAS A PIECE OF THE CRYSTAL OF YOUR KINGDOM! YOUR MADNESS! THEY SAID, "BUT WARRIOR, IT'S LODGED INSIDE YOUR SKULL," AND I SAID, "SEW IT IN! LEAVE IT WHERE IT LAYS!"
"We are capable of social supports that no other primate can even dream of," Sapolsky says. "For example, I might say, 'This job, where I'm a lowly mailroom clerk, really doesn't matter. What really matters is that I'm the captain of my softball team or deacon of my church'鈥攖hat sort of thing. It's not just somebody sitting here, grooming you with their own hands. We can actually feel comfort from the discovery that somebody on the other side of the planet is going through the same experience we are and feel, I'm not alone. We can even take comfort reading about a fictional character, and there's no primate out there that can feel better in life just by listening to Beethoven. So the range of supports that we're capable of is extraordinary."
鈥淚 look up to the gods, and when you fall below the skeletons of the Warriors past,听the power of the Warriors will become the eight wonder of the woooorrrrrldddd!!! Normal people, the people that walk the streets every day, we cannot understand. The family that I live for only breathes the air that smells of combat. With or without the face-paint I am the Ultimate Warrioooooorrrr!!! How must I prepare, you must ask yourself. Should I jump off the tallest building in the world? Should I lay on the lawn and let them run over me with lawn-mowers? Should I go to Africa and let them trample me with raging elephants? In my final meeting with the gods from the heavens above, they spoke to me and hit me with the power of the Ultimate Warrior. They told me: action stage left, action stage right. There is no place to run, all the fuses in the exit signs have burnt out. Aaaaarrgghhh, you can feel it dude. You can feel it! Full of the juice that carries the spaceship as far as it wants to go! Because when the moon is blood red the heavens have opened up from above and the Warriors have spoken. You鈥檝e got the power to make the skies rumble and the earth shake. In the sheets of the wind, then I will survive. Load the spaceship with the rocket fuel, load it with the Warriors. With the command of my voice I raise the level of the Warriors to one that can鈥檛 be reproduced. Dig your claws into my organs, scratch into my tendons, bury your anchors into my bones, for the power of the Warrior will always prevaaaaaiiiiiilllll. By now all the little Warriors know that the power of the Ultimate Warrior is something that you want to feel, that you want to taste. It鈥檚 something that when you turn on that TV screen or when you buy a ticket to the Arenas you know that鈥� it鈥檚 going to be exciting and it might even be a little bit frightening. Now you must deal with the creation of all the un-pleasantries of the entire universe as I feel the injection from the gods above. I only know that the Ultimate Warrior is totally out of controoooooooolllll. Come on in where nightmares are the best part of my daaaaaaaayyyyyy. I live for anger and frustration. Combat is where I will be.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 peeing, Jen.鈥�
鈥淢e too, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚t could be your glucocorticoids.鈥� - Year of the Ectopic Heartbeat Dubstep Frequency Crowd Dispersal Device (?) Sex Panther Entertainment Unlimited/X-Ray and Infrared Photography by Marvin McGroin鈥檚 Medicinal Anthrax Soft Shell Tacos Incorporated, Amarillo, TX. The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig), Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky), Jennifer (Jen), Jim (Jim Cornette). George 鈥淭he Animal鈥� Steele (The Animal Himself). Lucious Malfoy (Jason Isaacs). Listed by some archivists as completed the following year, Y.T.-S.D.B. UNRELEASED
Film begins silent. A naked man (George 'The Animal' Steele) is sitting in a nondescript room, stress eating Toblerones. Weeping. His body visibility wracked with anguish as tributaries of warm nougat and honey stochastically traverse the lumpy topology of his hirsute torso. Twisting and bifurcating. His chest and stomach tattooed with a network of lines the color of Swiss mocha, all converging inexorably on the tenebrous vortex of his navel, where their flavors may be lost forever, beyond the event horizon, or else re-congealed into a perfect orb of Toblerone, sans almonds, and shot into another dimension. Adjacent, a dog-eared copy of Why Zebras Don鈥檛 Get Ulcers and several disemboweled turnbuckles. Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky) breaks the silence with susurrus of a glucocorticoidical nature, causing the tremulous bulk of the seated figured (George 鈥淭he Animal鈥� Steele) to quake with continued sobs.
"Primates are super smart and organized just enough to devote their free time to being miserable to each other and stressing each other out. But if you get chronically, psychosocially stressed, you're going to compromise your health. So, essentially, we've evolved to be smart enough to make ourselves sick."
Scene transitions to ringside view with J. (Yours truly) and Jim (Jim Cornette) commentating on the arrival of the main event; The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) vs. Robert Sapolsky (Bill Sapolsky). In a flourish of flash bang pyrotechnics, The Ultimate Warrior (James Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) emerges from backstage like a shaved mule with rainbow plumages fastened and KISS makeup applied. A creature built for carnage. Canines bared in atavistic rage. Nostrils flared to pump Cretaceous levels of oxygen into his swollen musculature.
鈥淗ere he comes, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚mplacable. Like a force of nature, Jim.鈥�
鈥淎 goddamn man mountain, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎 veritable mountain of man, Jim.
鈥淩ight you are, Jen.
鈥淎 being like unto all that was glorious about the era of hair metal, processed and packed into a latex baggie like a summer sausage, Jim.
鈥淲ould you just look at that sausage, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎n ultra thin condom glistening with obscene amounts of spermicide and stuffed to bursting with walnuts, Jim.鈥�
鈥淕et a load of the vascularity, I mean, would you just look at that, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 almost sickening, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 a little sick, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚 may throw up right here. Watch me, Jim.鈥�
鈥淪o help me, if you go, then I go, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 more frightened than sick, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檒l piss myself. You know I鈥檒l do it, Jen.鈥�
鈥淣ot again. Stay strong, Jim.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 clenching, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 sympathetically clenching, Jim.鈥�
鈥淗苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍驳.鈥�
鈥淗苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍苍驳鈥�
The Ultimate Warrior (James Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig), while striding down the walkway, is flagged by an uppity fan. Lucious Malfoy (Jason Isaacs) resplendent in anti-muggle apparel, is heard to sneer: 鈥淵our mother has chronically elevated glucocorticoids.鈥�
鈥淗e鈥檚 got him by the robes, Jim.鈥�
鈥淏y the balls too, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚 can confirm that a massive hand is firmly on the hog, Jim.鈥�
鈥淛ust look at those hands, Jen.鈥�
鈥淭here he goes, Jim!鈥�
鈥淕ood God! Would you just look at that parabola, Jen!鈥�
鈥淟ike a comet of white hair trailing popcorn and Chardonnay, Jim鈥�
In the center of the ring Robert Sapolsky (Robert Maurice Sapolsky, the John A. and Cynthia Fry Gunn Professor of Biological Sciences, and Professor of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and by courtesy, Neurosurgery, at Stanford University. In addition, research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.) Takes up a mic and continues:
"The stress response is incredibly ancient evolutionarily. Fish, birds and reptiles secrete the same stress hormones we do, yet their metabolism doesn't get messed up the way it does in people and other primates. Just look at the dichotomy between what your body does during real stress鈥攆or example, something is intent on eating you and you're running for your life鈥攙ersus what your body does when you're turning on the same stress response for months on end for purely psychosocial reasons. You mobilize energy in your thigh muscles, you increase your blood pressure and you turn off everything that's not essential to surviving, such as digestion, growth and reproduction. You think more clearly, and certain aspects of learning and memory are enhanced. All of that is spectacularly adapted if you're dealing with an acute physical stressor鈥攁 real one."
The Ultimate Warrior (John Brian 鈥淛im鈥� Hellwig) grabs hold of the ropes and shakes them violently.
鈥淲ould you just look at that intensity, Jen.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 as if he鈥檚 grabbed hold of a live wire, Jim.鈥�
鈥淪trong current flowing through that man, Jen.鈥�
鈥淎 mesmerizing vibrational frequency of fixed amplitude is emerging, Jim鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 enough to deter a slop-hound from mounting a gut-wagon, Jen.鈥�
鈥淲ell said. Any further attempts to waller in viscera will be met with extreme electrification, Jim.
鈥淓lectrification, Jen.鈥�
鈥淗e鈥檚 got the mic, Jim!鈥�
鈥淚 came here for one reason 鈥� to attack and keep coming. Not to ask but just to give, not to want but just to sing, sing the power of the Warrior, because this freak of nature right here is just beginning to swell, and when I get big enough, brother, there ain鈥檛 gonna be room for anybody else but me and all the Warriors floating through the veins.鈥�
"If you turn on the stress response chronically for purely psychological reasons,鈥� Sapolsky admonishes. 鈥淵ou increase your risk of adult onset diabetes and high blood pressure. If you're chronically shutting down the digestive system, there's a bunch of gastrointestinal disorders you're more at risk for as well."
鈥淚 WAS SENT IN A CAPSULE FROM A PLACE NOT FROM HERE AND I CAME HERE FOR ONE REASON: TO ATTACK AND KEEP COMIN'. NOT TO ASK, BUT JUST TO GIVE. NOT TO WANT, BUT JUST TO SEND!鈥�
"Furthermore,鈥� Sapolsky counters. 鈥淚f you're chronically stressed, all sorts of aspects of brain function are impaired, including, at an extreme, making it harder for some neurons to survive neurological insults. Also, neurons in the parts of the brain relating to learning, memory and judgment don't function as well under stress. That particular piece is what my lab has spent the last 20 years on." The Warrior, seeming terrible confused, opens the floor. "If you plan to get stressed like a normal mammal, you had better turn on the stress response or else you're dead. But if you get chronically, psychosocially stressed, like a Westernized human, then you are more at risk for heart disease and some of the other leading causes of death in Westernized life." The Warrior, having it up to here with relentless mumbo jumbo, explodes, drawing himself up and towering over the diminutive smarty pants, pectorals dancing in rhythmic electrochemical spasms.
LODGED IN MY SKULL ... WAS A PIECE OF THE CRYSTAL OF YOUR KINGDOM! YOUR MADNESS! THEY SAID, "BUT WARRIOR, IT'S LODGED INSIDE YOUR SKULL," AND I SAID, "SEW IT IN! LEAVE IT WHERE IT LAYS!"
"We are capable of social supports that no other primate can even dream of," Sapolsky says. "For example, I might say, 'This job, where I'm a lowly mailroom clerk, really doesn't matter. What really matters is that I'm the captain of my softball team or deacon of my church'鈥攖hat sort of thing. It's not just somebody sitting here, grooming you with their own hands. We can actually feel comfort from the discovery that somebody on the other side of the planet is going through the same experience we are and feel, I'm not alone. We can even take comfort reading about a fictional character, and there's no primate out there that can feel better in life just by listening to Beethoven. So the range of supports that we're capable of is extraordinary."
鈥淚 look up to the gods, and when you fall below the skeletons of the Warriors past,听the power of the Warriors will become the eight wonder of the woooorrrrrldddd!!! Normal people, the people that walk the streets every day, we cannot understand. The family that I live for only breathes the air that smells of combat. With or without the face-paint I am the Ultimate Warrioooooorrrr!!! How must I prepare, you must ask yourself. Should I jump off the tallest building in the world? Should I lay on the lawn and let them run over me with lawn-mowers? Should I go to Africa and let them trample me with raging elephants? In my final meeting with the gods from the heavens above, they spoke to me and hit me with the power of the Ultimate Warrior. They told me: action stage left, action stage right. There is no place to run, all the fuses in the exit signs have burnt out. Aaaaarrgghhh, you can feel it dude. You can feel it! Full of the juice that carries the spaceship as far as it wants to go! Because when the moon is blood red the heavens have opened up from above and the Warriors have spoken. You鈥檝e got the power to make the skies rumble and the earth shake. In the sheets of the wind, then I will survive. Load the spaceship with the rocket fuel, load it with the Warriors. With the command of my voice I raise the level of the Warriors to one that can鈥檛 be reproduced. Dig your claws into my organs, scratch into my tendons, bury your anchors into my bones, for the power of the Warrior will always prevaaaaaiiiiiilllll. By now all the little Warriors know that the power of the Ultimate Warrior is something that you want to feel, that you want to taste. It鈥檚 something that when you turn on that TV screen or when you buy a ticket to the Arenas you know that鈥� it鈥檚 going to be exciting and it might even be a little bit frightening. Now you must deal with the creation of all the un-pleasantries of the entire universe as I feel the injection from the gods above. I only know that the Ultimate Warrior is totally out of controoooooooolllll. Come on in where nightmares are the best part of my daaaaaaaayyyyyy. I live for anger and frustration. Combat is where I will be.鈥�
鈥淚鈥檓 peeing, Jen.鈥�
鈥淢e too, Jim.鈥�
March 26, 2025
丕蹖賳 丕賵賱蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕夭 乇丕亘乇鬲 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁呚� 賵 亘丕蹖丿 丕毓鬲乇丕賮 讴賳賲 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 丕賳鬲馗丕乇丕鬲 丕賵賱蹖賴鈥屫з� 亘賵丿.
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕锟斤拷 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲卮賴賵乇貙 亘丕 賮賳賵賳 賵 賲賴丕乇鬲鈥屬囏й� 倬乇賮乇賵卮 卮丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 毓賱賲蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴貙 丌卮賳丕爻鬲.
亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 鬲禺氐氐蹖 讴鬲丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘賽 毓丕賲 亘賳賵蹖爻蹖丿 亘丕蹖丿 趩賳丿 趩蹖夭 乇丕 乇毓丕蹖鬲 讴賳蹖丿:
丕賵賱 貙 夭亘丕賳賽 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 爻丕丿賴 讴賳蹖丿 (賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 賯乇丕乇 賳蹖爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘賽 鬲禺氐氐蹖賽 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 亘禺賵丕賳丿)
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丕诏乇 讴賲蹖 卮賵禺蹖 賴賲 趩丕卮賳蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫з� 讴賳蹖丿 讴賴 趩賴 亘賴鬲乇貙 禺爻鬲诏蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й� 毓賱賲蹖賽 卮賲丕 丿乇賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丿乇 毓賱賵賲 賲禺鬲賱賮 爻乇丕睾 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕氐賵賱 乇丕 乇毓丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賴賲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
亘丿亘蹖賳蹖
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賵賯鬲蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 丿爻鬲卮 亘乇丕蹖 丕乇鬲讴丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴鈥屬囏� 亘丕夭 丕爻鬲. 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賳馗乇 卮禺氐蹖鈥屫ж� 乇丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲胤賱亘賽 毓賱賲蹖賽 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖丕賵乇丿. 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳丿 讴賴 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 毓賱賲蹖 讴賲蹖 丿丕乇賳丿 蹖丕 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 亘丕 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 毓賱賲蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 亘诏蹖乇丿貙 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й屰� 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 丿爻鬲讴丕乇蹖 丌賲丕乇 蹖丕 亘蹖丕賳 诏夭丕乇賴鈥屬囏й� 卮亘賴賽鈥屫官勝呟� 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿.
賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳鈥� 丨乇賮鈥屬囏� 乇丕 夭丿賲 讴賴 亘诏賵蹖賲 賲賳 亘丕 亘丿亘蹖賳蹖賽 鬲賲丕賲 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賮鬲賲 (亘賴 禺氐賵氐 亘丕 卮賳蹖丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕丿毓丕賴丕蹖 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 賲氐丕丨亘賴鈥屬囏й屫� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 讴鬲丕亘 丌禺乇卮貙 芦賲丨鬲賵賲禄)
亘丕 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴貙 讴鬲丕亘賽 丨丕囟乇 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 趩蹖夭蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲.
禺賵卮亘蹖賳蹖
亘丕 賵噩賵丿 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 诏乇賮鬲貙 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 趩賳丿 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賲孬亘鬲 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫� 禺賵卮亘蹖賳 讴賳丿. 丕賵賱 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕賵 亘丕乇賴丕 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 讴賴 亘丕 乇賵卮 鬲丨賯蹖賯 毓賱賲蹖 丿乇 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖 (賵 賲丨丿賵丿蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 丌賳) 丌卮賳丕爻鬲. 丕賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 鬲毓丿丕丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 毓賱賲蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丕卮讴賱丕鬲卮丕賳 乇丕 诏賵卮夭丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕夭 讴賲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 亘賵丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 爻禺賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 讴賴 讴丕乇丌夭賲丕蹖蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘丕賱蹖賳蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丌夭賲賵丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏� 賲丨丿賵丿蹖鬲鈥屬囏й屰� 丿丕乇賳丿 賵 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屰� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕 丿蹖丿賴鈥屰� 卮讴 賵 鬲乇丿蹖丿 賲蹖鈥屬嗂必�. 賲賳 丕蹖賳 賳诏丕賴賽 (亘賴 賯賵賱 賳爻蹖賲 胤丕賱亘) 卮讴鈥屭必й� (skeptical) 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩迟嗀呚� (诏乇趩賴 亘丕夭 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 丕毓鬲賲丕丿 讴丕賲賱 亘賴 蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 讴丕賮蹖 賳蹖爻鬲). 賵賯鬲蹖 禺賵丿卮 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 芦爻丕丿賴鈥屫池ж槽屬� 丕蹖丿賴鈥屬囏й� 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴禄 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 亘丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屫й� 賲賵丕噩賴賲 讴賴 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 禺胤乇丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賳賵卮鬲賳 趩賳蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й屰� 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丌卮賳丕爻鬲. 賵賯鬲蹖 丌賳鈥屬傌� 鬲賵丕囟毓賽 賮讴乇蹖 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 芦丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲胤丕賱亘 鬲禺氐氐 讴丕賮蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖乇 丿丕賳卮賲賳丿丕賳 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丌賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 賲卮賵乇鬲 讴乇丿賴禄 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘蹖卮鬲乇 乇賵蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫� 丨爻丕亘 讴賳賲.
丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘
亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕賵賱蹖賳 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 賱丕夭賲 丕爻鬲 賲禺丕胤亘 賮丕乇爻蹖 夭亘丕賳 亘賴 丌賳 鬲賵噩賴 讴賳丿貙 鬲賮丕賵鬲 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘 (anxiety) 丕爻鬲. 鬲毓乇蹖賮鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丕夭 賴乇 丿賵 丕氐胤賱丕丨 丌賵乇丿賴 卮丿賴 賵 卮丕蹖丿 鬲毓乇蹖賮 讴丕賲賱蹖 賴賲 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 賵賱蹖 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 丌賳 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賱蹖 丕爻鬲. 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲賮氐賱 丕爻鬲乇爻賽 賲賵乇丿 賳馗乇 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿貙 賵賱蹖 亘丕蹖丿 丕卮丕乇賴 讴賳賲 讴賴 亘丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤蹖賮 賵爻蹖毓蹖 丕夭 賴蹖噩丕賳丕鬲 賵 丕丨爻丕爻丕鬲 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丿乇 亘乇 亘诏蹖乇丿. 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖賽 噩爻賲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 蹖讴 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕卮丿貙 丿乇丿 卮丿蹖丿 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕卮丿貙 爻賵诏 丕爻鬲乇爻 丕爻鬲貙 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖貙 乇賳噩貙 賵 丕賳賵丕毓 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕囟胤乇丕亘 賴賲 胤亘賯賽 鬲毓乇蹖賮賽 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁嗀� 賳賵毓蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 卮賲丕乇 丌蹖賳丿.
禺賱丕氐賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕亘鬲丿丕 讴賲蹖 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖賽 丕爻鬲乇爻 氐丨亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丿乇 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 亘毓丿蹖 丕夭 丕孬乇丕鬲 賲賮蹖丿 蹖丕 賵蹖乇丕賳诏乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘丿賳 爻禺賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 賵 丿乇 趩賳丿 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 亘乇 乇賵蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 丌賳 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池�. 丕賲丕 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賲賮賴賵賲蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賴賲丕賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 毓賳賵丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴: 芦趩乇丕 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀熉�
诏賵乇禺乇賴丕蹖蹖 亘丿賵賳 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲夭賲賳
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖讴 賵丕讴賳卮 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖讴 賵 胤亘蹖毓蹖 丿乇 亘丿賳 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丨丕丿 亘賴 亘賯丕蹖 噩丕賳丿丕乇 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 賲孬賱丕 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 诏賵乇禺乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 蹖讴 卮蹖乇 亘賴 丕賵 丨賲賱賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 丕爻鬲乇爻 賮毓丕賱 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 賵 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 诏賵乇禺乇 亘賴鬲乇 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 賮乇丕乇 讴賳丿 賵 卮丕賳爻 亘賯丕蹖卮 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵丿. 丕賲丕 鬲賵噩賴 讴賳蹖丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮乇丕蹖胤賽 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屫藏� 亘蹖卮 丕夭 趩賳丿 丿賯蹖賯賴 胤賵賱 賳賲蹖鈥屭┴簇� 賵 诏賵乇禺乇 賯氐賴鈥屰� 賲丕 倬爻 丕夭 賮乇丕乇貙 夭賳丿诏丕賳蹖賽 禺賵卮賽 禺賵丿 乇丕 丕夭 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫必�! 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 胤賵乇 胤亘蹖毓蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕囟胤乇丕乇蹖 丿乇 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏ж� 賲丕 趩賳丕賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇诏蹖乇 噩賴丕賳蹖 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 亘丕 毓賵丕賲賱 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屫藏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 鬲亘丿蹖賱 卮丿賴 亘賴 蹖讴 倬丿蹖丿賴鈥屰� 賲夭賲賳 賵 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賲丿鬲. 亘丿賳賽 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 讴賵鬲丕賴 賲丿鬲賽 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤乇丕丨蹖 卮丿賴鈥� 丕爻鬲貙 賳賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賲丿鬲. 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 丿趩丕乇 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇鬲亘胤 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 賵賱蹖 賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬�.
丕爻鬲乇爻 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 爻丕丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲
賴賲丕賳胤賵乇 讴賴 丿乇 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 丕賵賱 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴貙 賮毓丕賱 卮丿賳 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 亘丿賳 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳貙 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏р€屰� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丿丕乇丿貙 丿乇 蹖讴 賳诏丕賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 鬲賯賱蹖賱鈥屭必й屫з嗁�: 毓氐亘蹖貙 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖貙 賵 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж�.
丿乇 賲賵乇丿 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖 賵 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 趩蹖夭鈥屬囏й� 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬�. 丌賳趩賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖 賵 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 丌賵乇丿賴貙 賲胤丕賱亘蹖 賳爻亘鬲丕賸 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丿乇 毓賱賲 丕賲乇賵夭 賴爻鬲賳丿 (诏乇趩賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲 讴賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賳賯卮 賳賵乇賵鬲乇丕賳爻賲蹖鬲乇賴丕 賵 丿丕乇賵賴丕蹖 賲賵孬乇 亘乇 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丕禺蹖乇 亘丨孬 賵 噩丿賱鈥屬囏й屰� 丿乇诏乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 讴賱蹖鬲 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賯丕亘賱 賯亘賵賱 丕爻鬲)
丕賲丕 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж屫� 賲卮讴賱 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丕 亘丕 趩賳丕賳 爻蹖爻鬲賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴鈥屫й� (匕賴賳 丕賳爻丕賳) 爻乇 賵 讴丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 賲胤乇丨 乇丕 賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 乇丿 讴乇丿 賵 賳賴 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲. 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 賳賴 亘賴 丿乇爻鬲蹖 賯丕亘賱 丌夭賲賵丿賳鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賳賴 丕亘胤丕賱鈥屬矩佰屫�. (賲孬賱丕 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮乇賵蹖丿 賴賲趩賳丕賳 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 丿賵丌鬲卮賴 賵 賲禺丕賱賮丕賳 丿賵丌鬲卮賴 丿丕乇丿貙 賲卮讴賱 丕蹖賳噩丕爻鬲 讴賴 丌夭賲賵丿賳賽 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮乇賵蹖丿 丿卮賵丕乇 蹖丕 賳丕賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲)
賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 诏賮鬲 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 鬲丕 丨丿 禺賵亘蹖 亘賴 亘丨孬鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖/賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賵 丕夭 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲亘丕丨孬 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 賲卮讴賵讴 (賲孬賱丕 亘賴 賯賵賱 禺賵丿卮 芦趩乇賳丿蹖丕鬲 乇賵丕賳讴丕賵丕賳賴禄貙 亘賱賴貙 馗丕賴乇丕賸 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕夭 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 賮乇賵蹖丿 賳蹖爻鬲!) 诏匕乇 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲.
乇賳噩賽 鬲賳賴丕蹖蹖/丨賲丕蹖鬲賽 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖
亘賴 賳馗乇賲 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賵 賲賵乇丿 鬲賵丕賮賯鈥屫臂屬� 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 丕爻鬲. 丿丕卮鬲賳賽 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖丿 亘丕 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖鈥屬囏й屫з� 氐丨亘鬲 讴賳蹖丿貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲讴鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 亘丕卮丿. 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕毓囟丕蹖 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴貙 倬丕乇鬲賳乇貙 蹖讴 丿賵爻鬲 氐賲蹖賲蹖貙 蹖丕 鬲乇丕倬蹖爻鬲 卮賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丕蹖賳 丨丕賲蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 亘丕卮丿. 賲賴賲 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘賴鬲乇 讴賳丿. (亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕賮乇丕丿 蹖丕 噩賲毓鈥屬囏� 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘丿鬲乇 讴賳賳丿)
丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丿乇 丕亘毓丕丿 亘夭乇诏鬲乇 賴賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿貙 丕夭 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲丨蹖胤 讴丕乇蹖賽 丿賵爻鬲丕賳賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 诏乇賵賴鈥屬囏й� 丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕夭 乇賳噩鈥屫屫з�.
賵囟毓蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖-丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 (socioeconomic)
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 賮氐賱 賴賮丿賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 亘賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴鈥屰� 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘賽 噩丿丕诏丕賳賴 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丿丕乇丿: 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵囟毓蹖鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲蹖.
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賮丕讴鬲賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 胤賵乇 賯胤毓 丌賳 乇丕 毓丕賲賱 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴 丿丕賳爻鬲貙 芦賮賯乇禄 丕爻鬲. 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘丕 賲讴丕鬲亘 賮讴乇蹖 賵 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 诏賵賳丕诏賵賳 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丕卮丕乇賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 讴賴 賮賯乇 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲夭賲賳 卮賵丿. 賲爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇蹖 賮賯乇 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕卮丕乇賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丕蹖賳 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屰� 芦賮賯蹖乇 賳亘丕卮蹖丿禄 賴賲 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲貙 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 鬲丕孬蹖乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 賮乇丿 丿乇 胤賵賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘乇 賵囟毓蹖鬲 爻賱丕賲鬲卮 丕賳讴丕乇賳丕倬匕蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 噩丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕蹖賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 (賵 丌賲蹖禺鬲賴 亘賴 卮賵禺蹖) 乇丕 蹖讴 诏丕賲 倬蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ必� 賵 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 芦丿乇 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴鈥屰� 倬賵賱丿丕乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘蹖丕蹖蹖丿!禄 賵 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池�:
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 亘丨孬蹖 乇丕 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 丕亘賴丕賲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘丕賯蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 丕夭 亘丨孬鈥屬囏й� 乇丕蹖噩 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲蹖/讴丕倬蹖鬲丕賱蹖爻鬲蹖 丿乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖 賮丕氐賱賴 亘诏蹖乇丿. 丕诏乇趩賴 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 丕賵 胤乇賮丿丕乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲 (賲丕賳賳丿 丌賳趩賴 丿乇 讴丕賳丕丿丕 蹖丕 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿) 賵 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 丕夭 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 诏賱丕蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲賳 賯氐丿 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 賲毓丕蹖亘 賵 賲夭丕蹖丕蹖 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖賽 丿賵賱鬲蹖 蹖丕 禺氐賵氐蹖 賵 亘蹖賲賴鈥屬囏й� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賲貙 丕賲丕 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕亘賴丕賲 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
賲孬賱丕 丕卮丕乇賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賮賯乇 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 亘丿賵賳 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 亘丕毓孬 讴丕賴卮 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 亘賴 禺丿賲丕鬲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖/丿乇賲丕賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 趩賳丿 氐賮丨賴 亘毓丿 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 (亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 讴卮賵乇蹖 丿丕乇丕蹖 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖) 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 亘蹖賲賴鈥屬囏й� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 亘丕毓孬 亘丿鬲乇 卮丿賳 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 丕賮乇丕丿 賮賯蹖乇 亘賴 賲乇丕賯亘鬲鈥屬囏й� 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖/丿乇賲丕賳蹖 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�!
丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲兀孬蹖乇 芦賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲 丕賮乇丕丿 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 趩賳丿 氐賮丨賴 亘毓丿 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲蹖 乇丕 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥岋拷锟劫囏� 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 芦丕丨爻丕爻 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 賲賴賲鬲乇 丕夭 禺賵丿賽 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 爻胤丨 噩賴丕賳蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘蹖賳 芦賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 賵 芦賵囟毓蹖鬲 爻賱丕賲鬲禄 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵丕囟丨蹖 賲卮丕賴丿賴 讴乇丿.
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕夭 亘毓囟蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й� 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 賮氐賱 賴賮丿賴賲 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屰� 乇賵卮賳蹖 乇爻蹖丿 讴賴 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲 鬲禺氐氐賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賳丿丕乇丿貙 賵賱蹖 亘丿賵賳 卮讴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 诏賮鬲 芦賮賯乇禄 鬲丕孬蹖乇 賵丕囟丨蹖 亘乇 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 讴丕賴卮 爻賱丕賲鬲 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必�.
亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 賲賮蹖丿鬲乇
乇丕爻鬲卮 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 爻賴 爻鬲丕乇賴 亘丿賴賲貙 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 毓蹖亘 賵 丕蹖乇丕丿 賳蹖爻鬲. 丿乇 賵丕賯毓 賲賳 賴賳诏丕賲 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 丕蹖乇丕丿丕鬲 賵 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 乇賵蹖 讴丕睾匕 賳賵卮鬲賲 賵 丨丕賱丕 讴丕睾匕蹖 噩賱賵蹖賲 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 噩賲賱丕鬲 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 賵 诏夭丕乇賴鈥屬囏� 蹖丕 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屭屫臂屸€屬囏й� 賳丕丿乇爻鬲蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賵乇丿賴 乇賵蹖卮 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 賵 賯氐丿 丿丕卮鬲賲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 丿乇 乇蹖賵蹖賵 亘賳賵蹖爻賲. 賵賱蹖 丿丕乇賲 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 禺賵亘蹖鈥屬囏� 賵 賲胤丕賱亘 賲賮蹖丿 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿蹖丿 賵 丕夭 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 丕賳诏卮鬲鈥屫促呚ж辟� 讴鬲丕亘 讴賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賴賲 亘乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 趩卮賲鈥屬举堌篡� 讴乇丿. 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬� 讴賴 丕诏乇 亘丕 賳诏丕賴蹖 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴賳蹖賲貙 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 毓蹖亘 賵 丕蹖乇丕丿 賳蹖爻鬲.
亘賴 毓賱丕賵賴 賮讴乇 讴乇丿賲 卮丕蹖丿 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 賲丕 賲賮蹖丿鬲乇 丕夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 睾乇亘蹖 亘丕卮丿. 丿乇爻鬲 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖讴 鬲乇賽賳丿賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 卮丿賴 賵 亘丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 噩賴丕賳 賵 诏爻鬲乇卮 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 卮亘讴賴鈥屬囏й� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 夭蹖丕丿 亘賴 丌賳 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� (賲孬賱丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й� 賲毓乇賵賮蹖 讴賴 爻丕賱 诏匕卮鬲賴 趩丕倬 卮丿賴貙 讴鬲丕亘 芦賳爻賱 賲囟胤乇亘禄 丕孬乇 噩丕賳丕鬲丕賳 賴丕蹖鬲 丕爻鬲) 賵賱蹖 賵囟毓蹖鬲 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 賵禺蹖賲鈥屫� 賴賲 賴爻鬲. 賲丕 睾乇賯 丿乇 丕爻鬲乇爻蹖賲 賵 賱丕夭賲 賳蹖爻鬲 丌丿賲 賳丕亘睾賴 亘丕卮丿 鬲丕 賮卮丕乇 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 丕夭 丕爻鬲乇爻 乇丕 亘乇 賲乇丿賲 亘亘蹖賳丿. 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴乇 乇賵夭 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 賵 乇賳噩 乇丕 丿乇 亘乇禺賵乇丿 亘丕 丌丿賲鈥屬囏� 丿蹖丿貙 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賲賵賯毓 乇丕賳賳丿诏蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 卮蹖賵賴鈥屰� 乇丕賳賳丿诏蹖卮丕賳 爻賳噩蹖丿.
丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 毓賵丕賲賱 賲賵孬乇 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇乇爻蹖 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賲孬賱 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屸€屬矩佰屫臂屬� 卮乇丕蹖胤貙 賯丿乇鬲 讴賳鬲乇賱賽 卮乇丕蹖胤貙 卮乇丕蹖胤賽 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 賵 賮賯乇. 賲丕 趩賳丕賳 丿乇 丨丕賱 爻賯賵胤蹖賲 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 賴乇賱丨馗賴 诏賱賵蹖 賲乇丿賲賲丕賳 乇丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屬佖簇ж必�. 賲乇丿賲蹖 讴賴 賴乇 賱丨馗賴 亘丕蹖丿 趩卮賲卮丕賳 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 賵 賴夭蹖賳賴鈥屰� 賳蹖丕夭賴丕蹖 丕賵賱蹖賴鈥屰� 夭賳丿诏蹖卮丕賳 亘丕卮丿貙 丕禺亘丕乇 賵丨卮鬲賳丕讴蹖 乇丕 鬲丨賲賱 讴賳賳丿 賵 丨鬲蹖 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丨賲賱賴鈥屰� 賳馗丕賲蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 卮乇丕蹖胤 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屸€屬矩佰屫臂� 賵 賯丿乇鬲 讴賳鬲乇賱 卮乇丕蹖胤 賵 賮賯乇 丿乇 賵禺蹖賲鈥屫臂屬� 丨丕賱鬲 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賵 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賲乇丿賲 賲丕 夭蹖乇 賮卮丕乇 乇賳噩 賵 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 丨丕賱 賱賴鈥屫簇嗏€屫з嗀�.
丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 亘丿 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕孬乇丕鬲 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丌賳 丌卮賳丕 卮賵蹖賲. 賯氐丿 賳爻禺賴鈥屬聚屭嗃� 賳丿丕乇賲貙 賴賲丕賳胤賵乇 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 卮乇丕蹖胤 賲丕 賯丕亘賱 讴賳鬲乇賱 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貙 賵賱蹖 賴賲趩賳丕賳 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丿丕賳爻鬲賳 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕爻鬲乇爻 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲. 禺賵丿賲 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲丿鬲 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 丿趩丕乇 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 卮丿蹖丿鬲乇蹖賳 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屫з� 卮丿賲 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 鬲丕孬蹖乇丕鬲蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴貙 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴乇丿賲. 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲讴 讴乇丿 讴賲蹖 亘賴鬲乇 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇禺賵乇丿 讴賳賲.
丿乇 囟賲賳 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 蹖讴 丌鬲卅蹖爻鬲 丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 亘丨孬 讴賵鬲丕賴蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 丿蹖賳 賵 賲毓賳賵蹖鬲 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴賴 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 爻賵诏蹖乇丕賳賴鈥屰� 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 賲爻賱賲丕賳 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕亘胤賴 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 賵 鬲賮丕賵鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 丿蹖賳 亘丕 賲毓賳賵蹖鬲 (spirituality) 賳蹖夭 賲毓賲賵賱丕 丿乇 讴卮賵乇 賲丕 (賲鬲丕爻賮丕賳賴 丨鬲蹖 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 毓賱賲蹖) 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 趩賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁呚�
亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賲賵賮賯 卮丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 毓賱賲蹖賽 噩匕丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 亘賳賵蹖爻丿貙 丌蹖丕 鬲囟賲蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲禺丕胤亘丕賳 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇賳丿責 丕賱亘鬲賴 讴賴 賳賴! 亘丕 賵噩賵丿 丕蹖賳讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕賵蹖 賲丕賴乇蹖 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 賲賳 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й� 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿蹖丿賴鈥屫з� 讴賴 丨賵氐賱賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳噩賵乇 賲胤丕賱亘 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賳丿. 丿賵爻鬲丕賳蹖 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 匕賴賳卮丕賳貙 匕賴賳 乇蹖丕囟蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 賲丨丕爻亘賴 賵 賲賴賳丿爻蹖 賳丕亘睾賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵賱蹖 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賴 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж驰� 蹖丕 賲亘丕丨孬 倬夭卮讴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫必迟嗀� 丨丕賱卮丕賳 亘賴 賴賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌必�! 倬爻 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丕诏乇 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖貙 亘丿賳 丕賳爻丕賳貙 鬲讴丕賲賱 賵 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲蹖 噩丕賱亘 賴爻鬲賳丿貙 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇賵蹖丿.
亘禺卮 亘夭乇诏蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖 賵 倬丕鬲賵賱賵跇蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 丕爻鬲 賵 丕诏乇 鬲丨氐蹖賱丕鬲鬲丕賳 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж驰�/賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖/毓賱賵賲 倬夭卮讴蹖 亘丕卮丿貙 亘丿賵賳 卮讴 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 禺賵丕賴賳丿 亘賵丿貙 丕賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 賯賵賱 丿賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲趩賳丕賳 丨乇賮鈥屬囏й� 鬲丕夭賴 賵 噩丕賱亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 禺賵丕賴丿 丿丕卮鬲. 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿賲 亘禺卮鈥屬囏й� 鬲丕乇蹖禺 毓賱賲 賵 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 毓賱賲蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿. 賲賳 丕夭 丿賵乇丕賳 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘丕乇賴丕 卮賳蹖丿賴 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賴 亘賵丿賲 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賵蹖乇賵爻鈥屬囏� 賲孬賱 毓丕賲賱 鬲亘禺丕賱 (HSV) 賵 毓丕賲賱 丌亘賱賴鈥屬呚必贺з� (VZV) 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁嗀� 亘賴 賮丕夭 賳賴賮鬲賴 (latent) 亘乇賵賳丿 賵 丿乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖丕 囟毓賮 丕蹖賲賳蹖 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘乇賵夭 讴賳賳丿. 賵賱蹖 賴蹖趩 賵賯鬲 亘賴 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲 爻賱賵賱蹖/賲賵賱讴賵賱蹖 丕蹖賳 倬丿蹖丿賴 賮讴乇 賳讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿賲. 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲蹖 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 亘賴 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 賵賱蹖 丕夭 賳馗乇 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж�/鬲讴丕賲賱蹖 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕賱亘 丌賲丿. 賴賲蹖賳鈥屫焚堌� 鬲丕乇蹖禺趩賴鈥屫й� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 爻賳丿乇賲 賲乇诏 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 卮蹖乇禺賵丕乇丕賳 (SIDS) 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴 讴賴 賳卮賳蹖丿賴 亘賵丿賲 賵 亘乇丕蹖賲 亘爻蹖 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿.
丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲乇噩賲賴
讴鬲丕亘 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵亘蹖 丿丕乇丿. 賳卮乇 賳賵蹖賳 丕噩丕夭賴鈥屰� 乇爻賲蹖 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 丌孬丕乇 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 丕賯丿丕賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲孬亘鬲蹖 丕爻鬲 (讴丕卮 乇賵夭蹖 賯賵丕賳蹖賳 讴倬蹖鈥屫必й屫� 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賲賱讴鬲 賴賲賴鈥屭屫� 卮賵丿) 賲鬲乇噩賲賽 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫促嗀ж迟� 賵賱蹖 诏賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 鬲丨氐蹖賱丕鬲 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖/賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖/倬夭卮讴蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 趩賵賳 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 丕夭 毓賴丿賴鈥屰� 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丕氐胤賱丕丨丕鬲 鬲禺氐氐蹖賽 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲. (賵丕讴賳卮 fight and flight 乇丕 芦爻鬲蹖夭 賵 诏乇蹖夭禄 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴賳蹖丿 賲鬲乇噩賲丕賳 毓夭蹖夭! 賯卮賳诏鬲乇 丕爻鬲!)
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕锟斤拷 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲卮賴賵乇貙 亘丕 賮賳賵賳 賵 賲賴丕乇鬲鈥屬囏й� 倬乇賮乇賵卮 卮丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 毓賱賲蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴貙 丌卮賳丕爻鬲.
亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 鬲禺氐氐蹖 讴鬲丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘賽 毓丕賲 亘賳賵蹖爻蹖丿 亘丕蹖丿 趩賳丿 趩蹖夭 乇丕 乇毓丕蹖鬲 讴賳蹖丿:
丕賵賱 貙 夭亘丕賳賽 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 爻丕丿賴 讴賳蹖丿 (賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 賯乇丕乇 賳蹖爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘賽 鬲禺氐氐蹖賽 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 亘禺賵丕賳丿)
賲賴賲鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳貙 丕诏乇 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囒屫� 丿乇 丕蹖賳 噩賵乇 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屰� 賲賵賮賯蹖 亘丕卮蹖丿貙 亘丕蹖丿 乇賵丕蹖鬲诏乇 禺賵亘蹖 賴賲 亘丕卮蹖丿貙 (賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 丕诏乇 丨賵氐賱賴鈥屰� 禺賵丕賳丿賳 倬丕賳氐丿 氐賮丨賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖 賵 倬丕鬲賵賱賵跇蹖賽 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿丕卮鬲貙 丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 賴賲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й� 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 賲蹖鈥屫辟佖�!) 丕蹖賳 乇賵丕蹖鬲 噩匕丕亘 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 丿乇 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 讴爻丕賱鬲鈥屫①堌� 丕爻鬲貙 賴賲乇丕賴 讴賳丿.
丕诏乇 讴賲蹖 卮賵禺蹖 賴賲 趩丕卮賳蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫з� 讴賳蹖丿 讴賴 趩賴 亘賴鬲乇貙 禺爻鬲诏蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й� 毓賱賲蹖賽 卮賲丕 丿乇賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丿乇 毓賱賵賲 賲禺鬲賱賮 爻乇丕睾 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕氐賵賱 乇丕 乇毓丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賴賲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
亘丿亘蹖賳蹖
賲卮讴賱蹖 讴賴 賲賳 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丕禺蹖乇 亘丕 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 倬蹖丿丕 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з呚� 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 爻丕丿賴鈥屫池ж槽� 賵 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬矩必ж槽屬� 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 毓賱賲蹖貙 乇丕賴 亘乇丕蹖 丕乇丕卅賴 賲胤丕賱亘 賳丕丿乇爻鬲貙 卮亘賴 毓賱賲蹖 賵 讴賲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇貙 亘丕夭 丕爻鬲. 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕乇丕卅賴鈥屰� 丿乇爻鬲 賲胤丕賱亘 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 賵 毓賱賲蹖 亘賴 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲貙 賲賴丕乇鬲蹖 噩丿丕 丕夭 丿丕賳卮 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕爻鬲. 丨鬲蹖 丕诏乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屸€屰� 賲丕 鬲毓丕乇囟 賲賳丕賮毓 賲丕賱蹖 賵 賲毓賳賵蹖 亘丕 賲賵囟賵毓賽 讴鬲丕亘 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 讴丕賲賱丕 亘蹖鈥屫坟辟� 亘丕卮丿 (讴賴 趩賳蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屫й� 亘爻蹖丕乇 賳丕丿乇 丕爻鬲) 亘丕夭 賴賲 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賲卮賴賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丿乇 賲毓鬲亘乇鬲乇蹖賳 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴鈥屬囏й� 丿賳蹖丕 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賴賳诏丕賲 賳賵卮鬲賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲貙 丿乇 丿丕賲賽 丕丿毓丕賴丕蹖 睾蹖乇毓賱賲蹖 賵 卮亘賴鈥屬愗官勝呟� 亘蹖賮鬲賳丿.
賵賯鬲蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 丿爻鬲卮 亘乇丕蹖 丕乇鬲讴丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴鈥屬囏� 亘丕夭 丕爻鬲. 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賳馗乇 卮禺氐蹖鈥屫ж� 乇丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲胤賱亘賽 毓賱賲蹖賽 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖丕賵乇丿. 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳丿 讴賴 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 毓賱賲蹖 讴賲蹖 丿丕乇賳丿 蹖丕 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 亘丕 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 毓賱賲蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 亘诏蹖乇丿貙 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й屰� 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 丿爻鬲讴丕乇蹖 丌賲丕乇 蹖丕 亘蹖丕賳 诏夭丕乇賴鈥屬囏й� 卮亘賴賽鈥屫官勝呟� 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿.
賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳鈥� 丨乇賮鈥屬囏� 乇丕 夭丿賲 讴賴 亘诏賵蹖賲 賲賳 亘丕 亘丿亘蹖賳蹖賽 鬲賲丕賲 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賮鬲賲 (亘賴 禺氐賵氐 亘丕 卮賳蹖丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕丿毓丕賴丕蹖 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 賲氐丕丨亘賴鈥屬囏й屫� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 讴鬲丕亘 丌禺乇卮貙 芦賲丨鬲賵賲禄)
亘丕 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴貙 讴鬲丕亘賽 丨丕囟乇 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 趩蹖夭蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲.
禺賵卮亘蹖賳蹖
亘丕 賵噩賵丿 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 诏乇賮鬲貙 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 趩賳丿 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賲孬亘鬲 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫� 禺賵卮亘蹖賳 讴賳丿. 丕賵賱 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕賵 亘丕乇賴丕 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 讴賴 亘丕 乇賵卮 鬲丨賯蹖賯 毓賱賲蹖 丿乇 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖 (賵 賲丨丿賵丿蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 丌賳) 丌卮賳丕爻鬲. 丕賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 鬲毓丿丕丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 毓賱賲蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丕卮讴賱丕鬲卮丕賳 乇丕 诏賵卮夭丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕夭 讴賲 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 亘賵丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 爻禺賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 讴賴 讴丕乇丌夭賲丕蹖蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘丕賱蹖賳蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丌夭賲賵丿賳 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏� 賲丨丿賵丿蹖鬲鈥屬囏й屰� 丿丕乇賳丿 賵 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屰� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕 丿蹖丿賴鈥屰� 卮讴 賵 鬲乇丿蹖丿 賲蹖鈥屬嗂必�. 賲賳 丕蹖賳 賳诏丕賴賽 (亘賴 賯賵賱 賳爻蹖賲 胤丕賱亘) 卮讴鈥屭必й� (skeptical) 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩迟嗀呚� (诏乇趩賴 亘丕夭 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 丕毓鬲賲丕丿 讴丕賲賱 亘賴 蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 讴丕賮蹖 賳蹖爻鬲). 賵賯鬲蹖 禺賵丿卮 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 芦爻丕丿賴鈥屫池ж槽屬� 丕蹖丿賴鈥屬囏й� 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴禄 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 亘丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屫й� 賲賵丕噩賴賲 讴賴 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 禺胤乇丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賳賵卮鬲賳 趩賳蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й屰� 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丌卮賳丕爻鬲. 賵賯鬲蹖 丌賳鈥屬傌� 鬲賵丕囟毓賽 賮讴乇蹖 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 芦丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲胤丕賱亘 鬲禺氐氐 讴丕賮蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖乇 丿丕賳卮賲賳丿丕賳 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丌賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 賲卮賵乇鬲 讴乇丿賴禄 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 亘蹖卮鬲乇 乇賵蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й屫� 丨爻丕亘 讴賳賲.
丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘
亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕賵賱蹖賳 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 賱丕夭賲 丕爻鬲 賲禺丕胤亘 賮丕乇爻蹖 夭亘丕賳 亘賴 丌賳 鬲賵噩賴 讴賳丿貙 鬲賮丕賵鬲 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘 (anxiety) 丕爻鬲. 鬲毓乇蹖賮鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丕夭 賴乇 丿賵 丕氐胤賱丕丨 丌賵乇丿賴 卮丿賴 賵 卮丕蹖丿 鬲毓乇蹖賮 讴丕賲賱蹖 賴賲 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 賵賱蹖 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 丌賳 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗀� 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賱蹖 丕爻鬲. 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲賮氐賱 丕爻鬲乇爻賽 賲賵乇丿 賳馗乇 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿貙 賵賱蹖 亘丕蹖丿 丕卮丕乇賴 讴賳賲 讴賴 亘丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤蹖賮 賵爻蹖毓蹖 丕夭 賴蹖噩丕賳丕鬲 賵 丕丨爻丕爻丕鬲 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丿乇 亘乇 亘诏蹖乇丿. 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖賽 噩爻賲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 蹖讴 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕卮丿貙 丿乇丿 卮丿蹖丿 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕卮丿貙 爻賵诏 丕爻鬲乇爻 丕爻鬲貙 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖貙 乇賳噩貙 賵 丕賳賵丕毓 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕囟胤乇丕亘 賴賲 胤亘賯賽 鬲毓乇蹖賮賽 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁嗀� 賳賵毓蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 卮賲丕乇 丌蹖賳丿.
禺賱丕氐賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕亘鬲丿丕 讴賲蹖 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖賽 丕爻鬲乇爻 氐丨亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丿乇 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 亘毓丿蹖 丕夭 丕孬乇丕鬲 賲賮蹖丿 蹖丕 賵蹖乇丕賳诏乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘丿賳 爻禺賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 賵 丿乇 趩賳丿 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 亘乇 乇賵蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 丌賳 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池�. 丕賲丕 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賲賮賴賵賲蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賴賲丕賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 毓賳賵丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴: 芦趩乇丕 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀熉�
诏賵乇禺乇賴丕蹖蹖 亘丿賵賳 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲夭賲賳
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖讴 賵丕讴賳卮 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖讴 賵 胤亘蹖毓蹖 丿乇 亘丿賳 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丨丕丿 亘賴 亘賯丕蹖 噩丕賳丿丕乇 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 賲孬賱丕 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 诏賵乇禺乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 蹖讴 卮蹖乇 亘賴 丕賵 丨賲賱賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 丕爻鬲乇爻 賮毓丕賱 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 賵 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 诏賵乇禺乇 亘賴鬲乇 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 賮乇丕乇 讴賳丿 賵 卮丕賳爻 亘賯丕蹖卮 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵丿. 丕賲丕 鬲賵噩賴 讴賳蹖丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮乇丕蹖胤賽 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屫藏� 亘蹖卮 丕夭 趩賳丿 丿賯蹖賯賴 胤賵賱 賳賲蹖鈥屭┴簇� 賵 诏賵乇禺乇 賯氐賴鈥屰� 賲丕 倬爻 丕夭 賮乇丕乇貙 夭賳丿诏丕賳蹖賽 禺賵卮賽 禺賵丿 乇丕 丕夭 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫必�! 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘賴 胤賵乇 胤亘蹖毓蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕囟胤乇丕乇蹖 丿乇 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏ж� 賲丕 趩賳丕賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇诏蹖乇 噩賴丕賳蹖 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 亘丕 毓賵丕賲賱 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屫藏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 鬲亘丿蹖賱 卮丿賴 亘賴 蹖讴 倬丿蹖丿賴鈥屰� 賲夭賲賳 賵 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賲丿鬲. 亘丿賳賽 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 鬲噩乇亘賴鈥屰� 讴賵鬲丕賴 賲丿鬲賽 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤乇丕丨蹖 卮丿賴鈥� 丕爻鬲貙 賳賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賲丿鬲. 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 丿趩丕乇 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇鬲亘胤 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀� 賵賱蹖 賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬�.
丕爻鬲乇爻賽 乇賵丕賳蹖賽 倬丕蹖丿丕乇 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 賲丿乇賳蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 胤賵乇 毓賲丿賴 亘賴 丕賳爻丕賳 賵 爻丕蹖乇 賳禺爻鬲蹖鈥屬囏й� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲丨丿賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賲丕 賯丕丿乇蹖賲 賴蹖噩丕賳丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 卮丿蹖丿蹖 乇丕 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 氐乇賮丕賸 賲丨丿賵丿 亘賴 丕賮讴丕乇賲丕賳 賴爻鬲賳丿.
丕爻鬲乇爻 賲丿丕賵賲 蹖丕 賲讴乇乇 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 胤乇賯 亘蹖鈥屫促呚ж臂� 亘丿賳 賲丕 乇丕 丌爻蹖亘鈥屬矩佰屫� 讴賳丿.
丕爻鬲乇爻 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 爻丕丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲
賴賲丕賳胤賵乇 讴賴 丿乇 賮氐賱鈥屬囏й� 丕賵賱 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴貙 賮毓丕賱 卮丿賳 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 亘丿賳 噩丕賳賵乇丕賳貙 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏р€屰� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲蹖 丿丕乇丿貙 丿乇 蹖讴 賳诏丕賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 鬲賯賱蹖賱鈥屭必й屫з嗁�: 毓氐亘蹖貙 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖貙 賵 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж�.
丿乇 賲賵乇丿 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖 賵 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 趩蹖夭鈥屬囏й� 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬�. 丌賳趩賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖 賵 賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 丌賵乇丿賴貙 賲胤丕賱亘蹖 賳爻亘鬲丕賸 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丿乇 毓賱賲 丕賲乇賵夭 賴爻鬲賳丿 (诏乇趩賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲 讴賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賳賯卮 賳賵乇賵鬲乇丕賳爻賲蹖鬲乇賴丕 賵 丿丕乇賵賴丕蹖 賲賵孬乇 亘乇 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 爻丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丕禺蹖乇 亘丨孬 賵 噩丿賱鈥屬囏й屰� 丿乇诏乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 讴賱蹖鬲 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賯丕亘賱 賯亘賵賱 丕爻鬲)
丕賲丕 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲鈥屬囏й� 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж屫� 賲卮讴賱 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丕 亘丕 趩賳丕賳 爻蹖爻鬲賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴鈥屫й� (匕賴賳 丕賳爻丕賳) 爻乇 賵 讴丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 賲胤乇丨 乇丕 賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 乇丿 讴乇丿 賵 賳賴 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲. 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賮乇囟蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 賳賴 亘賴 丿乇爻鬲蹖 賯丕亘賱 丌夭賲賵丿賳鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賳賴 丕亘胤丕賱鈥屬矩佰屫�. (賲孬賱丕 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮乇賵蹖丿 賴賲趩賳丕賳 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 丿賵丌鬲卮賴 賵 賲禺丕賱賮丕賳 丿賵丌鬲卮賴 丿丕乇丿貙 賲卮讴賱 丕蹖賳噩丕爻鬲 讴賴 丌夭賲賵丿賳賽 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 賮乇賵蹖丿 丿卮賵丕乇 蹖丕 賳丕賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲)
賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 诏賮鬲 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 鬲丕 丨丿 禺賵亘蹖 亘賴 亘丨孬鈥屬囏й� 毓氐亘蹖/賴賵乇賲賵賳蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賵 丕夭 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲亘丕丨孬 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 賲卮讴賵讴 (賲孬賱丕 亘賴 賯賵賱 禺賵丿卮 芦趩乇賳丿蹖丕鬲 乇賵丕賳讴丕賵丕賳賴禄貙 亘賱賴貙 馗丕賴乇丕賸 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕夭 胤乇賮丿丕乇丕賳 賮乇賵蹖丿 賳蹖爻鬲!) 诏匕乇 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲.
乇賳噩賽 鬲賳賴丕蹖蹖/丨賲丕蹖鬲賽 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖
亘賴 賳馗乇賲 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賵 賲賵乇丿 鬲賵丕賮賯鈥屫臂屬� 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 丕爻鬲. 丿丕卮鬲賳賽 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖丿 亘丕 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖鈥屬囏й屫з� 氐丨亘鬲 讴賳蹖丿貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲讴鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 亘丕卮丿. 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕毓囟丕蹖 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴貙 倬丕乇鬲賳乇貙 蹖讴 丿賵爻鬲 氐賲蹖賲蹖貙 蹖丕 鬲乇丕倬蹖爻鬲 卮賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 丕蹖賳 丨丕賲蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 亘丕卮丿. 賲賴賲 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘賴鬲乇 讴賳丿. (亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕賮乇丕丿 蹖丕 噩賲毓鈥屬囏� 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘丿鬲乇 讴賳賳丿)
丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丿乇 丕亘毓丕丿 亘夭乇诏鬲乇 賴賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿貙 丕夭 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲丨蹖胤 讴丕乇蹖賽 丿賵爻鬲丕賳賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 诏乇賵賴鈥屬囏й� 丨賲丕蹖鬲 丕夭 乇賳噩鈥屫屫з�.
賵囟毓蹖鬲 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖-丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 (socioeconomic)
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 賮氐賱 賴賮丿賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 亘賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴鈥屰� 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘賽 噩丿丕诏丕賳賴 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丿丕乇丿: 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵囟毓蹖鬲 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲蹖.
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賮丕讴鬲賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 胤賵乇 賯胤毓 丌賳 乇丕 毓丕賲賱 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴 丿丕賳爻鬲貙 芦賮賯乇禄 丕爻鬲. 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮 亘丕 賲讴丕鬲亘 賮讴乇蹖 賵 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 诏賵賳丕诏賵賳 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丕卮丕乇賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 讴賴 賮賯乇 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲夭賲賳 卮賵丿. 賲爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 鬲丕孬蹖乇诏匕丕乇蹖 賮賯乇 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕卮丕乇賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 禺胤乇 賮賯乇 鬲丕孬蹖乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇 爻賱丕賲鬲蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 賵 亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 毓丕賲賱 禺胤乇 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲 丿乇賲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 乇賮鬲丕乇蹖 丕爻鬲. 丕诏乇 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囒屫� 卮丕賳爻 夭賳丿诏蹖 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 賵 爻丕賱賲 乇丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丿賴蹖丿貙 賮賯蹖乇 賳亘丕卮蹖丿.
丕蹖賳 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屰� 芦賮賯蹖乇 賳亘丕卮蹖丿禄 賴賲 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲貙 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 鬲丕孬蹖乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 賮乇丿 丿乇 胤賵賱 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘乇 賵囟毓蹖鬲 爻賱丕賲鬲卮 丕賳讴丕乇賳丕倬匕蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 噩丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕蹖賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 (賵 丌賲蹖禺鬲賴 亘賴 卮賵禺蹖) 乇丕 蹖讴 诏丕賲 倬蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ必� 賵 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 芦丿乇 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴鈥屰� 倬賵賱丿丕乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘蹖丕蹖蹖丿!禄 賵 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池�:
丕诏乇 賮賯蹖乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘蹖丕蹖蹖丿貙 丕賲丕 丿乇 爻賴 賴賮鬲诏蹖 丿乇 賯乇毓賴鈥屭┴篡� 亘乇賳丿賴 卮賵蹖丿 賵 亘賯蹖賴鈥屰� 毓賲乇鬲丕賳 乇丕 亘丕 丿賵賳丕賱丿 鬲乇丕賲倬 亘賴 氐乇賮 卮丕賲 亘诏匕乇丕賳蹖丿貙 賴賲趩賳丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 亘丕賯蹖 毓賲乇鬲丕賳 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 丨賵夭賴鈥屬囏� 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丌賲丕乇蹖賽 禺胤乇 丕亘鬲賱丕 亘賴 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 乇丕 禺賵丕賴蹖丿 丿丕卮鬲.
爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 亘丨孬蹖 乇丕 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 丕亘賴丕賲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 亘丕賯蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 丕夭 亘丨孬鈥屬囏й� 乇丕蹖噩 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻鬲蹖/讴丕倬蹖鬲丕賱蹖爻鬲蹖 丿乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖 賮丕氐賱賴 亘诏蹖乇丿. 丕诏乇趩賴 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 丕賵 胤乇賮丿丕乇 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲 (賲丕賳賳丿 丌賳趩賴 丿乇 讴丕賳丕丿丕 蹖丕 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿) 賵 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 丕夭 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 诏賱丕蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲賳 賯氐丿 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 賲毓丕蹖亘 賵 賲夭丕蹖丕蹖 爻蹖爻鬲賲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖賽 丿賵賱鬲蹖 蹖丕 禺氐賵氐蹖 賵 亘蹖賲賴鈥屬囏й� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賲貙 丕賲丕 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕亘賴丕賲 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
賲孬賱丕 丕卮丕乇賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賮賯乇 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 亘丿賵賳 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 亘丕毓孬 讴丕賴卮 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 亘賴 禺丿賲丕鬲 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖/丿乇賲丕賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 趩賳丿 氐賮丨賴 亘毓丿 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 (亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 讴卮賵乇蹖 丿丕乇丕蹖 亘蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖) 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 亘蹖賲賴鈥屬囏й� 賴賲诏丕賳蹖 亘丕毓孬 亘丿鬲乇 卮丿賳 丿爻鬲乇爻蹖 丕賮乇丕丿 賮賯蹖乇 亘賴 賲乇丕賯亘鬲鈥屬囏й� 亘賴丿丕卮鬲蹖/丿乇賲丕賳蹖 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�!
丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲兀孬蹖乇 芦賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲 丕賮乇丕丿 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池� 趩賳丿 氐賮丨賴 亘毓丿 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲蹖 乇丕 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥岋拷锟劫囏� 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 芦丕丨爻丕爻 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 賲賴賲鬲乇 丕夭 禺賵丿賽 賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 爻胤丨 噩賴丕賳蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘蹖賳 芦賳丕亘乇丕亘乇蹖禄 賵 芦賵囟毓蹖鬲 爻賱丕賲鬲禄 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵丕囟丨蹖 賲卮丕賴丿賴 讴乇丿.
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕夭 亘毓囟蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屬囏й� 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 賮氐賱 賴賮丿賴賲 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屰� 乇賵卮賳蹖 乇爻蹖丿 讴賴 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丕賯鬲氐丕丿 賵 爻賱丕賲鬲 鬲禺氐氐賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賳丿丕乇丿貙 賵賱蹖 亘丿賵賳 卮讴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 诏賮鬲 芦賮賯乇禄 鬲丕孬蹖乇 賵丕囟丨蹖 亘乇 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 讴丕賴卮 爻賱丕賲鬲 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必�.
亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 賲賮蹖丿鬲乇
乇丕爻鬲卮 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 爻賴 爻鬲丕乇賴 亘丿賴賲貙 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 毓蹖亘 賵 丕蹖乇丕丿 賳蹖爻鬲. 丿乇 賵丕賯毓 賲賳 賴賳诏丕賲 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 丕蹖乇丕丿丕鬲 賵 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 乇賵蹖 讴丕睾匕 賳賵卮鬲賲 賵 丨丕賱丕 讴丕睾匕蹖 噩賱賵蹖賲 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 噩賲賱丕鬲 毓噩蹖亘 賵 睾乇蹖亘 賵 诏夭丕乇賴鈥屬囏� 蹖丕 賳鬲蹖噩賴鈥屭屫臂屸€屬囏й� 賳丕丿乇爻鬲蹖 讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賵乇丿賴 乇賵蹖卮 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 賵 賯氐丿 丿丕卮鬲賲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 丿乇 乇蹖賵蹖賵 亘賳賵蹖爻賲. 賵賱蹖 丿丕乇賲 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 禺賵亘蹖鈥屬囏� 賵 賲胤丕賱亘 賲賮蹖丿 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿蹖丿 賵 丕夭 丕卮讴丕賱丕鬲 丕賳诏卮鬲鈥屫促呚ж辟� 讴鬲丕亘 讴賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賴賲 亘乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 趩卮賲鈥屬举堌篡� 讴乇丿. 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬� 讴賴 丕诏乇 亘丕 賳诏丕賴蹖 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴賳蹖賲貙 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 毓蹖亘 賵 丕蹖乇丕丿 賳蹖爻鬲.
亘賴 毓賱丕賵賴 賮讴乇 讴乇丿賲 卮丕蹖丿 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 賲丕 賲賮蹖丿鬲乇 丕夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 睾乇亘蹖 亘丕卮丿. 丿乇爻鬲 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖讴 鬲乇賽賳丿賽 噩賴丕賳蹖 卮丿賴 賵 亘丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 噩賴丕賳 賵 诏爻鬲乇卮 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 卮亘讴賴鈥屬囏й� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖貙 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲賵囟賵毓蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 夭蹖丕丿 亘賴 丌賳 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� (賲孬賱丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й� 賲毓乇賵賮蹖 讴賴 爻丕賱 诏匕卮鬲賴 趩丕倬 卮丿賴貙 讴鬲丕亘 芦賳爻賱 賲囟胤乇亘禄 丕孬乇 噩丕賳丕鬲丕賳 賴丕蹖鬲 丕爻鬲) 賵賱蹖 賵囟毓蹖鬲 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 賵禺蹖賲鈥屫� 賴賲 賴爻鬲. 賲丕 睾乇賯 丿乇 丕爻鬲乇爻蹖賲 賵 賱丕夭賲 賳蹖爻鬲 丌丿賲 賳丕亘睾賴 亘丕卮丿 鬲丕 賮卮丕乇 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 丕夭 丕爻鬲乇爻 乇丕 亘乇 賲乇丿賲 亘亘蹖賳丿. 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴乇 乇賵夭 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 賵 乇賳噩 乇丕 丿乇 亘乇禺賵乇丿 亘丕 丌丿賲鈥屬囏� 丿蹖丿貙 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賲賵賯毓 乇丕賳賳丿诏蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 卮蹖賵賴鈥屰� 乇丕賳賳丿诏蹖卮丕賳 爻賳噩蹖丿.
丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 毓賵丕賲賱 賲賵孬乇 亘乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇乇爻蹖 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賲孬賱 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屸€屬矩佰屫臂屬� 卮乇丕蹖胤貙 賯丿乇鬲 讴賳鬲乇賱賽 卮乇丕蹖胤貙 卮乇丕蹖胤賽 丕賯鬲氐丕丿蹖 賵 賮賯乇. 賲丕 趩賳丕賳 丿乇 丨丕賱 爻賯賵胤蹖賲 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻 賴乇賱丨馗賴 诏賱賵蹖 賲乇丿賲賲丕賳 乇丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屬佖簇ж必�. 賲乇丿賲蹖 讴賴 賴乇 賱丨馗賴 亘丕蹖丿 趩卮賲卮丕賳 亘賴 賯蹖賲鬲 賵 賴夭蹖賳賴鈥屰� 賳蹖丕夭賴丕蹖 丕賵賱蹖賴鈥屰� 夭賳丿诏蹖卮丕賳 亘丕卮丿貙 丕禺亘丕乇 賵丨卮鬲賳丕讴蹖 乇丕 鬲丨賲賱 讴賳賳丿 賵 丨鬲蹖 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丨賲賱賴鈥屰� 賳馗丕賲蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 卮乇丕蹖胤 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屸€屬矩佰屫臂� 賵 賯丿乇鬲 讴賳鬲乇賱 卮乇丕蹖胤 賵 賮賯乇 丿乇 賵禺蹖賲鈥屫臂屬� 丨丕賱鬲 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 賵 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賲乇丿賲 賲丕 夭蹖乇 賮卮丕乇 乇賳噩 賵 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 丨丕賱 賱賴鈥屫簇嗏€屫з嗀�.
丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 亘丿 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕孬乇丕鬲 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丌賳 丌卮賳丕 卮賵蹖賲. 賯氐丿 賳爻禺賴鈥屬聚屭嗃� 賳丿丕乇賲貙 賴賲丕賳胤賵乇 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 卮乇丕蹖胤 賲丕 賯丕亘賱 讴賳鬲乇賱 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貙 賵賱蹖 賴賲趩賳丕賳 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丿丕賳爻鬲賳 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕爻鬲乇爻 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲. 禺賵丿賲 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲丿鬲 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 丿趩丕乇 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 卮丿蹖丿鬲乇蹖賳 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屫з� 卮丿賲 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 鬲丕孬蹖乇丕鬲蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴貙 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 鬲噩乇亘賴 讴乇丿賲. 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲讴 讴乇丿 讴賲蹖 亘賴鬲乇 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇禺賵乇丿 讴賳賲.
丿乇 囟賲賳 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 蹖讴 丌鬲卅蹖爻鬲 丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 亘丨孬 讴賵鬲丕賴蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 丿蹖賳 賵 賲毓賳賵蹖鬲 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴賴 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 賲胤丕賱毓丕鬲 爻賵诏蹖乇丕賳賴鈥屰� 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 賲爻賱賲丕賳 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕亘胤賴 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 賵 鬲賮丕賵鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 丿蹖賳 亘丕 賲毓賳賵蹖鬲 (spirituality) 賳蹖夭 賲毓賲賵賱丕 丿乇 讴卮賵乇 賲丕 (賲鬲丕爻賮丕賳賴 丨鬲蹖 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳 噩丕賲毓賴鈥屰� 毓賱賲蹖) 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 趩賴 讴爻丕賳蹖 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁呚�
亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 賲賵賮賯 卮丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 毓賱賲蹖賽 噩匕丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 毓丕賲 亘賳賵蹖爻丿貙 丌蹖丕 鬲囟賲蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賴賲賴鈥屰� 賲禺丕胤亘丕賳 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇賳丿責 丕賱亘鬲賴 讴賴 賳賴! 亘丕 賵噩賵丿 丕蹖賳讴賴 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕賵蹖 賲丕賴乇蹖 丕爻鬲貙 賵賱蹖 賲賳 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й� 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿蹖丿賴鈥屫з� 讴賴 丨賵氐賱賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳噩賵乇 賲胤丕賱亘 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賳丿. 丿賵爻鬲丕賳蹖 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 匕賴賳卮丕賳貙 匕賴賳 乇蹖丕囟蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 賲丨丕爻亘賴 賵 賲賴賳丿爻蹖 賳丕亘睾賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵賱蹖 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賴 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж驰� 蹖丕 賲亘丕丨孬 倬夭卮讴蹖 賲蹖鈥屫必迟嗀� 丨丕賱卮丕賳 亘賴 賴賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌必�! 倬爻 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丕诏乇 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖貙 亘丿賳 丕賳爻丕賳貙 鬲讴丕賲賱 賵 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲蹖 噩丕賱亘 賴爻鬲賳丿貙 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇賵蹖丿.
亘禺卮 亘夭乇诏蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖 賵 倬丕鬲賵賱賵跇蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻 丕爻鬲 賵 丕诏乇 鬲丨氐蹖賱丕鬲鬲丕賳 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж驰�/賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖/毓賱賵賲 倬夭卮讴蹖 亘丕卮丿貙 亘丿賵賳 卮讴 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 禺賵丕賴賳丿 亘賵丿貙 丕賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁� 賯賵賱 丿賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲趩賳丕賳 丨乇賮鈥屬囏й� 鬲丕夭賴 賵 噩丕賱亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 禺賵丕賴丿 丿丕卮鬲. 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿賲 亘禺卮鈥屬囏й� 鬲丕乇蹖禺 毓賱賲 賵 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 毓賱賲蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿. 賲賳 丕夭 丿賵乇丕賳 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘丕乇賴丕 卮賳蹖丿賴 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賴 亘賵丿賲 讴賴 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賵蹖乇賵爻鈥屬囏� 賲孬賱 毓丕賲賱 鬲亘禺丕賱 (HSV) 賵 毓丕賲賱 丌亘賱賴鈥屬呚必贺з� (VZV) 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗁嗀� 亘賴 賮丕夭 賳賴賮鬲賴 (latent) 亘乇賵賳丿 賵 丿乇 卮乇丕蹖胤 丕爻鬲乇爻 蹖丕 囟毓賮 丕蹖賲賳蹖 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘乇賵夭 讴賳賳丿. 賵賱蹖 賴蹖趩 賵賯鬲 亘賴 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲 爻賱賵賱蹖/賲賵賱讴賵賱蹖 丕蹖賳 倬丿蹖丿賴 賮讴乇 賳讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿賲. 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 賲讴丕賳蹖爻賲蹖 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 賲胤乇丨 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 亘賴 鬲丨賯蹖賯丕鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 賵賱蹖 丕夭 賳馗乇 夭蹖爻鬲鈥屫促嗀ж�/鬲讴丕賲賱蹖 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕賱亘 丌賲丿. 賴賲蹖賳鈥屫焚堌� 鬲丕乇蹖禺趩賴鈥屫й� 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 爻賳丿乇賲 賲乇诏 賳丕诏賴丕賳蹖 卮蹖乇禺賵丕乇丕賳 (SIDS) 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丌賲丿賴 讴賴 賳卮賳蹖丿賴 亘賵丿賲 賵 亘乇丕蹖賲 亘爻蹖 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿.
丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 鬲乇噩賲賴
讴鬲丕亘 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵亘蹖 丿丕乇丿. 賳卮乇 賳賵蹖賳 丕噩丕夭賴鈥屰� 乇爻賲蹖 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 丌孬丕乇 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 乇丕 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 丕賯丿丕賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲孬亘鬲蹖 丕爻鬲 (讴丕卮 乇賵夭蹖 賯賵丕賳蹖賳 讴倬蹖鈥屫必й屫� 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲賲賱讴鬲 賴賲賴鈥屭屫� 卮賵丿) 賲鬲乇噩賲賽 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫促嗀ж迟� 賵賱蹖 诏賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 鬲丨氐蹖賱丕鬲 丌讴丕丿賲蹖讴 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳賴鈥屰� 毓賱賵賲 夭蹖爻鬲蹖/賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖/倬夭卮讴蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 趩賵賳 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 丕夭 毓賴丿賴鈥屰� 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丕氐胤賱丕丨丕鬲 鬲禺氐氐蹖賽 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲. (賵丕讴賳卮 fight and flight 乇丕 芦爻鬲蹖夭 賵 诏乇蹖夭禄 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴賳蹖丿 賲鬲乇噩賲丕賳 毓夭蹖夭! 賯卮賳诏鬲乇 丕爻鬲!)
Want to read
April 6, 2020A very interesting book, but probably not one to read during a pandemic. Yeah, I know; you would think it would help. But somehow, talking about stress response, cortisol and anxiety during a time of world-wide physical and psychological stress response is actually a bit stressful.
It's somewhat technical, but readable. It walks the reader through different aspects of the body and normal physiological response. Although he relies on the extreme examples ("ancestors confronting lions"), the information contained is valid. I suppose that's one of the troubles with science-translation.
It's been updated twice since original publication. I feel like most of what it is saying isn't surprising, but I last intensively looked at stress response in the late 90s, so I'm wondering what more current thinking is.
It's somewhat technical, but readable. It walks the reader through different aspects of the body and normal physiological response. Although he relies on the extreme examples ("ancestors confronting lions"), the information contained is valid. I suppose that's one of the troubles with science-translation.
It's been updated twice since original publication. I feel like most of what it is saying isn't surprising, but I last intensively looked at stress response in the late 90s, so I'm wondering what more current thinking is.
April 13, 2017
Review it later.
September 21, 2007
I encountered a link to a speech by Sapolsky on Pharyngula, I think, and was immediately engaged by his speaking style. His books, or this one at least, is similarly easy to get into, and manages to discuss topics of fair complexity in an incredibly approachable way. He's clearly aware that his book might be read by a wide range of audiences, and strives to provide something for everyone. I'll definitely be working my way through the rest of his catalog.
The book is fascinating, too, although as he notes many times, thinking about and addressing stress is difficult, because trying to act to reduce stress can itself be stressful. As he elucidates what's currently known about the links between stress and disease, a lot of interesting things emerge, some of which are essentially throwaway trivia, like the idea that anti-depressant medication takes a while to work on people that are clinically depressed because of the physiological nature of depression; he doesn't really spell it out, but the obvious corollary is that is someone takes AD medication and instantly feels better, they're probably not actually depressed. This insight was immensely powerful to me in this over-prescribed age of ours.
The book is fascinating, too, although as he notes many times, thinking about and addressing stress is difficult, because trying to act to reduce stress can itself be stressful. As he elucidates what's currently known about the links between stress and disease, a lot of interesting things emerge, some of which are essentially throwaway trivia, like the idea that anti-depressant medication takes a while to work on people that are clinically depressed because of the physiological nature of depression; he doesn't really spell it out, but the obvious corollary is that is someone takes AD medication and instantly feels better, they're probably not actually depressed. This insight was immensely powerful to me in this over-prescribed age of ours.
December 29, 2011
This is hands down the best medical book I have ever read. In a series of memorable and highly amusing stories and anecdotes Sapolsky explains the complex biology behind why well known principles of psychology, religion, new age philosophy and even voodoo curses work.
The central story of the book is how the fight or flight response 鈥� the most powerful force that has shaped vertebrate evolution for hundreds of millions of years - is now being turned against modern humans through chronic stress and anxiety. He outlines how modern stress triggers that have nothing to do with immediate survival - whether brought on from traffic, bad bosses, bad relationships - can be linked to exacerbating the development of almost every modern epidemic from cancer to colitis, depression to dwarfism, diabetes to diarrhea, heart disease to infertility to immune disorders.
The book concludes with some stories about coping with stress, and the unique psychological profiles of the people who avoid the development of stress-related diseases and experience health improvements with aging in a process he calls 鈥渟uccessful aging.鈥�
The central story of the book is how the fight or flight response 鈥� the most powerful force that has shaped vertebrate evolution for hundreds of millions of years - is now being turned against modern humans through chronic stress and anxiety. He outlines how modern stress triggers that have nothing to do with immediate survival - whether brought on from traffic, bad bosses, bad relationships - can be linked to exacerbating the development of almost every modern epidemic from cancer to colitis, depression to dwarfism, diabetes to diarrhea, heart disease to infertility to immune disorders.
The book concludes with some stories about coping with stress, and the unique psychological profiles of the people who avoid the development of stress-related diseases and experience health improvements with aging in a process he calls 鈥渟uccessful aging.鈥�
April 11, 2025
丿賱賲 賳蹖賵賲丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲鬲乇 丕夭 鄞 爻鬲丕乇賴 亘丿賲! 亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘貙 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿乇 賲賵丕賯毓 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 丕囟胤乇丕亘貙 蹖讴 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿蹖诏賴 乇賵 賴賲 亘丕蹖丿 鬲丨賲賱 讴賳賴 賵 丕賵賳 丕蹖賳 丨賯蹖賯鬲賴 讴賴 丨丕賱丕 丕賵賳 賲蹖丿賵賳賴 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲乇爻 趩賴 亘賱丕賴丕蹖 賵丨卮鬲賳丕讴蹖 爻乇卮 賲蹖丕乇賴!!!
讴鬲丕亘 趩乇丕 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀� 賵丕賯毓丕賸 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賵賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й屰屬� 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖 亘丿賳貙 賲睾夭 賵 乇賵丕賳 丕賳爻丕賳 乇賵 亘賴 夭亘賵賳 禺蹖賱蹖 賯丕亘賱鈥屬佡囐� 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 胤賳夭丌賱賵丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴鈥屫臂屬� 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 毓賱賲蹖 乇賵 胤賵乇蹖 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘丿賴 讴賴 賴賲 毓賲蹖賯 亘丕卮賴貙 賴賲 賱匕鬲鈥屫ㄘ�.
趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 鬲賵 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 丿乇禺卮丕賳賴貙 鬲兀讴蹖丿卮賴 乇賵蹖 丕蹖賳 讴賴 亘丿賳 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 讴賵鬲丕賴鈥屬呚� 胤乇丕丨蹖 卮丿賴 (賲孬賱 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 卮蹖乇)貙 賵賱蹖 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳 賲丕 乇賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 亘賱賳丿賲丿鬲 (賲孬賱 丕噩丕乇賴鈥屫堎嗁囏� 乇賵丕亘胤 讴丕乇蹖貙 丌蹖賳丿賴貙 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖) 禺爻鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕毓孬 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 賲夭賲賳 賲孬賱 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴貙 賮卮丕乇 禺賵賳貙 丿蹖丕亘鬲 賳賵毓 鄄貙 蹖丕 丨鬲蹖 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿賴丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕蹖 睾賱亘賴 賵 賲丿蹖乇蹖鬲 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 丕禺鬲蹖丕乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 诏匕丕卮鬲賴. 乇丕賴鈥屫勨€屬囏й屰� 賲孬賱 賵乇夭卮貙賲丿蹖鬲蹖卮賳 賵 賲乇丕賯亘賴 賵 丿丕卮鬲賳 讴賳鬲乇賱 賵 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃� 倬匕蹖乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖! 丨丕賱丕 鬲丕 趩賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴 賲丕 亘鬲賵賳蹖賲 丕蹖賳 丕亘夭丕乇賴丕 乇賵 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 禺丿丕 賲蹖丿賵賳賴 !
鬲丕孬蹖乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇 乇賵丕賳 賵 噩爻賲 賵丕賯毓丕 賵丨卮鬲賳丕讴賴!
禺鬲賲 讴賱丕賲 亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕 睾蹖乇賲賲讴鬲賴 賲禺氐賵氐丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖丕賳 毓夭蹖夭貙 賵賱蹖 賱胤賮丕 丕夭 丕爻鬲乇爻 賮乇丕乇 讴賳蹖丿!
讴鬲丕亘 趩乇丕 诏賵乇禺乇賴丕 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀� 賵丕賯毓丕賸 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賵賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏й屰屬� 讴賴 丕爻鬲乇爻貙 賮蹖夭蹖賵賱賵跇蹖 亘丿賳貙 賲睾夭 賵 乇賵丕賳 丕賳爻丕賳 乇賵 亘賴 夭亘賵賳 禺蹖賱蹖 賯丕亘賱鈥屬佡囐� 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 胤賳夭丌賱賵丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 爻丕倬賵賱爻讴蹖 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴鈥屫臂屬� 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 毓賱賲蹖 乇賵 胤賵乇蹖 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘丿賴 讴賴 賴賲 毓賲蹖賯 亘丕卮賴貙 賴賲 賱匕鬲鈥屫ㄘ�.
趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 鬲賵 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 丿乇禺卮丕賳賴貙 鬲兀讴蹖丿卮賴 乇賵蹖 丕蹖賳 讴賴 亘丿賳 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 讴賵鬲丕賴鈥屬呚� 胤乇丕丨蹖 卮丿賴 (賲孬賱 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 卮蹖乇)貙 賵賱蹖 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲丿乇賳 賲丕 乇賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲乇爻鈥屬囏й� 亘賱賳丿賲丿鬲 (賲孬賱 丕噩丕乇賴鈥屫堎嗁囏� 乇賵丕亘胤 讴丕乇蹖貙 丌蹖賳丿賴貙 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖) 禺爻鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�. 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕毓孬 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 賲夭賲賳 賲孬賱 夭禺賲 賲毓丿賴貙 賮卮丕乇 禺賵賳貙 丿蹖丕亘鬲 賳賵毓 鄄貙 蹖丕 丨鬲蹖 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿賴丕蹖蹖 亘乇丕蹖 睾賱亘賴 賵 賲丿蹖乇蹖鬲 丕爻鬲乇爻 丿乇 丕禺鬲蹖丕乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 诏匕丕卮鬲賴. 乇丕賴鈥屫勨€屬囏й屰� 賲孬賱 賵乇夭卮貙賲丿蹖鬲蹖卮賳 賵 賲乇丕賯亘賴 賵 丿丕卮鬲賳 讴賳鬲乇賱 賵 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃� 倬匕蹖乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖! 丨丕賱丕 鬲丕 趩賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴 賲丕 亘鬲賵賳蹖賲 丕蹖賳 丕亘夭丕乇賴丕 乇賵 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 禺丿丕 賲蹖丿賵賳賴 !
鬲丕孬蹖乇 丕爻鬲乇爻 亘乇 乇賵丕賳 賵 噩爻賲 賵丕賯毓丕 賵丨卮鬲賳丕讴賴!
禺鬲賲 讴賱丕賲 亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕 睾蹖乇賲賲讴鬲賴 賲禺氐賵氐丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖丕賳 毓夭蹖夭貙 賵賱蹖 賱胤賮丕 丕夭 丕爻鬲乇爻 賮乇丕乇 讴賳蹖丿!
February 9, 2013
This is a book packed full of information on how stress can cause our body to go haywire. You will find explanation for how stress affects your weight, sleep, and health in general.
Although there are still lots of jargon and terms in the book that you will find alien, the explanation is given in the most simple way possible, making it an accessible material in general.
However, after reading through all the chapters on how stress can wreak havoc to our body, you don't actually get a lot of materials on how you can counter them.
So, this is a book on how stress can cause damage to your body. If you're looking for a solid book on recommendations to deal with stress, this might not be it.
To the author's credit, he is trying to be as accurate as possible, and therefore I believe he is trying his best to recommend the most scientifically accurate practice to deal with stress; and sadly, there may not be many, although there is a few practical one such as exercise and meditation.
Although there are still lots of jargon and terms in the book that you will find alien, the explanation is given in the most simple way possible, making it an accessible material in general.
However, after reading through all the chapters on how stress can wreak havoc to our body, you don't actually get a lot of materials on how you can counter them.
So, this is a book on how stress can cause damage to your body. If you're looking for a solid book on recommendations to deal with stress, this might not be it.
To the author's credit, he is trying to be as accurate as possible, and therefore I believe he is trying his best to recommend the most scientifically accurate practice to deal with stress; and sadly, there may not be many, although there is a few practical one such as exercise and meditation.
February 10, 2013
Sapolsky is god. He's a great writer. But he is an immortal lecturer. Youtube his Stanford classes and behold! Pure genius.
August 28, 2019
鈥淭he mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.鈥� 鈥� Paradise Lost, John Milton
I have always loved this quote from Paradise Lost. I have it written down in several notebooks, typed out on a sticky note on my laptop that I frequently scroll over, and even had it framed on the wall of my room when I lived with my parents. From the time I first read it, back in second year university, it became a sort of mantra for me, providing me with comfort and reassurance that even if times seemed particularly bad and I felt incredibly stressed, my mind was strong enough to control those feelings and to get me through whatever stressors I encountered.
But, what I have learned in the last year is that (sometimes鈥ften) the mind isn鈥檛 enough. Robert M. Sapolsky has a similar quote in his book Why Zebras Don鈥檛 Get Ulcers: 鈥淭o a certain extent, our perceptions and interpretations of events can determine whether the same external circumstances constitute heaven or hell鈥︹€� The crux of Sapolsky鈥檚 text, though, is that the mind isn鈥檛 always strong enough to overcome external circumstances and put them in perspective and, what鈥檚 more, sometimes the mind isn鈥檛 even capable of doing this sort of heavy lifting if there is a disorder or disease (such as depression or anxiety) that prevents it from doing so. To believe that the mind can persevere in all instances and actually change one鈥檚 perspective on reality 100% of the time is foolhardy and naive, and probably was incredibly detrimental to me back in university and had adverse effects on how I would learn to cope with stress as an adult. The point being that understanding stress and the science behind it is no simple task and certainly can鈥檛 be reduced to the belief that the mind, if persistent enough, can get a person through anything.
I don鈥檛 often read non-fiction books. In fact, I rarely read them, if ever. However, it seems that this year I have done a lot of reading of non-fiction and the main reason for this is that I have felt empowered and motivated recently to finally try to understand my anxiety. When it became evident, towards the end of my third trimester of pregnancy back this past March, that , I knew (partly because my doctors were telling me) that something had to give and that I needed to get a better handle on my anxious condition once and for all. Not only for my baby鈥檚 health, but also for my present and future well-being and overall happiness. Part of this process has involved seeing a psychiatrist and learning about meditation and mindfulness techniques. Part of it has been about exercising as often as possible and forcing myself to go out and interact with my friends and family members even when I don鈥檛 feel up for it. But, I have always been an avid learner, a true student at heart from the moment I entered my grade one classroom, and so I felt that I wanted to supplement my doctor鈥檚 appointments and daily activities with reading material that would allow me to come to grips with feelings I have had for my entire life. I never have put in the effort to truly understand my anxiety in this way, and I immediately picked up the self-help book Let That Sh*t Go by Kate Petriw and Nina Purewal hoping that it would be a quick and easy read that would at least help me feel a little bit better. It certainly did and it was good, but it wasn鈥檛 anything truly groundbreaking or earth-shattering and it didn鈥檛 by any means fundamentally change my perspective on anxiety. I next delved into a book recommended by my psychiatrist, Mind Over Mood, and this was of course a huge eye-opener to me in that it taught me the basics of cognitive behavioural therapy and worked wonders to help me reframe my insecurities and fears and better manage my heightened emotions. What I felt these two books lacked, though, was an explanation of what was going on in my brain, of the chemical, biological and physical mechanisms that were clearly contributing to my anxious state and probably had been since my birth. It was a desire to get to the bottom of these internal processes that led me to pick up Sapolsky鈥檚 book.
Why Zebras Don鈥檛 Get Ulcers is easily one of the best books I have ever read, of any genre or category. (That鈥檚 right, I鈥檓 putting it right up there with Jane Eyre although it is, naturally, a very different text!) I was utterly blown away by Sapolsky鈥檚 work, and as someone who has never studied psychology and who only studied science up until the end of high school, I was thoroughly impressed by how accessible and relatable he made the scientific explanations in this book. This type of text could easily become overwhelming, but Sapolsky is very careful to keep things manageable for his reader, and he even infuses dry humour, jokes and wit into the text (especially in his often unexpectedly hilarious footnotes, which are a must-read in themselves). He of course uses terminology like 鈥済lucocorticoids鈥� and names of 鈥渃atecholamines鈥� like 鈥渆pinephrine鈥� and 鈥渘orepinephrine鈥� often, but he uses them so frequently and explains them so thoroughly that the reader gets the sense, by the end of the book, that these concepts aren鈥檛 all that incomprehensible.听
I also made a conscious effort to take my time while reading this book, not because it felt dense at all, but because it did feel heavy. I admit, it was an emotional read for me because I could so easily and fundamentally relate to the findings that Sapolsky examined; I became one of the test subjects he discussed because I recognized how my experiences fit into the results and conclusions. On the one hand, it was nice to know that there is a scientific explanation for why I feel a certain way, but it was also jarring and terrifying to be confronted with so much evidence and research to explain something that I have kind of taken for granted for my entire life. It made my anxiety feel that much more real and that much more difficult to ignore.
Chapter 15, thus, became an incredibly meaningful chapter for me as it investigated anxiety disorders and the personality types that lend themselves to these sorts of disorders. Needless to say, I checked pretty much every box, and that was, as I mentioned, both liberating and scary. There was this sense, as I read, that Sapolsky just understood ME, on a fundamental level, and again, while it was nice to know that I am not alone in any of my feelings, it was also emotional. It made me even more moved when Sapolsky began to call anxiety a 鈥渄isease鈥� and distinguished it from chronic stress as being rooted in 鈥渁 cognitive distortion鈥�. Sapolsky posits that, whereas chronic stress is normally a response to an actually perceived external stressor (whether physiological or psychological), anxiety can arise due to stressors that are entirely imagined. This is definitely in-line with my own personal experiences, and while I appreciated the understanding Sapolsky鈥檚 description provided to me, no one ever wants to hear that they suffer from a disease. That鈥檚 not an easy pill to swallow, and I found myself realizing that I even exhibited anxious tendencies and behaviours as a young child (such as obsessive thinking and phobias) and becoming a bit saddened and melancholy about this. With my increased knowledge certainly came a better understanding of myself, but this wasn鈥檛 always a pleasant experience to be sure.
What I did gain, most definitely, was a better comprehension of the biology of anxiety and a greater appreciation of the fact that it is a physical, scientific condition rooted in the brain. I鈥檝e always known deep down that my anxiety is not something I have very much (if any) control over, but it is easy to believe, when something is a mental struggle, that if you can just be stronger, you can get past it. That is, after all, what Milton suggests and that quote from Paradise Lost is still one of my favourites. What is important to remember, however, is that mental illnesses are in fact just as physical as clearly physical ones, and although I always had an inkling of that, Sapolsky鈥檚 book solidified it for me. It made it clear to me that I shouldn鈥檛 be hard on myself, that I might not be able to conquer this all on my own, and that is okay. It made me realize that, just as I would seek help for a broken leg, there is nothing at all embarrassing or shameful about seeking help for a troubled mind. On the contrary, it is actually quite important and necessary.
I鈥檇 like to close my review with a few quotes that particularly spoke to me from Sapolsky鈥檚 text. I will never be able to explain myself the concepts he espouses (he is a scientist, after all, and I don鈥檛 claim to be), but hopefully these quotes will give you a sense for how he writes and what value can be derived from picking up this book. It is one that has undoubtedly changed my life in so many ways and I would not hesitate to recommend it to those who wish to get to the root of what their brains might be undergoing on a daily basis.
Quotes That Particularly Resonated with Me:
鈥淎nxiety is about dread and foreboding and your imagination running away with you.鈥�
鈥渢he distorted belief that stressors are everywhere and perpetual, and that the only hope for safety is constant mobilization of coping responses. Life consists of the concrete, agitated present of solving a problem that someone else might not even consider exists.鈥�
鈥渕ost things that make us anxious are learned鈥e鈥檝e generalized them based on their similarity to something associated with a trauma.鈥�
鈥淔or all anxious people, life is full of menacing stressors that demand vigilant coping responses.鈥�
*
鈥淔ind ways to view even the most stressful of situations as holding the promise of improvement but do not deny the possibility that things will not improve鈥ope for the best and let that dominate most of your emotions, but at the same time let one small piece of you prepare for the worst.鈥�
鈥淔ind that outlet for your frustrations and do it regularly.鈥�
鈥淗ave the wisdom to pick your battles. And once you have, the flexibility and resiliency of strategies to use in those battles鈥︹€�
鈥淪ometimes, coping with stress consists of blowing down walls. But sometimes it consists of being a blade of grass, buffeted and bent by the wind but still standing when the wind is long gone.鈥�
April 6, 2020
I'm a major stresser.
I stress over big things, over little things, over all things. Because I'm a stresser, I'm all too often a stressor (i.e. a person or thing that causes stress) for the people around me.
It sucks, really. I don't like stressing, something that all those who are constantly telling me to "calm down," "chill out," "relax!" just don't seem to get.
It's not like I can just flip a switch here.
If only!
It worries me, because of course, along with stressing, I'm also anxious. Yes, anxiety is a constant companion. I worry all the time that I don't have enough time, so I spend all my time worrying.
Time, money, people ... these are the main things that cause me stress and anxiety, but they certainly aren't the only ones.
I worry because I stress. Mainly because, if I get so stressed going to the grocery story (and I very much do), how will I handle something truly monumental? Like, say, the death of a loved one, or bad health news? (I have, for now, been incredibly fortunate to not to have had to deal with either.)
My stress sometimes starts off over small things, not emailing a friend who emailed me a month ago, say, forgetting to pick up toothpaste, and then spirals into greater stresses, what I call "tomorrow stresses" (though my stress is happening very much in the present moment).
I don't have health insurance, so what if something happens to me and I need to go the doctor? What if I can't pay my rent? What if I am forced forced to work in an office again? (god forbid!)
I very much have tried/am trying to get my anxiety/stress under control. No, I won't take anxiety medication. I flat out refuse to even consider the prospect of anti-depressants or the like (I'm not really depressed anyway ... I don't think). I've always viewed pills as the worst sort of coping mechanism (well, aside from harder drugs like alcohol or heroin, that is). Always having to constantly up the dosage to maintain the same feeling of ... numbness. No thanks.
No disrespect intended to anyone who takes prescription meds, by the way. Whatever you need to get you through the day. I just know that it's not something I can envision for myself ...
So I've tried other things.
I've downloaded a meditation app and one of these days 鈥� tomorrow, let's say, as I do every day 鈥� I will actually start it. I bought and read this book, which I otherwise wouldn't have done.
It's a very good book. I liked it a lot and I'm glad I read it. Boiling down stress to various chemical elements, leading to an over abundance of glucocorticoids, leading to umm, bad things, helps ... I think. It takes the emotional component out of it, makes it feel more mechanical, like a broken chain on a bicycle that can, maybe, be fixed.
Some might complain that of the 18 chapters that make up "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers," only the final one, "Managing Stress," actually tells you how to, uh, manage stress. But those 17 former chapters are equally as important.
For one thing, they give you a better idea of the effects of stressing out (spoiler: they're not good), which was, yes, stressful to learn about. But for another, the cumulative effect of all the various stressors, of learning the hows and the whys of it all, is oddly comforting.
Many would likely consider a book about stress a particularly timely read, in light of, well, the times. Which is a funny thing, because I've found 鈥� pathologically? 鈥� that I'm possibly less stressed now than I was before. In some way, it again goes back to the idea of time, of missing out on life, on things. Misery does love company, and the fact that so many people are, sadly, miserable at the current moment 鈥� isolated in their homes, unable to attend any sort of gatherings or events as they've all been canceled 鈥� comforts me as I know that 1. I'm not alone and 2. I'm not missing out on anything.
Yes, maybe I'm a villain ripped straight from a comic book. At least credit me for my honesty.
And that's the one aspect I wish Robert Sapolsky 鈥� who I feel I'd very much like as a person 鈥� had covered, albeit my edition (the third, released in 2004) may have been slightly too old for that, Millennial that I am.
Which is whether there is any truth to the idea that anxiety and stress may be not just individual, but generational as well. You often hear, or at least I do, that Millennials are more prone to stress, more anxious, than their generational predecessors. There are, of course, many very reasonable explanations for this.
Student debt. Gross inequality. Global warming. Helicopter parenting. Stricter moral upbringings. Growing up in the age of global terrorism. General disenchantment with modern politics. Untempered capitalism. Doubts as to whether one can truly make a difference, etc etc etc, ad infinitum.
Because when I talk to my Millennial counterparts, I don't feel unique in my anxiety, in my stress over how to survive, how to make a living, in 2020. Nobody seems to have the answers, and the general advice from our elders seems to be "don't worry so much" when indeed there seems to be so much to worry about.
It's an anxiety stemming not from a fear of nonexistence, of our mortality, but of existence itself, of reconciling with the fact that a human existence bears no more meaning than an animal one, because we are, after all, just animals.
We struggle to reconcile with this fact, to cope with the reality that there is no meaning to any of it.
The only answer, then, is to make our own meaning. To find it in books, in relationships, in writing, in forms of expression that will outlast ourselves.
You may even find it here.
I stress over big things, over little things, over all things. Because I'm a stresser, I'm all too often a stressor (i.e. a person or thing that causes stress) for the people around me.
It sucks, really. I don't like stressing, something that all those who are constantly telling me to "calm down," "chill out," "relax!" just don't seem to get.
It's not like I can just flip a switch here.
If only!
It worries me, because of course, along with stressing, I'm also anxious. Yes, anxiety is a constant companion. I worry all the time that I don't have enough time, so I spend all my time worrying.
Time, money, people ... these are the main things that cause me stress and anxiety, but they certainly aren't the only ones.
I worry because I stress. Mainly because, if I get so stressed going to the grocery story (and I very much do), how will I handle something truly monumental? Like, say, the death of a loved one, or bad health news? (I have, for now, been incredibly fortunate to not to have had to deal with either.)
My stress sometimes starts off over small things, not emailing a friend who emailed me a month ago, say, forgetting to pick up toothpaste, and then spirals into greater stresses, what I call "tomorrow stresses" (though my stress is happening very much in the present moment).
I don't have health insurance, so what if something happens to me and I need to go the doctor? What if I can't pay my rent? What if I am forced forced to work in an office again? (god forbid!)
I very much have tried/am trying to get my anxiety/stress under control. No, I won't take anxiety medication. I flat out refuse to even consider the prospect of anti-depressants or the like (I'm not really depressed anyway ... I don't think). I've always viewed pills as the worst sort of coping mechanism (well, aside from harder drugs like alcohol or heroin, that is). Always having to constantly up the dosage to maintain the same feeling of ... numbness. No thanks.
No disrespect intended to anyone who takes prescription meds, by the way. Whatever you need to get you through the day. I just know that it's not something I can envision for myself ...
So I've tried other things.
I've downloaded a meditation app and one of these days 鈥� tomorrow, let's say, as I do every day 鈥� I will actually start it. I bought and read this book, which I otherwise wouldn't have done.
It's a very good book. I liked it a lot and I'm glad I read it. Boiling down stress to various chemical elements, leading to an over abundance of glucocorticoids, leading to umm, bad things, helps ... I think. It takes the emotional component out of it, makes it feel more mechanical, like a broken chain on a bicycle that can, maybe, be fixed.
Some might complain that of the 18 chapters that make up "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers," only the final one, "Managing Stress," actually tells you how to, uh, manage stress. But those 17 former chapters are equally as important.
For one thing, they give you a better idea of the effects of stressing out (spoiler: they're not good), which was, yes, stressful to learn about. But for another, the cumulative effect of all the various stressors, of learning the hows and the whys of it all, is oddly comforting.
Many would likely consider a book about stress a particularly timely read, in light of, well, the times. Which is a funny thing, because I've found 鈥� pathologically? 鈥� that I'm possibly less stressed now than I was before. In some way, it again goes back to the idea of time, of missing out on life, on things. Misery does love company, and the fact that so many people are, sadly, miserable at the current moment 鈥� isolated in their homes, unable to attend any sort of gatherings or events as they've all been canceled 鈥� comforts me as I know that 1. I'm not alone and 2. I'm not missing out on anything.
Yes, maybe I'm a villain ripped straight from a comic book. At least credit me for my honesty.
And that's the one aspect I wish Robert Sapolsky 鈥� who I feel I'd very much like as a person 鈥� had covered, albeit my edition (the third, released in 2004) may have been slightly too old for that, Millennial that I am.
Which is whether there is any truth to the idea that anxiety and stress may be not just individual, but generational as well. You often hear, or at least I do, that Millennials are more prone to stress, more anxious, than their generational predecessors. There are, of course, many very reasonable explanations for this.
Student debt. Gross inequality. Global warming. Helicopter parenting. Stricter moral upbringings. Growing up in the age of global terrorism. General disenchantment with modern politics. Untempered capitalism. Doubts as to whether one can truly make a difference, etc etc etc, ad infinitum.
Because when I talk to my Millennial counterparts, I don't feel unique in my anxiety, in my stress over how to survive, how to make a living, in 2020. Nobody seems to have the answers, and the general advice from our elders seems to be "don't worry so much" when indeed there seems to be so much to worry about.
It's an anxiety stemming not from a fear of nonexistence, of our mortality, but of existence itself, of reconciling with the fact that a human existence bears no more meaning than an animal one, because we are, after all, just animals.
We struggle to reconcile with this fact, to cope with the reality that there is no meaning to any of it.
The only answer, then, is to make our own meaning. To find it in books, in relationships, in writing, in forms of expression that will outlast ourselves.
You may even find it here.
April 4, 2016
this book is hi-la-ri-ous.
not only does sapolsky brilliantly explain the science in an easily digestible way, he does it with flair and humor. had to read this for a class about stress and coping, and i found myself looking forward to each assignment.
not only does sapolsky brilliantly explain the science in an easily digestible way, he does it with flair and humor. had to read this for a class about stress and coping, and i found myself looking forward to each assignment.
March 24, 2016
Gostei muito do primeiro livro do , o . E este n茫o me desapontou. Muito bem embasado, com bastante pesquisa (e pr谩tica) sobre o que 茅 o estresse, como funciona e como n贸s lidamos bem ou mal com isso. Com aquela discuss茫o necess谩ria de natureza vs. cria莽茫o, bons exemplos e um bom humor que te mant茅m ligado ao texto. Do tipo de livro que recomendo para leigos tamb茅m.
October 6, 2023
賲賳 丿蹖诏賴 賳賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 丕丿丕賲賴 亘丿賲!
亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賵賱蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 賳蹖賲賴鈥屫堌з� 乇賴丕 卮丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩佰屫辟呚� :(
亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丕賵賱蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 賳蹖賲賴鈥屫堌з� 乇賴丕 卮丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屬矩佰屫辟呚� :(
April 11, 2013
賴匕丕 賴賵 賰鬲丕亘賷 丕賱爻丨乇賷 丕賱匕賷 兀丿毓賵 丕賱噩賲賷毓 賱賯乇丕亍鬲賴貙 爻賵賮 賷丿賴卮賰賲.
賱賷爻 賰鬲丕亘 胤亘賷 賰賲丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱胤亘賷 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 兀卮鬲睾丕賱 亘丕賱胤亘 賱丕 卮賰貙 賱賰賳賴 丕卮鬲睾丕賱 賲亘爻胤 賷噩毓賱賰 鬲賮賴賲 賰賲丕 賱賵 賰賳鬲 胤丕賱亘丕賸 賮賷 丕賱孬丕賳賵賷丞 賵鬲鬲賱賯賶 丿乇爻丕賸 賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱廿亘鬲丿丕卅賷. 兀賴鬲賲 丕爻鬲丕匕 毓賱賲 丕賱兀毓氐丕亘 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 爻鬲丕賳賮賵乇丿 丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 爻丕亘賵賱爻賰賷 亘賯囟賷丞 鈥樷€� 丕賱賰乇亘 鈥樷€� 賵兀噩丿 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 兀賮囟賱 賲賳 賰賱賲丞 鈥樷€� 丕賱囟睾賵胤 鈥樷€� Stress 賰賷賮 賷鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱噩爻賲 賵丕賱丿賲丕睾 鬲丨丿賷丿丕賸 賲毓 丕賱賰乇亘貙 爻賵賮 鬲賮賴賲 賰孬賷乇丕賸 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丨賵賱 丌賱賷丕鬲 毓賲賱 丿賲丕睾賰 丕賱賲毓賯丿 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賰乇亘 賵爻賵賮 鬲賳丿賴卮 賲賳 亘毓囟 丕賱馗賵丕賴乇 賱賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱.
賱賷爻 賰鬲丕亘 胤亘賷 賰賲丕 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱胤亘賷 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 兀卮鬲睾丕賱 亘丕賱胤亘 賱丕 卮賰貙 賱賰賳賴 丕卮鬲睾丕賱 賲亘爻胤 賷噩毓賱賰 鬲賮賴賲 賰賲丕 賱賵 賰賳鬲 胤丕賱亘丕賸 賮賷 丕賱孬丕賳賵賷丞 賵鬲鬲賱賯賶 丿乇爻丕賸 賱胤賱丕亘 丕賱廿亘鬲丿丕卅賷. 兀賴鬲賲 丕爻鬲丕匕 毓賱賲 丕賱兀毓氐丕亘 賮賷 噩丕賲毓丞 爻鬲丕賳賮賵乇丿 丕賱兀爻鬲丕匕 爻丕亘賵賱爻賰賷 亘賯囟賷丞 鈥樷€� 丕賱賰乇亘 鈥樷€� 賵兀噩丿 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 兀賮囟賱 賲賳 賰賱賲丞 鈥樷€� 丕賱囟睾賵胤 鈥樷€� Stress 賰賷賮 賷鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱噩爻賲 賵丕賱丿賲丕睾 鬲丨丿賷丿丕賸 賲毓 丕賱賰乇亘貙 爻賵賮 鬲賮賴賲 賰孬賷乇丕賸 賲賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 丨賵賱 丌賱賷丕鬲 毓賲賱 丿賲丕睾賰 丕賱賲毓賯丿 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賰乇亘 賵爻賵賮 鬲賳丿賴卮 賲賳 亘毓囟 丕賱馗賵丕賴乇 賱賴匕丕 丕賱毓賲賱.
February 1, 2021
校 斜芯褉芯褌褜斜褨 蟹褨 褋褌褉械褋芯屑 褑褟 泻薪懈谐邪 褋褍屑薪褨胁薪懈泄 锌芯屑褨褔薪懈泻. 袚芯谢芯胁薪褨 锌芯褉邪写懈 - 薪邪褉芯写懈褌懈褋褜 褍 斜邪谐邪褌褨泄 褉芯写懈薪褨, 蟹邪泄屑邪褌懈褋褜 屑械写懈褌邪褑褨褦褞 褨 褏芯写懈褌懈 写芯 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐褨胁. 袩褉芯褌械 薪邪褍泻芯胁邪 斜邪蟹邪 写褨泄褋薪芯 褑褨泻邪胁邪 褨 胁褉邪卸邪褞褔邪.
June 21, 2017
A brilliant and incredibly well-written book.
Every time I read something by Sapolsky I get amazed with how prodigious he is. No matter what he's talking about, everything he says is interesting and engaging. That summarises my feelings with this book. I don't find the stress subject very interesting, just because I often suffer from it, therefore I prefer to act like it doesn't exist, but unexpectedly, this helped me realize that I've been doing the entirely wrong thing (want to know why? read this book). However, don't come to this book expecting to get advice for your stress problems. This book will teach you about how your body reacts to stress, why it happens, the biology and chemistry behind it and also, how it could end up killing you. Just in the last chapter, Sapolsky will specifically talk about what could you do about it, though repetively saying that it's an entirely subjective thing. This summarizes it:
One of the greatest things about Sapolsky's books, it's that though some things are difficult to get, he will continually repeat what you have learned and how everything it's connected. Some topics may be hard, but he will do everything to make it clear for you.
Every time I read something by Sapolsky I get amazed with how prodigious he is. No matter what he's talking about, everything he says is interesting and engaging. That summarises my feelings with this book. I don't find the stress subject very interesting, just because I often suffer from it, therefore I prefer to act like it doesn't exist, but unexpectedly, this helped me realize that I've been doing the entirely wrong thing (want to know why? read this book). However, don't come to this book expecting to get advice for your stress problems. This book will teach you about how your body reacts to stress, why it happens, the biology and chemistry behind it and also, how it could end up killing you. Just in the last chapter, Sapolsky will specifically talk about what could you do about it, though repetively saying that it's an entirely subjective thing. This summarizes it:
By now, if you are not depressed by all the bad news in the preceding chapters, you probably have only been skimming. Stress can wreak havoc with your metabolism, raise your blood pressure, burst your white blood cells, make you flatulent, ruin your sex life and if that's not enough, possibly damage your brain. Why don't we throw in the towel right now?
One of the greatest things about Sapolsky's books, it's that though some things are difficult to get, he will continually repeat what you have learned and how everything it's connected. Some topics may be hard, but he will do everything to make it clear for you.
January 8, 2010
Well researched book. Sapolsky, who I am a big fan of, explains why certain types of stresses like long work days end up having more serious negative effects on your physiology than do other types of stress such as a lion chasing after you. Sure the lion stresses you out then and there but a week from now your bodily functions won't still be affected by it.
My one beef with this book is that it doesn't give you much in the way of how to handle stress. I felt somewhat more stressed after reading reading this book because I finally had a good understanding of all of its negative effects but still didn't know what to do about it....
My one beef with this book is that it doesn't give you much in the way of how to handle stress. I felt somewhat more stressed after reading reading this book because I finally had a good understanding of all of its negative effects but still didn't know what to do about it....
January 14, 2017
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賷鬲賳丕賵賱 賲賵囟賵毓 丕賱賯賱賯 賵鬲丕孬賷乇賴 毓賱賶 丕賱噩爻賲 賵丕賱丕賳爻丕賳 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賲賳匕 賯亘賱 賵賱丕丿賴 賵丨鬲賶 胤賮賵賱鬲賴 賵丨鬲賶 賲賵鬲賴 賵賴賱 賷丐孬乇 賯賱賯賴 賵賯賱賯 丕賲賴 賵賲噩鬲賲毓賴 賵賲賳 丨賵賱賴 毓賱賷賴 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賲亘丕卮乇丞 丕賵 睾賷乇 賲亘丕卮乇丞
賵賮賷 丕賱禺鬲丕賲 賷毓胤賷 賳氐丕卅丨 毓賱賶 賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賯賱賯 賵丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳賴
賯乇兀丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 賱賱噩賲賷毓
賵賮賷 丕賱禺鬲丕賲 賷毓胤賷 賳氐丕卅丨 毓賱賶 賰賷賮賷丞 丕賱鬲禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賯賱賯 賵丕賱鬲賯賱賷賱 賲賳賴
賯乇兀丞 賲賲鬲毓丞 賱賱噩賲賷毓
March 23, 2023
I'm absolutely in love with Robert sapolsky style of writing.
January 1, 2018
I'm so frustrated by wading through this sea of mud that my review will be bullet points.
* 35% longer than it should have been
* desperately needs editing for clarity
* conversational tone muddies the concepts and slows the flow
* topically gallops in a dozen directions
* the scientific support is at turns glossed over or excessively technical without purpose
I could go on, but I'll spare you. It reads as if it wasn't written, but dictated, by someone who loves the sound of his own voice -- Gilderoy Lockhart teaching a sophomore psych seminar. There is good science, but you have to wade through a hip-deep bog of verbiage and mentally restructure the book as you read it.
* 35% longer than it should have been
* desperately needs editing for clarity
* conversational tone muddies the concepts and slows the flow
* topically gallops in a dozen directions
* the scientific support is at turns glossed over or excessively technical without purpose
I could go on, but I'll spare you. It reads as if it wasn't written, but dictated, by someone who loves the sound of his own voice -- Gilderoy Lockhart teaching a sophomore psych seminar. There is good science, but you have to wade through a hip-deep bog of verbiage and mentally restructure the book as you read it.
July 30, 2013
Should be compulsory reading for every high school biology student. A thorough dismantling of the reductionist cell biology mindset of the 20th century, Sapolsky shows you how very complex and intricate the interaction is between organism and environment, and how 'genes' may be overrated in a lot of ways.
February 3, 2016
Dr. Sapolsky is everything you could want from an author on a serious topic like stress: a world-class leader in the field of research, a clear and perceptive writer, and equal parts hilarious and profound. Learning about the physiology and psychology of stress would be interesting either way, but learning about it through his book is at least doubly so. Highly recommended.
August 20, 2022
I have so much to say about this book but I鈥檒l try to summarize it into a few points:
1. A lot of the concepts in this book was illustrated with the dichotomy of 鈥渨esternized鈥� and 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� people as a shorthand for developed and non-developed societies, which I found dated (despite me reading the latest revised edition published in 2004) and bordering on offensive. Based on this alone, I might鈥檝e given the book 1 or 2 stars.
2. The science in this one was well summarized and generally engaging. A lot of it was not new to me and which I had learnt in Physiology classes back in university, but I appreciated some concepts on a deeper level given the way Sapolsky explains it. Sometimes the technical jargon can get a bit heavy and my eyes would glaze over if I was reading the ebook, and in times like these I much preferred the audiobook. I would鈥檝e given this aspect 4 stars.
3. A special shout-out to the last chapter about managing stress, which I found exceptionally well done compared to the rest of the book.
I find that there鈥檚 been not enough said about Point 1 in particular in the reviews for this book so I鈥檒l devote a bit of my review to calling that out.
A huge part of this book is concerned about how far human society has evolved compared to wild animals but a lot of our physiological stress responses hasn鈥檛 quite caught up with that. There鈥檚 even a motif through this book about a zebra escaping from a lion on the savannah, which lends to the title of the book and is a way Sapolsky uses to illustrate what we have evolved to do (short-burst fight or flight physiological responses) compared to what we actually do in this time and age (utilizing what is meant to be short-burst responses but dragging that out into prolonged stress responses to human society things like mortgages, job security, anxiety over our long-term health, our children, etc.).
All of that is well and good, but what I raise issue with is how Sapolsky basically divides humanity into two halves: you鈥檙e either 鈥渨esternized鈥� or 鈥渘on-westernized鈥�. If you鈥檙e 鈥渨esternized鈥�, you live in the most advanced frontier of humanity and your society has developed far along enough that you鈥檙e dealing with high-end jobs and therefore high-end stressors. This book is written about and for you. If you鈥檙e a 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� person, then you鈥檙e literally not far from that zebra being chased by the lion on the savannah. Here are some quotes to back that up (from the 3rd revised edition published in 2004):
鈥滻f you鈥檙e a human, having enough food and water for this meal, but not being sure where the next meal is coming from is a major stressor as well, one of the defining experiences of life outside the westernized world.鈥� (Ch 5)
鈥漇tress-induced glucocorticoid secretion works roughly the same in all the mammals, birds, and fish..and it has only been in the last half-century or so that westernized versions of just one of those species had much of a chance of surviving something like a stroke." (Ch 10)
So yes, if you鈥檙e from a 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� part of the world, you鈥檙e definitely going to be so poor and living in the wild that your 鈥渄efining experience of life鈥� will be not being sure where your next meal is going to come from. You also would have not much of a chance surviving a stroke because of course the healthcare in your society is likely to be non-existent, given how backward your society even is. Do you even have a society or are you just troops of animals living in the wild?
Another example of this casual racism is found in Ch 9, where Sapolsky talks about stress and pain. He zooms in on how acupuncture, a traditionally East Asian medical technique dating back thousands of years, has been found to release opioids to help patients deal with pain. He notes that 鈥淲estern scientist鈥� had heard of it and 鈥淸dumped] it into a bucket of anthropological oddities鈥攊nscrutable Chinese herbalists sticking needles into people, Haitian shamans killing with voodoo curses, Jewish mothers curing any and all disease with their secret-recipe chicken soup.鈥� OK, already eyebrow-raising but at least he acknowledged that they were dumping it into a bucket, although I would raise issue with how these are written off as 鈥渁nthropological oddities鈥�. 鈥淲estern science鈥� hasn鈥檛 yet figured out how they worked or bothered spending money researching into them but that doesn鈥檛 mean that they鈥檙e entirely nonsense just because they originated from a non-Western/non-white society.
But I haven鈥檛 come to my point about this chapter. The concern here is about how to tell if these techniques really were objectively efficacious or if they were some kind of cultural placebo, where the people within these societies have been raised to believe in the efficacy of it and therefore derived those benefits from them, even if they were objectively useless. Sapolsky then talks about a 鈥減rominent Western journalist鈥� (see the continued emphasis on 鈥榃estern鈥�) being administered acupuncture in China for pain relief after an appendicitis surgery: 鈥滺e survived just fine. Hey, this stuff must be legit鈥攊t even works on white guys.鈥� I quote this verbatim and Sapolsky doesn鈥檛 even seem to be writing this in any kind of satire. Non-Western techniques are only legitimized when they work on 鈥渨hite guys鈥�. No matter how many countries and people have benefited from them in the past thousands of years, it鈥檚 obviously all bogus until 鈥渨hite guys鈥� or 鈥淲estern science鈥� says they aren't. This language and concept is just so extremely problematic in this time and age.
So鈥� I won鈥檛 go into the actual science of the book beyond what I summarized in my points above, because there鈥檙e plenty of reviews already that talk about it here. I just wanted this review to focus primarily on the points that probably a lot of people even today would glaze over but which I really think shouldn鈥檛 be ignored. The book鈥檚 science is solid and engaging, but my enjoyment of the book overall was dampened significantly by the casual racism peppered through the book.
1. A lot of the concepts in this book was illustrated with the dichotomy of 鈥渨esternized鈥� and 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� people as a shorthand for developed and non-developed societies, which I found dated (despite me reading the latest revised edition published in 2004) and bordering on offensive. Based on this alone, I might鈥檝e given the book 1 or 2 stars.
2. The science in this one was well summarized and generally engaging. A lot of it was not new to me and which I had learnt in Physiology classes back in university, but I appreciated some concepts on a deeper level given the way Sapolsky explains it. Sometimes the technical jargon can get a bit heavy and my eyes would glaze over if I was reading the ebook, and in times like these I much preferred the audiobook. I would鈥檝e given this aspect 4 stars.
3. A special shout-out to the last chapter about managing stress, which I found exceptionally well done compared to the rest of the book.
I find that there鈥檚 been not enough said about Point 1 in particular in the reviews for this book so I鈥檒l devote a bit of my review to calling that out.
A huge part of this book is concerned about how far human society has evolved compared to wild animals but a lot of our physiological stress responses hasn鈥檛 quite caught up with that. There鈥檚 even a motif through this book about a zebra escaping from a lion on the savannah, which lends to the title of the book and is a way Sapolsky uses to illustrate what we have evolved to do (short-burst fight or flight physiological responses) compared to what we actually do in this time and age (utilizing what is meant to be short-burst responses but dragging that out into prolonged stress responses to human society things like mortgages, job security, anxiety over our long-term health, our children, etc.).
All of that is well and good, but what I raise issue with is how Sapolsky basically divides humanity into two halves: you鈥檙e either 鈥渨esternized鈥� or 鈥渘on-westernized鈥�. If you鈥檙e 鈥渨esternized鈥�, you live in the most advanced frontier of humanity and your society has developed far along enough that you鈥檙e dealing with high-end jobs and therefore high-end stressors. This book is written about and for you. If you鈥檙e a 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� person, then you鈥檙e literally not far from that zebra being chased by the lion on the savannah. Here are some quotes to back that up (from the 3rd revised edition published in 2004):
鈥滻f you鈥檙e a human, having enough food and water for this meal, but not being sure where the next meal is coming from is a major stressor as well, one of the defining experiences of life outside the westernized world.鈥� (Ch 5)
鈥漇tress-induced glucocorticoid secretion works roughly the same in all the mammals, birds, and fish..and it has only been in the last half-century or so that westernized versions of just one of those species had much of a chance of surviving something like a stroke." (Ch 10)
So yes, if you鈥檙e from a 鈥渘on-westernized鈥� part of the world, you鈥檙e definitely going to be so poor and living in the wild that your 鈥渄efining experience of life鈥� will be not being sure where your next meal is going to come from. You also would have not much of a chance surviving a stroke because of course the healthcare in your society is likely to be non-existent, given how backward your society even is. Do you even have a society or are you just troops of animals living in the wild?
Another example of this casual racism is found in Ch 9, where Sapolsky talks about stress and pain. He zooms in on how acupuncture, a traditionally East Asian medical technique dating back thousands of years, has been found to release opioids to help patients deal with pain. He notes that 鈥淲estern scientist鈥� had heard of it and 鈥淸dumped] it into a bucket of anthropological oddities鈥攊nscrutable Chinese herbalists sticking needles into people, Haitian shamans killing with voodoo curses, Jewish mothers curing any and all disease with their secret-recipe chicken soup.鈥� OK, already eyebrow-raising but at least he acknowledged that they were dumping it into a bucket, although I would raise issue with how these are written off as 鈥渁nthropological oddities鈥�. 鈥淲estern science鈥� hasn鈥檛 yet figured out how they worked or bothered spending money researching into them but that doesn鈥檛 mean that they鈥檙e entirely nonsense just because they originated from a non-Western/non-white society.
But I haven鈥檛 come to my point about this chapter. The concern here is about how to tell if these techniques really were objectively efficacious or if they were some kind of cultural placebo, where the people within these societies have been raised to believe in the efficacy of it and therefore derived those benefits from them, even if they were objectively useless. Sapolsky then talks about a 鈥減rominent Western journalist鈥� (see the continued emphasis on 鈥榃estern鈥�) being administered acupuncture in China for pain relief after an appendicitis surgery: 鈥滺e survived just fine. Hey, this stuff must be legit鈥攊t even works on white guys.鈥� I quote this verbatim and Sapolsky doesn鈥檛 even seem to be writing this in any kind of satire. Non-Western techniques are only legitimized when they work on 鈥渨hite guys鈥�. No matter how many countries and people have benefited from them in the past thousands of years, it鈥檚 obviously all bogus until 鈥渨hite guys鈥� or 鈥淲estern science鈥� says they aren't. This language and concept is just so extremely problematic in this time and age.
So鈥� I won鈥檛 go into the actual science of the book beyond what I summarized in my points above, because there鈥檙e plenty of reviews already that talk about it here. I just wanted this review to focus primarily on the points that probably a lot of people even today would glaze over but which I really think shouldn鈥檛 be ignored. The book鈥檚 science is solid and engaging, but my enjoyment of the book overall was dampened significantly by the casual racism peppered through the book.
December 2, 2020
Skai膷iau tre膷i膮 leidim膮 - visai svarbu, nes autorius nuo 1994-懦j懦, kai pirm膮kart pasirod臈 拧i knyga, didel臋 dal寞 informacijos atnaujino.
Sapolskis yra vienas mano m臈gstamiausi懦 akademik懦, savo paskaitose ir knygose pavyd臈tinai skland啪iai derinantis sofistikuot膮 mokslin臋 kalb膮 su gyvenimi拧kais pavyzd啪iais ir 啪aviu humoru. 艩ioje knygoje jis pristato, kas 啪inoma (ir kas ne啪inoma) apie chroni拧ko streso poveik寞 啪mogaus fiziologijai. Su kokiomis ligomis jis gali sietis ir kaip.
Kad ir kaip m臈g膷iau 拧寞 autori懦, ilgai delsiau skaityt "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers", nes bijojau, kad knyga eilin寞 kart膮 g膮sdins 啪mones, kad jie, nevyk臈liai, save l臈tai 啪udo. Ir kad visi turi "ma啪iau stresuot". Bet nuo pat 寞啪angos paai拧k臈jo, kad autoriaus pozicija daug kuklesn臈, konstruktyvesn臈 ir realisti拧kesn臈, o paskutinis skyrius puikiai visk膮 apibendrino.
Tad norint ne tik 寞sibauginti ir ne啪inoti, k膮 veikti su visa ta informacija, knyg膮 reik臈t懦 skaityti vis膮. I拧 eil臈s.
Tiesa, ne啪inau d臈l kit懦 sri膷i懦, bet bent jau depresijos genetinio pagrindo dal寞 visai verta papildyti, nes pastaraisiais metais d臈l 拧io menamo ry拧io kilo nema啪ai 拧ar拧alo - ar jis apskritai egzistuoja, ar keliasde拧imt met懦 vaikytasi tik statistin臈 iliuzija. Anyway...
Sapolskis yra vienas mano m臈gstamiausi懦 akademik懦, savo paskaitose ir knygose pavyd臈tinai skland啪iai derinantis sofistikuot膮 mokslin臋 kalb膮 su gyvenimi拧kais pavyzd啪iais ir 啪aviu humoru. 艩ioje knygoje jis pristato, kas 啪inoma (ir kas ne啪inoma) apie chroni拧ko streso poveik寞 啪mogaus fiziologijai. Su kokiomis ligomis jis gali sietis ir kaip.
Kad ir kaip m臈g膷iau 拧寞 autori懦, ilgai delsiau skaityt "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers", nes bijojau, kad knyga eilin寞 kart膮 g膮sdins 啪mones, kad jie, nevyk臈liai, save l臈tai 啪udo. Ir kad visi turi "ma啪iau stresuot". Bet nuo pat 寞啪angos paai拧k臈jo, kad autoriaus pozicija daug kuklesn臈, konstruktyvesn臈 ir realisti拧kesn臈, o paskutinis skyrius puikiai visk膮 apibendrino.
Tad norint ne tik 寞sibauginti ir ne啪inoti, k膮 veikti su visa ta informacija, knyg膮 reik臈t懦 skaityti vis膮. I拧 eil臈s.
Tiesa, ne啪inau d臈l kit懦 sri膷i懦, bet bent jau depresijos genetinio pagrindo dal寞 visai verta papildyti, nes pastaraisiais metais d臈l 拧io menamo ry拧io kilo nema啪ai 拧ar拧alo - ar jis apskritai egzistuoja, ar keliasde拧imt met懦 vaikytasi tik statistin臈 iliuzija. Anyway...
"Genes are rarely about inevitability, especially when it comes to humans, the brain, or behavior. They鈥檙e about vulnerability, propensities, tendencies. In this case, genes increase the risk of depression only in certain environments: you guessed it, only in stressful environments.
"At one extreme, you have the mainstream medical crowd that is concerned with reductive biology. For them, poor health revolves around issues of bacteria, viruses, genetic mutations, and so on. At the other extreme are the folks anchored in mind-body issues, for whom poor health is about psychological stress, lack of control and efficacy, and so on. A lot of this book has, as one of its goals, tried to develop further links between those two viewpoints. This has come in the form of showing how sensitive reductive biology can be to some of those psychological factors, and exploring the mechanisms that account for this. And it has come in the form of criticizing the extremes of both camps: on the one hand, trying to make clear how limiting it is to believe that humans can ever be reduced to a DNA sequence, and on the other, trying to indicate the damaging idiocy of denying the realities of human physiology and disease. The ideal resolution harks back to the wisdom of Herbert Weiner [...] that disease, even the most reductive of diseases, cannot be appreciated without considering the person who is ill.
...
If we can鈥檛 consider disease outside the context of the person who is ill, we also can鈥檛 consider it outside the context of the society in which that person has gotten ill, and that person鈥檚 place in that society."
"It is clearly a travesty to lead cancer patients or their families to believe, misinterpreting the power of the few positive studies in this field, that there is more possibility for control over the causes and courses of cancers than actually exists. Doing so is simply teaching the victims of cancer and their families that the disease is their own fault, which is neither true nor conducive to reducing stress in an already stressful situation."
"The realm of stress management is mostly about techniques to help deal with challenges that are less than disastrous. It is pretty effective in that sphere. But it just won鈥檛 work to generate a cult of subjectivity in which these techniques are blithely offered as a solution to the hell of a homeless street person, a refugee, someone prejudged to be one of society鈥檚 Untouchables, or a terminal cancer patient. Occasionally, there is the person in a situation like that with coping powers to make one gasp in wonder, who does indeed benefit from these techniques. Celebrate them, but that鈥檚 never grounds for turning to the person next to them in the same boat and offering that as a feel-good incentive just to get with the program. Bad science, bad clinical practice, and, ultimately, bad ethics. If any hell really could be converted into a heaven, then you could make the world a better place merely by rousing yourself from your lounge chair to inform a victim of some horror whose fault it is if they are unhappy."
"Stress is not everywhere. Every twinge of dysfunction in our bodies is not a manifestation of stress-related disease. It is true that the real world is full of bad things that we can finesse away by altering our outlook and psychological makeup, but it is also full of awful things that cannot be eliminated by a change in attitude, no matter how heroically, fervently, complexly, or ritualistically we may wish. Once we are actually sick with the illness, the fantasy of which keeps us anxiously awake at two in the morning, the things that will save us have little to do with the content of this book. Once we have that cardiac arrest, once a tumor has metastasized, once our brain has been badly deprived of oxygen, little about our psychological outlook is likely to help. We have entered the realm where someone else鈥攁 highly trained physician鈥攎ust use the most high-tech of appropriate medical interventions
...
These caveats must be emphasized repeatedly in teaching what cures to seek and what attributions to make when confronted with many diseases. But amid this caution, there remains a whole realm of health and disease that is sensitive to the quality of our minds鈥攐ur thoughts and emotions and behaviors. And sometimes whether or not we become sick with the diseases that frighten us at two in the morning will reflect this realm of the mind. It is here that we must turn from the physicians and their ability to clean up the mess afterward and recognize our own capacity to prevent some of these problems beforehand in the small steps with which we live our everyday lives."
November 7, 2023
4 stars because the science is so interesting and Sapolsky is such an entertaining writer.
The author, however, so obviously has a social agenda which in my opinion diminishes the credence of a science book.
The author, however, so obviously has a social agenda which in my opinion diminishes the credence of a science book.
April 14, 2023
This is an excellent book, I don't know why I had such a hard time beginning it, I kept starting and stopping it for several years. Maybe this was because the writer has a somewhat rambling and loose style. Finally, I forced myself to get through the first few pages and the book got better and better once I relaxed into the writer's way of thinking.
It's an unusual book because it explains deep medical concepts for everyone, and it is a relaxed read considering the subject matter. It's a good review for doctors. The graphs are good. There are about fifty-five cartoons sprinkled throughout. There is an excellent section of Notes (almost a hundred pages) and a fairly skimpy index (he left out FOADS, lordosis, etc.). If you plan to read this book, do a quick overview study of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, etc.) are powerful steroid hormones and are released from the adrenal cortex and are players in all body functions. Stress of every kind can release them.
Zebras don't get ulcers because they don't use their brains to think stressfully and worry as humans do. When survival is threatened, zebras instinctively react to flee or fight and that's the end of it. Humans have survival thoughts which are often imaginary, as in anxiety and panic attacks. Humans worry and stress themselves unnecessarily. That's my conclusion from the book, but there was much more information, especially about hormones and the nervous system and how behavior and body chemistry is influenced by thought. This book also reinforced for me a conclusion that joy and happiness and pleasure are probably more important than anything else for good health.
When we merely think, we stimulate the hypothalamus and pituitary and adrenal glands (the "HPA axis") to release various extremely powerful physiological chemicals such as cortisol and adrenalin. Stress and negative thoughts can cause illness when our thoughts and feelings are too negative and and stress can release an imbalance of these powerful substances which can actually damage the brain with atrophy of the hypothalamus and loss of brain volume.
There are chapters dealing with heart disease, ulcers, bowel dysfunctions, sex, auto-immune diseases, AIDS/HIV, pain, addictions, diabetes, inflammation, sleep, depression, aging, memory, dwarfism, fetal touch and more 鈥� you name it. More and more, there seems to be a major psychological factor in most disease. Disease can start with thoughts.
My least favorite chapter was on "Cancer and Miracles" where the author calls Bernard Seigel's book "Love, Medicine and Miracles" gibberish and worse. Saporsky says "...inflamed me when first reading this book" and he spends three pages telling how horrible Seigel's book is. Saporsky is soundly against New Age spirituality. I have not read Seigel's book and I have not studied New Age thinking, but I thought much of Saporsky's book seems to support love, medicine and miracles, especially where he describes how important fetal touch is and how actual dwarfism can develop from lack of maternal love. His example is the author of "Peter Pan", J. M. Barrie who was only five feet tall from lack of love. Saporsky sounds just as New Age as Siegel. Hypocrisy?
Pregnant women should think happy thoughts because it's been shown that thoughts of the mother can physically affect the fetal brain. FOAD (the fetal origin of adult disease) shows dramatic metabolic imprinting from the mother. This imprinting includes the early programming of the fetal brain with lifetime imprinting of the cortisol axis. So it's not enough to keep stress out of your own life, you need to have had a happy, contented pregnant mother when you were a fetus.
It's an unusual book because it explains deep medical concepts for everyone, and it is a relaxed read considering the subject matter. It's a good review for doctors. The graphs are good. There are about fifty-five cartoons sprinkled throughout. There is an excellent section of Notes (almost a hundred pages) and a fairly skimpy index (he left out FOADS, lordosis, etc.). If you plan to read this book, do a quick overview study of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids (cortisol, etc.) are powerful steroid hormones and are released from the adrenal cortex and are players in all body functions. Stress of every kind can release them.
Zebras don't get ulcers because they don't use their brains to think stressfully and worry as humans do. When survival is threatened, zebras instinctively react to flee or fight and that's the end of it. Humans have survival thoughts which are often imaginary, as in anxiety and panic attacks. Humans worry and stress themselves unnecessarily. That's my conclusion from the book, but there was much more information, especially about hormones and the nervous system and how behavior and body chemistry is influenced by thought. This book also reinforced for me a conclusion that joy and happiness and pleasure are probably more important than anything else for good health.
When we merely think, we stimulate the hypothalamus and pituitary and adrenal glands (the "HPA axis") to release various extremely powerful physiological chemicals such as cortisol and adrenalin. Stress and negative thoughts can cause illness when our thoughts and feelings are too negative and and stress can release an imbalance of these powerful substances which can actually damage the brain with atrophy of the hypothalamus and loss of brain volume.
There are chapters dealing with heart disease, ulcers, bowel dysfunctions, sex, auto-immune diseases, AIDS/HIV, pain, addictions, diabetes, inflammation, sleep, depression, aging, memory, dwarfism, fetal touch and more 鈥� you name it. More and more, there seems to be a major psychological factor in most disease. Disease can start with thoughts.
My least favorite chapter was on "Cancer and Miracles" where the author calls Bernard Seigel's book "Love, Medicine and Miracles" gibberish and worse. Saporsky says "...inflamed me when first reading this book" and he spends three pages telling how horrible Seigel's book is. Saporsky is soundly against New Age spirituality. I have not read Seigel's book and I have not studied New Age thinking, but I thought much of Saporsky's book seems to support love, medicine and miracles, especially where he describes how important fetal touch is and how actual dwarfism can develop from lack of maternal love. His example is the author of "Peter Pan", J. M. Barrie who was only five feet tall from lack of love. Saporsky sounds just as New Age as Siegel. Hypocrisy?
Pregnant women should think happy thoughts because it's been shown that thoughts of the mother can physically affect the fetal brain. FOAD (the fetal origin of adult disease) shows dramatic metabolic imprinting from the mother. This imprinting includes the early programming of the fetal brain with lifetime imprinting of the cortisol axis. So it's not enough to keep stress out of your own life, you need to have had a happy, contented pregnant mother when you were a fetus.
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