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丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻
The story of a slave uprising in the ancient Roman Empire.
482 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1951
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2,310 people want to read
About the author
Howard Fast
266听books240听followersHoward Fast was one of the most prolific American writers of the twentieth century. He was a bestselling author of more than eighty works of fiction, nonfiction, poetry, and screenplays. The son of immigrants, Fast grew up in New York City and published his first novel upon finishing high school in 1933. In 1950, his refusal to provide the United States Congress with a list of possible Communist associates earned him a three-month prison sentence. During his incarceration, Fast wrote one of his best-known novels, Spartacus (1951). Throughout his long career, Fast matched his commitment to championing social justice in his writing with a deft, lively storytelling style.
Pseudonyms: Walter Ericson, E.V. Cunningham
Pseudonyms: Walter Ericson, E.V. Cunningham
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September 27, 2021
Spartacus, Howard Fast
Spartacus is a 1951 historical novel by American writer Howard Fast. It is about the historic slave revolt led by Spartacus around 71 BCE. The book inspired the 1960 film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the 2004 TV adaptation by Robert Dornhelm.
Spartacus begins with three young Roman patricians - Caius, his sister Helena and her friend Claudia, beginning a journey from Rome to Capua along the Via Appia a few weeks after the final suppression of the slave revolt.
The road is lined by "tokens of punishment" - slaves crucified in the immediate aftermath of the revolt.
During the first day of their travel the party encounter several representative individuals; a minor politician, a prosperous businessman of the equestrian class, an eastern trader and a young officer of the legions; all of whom give their respective perspectives on the rising.
On arrival at a palatial country villa where they are to spend the night, the trio meet with other guests, both historical and fictional, who either played key roles in the events just finished or who have sufficient perception to analyze the significance of slavery as an institution within the Roman Republic. ...
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 丿乇 賲丕賴 跇丕賳賵蹖賴 爻丕賱 1976賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 丕亘乇丕賴蹖賲 蹖賵賳爻蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 丕賲蹖乇讴亘蹖乇貙 1348貙 丿乇 483氐貙 賲氐賵乇貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
乇賵丕賳卮丕丿 噩賳丕亘 芦匕亘蹖丨 丕賱賱賴 賲賳氐賵乇蹖禄 賵 亘丕賳賵 芦賳賮蹖爻賴 丿乇亘賴卮鬲蹖禄 賳蹖夭 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 乇丕 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 亘丕乇賴丕 趩丕倬 賵 賳卮乇 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 丿賵乇 丕夭 丕賲乇賵夭貙 賳禺爻鬲 丿乇 芦鬲亘乇蹖夭禄貙 賮蹖賱賲 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 乇丕 亘賴 讴丕乇诏乇丿丕賳蹖 芦丕爻鬲丕賳賱蹖 讴賵亘乇蹖讴禄 丿蹖丿賲貙 丿丕賳卮 丌賲賵夭 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賵丿賲貙 芦讴乇讴 丿丕诏賱丕爻禄 賴賲 鬲賴蹖賴 讴賳賳丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿貙 賵 賴賲 丿乇 賳賯卮 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 亘丕夭蹖 賲蹖讴乇丿賳丿貨 芦鬲賵賳蹖 讴乇鬲蹖爻禄貙 賵 芦賱丕乇賳爻 丕賵賱蹖賵蹖賴禄 賴賲 蹖丕丿賲 賲丕賳丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賮蹖賱賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲丿賴賵卮 讴賳賳丿賴 亘賵丿貙 丿賵亘賱賴 賳蹖夭 睾賵睾丕 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賴乇诏夭蹖 氐丨賳賴 賴丕蹖 賮蹖賱賲 丕夭 蹖丕丿賲 賳賲蹖乇賵丿貨 爻倬爻 讴鬲丕亘 芦賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲禄 乇丕 丿乇 賯胤毓 噩蹖亘蹖 亘丕 賵乇賯賴丕蹖 讴丕賴蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賲貨 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 讴賴 丕夭 爻蹖夭丿賴 爻丕賱诏蹖 丿乇 賲毓丕丿賳 芦賱蹖亘蹖丕禄貙 亘乇丕蹖 丕賲倬乇丕鬲賵乇蹖 芦乇賲禄貙 亘乇丿诏蹖 賲蹖讴乇丿貙 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 乇丕 賲蹖禺乇賳丿貙 鬲丕 倬爻 丕夭 丌賲賵夭卮貙 诏賱丕丿蹖丕鬲賵乇 卮賵丿貨 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 丿乇 丨蹖賳 丌賲賵夭卮貙 丿賱亘爻鬲賴 蹖 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 禺丿賲鬲讴丕乇丕賳貙 亘賴 賳丕賲 芦亘乇賵丿蹖丕禄 賲蹖卮賵丿貨 亘夭賵丿蹖 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 賵 丿蹖诏乇 亘乇丿诏丕賳貙 诏賱丕丿蹖丕鬲賵乇 賲蹖卮賵賳丿貙 賵 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 丿蹖诏乇 亘乇丿诏丕賳貙 亘丕 卮賵乇卮 丿乇 賲丿乇爻賴貙 賲賵賮賯 亘賴 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 芦讴賵賱蹖夭蹖賵賲禄 賲蹖诏乇丿賳丿貨 乇賮鬲賴 乇賮鬲賴 亘賴 卮賲丕乇 賮乇丕乇蹖賴丕 丕賮夭賵丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿貙 賵 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 乇賴亘乇蹖 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 賯氐丿 乇賵丿乇乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 丕賲倬乇丕胤賵乇蹖 芦乇賲禄 乇丕 丿丕乇賳丿鈥ω�
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 26/07/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 04/07/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
Spartacus is a 1951 historical novel by American writer Howard Fast. It is about the historic slave revolt led by Spartacus around 71 BCE. The book inspired the 1960 film directed by Stanley Kubrick and the 2004 TV adaptation by Robert Dornhelm.
Spartacus begins with three young Roman patricians - Caius, his sister Helena and her friend Claudia, beginning a journey from Rome to Capua along the Via Appia a few weeks after the final suppression of the slave revolt.
The road is lined by "tokens of punishment" - slaves crucified in the immediate aftermath of the revolt.
During the first day of their travel the party encounter several representative individuals; a minor politician, a prosperous businessman of the equestrian class, an eastern trader and a young officer of the legions; all of whom give their respective perspectives on the rising.
On arrival at a palatial country villa where they are to spend the night, the trio meet with other guests, both historical and fictional, who either played key roles in the events just finished or who have sufficient perception to analyze the significance of slavery as an institution within the Roman Republic. ...
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 丿乇 賲丕賴 跇丕賳賵蹖賴 爻丕賱 1976賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 丕亘乇丕賴蹖賲 蹖賵賳爻蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 丕賲蹖乇讴亘蹖乇貙 1348貙 丿乇 483氐貙 賲氐賵乇貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
乇賵丕賳卮丕丿 噩賳丕亘 芦匕亘蹖丨 丕賱賱賴 賲賳氐賵乇蹖禄 賵 亘丕賳賵 芦賳賮蹖爻賴 丿乇亘賴卮鬲蹖禄 賳蹖夭 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 乇丕 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 亘丕乇賴丕 趩丕倬 賵 賳卮乇 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 丿賵乇 丕夭 丕賲乇賵夭貙 賳禺爻鬲 丿乇 芦鬲亘乇蹖夭禄貙 賮蹖賱賲 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 乇丕 亘賴 讴丕乇诏乇丿丕賳蹖 芦丕爻鬲丕賳賱蹖 讴賵亘乇蹖讴禄 丿蹖丿賲貙 丿丕賳卮 丌賲賵夭 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賵丿賲貙 芦讴乇讴 丿丕诏賱丕爻禄 賴賲 鬲賴蹖賴 讴賳賳丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿貙 賵 賴賲 丿乇 賳賯卮 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 亘丕夭蹖 賲蹖讴乇丿賳丿貨 芦鬲賵賳蹖 讴乇鬲蹖爻禄貙 賵 芦賱丕乇賳爻 丕賵賱蹖賵蹖賴禄 賴賲 蹖丕丿賲 賲丕賳丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賮蹖賱賲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲丿賴賵卮 讴賳賳丿賴 亘賵丿貙 丿賵亘賱賴 賳蹖夭 睾賵睾丕 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賴乇诏夭蹖 氐丨賳賴 賴丕蹖 賮蹖賱賲 丕夭 蹖丕丿賲 賳賲蹖乇賵丿貨 爻倬爻 讴鬲丕亘 芦賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲禄 乇丕 丿乇 賯胤毓 噩蹖亘蹖 亘丕 賵乇賯賴丕蹖 讴丕賴蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賲貨 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 讴賴 丕夭 爻蹖夭丿賴 爻丕賱诏蹖 丿乇 賲毓丕丿賳 芦賱蹖亘蹖丕禄貙 亘乇丕蹖 丕賲倬乇丕鬲賵乇蹖 芦乇賲禄貙 亘乇丿诏蹖 賲蹖讴乇丿貙 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 乇丕 賲蹖禺乇賳丿貙 鬲丕 倬爻 丕夭 丌賲賵夭卮貙 诏賱丕丿蹖丕鬲賵乇 卮賵丿貨 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 丿乇 丨蹖賳 丌賲賵夭卮貙 丿賱亘爻鬲賴 蹖 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 禺丿賲鬲讴丕乇丕賳貙 亘賴 賳丕賲 芦亘乇賵丿蹖丕禄 賲蹖卮賵丿貨 亘夭賵丿蹖 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄貙 賵 丿蹖诏乇 亘乇丿诏丕賳貙 诏賱丕丿蹖丕鬲賵乇 賲蹖卮賵賳丿貙 賵 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 丿蹖诏乇 亘乇丿诏丕賳貙 亘丕 卮賵乇卮 丿乇 賲丿乇爻賴貙 賲賵賮賯 亘賴 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 芦讴賵賱蹖夭蹖賵賲禄 賲蹖诏乇丿賳丿貨 乇賮鬲賴 乇賮鬲賴 亘賴 卮賲丕乇 賮乇丕乇蹖賴丕 丕賮夭賵丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿貙 賵 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 乇賴亘乇蹖 芦丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻禄 賯氐丿 乇賵丿乇乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 丕賲倬乇丕胤賵乇蹖 芦乇賲禄 乇丕 丿丕乇賳丿鈥ω�
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 26/07/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 04/07/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
January 20, 2024
鈥淪o the pair did their homage and the Romans sipped wine and nibbled sweets. Then came the weapon bearer. For Spartacus, the knife. For the black man, the long, heavy, three-pronged fish fork and the fish net. They were both clowns in their shame and bloody degradation. The whole world had been enslaved so that these Romans could sit here and nibble sweets and sip wine in the shady comfort of their box. The pair took the weapons. And then, as Caius saw it, the black man went mad鈥hey saw him cast his net aside and shout a wild warcry. And then they saw him hurtle toward the grandstand. A trainer with a bared sword tried to stop him, and then the trainer was squirming on the three-pronged fork like a pricked fish, and then hurled into the air like a fish, turning over and over and screaming in the air before he struck the ground. Now a six-foot fence barred the path鈥ut he tore the boards from it as if they were paper. He was transformed in his strength; his strength made him like a weapon driving toward the box where the party sat鈥︹€�
- Howard Fast, Spartacus
There is an entire shelf on one of my many sagging, near-to-collapsing Ikea bookshelves devoted to books I鈥檝e purchased after drinking wine and watching Turner Classic Movies. It usually goes something like this: I鈥檒l be sipping wine on the couch, the channel tuned to TCM, when I discover the movie I鈥檝e been enjoying is based on a book. At that point, with all my financial inhibitions floating away on a tide of iced chardonnay, I鈥檒l buy the title without a second thought. A few days later, it will arrive in the mail, and I鈥檒l remind myself once again not to shop with a wine glass in hand.
That鈥檚 pretty much the story of how I came to own Howard Fast鈥檚 Spartacus. After catching Stanley Kubrick鈥檚 sword-and-sandals epic over the recent holidays, I decided it was time to check out the source material.
Though Kubrick later disowned it, his film is a minor masterpiece in the style of Old Hollywood. It is stocked with inimitable actors, has big set pieces, and has just enough of a weird edge 鈥� the snails and oysters conversation between Laurence Olivier and Tony Curtis springs to mind 鈥� to keep it from being totally square.
The book is a very different animal. While good, it plays out on a much smaller stage, unfolding more as a series of one-on-one conversations than a sprawling adventure.
***
The story 鈥� or legend 鈥� of Spartacus is well known. He was a Thracian slave turned gladiator, who was part of a revolt that broke out in Capua in 73 BCE. He rose to lead an army of slaves against Rome, winning a stunning series of victories before being defeated at the Battle of the Silarius River by the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus. It is believed Spartacus died in battle. Roughly six-thousand prisoners from the failed insurrection were crucified along the Appian Way.
Of course, hard facts about Spartacus鈥檚 revolt are scarce. As far as I can tell, there are no contemporary eyewitness accounts. The best sources were written over a century following the events they describe.
While this is tough on the historian, it is wonderful for the artist, who is free to take the bones of the tale and make it into a symbol of whatever he or she wants. Indeed, aside from Kubrick鈥檚 movie and Fast鈥檚 novel, there are numerous other television shows, movies, novels, plays, and even videogames with Spartacus at the center.
The interesting thing about Fast鈥檚 take is that Spartacus is barely a character.
***
It鈥檚 worth spending some time talking about the structure of Spartacus. It is not necessarily complicated, but it is certainly not linear. Fast opens with three highborn Romans traveling to Capua. The road is marked by 鈥渢okens of punishment,鈥� the aforementioned six-thousand slaves who had been crucified, their bodies left to rot. Along the way, the three travelers meet characters representing different classes of Rome, and from them, different views on Spartacus鈥檚 war, which is already over.
This slow-moving sequence unfolds almost like a play, and culminates with the travelers鈥� arrival at Villa Salaria, a wealthy estate. They are greeted by the men who are resting there, including General Crassus, who defeated Spartacus; Marcus Tullius Cicero, a writer and philosopher; and Gaius Gracchus, a politician. It is a testament to the loose historicity of Fast鈥檚 work that Gracchus, a real-life figure, died in 121 BCE, well before Spartacus鈥檚 crusade began.
In any event, it is at this point that the talking begins in earnest, centering on the aftermath of the Servile War, which has forced Romans to confront the foundations of their civilization, based in part on enslaving men, women, and children for the profit of others. These conversations segue into flashbacks that provide fragmentary glimpses of Spartacus and his rebellion, introducing us to the elusive central figure for the first time. Later in Spartacus, a few more gaps are filled in by the remembrances of a Jewish fighter who is dying on the cross, as well as by the memories of Varinia, a former slave who became Spartacus鈥檚 wife.
It is not hard to follow the shifts in time. Everything is told in the third-person, with a selectively omniscient narrator, shifting between the past tense in the present, and the present tense in the past. Still, there are times when the framework seems unnecessarily convoluted, to the point of parody. For instance, one flashback begins with Crassus telling of how he met Lentulus Batiatus, Spartacus鈥檚 onetime master. When Crassus meets Batiatus, he asks about Spartacus, and Batiatus obliges with a story of his own. So we have flashbacks within flashbacks, which borders on the lightly absurd.
Fortunately, as I mentioned above, these lookbacks are presented in their own sections. This avoids an issue prevalent in the nested narratives of Joseph Conrad, where backstories are presented within dialogue, which in turn has its own imbedded dialogue, turning the page into a nightmare of quotation marks.
***
The upshot of Fast鈥檚 infrastructure is that we spend very little time during the actual Servile War, instead following characters as they ruminate on the consequences. There is a lot of chatting in Spartacus, expounding on themes of oppression and freedom. By the end, the pedantry had become a little tedious, the dialectics starting to merge into each other.
That said, Spartacus has a lot to offer. Fast is an evocative writer, and he makes the various locations come alive. Italy is always worth a visit, even if it鈥檚 only in a book.
The prose walks a fine line between being readable to modern eyes 鈥� Fast does not try to channel Tacitus, for instance 鈥� without becoming hopelessly anachronistic. He utilizes a particular idiom and sticks with it.
In terms of action, unlike the movie, there aren鈥檛 any real big battle scenes. Nevertheless, the incidents of combat that do exist are well executed, pun entirely and shamelessly intended. The characters are also well-drawn, especially the figure of Crassus, who is rich, cruel, and conflicted.
The ending is extremely well done, managing to be both incredibly depressing and mildly hopeful, which is the kind of ambiguity that sticks with you. However much Spartacus sagged in the middle, the final sprint made it worthwhile.
***
The motivations of the true Spartacus can never be known. Whether he wanted to destroy Rome, end slavery, or simply escape is all conjecture. Fast does not attempt to heap pathologies on him, but instead defines him in terms of simplicity. He just wants to be free.
At first blush, this seems kind of reductive. 鈥淔reedom鈥� and 鈥渓iberty鈥� have become political buzzwords and intellectual shortcuts. Fast, though, wrote this after being imprisoned during the McCarthy era for refusing to name names. When he left prison, he had to self-publish Spartacus, because no one else would touch it. Seen in this light, the disquisitions which his characters engage come across as deeply felt.
Freedom is just a word until it鈥檚 gone, and then it becomes far more meaningful and profound. Whatever the realities of the historical Spartacus, that is the message ably delivered by the fictional one.
- Howard Fast, Spartacus
There is an entire shelf on one of my many sagging, near-to-collapsing Ikea bookshelves devoted to books I鈥檝e purchased after drinking wine and watching Turner Classic Movies. It usually goes something like this: I鈥檒l be sipping wine on the couch, the channel tuned to TCM, when I discover the movie I鈥檝e been enjoying is based on a book. At that point, with all my financial inhibitions floating away on a tide of iced chardonnay, I鈥檒l buy the title without a second thought. A few days later, it will arrive in the mail, and I鈥檒l remind myself once again not to shop with a wine glass in hand.
That鈥檚 pretty much the story of how I came to own Howard Fast鈥檚 Spartacus. After catching Stanley Kubrick鈥檚 sword-and-sandals epic over the recent holidays, I decided it was time to check out the source material.
Though Kubrick later disowned it, his film is a minor masterpiece in the style of Old Hollywood. It is stocked with inimitable actors, has big set pieces, and has just enough of a weird edge 鈥� the snails and oysters conversation between Laurence Olivier and Tony Curtis springs to mind 鈥� to keep it from being totally square.
The book is a very different animal. While good, it plays out on a much smaller stage, unfolding more as a series of one-on-one conversations than a sprawling adventure.
***
The story 鈥� or legend 鈥� of Spartacus is well known. He was a Thracian slave turned gladiator, who was part of a revolt that broke out in Capua in 73 BCE. He rose to lead an army of slaves against Rome, winning a stunning series of victories before being defeated at the Battle of the Silarius River by the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus. It is believed Spartacus died in battle. Roughly six-thousand prisoners from the failed insurrection were crucified along the Appian Way.
Of course, hard facts about Spartacus鈥檚 revolt are scarce. As far as I can tell, there are no contemporary eyewitness accounts. The best sources were written over a century following the events they describe.
While this is tough on the historian, it is wonderful for the artist, who is free to take the bones of the tale and make it into a symbol of whatever he or she wants. Indeed, aside from Kubrick鈥檚 movie and Fast鈥檚 novel, there are numerous other television shows, movies, novels, plays, and even videogames with Spartacus at the center.
The interesting thing about Fast鈥檚 take is that Spartacus is barely a character.
***
It鈥檚 worth spending some time talking about the structure of Spartacus. It is not necessarily complicated, but it is certainly not linear. Fast opens with three highborn Romans traveling to Capua. The road is marked by 鈥渢okens of punishment,鈥� the aforementioned six-thousand slaves who had been crucified, their bodies left to rot. Along the way, the three travelers meet characters representing different classes of Rome, and from them, different views on Spartacus鈥檚 war, which is already over.
This slow-moving sequence unfolds almost like a play, and culminates with the travelers鈥� arrival at Villa Salaria, a wealthy estate. They are greeted by the men who are resting there, including General Crassus, who defeated Spartacus; Marcus Tullius Cicero, a writer and philosopher; and Gaius Gracchus, a politician. It is a testament to the loose historicity of Fast鈥檚 work that Gracchus, a real-life figure, died in 121 BCE, well before Spartacus鈥檚 crusade began.
In any event, it is at this point that the talking begins in earnest, centering on the aftermath of the Servile War, which has forced Romans to confront the foundations of their civilization, based in part on enslaving men, women, and children for the profit of others. These conversations segue into flashbacks that provide fragmentary glimpses of Spartacus and his rebellion, introducing us to the elusive central figure for the first time. Later in Spartacus, a few more gaps are filled in by the remembrances of a Jewish fighter who is dying on the cross, as well as by the memories of Varinia, a former slave who became Spartacus鈥檚 wife.
It is not hard to follow the shifts in time. Everything is told in the third-person, with a selectively omniscient narrator, shifting between the past tense in the present, and the present tense in the past. Still, there are times when the framework seems unnecessarily convoluted, to the point of parody. For instance, one flashback begins with Crassus telling of how he met Lentulus Batiatus, Spartacus鈥檚 onetime master. When Crassus meets Batiatus, he asks about Spartacus, and Batiatus obliges with a story of his own. So we have flashbacks within flashbacks, which borders on the lightly absurd.
Fortunately, as I mentioned above, these lookbacks are presented in their own sections. This avoids an issue prevalent in the nested narratives of Joseph Conrad, where backstories are presented within dialogue, which in turn has its own imbedded dialogue, turning the page into a nightmare of quotation marks.
***
The upshot of Fast鈥檚 infrastructure is that we spend very little time during the actual Servile War, instead following characters as they ruminate on the consequences. There is a lot of chatting in Spartacus, expounding on themes of oppression and freedom. By the end, the pedantry had become a little tedious, the dialectics starting to merge into each other.
That said, Spartacus has a lot to offer. Fast is an evocative writer, and he makes the various locations come alive. Italy is always worth a visit, even if it鈥檚 only in a book.
The prose walks a fine line between being readable to modern eyes 鈥� Fast does not try to channel Tacitus, for instance 鈥� without becoming hopelessly anachronistic. He utilizes a particular idiom and sticks with it.
In terms of action, unlike the movie, there aren鈥檛 any real big battle scenes. Nevertheless, the incidents of combat that do exist are well executed, pun entirely and shamelessly intended. The characters are also well-drawn, especially the figure of Crassus, who is rich, cruel, and conflicted.
The ending is extremely well done, managing to be both incredibly depressing and mildly hopeful, which is the kind of ambiguity that sticks with you. However much Spartacus sagged in the middle, the final sprint made it worthwhile.
***
The motivations of the true Spartacus can never be known. Whether he wanted to destroy Rome, end slavery, or simply escape is all conjecture. Fast does not attempt to heap pathologies on him, but instead defines him in terms of simplicity. He just wants to be free.
At first blush, this seems kind of reductive. 鈥淔reedom鈥� and 鈥渓iberty鈥� have become political buzzwords and intellectual shortcuts. Fast, though, wrote this after being imprisoned during the McCarthy era for refusing to name names. When he left prison, he had to self-publish Spartacus, because no one else would touch it. Seen in this light, the disquisitions which his characters engage come across as deeply felt.
Freedom is just a word until it鈥檚 gone, and then it becomes far more meaningful and profound. Whatever the realities of the historical Spartacus, that is the message ably delivered by the fictional one.
August 27, 2022
"El joven pastor Espartaco se convierte en un militar del poderoso ej茅rcito romano, pero el contacto con la locura de las batallas y la injusticia le llevan a desertar. Sin embardo, es paresado como esclavo y convertido en un c茅lebre gladiador para acabar convirti茅ndose en el l铆der de la rebeli贸n de los gladidores del a帽o 73 a.C.
Comprometido con la sociedad de su tiempo y con los derechos de las minor铆as, Howard Fast fue perseguido durante el macarthismo y pas贸 meses en prisi贸n por desacato, aprovech贸 para iniciar esta novela.
Stanley Kubrick, se bas贸 en esta novela para la pel铆cula "Espartaco", protagonizada por Kirk Douglas"
Considero y espero que esta rese帽a firmada y sellada con mi humilde opini贸n impresa en ella pueda servir y ayudar a la banda de hist贸rica que quiera leer este libro. O le interese y as铆 tenga ciertas cosas en cuenta.
Tiene un par de aspectos que le restan mucho, uno especialmente. Fue demasiado un mensaje "pol铆tico" sobre la libertad y los derechos.
Se nota que fue escrito en el per铆odo de su vida que fue perseguido y encarcelado.
Muy importante, por supuesto, y valioso, pero mucho menos Spartacus, el hombre. Y m谩s otras cosas.
Demasiado. No fue lo que esperaba para nada y le pas贸 factura. Con cada p谩gina iba perdiendo estrellas.
Para mi este libro, cuyo t铆tulo es el nombre de su supuesto protagonista, no se siente como un libro sobre Espartaco. Eso lastr贸 su lectura.
Tenemos cap铆tulos contados desde su punto de vista. Sin embargo, muchos se cuentan despu茅s de su muerte y sus compa帽eros.
Su estilo de narraci贸n le da un objetivo y meta al libro. Y es que ayuda a retratar a Espartaco como algo concreto que buscaba el autor. Pero para mi este fue su mayor fallo queriendo leer algo sobre Espartaco. Y con cierto conocimiento ya previo sobre dicho personaje hist贸rico.
Hace que se sienta menos como una historia sobre el hombre y m谩s como un "ensayo pol铆tico disfrazado".
El di谩logo, las reflexiones internas, todo se suma a esta imagen. No es algo malo, por supuesto, y le gustar谩 a muchos. Pero no era para nada lo que me esperaba cuando lo empec茅.
No fue hasta el final del libro que la acci贸n hizo su aparici贸n. Moral y pol铆tica que lo entiendo es parte de Espartaco y su rebeli贸n pero todo con su dosis controlada, sino deja de ser una cosa y pasa a ser otra. Y que encaje, eso ya lo explico abajo.
Podr铆a haber sido una estupenda lectura, muy interesante, pero adem谩s del mensaje y ese "Espartaco", contiene descripciones de sitios u otras cosas de varias p谩ginas, y descripciones de la relaci贸n amorosa del personaje que se me hizo muy aburrida. Un poco demasiado para mi gusto.
Demasiado mensaje, descripciones y dem谩s en torno a una figura hist贸rica que est谩 llevada de manera buscada por el autor hacia una especie de "Mes铆as con grandes ideas sobre los derechos y libertades".
No lo disfrute. Y no me enganch贸. Se me hizo bola su lectura convirti茅ndose finalmente en una avalancha.
Lo que he le铆do sobre este famoso personaje hist贸rico no hay datos muy concretos, como casi todo en la historia antigua de nuestro mundo, lamentablemente, y menos sobre sus intenciones, ni siquiera en la revuelta que lider贸. Creo adem谩s que su autor pone sus propias palabras e ideas en boca de Espartaco.
Libre es de hacerlo, por supuesto. Pero no me gust贸 el rumbo que tom贸 ni ciertas cosas.
Claro que esperas en Espartaco la lucha por la libertad contra la esclavitud, y no dejan de ser cosas que ayudan a reflexionar. Etc茅tera.
Pero primero hacerlo en dosis que no cubran por completo la historia y segundo su autor mete demasiadas cosas adem谩s de la libertad en la figura de Espartaco, en su demanda de que se derrumbe la vieja sociedad y se construya una nueva sociedad en la que no haya propiedades privadas, resolviendo los problemas del amo y el esclavo hacia un para铆so justo. Y dem谩s cosillas.
Tampoco muestra c贸mo Espartaco, el hombre, lleg贸 a estas ideas, m谩s complejas de lo que yo pobremente explico para no caer en spoiler.
Fue esto lo que me choc贸, que poner en boca de alguien que fue una figura hist贸rica real que vivi贸 en las condiciones en las que hombres y mujeres como Espartaco padecieron. No me encaj贸 en ciertos niveles de filosof铆a, ideas y palabras. Me ha chocado y entorpecido.
Cada autor es libre de crear lo que quiera. Y para gustos, colores. Pero si vais a leerlo tener en cuenta estas cosas que me han pasado.
Considero que si quer茅is leer algo de esta eterna figura hist贸rica busqu茅is otros antes de leerlo. Finaliza aqu铆 mi humilde testimonio donde dejo constancia de lo acontecido con esta lectura..鉁嶏笍
Comprometido con la sociedad de su tiempo y con los derechos de las minor铆as, Howard Fast fue perseguido durante el macarthismo y pas贸 meses en prisi贸n por desacato, aprovech贸 para iniciar esta novela.
Stanley Kubrick, se bas贸 en esta novela para la pel铆cula "Espartaco", protagonizada por Kirk Douglas"
Considero y espero que esta rese帽a firmada y sellada con mi humilde opini贸n impresa en ella pueda servir y ayudar a la banda de hist贸rica que quiera leer este libro. O le interese y as铆 tenga ciertas cosas en cuenta.
Tiene un par de aspectos que le restan mucho, uno especialmente. Fue demasiado un mensaje "pol铆tico" sobre la libertad y los derechos.
Se nota que fue escrito en el per铆odo de su vida que fue perseguido y encarcelado.
Muy importante, por supuesto, y valioso, pero mucho menos Spartacus, el hombre. Y m谩s otras cosas.
Demasiado. No fue lo que esperaba para nada y le pas贸 factura. Con cada p谩gina iba perdiendo estrellas.
Para mi este libro, cuyo t铆tulo es el nombre de su supuesto protagonista, no se siente como un libro sobre Espartaco. Eso lastr贸 su lectura.
Tenemos cap铆tulos contados desde su punto de vista. Sin embargo, muchos se cuentan despu茅s de su muerte y sus compa帽eros.
Su estilo de narraci贸n le da un objetivo y meta al libro. Y es que ayuda a retratar a Espartaco como algo concreto que buscaba el autor. Pero para mi este fue su mayor fallo queriendo leer algo sobre Espartaco. Y con cierto conocimiento ya previo sobre dicho personaje hist贸rico.
Hace que se sienta menos como una historia sobre el hombre y m谩s como un "ensayo pol铆tico disfrazado".
El di谩logo, las reflexiones internas, todo se suma a esta imagen. No es algo malo, por supuesto, y le gustar谩 a muchos. Pero no era para nada lo que me esperaba cuando lo empec茅.
No fue hasta el final del libro que la acci贸n hizo su aparici贸n. Moral y pol铆tica que lo entiendo es parte de Espartaco y su rebeli贸n pero todo con su dosis controlada, sino deja de ser una cosa y pasa a ser otra. Y que encaje, eso ya lo explico abajo.
Podr铆a haber sido una estupenda lectura, muy interesante, pero adem谩s del mensaje y ese "Espartaco", contiene descripciones de sitios u otras cosas de varias p谩ginas, y descripciones de la relaci贸n amorosa del personaje que se me hizo muy aburrida. Un poco demasiado para mi gusto.
Demasiado mensaje, descripciones y dem谩s en torno a una figura hist贸rica que est谩 llevada de manera buscada por el autor hacia una especie de "Mes铆as con grandes ideas sobre los derechos y libertades".
No lo disfrute. Y no me enganch贸. Se me hizo bola su lectura convirti茅ndose finalmente en una avalancha.
Lo que he le铆do sobre este famoso personaje hist贸rico no hay datos muy concretos, como casi todo en la historia antigua de nuestro mundo, lamentablemente, y menos sobre sus intenciones, ni siquiera en la revuelta que lider贸. Creo adem谩s que su autor pone sus propias palabras e ideas en boca de Espartaco.
Libre es de hacerlo, por supuesto. Pero no me gust贸 el rumbo que tom贸 ni ciertas cosas.
Claro que esperas en Espartaco la lucha por la libertad contra la esclavitud, y no dejan de ser cosas que ayudan a reflexionar. Etc茅tera.
Pero primero hacerlo en dosis que no cubran por completo la historia y segundo su autor mete demasiadas cosas adem谩s de la libertad en la figura de Espartaco, en su demanda de que se derrumbe la vieja sociedad y se construya una nueva sociedad en la que no haya propiedades privadas, resolviendo los problemas del amo y el esclavo hacia un para铆so justo. Y dem谩s cosillas.
Tampoco muestra c贸mo Espartaco, el hombre, lleg贸 a estas ideas, m谩s complejas de lo que yo pobremente explico para no caer en spoiler.
Fue esto lo que me choc贸, que poner en boca de alguien que fue una figura hist贸rica real que vivi贸 en las condiciones en las que hombres y mujeres como Espartaco padecieron. No me encaj贸 en ciertos niveles de filosof铆a, ideas y palabras. Me ha chocado y entorpecido.
Cada autor es libre de crear lo que quiera. Y para gustos, colores. Pero si vais a leerlo tener en cuenta estas cosas que me han pasado.
Considero que si quer茅is leer algo de esta eterna figura hist贸rica busqu茅is otros antes de leerlo. Finaliza aqu铆 mi humilde testimonio donde dejo constancia de lo acontecido con esta lectura..鉁嶏笍
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August 2, 2019HAPPY 100th BIRTHDAY KIRK DOUGLAS
I have watched the movie and even though it was three hours long I really enjoyed, and I admit that a salty flood occupied my visionary organs quite a few times; maybe it's because I finished reading the book less than twenty four hours before.
I reviewed the book but it's in Greek; Google Translate it and you might get the gist. And not get fooled by people saying it's a Marxist propaganda. It's a tale about how it is to be free. Is the right to be free a Marxist propaganda or is it a privilege of all humans? If you possess a good amount of brains you'll know the answer.
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-螠蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 苇蠂蠅 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪.
-螁蟽蔚 蟿喂蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 渭蟺蟻蔚 魏伪喂 蟿蟻维尾伪 纬蟻维蠄蔚 蟿畏谓 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎. 螤维位喂 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 蔚伪蠀蟿蠈 蟽慰蠀 胃伪 渭喂位维蟼;
-螝慰蠀渭维谓蟿慰 谓伪 魏维谓蔚喂蟼 蟽蟿喂蟼 未喂魏苇蟼 蟽慰蠀 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 伪纬伪蟺畏蟿蠈 蠀蟺慰蟽蠀谓蔚委未畏蟿慰!
螞慰喂蟺蠈谓, 苇位蔚纬伪 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 苇蠂蠅 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪.
螤蟻喂谓 蔚魏伪蟿慰渭渭蠉蟻喂伪 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪 蔚蟺委 螝蟻畏蟿喂未喂魏萎蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未慰蠀 萎渭慰蠀谓 渭伪胃畏蟿萎蟼 纬蠀渭谓伪蟽委慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟺萎纬伪喂谓伪 喂未喂伪委蟿蔚蟻伪 伪纬纬位喂魏维 纬喂伪蟿委 未蔚谓 渭慰蠀 苇蠁蟿伪谓伪谓 蟿伪 伪纬纬位喂魏维 蟽蟿慰 蟽蠂慰位蔚委慰. 螤蔚蟻喂渭苇谓慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚委慰 苇尾伪位伪 渭喂伪 尾喂谓蟿蔚慰魏伪蟽苇蟿伪 (蟿喂蟼 苇蠁蟿伪蟽伪 蟽蟿畏 未蠉蟽畏 蟿慰蠀蟼) 蟺慰蠀 苇纬蟻伪蠁蔚 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼. 螘纬蠋 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟺伪喂未喂魏萎 渭慰蠀 维纬谓慰喂伪 谓蠈渭喂味伪 渭喂位慰蠉蟽蔚 纬喂伪 魏维蟺慰喂慰 危蟺伪蟻蟿喂维蟿畏 蟺慰位蔚渭喂蟽蟿萎 蟺慰蠀 蟺萎纬蔚 蟽蟿畏 巍蠋渭畏 谓伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 未蔚委尉蔚喂 蟿畏 蔚蟽蟿委 危螤螒巍韦螒!
螘委未伪 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 渭蔚 渭慰蠉蟽喂 谓伪 未慰蠀位蔚蠉蔚喂 蟽蟿喂蟼 渭委谓蔚蟼 蟿畏蟼 谓慰蠀尾喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟻萎渭慰蠀, 谓伪 蟺伪位蔚蠉蔚喂 渭' 苇谓伪谓 伪蠁蟻喂魏维谓慰, 谓伪 蟺谓委纬蔚喂 苇谓伪谓 蔚魏蟺伪喂未蔚蠀蟿萎 蟽蔚 蟿慰渭伪蟿蠈蟽慰蠀蟺伪 (?), 谓伪 魏慰蟻谓维蟻蔚喂 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂 蟿慰蠀 蠁蟻慰谓蟿喂蟽蟿畏蟻委慰蠀, 谓伪 蔚蟺伪谓伪蟽蟿伪蟿慰蠉谓 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 谓伪 蠁蔚蠉纬蔚喂 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂, 谓伪 蟺喂维谓慰蠀谓 蟿伪 蠈蟻畏 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 谓伪 蠂维谓蠅 蟿伪 喂未喂伪委蟿蔚蟻伪, 谓伪 蟿慰 蟽蠀谓蔚喂未畏蟿慰蟺慰喂蠋 蠈蟿伪谓 萎未畏 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂 蔚蟺苇蟽蟿蟻蔚蠁蔚 蟿慰蠀蟼 渭伪胃畏蟿苇蟼 蟺委蟽蠅, 谓伪 蠁蔚蠉纬蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟽蟺委蟿喂 谓伪 蟺维蠅 蟽蟿畏蟼 胃蔚喂伪蟼 渭慰蠀 纬喂伪 谓伪 蠁伪谓蔚委 蠈蟿喂 位蔚委蟺蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 蟽蟺委蟿喂, 伪位位维 畏 渭维谓伪 蟿慰 魏伪蟿维位伪尾蔚 魏伪喂 渭' 苇魏伪谓蔚 谓伪 谓喂蠋蟽蠅 苇谓慰蠂慰蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂伪蟽伪 蟿' 伪纬纬位喂魏维 纬喂伪 苇谓伪 未慰蠉位慰, 苇谓伪 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰. 韦慰 尾蟻维未蠀 蟺蟻慰蟽蟺维胃畏蟽伪 谓伪 蟿畏谓 慰位慰魏位畏蟻蠋蟽蠅 伪位位维 蟿慰蠀 魏蔚蟻伪蟿维 畏 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蟺维蔚喂 蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟿蟻蔚喂蟼 蠋蟻蔚蟼 魏伪喂 尾伪蟽喂魏维 渭蠈谓慰 伪蟻蠂萎 魏伪喂 蟿苇位慰蟼 胃蠀渭维渭伪喂.
螆蟿蟽喂 蟺位苇慰谓 蟽蟿畏 蟽畏渭蔚蟻喂谓萎 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 魏伪喂 蔚蟺' 蔚蠀魏伪喂蟻委伪蟼 纬蔚谓蔚胃位委蠅谓 蟿慰蠀 螝蔚蟻魏 渭蔚胃伪蠉蟻喂慰 伪蟺慰蠁维蟽喂蟽伪 谓伪 蔚尉慰蟻魏委蟽蠅 蟿慰 蠁维谓蟿伪蟽渭伪 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼.
螝巍螜韦螜螝螚
螢蔚魏委谓畏蟽伪 谓伪 蟿慰 未喂伪尾维味蠅 魏伪喂 魏伪渭委伪 蟽蠂苇蟽畏 苇蠂蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蟿慰蠀 螝喂慰蠉渭蟺蟻喂魏.
螚 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蟽蟿蟻苇喂蟿蠁蠈蟻纬慰蠀慰蟻谓蟿 蟺慰蠀 位苇谓蔚 蟽蟿慰 蠂蠅蟻喂蠈 渭慰蠀. 螒蟻蠂委味蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻委蟺慰蠀 蟽蟿慰 74-75 蟺.围 渭蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 蟽蟿伪 慰蟻蠀蠂蔚委伪 蟿畏蟼 谓慰蠀尾喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟻萎渭慰蠀 魏伪喂 谓伪 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蔚喂 蟿慰 71 蟺.围. 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟽蟿伪蠉蟻蠅蟽畏 蟿慰蠀. 螣 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 尾伪蟽喂魏维 蔚渭蠁伪谓委味蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 90% 蟿畏蟼 蟿伪喂谓委伪蟼.
危蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 尉蔚魏喂谓维 (谓慰渭委味蠅 in medias res) 蟿慰 71 蟺.围. 渭喂伪 尾未慰渭维未伪 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰 蟿苇位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺慰位苇渭慰蠀 蟿蠅谓 未慰蠉位蠅谓 慰喂 慰蟺慰委慰喂 (慰喂 6472 蟺慰蠀 蔚蟺苇味畏蟽伪谓 蟿畏蟼 蟿蔚位蔚蠀蟿伪委伪蟼 渭维蠂畏蟼) 蟽蟿伪蠀蟻蠋谓慰谓蟿伪喂 魏伪蟿维 渭萎魏慰蟼 蟿畏蟼 螒蟺蟺委伪蟼 慰未慰蠉 (蟿慰 伪谓蟿委胃蔚蟿慰 伪蟺' 慰蟿喂 苇魏伪谓蔚 畏 螡蟿蔚谓苇蟻蠀蟼 蟽蟿慰 Slaver's Bay) 魏伪喂 3 谓苇慰喂 巍蠅渭伪委慰喂 蟿伪尉喂未蔚蠉慰蠀谓 魏伪蟿维 渭萎魏慰蟼 伪蠀蟿萎蟼 蟿畏蟼 慰未慰蠉 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟺维谓蔚 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 尾委位伪 谓伪 魏维谓慰蠀谓 未喂伪魏慰蟺苇蟼. 螘魏蔚委 蟽蠀谓伪谓蟿慰蠉谓蟿伪喂 渭蔚 维位位慰蠀蟼 巍蠅渭伪委慰蠀蟼 蟽蟿蟻伪蟿畏纬慰蠉蟼, 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏慰蠉蟼 魏伪喂 位慰喂蟺维 蟻蔚渭维位喂伪 魏伪喂 蟽蠀味畏蟿维谓蔚 魏伪喂 伪谓伪蟺慰位慰蠉谓 蟿慰谓 蟺蠈位蔚渭慰 蟿蠅谓 未慰蠉位蠅谓.
螝伪喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 蟿畏 尾位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 伪蠀蟿慰蠉蟼, 萎 伪蟺蠈 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委蟺伪谓 维位位慰喂 魏伪喂 蟿喂蟼 位苇谓蔚 蟿蠋蟻伪. 螔位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 未畏位伪未萎 蟿畏 味蠅萎 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 蟽蔚 蟿蟻委蟿慰 蠂苇蟻喂. 螔位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 魏伪蟿维 苇谓伪 25-30% 伪蟺' 蠈位慰 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰.
螣喂 纬谓蠋渭蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 巍蠅渭伪委蠅谓 蟺蔚蟻委 未慰蠉位蠅谓 蟽喂蠂伪渭蔚蟻苇蟼.
慰蟻委蟽蟿蔚 渭委伪:
螣喂 尾伪蟽蟿维味慰喂 蟿蠅谓 未蠉慰 魏慰蟻喂蟿蟽喂蠋谓, 蔚委蠂伪谓蔚 味伪蟻蠋蟽蔚喂 蟺位维喂 蟽蟿伪 蠁慰蟻蔚委伪 魏伪喂 蟿蟻蔚渭慰蠀位喂维味伪谓蔚 蟽蟿畏 尾蟻伪未蠀谓畏 蠄蠉蠂蟻伪. 韦蠋蟻伪 蟿伪 蠄喂位蠈位喂纬谓伪 魏慰蟻渭喂维 蟿慰蠀蟼 苇渭慰喂伪味伪谓 伪位畏胃喂谓维 味蠅蠈未喂魏伪, 蟿伪 渭慰蠉蟽魏慰蠀位维 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪谓伪蟿蟻委蠂喂伪味伪谓 慰位蠈喂未喂伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蟿伪 味蠋伪
慰蟻委蟽蟿蔚 魏喂 维位位畏
螠伪 蟺喂蟽蟿蔚蠉蔚蟿蔚 蟺蠅蟼 苇蠂慰蠀谓 蟿苇蟿慰喂伪 蟽蠀谓伪喂蟽胃萎渭伪蟿伪 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂; 螣喂 未喂魏慰委 渭慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 渭蔚纬伪位蠅渭苇谓慰喂 蟽蔚 蟽蟿维尾位慰 [...] 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 苇蠂慰蠀谓 渭蔚纬维位畏 蟽蠅渭伪蟿喂魏萎 未蠉谓伪渭畏, 渭伪 未蔚 未喂伪蠁苇蟻慰蠀谓 魏伪胃蠈位慰蠀 伪蟺蠈 蟿伪 味蠋伪. 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委 伪蠀蟿慰委 谓维蠂慰蠀谓 伪喂蟽胃萎渭伪蟿伪 伪位位畏位蔚纬纬蠉畏蟼 魏伪喂 蔚谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪蟼;
魏喂 维位位畏
螣 未慰蠉位慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿慰 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位维, 魏伪喂 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味蔚喂 蟽' 伪蠀蟿蠈 伪蟺' 蟿慰 味蠋慰, 未畏位伪未萎 蟿慰 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭喂蟽慰渭喂位维, 蟺慰蠀 魏喂 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟺维位喂 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味蔚喂 伪蟺' 蟿慰 魏伪谓慰谓喂魏蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 慰谓慰渭伪蟽蟿蔚委 尾慰蠀尾蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰. [...] 螌蟿伪谓 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺慰位蔚渭维 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 伪谓伪魏伪位蠉蟺蟿蔚喂 尉伪蠁谓喂魏维 蟺蠅蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟿喂 慰位蠈蟿蔚位伪 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏蠈 伪蟺蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委伪 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位慰蠉谓. . .
螝伪喂 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠅渭蠈 未蔚谓 苇蠂慰蠀谓. 螝伪喂 维谓蟿蔚 渭蔚蟿维 谓伪 蔚魏蟿喂渭萎蟽蔚喂蟼 伪蠀蟿萎 蟿畏 渭蔚纬维位畏 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿委伪/伪蠀蟿慰魏蟻伪蟿慰蟻委伪 蟺慰蠀 苇纬喂谓蔚 蟿蟻伪谓萎 蟺伪蟿蠋谓蟿伪蟼 蔚蟺委 蟺蟿蠅渭维蟿蠅谓 (蟽蟿畏谓 魏蠀蟻喂慰位蔚尉委伪). 螒位位维 蟺慰位蠉 蟿慰 蠂维蟻畏魏伪 蟺慰蠀 尾蟻萎魏蔚 蟿慰 渭维蟽蟿慰蟻维 蟿畏蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 螕蠈蟿胃慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 维位位伪 纬蔚蟻渭伪谓喂魏维 蠁蠉位伪.
螕苇伪!
螡蠈渭喂味蔚 慰 螝蟻维蟽蟽慰蟼 蠈蟿喂 胃伪 味慰蠉蟽蔚 纬喂伪 蟺维谓蟿伪 畏 巍蠋渭畏, 魏伪喂 蠈蟿喂 慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 胃伪 尉蔚蠂谓喂蠈蟿伪谓 蟽蟿慰 渭萎谓伪. 危蔚 纬蔚位维蟽伪谓蔚 螝蟻维蟽蟽慰. 螠苇蠂蟻喂 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏 渭喂蟿蟽喂维谓 蟿畏谓 螝蠉蟺蟻慰 蔚魏维渭伪渭蔚谓 慰渭维未伪 蟺蟻慰蟼 蟿喂渭萎 蟿慰蠀:
危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 螝喂蟿委慰蠀. 螝伪喂 蟽蟿畏 螠蠈蟽蠂伪 (小锌邪褉褌邪泻 袦芯褋泻胁邪)
韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 蟺慰位位慰委 蟺蟻慰蟽蟺伪胃慰蠉谓 谓伪 蟿慰 蟿伪渭蟺蔚位蠋蟽慰蠀谓 蠅蟼 渭喂伪 渭伪蟻尉喂蟽蟿喂魏萎 蟺蟻慰蟺伪纬维谓未伪. 螘纬蠋 蟿慰 蔚委未伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 渭喂伪 蟽伪谓 渭喂伪 维蟿蠀蟺畏 尾喂慰纬蟻伪蠁委伪/谓蟿慰魏喂渭伪谓蟿苇蟻 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 魏伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 维位位畏 蟽伪谓 渭喂伪 未喂伪蟿蟻喂尾萎 蟽蔚 畏胃喂魏维 味畏蟿萎渭伪蟿伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 蟿喂 蟽畏渭伪委谓蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰蟼, 蟿喂 蟽畏渭伪委谓蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟺慰喂慰蟼 伪纬谓蠈蟼, 蔚维谓 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂 伪尉委味慰蠀谓 谓伪 位蔚蠀蟿蔚蟻蠅胃慰蠉谓, 蔚维谓 畏 味蠅萎 苇蠂蔚喂 伪尉委伪 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻畏 伪蟺鈥� 蟿慰 胃维谓伪蟿慰 魏喂 维位位伪.
螆谓伪蟼 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺蠈蟼 蟽蟿伪蠀蟻蠋胃畏魏蔚 苇谓伪 伪喂蠋谓伪 蟺蟻喂谓 蟿慰 围蟻喂蟽蟿蠈 纬喂伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蟺慰蠀 蟺位苇慰谓 渭伪蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 未蔚未慰渭苇谓伪. 螡伪 味蔚喂蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰蟼. 螝伪喂 渭' 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟽伪蟼 魏维谓蠅 苇谓伪 蔚蟻蠋蟿畏渭伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿慰 蟽魏蔚蠁蟿蔚委蟿蔚 魏喂 蔚蟽蔚委蟼. 螘委渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蠈谓蟿蠅蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰喂 萎 味慰蠉渭蔚 渭喂伪 蠄蔚蠀未伪委蟽胃畏蟽畏;
螆谓伪 蟺伪蟻伪渭蔚位蔚喂渭苇谓慰 (伪谓伪纬谓蠅蟽蟿喂魏维) 尾喂尾位委慰 螒尉委味蔚喂 谓伪 蟿慰 未喂伪尾维蟽蔚蟿蔚 蟺伪蟻蠈位慰 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 . 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委蟿蔚 谓伪 未蔚委蟿蔚 蟿畏谓 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蠈渭蠅蟼 魏伪喂 谓伪 蟽蠀纬魏蟻委谓蔚蟿蔚 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪蠁慰蟻苇蟼 渭蔚 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 蟽蟿畏 螔喂魏喂蟺伪委未蔚喂伪.
螤伪蟻伪胃苇蟿蠅 魏伪喂 魏维蟿喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 蟿苇位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 苇蟿蟽喂 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蠅:
螝鈥� 蔚委蟿伪谓蔚 谓维蟻胃蔚喂 蠉蟽蟿蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂蟻蠈蟼, 蟺慰蠀 苇渭蔚位位蔚 谓伪 蟺苇蟽蔚喂 畏 巍蠋渭畏. 螝喂 畏 巍蠋渭畏 苇蟺蔚蟽蔚. 韦畏谓 纬魏蟻蔚渭委蟽伪谓蔚 蟽蠀谓蟿蟻委渭渭喂伪 蠈蠂喂 渭慰谓维蠂慰喂 蟿慰蠀蟼 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 蟺伪蟻维 渭伪味委 蟿慰蠀蟼 慰喂 蟿蟽慰渭蟺维谓畏未蔚蟼 魏喂 慰喂 蠂蠅蟻喂维蟿蔚蟼 魏喂 慰喂 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰喂 尾维蟻尾伪蟻慰喂.
螝喂 蠈蟽慰 渭慰蠂蟿慰蠉蟽伪谓 蟿慰蠀蟼 魏伪蟿慰蟺喂谓慰蠉蟼 魏伪喂蟻慰蠉蟼 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂, 魏喂 蠈蟽慰 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺伪委蟻谓伪谓 维位位慰喂 蟿慰谓 魏伪蟻蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀 渭蠈蠂蟿慰蠀 蟿慰蠀蟼, 蟿鈥� 蠈谓慰渭伪 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 苇渭蔚位位蔚 谓伪 味蔚喂 蟽蟿畏 渭谓萎渭畏 蟿蠅谓 魏伪蟿伪蟿蟻蔚纬渭苇谓蠅谓, 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿慰 位苇谓蔚 蟽蠀谓伪渭蔚蟿伪尉蠉 蟿慰蠀蟼, 维位位蔚蟼 蠁慰蟻苇蟼 蠄喂胃蠀蟻喂蟽蟿维, 魏喂 维位位蔚蟼 蠁慰蟻苇蟼, 蟺维位喂, 谓伪 蟿慰 蠁蠅谓维味慰蠀谓 胃伪蟻蟻蔚蟿维 魏伪喂 渭鈥� 蠈位畏 蟿畏 未蠉谓伪渭萎 蟿慰蠀蟼- 蟿鈥� 蠈谓慰渭伪 蔚魏蔚委谓慰: 危蟺维蚁蟿伪魏慰蟼!
I have watched the movie and even though it was three hours long I really enjoyed, and I admit that a salty flood occupied my visionary organs quite a few times; maybe it's because I finished reading the book less than twenty four hours before.
I reviewed the book but it's in Greek; Google Translate it and you might get the gist. And not get fooled by people saying it's a Marxist propaganda. It's a tale about how it is to be free. Is the right to be free a Marxist propaganda or is it a privilege of all humans? If you possess a good amount of brains you'll know the answer.
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-螠蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 苇蠂蠅 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪.
-螁蟽蔚 蟿喂蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 渭蟺蟻蔚 魏伪喂 蟿蟻维尾伪 纬蟻维蠄蔚 蟿畏谓 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏萎. 螤维位喂 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 蔚伪蠀蟿蠈 蟽慰蠀 胃伪 渭喂位维蟼;
-螝慰蠀渭维谓蟿慰 谓伪 魏维谓蔚喂蟼 蟽蟿喂蟼 未喂魏苇蟼 蟽慰蠀 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 伪纬伪蟺畏蟿蠈 蠀蟺慰蟽蠀谓蔚委未畏蟿慰!
螞慰喂蟺蠈谓, 苇位蔚纬伪 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 苇蠂蠅 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪.
螤蟻喂谓 蔚魏伪蟿慰渭渭蠉蟻喂伪 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪 蔚蟺委 螝蟻畏蟿喂未喂魏萎蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未慰蠀 萎渭慰蠀谓 渭伪胃畏蟿萎蟼 纬蠀渭谓伪蟽委慰蠀 魏伪喂 蟺萎纬伪喂谓伪 喂未喂伪委蟿蔚蟻伪 伪纬纬位喂魏维 纬喂伪蟿委 未蔚谓 渭慰蠀 苇蠁蟿伪谓伪谓 蟿伪 伪纬纬位喂魏维 蟽蟿慰 蟽蠂慰位蔚委慰. 螤蔚蟻喂渭苇谓慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚委慰 苇尾伪位伪 渭喂伪 尾喂谓蟿蔚慰魏伪蟽苇蟿伪 (蟿喂蟼 苇蠁蟿伪蟽伪 蟽蟿畏 未蠉蟽畏 蟿慰蠀蟼) 蟺慰蠀 苇纬蟻伪蠁蔚 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼. 螘纬蠋 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟺伪喂未喂魏萎 渭慰蠀 维纬谓慰喂伪 谓蠈渭喂味伪 渭喂位慰蠉蟽蔚 纬喂伪 魏维蟺慰喂慰 危蟺伪蟻蟿喂维蟿畏 蟺慰位蔚渭喂蟽蟿萎 蟺慰蠀 蟺萎纬蔚 蟽蟿畏 巍蠋渭畏 谓伪 蟿慰蠀蟼 未蔚委尉蔚喂 蟿畏 蔚蟽蟿委 危螤螒巍韦螒!
螘委未伪 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 渭蔚 渭慰蠉蟽喂 谓伪 未慰蠀位蔚蠉蔚喂 蟽蟿喂蟼 渭委谓蔚蟼 蟿畏蟼 谓慰蠀尾喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟻萎渭慰蠀, 谓伪 蟺伪位蔚蠉蔚喂 渭' 苇谓伪谓 伪蠁蟻喂魏维谓慰, 谓伪 蟺谓委纬蔚喂 苇谓伪谓 蔚魏蟺伪喂未蔚蠀蟿萎 蟽蔚 蟿慰渭伪蟿蠈蟽慰蠀蟺伪 (?), 谓伪 魏慰蟻谓维蟻蔚喂 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂 蟿慰蠀 蠁蟻慰谓蟿喂蟽蟿畏蟻委慰蠀, 谓伪 蔚蟺伪谓伪蟽蟿伪蟿慰蠉谓 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 谓伪 蠁蔚蠉纬蔚喂 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂, 谓伪 蟺喂维谓慰蠀谓 蟿伪 蠈蟻畏 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 谓伪 蠂维谓蠅 蟿伪 喂未喂伪委蟿蔚蟻伪, 谓伪 蟿慰 蟽蠀谓蔚喂未畏蟿慰蟺慰喂蠋 蠈蟿伪谓 萎未畏 蟿慰 位蔚蠅蠁慰蟻蔚喂维魏喂 蔚蟺苇蟽蟿蟻蔚蠁蔚 蟿慰蠀蟼 渭伪胃畏蟿苇蟼 蟺委蟽蠅, 谓伪 蠁蔚蠉纬蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟽蟺委蟿喂 谓伪 蟺维蠅 蟽蟿畏蟼 胃蔚喂伪蟼 渭慰蠀 纬喂伪 谓伪 蠁伪谓蔚委 蠈蟿喂 位蔚委蟺蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 蟽蟺委蟿喂, 伪位位维 畏 渭维谓伪 蟿慰 魏伪蟿维位伪尾蔚 魏伪喂 渭' 苇魏伪谓蔚 谓伪 谓喂蠋蟽蠅 苇谓慰蠂慰蟼 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂伪蟽伪 蟿' 伪纬纬位喂魏维 纬喂伪 苇谓伪 未慰蠉位慰, 苇谓伪 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰. 韦慰 尾蟻维未蠀 蟺蟻慰蟽蟺维胃畏蟽伪 谓伪 蟿畏谓 慰位慰魏位畏蟻蠋蟽蠅 伪位位维 蟿慰蠀 魏蔚蟻伪蟿维 畏 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蟺维蔚喂 蟺维谓蠅 伪蟺蠈 蟿蟻蔚喂蟼 蠋蟻蔚蟼 魏伪喂 尾伪蟽喂魏维 渭蠈谓慰 伪蟻蠂萎 魏伪喂 蟿苇位慰蟼 胃蠀渭维渭伪喂.
螆蟿蟽喂 蟺位苇慰谓 蟽蟿畏 蟽畏渭蔚蟻喂谓萎 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 魏伪喂 蔚蟺' 蔚蠀魏伪喂蟻委伪蟼 纬蔚谓蔚胃位委蠅谓 蟿慰蠀 螝蔚蟻魏 渭蔚胃伪蠉蟻喂慰 伪蟺慰蠁维蟽喂蟽伪 谓伪 蔚尉慰蟻魏委蟽蠅 蟿慰 蠁维谓蟿伪蟽渭伪 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼.
螝巍螜韦螜螝螚
螢蔚魏委谓畏蟽伪 谓伪 蟿慰 未喂伪尾维味蠅 魏伪喂 魏伪渭委伪 蟽蠂苇蟽畏 苇蠂蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蟿慰蠀 螝喂慰蠉渭蟺蟻喂魏.
螚 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蟽蟿蟻苇喂蟿蠁蠈蟻纬慰蠀慰蟻谓蟿 蟺慰蠀 位苇谓蔚 蟽蟿慰 蠂蠅蟻喂蠈 渭慰蠀. 螒蟻蠂委味蔚喂 蟺蔚蟻委蟺慰蠀 蟽蟿慰 74-75 蟺.围 渭蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 蟽蟿伪 慰蟻蠀蠂蔚委伪 蟿畏蟼 谓慰蠀尾喂魏萎蟼 蔚蟻萎渭慰蠀 魏伪喂 谓伪 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蔚喂 蟿慰 71 蟺.围. 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蟽蟿伪蠉蟻蠅蟽畏 蟿慰蠀. 螣 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 尾伪蟽喂魏维 蔚渭蠁伪谓委味蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 90% 蟿畏蟼 蟿伪喂谓委伪蟼.
危蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 尉蔚魏喂谓维 (谓慰渭委味蠅 in medias res) 蟿慰 71 蟺.围. 渭喂伪 尾未慰渭维未伪 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰 蟿苇位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺慰位苇渭慰蠀 蟿蠅谓 未慰蠉位蠅谓 慰喂 慰蟺慰委慰喂 (慰喂 6472 蟺慰蠀 蔚蟺苇味畏蟽伪谓 蟿畏蟼 蟿蔚位蔚蠀蟿伪委伪蟼 渭维蠂畏蟼) 蟽蟿伪蠀蟻蠋谓慰谓蟿伪喂 魏伪蟿维 渭萎魏慰蟼 蟿畏蟼 螒蟺蟺委伪蟼 慰未慰蠉 (蟿慰 伪谓蟿委胃蔚蟿慰 伪蟺' 慰蟿喂 苇魏伪谓蔚 畏 螡蟿蔚谓苇蟻蠀蟼 蟽蟿慰 Slaver's Bay) 魏伪喂 3 谓苇慰喂 巍蠅渭伪委慰喂 蟿伪尉喂未蔚蠉慰蠀谓 魏伪蟿维 渭萎魏慰蟼 伪蠀蟿萎蟼 蟿畏蟼 慰未慰蠉 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟺维谓蔚 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 尾委位伪 谓伪 魏维谓慰蠀谓 未喂伪魏慰蟺苇蟼. 螘魏蔚委 蟽蠀谓伪谓蟿慰蠉谓蟿伪喂 渭蔚 维位位慰蠀蟼 巍蠅渭伪委慰蠀蟼 蟽蟿蟻伪蟿畏纬慰蠉蟼, 蟺慰位喂蟿喂魏慰蠉蟼 魏伪喂 位慰喂蟺维 蟻蔚渭维位喂伪 魏伪喂 蟽蠀味畏蟿维谓蔚 魏伪喂 伪谓伪蟺慰位慰蠉谓 蟿慰谓 蟺蠈位蔚渭慰 蟿蠅谓 未慰蠉位蠅谓.
螝伪喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 蟿畏 尾位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 渭苇蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 伪蠀蟿慰蠉蟼, 萎 伪蟺蠈 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委蟺伪谓 维位位慰喂 魏伪喂 蟿喂蟼 位苇谓蔚 蟿蠋蟻伪. 螔位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 未畏位伪未萎 蟿畏 味蠅萎 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 蟽蔚 蟿蟻委蟿慰 蠂苇蟻喂. 螔位苇蟺慰蠀渭蔚 蟿慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰 魏伪蟿维 苇谓伪 25-30% 伪蟺' 蠈位慰 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰.
螣喂 纬谓蠋渭蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 巍蠅渭伪委蠅谓 蟺蔚蟻委 未慰蠉位蠅谓 蟽喂蠂伪渭蔚蟻苇蟼.
慰蟻委蟽蟿蔚 渭委伪:
螣喂 尾伪蟽蟿维味慰喂 蟿蠅谓 未蠉慰 魏慰蟻喂蟿蟽喂蠋谓, 蔚委蠂伪谓蔚 味伪蟻蠋蟽蔚喂 蟺位维喂 蟽蟿伪 蠁慰蟻蔚委伪 魏伪喂 蟿蟻蔚渭慰蠀位喂维味伪谓蔚 蟽蟿畏 尾蟻伪未蠀谓畏 蠄蠉蠂蟻伪. 韦蠋蟻伪 蟿伪 蠄喂位蠈位喂纬谓伪 魏慰蟻渭喂维 蟿慰蠀蟼 苇渭慰喂伪味伪谓 伪位畏胃喂谓维 味蠅蠈未喂魏伪, 蟿伪 渭慰蠉蟽魏慰蠀位维 蟿慰蠀蟼 伪谓伪蟿蟻委蠂喂伪味伪谓 慰位蠈喂未喂伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蟿伪 味蠋伪
慰蟻委蟽蟿蔚 魏喂 维位位畏
螠伪 蟺喂蟽蟿蔚蠉蔚蟿蔚 蟺蠅蟼 苇蠂慰蠀谓 蟿苇蟿慰喂伪 蟽蠀谓伪喂蟽胃萎渭伪蟿伪 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂; 螣喂 未喂魏慰委 渭慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 渭蔚纬伪位蠅渭苇谓慰喂 蟽蔚 蟽蟿维尾位慰 [...] 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 苇蠂慰蠀谓 渭蔚纬维位畏 蟽蠅渭伪蟿喂魏萎 未蠉谓伪渭畏, 渭伪 未蔚 未喂伪蠁苇蟻慰蠀谓 魏伪胃蠈位慰蠀 伪蟺蠈 蟿伪 味蠋伪. 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委 伪蠀蟿慰委 谓维蠂慰蠀谓 伪喂蟽胃萎渭伪蟿伪 伪位位畏位蔚纬纬蠉畏蟼 魏伪喂 蔚谓蠈蟿畏蟿伪蟼;
魏喂 维位位畏
螣 未慰蠉位慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿慰 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位维, 魏伪喂 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味蔚喂 蟽' 伪蠀蟿蠈 伪蟺' 蟿慰 味蠋慰, 未畏位伪未萎 蟿慰 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭喂蟽慰渭喂位维, 蟺慰蠀 魏喂 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟺维位喂 尉蔚蠂蠅蟻委味蔚喂 伪蟺' 蟿慰 魏伪谓慰谓喂魏蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰 蟺慰蠀 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 慰谓慰渭伪蟽蟿蔚委 尾慰蠀尾蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委慰. [...] 螌蟿伪谓 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺慰位蔚渭维 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 伪谓伪魏伪位蠉蟺蟿蔚喂 尉伪蠁谓喂魏维 蟺蠅蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟿喂 慰位蠈蟿蔚位伪 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏蠈 伪蟺蠈 蔚蟻纬伪位蔚委伪 蟺慰蠀 渭喂位慰蠉谓. . .
螝伪喂 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠅渭蠈 未蔚谓 苇蠂慰蠀谓. 螝伪喂 维谓蟿蔚 渭蔚蟿维 谓伪 蔚魏蟿喂渭萎蟽蔚喂蟼 伪蠀蟿萎 蟿畏 渭蔚纬维位畏 未畏渭慰魏蟻伪蟿委伪/伪蠀蟿慰魏蟻伪蟿慰蟻委伪 蟺慰蠀 苇纬喂谓蔚 蟿蟻伪谓萎 蟺伪蟿蠋谓蟿伪蟼 蔚蟺委 蟺蟿蠅渭维蟿蠅谓 (蟽蟿畏谓 魏蠀蟻喂慰位蔚尉委伪). 螒位位维 蟺慰位蠉 蟿慰 蠂维蟻畏魏伪 蟺慰蠀 尾蟻萎魏蔚 蟿慰 渭维蟽蟿慰蟻维 蟿畏蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 螕蠈蟿胃慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 维位位伪 纬蔚蟻渭伪谓喂魏维 蠁蠉位伪.
螕苇伪!
螡蠈渭喂味蔚 慰 螝蟻维蟽蟽慰蟼 蠈蟿喂 胃伪 味慰蠉蟽蔚 纬喂伪 蟺维谓蟿伪 畏 巍蠋渭畏, 魏伪喂 蠈蟿喂 慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 胃伪 尉蔚蠂谓喂蠈蟿伪谓 蟽蟿慰 渭萎谓伪. 危蔚 纬蔚位维蟽伪谓蔚 螝蟻维蟽蟽慰. 螠苇蠂蟻喂 魏伪喂 蟽蟿畏 渭喂蟿蟽喂维谓 蟿畏谓 螝蠉蟺蟻慰 蔚魏维渭伪渭蔚谓 慰渭维未伪 蟺蟻慰蟼 蟿喂渭萎 蟿慰蠀:
危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 螝喂蟿委慰蠀. 螝伪喂 蟽蟿畏 螠蠈蟽蠂伪 (小锌邪褉褌邪泻 袦芯褋泻胁邪)
韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蟼 蟺慰位位慰委 蟺蟻慰蟽蟺伪胃慰蠉谓 谓伪 蟿慰 蟿伪渭蟺蔚位蠋蟽慰蠀谓 蠅蟼 渭喂伪 渭伪蟻尉喂蟽蟿喂魏萎 蟺蟻慰蟺伪纬维谓未伪. 螘纬蠋 蟿慰 蔚委未伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏 渭喂伪 蟽伪谓 渭喂伪 维蟿蠀蟺畏 尾喂慰纬蟻伪蠁委伪/谓蟿慰魏喂渭伪谓蟿苇蟻 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 魏伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 维位位畏 蟽伪谓 渭喂伪 未喂伪蟿蟻喂尾萎 蟽蔚 畏胃喂魏维 味畏蟿萎渭伪蟿伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 蟿喂 蟽畏渭伪委谓蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪谓蔚委蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰蟼, 蟿喂 蟽畏渭伪委谓蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂 魏维蟺慰喂慰蟼 伪纬谓蠈蟼, 蔚维谓 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂 伪尉委味慰蠀谓 谓伪 位蔚蠀蟿蔚蟻蠅胃慰蠉谓, 蔚维谓 畏 味蠅萎 苇蠂蔚喂 伪尉委伪 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻畏 伪蟺鈥� 蟿慰 胃维谓伪蟿慰 魏喂 维位位伪.
螆谓伪蟼 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺蠈蟼 蟽蟿伪蠀蟻蠋胃畏魏蔚 苇谓伪 伪喂蠋谓伪 蟺蟻喂谓 蟿慰 围蟻喂蟽蟿蠈 纬喂伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蟺慰蠀 蟺位苇慰谓 渭伪蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 未蔚未慰渭苇谓伪. 螡伪 味蔚喂蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰蟼. 螝伪喂 渭' 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟽伪蟼 魏维谓蠅 苇谓伪 蔚蟻蠋蟿畏渭伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿慰 蟽魏蔚蠁蟿蔚委蟿蔚 魏喂 蔚蟽蔚委蟼. 螘委渭伪蟽蟿蔚 蠈谓蟿蠅蟼 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰喂 萎 味慰蠉渭蔚 渭喂伪 蠄蔚蠀未伪委蟽胃畏蟽畏;
螆谓伪 蟺伪蟻伪渭蔚位蔚喂渭苇谓慰 (伪谓伪纬谓蠅蟽蟿喂魏维) 尾喂尾位委慰 螒尉委味蔚喂 谓伪 蟿慰 未喂伪尾维蟽蔚蟿蔚 蟺伪蟻蠈位慰 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 . 螠蟺慰蟻蔚委蟿蔚 谓伪 未蔚委蟿蔚 蟿畏谓 蟿伪喂谓委伪 蠈渭蠅蟼 魏伪喂 谓伪 蟽蠀纬魏蟻委谓蔚蟿蔚 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪蠁慰蟻苇蟼 渭蔚 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 蟽蟿畏 螔喂魏喂蟺伪委未蔚喂伪.
螤伪蟻伪胃苇蟿蠅 魏伪喂 魏维蟿喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 蟿苇位慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀 苇蟿蟽喂 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蠅:
螝鈥� 蔚委蟿伪谓蔚 谓维蟻胃蔚喂 蠉蟽蟿蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂蟻蠈蟼, 蟺慰蠀 苇渭蔚位位蔚 谓伪 蟺苇蟽蔚喂 畏 巍蠋渭畏. 螝喂 畏 巍蠋渭畏 苇蟺蔚蟽蔚. 韦畏谓 纬魏蟻蔚渭委蟽伪谓蔚 蟽蠀谓蟿蟻委渭渭喂伪 蠈蠂喂 渭慰谓维蠂慰喂 蟿慰蠀蟼 慰喂 未慰蠉位慰喂, 蟺伪蟻维 渭伪味委 蟿慰蠀蟼 慰喂 蟿蟽慰渭蟺维谓畏未蔚蟼 魏喂 慰喂 蠂蠅蟻喂维蟿蔚蟼 魏喂 慰喂 蔚位蔚蠉胃蔚蟻慰喂 尾维蟻尾伪蟻慰喂.
螝喂 蠈蟽慰 渭慰蠂蟿慰蠉蟽伪谓 蟿慰蠀蟼 魏伪蟿慰蟺喂谓慰蠉蟼 魏伪喂蟻慰蠉蟼 慰喂 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰喂, 魏喂 蠈蟽慰 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟺伪委蟻谓伪谓 维位位慰喂 蟿慰谓 魏伪蟻蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀 渭蠈蠂蟿慰蠀 蟿慰蠀蟼, 蟿鈥� 蠈谓慰渭伪 蟿慰蠀 危蟺维蟻蟿伪魏慰蠀 苇渭蔚位位蔚 谓伪 味蔚喂 蟽蟿畏 渭谓萎渭畏 蟿蠅谓 魏伪蟿伪蟿蟻蔚纬渭苇谓蠅谓, 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿慰 位苇谓蔚 蟽蠀谓伪渭蔚蟿伪尉蠉 蟿慰蠀蟼, 维位位蔚蟼 蠁慰蟻苇蟼 蠄喂胃蠀蟻喂蟽蟿维, 魏喂 维位位蔚蟼 蠁慰蟻苇蟼, 蟺维位喂, 谓伪 蟿慰 蠁蠅谓维味慰蠀谓 胃伪蟻蟻蔚蟿维 魏伪喂 渭鈥� 蠈位畏 蟿畏 未蠉谓伪渭萎 蟿慰蠀蟼- 蟿鈥� 蠈谓慰渭伪 蔚魏蔚委谓慰: 危蟺维蚁蟿伪魏慰蟼!
August 18, 2020
乇賵丕賷丞 賲鬲禺賷賱丞 毓賳 爻賷乇丞 賲購丨乇賾乇 丕賱毓亘賷丿 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻. 賷賯賵賱 丕賱賰丕鬲亘: 賱賲 賷賰賳 賴賳丕賰 賲丐乇禺賵賳 賷賰鬲亘賵賳 賲睾丕賲乇丕鬲 丕賱毓亘賷丿貙 賵賰匕賱賰 賮丨賷丕鬲賴賲 賱賷爻鬲 亘匕丕鬲 兀賴賲賷丞 賱賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 賵毓賳丿賲丕 賷氐亘丨 賲丕 賯丕賲 亘賴 毓亘丿賸丕 噩丿賷乇賸丕 亘丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 賷丿賵賳賴 賲丕賱賰 乇賯亘丞 匕賱賰 丕賱毓亘丿. 賵賰丕賳 賴丐賱丕亍 賷禺卮賵賳 丕賱毓亘賷丿 賵賷賰乇賴賵賳賴賲.
丕賳胤賱賯鬲 孬賵乇丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿 賲賳 賲丿乇爻丞 鬲丿乇賷亘 丕賱賲氐丕乇毓賷賳 丕賱鬲丕亘毓丞 賱賭賽 賱賳鬲賵賱賵爻 亘丕鬲賷丕鬲賵爻貙 亘賯賷丕丿丞 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 賵乇賮丕賯賴. 廿匕 乇賮囟 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 賮賰乇丞 兀賳 賷購賯丕鬲賱 兀禺賷賴 賮賷 丕賱兀爻乇 丨鬲賶 丕賱賲賵鬲貙 廿乇囟丕亍賸 賱乇睾亘丞 兀睾賳賷丕亍 乇賵賲丕. 兀毓賱賳 賱夭賲賱丕卅賴 丕賱毓亘賷丿 兀賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賷噩亘 兀賳 鬲購毓丕卮 亘丨乇賷丞 賵賰乇丕賲丞. 兀乇丕丿 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 兀賳 賷丿賮毓 丕賱爻賷賮 毓賳 乇賯亘鬲賴賽 賵兀賳 賷亘毓丿 爻賷賮賴賽 毓賳 乇賯丕亘 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳. 兀乇丕丿 兀賳 賷丨賷丕 賰廿賳爻丕賳 賱丕 賰賵丨卮賺 賯丕鬲賱貙 賷賯鬲賱 兀禺賷賴 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賱賲鬲毓丞 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳.
賯丕鬲賱 賴賵 賵乇賮丕賯賴 丕賱毓亘賷丿 丕賱噩賳賵丿 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳賷賷賳貙 兀賳馗賲 廿賱賷賴賲 賱丕丨賯賸丕 丕賱毓亘賷丿 丕賱匕賷賳 賮賷 丕賱兀乇賷丕賮. 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 兀賳 賷賯賵丿 丕賱乇噩丕賱 賮賷 賲毓乇賰鬲賷賳 賲馗賮乇鬲賷賳 賮賷 賷賵賲賺 賵丕丨丿 囟丿 噩賳賵丿 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳. 賵賰賱賲丕 爻丕乇賵丕 亘丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱噩賳賵亘 賰丕賳 丕賱毓亘賷丿 賷鬲丿賮賯賵賳 賲賳 賰賱 丨丿亘賺 賵氐賵亘 賵賷賳囟賲賵賳 廿賱賷賴賲. 賰匕賱賰 丕賳囟賲 廿賱賷賴賲 乇毓丕丞 丕賱賲丕毓夭 賵丕賱毓亘賷丿 丕賱匕賷賳 賰丕賳賵 賷禺丿賲賵賳 賮賷 丕賱亘賷賵鬲.
賰丕賳 噩賲丕毓丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿 鬲囟賲 丕賱睾丕賱賷賷賳貙 丕賱賷賵賳丕賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱鬲乇丕賯賷賷賳貙 丕賱賲氐乇賷賷賳貙 丕賱賱賷亘賷賷賳貙 丕賱爻賵丿丕賳賷賷賳貙 丕賱賮丕乇爻賷賷賳貙 丕賱賳賵亘賷賷賳貙 兀賱賲丕賳賷賷賳貙 亘賱睾丕乇賷賷賳貙 賲賯丿賵賳賷賷賳貙 兀卮賵乇賷賷賳貙 爻丕賲乇賷賷賳 賵兀爻亘丕賳賷賷賳. 賵賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 亘賷毓賵丕 賮賷 賷賵賲 賲賳 丕賱兀賷丕賲.
丕爻鬲胤丕毓 丕賱賯丕卅丿 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳賷 賲丕乇賰賵爻 賱賷爻賷賳賷賵爻 賰乇丕爻賵爻貙 兀賳 賷禺賲丿 孬賵乇丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿 亘毓丿 兀乇亘毓 爻賳賵丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賰乇賾 賵丕賱賮乇賾 賵丕賱賯鬲丕賱. 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 爻鬲丞 丌賱丕賮 乇噩賱丕 賲賳 兀鬲亘丕毓 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 氐賱亘賵丕 毓賱賶 氐賱亘丕賳 丕賱禺卮亘 毓賱賶 胤賵賱 丕賱胤乇賷賯 賲賳 乇賵賲丕 廿賱賶 賰丕亘賵丕. 賵賯丿 兀禺匕 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳 毓丕丿丞 氐賱亘 丕賱毓亘賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賯乇胤丕噩賷賷賳. 賱賲 賷噩丿 兀丨丿 噩孬丞 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻貙 丕賱兀乇噩丨 兀賳賴 賯購鬲賱 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 囟丿 噩賳賵丿 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳.
賷胤乇丨 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 兀爻卅賱丞 賵丕爻鬲賮爻丕乇丕鬲 毓賳 爻亘亘 賮卮賱 孬賵乇丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿 亘毓丿 賯鬲丕賱賴賲 囟丿 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳 賱賲丿賾丞 兀乇亘毓 爻賳賵丕鬲. 賵氐賵乇丞 賲鬲禺賷賱丞 賱丨賷丕丞賽 夭賵噩丞 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻 亘毓丿 賵賮丕鬲賴賽. 乇賵丕賷丞 毓賳 丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 賵丕賱孬賵乇丞 囟丿 丕賱馗賱賲 賵丕賱鬲賮乇賯丞 丕賱胤亘賯賷丞 亘賷賳 丕賱兀睾賳賷丕亍 賵丕賱賮賯乇丕亍貙 賵亘賷賳 丕賱胤亘賯丞 丕賱丨丕賰賲丞 賵毓丕賲丞 丕賱卮毓賵亘 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賲賾 廿禺囟丕毓賴丕 賱爻賷胤乇鬲賴賲. 丕賱鬲乇噩賲丞 賲賲鬲丕夭丞 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱胤亘丕毓丞 賮賷賴丕 兀禺胤丕亍 廿賲賱丕卅賷丞 賰孬賷乇丞.
丕賯鬲亘丕爻丕鬲..
毓賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱胤乇賷賯 賮賷 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀賷丕賲 賰丕賳 賷賯賮 氐賱賷亘 賷丨賲賱 噩孬丞 乇噩賱 賰賱 亘囟毓 賷丕乇丿丕鬲貙 噩孬丞 爻賵丿丕亍 卮賵賴鬲賴丕 丕賱噩乇丕丨貙 賱丕 賱卮賷亍 廿賱丕 賱鬲丿賱 毓賱賶 毓馗賲丞 乇賵賲丕 賮賷 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 廿賳爻丕賳賷丞 丕賱賲賵丕胤賳賷賳 賮賷賴丕!
賱賯丿 胤丕賱亘 丕賱毓亘賷丿 亘丕賱丨乇賷丞. 賵乇賵賲丕 賮賷賴丕 噩賳賵丿 賷爻丨賯賵賳 賰賱 賲賳 賷胤賱亘 匕賱賰.
丕賱丨乇亘 賳丕乇 鬲兀賰賱 丕賱噩賳賵丿 賵睾賷乇 丕賱噩賳賵丿 賵賱賳 兀匕賰乇 賲賳 賷爻鬲賮賷丿 賲賳賴丕.
賱賷爻鬲 乇賵賲丕 賴賷 賲賳 禺賱賯 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻. 賱賯丿 禺賱賯賴 丕賱噩丨賷賲.
毓賳丿賲丕 賷爻鬲賵賱賷 丕賱毓爻賰乇賷賵賳 毓賱賶 丕賱丨賰賵賲丞 賷賰賵賳 毓賱賶 丕賱卮乇賮丕亍 兀賳 賷乇賯氐賵丕 毓賱賶 賴賵丕賴賲 (丕賱毓爻賰乇賷賷賳) 賵鬲睾丿賵 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賲乇亍 賱賷爻鬲 賲賱賰賸丕 賱賴.
賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 賲賳 賷氐丕乇毓 丨亘賸丕 賮賷 廿乇丕賯丞 丕賱丿賲丕亍 廿賱丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賮賷 乇兀爻賴 禺賱锟斤拷貙 賵丕賱賲氐丕乇毓 賱丕 賷賵丿 丕賱賯鬲丕賱 賵廿賳賲丕 賷賯丕鬲賱 賱兀賳賰 鬲賯丿賲 賱賴 丕賱爻賱丕丨 賵鬲賮賰 毓賳賴 賯賷賵丿賴. 賵丨賷賳 賷賵囟毓 丕賱爻賱丕丨 賮賷 賷丿賴 賷丨賱賲 匕賱賰 丕賱賲氐丕乇毓 亘兀賳賴 賯丿 兀氐亘丨 丨乇賸丕 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 賲丕 賷乇賷丿賴: 兀賳 賷賲鬲賱賰 丕賱爻賱丕丨 賵賷丨賱賲 亘丕賱丨乇賷丞貙 賵丨賷賳卅匕 賷鬲氐丕乇毓 匕賰丕丐賰 賵丿賴丕丐賴貙 廿賳賴 卮賷胤丕賳貙 賮毓賱賷賰 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 卮賷胤丕賳賸丕 廿匕丕 兀乇丿鬲 賯賴乇賴.
賲賳 賯賱亘 噩賴賳賲 噩卅鬲 亘爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻. 賱賯丿 賰丕賳 賰賵乇賵貙 賴賱 鬲毓乇賮 賲毓賳賶 賴匕賴 丕賱賰賱賲丞責 廿賳賴丕 賱賷爻鬲 賰賱賲丞 賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 亘賱 賲氐乇賷丞 賴賷乇賵睾賱賷賮賷丞.
丕賯乇兀 賷丕 亘賳賷 賮丕賱毓賱賲 爻賱丕丨賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱毓亘賷丿貙 賵亘丿賵賳賴 賳睾丿賵 賵丨賵卮賸丕 賮賷 丕賱亘乇丕乇賷. 廿賳 賳賮爻 丕賱廿賱賴 丕賱匕賷 賵賴亘 丕賱乇噩丕賱 噩匕賵丞 丕賱賳丕乇 賯丿 賵賴亘賴賲 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 兀賳 賷賰鬲亘賵丕 兀賮賰丕乇賴賲 賰賷 賷鬲爻賳賶 賱賴賲 兀賳 賷爻鬲毓賷丿賵丕 丨賰賲丞 丕賱丌賱賴丞. 孬賯 賷丕 亘賳賷 兀賳 賷賵賲賸丕 賱丕 亘丿 兀賳 賷兀鬲賷 賵賱賳 賷賰賵賳 賮賷賴 毓亘賷丿 兀賷囟賸丕.
賲丕匕丕 鬲賰賵賳 毓馗賲丞 乇賵賲丕 廿賱丕 兀賳賴丕 丿賲丕亍 賵丿賲賵毓 賵毓乇賯 賵賯賱賵亘 丕賱毓亘賷丿.
毓賳丿賲丕 睾夭丕 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳 賯乇胤丕噩賳丞 賯亘賱 兀乇亘毓丞 賯乇賵賳 賲賳 匕賱賰 丕賱賵賯鬲貙 兀禺匕鬲 乇賵賲丕 兀丨爻賳 賲丕 賮賷 丕賱亘賱丕丿 丕賱鬲賷 睾夭鬲賴丕貙 兀賱丕 賵賴賵 賳馗丕賲 丕賱睾乇爻 賵氐賱亘 丕賱兀毓丿丕亍. 賵賱毓賱 卮賷卅賸丕 賲丕 賮賷 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱氐賱亘 賯丿 丕爻鬲賴賵賶 乇賵賲丕貙 丨鬲賶 兀賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賰賱賴 賯丿 賳爻賷 丕賱丌賳 兀賳 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱氐賱亘 賮賷 丕賱兀爻丕爻 毓賲賱賷丞 賯乇胤丕噩丕賳賷丞. 賵賴賰匕丕 兀氐亘丨 丕賱氐賱亘 乇賲夭賸丕 賱賱賲丿賳賷丞! 賮丨賷孬賲丕 賯丕丿鬲 胤乇賯 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳貙 賰丕賳鬲 鬲乇丕賮賯賴丕 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱氐賱亘 賵賳馗丕賲 丕賱睾乇爻貙 賵丕賱賲氐丕乇毓丞 亘賷賳 乇噩賱賷賳貙 賵丕賱鬲胤賱毓 亘賱賴賮丞 廿賱賶 丕爻鬲毓亘丕丿 丨賷丕丞 丕賱賳丕爻貙 賵丕毓鬲氐丕乇 丕賱匕賴亘 賲賳 丿賲丕亍 亘賳賷 丕賱亘卮乇 賵毓乇賵賯賴賲.
賷丕 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻貙. 賷丕 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻貙 賱賲丕匕丕 賮卮賱賳丕責 兀賱賲 賳賰賳 賳賲孬賱 孬賵乇丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿責
賰賲 賴賵 賲賳 丕賱氐毓亘 毓賱賶 丕賱乇噩賱 兀賳 賷毓賷卮貙 賵賰賷賮 兀賳賴賲 賷毓鬲氐乇賵賳 孬賲 賷毓鬲氐乇賵賳 孬賲 賷毓鬲氐乇賵賳貙 賵廿賱賶 賲鬲賶 爻賷馗賱 丕賱丨丕賱 毓賱賶 賲丕 賴賵 毓賱賷賴責 賵賴賱 賷賲賰賳 賱賱賲乇亍 兀賳 賷毓鬲氐乇 丿賲賸丕 賲賳 丕賱丨噩乇責
賱賯丿 賯丕賱 賱賳丕 爻亘丕乇鬲賰賵爻: 丕賳賴囟賵丕 賵賰賵賳賵丕 兀丨乇丕乇賸丕 兀賷賴丕 丕賱毓亘賷丿貙 賵賱賰賳賳丕 賰賳丕 禺丕卅賮賷賳. 廿賳賳丕 兀賯賵賷丕亍 噩丿賸丕貙 賵賲毓 匕賱賰 賮賯丿 噩亘賳賾丕貙 賵鬲禺丕匕賱賳丕 賵賵賱賷賳丕 丕賱兀丿亘丕乇.
廿匕丕 賰丕賳 囟乇賵乇賷賸丕 兀賳 賳賰匕亘 毓賱賶 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳貙 賮賴賱 賲賳 丕賱囟乇賵乇賷 兀賳 賳氐丿賾賯 兀賰丕匕賷亘賳丕責
賳丨賳 賳賯賵賱 賱賱賳丕爻 兀賳賴賲 賲氐丿乇 賯賵丞貙 賵兀賳 兀氐賵丕鬲賴賲 賴賷 賲氐丿乇 賯賵丞 乇賵賲丕 賵賲噩丿賴丕貙 賵兀賳賴賲 丕賱賳丕爻 丕賱兀丨乇丕乇 丕賱賵丨賷丿賵賳 賮賷 丕賱毓丕賱賲貙 賵兀賳賴 賱賷爻 兀孬賲賳 賲賳 丨乇賷鬲賴賲 賵賱賷爻 兀丨亘 賲賳 丨囟丕乇鬲賴賲 賵兀賳賴賲 賷卮乇賮賵賳 毓賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞. 兀賳賳丕 賳賯賵賱 賱賴賲:鈥� 兀賳鬲賲 丕賱爻賱胤丞鈥�.. 孬賲 賷氐賵賾鬲賵賳 廿賱賶 噩丕賳亘 賲乇卮丨賷賳丕. 賵賴賲 賷亘賰賵賳 毓賱賶 賴夭賷賲鬲賳丕貙 賵賷囟丨賰賵賳 亘爻乇賵乇 賱丕賳鬲氐丕乇賳丕貙 賵賷卮毓乇賵賳 亘賰亘乇賷丕亍 賵鬲賮賵賾賯 賱兀賳賴賲 賱賷爻賵丕 毓亘賷丿賸丕. 賵賱丕 賮乇賯 亘毓丿 匕賱賰 廿賱賶 兀賷 賴賵丞 賷賳夭賱賯賵賳.. 兀賳賴賲 兀匕賱丕亍 賯匕乇賵賳貙 賵賱賰賳賴賲 賮賷 賰賱 賲乇丞 賷乇賵賳 賮賷賴丕 毓亘丿賸丕貙 鬲亘乇夭 兀賳丕賳賷鬲賴賲 賵賷卮毓乇賵賳 亘兀賳賴賲 賲賲孬賱賵賳 賰亘乇賷丕亍 賵毓夭丞. 賵丨賷賳卅匕 賷禺丿毓賵賳 兀賳賮爻賴賲 賵賷賯鬲賳毓賵賳 亘兀賳賴賲 賲賵丕胤賳賵賳 乇賵賲丕賳 賵丕賱毓丕賱賲 亘兀爻乇賴 賷丨爻丿賴賲.
兀賳 丕賱賲賵鬲 賷禺胤乇 亘亘丕賱 賰賱 賲賳賮乇丿 賵丨丿賴 賮賷 丕賱馗賱丕賲 賲丕 賱賲 賷賰賳 賳丕卅賲賸丕 賲毓 丕賲乇兀丞 賷丨亘賴丕 賭 賲孬賱 賱丕鬲賷賳賷.
January 6, 2023
I had to stop reading it half way through.
While reasonably well written from a purely stylistic standpoint, sadly it does reflect an ideologically driven, deeply disingenuous and almost comically anti-historical approach to the period, where the Roman Republic and its main representatives are monochromatically depicted as unfailingly corrupt, ruthless, sexual degenerate and cruel, while Spartacus is represented almost as the roman-period translation of some kind of highly idealized, pure-hearted Che Guevara hero of a not so subtly-concealed Marxist tinge.
I do not have time for this kind of propaganda disguised as historical fiction.
While reasonably well written from a purely stylistic standpoint, sadly it does reflect an ideologically driven, deeply disingenuous and almost comically anti-historical approach to the period, where the Roman Republic and its main representatives are monochromatically depicted as unfailingly corrupt, ruthless, sexual degenerate and cruel, while Spartacus is represented almost as the roman-period translation of some kind of highly idealized, pure-hearted Che Guevara hero of a not so subtly-concealed Marxist tinge.
I do not have time for this kind of propaganda disguised as historical fiction.
October 19, 2010
賷氐毓亘 丕賱鬲毓賱賷賯 毓賱賶 賲孬賱 賴匕賴 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 貙 禺氐賵氐丕賸 亘毓丿 丕賱賳卮賵丞 丕賱丌賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲丨丿孬賴丕 賰賱 賮賯乇丞 賮賷 兀噩夭丕卅賴丕 貙 乇亘賲丕 賱賷爻 亘丕賱賲賴賲 兀賳 鬲匕賰乇 亘乇丕毓丞 鬲賵氐賷賮 賴丕賵乇丿 賮丕爻鬲 賱賰賱 丕賱鬲賮丕氐賷賱 - 亘賱丕 廿賲賱丕賱 - 兀賲 鬲鬲賰賱賲 毓賱賶 廿賱鬲夭丕賲賴 亘廿胤丕乇 噩毓賱 賮賷賴 乇賵丕賷丞 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 睾賷乇 賲賮鬲毓賱丞 賵賱賷爻鬲 毓賳 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 貙 亘賯丿乇 賲丕 賴賷 毓賳 丕賱丨乇賷丞 賵丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 賵丕賱孬賵乇丞 ! ..
賰丕賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賳鬲賴賷 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 鬲賯賱賷丿賷丕賸 亘賲賯鬲賱 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 賮賷 丕賱賲毓乇賰丞 兀賵 丨鬲賶 亘氐賱亘 丌禺乇 噩賳丿賷 賮賷 噩賷卮 丕賱毓亘賷丿 - 丿丕賵丿 - 賱賰賳 丕賳鬲賴鬲 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 亘夭賵噩丞 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 鬲亘賳賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵鬲乇亘賷 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 丌禺乇 賵鬲鬲夭賵噩 貙 賵鬲氐賳毓 丕賱丨乇賷賾丞 .. !
乇賵丕賷丞 賱丕 賳馗賷乇 賱賴丕 貙 兀亘丿丕賸 賱賳 鬲禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 賲孬賱賲丕 丿禺賱鬲 ! 毓賱賶 賰賱 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 ..
賰丕賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲賳鬲賴賷 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 鬲賯賱賷丿賷丕賸 亘賲賯鬲賱 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 賮賷 丕賱賲毓乇賰丞 兀賵 丨鬲賶 亘氐賱亘 丌禺乇 噩賳丿賷 賮賷 噩賷卮 丕賱毓亘賷丿 - 丿丕賵丿 - 賱賰賳 丕賳鬲賴鬲 丕賱乇賵丕賷丞 亘夭賵噩丞 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 鬲亘賳賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵鬲乇亘賷 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 丌禺乇 賵鬲鬲夭賵噩 貙 賵鬲氐賳毓 丕賱丨乇賷賾丞 .. !
乇賵丕賷丞 賱丕 賳馗賷乇 賱賴丕 貙 兀亘丿丕賸 賱賳 鬲禺乇噩 賲賳賴丕 賲孬賱賲丕 丿禺賱鬲 ! 毓賱賶 賰賱 丕賱賲爻鬲賵賷丕鬲 ..
February 10, 2017
Howard Fast鈥檚 SPARTACUS, which he self-published in 1951, is one of my favorite novels. It was later adapted into a terrific film directed by Stanley Kubrick and starring Kirk Douglas, Tony Curtis, Jean Simmons, Laurence Olivier, Charles Laughton and Peter Ustinov. Both are worth enjoying as the same but distinctly separate stories of Spartacus鈥� life.
Fast wrote SPARTACUS in response to the three months in prison he spent during the McCarthy Era, and self-published it because no publisher would touch it. Now it鈥檚 a classic.
SPARTACUS tells the story of the slave uprising against Rome during the Third Servile War (73-71 BC), led by Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator. Fast鈥檚 novelization of his life differs in some key respects from the life of the historical Spartacus so as to tell the story he wanted, which is an interpretation of Spartacus. The novel expresses the theme that life, love and freedom are paramount human values, and that oppression and slavery debase humanity.
The theme is evidenced in the story structure, which is split between two narratives. In one, a group of Roman nobles travel Italy touring the 鈥渢okens of punishment鈥� (crucified slaves), the other flashbacks and stories describing Spartacus and his fight to end slavery. The Romans have the best of everything, a rich life built on the labor and suffering of millions of slaves. They don鈥檛 particularly enjoy it, though. Wealth and idleness have corrupted the virtues that build their republic, enabled by slavery. They hate and fear the slaves they exploit, going so far as to call them 鈥渋nstrumentum vocale,鈥� or tools with a voice.
In the other narrative, we see Spartacus struggling to survive as a slave working in a marble mine and then as a gladiator in the arena. It disgusts him that people could be used up and thrown away to thrill jaded Romans. Gladiatorial combat isn鈥檛 gloried as it in films like GLADIATOR or the TV series SPARTACUS. Men don鈥檛 slaughter each other just to hear crowds cheer. The novel is closer to real life, which is the gladiators were fed and adored and pampered but only for their ability to kill other men until they themselves were finally killed. They hated it.
Spartacus leads the gladiators in a revolt and begins building a slave army that intends to overthrow Rome and begin a new golden age reminiscent of idealized simpler times. He smashes army after army sent against him until finally the Romans destroy him. But have they destroyed what Spartacus represents, the human spirit?
SPARTACUS is beautifully written and stirring. If you haven鈥檛 read it, I highly recommend picking it up.
Fast wrote SPARTACUS in response to the three months in prison he spent during the McCarthy Era, and self-published it because no publisher would touch it. Now it鈥檚 a classic.
SPARTACUS tells the story of the slave uprising against Rome during the Third Servile War (73-71 BC), led by Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator. Fast鈥檚 novelization of his life differs in some key respects from the life of the historical Spartacus so as to tell the story he wanted, which is an interpretation of Spartacus. The novel expresses the theme that life, love and freedom are paramount human values, and that oppression and slavery debase humanity.
The theme is evidenced in the story structure, which is split between two narratives. In one, a group of Roman nobles travel Italy touring the 鈥渢okens of punishment鈥� (crucified slaves), the other flashbacks and stories describing Spartacus and his fight to end slavery. The Romans have the best of everything, a rich life built on the labor and suffering of millions of slaves. They don鈥檛 particularly enjoy it, though. Wealth and idleness have corrupted the virtues that build their republic, enabled by slavery. They hate and fear the slaves they exploit, going so far as to call them 鈥渋nstrumentum vocale,鈥� or tools with a voice.
In the other narrative, we see Spartacus struggling to survive as a slave working in a marble mine and then as a gladiator in the arena. It disgusts him that people could be used up and thrown away to thrill jaded Romans. Gladiatorial combat isn鈥檛 gloried as it in films like GLADIATOR or the TV series SPARTACUS. Men don鈥檛 slaughter each other just to hear crowds cheer. The novel is closer to real life, which is the gladiators were fed and adored and pampered but only for their ability to kill other men until they themselves were finally killed. They hated it.
Spartacus leads the gladiators in a revolt and begins building a slave army that intends to overthrow Rome and begin a new golden age reminiscent of idealized simpler times. He smashes army after army sent against him until finally the Romans destroy him. But have they destroyed what Spartacus represents, the human spirit?
SPARTACUS is beautifully written and stirring. If you haven鈥檛 read it, I highly recommend picking it up.
June 11, 2021
Que enorme surpresa me guardava este livro. Simplesmente fant谩stico. Adorei!
Muito mais que uma hist贸ria de escravos, gladiadores, aventura, coragem e her贸is, esta 茅 uma hist贸ria pol铆tica, uma vis茫o da Rep煤blica e da democracia.
Para que se mantenha o poder estabelecido a receita ser谩 simples: manter os pobres ignorantes e submissos e os "remediados" satisfeitos e iludidos com a sensa莽茫o de deterem algum poder (pelo voto). Enquanto satisfeitos, os remediados nunca abandonar茫o o seu conforto, nunca se juntar茫o aos pobres em revolta, nunca se colocar茫o em risco de perder o que t锚m, ainda que pouco seja.
Com esta f贸rmula, o poder estabelecido nunca estar谩 amea莽ado.
Spartacus teria tido escravos em n煤mero suficiente para enfrentar Roma, n茫o fossem aqueles que "n茫o estavam assim t茫o mal", simplesmente n茫o o terem seguido, n茫o se terem querido arriscar, n茫o se terem juntado 脿 luta que era tamb茅m sua.
Esta hist贸ria mostra-nos a podrid茫o do poder j谩 nesse tempo, as manipula莽玫es dos votos e os jogos pol铆ticos. Mostra-nos a crueldade humana, o ego铆smo e a 芒nsia de poder. Mostra-nos o valor do dinheiro e da posi莽茫o social enquanto medidas do sucesso dos indiv铆duos.
Ao descobrirmos esta Roma de Howard Fast e de Spartacus, 茅 t茫o f谩cil vermo-nos ali espelhados. Os paralelismos s茫o t茫o evidentes! 脡-nos tamb茅m relvelada pelo autor a alternativa...contudo essa continua ainda hoje a n茫o passar de uma utopia.
Excelente livro. Recomendo.
Muito mais que uma hist贸ria de escravos, gladiadores, aventura, coragem e her贸is, esta 茅 uma hist贸ria pol铆tica, uma vis茫o da Rep煤blica e da democracia.
Para que se mantenha o poder estabelecido a receita ser谩 simples: manter os pobres ignorantes e submissos e os "remediados" satisfeitos e iludidos com a sensa莽茫o de deterem algum poder (pelo voto). Enquanto satisfeitos, os remediados nunca abandonar茫o o seu conforto, nunca se juntar茫o aos pobres em revolta, nunca se colocar茫o em risco de perder o que t锚m, ainda que pouco seja.
Com esta f贸rmula, o poder estabelecido nunca estar谩 amea莽ado.
Spartacus teria tido escravos em n煤mero suficiente para enfrentar Roma, n茫o fossem aqueles que "n茫o estavam assim t茫o mal", simplesmente n茫o o terem seguido, n茫o se terem querido arriscar, n茫o se terem juntado 脿 luta que era tamb茅m sua.
Esta hist贸ria mostra-nos a podrid茫o do poder j谩 nesse tempo, as manipula莽玫es dos votos e os jogos pol铆ticos. Mostra-nos a crueldade humana, o ego铆smo e a 芒nsia de poder. Mostra-nos o valor do dinheiro e da posi莽茫o social enquanto medidas do sucesso dos indiv铆duos.
Ao descobrirmos esta Roma de Howard Fast e de Spartacus, 茅 t茫o f谩cil vermo-nos ali espelhados. Os paralelismos s茫o t茫o evidentes! 脡-nos tamb茅m relvelada pelo autor a alternativa...contudo essa continua ainda hoje a n茫o passar de uma utopia.
Excelente livro. Recomendo.
November 8, 2012
this is my absolute favourite novel and i am going to be bold enough to say that this is the best among all the books that i have read till now. this is perfect amalgamation of desire for a new world, a desire for freedom, humanistic agenda, war, gladiator fights, true love, friendship, enmity, insights on human behaviour, philosophical undertones throughout, strong and weak characters, optimism, tragedy, hope, a true great hero, and what not. it is a story which inspires one to do something, which fills you with a yearning, a restlessness. goodness, sometimes i feel that novels of such calibre are hard to be found these days (i know that i am wrong but this is what one feels after reading this)
this is a simple story of slave revolt. a revolt in which thousands of slaves rose under the leadership of spartacus against the mighty Rome. Rome which ruled the world for centuries found its very foundations shaken by this uprising. it is a story of how if the weak unite and organise can do wonders. it is a story of power of masses. it is a story of survival. this novel takes you on journey of spartacus from the being simple slave in mines to being a gladiator to being a leader of a mass revolt. this story interweaves all that one can think of. perfect description of gladiatorial milieu and thinking marks a highpoint but the highest point is the revolt itself. highest level of penmanship sees all the human emotions flow through out the novel at the right time and in right amount.
no wonder this story has been adapted into movie and so many tv series in the west. but none has been true to the spirit of the spartacus. the soul of spartacus resides in this novel.
i would recommend this book to all my friends strongly.
this is a simple story of slave revolt. a revolt in which thousands of slaves rose under the leadership of spartacus against the mighty Rome. Rome which ruled the world for centuries found its very foundations shaken by this uprising. it is a story of how if the weak unite and organise can do wonders. it is a story of power of masses. it is a story of survival. this novel takes you on journey of spartacus from the being simple slave in mines to being a gladiator to being a leader of a mass revolt. this story interweaves all that one can think of. perfect description of gladiatorial milieu and thinking marks a highpoint but the highest point is the revolt itself. highest level of penmanship sees all the human emotions flow through out the novel at the right time and in right amount.
no wonder this story has been adapted into movie and so many tv series in the west. but none has been true to the spirit of the spartacus. the soul of spartacus resides in this novel.
i would recommend this book to all my friends strongly.
November 14, 2014
-De rebeliones contra el poder establecido y sus reglas injustas.-
G茅nero. Novela hist贸rica (aunque s贸lo tangencialmente si nos ponemos estrictos).
Lo que nos cuenta. Tras la derrota de los esclavos rebeldes liderados por Espartaco y crucificar a buena parte de ellos a lo largo de la V铆a Apia, vamos conociendo m谩s datos de la rebeli贸n y sus protagonistas mediante las conversaciones y recuerdos de algunos personajes.
驴Quiere saber m谩s de este libro, sin spoilers? Visite:
G茅nero. Novela hist贸rica (aunque s贸lo tangencialmente si nos ponemos estrictos).
Lo que nos cuenta. Tras la derrota de los esclavos rebeldes liderados por Espartaco y crucificar a buena parte de ellos a lo largo de la V铆a Apia, vamos conociendo m谩s datos de la rebeli贸n y sus protagonistas mediante las conversaciones y recuerdos de algunos personajes.
驴Quiere saber m谩s de este libro, sin spoilers? Visite:
April 23, 2020
夭賵丕賱 丕賳爻丕賳 鬲丿乇蹖噩蹖 賵 毓賲乇 丕賳爻丕賳 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賵鬲丕賴 丕爻鬲.
(丕夭 賲鬲賳 讴鬲丕亘)
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丕賲乇賵夭 亘毓丿 丕夭蹖讴 賴賮鬲賴 乇賲丕賳 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻 乇賵 鬲賲丕賲 讴乇丿賲.
賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 賮蹖賱賲卮 禺蹖賱蹖 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 亘賵丿 賵 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賮蹖賱賲 噩丿丕蹖 丕夭 賯賴乇賲丕賳 亘丕夭蹖 夭蹖丕丿 蹖讴賲賲 丿爻鬲讴丕乇蹖 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴賴 丕夭 賴賲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賴 丿賵乇 亘賵丿
鬲賵囟蹖丨 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 诏賮鬲賳 賳丿丕乇賲 趩賵賳 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻 乇賵 丕讴孬乇 賲丕 賲蹖卮賳丕爻蹖賲 貙 亘乇丿賴 鬲乇丕爻蹖 讴賴 鄞 爻丕賱 亘丕 丕賲倬乇丕胤賵乇蹖 乇賵賲 亘乇丕蹖 丕夭丕丿蹖 睾賱丕賲丕賳 賵 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿賳 丕乇亘丕亘 賵 乇毓蹖鬲 噩賳诏蹖丿.
讴鬲丕亘 夭蹖丕丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賯賵蹖 賳丿丕卮鬲 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕夭 蹖賴 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵賱蹖 丕賵賳胤賵乇 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 噩匕亘卮 賳卮丿賲
鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 丕賯丕蹖 蹖賵賳爻蹖 賳蹖丕夭蹖 亘賴 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵卮 禺賵丕賳賴
丕诏賴 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲蹖賳 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖賳 亘禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賵賳賯丿乇丕 賴賲 亘丿 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丿賱鬲賵賳賵 亘夭賳賴 賵賱蹖 爻毓蹖 讴賳蹖賳 賲孬賱 賲賳 趩丕倬 丿賴賴 鄞郯 乇賵 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 趩賵賳 賴賲卮 賲噩亘賵乇蹖賳 趩爻亘 亘夭賳蹖賳 亘乇诏賴 賴丕 乇賵 :)
丿乇 丕爻賱丕蹖丿 丕禺乇 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 賮蹖賱賲 讴賴 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 爻蹖賳賲丕 噩丕賵丿丕賳賴 卮丿賴 亘乇丕鬲賵賳 诏匕丕卮鬲賲
乇賵夭 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲亘丕乇讴 馃尭
(丕夭 賲鬲賳 讴鬲丕亘)
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丕賲乇賵夭 亘毓丿 丕夭蹖讴 賴賮鬲賴 乇賲丕賳 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻 乇賵 鬲賲丕賲 讴乇丿賲.
賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 賮蹖賱賲卮 禺蹖賱蹖 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 亘賵丿 賵 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賮蹖賱賲 噩丿丕蹖 丕夭 賯賴乇賲丕賳 亘丕夭蹖 夭蹖丕丿 蹖讴賲賲 丿爻鬲讴丕乇蹖 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴賴 丕夭 賴賲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賴 丿賵乇 亘賵丿
鬲賵囟蹖丨 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 诏賮鬲賳 賳丿丕乇賲 趩賵賳 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕讴賵爻 乇賵 丕讴孬乇 賲丕 賲蹖卮賳丕爻蹖賲 貙 亘乇丿賴 鬲乇丕爻蹖 讴賴 鄞 爻丕賱 亘丕 丕賲倬乇丕胤賵乇蹖 乇賵賲 亘乇丕蹖 丕夭丕丿蹖 睾賱丕賲丕賳 賵 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿賳 丕乇亘丕亘 賵 乇毓蹖鬲 噩賳诏蹖丿.
讴鬲丕亘 夭蹖丕丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賯賵蹖 賳丿丕卮鬲 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丕夭 蹖賴 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 賵賱蹖 丕賵賳胤賵乇 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 噩匕亘卮 賳卮丿賲
鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 丕賯丕蹖 蹖賵賳爻蹖 賳蹖丕夭蹖 亘賴 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賳丿丕乇賴 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵卮 禺賵丕賳賴
丕诏賴 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲蹖賳 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖賳 亘禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賵賳賯丿乇丕 賴賲 亘丿 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丿賱鬲賵賳賵 亘夭賳賴 賵賱蹖 爻毓蹖 讴賳蹖賳 賲孬賱 賲賳 趩丕倬 丿賴賴 鄞郯 乇賵 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 趩賵賳 賴賲卮 賲噩亘賵乇蹖賳 趩爻亘 亘夭賳蹖賳 亘乇诏賴 賴丕 乇賵 :)
丿乇 丕爻賱丕蹖丿 丕禺乇 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 賮蹖賱賲 讴賴 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 爻蹖賳賲丕 噩丕賵丿丕賳賴 卮丿賴 亘乇丕鬲賵賳 诏匕丕卮鬲賲
乇賵夭 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲亘丕乇讴 馃尭
February 25, 2016
Buena novela, rica en temas y matices. Una lectura capaz de sacar al rebelde que todos llevamos dentro. Rese帽a completa:
May 6, 2015
Absurdly awful. Bland prose and Marxist rhetoric combine to make an insipid story with two dimensional characters. Do yourself a favor and pass on this.
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August 15, 2018賯乇丕亍丕鬲 賯丿賷賲丞
May 9, 2013
Not at all what I was expecting - but I loved it. Told from multiple, predominantly Roman points of view, this is as much about the idea of Spartacus and his impact on the characters in the novel (including those who led to his demise) as it is about the man himself. In fact, Spartacus's own point of view takes up very little space. When it does, it's extremely powerful: his experiences at the Nubian mines, his realisation of the need to break free from Roman oppression, these are engrossing, emotional moments, among some of the finest in the book. Despite the lack of involvement with the main character, it's interesting to see how much sympathy Howard Fast eventually brings to the Romans who reflect and speculate on who Spartacus was and what he means to them. Most of these characters have in some way been changed by him, even if they had never met him. The book feels well researched, and the fact that Fast wrote this while a political prisoner in the United States says much about his sympathies for Spartacus's cause. Unfortunately the last two sections of the novel seem a bit weak and labored compared with what had come before. If you're looking for a straight narrative about Spartacus and his campaign against Rome, you should look elsewhere. But this is an engrossing novel in its own way, with much to say about the nature of life, love, slavery, cruelty and human identity. This isn't the best-written historical fiction of all time, but it was a worthy read.
January 6, 2015
乇賷賮賷賵 丕賱噩夭亍 丕賱兀賵賱 賱賱兀爻賮 囟丕毓貙 賰丕賳 賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲 賲亘丿毓丕賸 .. 氐賵乇 賲毓丕賳丕丞 丕賱毓亘賷丿 亘胤乇賷賯丞 鬲噩毓賱賰 鬲毓賷卮 賲毓賴賲 賵鬲鬲兀賱賲 賲孬賱賴賲 鬲賲丕賲丕賸 .. 賰鬲亘鬲 賰孬賷乇丕賸 毓賳 賴匕丕 賵賱賱兀爻賮 囟丕毓 賲賳 爻賷賯乇兀 賴匕丕 丕賱噩夭亍 爻賷賮賴賲 賲丕 兀賯賵賱
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 睾賳丕卅賲 賲毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 2014貙 丕卮鬲乇賷鬲賴 亘賳氐賮 丕賱孬賲賳 賱兀賳賶 胤丕賱亘丞 賲賳 丕賱賲乇賰夭 丕賱賯賵賲賶 賱賱鬲乇噩賲丞貙 賲賳匕 夭賲賳 賱賲 兀賯乇兀 鬲乇噩賲丞 噩賲賷賱丞 賰賲丕 鬲乇噩賲鬲 乇賵丕賷丞 丕爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 .
丿賵賳鬲 丕賱噩夭亍 丕賱孬丕賳賶 毓賳 丕賱賷賴賵丿賶 丕賱賲氐賱賵亘 :-
_ 丕賱毓丿丕賱丞 丕賱爻丕禺乇丞貙 乇賮囟 兀賳 賷毓丕賲賱 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳賷賷賳 賰賲丕 賰丕賳賵丕 賷毓丕賲賱賵賳 賰毓亘賷丿 賮丕賱氐丨賷丨 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賴賲 禺胤兀 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 賱賳丕.
丕賱賷賴賵丿賷 丕锘蒂� 賷鬲賱賵賶 賲賳 丕锘焚勝� 賵丕賱賲爻丕賲賷乇 賲孬亘鬲鬲丞 賮賷 賷丿賷丞 亘毓丿 兀賳 卮賴丿 賲賯鬲賱 乇賮丕賯賴 賰賱賴賲 賵賰丕賳 丌禺乇賲賳 賷氐賱亘 賲賳 丕賱爻鬲丞 丌锘毁� 噩賳丿賷貙 賷胤賱賯 氐乇禺丞 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱鬲賶 賱賲 賷賮賴賲賵賳丕 兀賵賯賱 鬲噩丕賴賱賵賳賴丕 毓賳 賯氐丿 ...
*爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻貙 賱賲丕匕丕 賮卮賱賳丕責
毓賳 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 :-
丿丕禺賱 丕賱毓賮賳 丕賱爻賷丕爻賷 賵丕賱噩爻丿 丕賱囟禺賲 丕賱孬賲賷賳 賰丕賳 賷賵噩丿 賯丿乇 賲賳 丕賱囟賲賷乇 賵丕賱賲亘丕丿賷亍 賱丿賶 噩乇丕賰爻賵爻 丕賱匕賷 兀丨亘 賮丕乇賷賳賷丕貙 賵賲賳 賷丨亘 亘丨賯 賷爻毓丿 賲丨亘賵亘賴 賵廿賳 賰丕賳 丕賱孬賲賳 兀賳 賷亘鬲毓丿 毓賳賰 賵兀賳 鬲賲賵鬲 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賲胤丕賮 .
丕亘賳 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 賵乇孬 丕賱氐乇丕毓 丕賱賲卮鬲乇賰 賰賲丕 賵乇孬賳丕賴 賳丨賳 噩賲賷毓丕賸貙 賴賱 賱賵 賯賱賳丕 兀賳 乇賵賲丕 丕賱丌賳 賲賳 兀噩賲賱 賲丿賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵賱賲 賷毓丿 亘賴丕 毓亘賷丿 爻鬲乇鬲丕丨 乇賵丨 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 責
賴賱 賳噩丨 爻亘丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 責
賴賱 賳噩丨賳丕責
賱賲丕匕丕 賮卮賱賳丕
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 亘丿兀鬲賴 賯亘賱 丕賲鬲丨丕賳 賮丕賷賳丕賱 兀賳丕鬲賵賲賶 爻賳丞 鬲丕賳賷丞 賵兀賳賴賷鬲賴 賯亘賱 丕賲鬲丨丕賳 賳氐賮 丕賱毓丕賲 亘丕孬賵賱賵噩賶 .. 丕賱賰鬲亘 賵爻賷賱丞 賴乇賵亘 噩賷丿丞 賵賱兀賳 丕賱丕賲鬲丨丕賳丕鬲 賱賳 鬲爻賲丨 賱賰 亘賰鬲丕亘丞 乇賷賮賷賵 賷賱賷賯 ... 丕賱禺賲爻 賳噩賵賲 賵賰賮賶 賵賱丕 丿丕毓賷 賱賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱乇賷賮賷賵 亘賯賶
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May 23, 2023In English language,Inglise keeles,fiction,novel,historical fiction,ancient Rome
January 3, 2025
Tal vez no sea un libro de 5 estrellas, pero hac铆a a帽os que un libro no me despertaba tantas ganas de seguir ley茅ndolo. Lo que m谩s me gust贸 de la historia de Espartaco es que tiene aspectos sorprendentemente actuales, como que la sociedad se sustenta por el trabajo de una mayor铆a desfavorecida.
En el pr贸logo del libro, el autor explica que al principio no pudo sacarlo ya que nadie en su pa铆s, Estados Unidos, se lo publicaba. Una vez termin茅 el libro entend铆 por qu茅: es Marxista a m谩s no poder. Tras leer historias como esta parece que el fil贸sofo s铆 que ten铆a raz贸n cuando dijo que la historia de la humanidad es la historia de la lucha de clases.
En el pr贸logo del libro, el autor explica que al principio no pudo sacarlo ya que nadie en su pa铆s, Estados Unidos, se lo publicaba. Una vez termin茅 el libro entend铆 por qu茅: es Marxista a m谩s no poder. Tras leer historias como esta parece que el fil贸sofo s铆 que ten铆a raz贸n cuando dijo que la historia de la humanidad es la historia de la lucha de clases.
November 10, 2024
Przyznam, 偶e nie wiem, o czym jest ta ksi膮偶ka. Narracja jest nudna, jak flaki z olejem. Akcja dzieje si臋 wsz臋dzie, ale Spartakusa tam niewiele. A nawet je艣li ju偶 jest, to opisuje wszystko wok贸艂 niego, a nie jego samego. Wydarzenia opisane tak, jakby dzia艂y si臋 w zwolnionym tempie. Szczerze, to nie wynios艂am z niej nic. Druga gwiazdka za to, 偶e jednak jest tam troch臋 opis贸w staro偶ytnego 艣wiata.
January 15, 2025
芦La primera vez que estuve en sus brazos, tuve miedo. Entonces se apoder贸 de m铆 un sentimiento maravilloso. Supe que nunca morir铆a. Mi amor era inmortal. Nada pod铆a volver a da帽arme. Pas茅 a ser como 茅l y supongo que 茅l pas贸 a ser un poco como yo. No ten铆amos secretos entre nosotros. Primero tuve miedo de que pudiera ver las imperfecciones de mi cuerpo. Pero entonces comprend铆 que esas imperfecciones eran tan puras como la piel misma. Me amaba tanto. 驴Pero qu茅 puedo contarle de 茅l? Quieren hacerlo parecer un gigante, pero no era un gigante. Era un hombre corriente. Era amable y bueno y lleno de amor禄.
Es Varinia cantando las alabanzas de su amor Espartaco. Todos tenemos en nuestra memoria asociada el bello rostro de Jean Simmons en la famosa pel铆cula del director Stanley Kubrick, pero en el libro Varinia no es morena; es rubia, germana, alta, hermosa y guerrera, se acerca en destellos听al mito de las听amazonas; por lo tanto, no cubre con el capote los hombros de su pareja听ni se听queda cuidando la tienda del guerrero mientras este va a batirse con las cohortes romanas, sino que empu帽a tambi茅n un arma de igual a igual听y lucha y trata de conseguir su libertad. Y como ella todas las mujeres que formaron parte en el ej茅rcito de esclavos y que durante unos cuantos a帽os se rebelaron y lucharon contra la poderosa Roma.听
Muchas preguntas. Qui茅n fue Howard Fast y por qu茅 escribi贸 esta novela. Qui茅n fue en realidad Espartaco. Entendemos que en el libro su lucha est谩 magnificada y embellecida porque lo que se pretende es se帽alar la esclavitud y la necesidad de la lucha entre el oprimido y el opresor. Es decir, aunque sea una novela hist贸rica y basada en hechos hist贸ricos, Espartaco es una obra del siglo XX, y nace como consecuencia de la caza de brujas impuesta por el gobierno estadounidense contra sus propios ciudadanos.听
De hecho, este libro fue pensado mientras el escritor听se encontraba preso. Y en mi Primera edici贸n de Edhasa, 2003, (este libro es relectura) el propio Howard lo explica as铆 en el pre谩mbulo:听
芦Cuando me sent茅 a iniciar la larga y dura tarea de escribir la primera versi贸n de Espartaco 鈥攈ace de eso ya cuarenta a帽os鈥� acababa de salir de prisi贸n. Hab铆a estado trabajando mentalmente en algunos aspectos de la novela mientras me hallaba en la c谩rcel, que fue un escenario id贸neo para tal labor. Mi delito hab铆a sido negarme a entregar al Comit茅 de Actividades Antiamericanas una lista de los miembros de la organizaci贸n denominada Joint Antifascist Refugee Comittee (Comit茅 de Ayuda a los Refugiados Antifascistas)禄.
B谩sicamente lo que hizo esta asociaci贸n fue reunir dinero para ayudar a los republicanos espa帽oles que enfermos y heridos se hab铆an refugiado en Toulouse. Compraron con el dinero reunido un antiguo convento y consiguieron que los cu谩queros aceptasen cuidar y alimentar a los huidos.听
芦En esa 茅poca (nos cuenta Howard Fast) hab铆a un impresionante apoyo a la causa de la Espa帽a republicana entre la gente de buena voluntad, y entre la que se contaba muchos ciudadanos conocidos. Fue la lista de estas personas la que nosotros no negamos a entregar al Comit茅, y en consecuencia todos los miembros de nuestro grupo fueron considerados culpables de desacato y enviados a prisi贸n禄.
Pero los problemas para Fast no har铆an sino multiplicarse.听Tras salir de prisi贸n escribe la novela y la env铆a a su editor (en realidad ser铆a a lo que hoy llamar铆amos agente literario), y este tras leerla le contesta que para 茅l ser铆a un orgullo, pero acto seguido la editorial recibe amenazas para que no se edite.听Esto se repite en cada editorial en la que Howard Fast trata de publicar su novela. Hasta siete conocidos editores se negaron a publicarla por las repercusiones que pudiese acarrear.听
芦El 煤ltimo de estos siete fue Doubleday, y tras una reuni贸n del comit茅 editorial, George Hecht, jefe de la cadena de librer铆as de Doubleday, sali贸 de la sala enfadado y disgustado, me llam贸 por tel茅fono y me dijo que nunca hasta entonces hab铆a asistido a un acto de cobard铆a tal en Doubleday, y me asegur贸 que si publicaba el libro por mi cuenta me har铆a un pedido de seiscientos ejemplares. Yo nunca hab铆a publicado un libro por mi cuenta禄.
As铆 fue el azaroso nacimiento de este libro. La verdad es que lo que sucedi贸 fue todav铆a mucho peor a lo que cuenta el escritor en el pre谩mbulo. Se le neg贸 incluso la posibilidad de tener una cuenta bancaria, por lo cual en un pa铆s como Estados Unidos es pr谩cticamente situarte sin la posibilidad de acceder a ning煤n cr茅dito y hallarte a los pies听de la indigencia.听
Y ahora vamos a lo hist贸rico. Qui茅n fue en realidad Espartaco. Todas las fuentes hist贸ricas que he le铆do sobre este individuo est谩n tamizadas por proceder de fuentes romanas, por lo tanto no son fiables en este asunto.听Lo 煤nico que tenemos claro es que era tracio, no muy alto, que al parecer vivi贸 esclavizado en las minas de Nubia y que acab贸 siendo un gladiador en Capua, justo en听la escuela de gladiadores de L茅ntulo Baciato, que es donde se va a iniciar la rebeli贸n. Pero una rebeli贸n no muy grande, la verdad; de esa escuela todo parece indicar que solo escaparon alrededor de setenta gladiadores, puede que algunos m谩s contando mujeres y personal de la propia escuela. No m谩s de noventa. C贸mo es posible que una insurrecci贸n听iniciada con tan escaso n煤mero de integrantes pudiese crecer hasta formar un ej茅rcito de听m谩s de cien mil individuos y derrotar en numerosas ocasiones a fuerzas profesionales y bien pertrechadas. Hace falta verdadera capacidad de organizaci贸n y un aurea de pureza y mucha desesperaci贸n y opresi贸n para que tantos esclavos te sigan y luchen hasta la muerte. En una causa que, seamos sinceros, si no encontraba el paso de los Alpes a trav茅s de la Galia Cisalpina, estaba condenada al fracaso, puesto que la enorme capacidad de movilizar soldados de Roma fue la que consigui贸 derrotar muchos a帽os atr谩s听al correoso An铆bal, y el ej茅rcito de An铆bal era uno muy experimentado, lleno de heridas y bien pertrechado, acostumbrado a la guerra y a las grandes marchas desde los a帽os que su padre听Am铆lcar, el Le贸n de Cartago, desembarc贸 en lo que ahora llamamos Espa帽a; qu茅 podr铆a hacer un ej茅rcito de esclavos sin apenas armas, escudos, y con una peque帽o grueso de gladiadores que no llegaba ni a la centuria. Se tardaban unos cuantos a帽os en formar a cada听soldado romano. 听
芦El sencillo hecho era que Espartaco se negaba a ser un animal, y por tal raz贸n se lo consideraba peligroso禄.听
Fue en la escuela de gladiadores de L茅ntulo Baciato en la que se inicia todo. Unos nobles romanos llegan hasta esa escuela, situada en las afueras de Capua, y compran una lucha a muerte entre gladiadores. Aqu铆 hay que hace un inciso y declarar que la lucha a muerte entre gladiadores no era algo com煤n. Olvidaos de pel铆culas como Gladiator I y Gladiator II y series de televisi贸n, ninguna de ellas tiene nada que ver con la realidad; por lo general, los gladiadores conservaban la vida y las heridas que se produc铆an en los combates no eran mortales. Pero aqu铆 en el libro y en la verdadera historia de Espartaco si ocurri贸 as铆, y a la ma帽ana siguiente y durante el rancho todo se precipita y se inicia la rebeli贸n.听
Primero derrotan a la propia guarnici贸n de la escuela; luego a la media cohorte que apresurada acude desde Capua; luego, m谩s tarde, a las seis cohortes que mandan desde Roma; y aunque en el libro solo salga por encima tambi茅n derrotan a las legiones de L茅ntulo y Gelio, los esclavos las masacran; por causas que desconocemos (seguramente disensiones en el ej茅rcito de esclavos) Crixo, que era un galo pelirrojo, marcha con miles de esclavos hacia el norte. Es derrotado y muere. Espartaco con su ej茅rcito en los Apeninos va derrotando uno tras otro los ej茅rcitos que Roma env铆a contra ellos,听e incluso hay un momento en que podr铆a haber cruzado hacia la Galia Cisalpina y alcanzar la libertad. 驴Por qu茅 no lo hizo? No lo sabemos. Incomprensiblemente da marcha hacia atr谩s y vuelve al sur. 驴Quer铆a abandonar por mar听la pen铆nsula it谩lica comprando el pasaje听de los barcos piratas? Me inclino m谩s por creer que deseaba听provocar un levantamiento general de los esclavos en la propia Roma; o igual se vio obligado por causas log铆sticas; o quiz谩 su ej茅rcito tras tantos combates estaba muy diezmado y hambriento. An铆bal tambi茅n se encontr贸 con estos inconvenientes y era preciso y vital asegurarse la provisi贸n de grano. Sin grano ning煤n paso por los Alpes pod铆a ser superado en invierno sin morir de inanici贸n.听La verdad es que听no sabemos los detalles concretos y solo podemos especular.听
Lo cierto es que la novela (aunque pase por encima de estos combates) resulta fiel a la historia; es verdad que tiene momentos de gran exaltaci贸n y que esconde una historia de amor maravillosa entre Varinia y Espartaco. Pero hay detallitos como el explicar que la crucifixi贸n no era cosa propia de Roma sino de cartagineses (verdadero) que manifiestan que el escritor se document贸 bastante bien sobre el tema.听
芦Ahora todo su ser, la vida que la animaba en su interior, su ser y su existir, su vivir y su funcionar, el torrente de su sangre y el latir de su coraz贸n estaban fundidos en el amor hacia aquel esclavo tracio. Comprobaba ahora que las experiencias de los hombres y mujeres de su tribu eran muy ciertas y muy antiguas y muy sabias. Ya no tem铆a a nada en el mundo. Cre铆a en la magia y la magia y la magia de su amor era real y demostrable. Al mismo tiempo comprend铆a que era f谩cil amar a un hombre como el suyo. 脡l era uno de esos raros ejemplares humanos tallados de una sola pieza. Lo primero que se ve铆a en Espartaco era su integridad. Era singular. Estaba satisfecho, no de lo que era, sino de lo que significaba como ser humano. Aun en aquella madriguera de hombres terribles, desesperados y condenados, en la escuela del crimen de asesinos condenados, de desertores del ej茅rcito, de almas perdidas y de mineros a los que las minas no hab铆an podido destruir, a Espartaco se le quer铆a y se le respetaba禄.听
A destacar tambi茅n la estructura de la obra. A trav茅s de saltos en el tiempo, de di谩logos y de distintos personajes, tanto de la parte romana como de los esclavos, vamos perfilando el verdadero rostro de ese individuo que no acept贸 la humillaci贸n y la esclavitud y que luch贸 hasta el final. Espartaco no es visto desde dentro, sino desde el prisma de sus amigos y enemigos.听
Quiz谩 los momentos m谩s brillantes de esta obra (que es muy entretenida y que est谩 bien escrita) se escriben a trav茅s de David el jud铆o, de Varinia y de Cicer贸n; este 煤ltimo sirve para ejemplificar muy bien la corrupci贸n moral de Roma que se serv铆a de un estado esclavista para que su 茅lite pudiese听prosperar. Cicer贸n es el 煤nico que sabe y reconoce que la idea de justicia se aposenta en una completa falsedad. Los que se vanaglorian de las virtudes del derecho romano tendr铆an que detenerse a pensar sobre esto:听
芦Hac铆a mucho tiempo que Cicer贸n hab铆a descubierto la profunda diferencia que exist铆a entre justicia y moralidad. La justicia era el instrumento del fuerte, concebida para ser usada a voluntad del fuerte; la moralidad, como los dioses, era la ilusi贸n de los d茅biles禄.
Todos sabemos que los seis mil esclavos supervivientes de las batallas fueron crucificados a trav茅s de la V铆a Apia. Fue Marco Licino Craso (el que por cierto con su generosa fortuna aval贸 a帽os despu茅s las enormes deudas de Cayo Julio C茅sar) el que venci贸 definitivamente a los insurrectos que le quedaban a Espartaco. Roma no solo quer铆a regodearse en su victoria sino imponer el temor a futuros rebeldes.听
听La muerte de David, el jud铆o, es uno de esos momentos que convierten esta aparente novela hist贸rica en algo con mucho m谩s calado. Sin embargo, no terminaremos esta rese帽a con ese ensa帽amiento, sino con uno de esos p谩rrafos de emoci贸n l铆rica que tambi茅n impregnan la novela y que resultan efectivos y muy emocionales.听
芦Era una edad dorada la de ahora, con el sol brillante en lo alto de la campi帽a y los fieros hombres del circo, los hombres de la arena, apretujados en torno a 茅l y a la muchacha germana, con sus mentes plenas de interrogantes. El c茅sped era suave y verde en la pradera donde estaban reunidos. Flores amarillas como mantequilla lo coronaban, y por todas pares hab铆a mariposas y abejas y el aire se llenaba con sus canciones. Lo llamaban padre, a la manera de los tracios禄.
听
Hasta otra.听
听
听
Es Varinia cantando las alabanzas de su amor Espartaco. Todos tenemos en nuestra memoria asociada el bello rostro de Jean Simmons en la famosa pel铆cula del director Stanley Kubrick, pero en el libro Varinia no es morena; es rubia, germana, alta, hermosa y guerrera, se acerca en destellos听al mito de las听amazonas; por lo tanto, no cubre con el capote los hombros de su pareja听ni se听queda cuidando la tienda del guerrero mientras este va a batirse con las cohortes romanas, sino que empu帽a tambi茅n un arma de igual a igual听y lucha y trata de conseguir su libertad. Y como ella todas las mujeres que formaron parte en el ej茅rcito de esclavos y que durante unos cuantos a帽os se rebelaron y lucharon contra la poderosa Roma.听
Muchas preguntas. Qui茅n fue Howard Fast y por qu茅 escribi贸 esta novela. Qui茅n fue en realidad Espartaco. Entendemos que en el libro su lucha est谩 magnificada y embellecida porque lo que se pretende es se帽alar la esclavitud y la necesidad de la lucha entre el oprimido y el opresor. Es decir, aunque sea una novela hist贸rica y basada en hechos hist贸ricos, Espartaco es una obra del siglo XX, y nace como consecuencia de la caza de brujas impuesta por el gobierno estadounidense contra sus propios ciudadanos.听
De hecho, este libro fue pensado mientras el escritor听se encontraba preso. Y en mi Primera edici贸n de Edhasa, 2003, (este libro es relectura) el propio Howard lo explica as铆 en el pre谩mbulo:听
芦Cuando me sent茅 a iniciar la larga y dura tarea de escribir la primera versi贸n de Espartaco 鈥攈ace de eso ya cuarenta a帽os鈥� acababa de salir de prisi贸n. Hab铆a estado trabajando mentalmente en algunos aspectos de la novela mientras me hallaba en la c谩rcel, que fue un escenario id贸neo para tal labor. Mi delito hab铆a sido negarme a entregar al Comit茅 de Actividades Antiamericanas una lista de los miembros de la organizaci贸n denominada Joint Antifascist Refugee Comittee (Comit茅 de Ayuda a los Refugiados Antifascistas)禄.
B谩sicamente lo que hizo esta asociaci贸n fue reunir dinero para ayudar a los republicanos espa帽oles que enfermos y heridos se hab铆an refugiado en Toulouse. Compraron con el dinero reunido un antiguo convento y consiguieron que los cu谩queros aceptasen cuidar y alimentar a los huidos.听
芦En esa 茅poca (nos cuenta Howard Fast) hab铆a un impresionante apoyo a la causa de la Espa帽a republicana entre la gente de buena voluntad, y entre la que se contaba muchos ciudadanos conocidos. Fue la lista de estas personas la que nosotros no negamos a entregar al Comit茅, y en consecuencia todos los miembros de nuestro grupo fueron considerados culpables de desacato y enviados a prisi贸n禄.
Pero los problemas para Fast no har铆an sino multiplicarse.听Tras salir de prisi贸n escribe la novela y la env铆a a su editor (en realidad ser铆a a lo que hoy llamar铆amos agente literario), y este tras leerla le contesta que para 茅l ser铆a un orgullo, pero acto seguido la editorial recibe amenazas para que no se edite.听Esto se repite en cada editorial en la que Howard Fast trata de publicar su novela. Hasta siete conocidos editores se negaron a publicarla por las repercusiones que pudiese acarrear.听
芦El 煤ltimo de estos siete fue Doubleday, y tras una reuni贸n del comit茅 editorial, George Hecht, jefe de la cadena de librer铆as de Doubleday, sali贸 de la sala enfadado y disgustado, me llam贸 por tel茅fono y me dijo que nunca hasta entonces hab铆a asistido a un acto de cobard铆a tal en Doubleday, y me asegur贸 que si publicaba el libro por mi cuenta me har铆a un pedido de seiscientos ejemplares. Yo nunca hab铆a publicado un libro por mi cuenta禄.
As铆 fue el azaroso nacimiento de este libro. La verdad es que lo que sucedi贸 fue todav铆a mucho peor a lo que cuenta el escritor en el pre谩mbulo. Se le neg贸 incluso la posibilidad de tener una cuenta bancaria, por lo cual en un pa铆s como Estados Unidos es pr谩cticamente situarte sin la posibilidad de acceder a ning煤n cr茅dito y hallarte a los pies听de la indigencia.听
Y ahora vamos a lo hist贸rico. Qui茅n fue en realidad Espartaco. Todas las fuentes hist贸ricas que he le铆do sobre este individuo est谩n tamizadas por proceder de fuentes romanas, por lo tanto no son fiables en este asunto.听Lo 煤nico que tenemos claro es que era tracio, no muy alto, que al parecer vivi贸 esclavizado en las minas de Nubia y que acab贸 siendo un gladiador en Capua, justo en听la escuela de gladiadores de L茅ntulo Baciato, que es donde se va a iniciar la rebeli贸n. Pero una rebeli贸n no muy grande, la verdad; de esa escuela todo parece indicar que solo escaparon alrededor de setenta gladiadores, puede que algunos m谩s contando mujeres y personal de la propia escuela. No m谩s de noventa. C贸mo es posible que una insurrecci贸n听iniciada con tan escaso n煤mero de integrantes pudiese crecer hasta formar un ej茅rcito de听m谩s de cien mil individuos y derrotar en numerosas ocasiones a fuerzas profesionales y bien pertrechadas. Hace falta verdadera capacidad de organizaci贸n y un aurea de pureza y mucha desesperaci贸n y opresi贸n para que tantos esclavos te sigan y luchen hasta la muerte. En una causa que, seamos sinceros, si no encontraba el paso de los Alpes a trav茅s de la Galia Cisalpina, estaba condenada al fracaso, puesto que la enorme capacidad de movilizar soldados de Roma fue la que consigui贸 derrotar muchos a帽os atr谩s听al correoso An铆bal, y el ej茅rcito de An铆bal era uno muy experimentado, lleno de heridas y bien pertrechado, acostumbrado a la guerra y a las grandes marchas desde los a帽os que su padre听Am铆lcar, el Le贸n de Cartago, desembarc贸 en lo que ahora llamamos Espa帽a; qu茅 podr铆a hacer un ej茅rcito de esclavos sin apenas armas, escudos, y con una peque帽o grueso de gladiadores que no llegaba ni a la centuria. Se tardaban unos cuantos a帽os en formar a cada听soldado romano. 听
芦El sencillo hecho era que Espartaco se negaba a ser un animal, y por tal raz贸n se lo consideraba peligroso禄.听
Fue en la escuela de gladiadores de L茅ntulo Baciato en la que se inicia todo. Unos nobles romanos llegan hasta esa escuela, situada en las afueras de Capua, y compran una lucha a muerte entre gladiadores. Aqu铆 hay que hace un inciso y declarar que la lucha a muerte entre gladiadores no era algo com煤n. Olvidaos de pel铆culas como Gladiator I y Gladiator II y series de televisi贸n, ninguna de ellas tiene nada que ver con la realidad; por lo general, los gladiadores conservaban la vida y las heridas que se produc铆an en los combates no eran mortales. Pero aqu铆 en el libro y en la verdadera historia de Espartaco si ocurri贸 as铆, y a la ma帽ana siguiente y durante el rancho todo se precipita y se inicia la rebeli贸n.听
Primero derrotan a la propia guarnici贸n de la escuela; luego a la media cohorte que apresurada acude desde Capua; luego, m谩s tarde, a las seis cohortes que mandan desde Roma; y aunque en el libro solo salga por encima tambi茅n derrotan a las legiones de L茅ntulo y Gelio, los esclavos las masacran; por causas que desconocemos (seguramente disensiones en el ej茅rcito de esclavos) Crixo, que era un galo pelirrojo, marcha con miles de esclavos hacia el norte. Es derrotado y muere. Espartaco con su ej茅rcito en los Apeninos va derrotando uno tras otro los ej茅rcitos que Roma env铆a contra ellos,听e incluso hay un momento en que podr铆a haber cruzado hacia la Galia Cisalpina y alcanzar la libertad. 驴Por qu茅 no lo hizo? No lo sabemos. Incomprensiblemente da marcha hacia atr谩s y vuelve al sur. 驴Quer铆a abandonar por mar听la pen铆nsula it谩lica comprando el pasaje听de los barcos piratas? Me inclino m谩s por creer que deseaba听provocar un levantamiento general de los esclavos en la propia Roma; o igual se vio obligado por causas log铆sticas; o quiz谩 su ej茅rcito tras tantos combates estaba muy diezmado y hambriento. An铆bal tambi茅n se encontr贸 con estos inconvenientes y era preciso y vital asegurarse la provisi贸n de grano. Sin grano ning煤n paso por los Alpes pod铆a ser superado en invierno sin morir de inanici贸n.听La verdad es que听no sabemos los detalles concretos y solo podemos especular.听
Lo cierto es que la novela (aunque pase por encima de estos combates) resulta fiel a la historia; es verdad que tiene momentos de gran exaltaci贸n y que esconde una historia de amor maravillosa entre Varinia y Espartaco. Pero hay detallitos como el explicar que la crucifixi贸n no era cosa propia de Roma sino de cartagineses (verdadero) que manifiestan que el escritor se document贸 bastante bien sobre el tema.听
芦Ahora todo su ser, la vida que la animaba en su interior, su ser y su existir, su vivir y su funcionar, el torrente de su sangre y el latir de su coraz贸n estaban fundidos en el amor hacia aquel esclavo tracio. Comprobaba ahora que las experiencias de los hombres y mujeres de su tribu eran muy ciertas y muy antiguas y muy sabias. Ya no tem铆a a nada en el mundo. Cre铆a en la magia y la magia y la magia de su amor era real y demostrable. Al mismo tiempo comprend铆a que era f谩cil amar a un hombre como el suyo. 脡l era uno de esos raros ejemplares humanos tallados de una sola pieza. Lo primero que se ve铆a en Espartaco era su integridad. Era singular. Estaba satisfecho, no de lo que era, sino de lo que significaba como ser humano. Aun en aquella madriguera de hombres terribles, desesperados y condenados, en la escuela del crimen de asesinos condenados, de desertores del ej茅rcito, de almas perdidas y de mineros a los que las minas no hab铆an podido destruir, a Espartaco se le quer铆a y se le respetaba禄.听
A destacar tambi茅n la estructura de la obra. A trav茅s de saltos en el tiempo, de di谩logos y de distintos personajes, tanto de la parte romana como de los esclavos, vamos perfilando el verdadero rostro de ese individuo que no acept贸 la humillaci贸n y la esclavitud y que luch贸 hasta el final. Espartaco no es visto desde dentro, sino desde el prisma de sus amigos y enemigos.听
Quiz谩 los momentos m谩s brillantes de esta obra (que es muy entretenida y que est谩 bien escrita) se escriben a trav茅s de David el jud铆o, de Varinia y de Cicer贸n; este 煤ltimo sirve para ejemplificar muy bien la corrupci贸n moral de Roma que se serv铆a de un estado esclavista para que su 茅lite pudiese听prosperar. Cicer贸n es el 煤nico que sabe y reconoce que la idea de justicia se aposenta en una completa falsedad. Los que se vanaglorian de las virtudes del derecho romano tendr铆an que detenerse a pensar sobre esto:听
芦Hac铆a mucho tiempo que Cicer贸n hab铆a descubierto la profunda diferencia que exist铆a entre justicia y moralidad. La justicia era el instrumento del fuerte, concebida para ser usada a voluntad del fuerte; la moralidad, como los dioses, era la ilusi贸n de los d茅biles禄.
Todos sabemos que los seis mil esclavos supervivientes de las batallas fueron crucificados a trav茅s de la V铆a Apia. Fue Marco Licino Craso (el que por cierto con su generosa fortuna aval贸 a帽os despu茅s las enormes deudas de Cayo Julio C茅sar) el que venci贸 definitivamente a los insurrectos que le quedaban a Espartaco. Roma no solo quer铆a regodearse en su victoria sino imponer el temor a futuros rebeldes.听
听La muerte de David, el jud铆o, es uno de esos momentos que convierten esta aparente novela hist贸rica en algo con mucho m谩s calado. Sin embargo, no terminaremos esta rese帽a con ese ensa帽amiento, sino con uno de esos p谩rrafos de emoci贸n l铆rica que tambi茅n impregnan la novela y que resultan efectivos y muy emocionales.听
芦Era una edad dorada la de ahora, con el sol brillante en lo alto de la campi帽a y los fieros hombres del circo, los hombres de la arena, apretujados en torno a 茅l y a la muchacha germana, con sus mentes plenas de interrogantes. El c茅sped era suave y verde en la pradera donde estaban reunidos. Flores amarillas como mantequilla lo coronaban, y por todas pares hab铆a mariposas y abejas y el aire se llenaba con sus canciones. Lo llamaban padre, a la manera de los tracios禄.
听
Hasta otra.听
听
听
July 4, 2013
Spartacus (1951)
This historical novel by Howard Fast is clearly the source of the Kirk Douglas movie, filmed around ten years later, and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The novel couldn鈥檛 find a major publishing house to publish it, and was sponsored by people buying a copy in advance. It鈥檚 a great novel, though not what I expected. It鈥檚 frame story is told after the rebellion, and mostly through the point of view of the Romans who opposed and eventually destroyed Spartacus鈥� rebellion. Crassus, the bisexual general (Laurence Olivier in the movie I think) who destroyed him, is one character. So is the old senator Gracchus (Charles Laughton in the movie I think.) There is a very vivid scene early in the book where some young privileged Romans are riding up a road lined with crucified slaves. The brutality and the 鈥渉ighly civilized鈥� nature of ancient Rome are constantly juxtaposed. The rebellion itself is never featured the way it is in the film, but that鈥檚 a different medium. This novel is driven largely by talk, in the tradition of Plato and Socrates and Aristotle, and that sort of makes sense. The bits and pieces of the rebellion are filled in, with some attention to tactics, but in general this novel is much talkier than I expected. And yet it works. The main plot taking place within the frame story is the fight between Crassus and Gracchus to own Varinia, Spartacus鈥檚 widow. She is a beautiful, large breasted Teutonic woman who charges naked into battle like a berserker warrior. It鈥檚 hard to imagine enough people ever reading this novel for it to be a threat, but its tale of a corrupt empire that would always inevitably have to face rebellion was clearly one that touched a nerve for America in the fifties. There are a number of political speeches (or monologues or whatever you want to call them) by Gracchus that are thinly veiled shots at our own Republic. Good stuff.
This historical novel by Howard Fast is clearly the source of the Kirk Douglas movie, filmed around ten years later, and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The novel couldn鈥檛 find a major publishing house to publish it, and was sponsored by people buying a copy in advance. It鈥檚 a great novel, though not what I expected. It鈥檚 frame story is told after the rebellion, and mostly through the point of view of the Romans who opposed and eventually destroyed Spartacus鈥� rebellion. Crassus, the bisexual general (Laurence Olivier in the movie I think) who destroyed him, is one character. So is the old senator Gracchus (Charles Laughton in the movie I think.) There is a very vivid scene early in the book where some young privileged Romans are riding up a road lined with crucified slaves. The brutality and the 鈥渉ighly civilized鈥� nature of ancient Rome are constantly juxtaposed. The rebellion itself is never featured the way it is in the film, but that鈥檚 a different medium. This novel is driven largely by talk, in the tradition of Plato and Socrates and Aristotle, and that sort of makes sense. The bits and pieces of the rebellion are filled in, with some attention to tactics, but in general this novel is much talkier than I expected. And yet it works. The main plot taking place within the frame story is the fight between Crassus and Gracchus to own Varinia, Spartacus鈥檚 widow. She is a beautiful, large breasted Teutonic woman who charges naked into battle like a berserker warrior. It鈥檚 hard to imagine enough people ever reading this novel for it to be a threat, but its tale of a corrupt empire that would always inevitably have to face rebellion was clearly one that touched a nerve for America in the fifties. There are a number of political speeches (or monologues or whatever you want to call them) by Gracchus that are thinly veiled shots at our own Republic. Good stuff.
June 29, 2019
A word of caution 鈥� the minutia concerning gladiatorial combat and crucifixion is so repulsive that the reader is justifiably horrified and that brings home the terror of Rome.
In 1943, Fast joined the Communist Party. In 1950, he was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities during the Red Scare and was imprisoned for refusing to disclose names of sympathizers. He served three months for contempt of Congress and during this time, he began writing this work. He was subsequently blacklisted. His political sentiments scream throughout Spartacus and, had you not been aware of Fast鈥檚 convictions, you would be induced into accepting his conclusions: the poor are virtuous, the rich are corrupt, private property is immoral and once there was a Golden Age where all men loved one-another, shared everything equally and weren鈥檛 constrained by any god. Had Fast confined himself to telling a story instead of pontificating, I would have appreciated the read much more.
In 1943, Fast joined the Communist Party. In 1950, he was called before the House Committee on Un-American Activities during the Red Scare and was imprisoned for refusing to disclose names of sympathizers. He served three months for contempt of Congress and during this time, he began writing this work. He was subsequently blacklisted. His political sentiments scream throughout Spartacus and, had you not been aware of Fast鈥檚 convictions, you would be induced into accepting his conclusions: the poor are virtuous, the rich are corrupt, private property is immoral and once there was a Golden Age where all men loved one-another, shared everything equally and weren鈥檛 constrained by any god. Had Fast confined himself to telling a story instead of pontificating, I would have appreciated the read much more.
October 2, 2014
賴賵丕乇丿 賮丕爻鬲 賳賵賷爻賳丿賴 賰鬲丕亘 乇丕賴 丕夭丕丿賷 / 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賱賵賱丕 诏乇诏/賲賴丕噩乇丕賳 賰賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賳爻賱 賳禺爻鬲 丕賲乇賷賰丕丿乇 丕爻鬲丕賳賴 賯乇賳 亘賷爻鬲賲 丕爻鬲 /賮乇夭賳丿 賳賷賱 賰賴 夭賳丿诏賷賳丕賲賴 丨囟乇鬲 賲賵爻賷 丕爻鬲 /賵丕爻倬丕乇 鬲丕賰賵爻 丕爻鬲 ..丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 亘乇丿賴 丕賷 鬲乇丕爻賷 亘賵丿 賰賴 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 诏賱丕丿賷丕鬲賵乇 丕賲賵夭卮 賷丕賮鬲 丕賵 賰賴 賲丿鬲賴丕 卮丕賴丿 賮爻丕丿 賵亘賷乇丨賲賷 乇賵賲賷丕賳 亘丕 亘乇丿诏丕賳 賵賲乇丿賲 爻乇夭賲賷賳賴丕賷 丿賷诏乇 亘賵丿 丕夭 馗賱賲 賵爻鬲賲 乇卅賷爻 禺賵丿 丿乇 賯亘丕賱 丿賵爻鬲丕賳卮 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丕賲丿 賵亘丕 诏乇賵賴 賰賵趩賰賷 丕睾丕夭 诏乇 賯賷丕賲賷 卮丿 賰賴 鬲丕 爻賯賵胤 乇賲 倬賷卮 乇賮鬲 賵4 爻丕賱 禺賵丕亘 賵禺賵乇丕賰 乇丕丕夭 趩卮賲 丕卮乇丕賮 賵爻賳丕鬲賵乇 賴丕賷 乇賵賲賷 乇亘賵丿 诏乇賵賴 賰賵趩賰 丕賵 亘賴 賮賵噩 毓馗賷賲賷 丕夭 亘乇丿诏丕賳 鬲亘丿賷賱 卮丿 賰賴 亘賴 丕賵 倬賷賵爻鬲賴 亘賵丿賳丿 鬲丕 賲乇诏 丿乇 乇丕賴 丕夭丕丿賷 乇丕亘賴 賰卮鬲賴 卮丿賳 丿乇 乇丕賴 卮賴賵鬲 賵禺賵卮 诏匕乇丕賳賷 乇賵賲賷賴丕賷 賮丕爻丿 鬲乇噩賷丨 丿賴賳丿 ...丕夭 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 賮賷賱賲 夭賷亘丕賷賷 賴賲 爻丕禺鬲賴 卮丿賴 賰賴 爻賰丕賳爻 賮乇賷丕丿 卮賵乇卮賷丕賳 賰賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 賷賰 倬丕乇趩賴 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 賲毓乇賮賷 賰乇丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 丕夭 爻賰丕賳爻 賴丕賷 賲丕賳丿诏丕乇 氐賳毓鬲 爻賷賳賲丕 丕爻鬲 .
June 7, 2016
賮讴乇 賲蹖卢讴賳賲 賲賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賵 亘丕 鬲乇噩賲賴卢蹖賽 匕亘蹖丨卢丕賱賱賴賽 賲賳氐賵乇蹖 禺賵賳丿賲. 丕賵賳 夭賲丕賳貙 卮丕蹖丿 13_14 爻丕賱卢丕賲 亘賵丿. 賳賲蹖 丿賵賳賲 鬲丕亘爻鬲賵賳 亘賵丿 蹖丕 毓蹖丿. 蹖丕丿賲賴 讴賴 丕賵賲丿賴 亘賵丿賲 卮賲丕賱 禺賵賳賴卢蹖賽 禺丕賱賴卢賲 賵 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕賵賳噩丕 亘賵丿. 亘蹖讴丕乇 亘賵丿賲. 讴鬲丕亘賵 賵賻乇丿丕卮鬲賲貙 卮乇賵毓 讴乇丿賲 亘賴 禺賵賳丿賳卢. 禺蹖賱蹖 夭賵丿 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳卢丕卮 禺賵卮卢丕賲 丕賵賲丿. 賴賲賴卢蹖賽 趩蹖夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 鬲賵蹖賽 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 倬蹖卮 賲蹖卢丕賵賲丿賵 鬲賵蹖賽 匕賴賳卢丕賲 賲孬賱賽 蹖賴 賮蹖賱賲 賲蹖卢丿蹖丿賲. 亘丕賵乇賲 賳賲蹖卢卮丿 讴賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 讴賴 鬲賵蹖賽 蹖賴 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖 禺賵賳蹖貙 賲蹖-鬲賵賳賴 鬲丕 丕蹖賳 丕賳丿丕夭賴 噩匕賾丕亘 亘丕卮賴. 丕賱丕賳 讴賴 賮讴乇 賲蹖卢讴賳賲 丕賵賳 丿賵乇賴貙 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 噩丕賱亘卢鬲乇蹖賳 丿賵乇賴卢賴丕蹖賽 夭賳丿诏蹖卢賲 亘賵丿. 賴賲趩蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘丕蹖蹖 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賳 讴賴 賲賳 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵賳丿賳 禺賵卮卢丕賲 亘蹖丕丿.
May 19, 2008
丕賷賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇丕亘賴 丕賷賳 賲賳馗賵乇 賳賵卮鬲賲 賰賴 賰爻丕賳賷 賰賴 丌賳 乇丕 賲賷 禺賵丕賳賳丿 丿乇 乇丕賴 亘賴亘賵丿 丌賷賳丿賴 賷 賲睾卮賵卮賲丕賳 賳賷乇賵 亘诏賷乇賳丿 賵 亘丕 馗賱賲 賵 亘賷丿丕丿 賲亘丕乇夭賴 賰賳賳丿 亘丕卮丿 賰賴 乇丐賷丕賷 丕爻倬丕乇鬲丕賰賵爻 丿乇 夭賲丕賳 賲丕賲丨賯賯 卮賵丿.
(賮丕爻鬲)
(賮丕爻鬲)
August 13, 2014
校写邪褉懈 褌芯泄 褋 屑械褔邪 褌褉懈泻褉邪褌薪芯 锌芯 褖懈褌邪,
械褏芯褌芯 写邪谢械褔 锌褉芯蟹胁褗薪懈,
懈 械褌芯: 褌褗谢锌邪褌邪, 芯褏芯谢薪邪 懈 褋懈褌邪,
泻褉械褖懈 锌邪泻 芯褌 胁褋懈褔泻懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈.
袧芯 褋褌褉邪薪薪芯: 芯褌 写褗褉蟹芯褋褌 薪械蟹薪邪泄薪邪 芯斜蟹械褌懈,
泻褉邪泄 薪械谐芯 褋械 褉芯斜懈 褌褗谢锌褟褌,
蟹邪褏胁褗褉谢褟 褌芯泄 褖懈褌邪 懈 褋泻褉褗褋褌胁邪 褉褗褑械褌械
薪邪 谐芯谢邪褌邪 斜褉芯薪蟹芯胁邪 谐褉褗写:
袛薪械褋 褖械 斜褗写邪 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯 芯褌泻褉芯胁械薪. 袘懈褏 懈褋泻邪谢 胁褋懈褔泻懈 薪邪 褋胁械褌邪 写邪 锌褉芯褔械褌邪褌 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪, 薪芯 锌芯薪械卸械 褌芯胁邪 械 薪械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯 褖械 褋械 蟹邪写芯胁芯谢褟 懈 褋 褏芯褉邪褌邪, 泻芯懈褌芯 胁谢懈蟹邪褌 胁 斜谢芯谐邪 屑懈. 袧邪懈褋褌懈薪邪 谐芯 懈褋泻邪屑, 邪 褋械 斜芯褟, 褔械 写褍屑懈褌械 屑懈 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褋褌懈谐薪邪褌 蟹邪 写邪 芯锌懈褕邪 褉芯屑邪薪邪 泻邪泻褌芯 谐芯 蟹邪褋谢褍卸邪胁邪.
效褍写械褏 褋械 写邪谢懈 写邪 胁懈 褉邪蟹泻邪卸邪 锌芯胁械褔械 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 胁 斜褗谢谐邪褉褋泻芯褌芯 泻薪懈谐芯懈蟹写邪胁邪薪械. 孝褟 械 蟹邪褕械屑械褌褟胁邪褖邪. 袩褉械写懈 褌芯胁邪 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 懈屑邪 芯褖械 械写薪芯 胁 3000 械泻蟹械屑锌谢褟褉邪, 泻芯械褌芯 胁 锌芯褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 械 斜懈谢芯 蟹邪斜褉邪薪械薪芯 懈 懈蟹谐芯褉械薪芯. 袧褟泻芯懈 褋谢褍褔邪泄薪懈 斜褉芯泄泻懈 褋邪 芯褑械谢械谢懈 胁 褔邪褋褌薪懈 泻芯谢械泻褑懈懈 懈 褋械谐邪 褋械 褋褉械褖邪褌 锌芯 褋械褉谐懈懈褌械 蟹邪 褋褌邪褉懈 泻薪懈谐懈 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 褉褟写泻芯 薪邪 斜邪褋薪芯褋谢芯胁薪懈 褑械薪懈. 袧芯 蟹邪褖芯 邪蟹 写邪 胁懈 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪屑 褌芯胁邪. 袝褌芯 泻邪泻胁芯 泻邪蟹胁邪 袚械芯褉谐懈 袦邪褉泻芯胁 胁 褋胁芯懈褌械 "袟邪写芯褔薪懈 褉械锌芯褉褌邪卸懈":
"袧械谐芯胁懈褟褌 褉芯屑邪薪 鈥炐⌒熜愋犘⑿愋氣€� 斜械褕械 褋屑褟褌邪薪 蟹邪 谐芯谢褟屑芯 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈械 懈 褋械 懈蟹褍褔邪胁邪褕械 蟹邪写褗谢卸懈褌械谢薪芯 锌芯 泻褉褗卸芯褑懈 懈 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褋泻懈 谐褉褍锌懈. 袧芯 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 胁 蟹薪邪泻 薪邪 锌褉芯褌械褋褌 褋褉械褖褍 褋褗胁械褌褋泻芯褌芯 薪邪褕械褋褌胁懈械 胁 校薪谐邪褉懈褟 锌褉械蟹 1956 谐芯写懈薪邪 懈 褋屑邪蟹胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 褍薪谐邪褉褋泻芯褌芯 薪邪褉芯写薪芯 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌 褏胁褗褉谢懈 锌邪褉褌懈泄薪懈褟 褋懈 斜懈谢械褌, 写懈邪谢械泻褌懈泻邪褌邪 芯褌薪芯胁芯 薪邪锌褉邪胁懈 褋胁芯褟 芯泻褍褋-褎芯泻褍褋. 肖邪褋褌 斜械褕械 薪邪褉械褔械薪 褉械薪械谐邪褌, 泻薪懈谐懈褌械 屑褍 斜褟褏邪 懈蟹褏胁褗褉谢械薪懈 芯褌 斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻懈褌械 懈 薪懈 斜械褕械 芯斜褟褋薪械薪芯, 褔械 胁褋褗褖薪芯褋褌 褌胁芯褉斜懈褌械 薪邪 褌芯蟹懈 褋谢褍谐邪 薪邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻邪褌邪 褉械邪泻褑懈褟 斜懈谢懈 斜械写薪懈 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯. 袚芯褉泻懈褟褌 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌! (...) 袙 锌芯褋谢械写薪芯褌芯 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 薪邪 斜褗谢谐邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 械薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟 鈥炐�-携鈥�, 1974 谐芯写懈薪邪, 薪械 褖械 薪邪屑械褉懈褌械 薪懈褌芯 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌, 薪懈褌芯 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 袛卸芯薪 小褌邪泄薪斜械泻. 孝械 薪械 褋褗褖械褋褌胁褍胁邪褌. 袩褉械胁械卸写邪薪械褌芯 懈 锌褉械懈蟹写邪胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟褌邪 懈屑 械 褋锌褉褟薪芯."
... 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯 芯斜邪褔械 泻邪泻胁芯 锌褉懈胁懈写薪芯 褋邪 屑懈褋谢懈谢懈 褔械褉胁械薪懈褌械 斜邪褖懈 薪邪 薪邪褕械褌芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 蟹邪 褑械谢懈褌械 薪邪 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写邪褌邪, 褎邪泻褌邪 褋懈 械 褎邪泻褌: 褉械褔褌邪 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌 褋械 谢械械 泻邪褌芯 锌芯褌芯锌 懈 褖械 胁懈 蟹邪胁谢械褔械 薪邪写邪谢械褔... 屑薪芯谐芯 薪邪写邪谢械褔.
袚芯写懈薪邪褌邪 械 71 锌褉. 啸褉., 邪 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械褌芯 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 褌褗泻屑芯 械 蟹邪胁褗褉褕懈谢芯. 袧褟泻芯谢泻芯 褉懈屑谢褟薪懈 芯褌 胁懈褋褕懈褌械 械褌邪卸懈 薪邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯 褋械 褋褉械褖邪褌 胁褗胁 胁懈谢邪 芯泻芯谢芯 袣邪锌褍邪, 泻褗写械褌芯 锌褉械写懈 褔械褌懈褉懈 谐芯写懈薪懈 褉芯斜懈褌械 褋邪 褋械 褉邪蟹斜褍薪褌褍胁邪谢懈. 袙褋械泻懈 芯褌 褌褟褏 蟹薪邪械 锌芯 薪械褖芯 蟹邪 褔褍褌芯胁薪懈褌械 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋邪 褉邪蟹褌褗褉褋懈谢懈 褋胁械褌邪 懈 褋褗褖械胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 薪械 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪 薪懈褖芯 蟹邪 褌褟褏. 孝械 懈屑邪褌 泻邪泻胁芯 写邪 褋懈 褋锌芯写械谢褟褌. 袣褉邪褋 - 褍薪懈褖芯卸懈褌械谢褟褌 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻, 褖械 褉邪蟹泻邪卸械 蟹邪 胁芯械薪薪懈褌械 褋懈 锌褉芯褏芯写懈 褋褉械褖褍 薪械谐芯 懈 芯薪芯胁邪 泻芯械褌芯 械 薪邪褍褔懈谢 芯褌 谢邪薪懈褋褌邪 袘邪褌懈邪褌 (斜懈胁褕懈褟 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪懈泻 薪邪 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉邪), 屑谢邪写懈褟褌 袣邪泄 锌褗泻 锌芯屑薪懈 薪械褖芯 芯褌 锌芯褋械褖械薪懈械褌芯 褋懈 胁 泻邪锌褍邪薪褋泻邪褌邪 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉褋泻邪 褕泻芯谢邪, 泻褗写械褌芯 械 薪邪斜谢褞写邪胁邪谢 械写薪邪 芯褌 斜懈褌泻懈褌械 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 薪邪 邪褉械薪邪褌邪 懈 褌.薪.
肖邪褋褌 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 蟹邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褍斜械写懈褌械谢薪芯, 薪械锌褉械褌械薪褑懈芯蟹薪芯 懈 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪芯, 褔械 胁褋械 械写薪芯 褋邪屑 械 卸懈胁褟谢 胁 袪懈屑 锌芯 芯薪芯胁邪 胁褉械屑械, 泻邪褌芯 褔械 锌芯屑薪懈 懈 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯. 袧褟屑邪 薪懈褌芯 褉械写, 泻芯泄褌芯 薪邪锌芯写芯斜褟胁邪 褍褔械斜薪懈泻 锌芯 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 薪褟屑邪 薪懈褌芯 斜褍泻胁邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 写邪 薪械 蟹胁褍褔懈 薪邪 屑褟褋褌芯褌芯 褋懈 (泻邪褌芯 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈屑 锌械褔邪褌薪懈褌械 谐褉械褕泻懈). 袙褋褟泻邪 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯褋褌 蟹邪 褌芯胁邪 芯褌屑懈薪邪谢芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 械 胁泻邪褉邪薪邪 胁 褌械泻褋褌邪 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯 薪械薪邪褌褉邪锌褔懈胁芯, 褌邪泻邪 泻邪泻褌芯 蟹邪 薪械褟 斜懈褏邪 褉邪蟹谐芯胁邪褉褟谢懈 褋邪屑懈 褏芯褉邪褌邪 芯褌 械锌芯褏邪褌邪.
"袨, 斜谢褍写薪懈, 锌懈褟薪懈 锌邪褌褉懈褑懈懈, 锌邪泻 谢懈
卸邪写褍胁邪褏褌械 泻褗褉胁懈 懈 褋屑褗褉褌?
袠 褌邪蟹懈 谢懈 胁械褔械褉 褉邪蟹懈褋泻褉械薪懈 褎邪泻谢懈
蟹邪 写懈胁懈 胁褗蟹褌芯褉蟹懈 谐芯褉褟褌?
袘械蟹褍屑褑懈! 小褌芯屑邪薪械薪 械 胁褋械泻懈 屑芯泄 屑褍褋泻褍谢
懈 屑械褔邪 屑懈 胁 泻褉褗胁 械 泻邪谢械薪,
褔械 褌邪褟 邪褉械薪邪 薪械 褋褗屑 褟 薪邪锌褍褋泻邪谢
芯褌 薪懈泻芯谐芯 胁 斜芯泄 锌芯斜械写械薪.
袩褉芯薪懈蟹胁邪褏 邪蟹 斜褉邪褌褟. 袙褋械 薪芯胁懈 懈 薪芯胁懈!
袨, 卸械褉褌胁懈, 斜械蟹 懈屑械, 斜械蟹 斜褉芯泄!
袧芯 褌邪蟹 胁械褔械褉 胁懈械 斜褗写械褌械 谐芯褌芯胁懈,
邪蟹 胁邪褋 锌褉懈蟹芯胁邪胁邪屑 薪邪 斜芯泄..."
袪懈屑 械 斜懈谢 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟. 袠褋褌懈薪褋泻邪 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟 泻邪褌芯 写褉械胁薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪 懈 泻邪褌芯 写薪械褕薪邪 小械胁械褉薪邪 袣芯褉械褟. 肖邪褋褌 芯锌懈褋胁邪 斜谢械褋褌褟褖芯 褉懈屑褋泻芯褌芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯, 薪褉邪胁懈, 薪邪褉芯写芯锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟. 孝芯泄 芯斜邪褔械 懈褋泻邪 写邪 褋褌懈谐薪械 懈 锌芯-写邪谢械褔. 孝芯泄 懈褋泻邪 写邪 薪懈 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 写薪械褋 薪械 褋屑械 薪邪写屑懈薪邪谢懈 屑薪芯谐芯 褉懈屑褋泻邪褌邪 褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟 懈 锌芯-谐芯谢褟屑邪褌邪 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 褏芯褉邪褌邪 胁 写薪械褕薪懈褟 褋胁褟褌 褋邪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 褉芯斜懈 泻邪褌芯 芯薪械蟹懈 芯褌 袛褉械胁薪芯褋褌褌邪. 袛邪, 褌芯泄 屑芯卸械 斜懈 械 锌懈褋邪谢 褋 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写薪懈 褑械谢懈, 薪芯 褌芯胁邪 薪械 锌褉械褔懈 写邪 械 锌褉邪胁. 孝芯 薪械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪, 褔械 懈 写薪械褋 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 芯褌 薪邪褋 褉邪斜芯褌褟褌 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褉邪写懈 薪褟泻芯泄 写褉褍谐, 褔械 写芯褉懈 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褋懈 褋邪屑 胁 写械泄薪芯褋褌褌邪 褋懈 芯斜谢邪谐芯写械褌械谢褋褌胁邪褕 薪褟泻芯泄 写褉褍谐, 褔械 褉芯斜芯胁谢邪写械谢褔械褋泻懈褟褌 褋褌褉芯泄 械 蟹邪谐懈薪邪谢 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 械 锌芯-械胁褌懈薪芯 蟹邪 褏芯褉邪褌邪 芯褌 胁懈褋褕懈褌械 械褌邪卸懈 薪邪 胁谢邪褋褌褌邪 写邪 写褗褉卸邪褌 胁 锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈械 褋胁芯斜芯写薪懈 褏芯褉邪.
"袧懈械 泻邪蟹胁邪屑械 薪邪 薪邪褉芯写邪: "袙懈械 褋褌械 褋懈谢邪褌邪. 袙懈械 褋褌械 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪懈褟褌 褋胁芯斜芯写械薪 薪邪褉芯写 胁 褋胁械褌邪. 袧褟屑邪 薪懈褖芯 锌芯-褑械薪薪芯 芯褌 胁邪褕邪褌邪 褋胁芯斜芯写邪, 薪懈褖芯 锌芯-芯褔邪褉芯胁邪褌械谢薪芯 芯褌 胁邪褕邪褌邪 褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟. 袙懈械 褟 泻芯薪褌褉芯谢懈褉邪褌械. 袙懈械 褋褌械 褋懈谢邪!" 袠 锌芯褋谢械 褌械 谐谢邪褋褍胁邪褌 蟹邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌懈, 锌谢邪褔邪褌 蟹邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 锌芯褉邪卸械薪懈褟, 褋屑械褟褌 褋械 懈 褉邪写胁邪褌 薪邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 锌芯斜械写懈."
袧械 胁懈 谢懈 蟹胁褍褔懈 锌芯蟹薪邪褌芯 屑薪械薪懈械褌芯 薪邪 褉懈屑褋泻懈褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻?
袛邪, 褌芯褔薪芯 褌邪泻邪. 肖邪褋褌 懈褋泻邪 写邪 胁懈 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 袪懈屑 械 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟. 小袗些 械 褌邪泻邪胁邪, 小小小袪 械 斜懈谢 褌邪泻邪, 袝小 械 褌邪泻邪胁邪 懈 胁褋懈褔泻懈 胁懈械 褋褌械 锌褉芯褋褌芯 "芯褉褗写懈褟 褋 谐谢邪褋". 啸芯褉邪, 褔懈褟褌芯 胁芯谢褟 薪褟屑邪 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械, 褋褗褖芯 泻邪褌芯 褉芯斜懈褌械 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋邪 芯锌懈褌邪谢懈 写邪 锌褉芯屑械薪褟褌 褌芯胁邪. 袧懈屑邪 薪褟泻芯泄 褋械 蟹邪斜谢褍卸写邪胁邪, 褔械 褌褍泻 邪胁褌芯褉邪 薪械 械 锌褉邪胁?
小褉械写 褍卸邪褋 薪械褔邪泻邪薪, 褋褉械写 锌邪薪懈泻邪 斜褍褉薪邪,
锌邪褌褉懈褑懈懈 褏褍泻薪邪褏邪 胁 屑懈谐,
邪 胁写懈谐薪邪 褌芯泄 屑械褔邪, 懈 胁懈褏褉芯屑 褋械 胁褌褍褉薪邪
褌褗谢锌邪- 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉褋泻邪 褋 胁懈泻.
小屑褍褌械薪邪褌邪 褋褌褉邪卸邪 懈蟹锌褉械褔懈 褋械 褋 泻褉褟褋褗泻
锌褉械写 斜褍泄薪邪褌邪 褉芯斜褋泻邪 胁褗谢薪邪;
懈 屑懈谐芯屑 芯斜邪谐褉懈 褋械 卸褗谢褌懈褟 锌褟褋褗泻
褋褗褋 泻褗褉胁邪胁懈 褌褗屑薪懈 锌械褌薪邪.
袟邪 褉懈屑褋泻懈褌械 谐械褉芯懈 褎懈谐褍褉邪褌邪 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁械薪邪 褋褌褉邪褕薪邪 懈 褍卸邪褋薪邪 泻邪褌芯 薪邪 褋胁褉褗褏械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪芯 褔褍写芯胁懈褖械 芯褌 褉芯屑邪薪 薪邪 褍卸邪褋懈褌械. 孝械 薪械 蟹薪邪褟褌 写邪谢懈 褌芯泄 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪 械 屑褗褉褌褗胁 褋谢械写 斜褍薪褌邪, 褋褌褉邪褏褍胁邪褌 褋械 芯褌 褋械薪泻懈褌械, 胁 泻芯懈褌芯 屑芯卸械 斜懈 褋械 褋锌芯褌邪泄胁邪 褋 褌褉邪泻懈泄褋泻懈 薪芯卸 胁 褉褗泻邪. 袛邪, 邪胁褌芯褉褗褌 谐芯 械 芯斜褉懈褋褍胁邪谢 褌邪泻邪, 泻邪泻褌芯 胁械谢懈泻懈褌械 胁芯懈薪懈 褋邪 斜懈谢懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟薪懈 芯褌 胁褉邪谐芯胁械褌械 懈屑, 蟹邪 写邪 锌谢邪褕邪褌 写械褑邪褌邪 褋懈. 袩芯 褋褗褖懈褟 薪邪褔懈薪, 泻邪泻褌芯 泻邪写褗薪懈褌械 褋邪 褋褌褉褟褋泻邪谢懈 薪械锌芯褋谢褍褕薪懈褌械 屑邪谢褔褍谐邪薪懈 褋 褍卸邪褋薪懈褟 袘褟谢 褉懈褑褗褉 (携薪芯褕 啸褍薪褟写懈) 褌邪泻邪 懈 褉懈屑谢褟薪懈褌械 褋邪 谐懈 锌谢邪褕懈谢懈 褋褗褋 小锌邪褉褌邪泻. 袙 褋褗褖芯褌芯 胁褉械屑械, 胁 芯褔懈褌械 薪邪 写褉褍谐懈褌械 - 薪邪 褉芯斜懈褌械, 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 械 锌褗褌械胁芯写薪邪 褋胁械褌谢懈薪邪 懈 褌芯锌谢懈薪邪. 袠 写胁械褌械 屑褍 谢懈褑邪 褋邪 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁械薪懈 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 锌褉邪胁写懈胁芯. 袙褗锌褉械泻懈 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 邪胁褌芯褉褗褌 薪懈泻芯谐邪 薪械 械 锌褉懈褋褌褉邪褋褌械薪. 孝芯泄 械 褉械邪谢懈褋褌 懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟 胁褋懈褔泻芯 芯褌 芯褔懈褌械 薪邪 谐械褉芯懈褌械 褋懈, 泻邪泻褌芯 褌械 褋邪 谐芯 胁懈卸写邪谢懈 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪. 袘械蟹 薪邪锌邪写泻懈, 斜械蟹 锌芯写屑芯谢薪懈 懈谐褉懈 懈 屑邪薪懈锌褍谢邪褑懈懈. 孝芯泄 芯锌懈褋胁邪 袪懈屑 泻邪泻褗胁褌芯 械, 褉芯斜懈褌械 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪 懈 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟褌邪 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪 斜懈谢懈. 袪邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯 泻邪褌芯 屑懈褌. 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 褋械 锌褉械胁褉褗褖邪 胁 谢械谐械薪写邪 芯褖械 胁 写械薪褟 褋谢械写 泻褉邪褟 薪邪 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械褌芯 屑褍, 芯褖械 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 褋械 褉邪蟹薪邪褋褟 屑褗谢胁邪褌邪 蟹邪 薪械谐芯胁邪褌邪 褋屑褗褉褌 懈谢懈 芯褑械谢褟胁邪薪械. 袪芯屑邪薪褗褌 械 懈屑械薪薪芯 谢械谐械薪写邪, 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪薪邪 褉械邪谢懈褋褌懈褔薪芯. 袧邪 屑械褋褌邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褉械邪谢懈褋褌懈褔薪芯, 褔械 褌懈 褌褉褟斜胁邪 胁褉械屑械 写邪 褋械 褋褗胁蟹械屑械褕 胁 锌褉械泻褗褋胁邪薪懈褟褌邪 芯褌 褔械褌械薪械褌芯, 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪褕 褋械 泻邪褌芯 褋褟薪泻邪, 卸懈胁械械褕 胁 褋胁械褌邪 薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪薪懈械褌芯. 袛褉褍谐芯褌芯 褋谢邪斜芯 褌械 胁褗谢薪褍胁邪. 袧械 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 薪械 械 胁邪卸薪芯, 邪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪械 谐芯 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪褕 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻芯 懈 卸懈胁芯. 袨锌褉械写械谢械薪懈 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 褋邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 胁薪褍褕懈褌械谢薪懈 懈 褋懈谢薪懈, 褔械 薪械 屑芯卸械褕 写邪 褔械褌械褕 薪邪褌邪褌褗泻, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褋懈 褋械 胁谐谢褗斜懈谢 褌芯泻芯胁邪 胁 褌褟褏, 褔械 褋谢械写 褌芯胁邪 薪械 胁薪懈泻胁邪褕 胁 褌械泻褋褌邪.
袣芯谢泻芯 谢懈 屑芯卸械 写邪 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 褔芯胁械褕泻懈褌械 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪 胁 褉芯屑邪薪邪? 袠蟹谐谢械卸写邪褌 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻懈, 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褌懈锌懈褔薪懈. 袪褟写泻芯 褋械 褋褉械褖邪 邪胁褌芯褉, 泻芯泄褌芯 谐懈 芯锌懈褋胁邪 褌邪泻懈胁邪, 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪. 袦薪芯谐芯 锌芯-锌褉芯褋褌懈褔泻懈, 芯褌泻芯谢泻芯褌芯 薪褟泻芯懈 芯锌懈褌邪褌 写邪 谐懈 懈蟹泻邪褉邪褌, 薪芯 懈 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 褋懈谢薪懈 懈 蟹薪邪褔懈屑懈.
袙 锌芯褏胁邪褌懈褌械 褋懈 肖邪褋褌 写械泄褋褌胁邪 褋 褑械谢懈褟 褉械锌械褉褌芯邪褉 薪邪 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪懈褟 邪胁褌芯褉. 小 褌褉懈谢褗褌, 褏芯褉褗褉, 械泻褕褗薪. 袛邪, 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 谐芯 懈屑邪 懈 械 锌芯褋褌邪胁械薪芯 褌芯褔薪芯 薪邪 屑褟褋褌芯褌芯 屑褍. 孝芯泄 屑芯卸械 写邪 芯锌懈褋胁邪 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯, 薪邪锌褉械谐薪邪褌芯, 泻邪褉褌懈薪薪芯 斜芯泄薪懈 褋褑械薪懈, 写邪 胁懈 薪邪泻邪褉邪 写邪 褋械 褋褌褉邪褏褍胁邪褌械, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 懈 谐械褉芯懈褌械 屑褍 褋械 斜芯褟褌, 写邪 胁懈 薪邪褌褗卸懈, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 懈 褌械 褋邪 芯锌械褔邪谢械薪懈. 袠屑械薪薪芯 褌芯胁邪 泻邪褔械褋褌胁芯 谐芯 芯褌谢懈褔邪胁邪 屑薪芯谐芯 褋懈谢薪芯. 孝芯泄 屑芯卸械 写邪 锌褉械写懈蟹胁懈泻邪 胁褋褟泻邪泻胁懈 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪 褍 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟, 蟹邪 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪 芯褌 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 锌懈褋邪褌械谢懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋械 褋锌懈褉邪褌 褋邪屑芯 薪邪 械写薪芯 懈谢懈 写胁械.
孝芯胁邪 械 薪邪泄-写芯斜褉懈褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈 褉芯屑邪薪, 泻芯泄褌芯 褋褗屑 褔械谢. 袧械 芯斜懈褔邪屑 写邪 褋械 懈蟹褌褗泻胁邪屑, 薪芯 薪械 褋褗屑 锌褉芯褔械谢 屑邪谢泻芯. 小锌褉褟屑芯 薪械谐芯 胁褗蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械褌芯 薪邪 薪褟泻芯懈 写褉褍谐懈 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟 芯褌 卸邪薪褉邪 械 泻邪褌芯 斜谢褟褋褗泻褗褌 薪邪 芯褌写邪谢械褔械薪芯 薪邪 褏懈谢褟写懈 褋胁械褌谢懈薪薪懈 谐芯写懈薪懈 斜褟谢芯 写卸褍写卸械, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褋懈 蟹邪褋褌邪薪邪谢 写芯 芯谐褉芯屑械薪 褔械褉胁械薪 谐懈谐邪薪褌 懈 谐芯褉懈褕 胁 芯谐薪褜芯胁械褌械 屑褍. 孝芯胁邪 械 褍褋械褖邪薪械褌芯 写邪 褔械褌械褕 "小锌邪褉褌邪泻" 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌.
袧邪泻褉邪褟. 孝芯蟹懈 褉芯屑邪薪 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋械 锌褉芯褔械褌械, 蟹邪 写邪 薪械 褋械 芯泻邪卸械 薪邪泻褉邪褟, 褔械 芯薪械蟹懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 薪褟泻芯谐邪 褋邪 谐芯 蟹邪斜褉邪薪懈谢懈, 薪邪泻褉邪褟 褋邪 褍褋锌械谢懈. 袛芯褉懈 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褌芯胁邪 褋懈 褋褌褉褍胁邪.
袧芯 胁褌褍褉薪邪谢 褋械 锌褗褉胁懈, 褌芯泄 锌褗褉胁懈 胁褗蟹锌褉械 褋械,
锌褉芯褋褌褉械 褋械 褋 锌褉芯薪懈蟹邪薪邪 谐褉褗写;
锌褉械蟹 褌褉褍锌邪 屑褍 褋 褉械胁 褋械 褌褗谢锌邪褌邪 锌芯薪械褋械,
锌褉芯斜懈谢邪 褋懈 褕械屑械褌薪芯 锌褗褌.
袠 褋邪屑芯 褉芯斜懈薪褟褌邪 褋锌褉褟 斜谢械写芯谢懈泻邪:
胁 泻褉褗胁褌邪 屑褍 薪邪屑芯泻褉懈 械写胁邪
褌褟 泻褉邪褟 薪邪 褋胁芯褟褌邪 褋薪械卸薪邪 褌褍薪懈泻邪
懈 褌褉褗谐薪邪, 锌褉懈胁械谢邪 谐谢邪胁邪.
袗 褌邪屑 - 懈蟹 谐褉邪写邪, 蟹邪 褉邪蟹锌谢邪褌邪 卸械谢褟蟹薪邪
褌褗谢锌懈褌械 锌芯胁械谢 斜械 小锌邪褉褌邪泻
懈 斜褍褉薪芯 械褏褌械褕械 胁 薪芯褖褌邪 蟹谢邪褌芯蟹胁械蟹写薪邪:
"袧邪 泻褉邪泻, 斜褉邪褌褟 褉芯斜懈, 薪邪 泻褉邪泻!"
笑懈褌邪褌懈褌械 芯褌 褋褌懈褏芯褌胁芯褉械薪懈械褌芯 褋邪 芯褌 "袚谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉" 薪邪 啸褉懈褋褌芯 小屑懈褉薪械薪褋泻懈.
袧芯胁芯褌芯 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 邪蟹 芯褌泻褉懈褏 胁 啸械谢懈泻芯薪. 袧械 谐芯 褋褉械褖邪屑 薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 写褉褍谐懈 屑械褋褌邪 泻邪褌芯 褌褗褉褋褟 懈 锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪屑, 褔械 褌懈褉邪卸褗褌 屑褍 械 屑邪谢褗泻. 袣邪蟹胁邪屑 胁懈 褌芯胁邪 胁 褋谢褍褔邪泄, 褔械 褋械 写胁褍芯屑懈褌械 薪邪 泻芯械 屑褟褋褌芯 胁 褋锌懈褋褗泻邪 褋懈 写邪 薪邪褉械写懈褌械 褉芯屑邪薪邪.
械褏芯褌芯 写邪谢械褔 锌褉芯蟹胁褗薪懈,
懈 械褌芯: 褌褗谢锌邪褌邪, 芯褏芯谢薪邪 懈 褋懈褌邪,
泻褉械褖懈 锌邪泻 芯褌 胁褋懈褔泻懈 褋褌褉邪薪懈.
袧芯 褋褌褉邪薪薪芯: 芯褌 写褗褉蟹芯褋褌 薪械蟹薪邪泄薪邪 芯斜蟹械褌懈,
泻褉邪泄 薪械谐芯 褋械 褉芯斜懈 褌褗谢锌褟褌,
蟹邪褏胁褗褉谢褟 褌芯泄 褖懈褌邪 懈 褋泻褉褗褋褌胁邪 褉褗褑械褌械
薪邪 谐芯谢邪褌邪 斜褉芯薪蟹芯胁邪 谐褉褗写:
袛薪械褋 褖械 斜褗写邪 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯 芯褌泻褉芯胁械薪. 袘懈褏 懈褋泻邪谢 胁褋懈褔泻懈 薪邪 褋胁械褌邪 写邪 锌褉芯褔械褌邪褌 褌邪蟹懈 泻薪懈谐邪, 薪芯 锌芯薪械卸械 褌芯胁邪 械 薪械胁褗蟹屑芯卸薪芯 褖械 褋械 蟹邪写芯胁芯谢褟 懈 褋 褏芯褉邪褌邪, 泻芯懈褌芯 胁谢懈蟹邪褌 胁 斜谢芯谐邪 屑懈. 袧邪懈褋褌懈薪邪 谐芯 懈褋泻邪屑, 邪 褋械 斜芯褟, 褔械 写褍屑懈褌械 屑懈 薪褟屑邪 写邪 褋褌懈谐薪邪褌 蟹邪 写邪 芯锌懈褕邪 褉芯屑邪薪邪 泻邪泻褌芯 谐芯 蟹邪褋谢褍卸邪胁邪.
效褍写械褏 褋械 写邪谢懈 写邪 胁懈 褉邪蟹泻邪卸邪 锌芯胁械褔械 蟹邪 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟褌邪 薪邪 泻薪懈谐邪褌邪 胁 斜褗谢谐邪褉褋泻芯褌芯 泻薪懈谐芯懈蟹写邪胁邪薪械. 孝褟 械 蟹邪褕械屑械褌褟胁邪褖邪. 袩褉械写懈 褌芯胁邪 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 懈屑邪 芯褖械 械写薪芯 胁 3000 械泻蟹械屑锌谢褟褉邪, 泻芯械褌芯 胁 锌芯褋谢械写褋褌胁懈械 械 斜懈谢芯 蟹邪斜褉邪薪械薪芯 懈 懈蟹谐芯褉械薪芯. 袧褟泻芯懈 褋谢褍褔邪泄薪懈 斜褉芯泄泻懈 褋邪 芯褑械谢械谢懈 胁 褔邪褋褌薪懈 泻芯谢械泻褑懈懈 懈 褋械谐邪 褋械 褋褉械褖邪褌 锌芯 褋械褉谐懈懈褌械 蟹邪 褋褌邪褉懈 泻薪懈谐懈 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 褉褟写泻芯 薪邪 斜邪褋薪芯褋谢芯胁薪懈 褑械薪懈. 袧芯 蟹邪褖芯 邪蟹 写邪 胁懈 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪屑 褌芯胁邪. 袝褌芯 泻邪泻胁芯 泻邪蟹胁邪 袚械芯褉谐懈 袦邪褉泻芯胁 胁 褋胁芯懈褌械 "袟邪写芯褔薪懈 褉械锌芯褉褌邪卸懈":
"袧械谐芯胁懈褟褌 褉芯屑邪薪 鈥炐⌒熜愋犘⑿愋氣€� 斜械褕械 褋屑褟褌邪薪 蟹邪 谐芯谢褟屑芯 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈械 懈 褋械 懈蟹褍褔邪胁邪褕械 蟹邪写褗谢卸懈褌械谢薪芯 锌芯 泻褉褗卸芯褑懈 懈 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褋泻懈 谐褉褍锌懈. 袧芯 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 胁 蟹薪邪泻 薪邪 锌褉芯褌械褋褌 褋褉械褖褍 褋褗胁械褌褋泻芯褌芯 薪邪褕械褋褌胁懈械 胁 校薪谐邪褉懈褟 锌褉械蟹 1956 谐芯写懈薪邪 懈 褋屑邪蟹胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 褍薪谐邪褉褋泻芯褌芯 薪邪褉芯写薪芯 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌 褏胁褗褉谢懈 锌邪褉褌懈泄薪懈褟 褋懈 斜懈谢械褌, 写懈邪谢械泻褌懈泻邪褌邪 芯褌薪芯胁芯 薪邪锌褉邪胁懈 褋胁芯褟 芯泻褍褋-褎芯泻褍褋. 肖邪褋褌 斜械褕械 薪邪褉械褔械薪 褉械薪械谐邪褌, 泻薪懈谐懈褌械 屑褍 斜褟褏邪 懈蟹褏胁褗褉谢械薪懈 芯褌 斜懈斜谢懈芯褌械泻懈褌械 懈 薪懈 斜械褕械 芯斜褟褋薪械薪芯, 褔械 胁褋褗褖薪芯褋褌 褌胁芯褉斜懈褌械 薪邪 褌芯蟹懈 褋谢褍谐邪 薪邪 邪屑械褉懈泻邪薪褋泻邪褌邪 褉械邪泻褑懈褟 斜懈谢懈 斜械写薪懈 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯. 袚芯褉泻懈褟褌 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌! (...) 袙 锌芯褋谢械写薪芯褌芯 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 薪邪 斜褗谢谐邪褉褋泻邪褌邪 械薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟 鈥炐�-携鈥�, 1974 谐芯写懈薪邪, 薪械 褖械 薪邪屑械褉懈褌械 薪懈褌芯 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌, 薪懈褌芯 懈屑械褌芯 薪邪 袛卸芯薪 小褌邪泄薪斜械泻. 孝械 薪械 褋褗褖械褋褌胁褍胁邪褌. 袩褉械胁械卸写邪薪械褌芯 懈 锌褉械懈蟹写邪胁邪薪械褌芯 薪邪 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟褌邪 懈屑 械 褋锌褉褟薪芯."
... 薪械蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯 芯斜邪褔械 泻邪泻胁芯 锌褉懈胁懈写薪芯 褋邪 屑懈褋谢懈谢懈 褔械褉胁械薪懈褌械 斜邪褖懈 薪邪 薪邪褕械褌芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 蟹邪 褑械谢懈褌械 薪邪 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写邪褌邪, 褎邪泻褌邪 褋懈 械 褎邪泻褌: 褉械褔褌邪 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌 褋械 谢械械 泻邪褌芯 锌芯褌芯锌 懈 褖械 胁懈 蟹邪胁谢械褔械 薪邪写邪谢械褔... 屑薪芯谐芯 薪邪写邪谢械褔.
袚芯写懈薪邪褌邪 械 71 锌褉. 啸褉., 邪 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械褌芯 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 褌褗泻屑芯 械 蟹邪胁褗褉褕懈谢芯. 袧褟泻芯谢泻芯 褉懈屑谢褟薪懈 芯褌 胁懈褋褕懈褌械 械褌邪卸懈 薪邪 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯褌芯 褋械 褋褉械褖邪褌 胁褗胁 胁懈谢邪 芯泻芯谢芯 袣邪锌褍邪, 泻褗写械褌芯 锌褉械写懈 褔械褌懈褉懈 谐芯写懈薪懈 褉芯斜懈褌械 褋邪 褋械 褉邪蟹斜褍薪褌褍胁邪谢懈. 袙褋械泻懈 芯褌 褌褟褏 蟹薪邪械 锌芯 薪械褖芯 蟹邪 褔褍褌芯胁薪懈褌械 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋邪 褉邪蟹褌褗褉褋懈谢懈 褋胁械褌邪 懈 褋褗褖械胁褉械屑械薪薪芯 薪械 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪 薪懈褖芯 蟹邪 褌褟褏. 孝械 懈屑邪褌 泻邪泻胁芯 写邪 褋懈 褋锌芯写械谢褟褌. 袣褉邪褋 - 褍薪懈褖芯卸懈褌械谢褟褌 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻, 褖械 褉邪蟹泻邪卸械 蟹邪 胁芯械薪薪懈褌械 褋懈 锌褉芯褏芯写懈 褋褉械褖褍 薪械谐芯 懈 芯薪芯胁邪 泻芯械褌芯 械 薪邪褍褔懈谢 芯褌 谢邪薪懈褋褌邪 袘邪褌懈邪褌 (斜懈胁褕懈褟 褋芯斜褋褌胁械薪懈泻 薪邪 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉邪), 屑谢邪写懈褟褌 袣邪泄 锌褗泻 锌芯屑薪懈 薪械褖芯 芯褌 锌芯褋械褖械薪懈械褌芯 褋懈 胁 泻邪锌褍邪薪褋泻邪褌邪 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉褋泻邪 褕泻芯谢邪, 泻褗写械褌芯 械 薪邪斜谢褞写邪胁邪谢 械写薪邪 芯褌 斜懈褌泻懈褌械 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 薪邪 邪褉械薪邪褌邪 懈 褌.薪.
肖邪褋褌 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 蟹邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褍斜械写懈褌械谢薪芯, 薪械锌褉械褌械薪褑懈芯蟹薪芯 懈 械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪芯, 褔械 胁褋械 械写薪芯 褋邪屑 械 卸懈胁褟谢 胁 袪懈屑 锌芯 芯薪芯胁邪 胁褉械屑械, 泻邪褌芯 褔械 锌芯屑薪懈 懈 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯. 袧褟屑邪 薪懈褌芯 褉械写, 泻芯泄褌芯 薪邪锌芯写芯斜褟胁邪 褍褔械斜薪懈泻 锌芯 懈褋褌芯褉懈褟, 薪褟屑邪 薪懈褌芯 斜褍泻胁邪, 泻芯褟褌芯 写邪 薪械 蟹胁褍褔懈 薪邪 屑褟褋褌芯褌芯 褋懈 (泻邪褌芯 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈屑 锌械褔邪褌薪懈褌械 谐褉械褕泻懈). 袙褋褟泻邪 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯褋褌 蟹邪 褌芯胁邪 芯褌屑懈薪邪谢芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯 械 胁泻邪褉邪薪邪 胁 褌械泻褋褌邪 褏褍写芯卸械褋褌胁械薪芯 薪械薪邪褌褉邪锌褔懈胁芯, 褌邪泻邪 泻邪泻褌芯 蟹邪 薪械褟 斜懈褏邪 褉邪蟹谐芯胁邪褉褟谢懈 褋邪屑懈 褏芯褉邪褌邪 芯褌 械锌芯褏邪褌邪.
"袨, 斜谢褍写薪懈, 锌懈褟薪懈 锌邪褌褉懈褑懈懈, 锌邪泻 谢懈
卸邪写褍胁邪褏褌械 泻褗褉胁懈 懈 褋屑褗褉褌?
袠 褌邪蟹懈 谢懈 胁械褔械褉 褉邪蟹懈褋泻褉械薪懈 褎邪泻谢懈
蟹邪 写懈胁懈 胁褗蟹褌芯褉蟹懈 谐芯褉褟褌?
袘械蟹褍屑褑懈! 小褌芯屑邪薪械薪 械 胁褋械泻懈 屑芯泄 屑褍褋泻褍谢
懈 屑械褔邪 屑懈 胁 泻褉褗胁 械 泻邪谢械薪,
褔械 褌邪褟 邪褉械薪邪 薪械 褋褗屑 褟 薪邪锌褍褋泻邪谢
芯褌 薪懈泻芯谐芯 胁 斜芯泄 锌芯斜械写械薪.
袩褉芯薪懈蟹胁邪褏 邪蟹 斜褉邪褌褟. 袙褋械 薪芯胁懈 懈 薪芯胁懈!
袨, 卸械褉褌胁懈, 斜械蟹 懈屑械, 斜械蟹 斜褉芯泄!
袧芯 褌邪蟹 胁械褔械褉 胁懈械 斜褗写械褌械 谐芯褌芯胁懈,
邪蟹 胁邪褋 锌褉懈蟹芯胁邪胁邪屑 薪邪 斜芯泄..."
袪懈屑 械 斜懈谢 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟. 袠褋褌懈薪褋泻邪 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟 泻邪褌芯 写褉械胁薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪 懈 泻邪褌芯 写薪械褕薪邪 小械胁械褉薪邪 袣芯褉械褟. 肖邪褋褌 芯锌懈褋胁邪 斜谢械褋褌褟褖芯 褉懈屑褋泻芯褌芯 芯斜褖械褋褌胁芯, 薪褉邪胁懈, 薪邪褉芯写芯锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褟. 孝芯泄 芯斜邪褔械 懈褋泻邪 写邪 褋褌懈谐薪械 懈 锌芯-写邪谢械褔. 孝芯泄 懈褋泻邪 写邪 薪懈 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 写薪械褋 薪械 褋屑械 薪邪写屑懈薪邪谢懈 屑薪芯谐芯 褉懈屑褋泻邪褌邪 褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟 懈 锌芯-谐芯谢褟屑邪褌邪 褔邪褋褌 芯褌 褏芯褉邪褌邪 胁 写薪械褕薪懈褟 褋胁褟褌 褋邪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 褉芯斜懈 泻邪褌芯 芯薪械蟹懈 芯褌 袛褉械胁薪芯褋褌褌邪. 袛邪, 褌芯泄 屑芯卸械 斜懈 械 锌懈褋邪谢 褋 锌褉芯锌邪谐邪薪写薪懈 褑械谢懈, 薪芯 褌芯胁邪 薪械 锌褉械褔懈 写邪 械 锌褉邪胁. 孝芯 薪械 芯蟹薪邪褔邪胁邪, 褔械 懈 写薪械褋 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 芯褌 薪邪褋 褉邪斜芯褌褟褌 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褉邪写懈 薪褟泻芯泄 写褉褍谐, 褔械 写芯褉懈 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褋懈 褋邪屑 胁 写械泄薪芯褋褌褌邪 褋懈 芯斜谢邪谐芯写械褌械谢褋褌胁邪褕 薪褟泻芯泄 写褉褍谐, 褔械 褉芯斜芯胁谢邪写械谢褔械褋泻懈褟褌 褋褌褉芯泄 械 蟹邪谐懈薪邪谢 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 械 锌芯-械胁褌懈薪芯 蟹邪 褏芯褉邪褌邪 芯褌 胁懈褋褕懈褌械 械褌邪卸懈 薪邪 胁谢邪褋褌褌邪 写邪 写褗褉卸邪褌 胁 锌芯写褔懈薪械薪懈械 褋胁芯斜芯写薪懈 褏芯褉邪.
"袧懈械 泻邪蟹胁邪屑械 薪邪 薪邪褉芯写邪: "袙懈械 褋褌械 褋懈谢邪褌邪. 袙懈械 褋褌械 械写懈薪褋褌胁械薪懈褟褌 褋胁芯斜芯写械薪 薪邪褉芯写 胁 褋胁械褌邪. 袧褟屑邪 薪懈褖芯 锌芯-褑械薪薪芯 芯褌 胁邪褕邪褌邪 褋胁芯斜芯写邪, 薪懈褖芯 锌芯-芯褔邪褉芯胁邪褌械谢薪芯 芯褌 胁邪褕邪褌邪 褑懈胁懈谢懈蟹邪褑懈褟. 袙懈械 褟 泻芯薪褌褉芯谢懈褉邪褌械. 袙懈械 褋褌械 褋懈谢邪!" 袠 锌芯褋谢械 褌械 谐谢邪褋褍胁邪褌 蟹邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 泻邪薪写懈写邪褌懈, 锌谢邪褔邪褌 蟹邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 锌芯褉邪卸械薪懈褟, 褋屑械褟褌 褋械 懈 褉邪写胁邪褌 薪邪 薪邪褕懈褌械 锌芯斜械写懈."
袧械 胁懈 谢懈 蟹胁褍褔懈 锌芯蟹薪邪褌芯 屑薪械薪懈械褌芯 薪邪 褉懈屑褋泻懈褟 锌芯谢懈褌懈泻?
袛邪, 褌芯褔薪芯 褌邪泻邪. 肖邪褋褌 懈褋泻邪 写邪 胁懈 褍斜械写懈, 褔械 薪械 褋邪屑芯 袪懈屑 械 邪薪褌懈褍褌芯锌懈褟. 小袗些 械 褌邪泻邪胁邪, 小小小袪 械 斜懈谢 褌邪泻邪, 袝小 械 褌邪泻邪胁邪 懈 胁褋懈褔泻懈 胁懈械 褋褌械 锌褉芯褋褌芯 "芯褉褗写懈褟 褋 谐谢邪褋". 啸芯褉邪, 褔懈褟褌芯 胁芯谢褟 薪褟屑邪 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械, 褋褗褖芯 泻邪褌芯 褉芯斜懈褌械 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋邪 芯锌懈褌邪谢懈 写邪 锌褉芯屑械薪褟褌 褌芯胁邪. 袧懈屑邪 薪褟泻芯泄 褋械 蟹邪斜谢褍卸写邪胁邪, 褔械 褌褍泻 邪胁褌芯褉邪 薪械 械 锌褉邪胁?
小褉械写 褍卸邪褋 薪械褔邪泻邪薪, 褋褉械写 锌邪薪懈泻邪 斜褍褉薪邪,
锌邪褌褉懈褑懈懈 褏褍泻薪邪褏邪 胁 屑懈谐,
邪 胁写懈谐薪邪 褌芯泄 屑械褔邪, 懈 胁懈褏褉芯屑 褋械 胁褌褍褉薪邪
褌褗谢锌邪- 谐谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉褋泻邪 褋 胁懈泻.
小屑褍褌械薪邪褌邪 褋褌褉邪卸邪 懈蟹锌褉械褔懈 褋械 褋 泻褉褟褋褗泻
锌褉械写 斜褍泄薪邪褌邪 褉芯斜褋泻邪 胁褗谢薪邪;
懈 屑懈谐芯屑 芯斜邪谐褉懈 褋械 卸褗谢褌懈褟 锌褟褋褗泻
褋褗褋 泻褗褉胁邪胁懈 褌褗屑薪懈 锌械褌薪邪.
袟邪 褉懈屑褋泻懈褌械 谐械褉芯懈 褎懈谐褍褉邪褌邪 薪邪 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 械 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁械薪邪 褋褌褉邪褕薪邪 懈 褍卸邪褋薪邪 泻邪褌芯 薪邪 褋胁褉褗褏械褋褌械褋褌胁械薪芯 褔褍写芯胁懈褖械 芯褌 褉芯屑邪薪 薪邪 褍卸邪褋懈褌械. 孝械 薪械 蟹薪邪褟褌 写邪谢懈 褌芯泄 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪 械 屑褗褉褌褗胁 褋谢械写 斜褍薪褌邪, 褋褌褉邪褏褍胁邪褌 褋械 芯褌 褋械薪泻懈褌械, 胁 泻芯懈褌芯 屑芯卸械 斜懈 褋械 褋锌芯褌邪泄胁邪 褋 褌褉邪泻懈泄褋泻懈 薪芯卸 胁 褉褗泻邪. 袛邪, 邪胁褌芯褉褗褌 谐芯 械 芯斜褉懈褋褍胁邪谢 褌邪泻邪, 泻邪泻褌芯 胁械谢懈泻懈褌械 胁芯懈薪懈 褋邪 斜懈谢懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟薪懈 芯褌 胁褉邪谐芯胁械褌械 懈屑, 蟹邪 写邪 锌谢邪褕邪褌 写械褑邪褌邪 褋懈. 袩芯 褋褗褖懈褟 薪邪褔懈薪, 泻邪泻褌芯 泻邪写褗薪懈褌械 褋邪 褋褌褉褟褋泻邪谢懈 薪械锌芯褋谢褍褕薪懈褌械 屑邪谢褔褍谐邪薪懈 褋 褍卸邪褋薪懈褟 袘褟谢 褉懈褑褗褉 (携薪芯褕 啸褍薪褟写懈) 褌邪泻邪 懈 褉懈屑谢褟薪懈褌械 褋邪 谐懈 锌谢邪褕懈谢懈 褋褗褋 小锌邪褉褌邪泻. 袙 褋褗褖芯褌芯 胁褉械屑械, 胁 芯褔懈褌械 薪邪 写褉褍谐懈褌械 - 薪邪 褉芯斜懈褌械, 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 械 锌褗褌械胁芯写薪邪 褋胁械褌谢懈薪邪 懈 褌芯锌谢懈薪邪. 袠 写胁械褌械 屑褍 谢懈褑邪 褋邪 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁械薪懈 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 锌褉邪胁写懈胁芯. 袙褗锌褉械泻懈 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 邪胁褌芯褉褗褌 薪懈泻芯谐邪 薪械 械 锌褉懈褋褌褉邪褋褌械薪. 孝芯泄 械 褉械邪谢懈褋褌 懈 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁褟 胁褋懈褔泻芯 芯褌 芯褔懈褌械 薪邪 谐械褉芯懈褌械 褋懈, 泻邪泻褌芯 褌械 褋邪 谐芯 胁懈卸写邪谢懈 薪邪懈褋褌懈薪邪. 袘械蟹 薪邪锌邪写泻懈, 斜械蟹 锌芯写屑芯谢薪懈 懈谐褉懈 懈 屑邪薪懈锌褍谢邪褑懈懈. 孝芯泄 芯锌懈褋胁邪 袪懈屑 泻邪泻褗胁褌芯 械, 褉芯斜懈褌械 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪 懈 褋褗斜懈褌懈褟褌邪 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪 斜懈谢懈. 袪邪蟹泻邪蟹胁邪 胁褋懈褔泻芯 泻邪褌芯 屑懈褌. 小锌邪褉褌邪泻 褋械 锌褉械胁褉褗褖邪 胁 谢械谐械薪写邪 芯褖械 胁 写械薪褟 褋谢械写 泻褉邪褟 薪邪 胁褗褋褌邪薪懈械褌芯 屑褍, 芯褖械 褋谢械写 泻邪褌芯 褋械 褉邪蟹薪邪褋褟 屑褗谢胁邪褌邪 蟹邪 薪械谐芯胁邪褌邪 褋屑褗褉褌 懈谢懈 芯褑械谢褟胁邪薪械. 袪芯屑邪薪褗褌 械 懈屑械薪薪芯 谢械谐械薪写邪, 褉邪蟹泻邪蟹邪薪邪 褉械邪谢懈褋褌懈褔薪芯. 袧邪 屑械褋褌邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褉械邪谢懈褋褌懈褔薪芯, 褔械 褌懈 褌褉褟斜胁邪 胁褉械屑械 写邪 褋械 褋褗胁蟹械屑械褕 胁 锌褉械泻褗褋胁邪薪懈褟褌邪 芯褌 褔械褌械薪械褌芯, 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪褕 褋械 泻邪褌芯 褋褟薪泻邪, 卸懈胁械械褕 胁 褋胁械褌邪 薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪薪懈械褌芯. 袛褉褍谐芯褌芯 褋谢邪斜芯 褌械 胁褗谢薪褍胁邪. 袧械 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 薪械 械 胁邪卸薪芯, 邪 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪械 谐芯 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪褕 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻芯 懈 卸懈胁芯. 袨锌褉械写械谢械薪懈 屑芯屑械薪褌懈 褋邪 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 胁薪褍褕懈褌械谢薪懈 懈 褋懈谢薪懈, 褔械 薪械 屑芯卸械褕 写邪 褔械褌械褕 薪邪褌邪褌褗泻, 蟹邪褖芯褌芯 褋懈 褋械 胁谐谢褗斜懈谢 褌芯泻芯胁邪 胁 褌褟褏, 褔械 褋谢械写 褌芯胁邪 薪械 胁薪懈泻胁邪褕 胁 褌械泻褋褌邪.
袣芯谢泻芯 谢懈 屑芯卸械 写邪 褋械 谐芯胁芯褉懈 蟹邪 褔芯胁械褕泻懈褌械 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪 胁 褉芯屑邪薪邪? 袠蟹谐谢械卸写邪褌 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 斜械蟹泻褉邪泄薪芯 懈褋褌懈薪褋泻懈, 褌芯谢泻芯胁邪 褌懈锌懈褔薪懈. 袪褟写泻芯 褋械 褋褉械褖邪 邪胁褌芯褉, 泻芯泄褌芯 谐懈 芯锌懈褋胁邪 褌邪泻懈胁邪, 泻邪泻胁懈褌芯 褋邪. 袦薪芯谐芯 锌芯-锌褉芯褋褌懈褔泻懈, 芯褌泻芯谢泻芯褌芯 薪褟泻芯懈 芯锌懈褌邪褌 写邪 谐懈 懈蟹泻邪褉邪褌, 薪芯 懈 懈蟹泻谢褞褔懈褌械谢薪芯 褋懈谢薪懈 懈 蟹薪邪褔懈屑懈.
袙 锌芯褏胁邪褌懈褌械 褋懈 肖邪褋褌 写械泄褋褌胁邪 褋 褑械谢懈褟 褉械锌械褉褌芯邪褉 薪邪 褋褗胁褉械屑械薪薪懈褟 邪胁褌芯褉. 小 褌褉懈谢褗褌, 褏芯褉褗褉, 械泻褕褗薪. 袛邪, 胁褋懈褔泻芯 褌芯胁邪 谐芯 懈屑邪 懈 械 锌芯褋褌邪胁械薪芯 褌芯褔薪芯 薪邪 屑褟褋褌芯褌芯 屑褍. 孝芯泄 屑芯卸械 写邪 芯锌懈褋胁邪 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯, 薪邪锌褉械谐薪邪褌芯, 泻邪褉褌懈薪薪芯 斜芯泄薪懈 褋褑械薪懈, 写邪 胁懈 薪邪泻邪褉邪 写邪 褋械 褋褌褉邪褏褍胁邪褌械, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 懈 谐械褉芯懈褌械 屑褍 褋械 斜芯褟褌, 写邪 胁懈 薪邪褌褗卸懈, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 懈 褌械 褋邪 芯锌械褔邪谢械薪懈. 袠屑械薪薪芯 褌芯胁邪 泻邪褔械褋褌胁芯 谐芯 芯褌谢懈褔邪胁邪 屑薪芯谐芯 褋懈谢薪芯. 孝芯泄 屑芯卸械 写邪 锌褉械写懈蟹胁懈泻邪 胁褋褟泻邪泻胁懈 褔褍胁褋褌胁邪 褍 褔懈褌邪褌械谢褟, 蟹邪 褉邪蟹谢懈泻邪 芯褌 锌芯胁械褔械褌芯 锌懈褋邪褌械谢懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 褋械 褋锌懈褉邪褌 褋邪屑芯 薪邪 械写薪芯 懈谢懈 写胁械.
孝芯胁邪 械 薪邪泄-写芯斜褉懈褟 懈褋褌芯褉懈褔械褋泻懈 褉芯屑邪薪, 泻芯泄褌芯 褋褗屑 褔械谢. 袧械 芯斜懈褔邪屑 写邪 褋械 懈蟹褌褗泻胁邪屑, 薪芯 薪械 褋褗屑 锌褉芯褔械谢 屑邪谢泻芯. 小锌褉褟屑芯 薪械谐芯 胁褗蟹写械泄褋褌胁懈械褌芯 薪邪 薪褟泻芯懈 写褉褍谐懈 锌褉芯懈蟹胁械写械薪懈褟 芯褌 卸邪薪褉邪 械 泻邪褌芯 斜谢褟褋褗泻褗褌 薪邪 芯褌写邪谢械褔械薪芯 薪邪 褏懈谢褟写懈 褋胁械褌谢懈薪薪懈 谐芯写懈薪懈 斜褟谢芯 写卸褍写卸械, 泻芯谐邪褌芯 褋懈 蟹邪褋褌邪薪邪谢 写芯 芯谐褉芯屑械薪 褔械褉胁械薪 谐懈谐邪薪褌 懈 谐芯褉懈褕 胁 芯谐薪褜芯胁械褌械 屑褍. 孝芯胁邪 械 褍褋械褖邪薪械褌芯 写邪 褔械褌械褕 "小锌邪褉褌邪泻" 薪邪 啸邪褍褗褉写 肖邪褋褌.
袧邪泻褉邪褟. 孝芯蟹懈 褉芯屑邪薪 褌褉褟斜胁邪 写邪 褋械 锌褉芯褔械褌械, 蟹邪 写邪 薪械 褋械 芯泻邪卸械 薪邪泻褉邪褟, 褔械 芯薪械蟹懈, 泻芯懈褌芯 薪褟泻芯谐邪 褋邪 谐芯 蟹邪斜褉邪薪懈谢懈, 薪邪泻褉邪褟 褋邪 褍褋锌械谢懈. 袛芯褉懈 褋邪屑芯 蟹邪褉邪写懈 褌芯胁邪 褋懈 褋褌褉褍胁邪.
袧芯 胁褌褍褉薪邪谢 褋械 锌褗褉胁懈, 褌芯泄 锌褗褉胁懈 胁褗蟹锌褉械 褋械,
锌褉芯褋褌褉械 褋械 褋 锌褉芯薪懈蟹邪薪邪 谐褉褗写;
锌褉械蟹 褌褉褍锌邪 屑褍 褋 褉械胁 褋械 褌褗谢锌邪褌邪 锌芯薪械褋械,
锌褉芯斜懈谢邪 褋懈 褕械屑械褌薪芯 锌褗褌.
袠 褋邪屑芯 褉芯斜懈薪褟褌邪 褋锌褉褟 斜谢械写芯谢懈泻邪:
胁 泻褉褗胁褌邪 屑褍 薪邪屑芯泻褉懈 械写胁邪
褌褟 泻褉邪褟 薪邪 褋胁芯褟褌邪 褋薪械卸薪邪 褌褍薪懈泻邪
懈 褌褉褗谐薪邪, 锌褉懈胁械谢邪 谐谢邪胁邪.
袗 褌邪屑 - 懈蟹 谐褉邪写邪, 蟹邪 褉邪蟹锌谢邪褌邪 卸械谢褟蟹薪邪
褌褗谢锌懈褌械 锌芯胁械谢 斜械 小锌邪褉褌邪泻
懈 斜褍褉薪芯 械褏褌械褕械 胁 薪芯褖褌邪 蟹谢邪褌芯蟹胁械蟹写薪邪:
"袧邪 泻褉邪泻, 斜褉邪褌褟 褉芯斜懈, 薪邪 泻褉邪泻!"
笑懈褌邪褌懈褌械 芯褌 褋褌懈褏芯褌胁芯褉械薪懈械褌芯 褋邪 芯褌 "袚谢邪写懈邪褌芯褉" 薪邪 啸褉懈褋褌芯 小屑懈褉薪械薪褋泻懈.
袧芯胁芯褌芯 懈蟹写邪薪懈械 邪蟹 芯褌泻褉懈褏 胁 啸械谢懈泻芯薪. 袧械 谐芯 褋褉械褖邪屑 薪邪 屑薪芯谐芯 写褉褍谐懈 屑械褋褌邪 泻邪褌芯 褌褗褉褋褟 懈 锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪屑, 褔械 褌懈褉邪卸褗褌 屑褍 械 屑邪谢褗泻. 袣邪蟹胁邪屑 胁懈 褌芯胁邪 胁 褋谢褍褔邪泄, 褔械 褋械 写胁褍芯屑懈褌械 薪邪 泻芯械 屑褟褋褌芯 胁 褋锌懈褋褗泻邪 褋懈 写邪 薪邪褉械写懈褌械 褉芯屑邪薪邪.
January 10, 2025
鈥漁ch s氓 l盲nge m盲nniskan arbetar och andra m盲nniskor tar frukterna av deras arbete, skall namnet Spartakus h枚ras, 盲n som en l氓g viskning, 盲n som h枚ga och klara rop鈥� S氓 sant som det 盲r sagt!
August 11, 2020
I recently completed Dan Carlin's Death of the Republic series as a part of his Hardcore History podcast. I decided to check out some fiction written about the period. This book popped up and I listened to it on audible. I would not recommend it. For context, I have read various writing by authors from the Roman period including Virgil, Lucian, Apuleius, Cicero, and Caesar's Commentaries. So I was looking for a re-imagining of the Roman world by an author with modern research at his finger tips so that I might be taken there to enjoy an immersive, rich narrative.
There is little detail of Roman life included in the descriptive passages of the novel, with rare exception. It reads more like an epistolary novel, and a poor one at that, since as far as I can tell literally nothing happens throughout the entire book. We hear conversations in baths, conversations in wagons, conversations in houses, conversations about things that actually happened, but we do not get to see what actually happened or be with Spartacus and his followers. It is a hearsay novel in which the primary characters basically do nothing. This is very convenient device when your goal is not to honestly portray a human experience, but to manipulate your readers, telling them only what you want them to hear. This novel is really a piece of political propaganda, and it is not even good political propaganda.
Fast commits a major historical fiction sin, in my opinion, by putting his own words and intent into the mouth of Spartacus. There is no historical evidence as far as I have read that indicates why Spartacus led the revolt or what was his intent was other than what one might imagine as a desire to be free from slavery. It would have been an excellent subject for a book to meditate upon that and attempt to honestly reconstruct what could have been using research and context, but this is not Fast's intent. Personally, I find it highly unlikely that Spartacus anticipated Marx by more than a thousand years in his demand that a new society be constructed without private property, resolving the Hegelian Master Slave dichotomy in a proletarian paradise on earth. If he did come to such a view, we are not allowed to see how he arrived at it. Of course, Fast doesn't seem to think this is important as he doesn't care how he arrived at it, only that the audience unconsciously adopted the ideas.
Fast even puts in Spartacus' mouth (well not actually his mouth since it is described by someone else who wasn't there when he supposedly said it) a reference to an ahistorical Rousseau-inspired past in which all people were equal and shared everything and there was peace and love and harmony. If this is one's view, that is fine, but to stick it into the mouth of someone who was a real person living under the conditions that a man like Spartacus must suffered under is incredibly disrespectful to the subject of the novel. One might say it is a rather "tyrannical" thing to manipulate the audience by subverting the actual experiences of a historical character for propaganda purposes, especially considering that this is purportedly a novel of critical of tyranny.
I say more, but there isn't much else to add. If I were to sum up my reaction, my hat is off to Fast for somehow finding a way to make Spartacus boring.
There is little detail of Roman life included in the descriptive passages of the novel, with rare exception. It reads more like an epistolary novel, and a poor one at that, since as far as I can tell literally nothing happens throughout the entire book. We hear conversations in baths, conversations in wagons, conversations in houses, conversations about things that actually happened, but we do not get to see what actually happened or be with Spartacus and his followers. It is a hearsay novel in which the primary characters basically do nothing. This is very convenient device when your goal is not to honestly portray a human experience, but to manipulate your readers, telling them only what you want them to hear. This novel is really a piece of political propaganda, and it is not even good political propaganda.
Fast commits a major historical fiction sin, in my opinion, by putting his own words and intent into the mouth of Spartacus. There is no historical evidence as far as I have read that indicates why Spartacus led the revolt or what was his intent was other than what one might imagine as a desire to be free from slavery. It would have been an excellent subject for a book to meditate upon that and attempt to honestly reconstruct what could have been using research and context, but this is not Fast's intent. Personally, I find it highly unlikely that Spartacus anticipated Marx by more than a thousand years in his demand that a new society be constructed without private property, resolving the Hegelian Master Slave dichotomy in a proletarian paradise on earth. If he did come to such a view, we are not allowed to see how he arrived at it. Of course, Fast doesn't seem to think this is important as he doesn't care how he arrived at it, only that the audience unconsciously adopted the ideas.
Fast even puts in Spartacus' mouth (well not actually his mouth since it is described by someone else who wasn't there when he supposedly said it) a reference to an ahistorical Rousseau-inspired past in which all people were equal and shared everything and there was peace and love and harmony. If this is one's view, that is fine, but to stick it into the mouth of someone who was a real person living under the conditions that a man like Spartacus must suffered under is incredibly disrespectful to the subject of the novel. One might say it is a rather "tyrannical" thing to manipulate the audience by subverting the actual experiences of a historical character for propaganda purposes, especially considering that this is purportedly a novel of critical of tyranny.
I say more, but there isn't much else to add. If I were to sum up my reaction, my hat is off to Fast for somehow finding a way to make Spartacus boring.
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