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鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 丌孬丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 夭蹖乇 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�:
賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕 倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖. 丕爻. 丕賱蹖賵鬲貙 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丕賲貙 賲丕乇爻賱 倬乇賵爻鬲貙 丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿貙 賱. 賵. 賵蹖賳诏賳卮鬲丕蹖賳貙 讴蹖乇 讴诏丕乇丿貙 賴賵 爻乇賱貙 賴丕蹖丿诏乇 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇 賵 爻蹖賲賵賳 丿賵亘賵丕乇貙 丌賱亘乇讴丕賲賵貙 鬲賵賲丕爻 賲丕賳貙 丌賱讴爻丕賳丿乇 爻賵賱跇賳蹖鬲爻蹖賳貙 賳蹖讴賵爻 讴丕夭丕賳鬲夭丕讴蹖爻貙 賲蹖禺丕卅蹖賱 卮賵賱賵禺賵賮貙 亘賵乇蹖爻 倬丕爻鬲乇賳丕讴貙 賮乇丕賳鬲爻 讴丕賮讴丕貙 蹖賵诏賳蹖 蹖賮鬲賵卮賳讴賵
賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕 倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖. 丕爻. 丕賱蹖賵鬲貙 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丕賲貙 賲丕乇爻賱 倬乇賵爻鬲貙 丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿貙 賱. 賵. 賵蹖賳诏賳卮鬲丕蹖賳貙 讴蹖乇 讴诏丕乇丿貙 賴賵 爻乇賱貙 賴丕蹖丿诏乇 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇 賵 爻蹖賲賵賳 丿賵亘賵丕乇貙 丌賱亘乇讴丕賲賵貙 鬲賵賲丕爻 賲丕賳貙 丌賱讴爻丕賳丿乇 爻賵賱跇賳蹖鬲爻蹖賳貙 賳蹖讴賵爻 讴丕夭丕賳鬲夭丕讴蹖爻貙 賲蹖禺丕卅蹖賱 卮賵賱賵禺賵賮貙 亘賵乇蹖爻 倬丕爻鬲乇賳丕讴貙 賮乇丕賳鬲爻 讴丕賮讴丕貙 蹖賵诏賳蹖 蹖賮鬲賵卮賳讴賵
593 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1970
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373 people want to read
About the author
Will Durant
808听books2,941听followersWilliam James Durant was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for the 11-volume The Story of Civilization, written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for his book, The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which was considered "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."
They were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1967 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.
They were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for literature in 1967 and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.
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October 10, 2021
Interpretations of Life, Will Durant, Ariel Durant
1970: (with Ariel Durant) Interpretations of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
The lives and opinions of some major authors of our time: Faulkner, Hemingway, Steinbeck, Sinclair, O'Neill, Jeffers, Pound, Joyce, Eliot, Maugham, Proust, Gide, Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard, Husserl, Heideger, Sartre, De Beauvoir, Camus, Mann, Kafka, Kazantzakis, Sholokhov, Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn and Yevtushenko.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 賲丕賴 賲蹖 爻丕賱 1985賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 - 賮卮乇丿賴 丕蹖 丕夭 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賲毓丕氐乇貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 丕亘乇丕賴蹖賲 賲卮毓乇蹖貨 丿乇 255氐貨 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇 賳丕氐乇 夭乇丕毓鬲蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 丌賵丕夭賴貙 1363貙 噩賱丿 蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 夭亘丕賳: 賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕卮鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖.丕蹖 丕賱蹖賵鬲貨 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丌賲貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳蹖賱賵賮乇貙 1369貙 丿乇 593氐貨 毓讴爻貙 趩丕倬 趩賴丕乇賲 1384貙 趩丕倬 倬賳噩賲 1385貨 趩丕倬 卮卮賲 爻丕賱1388貨 卮丕亘讴 9789644482854貨 丿乇 593氐貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 賳賯丿 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 睾乇亘 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
乇賵夭蹖 賲乇丿蹖 亘賴 賳夭丿 芦賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲禄貙 賲賵乇禺 賵 丕賳丿蹖卮賲賳丿 賲卮賴賵乇 乇賮鬲貙 賵 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇禺賵丕爻鬲 讴乇丿 亘乇賴丕賳蹖 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丕賵 亘丿賴丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 賳亘丕蹖丿 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 讴賳丿貙 芦丿賵乇丕賳鬲禄 丿乇 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 讴賲貙 倬丕爻禺賴丕蹖蹖 亘賴 丕賵 丿丕丿賳丿貙 賵 爻倬爻 賳丕賲賴鈥� 丕蹖 亘乇丕蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 氐丿 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賳丕賲丿丕乇 賮乇爻鬲丕丿賳丿 賵 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥� 蹖 賲毓賳蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕夭 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賳馗乇 禺賵丕爻鬲賳丿貙 賵 倬丕爻禺鈥屬囏й� 乇爻蹖丿賴 乇丕 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 丿蹖丿诏丕賴 禺賵丿貙鈥� 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲賳鬲卮乇 讴乇丿賳丿
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 07/09/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 17/07/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
1970: (with Ariel Durant) Interpretations of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
The lives and opinions of some major authors of our time: Faulkner, Hemingway, Steinbeck, Sinclair, O'Neill, Jeffers, Pound, Joyce, Eliot, Maugham, Proust, Gide, Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard, Husserl, Heideger, Sartre, De Beauvoir, Camus, Mann, Kafka, Kazantzakis, Sholokhov, Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn and Yevtushenko.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 賲丕賴 賲蹖 爻丕賱 1985賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 - 賮卮乇丿賴 丕蹖 丕夭 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賲毓丕氐乇貨 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴: 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 丕亘乇丕賴蹖賲 賲卮毓乇蹖貨 丿乇 255氐貨 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇 賳丕氐乇 夭乇丕毓鬲蹖貨 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 丌賵丕夭賴貙 1363貙 噩賱丿 蹖讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 夭亘丕賳: 賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕卮鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖.丕蹖 丕賱蹖賵鬲貨 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丌賲貨 趩丕倬 爻賵賲 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳蹖賱賵賮乇貙 1369貙 丿乇 593氐貨 毓讴爻貙 趩丕倬 趩賴丕乇賲 1384貙 趩丕倬 倬賳噩賲 1385貨 趩丕倬 卮卮賲 爻丕賱1388貨 卮丕亘讴 9789644482854貨 丿乇 593氐貨 賲賵囟賵毓: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 賳賯丿 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 睾乇亘 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 - 爻丿賴 20賲
乇賵夭蹖 賲乇丿蹖 亘賴 賳夭丿 芦賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲禄貙 賲賵乇禺 賵 丕賳丿蹖卮賲賳丿 賲卮賴賵乇 乇賮鬲貙 賵 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇禺賵丕爻鬲 讴乇丿 亘乇賴丕賳蹖 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丕賵 亘丿賴丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 賳亘丕蹖丿 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 讴賳丿貙 芦丿賵乇丕賳鬲禄 丿乇 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 讴賲貙 倬丕爻禺賴丕蹖蹖 亘賴 丕賵 丿丕丿賳丿貙 賵 爻倬爻 賳丕賲賴鈥� 丕蹖 亘乇丕蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 氐丿 卮禺氐蹖鬲 賳丕賲丿丕乇 賮乇爻鬲丕丿賳丿 賵 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥� 蹖 賲毓賳蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕夭 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賳馗乇 禺賵丕爻鬲賳丿貙 賵 倬丕爻禺鈥屬囏й� 乇爻蹖丿賴 乇丕 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 丿蹖丿诏丕賴 禺賵丿貙鈥� 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲賳鬲卮乇 讴乇丿賳丿
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 07/09/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 17/07/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
September 3, 2017
鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴鬲丕亘蹖 噩賲毓 賵 噩賵乇 丿乇亘丕乇賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 丌孬丕乇 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 禺賵賳丿蹖賲
賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇 - 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖 - 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴 -丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿 - 賮乇丕賳鬲爻 讴丕賮讴丕 - 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇 - 丌賱亘乇 讴丕賲賵 賵 .... 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳
賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇 - 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖 - 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴 -丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿 - 賮乇丕賳鬲爻 讴丕賮讴丕 - 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇 - 丌賱亘乇 讴丕賲賵 賵 .... 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳
January 22, 2010
亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賲夭蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖賲 亘丕賴丕卮 亘賴 蹖賴 賲乇賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿卮 亘丨孬 卮丿賴 丿爻鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳蹖賲 賵 丕丨蹖丕賳丕 賵爻賵爻賴 亘卮蹖賲 鬲丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賵賳 讴鬲丕亘丕乇賵 亘禺賵賳蹖賲
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January 26, 2010
賴鬲乇蹖賳 賲夭蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 賲蹖鬲賵賳蹖賲 亘丕賴丕卮 亘賴 蹖賴 賲乇賵乇 讴賱蹖 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿卮 亘丨孬 卮丿賴 丿爻鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳蹖賲 賵 丕丨蹖丕賳丕 賵爻賵爻賴 亘卮蹖賲 鬲丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賵賳 讴鬲丕亘丕乇賵 亘禺賵賳蹖賲
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September 21, 2021
讴賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賱蹖爻鬲賲 丕囟丕賮賴 讴乇丿 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵賳丿賳. 蹖賴 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 亘毓囟蹖鈥屬囏� 丕匕蹖鬲鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 亘丕卮賴 丕蹖賳讴賴 讴賴 爻乇鬲丕爻乇 丕爻倬賵蹖賱乇 卅賴. 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏� 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屬囏� 乇賵 丕夭 丕賵賱 鬲丕 丌禺乇 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖丿賴 賵 鬲賮爻蹖乇 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 乇亘胤卮 賲蹖丿賴 亘賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴.
丕蹖賳 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屬囏� 噩丕賱亘鈥屫� 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏ж促堎� 亘賵丿 賵 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 賳賲蹖丿賵賳爻鬲賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屫促堎� 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 禺丕氐 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�. 丿乇 讴賱 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 禺賵亘蹖賴 亘乇丕蹖 讴爻丕蹖蹖 讴賴 蹖賴 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 賯亘賱蹖 亘丕 丕蹖賳 亘夭乇诏丕賳 丿丕乇賳.
丕蹖賳 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴鈥屬囏� 噩丕賱亘鈥屫� 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘鈥屬囏ж促堎� 亘賵丿 賵 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 賳賲蹖丿賵賳爻鬲賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屫促堎� 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 禺丕氐 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�. 丿乇 讴賱 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 禺賵亘蹖賴 亘乇丕蹖 讴爻丕蹖蹖 讴賴 蹖賴 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 賯亘賱蹖 亘丕 丕蹖賳 亘夭乇诏丕賳 丿丕乇賳.
November 2, 2013
賴蹖趩 丿賱蹖賱蹖 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 趩蹖夭蹖 蹖丕 讴爻蹖 亘丕蹖丿 賵噩賵丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 亘賴 乇丕爻鬲蹖 趩乇丕 亘賴 噩丕蹖 賳蹖爻鬲蹖 亘蹖 囟乇乇貙 噩賴丕賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿責 賯亘賱丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 倬乇爻卮 趩賳蹖賳 倬丕爻禺 丿丕丿賴 賲蹖 卮丿 讴賴 禺丿丕 賴賲賴 趩蹖夭 乇丕 禺賱賯 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丕賵 丿賱蹖賱 賵 賲毓賳丕蹖 丕蹖賳 賴丕 乇丕 賲蹖 丿丕賳丿貙 丕賲丕 丕讴賳賵賳 讴賴 禺丿丕 丿蹖诏乇 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿貙 趩賴 囟乇賵乇鬲蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賵噩賵丿 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴 爻賵爻讴貙 賲丕賴蹖貙 卮蹖乇 賵 丕賳爻丕賳 賴爻鬲責丕蹖賳賴丕 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丌卮賮鬲诏蹖 賵 卮鬲丕亘 亘賴 讴噩丕 賲蹖 乇賵賳丿責賮賯胤 亘賴 爻賵蹖 賲乇诏. 賴賲賴 趩蹖夭 賲蹖 賲蹖乇丿: 賴乇 賲賵噩賵丿 夭賳丿賴 丕蹖貙 賴乇 卮賴乇蹖 賵 賴乇 鬲賲丿賳蹖 賵 賴蹖趩 讴爻 夭賲丕賳 賮乇丕乇爻蹖丿賳 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖 丿丕賳丿. 丕蹖賳 "蹖賯蹖賳 賲鬲夭賱夭賱" 亘賴 賲孬丕亘賴 爻乇丕賳噩丕賲 禺賮鬲 亘丕乇 氐丿賴丕 賴夭丕乇 賲亘丕乇夭賴貙 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖貙 丕囟胤乇丕亘 賵 卮讴爻鬲貙 亘乇 賮乇丕夭 賴乇 倬丿蹖丿賴 丕蹖 丌賵蹖禺鬲賴 丕爻鬲.
趩賴 倬賵趩蹖 丨蹖乇鬲 丌賵乇蹖!
"跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇"
趩賴 倬賵趩蹖 丨蹖乇鬲 丌賵乇蹖!
"跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇"
January 30, 2008
in-depth analysis maybe a bit lacking here, but cut the guy some slack--he'd already written the "Story of Philosophy" (which, incidentally, helped me pass my written exams back in college) and then embarked on his 11 volume set of History, so here he's just sort of clearing the air, finishing off those loose ends, and telling you what he thinks of all these folks. He's no literary scholar, but he is wonderful mind in his own right, and writes some colorful biographic sections. I read through it back in college and still keep it around for easy reference. Very easy to read and informative for anyone looking to get into some of the recent canon of world lit.
June 22, 2008
There was a time when there were few specialists. People had what I call a synthesis of learning. There was a time when you could say the phrase 'of cabbages and kings' and EVERYONE from doctors to scientists to postman to farmers knew what that meant, and where it came from. Sadly, we do not live in such a world today. Will Durant is the herald of that last age. A man who happily gave he life to the study of western civilization. A mere historian he was not - historians are shadows to his bright light. He lived and breathed all western thought. Its art, writing, drama, morality, religion, and even the wars that were fought have given shape to our collective heritage. I could say more, but it all boils down to this: read Will Durant's books. All of them.
December 18, 2018
賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賯賱賲 乇賵丕賳蹖 丿丕乇丿貙 賳賵毓 賳賵卮鬲丕乇 賵 卮讴賱 賳賵卮鬲丕乇卮 乇丕 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕乇賲. 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 丕爻鬲孬賳丕蹖蹖 亘乇 丕蹖賳 毓賯蹖丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲貙 賴賲趩賳丕賳 乇賵丕賳 賵 夭蹖亘丕 賳賵卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲. 鬲乇噩賲賴 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳蹖 丕爻鬲 .
丿乇 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 賲賮蹖丿蹖鈥屫池� 賵 禺賵丕賳卮 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕蹖賳 丕丿蹖亘丕賳 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 賳诏乇卮蹖 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 亘賱讴賴 賳诏乇卮蹖 丕夭 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賴賲 亘賴 卮賲丕 賴丿蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 鬲賳賴丕 賲賵乇丿蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕賳丿讴蹖 丌夭丕乇 丿賴賳丿賴 亘賵丿貨 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕賲讴丕賳 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴賳賲貙 鬲賵噩賴 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賵 賲賵鬲蹖賮 賴丕蹖 噩賳爻蹖 丿乇 丌孬丕乇 亘賵丿. 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲賵丕乇丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕蹖夭 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 讴賲蹖 丌夭丕乇 丿賴賳丿賴 亘賵丿. 亘賴 賴乇 丨丕賱 爻賱蹖賯賴鈥屫й屫池� 賵 丕乇夭卮蹖 丕夭蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲 賳賲蹖 讴賳丿.
丿乇 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 賲賮蹖丿蹖鈥屫池� 賵 禺賵丕賳卮 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕蹖賳 丕丿蹖亘丕賳 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 賳诏乇卮蹖 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 亘賱讴賴 賳诏乇卮蹖 丕夭 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賴賲 亘賴 卮賲丕 賴丿蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 鬲賳賴丕 賲賵乇丿蹖 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕賳丿讴蹖 丌夭丕乇 丿賴賳丿賴 亘賵丿貨 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕賲讴丕賳 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴賳賲貙 鬲賵噩賴 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賵 賲賵鬲蹖賮 賴丕蹖 噩賳爻蹖 丿乇 丌孬丕乇 亘賵丿. 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 賲賵丕乇丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 噩丕蹖夭 丕爻鬲 丕賲丕 丿乇 亘毓囟蹖 讴賲蹖 丌夭丕乇 丿賴賳丿賴 亘賵丿. 亘賴 賴乇 丨丕賱 爻賱蹖賯賴鈥屫й屫池� 賵 丕乇夭卮蹖 丕夭蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲 賳賲蹖 讴賳丿.
June 1, 2018
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賲賱 賲毓乇賮蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲賴賲 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 丿乇 蹖讴 氐丿 爻丕賱 丕禺蹖乇 丕爻鬲 賵 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳 诏賮鬲 賲乇噩毓 讴鬲丕亘 卮賳丕爻蹖 禺賵亘蹖 丕爻鬲 鬲丕 亘丕 胤乇夭 賮讴乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賵 丌孬丕乇卮賵賳 丌卮賳丕 亘卮蹖賲
丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 賴賲賴 蹖 卮乇丨 丨丕賱賴丕 賯爻賲鬲 賲毓乇賮蹖 讴丕賮讴丕 賵 讴丕賲賵 乇丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲
讴鬲丕亘 夭蹖丕丿賴 诏賵蹖蹖 賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿丕卮鬲 賵 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 禺丕胤乇 亘賴卮 4 爻鬲丕乇賴 賳丿丕丿賲
丕夭 賲蹖丕賳 賴賲賴 蹖 卮乇丨 丨丕賱賴丕 賯爻賲鬲 賲毓乇賮蹖 讴丕賮讴丕 賵 讴丕賲賵 乇丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲
讴鬲丕亘 夭蹖丕丿賴 诏賵蹖蹖 賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿丕卮鬲 賵 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 禺丕胤乇 亘賴卮 4 爻鬲丕乇賴 賳丿丕丿賲
September 18, 2015
亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕夭 賴賲賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿蹖丿 禺賵丿 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賵 丕孬乇 賳诏丕賴卮 鬲賵蹖 賳賵卮鬲賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵賳馗乇卮 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賴乇 讴丿賵賲 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴丕 亘賵丿.
June 19, 2013
丕氐賱賷 鬲乇賷賳 賲賳亘毓 賲賳 丿乇 卮賳丕禺鬲 丕丿亘賷丕鬲 賲毓丕氐乇 丌賳诏賱賵爻丕賰爻賵賳 賵 卮賵乇賵賷. 丕夭 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 賴丕 趩賴 丕賳鬲馗丕乇賷 噩夭 丕賷賳 鬲丕乇賷禺賳诏丕乇賷 丿乇丕賲丕鬲賷賰 賵 毓丕賱賷 賴爻鬲責
July 1, 2018
讴鬲丕亘蹖 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕乇丕賳 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲
December 24, 2013
Well, this was very amazing; In fact 3 times I've passionately read it so far! Not for being too complicated but for I've been interested to find more.
Late Will Durant never claimed to be a sociologist*, nor, as far as I know, any other person has claimed yet this book as a sociological approach to understanding literature, but I may find this book as a very good source both as an icon in sociological -also psychological- attempts to re-understanding modern literature, and to understand some in-depth interpretations of modernity as it's mirrored in literature. I may recommend it to everyone who is interested in classic novels, also to sociologists of literature as well as everyone who likes to know something about historical context of literature, of course as well as Literary Criticism.
* In the Introduction Will says: Literature has been his and Ariel's real interest, despite of spending their life in researches on philosophy and history.
Late Will Durant never claimed to be a sociologist*, nor, as far as I know, any other person has claimed yet this book as a sociological approach to understanding literature, but I may find this book as a very good source both as an icon in sociological -also psychological- attempts to re-understanding modern literature, and to understand some in-depth interpretations of modernity as it's mirrored in literature. I may recommend it to everyone who is interested in classic novels, also to sociologists of literature as well as everyone who likes to know something about historical context of literature, of course as well as Literary Criticism.
* In the Introduction Will says: Literature has been his and Ariel's real interest, despite of spending their life in researches on philosophy and history.
April 2, 2019
讴鬲丕亘 鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丕夭 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賳賵卮鬲賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 鬲賲丿賳 卮賳丕禺鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲. 鬲賱丕卮蹖 丕爻鬲 亘乇丕蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賳 亘賴 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲毓丕氐乇 賵 亘乇乇爻蹖 丌孬丕乇 賵 丿乇讴 丌賳賴丕 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖. 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘賴 诏賮鬲賴 禺賵丿 丿蹖丿 丕蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 賱丨丕馗 賵丕讴賳卮 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 賲乇丿賳 禺丿丕 賲賵乇丿 賵丕讴丕賵蹖 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖丿賴丿. 趩賳丿 賳讴鬲賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賳馗乇 禺賵丿賲:
郾. 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕 蹖丕丿丌賵乇 賵蹖讴蹖倬丿蹖丕 亘賵丿 賵賱蹖 讴賲 讴賲 噩丕賱亘 鬲乇 卮丿 賵 丕賵丕爻胤 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮 鬲乇蹖锟斤拷 亘禺卮 亘賵丿 賵 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕 亘丕夭 賴賲 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿.
鄄. 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 讴賱 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴 亘丕卮丿 趩乇丕 讴賴 毓丿賲 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘丕 亘乇禺蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賴蹖趩 讴賳噩讴丕賵蹖 丕蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 丌賳賴丕 亘乇賳賲蹖 丕賳诏蹖夭丕賳丿 (亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕蹖賳 胤賵乇 亘賵丿).
鄢. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 賲賮蹖丿 亘賵丿 趩賵賳 鬲丕 丨丿賵丿蹖 蹖丕丿 诏乇賮鬲賲 趩胤賵乇 亘賴鬲乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺賵丕賳賲.
鄞. 賳讴鬲賴 丿蹖诏乇 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘乇禺蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 乇丕 賱賵 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 乇賵 丕爻讴蹖倬 讴賳蹖賳 鬲丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖賳 (賴乇趩賳丿 賲賳 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇賵 賳讴乇丿賲 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賴賲 蹖丕丿賲 賳賲賵賳丿:))
賳賲乇賴 鄢 賵 賳蹖賲 乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖丿賲.
郾. 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕 蹖丕丿丌賵乇 賵蹖讴蹖倬丿蹖丕 亘賵丿 賵賱蹖 讴賲 讴賲 噩丕賱亘 鬲乇 卮丿 賵 丕賵丕爻胤 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮 鬲乇蹖锟斤拷 亘禺卮 亘賵丿 賵 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕 亘丕夭 賴賲 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿.
鄄. 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 讴賱 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴 亘丕卮丿 趩乇丕 讴賴 毓丿賲 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘丕 亘乇禺蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賴蹖趩 讴賳噩讴丕賵蹖 丕蹖 丿乇亘丕乇賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 丌賳賴丕 亘乇賳賲蹖 丕賳诏蹖夭丕賳丿 (亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕蹖賳 胤賵乇 亘賵丿).
鄢. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 賲賮蹖丿 亘賵丿 趩賵賳 鬲丕 丨丿賵丿蹖 蹖丕丿 诏乇賮鬲賲 趩胤賵乇 亘賴鬲乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘禺賵丕賳賲.
鄞. 賳讴鬲賴 丿蹖诏乇 丕蹖賳 讴賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘乇禺蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 乇丕 賱賵 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮 乇賵 丕爻讴蹖倬 讴賳蹖賳 鬲丕 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖賳 (賴乇趩賳丿 賲賳 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇賵 賳讴乇丿賲 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賴賲 蹖丕丿賲 賳賲賵賳丿:))
賳賲乇賴 鄢 賵 賳蹖賲 乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖丿賲.
February 27, 2017
I had a naive assumption that Durant is not concerned with Existentialists, but this book proved me wrong. Will Durant's writing style is bewitching, I read it passionately from 1st to last chapter. The enchanting aspect of this book is that it pursues a literature student and layman in same manner to study outstanding writers of our history... I would recommend it lover of literature.
May 30, 2015
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲賵丕乇丿蹖 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴卮 鬲賵噩賴 亘卮賴 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賵 鬲丕孬蹖乇蹖 讴賴 賲丨蹖胤 丿夭 丌孬丕乇 賴乇 蹖讴 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖賮丕 讴乇丿賴 賲丕 乇賵 丿乇 丿乇讴 亘賴鬲乇丌孬丕乇 丕蹖賳 亘夭乇诏丕賳 讴賲讴 賲蹖 讴賳賴...
January 2, 2022
鈥淚 need another indulgence. In almost all these studies I have found the author himself more interesting than any character in his books, and his career more instructive than the imaginary world by which he revealed or cloaked himself. I varied an old motto, and told myself, Cherchez l鈥檋omme 鈥� search for the man.鈥� 鈥� Will Durant, Interpretations of Life
In 1967, Will Durant published Rousseau and Revolution, his tenth and 鈥� so he thought at the time 鈥� final entry to his monumental Story of Civilization, a series of books published over nearly four decades, each aiming to capture and convey the essence of a significant era in human history. Eight years later he would give the world his eleventh and truly final volume, The Age of Napoleon. Between these books and before this realization that he had another Story to tell, Durant pivoted to biographize, analyze and reflect on twentieth century literature and its authors; the result is Interpretations of Life.
First published in 1970, the book is titled in appreciation of the widely varied works these authors produced while reckoning the nature of existence. It features seventeen chapters and a several authors more than that. Most authors are given their own chapters. Some are grouped together, such as Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard, Heidegger and others in 鈥楾he Philosophers鈥�, and Sholokhov, Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn and Yevtushenko in 鈥楲iterature Under the Soviets.鈥� There are three pairings of writers. John Steinbeck with Upton Sinclair had both passed in 1968 while Durant was writing Interpretations, and so the chapter is framed as a dual obituary: 鈥淓ach of them fought throughout life against the cruelty of man to man or beast; each struck a lusty blow for justice by writing a book that stirred the nation鈥︹€� Robinson Jeffers and Ezra Pound are two of the 20th century鈥檚 most controversial poets and so are matched here. Sartre is paired de Beauvoir, being the most necessary dual-biography, as Durant argues that to 鈥渄ivorce鈥� their lives and works is to not fully understand them.
Durant, formerly writing mostly on centuries past, here focuses on the era in which he was living. Several authors selected were still alive at the time of publication. Sartre would live one decade more, and he notes that Solzhenitsyn was working on, but had not finished The Gulag Archipelago. This shift proved to be a non-issue; from his lengthy historical works Durant had developed perspective enough to, as he would put it, 鈥渟ee the part in the whole鈥� even as history was unfolding. The selections are, however, colored by an admission Durant emphasizes in the conclusion, wherein he acknowledges the nature of writing about his own era and the inherent, inescapable bias this comes with. These writers lived and breathed alongside him, and the great and terrible moments of the twentieth century that formed the perspectives of these authors formed Durant as well. It is this sentiment of a shared era that he emphasizes in his final, reflective chapter, and he goes on to thus conclude the book: 鈥淭he twentieth century is the age of Nietzsche, as he predicted it would be: the age of dictators unmoved by any moral tradition, of wars made more deadly and devastating by the progress of science; the age of the 鈥渄eath of God鈥� for those who lead the parade in thought and power...鈥�
The book excels because it does not confine these great and influential minds to vacuums. Their lives, words and deeds are contextualized and their appearance in the world is framed as the events that they were. Here he repeats the style and format he used in his previous The Story of Philosophy (1926). The writers are provided historical background with thorough commentary on the time and place they inhabited. The major events of their lives are chronicled. Similar space is given to their significant works, wherein the nature of the work itself is discussed, significant themes and purposes are identified, and often retrospectives on the influence they later would enjoy. From The Story of Philosophy he also developed the skill of communicating philosophical ideas, works and arguments with clarity, and this quality is reflected throughout Interpretations.
Durant is a fair critic. He does not fawn too deeply or dismiss too harshly, seeing both the parts and the wholes of a man鈥檚 life and career. The chapter on Hemingway provides an excellent example of this. When focusing on biography, he describes the man himself as 鈥渢otally alive, and had vitality enough for a dozen matadors. His courage was all the deeper for having to fight fear鈥︹€� He chronicles Hemingway's remarkable life, experience and heroisms with such appreciation that the pivot to his writing is almost surprising, wherein he asks if any of Hemingway鈥檚 books were 鈥溾€s rich in incident and character as his life? Excepting The Old Man and the Sea his novels were too timely to be timeless鈥︹€� And yet, in the chapter鈥檚 conclusion, Durant provides the perfect synthesis of these themes and observations: 鈥淗e left behind him a frothy wake of imitators who used his tricks of tough talk and staccato dialogue, of flashbacks and symbolism and stream of consciousness, but who never rivaled the simplicity, clarity, and verve of his style, or the stimulating challenges of his thought. The imitators fade away, but the figure of Ernest Hemingway remains鈥� Voila un homme!鈥�
He is harshest on Ezra Pound, the target most deserving of criticism out of the authors featured, both for his compensated contributions to Mussolini's propaganda machines and undisciplined literary style 鈥� the former clearly the more grievous sin than the latter. Preparing to outline Cantos, Pound鈥檚 most controversial poem that was published gradually throughout his life, Durant produces one of the sharpest criticisms to be made on some schools of 20th century literature: 鈥淎rt ceases to be a communication in significant form, and becomes a crossword puzzle for the leisure class.鈥� He characterizes the lengthy poem as reading 鈥渓ike Socialist pamphlets, and become poetry only through typography.鈥� Nevertheless, Durant still sees Pound as a complicated man, and despite his transgressions in life and literature, he is granted a dignified sendoff: 鈥淗e was often absurd, even as you and I; but we forget our blunders and hide our sins, while Pound spread his follies over the mercuries of the air鈥︹€�
He handles a century of diverse literature well. There are many genres, ideas, themes, styles and schools of writing discussed and, while he treats them with fairness, it is impossible to read the many works these wildly differing authors produced without adopting clear preferences. Durant is open about his prejudices and how his responses were formed. He occasionally adopts a confessional style 鈥� he wants his biases known and understood. He opens the chapter on Jeffers and Pound: 鈥淚 have given up the attempt to understand contemporary poetry. I am too old, too bound to prose, to puzzle over the built-in obscurity of twentieth-century verse.鈥� Yet in other chapters he does display a great appreciation for recent poetry, and such statements largely seem intended to not wholly cut down the literary contributions of a man like Pound. He makes a similar admission when he praises Camus in the beginning of his respective chapter: 鈥淚 confess to a personal prejudice in preferring, for these studies, those authors who have dressed in fiction, drama, or poetry the problems of philosophy, rather than those who sought, by sensitivity, imagination, and artistry, to give some passing beauty a form that could be caressed by generations yet unborn.鈥� These statements do not read like deflections from criticism, seeking to turn ignorance or humility into an advantage; rather, Durant is inescapably authentic. He is open about his literary inclinations and how these may have formed his estimations. His honesty is refreshing.
As is his wit. The book could not be called 鈥渄ry鈥� by any means. Durant鈥檚 style is consistently charming and often funny. When writing about William Faulkner鈥檚 Sanctuary (1931) being adapted into the Hollywood Film The Story of Temple Drake (1933), Durant states: 鈥淭he film makers responded, the picture prospered, and a critic called the book 鈥榦ne of the finest novels in modern literature.鈥� It is terrible.鈥� And, concerning Joyce: 鈥淚n July, 1920, Joyce and his family went to Paris for a week鈥檚 stay; they remained there twenty years.鈥� So too is he gifted at finding wit in others, again concerning Joyce, specifically the United States censorship boards deliberation of Ulysses - 鈥淭he ban against it in America was removed by U.S. District Court Judge John Munro Woolsey on December 6, 1933, on the ground that 鈥渨hilst in many places the effect of 鈥楿lysses鈥� on the reader undoubtedly is somewhat emetic, nowhere does it tend to be an aphrodisiac.鈥濃€�
Interpretations of Life is, perhaps, not as interesting or memorable as his other works - but that is through no inherent mistake; titans of literature though they are, the subjects here largely cannot match the depth or importance of those captured in his various Stories. It is easier to reflect on a few leaders, minds or events that time has concluded held the most influence on an era, and move on, than it is to focus on one type of thinker in an era that time is still deliberating. But the book鈥檚 theme was chosen, treated with intelligence and care, and succeeded exceptionally well in fulfilling its purpose. There is some lapse of consistency of form and length, and some may find an injustice here, finding that their preferred authors were allotted a few brief pages where others were given nearly fifty; but this quality too makes the work more honest. There are far more books from interesting people than there is time to read them, and even one as well-read as Durant is no exception.
There is now some distance between us and the twentieth century. Looking back, it is easy to agree with Durant鈥檚 conviction, quoted earlier from the final paragraph of Interpretations, that it was 鈥渢he age of the 鈥渄eath of God鈥� for those who lead the parade in thought and power鈥︹€� Yet Durant was not a pessimist, for the quote continues, and the book ultimately concludes: 鈥溾€ut the poets and artists and dreamers are not dead; they will tell new stories, paint new pictures, of our heroes, our achievements, and our possibilities; we shall be inspired and strengthened again; and we shall go on to add to our heritage.鈥�
In 1967, Will Durant published Rousseau and Revolution, his tenth and 鈥� so he thought at the time 鈥� final entry to his monumental Story of Civilization, a series of books published over nearly four decades, each aiming to capture and convey the essence of a significant era in human history. Eight years later he would give the world his eleventh and truly final volume, The Age of Napoleon. Between these books and before this realization that he had another Story to tell, Durant pivoted to biographize, analyze and reflect on twentieth century literature and its authors; the result is Interpretations of Life.
First published in 1970, the book is titled in appreciation of the widely varied works these authors produced while reckoning the nature of existence. It features seventeen chapters and a several authors more than that. Most authors are given their own chapters. Some are grouped together, such as Wittgenstein, Kierkegaard, Heidegger and others in 鈥楾he Philosophers鈥�, and Sholokhov, Pasternak, Solzhenitsyn and Yevtushenko in 鈥楲iterature Under the Soviets.鈥� There are three pairings of writers. John Steinbeck with Upton Sinclair had both passed in 1968 while Durant was writing Interpretations, and so the chapter is framed as a dual obituary: 鈥淓ach of them fought throughout life against the cruelty of man to man or beast; each struck a lusty blow for justice by writing a book that stirred the nation鈥︹€� Robinson Jeffers and Ezra Pound are two of the 20th century鈥檚 most controversial poets and so are matched here. Sartre is paired de Beauvoir, being the most necessary dual-biography, as Durant argues that to 鈥渄ivorce鈥� their lives and works is to not fully understand them.
Durant, formerly writing mostly on centuries past, here focuses on the era in which he was living. Several authors selected were still alive at the time of publication. Sartre would live one decade more, and he notes that Solzhenitsyn was working on, but had not finished The Gulag Archipelago. This shift proved to be a non-issue; from his lengthy historical works Durant had developed perspective enough to, as he would put it, 鈥渟ee the part in the whole鈥� even as history was unfolding. The selections are, however, colored by an admission Durant emphasizes in the conclusion, wherein he acknowledges the nature of writing about his own era and the inherent, inescapable bias this comes with. These writers lived and breathed alongside him, and the great and terrible moments of the twentieth century that formed the perspectives of these authors formed Durant as well. It is this sentiment of a shared era that he emphasizes in his final, reflective chapter, and he goes on to thus conclude the book: 鈥淭he twentieth century is the age of Nietzsche, as he predicted it would be: the age of dictators unmoved by any moral tradition, of wars made more deadly and devastating by the progress of science; the age of the 鈥渄eath of God鈥� for those who lead the parade in thought and power...鈥�
The book excels because it does not confine these great and influential minds to vacuums. Their lives, words and deeds are contextualized and their appearance in the world is framed as the events that they were. Here he repeats the style and format he used in his previous The Story of Philosophy (1926). The writers are provided historical background with thorough commentary on the time and place they inhabited. The major events of their lives are chronicled. Similar space is given to their significant works, wherein the nature of the work itself is discussed, significant themes and purposes are identified, and often retrospectives on the influence they later would enjoy. From The Story of Philosophy he also developed the skill of communicating philosophical ideas, works and arguments with clarity, and this quality is reflected throughout Interpretations.
Durant is a fair critic. He does not fawn too deeply or dismiss too harshly, seeing both the parts and the wholes of a man鈥檚 life and career. The chapter on Hemingway provides an excellent example of this. When focusing on biography, he describes the man himself as 鈥渢otally alive, and had vitality enough for a dozen matadors. His courage was all the deeper for having to fight fear鈥︹€� He chronicles Hemingway's remarkable life, experience and heroisms with such appreciation that the pivot to his writing is almost surprising, wherein he asks if any of Hemingway鈥檚 books were 鈥溾€s rich in incident and character as his life? Excepting The Old Man and the Sea his novels were too timely to be timeless鈥︹€� And yet, in the chapter鈥檚 conclusion, Durant provides the perfect synthesis of these themes and observations: 鈥淗e left behind him a frothy wake of imitators who used his tricks of tough talk and staccato dialogue, of flashbacks and symbolism and stream of consciousness, but who never rivaled the simplicity, clarity, and verve of his style, or the stimulating challenges of his thought. The imitators fade away, but the figure of Ernest Hemingway remains鈥� Voila un homme!鈥�
He is harshest on Ezra Pound, the target most deserving of criticism out of the authors featured, both for his compensated contributions to Mussolini's propaganda machines and undisciplined literary style 鈥� the former clearly the more grievous sin than the latter. Preparing to outline Cantos, Pound鈥檚 most controversial poem that was published gradually throughout his life, Durant produces one of the sharpest criticisms to be made on some schools of 20th century literature: 鈥淎rt ceases to be a communication in significant form, and becomes a crossword puzzle for the leisure class.鈥� He characterizes the lengthy poem as reading 鈥渓ike Socialist pamphlets, and become poetry only through typography.鈥� Nevertheless, Durant still sees Pound as a complicated man, and despite his transgressions in life and literature, he is granted a dignified sendoff: 鈥淗e was often absurd, even as you and I; but we forget our blunders and hide our sins, while Pound spread his follies over the mercuries of the air鈥︹€�
He handles a century of diverse literature well. There are many genres, ideas, themes, styles and schools of writing discussed and, while he treats them with fairness, it is impossible to read the many works these wildly differing authors produced without adopting clear preferences. Durant is open about his prejudices and how his responses were formed. He occasionally adopts a confessional style 鈥� he wants his biases known and understood. He opens the chapter on Jeffers and Pound: 鈥淚 have given up the attempt to understand contemporary poetry. I am too old, too bound to prose, to puzzle over the built-in obscurity of twentieth-century verse.鈥� Yet in other chapters he does display a great appreciation for recent poetry, and such statements largely seem intended to not wholly cut down the literary contributions of a man like Pound. He makes a similar admission when he praises Camus in the beginning of his respective chapter: 鈥淚 confess to a personal prejudice in preferring, for these studies, those authors who have dressed in fiction, drama, or poetry the problems of philosophy, rather than those who sought, by sensitivity, imagination, and artistry, to give some passing beauty a form that could be caressed by generations yet unborn.鈥� These statements do not read like deflections from criticism, seeking to turn ignorance or humility into an advantage; rather, Durant is inescapably authentic. He is open about his literary inclinations and how these may have formed his estimations. His honesty is refreshing.
As is his wit. The book could not be called 鈥渄ry鈥� by any means. Durant鈥檚 style is consistently charming and often funny. When writing about William Faulkner鈥檚 Sanctuary (1931) being adapted into the Hollywood Film The Story of Temple Drake (1933), Durant states: 鈥淭he film makers responded, the picture prospered, and a critic called the book 鈥榦ne of the finest novels in modern literature.鈥� It is terrible.鈥� And, concerning Joyce: 鈥淚n July, 1920, Joyce and his family went to Paris for a week鈥檚 stay; they remained there twenty years.鈥� So too is he gifted at finding wit in others, again concerning Joyce, specifically the United States censorship boards deliberation of Ulysses - 鈥淭he ban against it in America was removed by U.S. District Court Judge John Munro Woolsey on December 6, 1933, on the ground that 鈥渨hilst in many places the effect of 鈥楿lysses鈥� on the reader undoubtedly is somewhat emetic, nowhere does it tend to be an aphrodisiac.鈥濃€�
Interpretations of Life is, perhaps, not as interesting or memorable as his other works - but that is through no inherent mistake; titans of literature though they are, the subjects here largely cannot match the depth or importance of those captured in his various Stories. It is easier to reflect on a few leaders, minds or events that time has concluded held the most influence on an era, and move on, than it is to focus on one type of thinker in an era that time is still deliberating. But the book鈥檚 theme was chosen, treated with intelligence and care, and succeeded exceptionally well in fulfilling its purpose. There is some lapse of consistency of form and length, and some may find an injustice here, finding that their preferred authors were allotted a few brief pages where others were given nearly fifty; but this quality too makes the work more honest. There are far more books from interesting people than there is time to read them, and even one as well-read as Durant is no exception.
There is now some distance between us and the twentieth century. Looking back, it is easy to agree with Durant鈥檚 conviction, quoted earlier from the final paragraph of Interpretations, that it was 鈥渢he age of the 鈥渄eath of God鈥� for those who lead the parade in thought and power鈥︹€� Yet Durant was not a pessimist, for the quote continues, and the book ultimately concludes: 鈥溾€ut the poets and artists and dreamers are not dead; they will tell new stories, paint new pictures, of our heroes, our achievements, and our possibilities; we shall be inspired and strengthened again; and we shall go on to add to our heritage.鈥�
April 10, 2025
讴鬲丕亘 芦鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖禄貙 丕孬乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賲毓乇賾賮蹖 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 賲卮賴賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 噩賴丕賳 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 賵 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 丌孬丕乇 丌賳丕賳 乇丕 賲賵乇丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲. 賵蹖賱 丿賵乇丕賳鬲 亘賴鈥屫池ㄘ� 毓卮賯蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘丕 賲卮丕乇讴鬲 賴賲爻乇 禺賵丿 丿乇 賴卮鬲丕丿賵趩賴丕乇 爻丕賱诏蹖 賵 倬爻 丕夭 賳蹖賲 賯乇賳 賮毓丕賱蹖賾鬲 丿乇 賮賱爻賮賴 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳賵卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲 (丿賵乇丕賳鬲貙 郾鄢鄱酃: 酃).
爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丕賲 亘丕丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 丕夭丿賵丕噩 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 鬲丕 倬丕蹖丕賳 毓賲乇 讴賵卮蹖丿 鬲丕 乇噩丨丕賳蹖 乇丕 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇丿賴丕蹖 噩賵丕賳 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 夭賳鈥屬囏� 賯丕卅賱 亘賵丿 倬賳賴丕賳 讴賳丿貙 賵賱蹖 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必й屰� 丕賵 亘乇丕蹖 賳夭丿蹖讴丕賳卮 丌卮讴丕乇 亘賵丿. 賲賵丌賲 亘賴 亘乇丕丿乇夭丕丿賴鈥屫ж� 诏賮鬲賴 亘賵丿: 賲乇丿賲 鬲丕蹖賱賳丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲毓賯賵賱 賴爻鬲賳丿. 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必й屰� 乇丕 讴丕賲賱丕賸 毓丕丿蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁嗀� 賵 丌賳 乇丕 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀�. 賲賳 丕毓鬲賯丕丿 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 爻乇丕賳噩丕賲 乇賵夭蹖 禺賵丕賴賳丿 賮賴賲蹖丿 讴爻丕賳蹖 賴賲 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必� 亘賴鈥� 丿賳蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屫③屬嗀� (賴賲丕賳: 郾鄹鄢).
賲丕乇爻賱 倬乇賵爻鬲 賴賲 倬爻乇丕賳蹖 噩賵丕賳 丕夭 胤亘賯丕鬲 倬丕蹖蹖賳 丕噩鬲賲丕毓 乇丕 亘賴 丕鬲丕賯 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫ㄙ徹必� 賵 賳蹖丕夭 噩賳爻蹖卮 乇丕 亘乇丌賵乇丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�. 趩賳丕賳鈥屭┵� 蹖丕丿丿丕卮鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 卮丕賴讴丕乇 丕賵 賳蹖夭 亘賴 乇賳噩 賵 賵丨卮鬲 噩賵丕賳蹖 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必� 丿賱丕賱鬲 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 鬲賱丕卮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵囟毓 禺賵丿 賵 賲丕噩乇丕賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丕夭 爻乇 賲蹖鈥屭柏必з嗀� 亘乇 倬丿乇 賵 賲丕丿乇 賵 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 賲毓賲賵賱蹖鈥屫ж� 倬賳賴丕賳 爻丕夭丿 (賴賲丕賳: 郾酃鄯-郾酃酃).
丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿 賴賲 亘丕丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 亘丕 丿禺鬲乇毓賲賵蹖 禺賵丿 丕夭丿賵丕噩 讴乇丿貙 亘丕 丕賵 賴賲亘爻鬲乇 賳卮丿 賵 亘賴 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必й屰� 鬲賳 丿丕丿. 丕賵 丿乇 爻丕賱 郾酃鄄鄞 丿乇丨丕賱蹖鈥屭┵� 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕賸 倬賳噩丕賴鈥屬堎撅拷锟截� 爻丕賱賴 亘賵丿 亘丕 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 芦讴賵乇蹖丿賵賳禄 氐乇丕丨鬲丕賸 賵 亘賴 卮讴賱蹖 毓乇蹖丕賳 亘賴 丿賮丕毓 丕夭 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必й屰� 倬乇丿丕禺鬲 賵 讴賵乇蹖丿賵賳 乇丕 亘乇噩爻鬲賴鈥屫臂屬� 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵丿 丕賳诏丕卮鬲 (賴賲丕賳: 鄄鄢鄹). 跇蹖丿 丿乇 丿賮鬲乇 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 賲丨乇賲丕賳踿 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堐屫池�:
賲賳 亘賴 讴爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬� 亘趩賴鈥屫ㄘж� 讴賴 毓丕卮賯 倬爻乇賴丕蹖 噩賵丕賳 亘丕卮丿 賵 亘賴 讴爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬� 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必� 讴賴 亘賴 賲乇丿丕賳 亘丕賱睾 诏乇丕蹖賭卮 丿丕乇丿. 亘趩賴鈥屫ㄘж操囏� 讴賴 賲賭賳 賴賲 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丌賳丕賳 賴爻鬲賲貙 亘爻蹖丕乇 賳丕丿乇賳丿貙 賵賱蹖 賴賲噩賳爻鈥屭必з囏� 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳賳丿 讴賴 賲賳 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� (賴賲丕賳: 鄄鄢鄢).
賲賳亘毓:
_ 丿賵乇丕賳鬲貙 賵蹖賱 賵 丌乇蹖賱貙 郾鄢鄱酃貙 鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 鬲乇噩賲賴 丕亘乇丕賴蹖賲 賲卮毓乇蹖貙 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳蹖賱賵賮乇.
April 8, 2020
丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 亘賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵 丌孬丕乇 賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕 倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖. 丕爻. 丕賱蹖賵鬲貙 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丕賲貙 賲丕乇爻賱 倬乇賵爻鬲貙 丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿貙 賱. 賵. 賵蹖賳诏賳卮鬲丕蹖賳貙 讴蹖乇 讴诏丕乇丿貙 賴賵 爻乇賱貙 賴丕蹖丿诏乇 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇貙 爻蹖賲賵賳 丿賵亘賵丕乇貙 丌賱亘乇讴丕賲賵貙 鬲賵賲丕爻 賲丕賳貙 丌賱讴爻丕賳丿乇 爻賵賱跇賳蹖鬲爻蹖賳貙 賳蹖讴賵爻 讴丕夭丕賳鬲夭丕讴蹖爻貙 賲蹖禺丕卅蹖賱 卮賵賱賵禺賵賮貙 亘賵乇蹖爻 倬丕爻鬲乇賳丕讴貙 賮乇丕賳鬲爻 讴丕賮讴丕貙 蹖賵诏賳蹖 蹖賮鬲賵卮賳讴賵 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲. 鬲賮爻蹖乇賴丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 噩賱賵賴鈥屰� 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 鬲賲丿賳 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 蹖丕 丕诏乇 亘鬲賵丕賳 诏賮鬲 鬲賲丿賳 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賲毓丕氐乇 賲丨爻賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
November 1, 2024
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺氐賵氐蹖 賵 蹖丕 賴賳乇蹖 賵 讴丕乇蹖 賵 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 鬲毓丿丕丿 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲毓乇賵賮 丕乇丕卅賴 賲蹖鈥屫囏�... 賲丕賳賳丿 賵蹖賱蹖丕賲 賮丕讴賳乇貙 丕乇賳爻鬲 賴賲蹖賳诏賵蹖貙 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲蹖賳 亘讴貙 丌倬鬲賵賳 爻蹖賳讴賱乇貙 蹖賵噩蹖賳 丕賵賳蹖賱貙 乇丕亘蹖賳爻賵賳 噩賮乇夭貙 丕夭乇丕 倬丕賵賳丿貙 噩蹖賲夭 噩賵蹖爻貙 鬲蹖. 丕爻. 丕賱蹖賵鬲貙 爻丕賲乇爻鬲 賲賵丕賲貙 賲丕乇爻賱 倬乇賵爻鬲貙 丌賳丿乇賴 跇蹖丿貙 賵蹖賳诏賳卮鬲丕蹖賳貙 讴蹖乇 讴诏丕乇丿貙 賴賵 爻乇賱貙 賴丕蹖丿诏乇 跇丕賳 倬賱 爻丕乇鬲乇 賵 爻蹖賲賵賳 丿賵亘賵丕乇貙 丌賱亘乇讴丕賲賵貙 鬲賵賲丕爻 賲丕賳 賵 ...
亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 丨爻 讴乇丿賲 禺蹖賱蹖 賳馗乇丕鬲卮 卮禺氐蹖 賴爻鬲... 讴鬲丕亘 趩賳丿丕賳 丿丕乇丕 鬲丨賱蹖賱丕鬲 毓賲蹖賯 賳蹖爻鬲 賵 禺賵賳丿賳卮 乇丕丨鬲 賵 乇賵丕賳 賴爻鬲...
亘丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 丨爻 讴乇丿賲 禺蹖賱蹖 賳馗乇丕鬲卮 卮禺氐蹖 賴爻鬲... 讴鬲丕亘 趩賳丿丕賳 丿丕乇丕 鬲丨賱蹖賱丕鬲 毓賲蹖賯 賳蹖爻鬲 賵 禺賵賳丿賳卮 乇丕丨鬲 賵 乇賵丕賳 賴爻鬲...
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February 9, 2020賳賵毓 賳賵卮鬲丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 噩丕賱亘 賳蹖爻鬲 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丌賳 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 爻禺鬲 賲蹖 卮賵丿 .讴鬲丕亘 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丕賱亘蹖 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘毓囟蹖 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲毓乇賵賮 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕乇丕卅賴 賲蹖 丿賴丿 丿乇 毓蹖賳 丨丕賱 禺蹖賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 倬乇丕讴賳丿賴 賵 亘蹖 賳馗賲蹖 亘賵丿 賵 胤亘蹖毓鬲丕 亘賴 讴爻蹖 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 乇丕 賳賲蹖 丿賴賲
April 15, 2016
爻蹖賲賵賳 ( 丿賵亘賵丕乇) 賵 (跇丕賳 倬賱 ) 爻丕乇鬲乇 毓卮賯 禺賵丿 亘賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 乇丕 鬲丕 亘賴 丌賳 丨丿 诏爻鬲乇丿賳丿 讴賴 亘賴 蹖讴丿蹖诏乇 丕噩丕夭賴 丿丕丿賳丿 鬲丕 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賳賵毓 诏賴诏丕賴 亘賴 " 毓卮賯賴丕蹖 賲賵賯鬲蹖 " 賳蹖夭 亘倬乇丿丕夭賳丿. 爻丕乇鬲乇 胤亘蹖毓鬲丕 亘賴 蹖讴 夭賳 乇丕囟蹖 賳亘賵丿 賵 丕夭 賴賲賳卮蹖賳蹖 亘丕 夭賳丕賳 賱匕鬲 賲蹖 亘乇丿 賵 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 讴賲鬲乇 丕夭 賲乇丿丕賳 賲囟丨讴 賲蹖 蹖丕賮鬲. 丿乇 亘蹖爻鬲 賵爻賴 爻丕賱诏蹖 賯氐丿 賳丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 丕夭 诏賵賳丕诏賵賳蹖 賵 鬲賳賵毓 丌賳賴丕 趩卮賲 亘倬賵卮丿 . 亘賴 賮丕氐賱賴 讴賲蹖 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳讴賴 倬蹖賲丕賳 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲卮鬲乇讴 亘爻鬲賳丿 貙 爻丕乇鬲乇 亘賴 賲丿鬲 丿賵 爻丕賱 诏賴诏丕賴 亘丕 夭賳 賴賳乇倬蹖卮賴 賵 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丕蹖 乇賵丕亘胤 賳夭丿蹖讴蹖 丿丕卮鬲. 爻蹖賲賵賳 丕夭 丨爻丕丿鬲 乇賳噩 賲蹖 亘乇丿 诏乇趩賴 亘毓丿賴丕 乇賵丕亘胤 毓丕卮賯丕賳賴 丕卮 亘丕 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 乇賵丕亘胤卮 亘丕 爻丕乇鬲乇 亘賵丿 . 丌賳賴丕 禺丕賳賴 賲卮禺氐蹖 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿 賮乇丕賴賲 賳讴乇丿賳丿 亘賱讴賴 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕 噩丿丕 丕夭 賴賲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖 讴乇丿賳丿.....
卮禺氐蹖鬲 爻蹖賲賵賳 亘丕 卮禺氐蹖鬲 爻丕乇鬲乇 讴丕賲賱丕 賮乇賯 丿丕卮鬲. 爻丕乇鬲乇 丿乇 亘賳丿 鬲賮讴乇 亘賵丿 賵 毓卮賯 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵 賳賵毓蹖 诏乇蹖夭 亘賴 丨爻丕亘 賲蹖 丌賲丿. 丕賲丕 爻蹖賲賵賳 賲賵噩賵丿 亘蹖 倬乇賵丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵乇 毓卮賯 丿丕卮鬲 鬲丕 亘丕乇蹖讴 亘蹖賳蹖....賴乇 丿賵 噩賵丕賳 . 賳蹖乇賵賲賳丿 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 丕丨爻丕爻 賲蹖 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賵 賱匕鬲 亘乇丿賳 賵 鬲爻賱胤 亘乇 丌賳 貙 乇賵亘乇賵蹖卮丕賳 丕爻鬲 . 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 丌乇丕賲 貙 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻賲 乇丕 亘乇 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻賲 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖 丿丕丿賳丿 賵 丕夭 賴乇 賲丕賳毓蹖 亘乇 爻乇" 賮乇丿 诏乇丕蹖 " ( 賵 賱匕鬲 賴丕蹖 賮乇丿蹖 ) 賳賮乇鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳丿.
" 毓卮賯 賲丕 亘賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵賲禺丕賱賮鬲 賲丕 亘丕 賳馗賲 賲爻鬲賯乇 丿乇 丕卮蹖丕 貙 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 賲賵囟毓蹖 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲蹖 賳夭丿蹖讴 讴乇丿...囟丿 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 亘賵丿蹖賲 诏乇趩賴 賲丕乇讴爻蹖爻鬲 賴賲 賳亘賵丿蹖賲 . 卮蹖賮鬲賴 賴乇 賳賵毓 丕賮乇丕胤蹖 亘賵丿蹖賲 ... 賴乇賳賵毓 禺蹖夭卮 賵 噩賳亘卮蹖 睾乇丕蹖夭 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲蹖 賲丕 乇丕 丕乇囟丕亍 賲蹖 讴乇丿 "
卮禺氐蹖鬲 爻蹖賲賵賳 亘丕 卮禺氐蹖鬲 爻丕乇鬲乇 讴丕賲賱丕 賮乇賯 丿丕卮鬲. 爻丕乇鬲乇 丿乇 亘賳丿 鬲賮讴乇 亘賵丿 賵 毓卮賯 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵 賳賵毓蹖 诏乇蹖夭 亘賴 丨爻丕亘 賲蹖 丌賲丿. 丕賲丕 爻蹖賲賵賳 賲賵噩賵丿 亘蹖 倬乇賵丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵乇 毓卮賯 丿丕卮鬲 鬲丕 亘丕乇蹖讴 亘蹖賳蹖....賴乇 丿賵 噩賵丕賳 . 賳蹖乇賵賲賳丿 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 丕丨爻丕爻 賲蹖 讴乇丿賳丿 讴賴 丿賳蹖丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賵 賱匕鬲 亘乇丿賳 賵 鬲爻賱胤 亘乇 丌賳 貙 乇賵亘乇賵蹖卮丕賳 丕爻鬲 . 丿乇 丌賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 丌乇丕賲 貙 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻賲 乇丕 亘乇 爻賵爻蹖丕賱蹖爻賲 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖 丿丕丿賳丿 賵 丕夭 賴乇 賲丕賳毓蹖 亘乇 爻乇" 賮乇丿 诏乇丕蹖 " ( 賵 賱匕鬲 賴丕蹖 賮乇丿蹖 ) 賳賮乇鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳丿.
" 毓卮賯 賲丕 亘賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵賲禺丕賱賮鬲 賲丕 亘丕 賳馗賲 賲爻鬲賯乇 丿乇 丕卮蹖丕 貙 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 賲賵囟毓蹖 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲蹖 賳夭丿蹖讴 讴乇丿...囟丿 爻乇賲丕蹖賴 丿丕乇蹖 亘賵丿蹖賲 诏乇趩賴 賲丕乇讴爻蹖爻鬲 賴賲 賳亘賵丿蹖賲 . 卮蹖賮鬲賴 賴乇 賳賵毓 丕賮乇丕胤蹖 亘賵丿蹖賲 ... 賴乇賳賵毓 禺蹖夭卮 賵 噩賳亘卮蹖 睾乇丕蹖夭 丌賳丕乇卮蹖爻鬲蹖 賲丕 乇丕 丕乇囟丕亍 賲蹖 讴乇丿 "
May 13, 2019
賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丕 賳賵卮鬲賴 賴丕蹖 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丕賵賳丕 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴乇丿蹖 ... 鬲賳鬲 賲蹖 禺丕乇賴 亘乇丕蹖 丿蹖丿賳 蹖讴賲 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿卮賵賳 ...
May 29, 2017
One of the best books about lives of some of the prominent writers of 20th century which is absolutely usefull for professional readers.
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