Roma鈥檔谋n belki de en tart谋艧mal谋 imparatorlar谋ndan Nero鈥檔un e臒itmenli臒ini yapm谋艧, Roma鈥檔谋n o 莽etin ve katlan谋lmas谋 zor d枚nemlerinde Stoa felsefesine s谋臒谋n谋p ahl芒k 眉zerine pek 莽ok eser vermi艧 olan Lucius Annaeus Seneca bu eserinde 鈥榯utkular谋n en k枚t眉s眉鈥� olarak niteledi臒i 枚fkenin kayna臒谋n谋, t眉rlerini ve 莽arelerini ara艧t谋r谋yor. 陌nsanlar谋n k枚t眉l眉臒e olan meylinin ancak mant谋k yoluyla dizginlenebilece臒ini savunan Seneca, 枚fke kontrol眉nde de mant谋k y眉r眉tme sonucunda ortaya 莽谋kmas谋 gereken y眉ce g枚n眉ll眉l眉臒眉, ho艧g枚r眉y眉 ve telkinleri 枚n plana 莽谋kar谋yor. Romal谋 bir yazar谋n t眉m insanl谋臒谋 ilgilendiren bir sorun olan 枚fke 眉zerine yazd谋臒谋 bu eser, evrensel 莽apta uygulanabilecek pek 莽ok 枚臒眉d眉 de i莽ermektedir: 鈥淜谋sa s眉re sonra 艧u son nefesimizi verece臒iz. Bu anda, hen眉z nefes al谋p verirken, hen眉z insanlar谋n aras谋ndayken insanl谋臒谋 onurland谋ral谋m. Kimseye korku salmayal谋m, kimse i莽in tehlike arz etmeyelim, kay谋plar谋m谋z谋, u臒rad谋臒谋m谋z haks谋zl谋klar谋, suiistimalleri, sata艧malar谋 hi莽e sayal谋m ve zaten k谋sa 枚m眉rl眉 olan aksiliklere y眉ce g枚n眉ll眉l眉kle katlanal谋m. Dedikleri gibi, biz hesap kitap yap谋p kayg谋lanmakla me艧gul olurken 枚l眉m her an bizi bulabilir.鈥�
Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca or Seneca the Younger); ca. 4 BC 鈥� 65 AD) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and dramatist of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero, who later forced him to commit suicide for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to have him assassinated.
The Roman Stoic philosopher Seneca (4 AD 鈥� 65 AD) held the prime purpose of philosophy as providing us with guidelines to live an enriched, tranquil, virtuous and meaningful life. To this end, he wrote many essays and letters addressing various facets of the Stoic path - among the most notable, his essay On Anger. Below are quotes from the text along with my brief comments.
鈥淪ome of the wisest of men have in called anger a short madness: for as there are distinct symptoms which mark madmen, such as a bold and menacing air, a gloomy brow, a stern face, a hurried walk, restless hands, changed color, quick and strongly-drawn breathing, so these same symptoms are seen in men under the spell of anger.鈥�
Aristotle said the virtuous man should get angry on the right occasion. This is the commonly held view of modern society as it was for most people in the ancient world. Seneca challenges this opinion, considering anger as a kind of madness and urging us never to surrender ourselves to this most despicable vice.
鈥淭he difference between anger and irascibility is evident: it is the same as that between a drunken man and a drunkard; between a frightened man and a coward. It is possible for an angry man not to be irascible ; an irascible man may sometimes not be angry.鈥�
Seneca displays subtle insight here 鈥� most of us get angry on occasion as most of us can occasionally get drunk; for the irascible person, anger is, so to speak, part of their system the way alcohol is part of a drunkard鈥檚 system.
鈥淢ankind is born for mutual assistance, anger for mutual ruin: the former loves society, the latter estrangement. The one loves to do good, the other to do harm ; the one to help even strangers, the other to attack even its dearest friends.鈥�
Greco-Roman philosophers, especially Epicureans and Stoics, placed the highest value on a life lived in accordance with nature. And by Seneca鈥檚 reckoning, when we are at our best and in most accord with nature, we are social, genial, warm and kind, the exact opposite of being angry.
鈥淢an's nature is not, therefore, desirous of inflicting punishment; neither, therefore, is anger in accordance with man's nature, because that is desirous of inflicting punishment. . . . Punishment, therefore, does not accord with a good man: wherefore anger does not do so either, because punishment and anger accord one with another. If a good man takes no pleasure in punishment, he will also take no pleasure in that state of mind to which punishment gives pleasure: consequently anger is not natural to man."
There is a word for taking pleasure in punishing or inflicting suffering on others: sadism. Seneca reasons a sadist is unnatural and twisted. Years ago I鈥檝e had the misfortune of being around a sadistic boss. A more warped, nasty, and, yes, angry specimen of humanity I have never encountered.
鈥淢ay it not be that, although anger be not natural, it may be right to adopt it, because it often proves useful? It rouses the spirit and excites it; and courage does nothing grand in war without it, unless its flame be supplied from this source; this is the goad which stirs up bold men and sends them to encounter perils. Some therefore consider it to be best to control anger, not to banish it utterly.鈥�
The common view and also Aristotle鈥檚 line of thinking is anger serves a very positive, utilitarian purpose; matter of fact, when in battle or face-to-face with threat, rousing anger can save our lives. Seneca counters this argument by noting how once we give in to anger, anger is unable to check itself and can spiral us down a deep, dark destructive hole, causing ruin not only to others but also to ourselves.
鈥淕ladiators, too, protect themselves by skill, but expose themselves to wounds when they are angry. Moreover, of what use is anger, when the same end can be arrived at by reason?鈥�
To further bolster his objection to rousing anger to our benefit, Seneca provides many examples of how anger is actually counterproductive. One of his telling observations: 鈥淎nger, therefore, is not useful even in wars or battles: for it is prone to rashness, and while trying to bring others into danger, does not guard itself against danger.鈥�
鈥淏ut anger can be put to flight by wise maxims; for it is a voluntary defect of the mind, and not one of those things which are evolved by the conditions of human life, and which, therefore, may happen even to the wisest of us.鈥�
Seneca鈥檚 advice on effectively dealing with our own anger is vivid and illuminating. He delves into the psychology of how we get angry and why we get angry. One major dilemma: we have an overly optimistic and inaccurate mental picture of other people and the world around us. Case in point: We wake up feeling energized and walk down a crowded street with a broad smile, feeling the joy of being alive. According to Seneca, if we project our own elation and sense of well-being onto others we are overly optimistic - people can be dealing their own heavy negative personal issues or they might be hung over from drinking booze or taking drugs. Thus, if they curse at us or act rudely, no reason for anger on our part since their behavior has very little to do with us personally.
Does all this sound intriguing? Take my word for it here, this is one thought-provoking essay. If you would like to better understand what it means to follow the path of philosophy, you will not encounter a better guide than Seneca.
鈥淎nger, if not restrained, is frequently more hurtful to us than the injury that provokes it.鈥� 鈥� Seneca
A long time ago, I have read something that Seneca has said: 鈥渓ife is not short; the problem is how much we waste of it鈥�. Ever since I have read this wonderful piece of advice, I have been impressed by the simplicity, wisdom and depth of his words. I wish I鈥檇 been a stoic鈥aybe
The part one of The Dialogues deals with anger, a problem which I have, being angry quite often, issue which made me ever more curious and interested to read this book. Some of the advice is wise and makes sense: avoid anger; hot heads are exposed to anger. Credulity does a lot of harm Do not get upset because of small things, unimportant and petty Before being angry, think of the mistakes you made...we think about the mistakes of others, but we forget ours The best cure for anger is delay Anger is of no use The first rule is not to get angry, the second is to stop It is human nature to love and anger denies human nature Be with people who do not provoke your anger Take offense lightly, as a joke We never say I could have done that, before getting angry Fight with yourself to conquer your anger We give ourselves false reasons to get upset Keep a calm voice- Socrates talked with a low voice and people knew he was 鈥渁ngry 鈥瀢hen he talked like that Forgive
We are all ambitious, unpredictable Be strong-every day think: what shortcoming I have repaired, faced today Don鈥檛 be angry with any dog, any slave, anybody And finally: why should you be angry and waste my life, what鈥檚 the point, what is the good鈥hy hate? Why not have a peaceful life?
"驴Qu茅 hay m谩s descansado que la tranquilidad del esp铆ritu, que m谩s agotador que la ira? 驴Qu茅 m谩s relajado que la clemencia, qu茅 m谩s atareado que la crueldad? El pudor tiene tiempo libre, la lujuria est谩 ocupad铆sima"
Primera obra de filosof铆a que leo de S茅neca, en este caso, se trata de un an谩lisis de la ira. Sobre todo hablar de la negativa influencia que puede tener sobre el ser humano y una gran sugesti贸n a no dejar que aparezca en nuestra vida diaria. Porque: "No hay ning煤n sentimiento sobre el que no domine la ira". Lo gravitante es que este vicio no concuerda con la naturaleza humana seg煤n el autor. Para ello S茅neca utiliza el estoicismo en toda su amplitud. Dejar pasar las ofensas, no reaccionar, no dar p谩bulo a personas inferiores, evitar dejarnos controlar por la ira (a la que nada se puede oponer) y garantizar que la ira siempre trae consecuencias negativas aunque en apariencia pueda dar poder o fuerza. Para ello, utiliza una serie de eventos cotidianos pero tambi茅n de m煤ltiples ejemplos hist贸ricos. Claro, siempre adaptado a lo que 茅l considera como correcto. Menciona a Jerjes, Escipi贸n, An铆bal, Cal铆gula y un largo etc茅tera que en alg煤n momento sufrieron a causa de dar o铆dos a la ira. Me gust贸 tambi茅n algunos consejos que se dan sobre la crianza. Sin embargo, debo decir que no me ha maravillado, sobre todo porque a mi edad y con tantas experiencias es poco probable que acepte a raja tabla muchas cosas m谩s si es en estilo de vivir. Por otra parte, la manera de ejemplificar y demostrar eventos con algunas cosas o usar comparaciones no me han parecido tan convincentes. Es un libro que en este sentido s铆 se siente antiguo.
"Venganza es una palabra inhumana y no obstante acogida como lo justo"
As铆 que hay que hacerle caso a S茅neca, lo que me queda, que me encant贸, es, hay que saber re铆rse, antes que dejar que la ira nos haga hacer tonter铆as. Lo pondr茅 en pr谩ctica, que adem谩s eso me encanta de S茅neca, lo puedes aplicar a la vida, no es teor铆a desconectada de la vida, son consejos, es lo m谩ximo!
Seneka mnogo prostora posve膰uje odnosu 膷oveka i 啪ivotinja. Samo je 膷ovek sposoban da bude gnevan, u prirodi gneva nema. Srd啪ba je, dakle, van domena nu啪nosti. Ona je verni pratilac humaniteta. A osnovno svojstvo 膷oveka je da je izrabljiva膷. Gnev je motor eksploatacije i marker frustracije. (Veoma je zanimljivo kako u vi拧e navrata Seneka krajnje plasti膷no govori o fiziolo拧kim aspektima gneva.)
(Gnev mi, boginjo, pevaj...)
Eti膷ka pitanja 膷esto deluju jednostavnije od metafizi膷kih, a gotovo uvek imaju duplo dno. Stoi膷ki um odbija protivre膷nosti sveta. (Bilo bi zanimljivo 啪iveti u svetu gde stoicizam vlada.)
I ina膷e - kad smo iskreni u pisanju? Ono se uvek ti膷e nekog trenutka van onog u kome se pi拧e. Iznova 啪elimo da se predstavimo onakvim kakvi nismo u vremenu u kome nismo. Svaki (ispovedni) didaktizam mi je zato sumnjiv. Pa i Senekin. Ali, istovremeno on je i privla膷an. A Seneka je veoma ubedljiv.
"We are all bad men", says Seneca, "living among other bad men. Let us learn to forgive each other." Such pleas for reason are common in this essay on Anger by the great Roman stoic who鈥攁fter years of dutiful service to the State鈥攚as asked by Emperor Nero to kill himself (Seneca calmly acceded by severing his own veins and then bled to death).
Seneca calls anger "the greatest evil" and he frequently notes its prevalence in wild beasts. He repeatedly implores us to accept our own humanity, and rise above this destructive force which leads men, nations and cultures to imminent ruin. But Seneca does not (and cannot) tell us how. This, dear reader, is entirely up to us.
No s茅 si es debido a la traducci贸n o a que es su di谩logo m谩s temprano, pero no es en absoluto comparable a algunas de sus obras posteriores. En realidad a veces cuesta creer que el autor sea el S茅neca de "De la Brevedad de la Vida" o "De la felicidad.
Grabnic ne va p膬r膬si acest suflu vital: 卯ntre timp, c芒t 卯l mai avem, c芒t suntem 卯ntre oameni, s膬 ne 卯ngrijim omenia, s膬 nu st芒rnim nim膬nui fric膬, nici primejdie, s膬 dispre葲uim pierderile, oc膬rile, 卯mpuns膬turile 葯i s膬 卯ndur膬m cu curaj nepl膬cerile de scurt膬 durat膬. C芒t ne 卯ntoarcem s膬 privim 卯n urm膬, cum se spune, moartea va fi deja l芒ng膬 noi.
o lectur膬 care te ancoreaz膬 la realitate - tr膬im mult prea pu葲in (discutabil, it feels like i've been living for 50 years at least (: ) pentru a ne consuma timpul 葯i energia cu emo葲ii negative, cu 卯mp膬r葲irea drept膬葲ii pe p膬m芒nt, cu pedepsirea altora pentru jignirile pe care ni le-au adus. cartea asta e ce se vrea a fi dezvoltarea personal膬 din zilele noastre - inspira葲ie 葯i profunzime.
S茅neque r茅dige ce petit trait茅 sur la col猫re alors qu"il est exil茅 en Corse apr猫s avoir impatient茅 l'empereur Claude. Le th猫me de la col猫re est un des favoris des auteurs antiques, et c'est un r茅quisitoire brillant que le c茅l猫bre Cordouan dresse contre une passion qu'il souhaiterait extirper des 芒mes sages. Force exemples viennent appuyer le propos, tir茅s de l'histoire, et par ceux ci, il inspire la haine de la vengeance disproportionn茅e et rend beaux la temp茅rance et la patience face aux outrages. Plutarque r茅digera un essai qui va dans le m锚me sens. Malgr茅 tout, l'indignation est la pierre sur laquelle s'aiguise la vertu, elle est le ressort qui attise le d茅sir de justice, et une trop grande complaisance, une coupable pusillanimit茅, face au mal est vicieuse. Sen猫que aurait pu adjoindre cette distinction dans son analyse, comme le fit Aristote, comme la fera Montaigne.Comment expliquer sinon que la nature nous l'ait donn茅e en partage, avec la crainte, et la sociabilit茅 si elle ne participait pas, utilis茅e 脿 bon escient, 脿 notre sauvegarde? Il n'en reste pas moins que son texte inspire une vive admiration dans de nombreux passages.
Seneca defined anger as "a burning desire to avenge a wrong" or "a burning desire to punish him by whom you think yourself to have been unfairly harmed". He said "Man was created for mutual assistance, anger for mutual destruction..."and "anger is greedy for punishment鈥�". Seneca argued that 鈥減rosperity fosters bad tempers鈥� as he observed that prosperous people are more prone to anger.
Seneca names anger as the greatest vice and the most dangerous passion. There is no lack of evidence that anger can take the mind of whoever has given himself to it, and turn it against all sanity, resulting in brutish violence that usually has little reason except for that present in the person鈥檚 mind. Unlike any other passion, anger can take a hold of an entire state or group. It attacks not only those who it is directed at, but the also person who hosts it. Because of its irrationality and intensity, it will easily cause one to overkill, since it sways one towards pure and uncontrolled violence. Aristotle proposes that anger is necessary for one to be driven towards virtue, and without it one becomes lazy and indifferent. But Seneca disagrees; although it is possible for one to benefit from anger, it does not follow that it is good or necessary, being as loathsome and dangerous as it is. It is simply not worth the risk to be driven in this way, because it harms the self. One afflicted with anger is no more than a beast at that point. After making the evil of anger more than clear, Seneca states that no one is safe from anger. Those who are calm are just as likely to fall victim to its wrath as those who are irritable and easily angered. With this in mind, he tells how anger can be avoided. First of all, one must consider the evil of anger, and all of the horrible things which have been done under its influence. In short, one must have the knowledge of what is bad before even deciding to avoid it. Secondly, one must understand that anger and the thirst for revenge is simply an admission of pain and proof that a certain action (despite its reason) had damaged one鈥檚 mind. A damaged mind cannot be great by its nature. Seneca says that greatness is truly being in an imperturbable state. When one is free from and above the trivial things which often cause anger, one can truly achieve greatness of the mind. In order for this to be so, one must also be tranquil. So in that he suggests attaining a calm state of mind. Anger is often caused by disappointment; it happens when much is expected, and then little is delivered. To avoid this, one must expect little from others. Disappointment happens because of one鈥檚 expectations for himself as well, so one should avoid being overambitious, unless one is truly prepared for the difficulty of the task. Now, to coddle this weakness would not ever be a solution, for then one demands that all things comply with his desires. This would only create more weakness. Weakness only allows easier irritability. Rather, one must examine himself, and recognize the symptoms of his anger. His pulse may race, his face may get flushed, his muscles may tighten; if these signs are known, one can recognize them and more easily restrain his anger before it becomes uncontrollable. Seneca states that if one restrains his anger, and makes an effort to keep his physical demeanor calm and collected, his mind will soon conform to the calmness he presents on the outside.
The problem with anger is that it is ignited by a certain action, and the only reason for it is the way that action makes one feel. It is foolish to get angry about something which actually deserves respect, but that is often the case. Seneca suggests that it is best, then, not to waste your life on this passion, for it is insane. Rather, accept life鈥檚 tolls, and endure them with calmness and dignity. Welcome judgment, and take the time to judge yourself at the end of the day, go through all of your actions and find what needs improvement. If one is angry, he can either be pacified by letting his anger fade, or he can be scolded by something greater, then he will be corrected. Even with all of this, the main idea is not to waste time on such a vicious passion, for before you know it, death will be at hand. Take the effort to be kind to one another, for anger can be excited in all people equally. Whatever it may be, it is something to be ridden of.
Aristotle claims that anger is necessary as a way to drive one to virtue. It is a passion which may be propel one forward, and when properly guided, will take one to the good. Because of its intensity, when aligned with Reason, it would have the ultimate strength. He also claims that without this passion one becomes apathetic and lazy. Anger is commonly seen in this way, simply because it is powerful. As Seneca said, people often see easily angered men as men with spirit and strength. In a like way, one who is angered quickly as also one more quickly feared, so anger also may give on a stronger sense of power. This passion is different from the rest, primarily because it causes one to act immediately. Between the built-up rage, and the adrenaline and changes within the body, one will get caught up in his own actions even if he does not dictate them himself; his anger does. I understand why this can be seen as a good thing. As Aristotle said, the lack of this may cause one to simply cease acting.
Seneca contends with Aristotle鈥檚 defense of anger, simply by exposing how bad it is. For one, it is strong and negative, therefore causing damage that wouldn鈥檛 ever be justified when not under the influence of anger. It causes one to overkill and act unjustly. Secondly, it can be caused by anything, and whatever causes it is usually not even be worthy of rage. What causes one to become angry is only dependent on himself. It is ignited by an action alone, and it doesn鈥檛 consider the reasons or motives for the action. One would be agitated if one were to come up and strike him in the face without reason, but one should be grateful if one strikes him in order to bat him out of the face of danger. Anger focuses on the action isolated by itself, so it doesn鈥檛 matter if one struck you for no reason at all or to save your life, all that matters is that he hit you, and that excites your anger. All this simply reveals the evil and irrationality of anger, but by stating it, Seneca is suggesting that something which causes so much havoc and is so irrational cannot be a necessary component to the virtuous life. To this one could respond by saying that a wild horse can be broken, then made into a powerful steed, just as anger can be trained by reason, then used as a powerful drive. My response to that would be that anger by its nature is untamed. Once it is tamed, it is no longer anger, and in that case, it is merely suppressed, or calmed. Its nature is irrational, so for anger to be trained by Reason also causes it to lose its meaning. Seneca puts emphasis on the fact that anger makes you feel the desire to act with your own hands; anger is not a desire for justice, for if it were, one would not feel the need to act on their anger themselves, they would have someone else deliver the action justly. This is simply another reason why anger cannot drive one towards justice, for any action done out of anger is simply done to satisfy the often unjustified rage of the one inflicting it.
Greatness and virtue can only be reached in a state of tranquility, for it is then that the mind is without debilitating fog, having clarity and harmony. It can rise above any obstacles and handle everything justly.
But I think, when tranquility and anger both are in harmony with nature they will help us to move forward and achieve great things.
first foray into Stoicism 鈥� I gotta say I was taken back at how brilliant this was. seneca is one of the best writers I've encountered in the history of philosophy (which is not saying much, philosophers tend to suck at writing). despite my antipathy to the McStoicism/Broicism movement and general objections to the fundamentals of stoic doctrine, I found this to be filled with smart psychological insights and practical advice.
at times, it's hard not to feel repelled by Senecas's stoic sanctimony, his hatred of the sensual/affective/passionate, his strong conviction on the irrationality of emotions, his indifference towards everything worldly - money, status, "external goods", his generally moralistic attitude towards human life (prefiguring a Christian view of humans as fallen creatures of sin, essentially evil) 鈥� all of which are fundamentals of Stoic philosophy.
however, with the text's descriptions of anger, its categorisation into its various forms, the strength of it's arguments for the wholesale eradication of anger, the practicality of its recommendations, this is an absolutely wonderful text.
(4.5/5) How wise Seneca was... It amazes me that his thinking, the one of Jesus and certainly mine are very similar. I like how he handles anger since he knows that a wise man is never irritated. It's so hard to own your emotions. But the people who manage to keep them under control are admirable.
//
Que sabio era S茅neca... Me asombra qu茅 su pensamiento, el de Jes煤s y ciertamente el mio son muy parecidos. Me agrada como maneja la ira ya que sabe que una persona sabia no se irrita nunca. Es tan dif铆cil ser due帽o de tus emociones. Pero las personas que logran mantenerlas bajo control son admirables.
O carte minunat膬, poate cea care mi-a vorbit cel mai direct mie dintre cele ale lui Seneca citite p芒n膬 acum. De葯i scris膬 cu at芒t de mult timp 卯n urm膬, pare foarte proasp膬t膬 葯i calata pe psihologia contemporan膬 (asta dac膬 d膬m la o parte referin葲ele trec膬toare la sclavi 葯i execu葲ii - 卯n rest, nimic nou sub soare).
Dincolo de cuvinte, cei de la editura Seneca au f膬cut o treab膬 extraordinar膬 prin ilustra葲iile pline de t芒lc 葯i calitatea general膬 a c膬r葲ii.
Recomand oricui, oric芒nd 卯n locul unei c膬r葲i contemporane de "self-improvement".
Doamne, Seneca ne invata de 2000 de ani niste lucruri atat de simple, de fire葯ti si de logice鈥� dar se pare ca fiin葲a uman膬 e atat de complicata si ii place atat de mult sa complice totul 鈥� Mi-as dori ca si aplicarea lor in via葲a de zi cu zi sa fie la fel de simpla si naturala si sa putem controla cumva toate g芒ndurile negative鈥�
"El hombre ha nacido para ayudar al hombre, la ira para la destrucci贸n com煤n; el hombre busca la sociedad, la ira el aislamiento; el hombre quiere ser 煤til, la ira quiere da帽ar; el hombre socorre hasta a los desconocidos, la ira hiere hasta a los amigos m谩s 铆ntimos; el hombre est谩 dispuesto a sacrificarse por los intereses ajenos, la ira se precipita en el peligro con tal de arrastrar consigo al otro..."
"驴Por qu茅 no has de recoger m谩s bien tu corta vida y hacerla tranquila para ti y los dem谩s? 驴Por qu茅 no has de procurar m谩s bien hacerte amar durante tu existencia y lamentar despu茅s de tu muerte? 驴Por qu茅 has de trabajar en la ca铆da del que te trat贸 con altivez?..."
"Mientras permanezcamos entre los hombres, respetemos la humanidad: no seamos para nadie causa de temor o de peligro, despreciemos las p茅rdidas, las injurias, las ofensas, las murmuraciones, y soportemos con magnanimidad pasajeros contratiempos."
"Cualquiera puede enfadarse, eso es algo muy sencillo. Pero enfadarse con la persona adecuada, en el grado exacto, en el momento oportuno. Con el prop贸sito justo y del modo correcto, eso, ciertamente no resulta tan sencillo."
En este corto tratado S茅neca nos presenta una gu铆a sobre la gesti贸n de la ira, nos invita a extinguirla en lugar de moderarla, sofocarla desde el principio y procurar no caer en su dominio, porque darle cabida a la ira, es permitirnos perder todo el control sobre nuestra raz贸n y voluntad. En algunas ocasiones podr铆a llegar a parecer que la ira incluso puede llegar a ser beneficiosa, pero eso no quiere decir que sea provechosa en lo absoluto. A trav茅s de la historia de la humanidad hemos visto sus efectos reflejados en la decadencia de individuos y en la destrucci贸n de ciudades y naciones enteras. S茅neca tambi茅n destaca la importancia del autoconocimiento y de la diaria retrospecci贸n, evaluar cada d铆a todas nuestra acciones y palabras y al mismo tiempo fortalecer nuestra disciplina, paciencia y serenidad, son las herramientas m谩s eficaces que tenemos en nuestra lucha contra la ira.
Seneca writes that anger is a short madness, and 鈥渘o plague has cost the human race more dear鈥�
Is anger necessary?
Aristotle argues that it is, saying that no fight can be won so without it 鈥渦nless it fills the mind, and kindles up the spirit鈥�. He believes it must be made use of as a soldier, not as a general. Socrates feels this is untrue; 鈥渇or if it listens to reason and follows whither reason leads, it is no longer anger, whose characteristic is obstinacy: if, again, it is disobedient and will not be quiet when ordered, but is carried away by its own willful and headstrong spirit, it is then as useless an aid to the mind as a soldier who disregards the sounding of the retreat would be to a general鈥�.
鈥溾€滱nger is useful,鈥� says our adversary, 鈥渂ecause it makes men more ready to fight.鈥� According to that mode of reasoning, then, drunkenness also is a good thing鈥�.
Is correction necessary?
Correction is sometimes necessary but should be with discretion, not with anger; 鈥渨e char crooked spearshafts to straighten them, and force them by driving in wedges, not in order to break them, but to take the bends out of them.鈥�
Plato believed that punishment should be rehabilitative 鈥渇or what is past cannot be recalled, but what is to come may be checked.鈥�
Who is the best judge anyway?
鈥淎s a rule every man considers a passion which he recognises to be a righteous one鈥�, and we also aren鈥檛 very impartial judges.
The wise probably aren鈥檛 the best judges because it seems an unfair use of their passions. That said, if they are wise, the sheer number of sinners should prevent anger, as it鈥檚 unjust to be angry with vices which all men share.
We should always allow some time to elapse before acting, 鈥渆ven when the injury appears to be open and distinct: for some false things bear the semblance of truth.鈥�
In summary
Life is a matter which does not admit of waste, and we have no spare time to throw away. Why do we rush into the fray?
Unlike what some may think, the stoic approach (at least here by Seneca) to emotion isn't suppression of passions, but rather thoughtful, reasonable response to it.
Book 1 & 2 cover the topic, and 3 is primarily examples.
O abordare foarte bun膬 葯i m-a 卯nc芒ntat ideea c膬 trebuie s膬 fii om cu cel de l芒ng膬 tine, indiferent de num膬rul de lovituri primite 葯i injuriile adresate. Un aspect de notat e acela c膬 m芒nia omeneasc膬 ar trebui s膬 fie ascuns膬 卯n cele ad芒nci cotloane ale sufletului 葯i nu v膬dit afi葯at膬.
S茅neca hace reflexiones extensas y pr谩cticas sobre la ira, consider谩ndola una pasi贸n destructiva que va en contra de la naturaleza misma del ser humano. La ira no solo es incapaz de ser controlada, sino que su deseo de castigo la hace incompatible con la raz贸n.
S茅neca rechaza la idea de que la ira pueda ser 煤til. Aunque esta pasi贸n pueda aumentar nuestra osad铆a temporalmente, no fortalece ni eleva el esp铆ritu humano. La verdadera fuerza proviene de la virtud, no de la ira o cualquier otra pasi贸n que distorsione el juicio.
La ira tampoco tiene cabida en el ejercicio de la justicia. Un hombre sensato no debe odiar ni vengarse de aquellos que se equivocan; el castigo debe ser impartido desde la raz贸n y no desde el impulso emocional. La verdadera grandeza de esp铆ritu para S茅neca est谩 vinculada a la bondad y la apacibilidad, cualidades que son incompatibles con un temperamento iracundo.
Finalmente, S茅neca propone la supresi贸n de la ira a trav茅s de la disciplina del esp铆ritu y la b煤squeda de la imperturbabilidad del alma. La paz interior solo se consigue mediante el autocontrol y la raz贸n, manteniendo una actitud serena y apacible ante las adversidades, especialmente las relacionadas con pasiones como la ira.
Favorite quotes: "Virtue alone is lofty and sublime, nor is anything great which is not at the same time tranquil."
"Anger, as we have said, is eager to punish; and that such a desire should exist in man's peaceful breast is least of all according to his nature; for human life is founded on benefits and harmony and is bound together into an alliance for the common help of all, not by terror, but by love towards one another."
"There is therefore nothing great or noble in anger, even when it seems to be powerful and to contemn both gods and men alike."
"Man's nature is not, therefore, desirous of inflicting punishment; neither, therefore, is anger in accordance with man's nature, because that is desirous of inflicting punishment. I will also adduce Plato's argument鈥攆or what harm is there in using other men's arguments, so far as they are on our side? "A good man," says he, "does not do any hurt: it is only punishment which hurts. Punishment, therefore, does not accord with a good man: wherefore anger does not do so either, because punishment and anger accord one with another. If a good man takes no pleasure in punishment, he will also take no pleasure in that state of mind to which punishment gives pleasure: consequently anger is not natural to man."
"Moreover, qualities which we ought to possess become better and more desirable the more extensive they are: if justice is a good thing, no one will say that it would be better if any part were subtracted from it; if bravery is a good thing, no one would wish it to be in any way curtailed: consequently the greater anger is, the better it is, for whoever objected to a good thing being increased? But it is not expedient that anger should be increased: therefore it is not expedient that it should exist at all, for that which grows bad by increase cannot be a good thing."
"How much more philanthropic it is to deal with the erring in a gentle and fatherly spirit, and to call them into the right course instead of hunting them down? When a man is wandering about our fields because he has lost his way, it is better to place him on the right path than to drive him away."
"Neither ought it to be believed that anger contributes anything to magnanimity: what it gives is not magnanimity but vain glory. The increase which disease produces in bodies swollen with morbid humours is not healthy growth, but bloated corpulence. All those whose madness raises them above human considerations, believe themselves to be inspired with high and sublime ideas; but there is no solid ground beneath, and what is built without foundation is liable to collapse in ruin. Anger has no ground to stand upon, and does not rise from a firm and enduring foundation, but is a windy, empty quality, as far removed from true magnanimity as fool-hardiness from courage, boastfulness from confidence, gloom from austerity, cruelty from strictness. There is, I say, a great difference between a lofty and a proud mind: anger brings about nothing grand or beautiful."
Din toate viciile, m芒nia e cel mai mare, poate distruge un om, familii, na葲iuni. Un om m芒nios e un om ur芒t. Nu crezi? Prive葯te-te 卯n oglind膬 c芒nd e葯ti m芒nios. Seneca afirm膬 c膬 m芒nia iese din noi doar cu acordul nostru. 脦n carte filosoful roman abordeaz膬 卯ntreb膬ri precum: este m芒nia 卯n natura noastr膬? care sunt efectele ei? cum o putem st膬p芒ni? Uita葲i de c膬r葲ile contemporane de psihologie. Aici g膬se葯ti analiza detaliat膬 a m芒niei. Seneca spune c膬 to葲i suntem oameni 葯i avem vicii. E prostesc s膬 ne m芒niem pe lucruri, pe animale 葯i pe oameni. Trebuie s膬 ne uit膬m la noi 卯n葯ine, la viciile noastre. S膬 fim 卯n葲eleg膬tori unul cu celalt. Un leac bun pentru m芒nie e am芒narea. Nu te gr膬bi s膬 o eliberezi, am芒n膬-o chiar pentru o or膬 葯i ea treptat va sc膬dea. De c芒te ori ne m芒niem 葯i ne desc膬rc膬m, apoi ne pare r膬u dup膬 ce am provocat daune de propor葲ii mari! Oare merit膬 s膬 ne tulbur膬m lini葯tea l膬untric膬? Moartea poate ne pa葯te la col葲. Cu siguran葲膬, nu!
芦驴Por qu茅 gimes, loco? 驴Por qu茅 esperas o bien que un enemigo te vengue por medio del exterminio de tu pueblo o que un poderoso rey acuda volando de un pa铆s lejano? A donde quiera que mires, all铆 est谩 el final de tus desgracias. 驴Ves aquel lugar escarpado? Por all铆 se baja a la libertad. 驴Ves aquel mar, aquel r铆o, aquel pozo? La libertad est谩 all铆 en lo hondo. 驴Ves aquel 谩rbol escu谩lido, reseco, est茅ril? De 茅l cuelga la libertad. 驴Ves tu cuello, tu garganta, tu coraz贸n? Son medios de escapar a la esclavitud. 驴Te muestro salidas demasiado penosas para ti y que exigen mucho 谩nimo y entereza? 驴Quieres saber cu谩l es el camino hacia la libertad? Cualquier vena de tu cuerpo禄.
This was the second of three books I was given to read and report on for my December 2022 book club. This is actually what you would call a 2nd C (it was published in 45 CE) self help book on how to avoid the pitfalls of excessive passion that turns to anger and cruelty. After defining what anger is, Seneca spends time exploring how famous people of his time handled anger and then how to curb it. His therapy is: (1) don鈥檛 become angry and (2) if you do, restrain it! His conclusion that 鈥渢he greatest lesson of mankind is 鈥榯o do as we would be done鈥欌€� is another way of saying The Golden Rule. This is a powerful book even for our times as it鈥檚 message resonates today - let鈥檚 stop being angry over stupid stuff and just get along. Great literature never dies!