What do you think?
Rate this book
讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿責 : 趩乇丕 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
丌禺乇蹖賳 亘丕乇蹖 讴賴 卮賳蹖丿蹖丿 蹖讴 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇貙 倬夭卮讴 蹖丕 丿丕丿爻鬲丕賳 亘诏賵蹖丿 芦賲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴乇丿賲貙 鬲賯氐蹖乇 賲賳 亘賵丿禄 讴蹖 亘賵丿賴責 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘丕乇蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿鬲丕賳 趩賳蹖賳 噩賲賱賴鈥屫й� 乇丕 亘乇 夭亘丕賳 丌賵乇丿蹖丿 趩胤賵乇責
芦爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 亘丕乇夭鬲乇蹖賳 賳賲賵賳賴鈥屬囏й� 讴爻丕賳蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 禺賵丿卮丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 趩賳蹖賳 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 诏賱 丿乇卮鬲蹖 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳卮丕賳 丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫③屫�. 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 賮毓賱 賲噩賴賵賱 亘乇爻丕禺鬲賴贁 禺賵丿卮丕賳 丕爻鬲貨 賵賯鬲蹖 禺賮鬲卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃� 賵 丿蹖诏乇 乇丕賴 賮乇丕乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 亘賴 夭賵乇 賵 夭丨賲鬲 禺胤丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩佰屫辟嗀� 丕賲丕 賲爻卅賵賱蹖鬲卮 乇丕 亘賴 毓賴丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀�. 亘賱賴貙 亘賱賴貙 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲蹖 氐賵乇鬲 诏乇賮鬲貙 賵賱蹖 賲賳 賳亘賵丿賲貙 丿爻鬲賲 亘賵丿貙 鬲賯氐蹖乇 丌爻鬲蹖賳賲 亘賵丿貙 賵 丕夭 亘乇丿賳 賳丕賲 丌賳 丌爻鬲蹖賳 賴賲 賲毓匕賵乇賲! ... 賲丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 乇賮鬲丕乇 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 卮诏賮鬲鈥屫藏� 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬呚� 噩丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌臂屬� 蹖丕 賵丨卮鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 睾丕賮賱 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿爻鬲 讴賲蹖 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 賳丿丕乇蹖賲...禄
趩乇丕 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 丕氐乇丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж池ж池� 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 睾賱胤 賵 丌爻蹖亘鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 亘賴 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 夭丿賴鈥屸€屫й屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
趩乇丕 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 禺蹖賱蹖 乇丕丨鬲 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 丕賲丕 丿賵乇賵蹖蹖 賵 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘賴 趩卮賲賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賴賲賴鈥屬� 賲丕 丿乇賵睾诏賵蹖蹖賲 蹖丕 賵丕賯毓丕賸 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
讴乇賵賱 鬲賵乇蹖爻 賵 丕賱蹖賵鬲 丕乇賵賳爻賳貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 芦讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿責禄貙 讴賴 爻丕賱賴丕 丿乇 丨賵夭賴贁 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖賯 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 亘丕 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й屰� 鬲讴丕賳鈥屫囐嗀� 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖貙 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇卮 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲. 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 匕賴賳賲丕賳 亘丕 趩賴 鬲乇賮賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 亘賴 賲丕 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 賲賵噩賴 賵 亘乇丨賯 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 賵 趩胤賵乇 丨丕賮馗賴贁 鈥屬呚� 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳賴 禺丕胤乇丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖乇 禺賵亘蹖 讴賴 丕夭 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 禺丿卮賴鈥屫й� 賵丕乇丿 賳卮賵丿.
賲乇丕賯亘 亘丕卮蹖丿! 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賳賴鈥� 禺丕賱蹖 讴乇丿賳 丕夭 夭蹖乇 亘丕乇 賲爻卅賵賱蹖鬲 丕卮鬲亘丕賴鈥屬囏й屫з� 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 賯亘賱 賳禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿!
芦爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 亘丕乇夭鬲乇蹖賳 賳賲賵賳賴鈥屬囏й� 讴爻丕賳蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿 讴賴 禺賵丿卮丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 趩賳蹖賳 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 诏賱 丿乇卮鬲蹖 丕夭 賲蹖丕賳卮丕賳 丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫③屫�. 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 賮毓賱 賲噩賴賵賱 亘乇爻丕禺鬲賴贁 禺賵丿卮丕賳 丕爻鬲貨 賵賯鬲蹖 禺賮鬲卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃� 賵 丿蹖诏乇 乇丕賴 賮乇丕乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 亘賴 夭賵乇 賵 夭丨賲鬲 禺胤丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬矩佰屫辟嗀� 丕賲丕 賲爻卅賵賱蹖鬲卮 乇丕 亘賴 毓賴丿賴 賳賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀�. 亘賱賴貙 亘賱賴貙 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲蹖 氐賵乇鬲 诏乇賮鬲貙 賵賱蹖 賲賳 賳亘賵丿賲貙 丿爻鬲賲 亘賵丿貙 鬲賯氐蹖乇 丌爻鬲蹖賳賲 亘賵丿貙 賵 丕夭 亘乇丿賳 賳丕賲 丌賳 丌爻鬲蹖賳 賴賲 賲毓匕賵乇賲! ... 賲丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 乇賮鬲丕乇 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 卮诏賮鬲鈥屫藏� 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬呚� 噩丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌臂屬� 蹖丕 賵丨卮鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 睾丕賮賱 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿爻鬲 讴賲蹖 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 賳丿丕乇蹖賲...禄
趩乇丕 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 丕氐乇丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж池ж池� 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 睾賱胤 賵 丌爻蹖亘鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 亘賴 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 夭丿賴鈥屸€屫й屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
趩乇丕 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 禺蹖賱蹖 乇丕丨鬲 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 丕賲丕 丿賵乇賵蹖蹖 賵 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘賴 趩卮賲賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賴賲賴鈥屬� 賲丕 丿乇賵睾诏賵蹖蹖賲 蹖丕 賵丕賯毓丕賸 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
讴乇賵賱 鬲賵乇蹖爻 賵 丕賱蹖賵鬲 丕乇賵賳爻賳貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 芦讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿責禄貙 讴賴 爻丕賱賴丕 丿乇 丨賵夭賴贁 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖賯 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 亘丕 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й屰� 鬲讴丕賳鈥屫囐嗀� 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖貙 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇卮 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲. 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 匕賴賳賲丕賳 亘丕 趩賴 鬲乇賮賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 亘賴 賲丕 讴賲讴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 賲賵噩賴 賵 亘乇丨賯 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 賵 趩胤賵乇 丨丕賮馗賴贁 鈥屬呚� 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳賴 禺丕胤乇丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖乇 禺賵亘蹖 讴賴 丕夭 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 禺丿卮賴鈥屫й� 賵丕乇丿 賳卮賵丿.
賲乇丕賯亘 亘丕卮蹖丿! 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 卮丕賳賴鈥� 禺丕賱蹖 讴乇丿賳 丕夭 夭蹖乇 亘丕乇 賲爻卅賵賱蹖鬲 丕卮鬲亘丕賴鈥屬囏й屫з� 亘賴 乇丕丨鬲蹖 賯亘賱 賳禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿!
404 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 2007
2,484 people are currently reading
62.4k people want to read
About the author
Carol Tavris
108听books197听followersCarol Tavris earned her Ph.D. in the interdisciplinary program in social psychology at the University of Michigan, and ever since has sought to bring research from the many fields of psychology to the public. She is author of The Mismeasure of Woman, which won the Distinguished Media Contribution Award from the American Association from Applied and Preventive Psychology, and the Heritage Publications Award from Division 35 of the APA. Dr. Tavris is also the author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion and coauthor with Carole Wade of Invitation to Psychology; Psychology in Perspective; Critical and Creative Thinking: The case of love and war; and The Longest War: Sex Differences in Perspective. She has written on psychological topics for many different magazines, journals, edited books, and newspapers, notably the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times. She has given keynote addresses and workshops on, among other topics, critical thinking, pseudoscience in psychology, anger, gender, and psychology and the media. She has taught in the psychology department at UCLA and at the Human Relations Center of the New School for Social Research in New York. Dr. Tavris is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and a charter Fellow of the American Psychological Society; and, for fun, a Fellow of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. When she isn't writing or lecturing, she can be found walking the trails of the Santa Monica mountains with her border collie, Sophie.
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,742 reviews
June 9, 2009
I found this a remarkably challenging book to read. There was a time when I thought psychology was an odd sort of discipline. As someone who had studied physics for a while I couldn鈥檛 really bring myself to call it a science and as someone who studied philosophy I also felt it had failings on that score too. My understanding of psychology was fairly limited, but Freudian, Jungian, Behaviourist and god knows what other 鈥搃sms all seemed to me to depend too much on a foundation that seemed much too arbitrary. The books I鈥檝e been reading lately on psychology, however, are much less 鈥榠deological鈥� and much more scientific.
I鈥檝e read this book in about three days 鈥� and that despite also having about four other books on the go at the same time. This one pushed all the others I鈥檝e started to the bottom of the list. Like I said, a lot of this book I found very challenging, but all of it very compelling.
One of the psychological insights that has been messing around with my mind lately is the idea that if you ask someone who is studying to become a doctor why one of their fellow students is also becoming a doctor they are likely to say that it is obvious that that person is virtually made to be a doctor. In fact, they are likely to think that virtually everyone else in their course is there because they are almost constitutionally designed to become a doctor. But if you ask the person themselves why they are becoming a doctor they are likely to say that they are in the course more or less by accident. That there have been a network of lines that intersected and by a series of coincidences they have ended up here. And this is not just true of people鈥檚 understanding of those around them when it comes to career choices 鈥� but virtually everything else they do too. The tendency is for us to greatly over-rate what others do as being a manifestation of their 鈥榚ssential nature鈥� and what we do as being an unpredictable consequence of arbitrary and random forces.
But this has consequences that go far beyond a mere curiosity related to people鈥檚 chosen career paths. When we find that a friend has engaged in what we might consider to be an 鈥榓ct of betrayal鈥� against us this same tendency kicks in again and we are likely to see this betrayal not as a momentary lapse on our friends part caused by them being carried away by circumstance, but as an indication of what is their essential nature. Our acts of betrayal against our friends, on the other hand, we tend to see as either momentary lapses or justified retaliation given their infinitely worse behaviour.
This book looks at the consequences that our tendencies to under-rate our own culpability for mistakes and misdemeanours has and to over-rate the intention and severity of the actions of others when committed against us. The 鈥榰s鈥� here is not just ourselves personally, but also the 鈥榰s鈥� as a group or as a society as a whole. Some of the examples given in this book range from case studies of marriages falling apart (something that had cringe-making moments for me as I saw some of the very much less attractive parts of my own personality displayed before me in vivid Technicolor in relation to both my current relationship and my marriage breakdown) all the way up to the long standing problems existing between Iran and the United States.
The book also looks at how people who were involved in what should really be referred to as the 鈥榬ecovered memory scandal鈥� have dealt with their role in this. The most generous answer is 鈥榥ot very well鈥�. But this isn鈥檛 a book about pointing the finger and complaining about how pathetic some people are, you know, the sorts of people who make mistakes. Rather, it is a book that tries to show that we humans are all too prone to self-justification and this is a terrible danger particularly when we do things that are by any definition not things that we can be proud of. The book points out that despite our often simple-minded ideas that some people are just basically bad and that they do things just to be evil, in fact, most people who 鈥榙o evil鈥� imagine they are doing good. The road to Hell is paved with good intentions and kept shining after being buffed clean by our rationalisations.
If you look up a dictionary definition of 鈥榚vil politician鈥� it wouldn鈥檛 be too surprising if there was a picture of Hitler. But even if you had the chance to interview Hitler in the bunker just before he popped his pill, it is very unlikely that he would have admitted that he had made many (any) mistakes. It is also unlikely that he would think that anything he had done was either wrong or bad. No, he would have the (to us) remarkable perspective that not only he had done good (and probably not just 鈥榦n balance鈥�) and had acted in the best interests of the future of all humanity, but that one day people would even realise that he was as wonderful as he had always thought himself. I think we (or perhaps just I) find this hard to accept, because we like to believe that deep down the people we consider to be evil know they are bad. If only the world was so simple.
The image that stays with me from the last few years is of Lynndie England and her thumbs-up sign while she was standing beside a pyramid of naked Iraqi men. It is hard not to think that here is an instance of someone with some sort of moral deficiency, someone who clearly gains enjoyment out of the humiliation of others and therefore she must be someone devoid of some basic human quality 鈥� and that lacking is what separates her from us. Unfortunately, even that proves not to be the case. The most disturbing bit of research quoted in this book (and there are lots of disturbing bits of research discussed in this book) is that those most likely to become utter monsters are those who have high self-esteem and they are most likely to become monsters towards those who have virtually no power to retaliate. Why? Because we do not want to think of ourselves as bad people, particularly those of us with high self-esteem. But if we start to do horrible things to our enemies then we need to be able to justify those terrible acts 鈥� and we tend to do that by saying that they deserved it, that they are less than human, that they do worse to their enemies, that we are acting in a way that is pure and good and (dare we say it) humane, and in fact, that they are the ones (these powerless victims of ours) who are to blame.
The section of this book on police interrogation methods should be made compulsory reading. Years ago I read a book that talked about a psychological experiment that has stayed with me since. People were asked to come to a room in a university to do a memory test involving a series of nonsense syllables. When they got to the room they were told that the experiment was running a little late, so would they mind sitting in a chair for a few minutes. Directly in front of the chair was a poster 鈥� one of those graphic posters that show police at a car accident and warning about drink driving or something of the kind. The poster was both graphic and directly in front of the people 鈥� so not something they were likely to not notice. When they were finally let into the room to do the test half of them were actually given the syllables to learn for half an hour, the other half of them were asked if they had noticed the poster in the waiting room. These people were then quizzed for half an hour on as many details as they could remember from the poster. What colour was the car, how many policemen were there, was it the man鈥檚 right or left leg that had been cut off in the accident? You know the sort of thing. Lots and lots of detail.
Now for the interesting bit. At the end of the half hour both groups of people (the ones who did the syllables and the ones who did the 鈥榬emembering鈥� of the poster) were shown another copy of the poster and asked if this was the poster they had seen in the waiting room. Virtually everyone who did the memorising of the nonsense syllables said it was 鈥� however, virtually no one who had spent half an hour 鈥榬emembering鈥� the poster said it was. Why? Because those who had spent half an hour 鈥榬emembering鈥� the poster had decided for sure there were three police officers, and the guy on the road was wearing a green shirt and there was a bicycle in the background and in the poster they were being shown none of those things were there.
When I first heard about this experiment (remember, we are talking about events that have all taken place in a span of slightly more than half an hour) I was shocked at what this experiment implied about our justice system. In short, we are very suggestible creatures and the legal system (particularly the police force) needs to be very careful not to pollute witnesses to crimes in ways that can destroy any hope of justice for the accused 鈥� something that should be of foremost concern. However, this book makes my concerns over the justice system seem terribly na茂ve. I鈥檝e learnt that you also have to add to this mix humans who are convinced they are right, people who refuse to consider any evidence other than that which supports their conclusion after they have reached it, who take it as a professional slight if they are challenged to support or (god forbid) reconsider their favourite theory, people who won鈥檛 even change their view of the guilt of the accused after irrefutable evidence is presented to them. The need to rethink our justice system so as to take into consideration the latest findings psychology presents us with becomes all rather urgent.
This is, as I said, a deeply troubling book. Parts of this book felt like a mirror had been held up to me and I have to say that I really didn鈥檛 like what I saw. But this is a very important book and one that demands to be read. I recommend it without hesitation.
I鈥檝e read this book in about three days 鈥� and that despite also having about four other books on the go at the same time. This one pushed all the others I鈥檝e started to the bottom of the list. Like I said, a lot of this book I found very challenging, but all of it very compelling.
One of the psychological insights that has been messing around with my mind lately is the idea that if you ask someone who is studying to become a doctor why one of their fellow students is also becoming a doctor they are likely to say that it is obvious that that person is virtually made to be a doctor. In fact, they are likely to think that virtually everyone else in their course is there because they are almost constitutionally designed to become a doctor. But if you ask the person themselves why they are becoming a doctor they are likely to say that they are in the course more or less by accident. That there have been a network of lines that intersected and by a series of coincidences they have ended up here. And this is not just true of people鈥檚 understanding of those around them when it comes to career choices 鈥� but virtually everything else they do too. The tendency is for us to greatly over-rate what others do as being a manifestation of their 鈥榚ssential nature鈥� and what we do as being an unpredictable consequence of arbitrary and random forces.
But this has consequences that go far beyond a mere curiosity related to people鈥檚 chosen career paths. When we find that a friend has engaged in what we might consider to be an 鈥榓ct of betrayal鈥� against us this same tendency kicks in again and we are likely to see this betrayal not as a momentary lapse on our friends part caused by them being carried away by circumstance, but as an indication of what is their essential nature. Our acts of betrayal against our friends, on the other hand, we tend to see as either momentary lapses or justified retaliation given their infinitely worse behaviour.
This book looks at the consequences that our tendencies to under-rate our own culpability for mistakes and misdemeanours has and to over-rate the intention and severity of the actions of others when committed against us. The 鈥榰s鈥� here is not just ourselves personally, but also the 鈥榰s鈥� as a group or as a society as a whole. Some of the examples given in this book range from case studies of marriages falling apart (something that had cringe-making moments for me as I saw some of the very much less attractive parts of my own personality displayed before me in vivid Technicolor in relation to both my current relationship and my marriage breakdown) all the way up to the long standing problems existing between Iran and the United States.
The book also looks at how people who were involved in what should really be referred to as the 鈥榬ecovered memory scandal鈥� have dealt with their role in this. The most generous answer is 鈥榥ot very well鈥�. But this isn鈥檛 a book about pointing the finger and complaining about how pathetic some people are, you know, the sorts of people who make mistakes. Rather, it is a book that tries to show that we humans are all too prone to self-justification and this is a terrible danger particularly when we do things that are by any definition not things that we can be proud of. The book points out that despite our often simple-minded ideas that some people are just basically bad and that they do things just to be evil, in fact, most people who 鈥榙o evil鈥� imagine they are doing good. The road to Hell is paved with good intentions and kept shining after being buffed clean by our rationalisations.
If you look up a dictionary definition of 鈥榚vil politician鈥� it wouldn鈥檛 be too surprising if there was a picture of Hitler. But even if you had the chance to interview Hitler in the bunker just before he popped his pill, it is very unlikely that he would have admitted that he had made many (any) mistakes. It is also unlikely that he would think that anything he had done was either wrong or bad. No, he would have the (to us) remarkable perspective that not only he had done good (and probably not just 鈥榦n balance鈥�) and had acted in the best interests of the future of all humanity, but that one day people would even realise that he was as wonderful as he had always thought himself. I think we (or perhaps just I) find this hard to accept, because we like to believe that deep down the people we consider to be evil know they are bad. If only the world was so simple.
The image that stays with me from the last few years is of Lynndie England and her thumbs-up sign while she was standing beside a pyramid of naked Iraqi men. It is hard not to think that here is an instance of someone with some sort of moral deficiency, someone who clearly gains enjoyment out of the humiliation of others and therefore she must be someone devoid of some basic human quality 鈥� and that lacking is what separates her from us. Unfortunately, even that proves not to be the case. The most disturbing bit of research quoted in this book (and there are lots of disturbing bits of research discussed in this book) is that those most likely to become utter monsters are those who have high self-esteem and they are most likely to become monsters towards those who have virtually no power to retaliate. Why? Because we do not want to think of ourselves as bad people, particularly those of us with high self-esteem. But if we start to do horrible things to our enemies then we need to be able to justify those terrible acts 鈥� and we tend to do that by saying that they deserved it, that they are less than human, that they do worse to their enemies, that we are acting in a way that is pure and good and (dare we say it) humane, and in fact, that they are the ones (these powerless victims of ours) who are to blame.
The section of this book on police interrogation methods should be made compulsory reading. Years ago I read a book that talked about a psychological experiment that has stayed with me since. People were asked to come to a room in a university to do a memory test involving a series of nonsense syllables. When they got to the room they were told that the experiment was running a little late, so would they mind sitting in a chair for a few minutes. Directly in front of the chair was a poster 鈥� one of those graphic posters that show police at a car accident and warning about drink driving or something of the kind. The poster was both graphic and directly in front of the people 鈥� so not something they were likely to not notice. When they were finally let into the room to do the test half of them were actually given the syllables to learn for half an hour, the other half of them were asked if they had noticed the poster in the waiting room. These people were then quizzed for half an hour on as many details as they could remember from the poster. What colour was the car, how many policemen were there, was it the man鈥檚 right or left leg that had been cut off in the accident? You know the sort of thing. Lots and lots of detail.
Now for the interesting bit. At the end of the half hour both groups of people (the ones who did the syllables and the ones who did the 鈥榬emembering鈥� of the poster) were shown another copy of the poster and asked if this was the poster they had seen in the waiting room. Virtually everyone who did the memorising of the nonsense syllables said it was 鈥� however, virtually no one who had spent half an hour 鈥榬emembering鈥� the poster said it was. Why? Because those who had spent half an hour 鈥榬emembering鈥� the poster had decided for sure there were three police officers, and the guy on the road was wearing a green shirt and there was a bicycle in the background and in the poster they were being shown none of those things were there.
When I first heard about this experiment (remember, we are talking about events that have all taken place in a span of slightly more than half an hour) I was shocked at what this experiment implied about our justice system. In short, we are very suggestible creatures and the legal system (particularly the police force) needs to be very careful not to pollute witnesses to crimes in ways that can destroy any hope of justice for the accused 鈥� something that should be of foremost concern. However, this book makes my concerns over the justice system seem terribly na茂ve. I鈥檝e learnt that you also have to add to this mix humans who are convinced they are right, people who refuse to consider any evidence other than that which supports their conclusion after they have reached it, who take it as a professional slight if they are challenged to support or (god forbid) reconsider their favourite theory, people who won鈥檛 even change their view of the guilt of the accused after irrefutable evidence is presented to them. The need to rethink our justice system so as to take into consideration the latest findings psychology presents us with becomes all rather urgent.
This is, as I said, a deeply troubling book. Parts of this book felt like a mirror had been held up to me and I have to say that I really didn鈥檛 like what I saw. But this is a very important book and one that demands to be read. I recommend it without hesitation.
Read
March 24, 2025This is an incredibly compelling book about how we are wired to defensiveness, self-justification and denial in the face of our own mistakes or wrongdoing, and the consequences of that.
It's actually horrifying, particularly in how much recognition I felt, ack. The authors fully lean into the discomfort we feel at being in the wrong or having fucked up, and show how we'll do anything to avoid the cognitive dissonance of "I am a good, smart person and yet I did this bad/stupid thing." Some particularly awful findings include that the higher your opinion of yourself as a good person, the more you'll probably fight to keep that self-image intact, and therefore, the more vulnerable or weak the person you hurt, the more you justify doing it. (You wouldn't feel like a bad person for hitting an armed mugger, because you know he deserved it. You would feel like a bad person for hitting a child, so you have to tell yourself he deserved it. Bad seed. Whiny brat. Nasty, badly behaved little shit needs some manners beating into him...)
If you want to know how come Trumpists repeat "I'd still vote for him" even as their children don't talk to them any more--in many cases it's *because* their children don't talk to them any more. Like apocalypse cultists who gave everything away, they've lost so much, they have to keep believing it was in a good cause. See also Graham Linehan. Got called out for an offensive potrrayal of a trans woman in a 20yo sitcom, could have just said, "I apologise, I would not write this now", but decided that he's a good person who couldn't have written something hateful so therefore trans people must be bad, and here we are and he's torpedoed his career and marriage and become a major player in a hate cult. He could have just apologised, but no. See also JK Rowling, whose self image as a beloved children's author had to be protected at all costs. This is 2007 so they're not in here, but there are a lot of case studies and incredible quotes, including Albert Speer and one of the Watergate men talking about how their personal Overton windows shifted.
It's really awful. A litany of miscarriages of justice, unending wars, collapsing marriages, ruined lives because we just cannot have the humility to say "I fucked up, I'm sorry."
Except we can. There are some great examples in here of people who stop, take a step back, and say no, I was wrong, and who save themselves from tumbling down the slippery slope. I am going to be a lot more mindful of my own defensive feelings next time I'm told I'm wrong, and take a long deep breath before replying. (And, also, be aware of this response in others, and try not to evoke it, which is even harder.)
A really important book on one of the most unpleasant and hard-to-address human faultlines. Strong recommend.
It's actually horrifying, particularly in how much recognition I felt, ack. The authors fully lean into the discomfort we feel at being in the wrong or having fucked up, and show how we'll do anything to avoid the cognitive dissonance of "I am a good, smart person and yet I did this bad/stupid thing." Some particularly awful findings include that the higher your opinion of yourself as a good person, the more you'll probably fight to keep that self-image intact, and therefore, the more vulnerable or weak the person you hurt, the more you justify doing it. (You wouldn't feel like a bad person for hitting an armed mugger, because you know he deserved it. You would feel like a bad person for hitting a child, so you have to tell yourself he deserved it. Bad seed. Whiny brat. Nasty, badly behaved little shit needs some manners beating into him...)
If you want to know how come Trumpists repeat "I'd still vote for him" even as their children don't talk to them any more--in many cases it's *because* their children don't talk to them any more. Like apocalypse cultists who gave everything away, they've lost so much, they have to keep believing it was in a good cause. See also Graham Linehan. Got called out for an offensive potrrayal of a trans woman in a 20yo sitcom, could have just said, "I apologise, I would not write this now", but decided that he's a good person who couldn't have written something hateful so therefore trans people must be bad, and here we are and he's torpedoed his career and marriage and become a major player in a hate cult. He could have just apologised, but no. See also JK Rowling, whose self image as a beloved children's author had to be protected at all costs. This is 2007 so they're not in here, but there are a lot of case studies and incredible quotes, including Albert Speer and one of the Watergate men talking about how their personal Overton windows shifted.
It's really awful. A litany of miscarriages of justice, unending wars, collapsing marriages, ruined lives because we just cannot have the humility to say "I fucked up, I'm sorry."
Except we can. There are some great examples in here of people who stop, take a step back, and say no, I was wrong, and who save themselves from tumbling down the slippery slope. I am going to be a lot more mindful of my own defensive feelings next time I'm told I'm wrong, and take a long deep breath before replying. (And, also, be aware of this response in others, and try not to evoke it, which is even harder.)
A really important book on one of the most unpleasant and hard-to-address human faultlines. Strong recommend.
November 17, 2020
"People will do anything, no matter how absurd, to avoid facing their own souls." -
C.G. Jung
"Memory is a complicated thing, a relative to truth, but not its twin." - Barbara Kingsolver
Neither of the quotes above were included in this book, but they speak to some of the ideas at its core. Anyone who has any social psychology, experimental methods course, and/or paid cursory attention to the bevy of material out there about how the human mind and we, as people, work, will find a lot of familiar concepts in Mistakes Were Made . That is not to say, however, that it's not worth reading.
The overarching principles being examined are those of cognitive dissonance and self-justification . And, before you get all defensive (get it?), these are normal and necessary facets of a human mind-brain (as Krieger might call it).
I was going to go into this elaborate robot 鈥�does-not-compute鈥� comparison to illustrate the nature of cognitive dissonance, but then I figured that I'd leave it to Lucille Bluth.
Basically, the reasoning parts of our brain shut down when confronted with 鈥渄issonant鈥� information, and the emotion circuits light up. "These mechanisms provide a neurological basis for the observation that once our minds are made up, it is hard to change them."
As Lucille points out, much of this occurs with respect to our sense of self as well as our need to find explanations for current problems are situations. Confirmation bias and confabulation are just two of the means by which we find evidence for what we're looking for, and causes that aren't there and there are plenty of great research and case studies (some of which is in this book) that illustrate these ideas.
These ubiquitous feats of mental gymnastics give rise to various appalling truths, one of which is best described by research psychologist :
So, in keeping with the spirit of the book, I have to acknowledge my own sequential bias , I've read a lot of other books that covered this material and because it was new to me then, I'm prejudiced to think it was more interesting in those books...so do with that what you will.
Recommended reading:
-
-
-
-
"Memory is a complicated thing, a relative to truth, but not its twin." - Barbara Kingsolver
Neither of the quotes above were included in this book, but they speak to some of the ideas at its core. Anyone who has any social psychology, experimental methods course, and/or paid cursory attention to the bevy of material out there about how the human mind and we, as people, work, will find a lot of familiar concepts in Mistakes Were Made . That is not to say, however, that it's not worth reading.
The overarching principles being examined are those of cognitive dissonance and self-justification . And, before you get all defensive (get it?), these are normal and necessary facets of a human mind-brain (as Krieger might call it).
I was going to go into this elaborate robot 鈥�does-not-compute鈥� comparison to illustrate the nature of cognitive dissonance, but then I figured that I'd leave it to Lucille Bluth.
Basically, the reasoning parts of our brain shut down when confronted with 鈥渄issonant鈥� information, and the emotion circuits light up. "These mechanisms provide a neurological basis for the observation that once our minds are made up, it is hard to change them."
As Lucille points out, much of this occurs with respect to our sense of self as well as our need to find explanations for current problems are situations. Confirmation bias and confabulation are just two of the means by which we find evidence for what we're looking for, and causes that aren't there and there are plenty of great research and case studies (some of which is in this book) that illustrate these ideas.
These ubiquitous feats of mental gymnastics give rise to various appalling truths, one of which is best described by research psychologist :
鈥淭he weakness of the relationship between accuracy and confidence is one of the best-documented phenomena in the 100-year history of eyewitness memory research.鈥�So, essentially, the least accurate (in this case witnesses) tend to have the most confidence in their accuracy. And the implications of this aren't restricted to the courtroom. I'm not sure I love the choice of case studies of this phenomenon among professionals in this book (the recovered memory movement in therapy, and gross miscarriages of justice in, well, the justice system), as they undermine quotidian examples (we literally do this all day every day). However, the finding that was, to me, most chilling was that in these cases "training does not increase accuracy; it increases people's confidence in their accuracy."
So, in keeping with the spirit of the book, I have to acknowledge my own sequential bias , I've read a lot of other books that covered this material and because it was new to me then, I'm prejudiced to think it was more interesting in those books...so do with that what you will.
Recommended reading:
-
-
-
-
December 11, 2018
OMFG. This book is relentless. Reading it is an ordeal. A wonderful, fruitful ordeal. But an ordeal none the less. Every page and chapter has been an opportunity for self examination and (I hope) enhanced self honesty, insight and personal growth.
And just in case that sounds to woo woo for you. It should be noted that the assertions made in the book are backed by decades worth of hard, experimentally derived evidence.
It doesn't get much better than that.
Both authors are respected researchers in the field of social psychology. A field that is no stranger to dramatic overstatement (to say the least). But also, a field that produces some of the most denuding, insight producing, and frankly, disturbing findings of all the sub fields of psychology.
The central construct explored in the book is Cognitive Dissonance. Leon Festinger's venerable finding that individuals who hold two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, or who behave in ways that contradict there values and beliefs will experience excessive mental stress and discomfort. Furthermore, individuals suffering from said mental stress and discomfort will be motivated to reduce the crappy feeling by lying to themselves and others, and even bending and recasting memories of events, in order justify their hypocritical positions and actions.
In case your wondering who those blind, tortured souls are who think and behave in such insane, self delusional and amoral ways. It's you, me and everyone else we know. In other words, everyone.
This thing (Cognitive Dissonance) is in fact a feature (not a flaw) of the human mind/brain. But as is the case with so many human psychological features, it can get us in a FUCK TON of trouble if allowed to operate unchecked.
Imagine (just imagine) living in a 360 degree wrap around lie in which we falsely perceive ourselves as heroic victims to our own needless and profound detriment (let the finger pointing begin). Sounds pretty bad right. That is what's at stake here. But fear not, there is a pathway out of the matrix*.
As I mentioned. Encountering the material in this book is very growth engendering. The book is literally a partial antidote to the poison it describes. But be warned, the antidote burns as it goes down.
The cost that the reader pays for the afore mentioned rewards (enhanced self honesty, growth, insight etc), is the very experience of painful dissonance the book so expertly describes.
The cost incurred to exit the matrix is minor in hindsight. But paying that cost is aversive enough to prevent all of us at one time or another to run and hide from the truth. The cost that I'm referring to, is the naked experience of the pain of realizing that we are in fact human after all.
Ironically, the unwillingness to face and experience these feelings is the active ingredient. And the crazy webs we weave in order to maintain said experiential avoidance is the aforementioned poison.
This is a circuitous way of saying that you can't help but recognize and feel the pain of the human condition when you read this fantastically well executed, educational and therapeutic book.
For an equally eye opening, and decidedly more fun exploration of analogous territory, read Robert Kurzban's Why Everyone (else) Is a Hypocrite.
Someone in my FB feed shared that their therapist recommended that she not read Nietzsche or Camus while she was experiencing a bout of depression (see if you can count the pretentious statements masquerading as self deprecating humor in that statement).
I'd have to include this little gem in that list. You definitely want to be on stable footing when you read this thing. If not, than hide the sharp objects and designate a trusted friend to be at the ready to talk you down when it hits you how hopelessly self delusional all us humans actually is.
That being said. I call this absolutely essential reading. It's as necessary as Khanaman's Thinking Fast and Slow. A dreadfully boring but crucial read for anyone who hasn't had the privilege/curse of studying Cognitive Psychology, or even if you have. Identifying that and how the Human mind/brain is biased (or rather. evolutionarily conditioned) to interpret information and instruct behavior accordingly programmatic ways is as close as we currently have to taking the red pill*.
* Note: The red pill and its opposite, the blue pill, are pop culture symbols (originating in the comic and film The Matrix) representing the choice between embracing the sometimes painful truth of reality (red pill) and the blissful ignorance of illusion (blue pill).
So go ahead. Read the book, eat the red pill, embrace the painful glare of the light of day, and live a life of more freedom. This is psychology at its most potent best.
And just in case that sounds to woo woo for you. It should be noted that the assertions made in the book are backed by decades worth of hard, experimentally derived evidence.
It doesn't get much better than that.
Both authors are respected researchers in the field of social psychology. A field that is no stranger to dramatic overstatement (to say the least). But also, a field that produces some of the most denuding, insight producing, and frankly, disturbing findings of all the sub fields of psychology.
The central construct explored in the book is Cognitive Dissonance. Leon Festinger's venerable finding that individuals who hold two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time, or who behave in ways that contradict there values and beliefs will experience excessive mental stress and discomfort. Furthermore, individuals suffering from said mental stress and discomfort will be motivated to reduce the crappy feeling by lying to themselves and others, and even bending and recasting memories of events, in order justify their hypocritical positions and actions.
In case your wondering who those blind, tortured souls are who think and behave in such insane, self delusional and amoral ways. It's you, me and everyone else we know. In other words, everyone.
This thing (Cognitive Dissonance) is in fact a feature (not a flaw) of the human mind/brain. But as is the case with so many human psychological features, it can get us in a FUCK TON of trouble if allowed to operate unchecked.
Imagine (just imagine) living in a 360 degree wrap around lie in which we falsely perceive ourselves as heroic victims to our own needless and profound detriment (let the finger pointing begin). Sounds pretty bad right. That is what's at stake here. But fear not, there is a pathway out of the matrix*.
As I mentioned. Encountering the material in this book is very growth engendering. The book is literally a partial antidote to the poison it describes. But be warned, the antidote burns as it goes down.
The cost that the reader pays for the afore mentioned rewards (enhanced self honesty, growth, insight etc), is the very experience of painful dissonance the book so expertly describes.
The cost incurred to exit the matrix is minor in hindsight. But paying that cost is aversive enough to prevent all of us at one time or another to run and hide from the truth. The cost that I'm referring to, is the naked experience of the pain of realizing that we are in fact human after all.
Ironically, the unwillingness to face and experience these feelings is the active ingredient. And the crazy webs we weave in order to maintain said experiential avoidance is the aforementioned poison.
This is a circuitous way of saying that you can't help but recognize and feel the pain of the human condition when you read this fantastically well executed, educational and therapeutic book.
For an equally eye opening, and decidedly more fun exploration of analogous territory, read Robert Kurzban's Why Everyone (else) Is a Hypocrite.
Someone in my FB feed shared that their therapist recommended that she not read Nietzsche or Camus while she was experiencing a bout of depression (see if you can count the pretentious statements masquerading as self deprecating humor in that statement).
I'd have to include this little gem in that list. You definitely want to be on stable footing when you read this thing. If not, than hide the sharp objects and designate a trusted friend to be at the ready to talk you down when it hits you how hopelessly self delusional all us humans actually is.
That being said. I call this absolutely essential reading. It's as necessary as Khanaman's Thinking Fast and Slow. A dreadfully boring but crucial read for anyone who hasn't had the privilege/curse of studying Cognitive Psychology, or even if you have. Identifying that and how the Human mind/brain is biased (or rather. evolutionarily conditioned) to interpret information and instruct behavior accordingly programmatic ways is as close as we currently have to taking the red pill*.
* Note: The red pill and its opposite, the blue pill, are pop culture symbols (originating in the comic and film The Matrix) representing the choice between embracing the sometimes painful truth of reality (red pill) and the blissful ignorance of illusion (blue pill).
So go ahead. Read the book, eat the red pill, embrace the painful glare of the light of day, and live a life of more freedom. This is psychology at its most potent best.
June 8, 2021
賲丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囒屬� 賵 丌乇夭賵 丿丕乇蹖賲 丕蹖賳 噩賲賱賴 乇丕 亘丕 诏賵卮鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘卮賳賵蹖賲 讴賴 芦禺胤丕 讴乇丿賲. 鬲賲丕賲 鬲賱丕卮賲 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 讴賴 丿賵亘丕乇賴 丕蹖賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 乇丕 賲乇鬲讴亘 賳卮賵賲.禄
丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲 夭賲丕賳 丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕鬲 讴賴 卮丕賲賱 丿丕丿賳 賵毓丿賴 賵 亘毓丿 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賱賮鈥� 賵毓丿賴鈥屬囏� 讴賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賲卮鬲乇讴 鬲賲丕賲 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 丿賳蹖丕爻鬲貙 丕賳诏蹖夭賴鈥屰� 丕氐賱蹖 賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿鈥�.
趩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳貙 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲鈥屬呚з� 賵 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘賴鈥屫簇з� 亘丕賵乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲讴鈥屬呚з� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻丕夭賵讴丕乇 爻乇丿乇亘蹖丕賵乇蹖賲.
亘乇乇爻蹖 毓賲賱讴乇丿 賲睾夭 賴賲蹖卮賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 噩匕賾丕亘 丕爻鬲.
賵賯鬲蹖 趩蹖夭蹖 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 賵 蹖丕 亘賴 毓亘丕乇鬲 亘賴鬲乇貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賴 趩蹖夭蹖 芦毓賯蹖丿賴禄 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 賴乇 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 禺賱丕賮 丌賳 亘蹖丕亘蹖賲 讴賴 亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿乇 丌賳 毓賯蹖丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 亘丕毓孬 丕蹖噩丕丿 芦賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖禄 丿乇賵賳 賲睾夭賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 賲睾夭 賲丕 卮乇賵毓 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘賴 讴丕賴卮 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 讴賴 賲亘賳丕蹖 爻丕夭賵讴丕乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 丕爻鬲.
鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲賳丨氐乇 亘賴 卮賳蹖丿賳 趩蹖夭蹖 禺賱丕賮 毓賯丕蹖丿賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱 賵賯鬲蹖 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲 亘蹖賳 丿賵 禺丕賳賴 亘丕 賲夭蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 蹖讴蹖 乇丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 讴賳蹖賲 賵 亘禺乇蹖賲貙 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺乇蹖丿賳 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 禺丕賳賴鈥屬囏ж� 卮乇賵毓 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 亘賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 賵 賲孬賱丕賸 乇賵蹖 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 賳禺乇蹖丿蹖賲 毓蹖亘 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж臂屬� 賵 蹖丕 賲丿丕賲 丕夭 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 禺乇蹖丿賴鈥屫й屬� 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
賲睾夭 賲丕 丿丕乇丕蹖 賳賯丕胤 讴賵乇蹖鈥屫池� 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 乇丕 丿乇 噩賴鬲 讴丕賴卮 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 賴賲 賴爻鬲 賲丕 丕睾賱亘 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 噩賵乇蹖 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 讴賴 丕诏乇 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕夭 賲丕爻鬲 賲賯氐乇 卮賳丕禺鬲賴 賳卮賵蹖賲 賵 蹖丕 丕诏乇 賯乇亘丕賳蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲貙 賲馗賱賵賲鈥屫� 丕夭 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕賸 賴爻鬲蹖賲 亘賴 賳馗乇 亘乇爻蹖賲.
蹖讴蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕夭 亘丕诏鈥屬囏й� 匕賴賳蹖鈥屬呚з� 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 賴爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲貨 賴乇趩賴 賯丿乇 賲睾乇賵乇鬲乇 亘丕卮蹖賲 賵 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й� 亘賴鬲乇蹖 亘丿丕賳蹖賲貙 趩賳丕賳鈥屭嗁� 賲乇鬲讴亘 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 卮賵蹖賲佻 丌賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 賵 賮噩丕蹖毓蹖 讴賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 賳倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�. 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻丕賳貙 倬夭卮讴丕賳貙 倬賱蹖爻 賵 爻蹖爻鬲賲 賯囟丕蹖蹖 讴卮賵乇貙 丿賵賱鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 乇賴亘乇丕賳. 爻倬爻 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 爻乇丕睾 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屬囏й屬呚з� 賵 毓卮賯鈥屬囏й屰� 讴賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 亘賴 賳賮乇鬲 賲蹖鈥屭必й屬嗀� 賵 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲賴賲鈥屫臂屬� 丿賱蹖賱 胤賱丕賯鈥� 乇丕 賴賲蹖賳 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀�.
鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屭┴必� 讴賲讴鈥屬呚з� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 乇丕丨鬲 亘丕 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賳丕乇 亘蹖丕蹖賲 丕賲丕 毓丕丿鬲鈥屫簇嗏€屫� 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇丕 賳丕亘賵丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 趩诏賵賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴丕鬲 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賵 丕胤乇丕賮蹖丕賳鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 讴丕賴卮 丿賴蹖賲 賵 賳賯丕胤 讴賵乇 匕賴賳鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 亘卮賳丕爻蹖賲.
芦丿乇 鬲丨賱蹖賱 賳賴丕蹖蹖貙 賲丨讴 卮禺氐蹖鬲 蹖讴 賲賱鬲 蹖丕 卮乇丕賮鬲 賮乇丿貙 亘賴 賱睾夭卮鈥屬嗀з矩佰屫臂屸€屫ж� 乇亘胤蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 亘賱讴賴 亘爻鬲賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丕 倬爻 丕夭 禺胤丕 讴乇丿賳 趩賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.禄
脳 亘丕蹖丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵丕賳丿 賵 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屫� 讴乇丿 賵 毓賲賱鈥� 讴乇丿 亘賴鈥屫�.
丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲 夭賲丕賳 丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕鬲 讴賴 卮丕賲賱 丿丕丿賳 賵毓丿賴 賵 亘毓丿 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賱賮鈥� 賵毓丿賴鈥屬囏� 讴賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賲卮鬲乇讴 鬲賲丕賲 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇丕賳 丿賳蹖丕爻鬲貙 丕賳诏蹖夭賴鈥屰� 丕氐賱蹖 賲賳 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿鈥�.
趩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳貙 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲鈥屬呚з� 賵 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘賴鈥屫簇з� 亘丕賵乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲讴鈥屬呚з� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻丕夭賵讴丕乇 爻乇丿乇亘蹖丕賵乇蹖賲.
亘乇乇爻蹖 毓賲賱讴乇丿 賲睾夭 賴賲蹖卮賴 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 噩匕賾丕亘 丕爻鬲.
賵賯鬲蹖 趩蹖夭蹖 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 賵 蹖丕 亘賴 毓亘丕乇鬲 亘賴鬲乇貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘賴 趩蹖夭蹖 芦毓賯蹖丿賴禄 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 賴乇 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 禺賱丕賮 丌賳 亘蹖丕亘蹖賲 讴賴 亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿乇 丌賳 毓賯蹖丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 亘丕毓孬 丕蹖噩丕丿 芦賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖禄 丿乇賵賳 賲睾夭賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 賲睾夭 賲丕 卮乇賵毓 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘賴 讴丕賴卮 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 讴賴 賲亘賳丕蹖 爻丕夭賵讴丕乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 丕爻鬲.
鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲賳丨氐乇 亘賴 卮賳蹖丿賳 趩蹖夭蹖 禺賱丕賮 毓賯丕蹖丿賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱 賵賯鬲蹖 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲 亘蹖賳 丿賵 禺丕賳賴 亘丕 賲夭蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 蹖讴蹖 乇丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 讴賳蹖賲 賵 亘禺乇蹖賲貙 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺乇蹖丿賳 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳 禺丕賳賴鈥屬囏ж� 卮乇賵毓 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 亘賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 賵 賲孬賱丕賸 乇賵蹖 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 賳禺乇蹖丿蹖賲 毓蹖亘 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж臂屬� 賵 蹖丕 賲丿丕賲 丕夭 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 禺乇蹖丿賴鈥屫й屬� 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
賲睾夭 賲丕 丿丕乇丕蹖 賳賯丕胤 讴賵乇蹖鈥屫池� 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 乇丕 丿乇 噩賴鬲 讴丕賴卮 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 賴賲 賴爻鬲 賲丕 丕睾賱亘 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 噩賵乇蹖 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 讴賴 丕诏乇 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕夭 賲丕爻鬲 賲賯氐乇 卮賳丕禺鬲賴 賳卮賵蹖賲 賵 蹖丕 丕诏乇 賯乇亘丕賳蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲貙 賲馗賱賵賲鈥屫� 丕夭 趩蹖夭蹖 讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕賸 賴爻鬲蹖賲 亘賴 賳馗乇 亘乇爻蹖賲.
蹖讴蹖 丿蹖诏乇 丕夭 亘丕诏鈥屬囏й� 匕賴賳蹖鈥屬呚з� 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 賴爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲貨 賴乇趩賴 賯丿乇 賲睾乇賵乇鬲乇 亘丕卮蹖賲 賵 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丌丿賲鈥屬囏й� 亘賴鬲乇蹖 亘丿丕賳蹖賲貙 趩賳丕賳鈥屭嗁� 賲乇鬲讴亘 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 卮賵蹖賲佻 丌賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.
賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 賵 賮噩丕蹖毓蹖 讴賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 賳倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏�. 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻丕賳貙 倬夭卮讴丕賳貙 倬賱蹖爻 賵 爻蹖爻鬲賲 賯囟丕蹖蹖 讴卮賵乇貙 丿賵賱鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 乇賴亘乇丕賳. 爻倬爻 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 爻乇丕睾 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿乇 夭賳丿诏蹖鈥屬囏й屬呚з� 賵 毓卮賯鈥屬囏й屰� 讴賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 亘賴 賳賮乇鬲 賲蹖鈥屭必й屬嗀� 賵 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲賴賲鈥屫臂屬� 丿賱蹖賱 胤賱丕賯鈥� 乇丕 賴賲蹖賳 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀�.
鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屭┴必� 讴賲讴鈥屬呚з� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 乇丕丨鬲 亘丕 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賳丕乇 亘蹖丕蹖賲 丕賲丕 毓丕丿鬲鈥屫簇嗏€屫� 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇丕 賳丕亘賵丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 趩诏賵賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴丕鬲 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賵 丕胤乇丕賮蹖丕賳鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 讴丕賴卮 丿賴蹖賲 賵 賳賯丕胤 讴賵乇 匕賴賳鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 亘卮賳丕爻蹖賲.
芦丿乇 鬲丨賱蹖賱 賳賴丕蹖蹖貙 賲丨讴 卮禺氐蹖鬲 蹖讴 賲賱鬲 蹖丕 卮乇丕賮鬲 賮乇丿貙 亘賴 賱睾夭卮鈥屬嗀з矩佰屫臂屸€屫ж� 乇亘胤蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 亘賱讴賴 亘爻鬲賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲丕 倬爻 丕夭 禺胤丕 讴乇丿賳 趩賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�.禄
脳 亘丕蹖丿 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵丕賳丿 賵 鬲賵氐蹖賴鈥屫� 讴乇丿 賵 毓賲賱鈥� 讴乇丿 亘賴鈥屫�.
March 5, 2012
Ultimately, I think that Tavris's conclusions about self-justification are probably correct, but her argument was flawed. There were a number of things that put me off from this book. Here's my list of gripes:
1) The book relied much too heavily on anecdotal evidence to prove its points. Tavris did back up her claims about self-justification with some psychological research (that sounded like it was peer-reviewed, I guess), but it was pretty sparse (like 1 study per chapter if that---as opposed to anecdote after anecdote after anecdote). Plus, she never really discussed the full context of the studies she cited, nor did she ever give any qualifications for the research or her own conclusions.
2) The overly sanctimonious, self-righteous tone of the book was a total turn-off. For the most part, I felt that it really condemned the people in the examples of self-justification that Tavris wrote about. Even though she had a good point, I feel that most of the situations are more complex than she made them out to be.
3) She used a lot of logical fallacies. Her pet metaphor of the "pyramid" is just another version of the slippery slope fallacy. And she heavily relied on either-or logic to support her claims.
4) Throughout the whole book she speaks about self-justification as though it were a fundamental flaw in human psychology. I think that is far from the truth. My contention is that evolution created the human brain the way it is for a reason. If it didn't serve a purpose, self-justification would have been discarded long, long ago because it would have caused humans to make disastrously bad decisions. But the truth is, self-justification and other illusions we create about ourselves and our world are extremely important to our ability to function in the world. I don't have time to go through all of the useful purposes that these cognitive processes serve, but here's a few: seeing ourselves as good people allows us to achieve more than people who are depressed and who have a more realistic perception of themselves---and applying patterns from old situations to new ones helps us to adapt to novelty and change more effectively. In short, a more nuanced acknowledgement of the complexity of the human brain would have been better---and more informative.
I'd read Invisible Gorilla instead. It says the same basic thing at this book, but in a much more compelling and informative way.
1) The book relied much too heavily on anecdotal evidence to prove its points. Tavris did back up her claims about self-justification with some psychological research (that sounded like it was peer-reviewed, I guess), but it was pretty sparse (like 1 study per chapter if that---as opposed to anecdote after anecdote after anecdote). Plus, she never really discussed the full context of the studies she cited, nor did she ever give any qualifications for the research or her own conclusions.
2) The overly sanctimonious, self-righteous tone of the book was a total turn-off. For the most part, I felt that it really condemned the people in the examples of self-justification that Tavris wrote about. Even though she had a good point, I feel that most of the situations are more complex than she made them out to be.
3) She used a lot of logical fallacies. Her pet metaphor of the "pyramid" is just another version of the slippery slope fallacy. And she heavily relied on either-or logic to support her claims.
4) Throughout the whole book she speaks about self-justification as though it were a fundamental flaw in human psychology. I think that is far from the truth. My contention is that evolution created the human brain the way it is for a reason. If it didn't serve a purpose, self-justification would have been discarded long, long ago because it would have caused humans to make disastrously bad decisions. But the truth is, self-justification and other illusions we create about ourselves and our world are extremely important to our ability to function in the world. I don't have time to go through all of the useful purposes that these cognitive processes serve, but here's a few: seeing ourselves as good people allows us to achieve more than people who are depressed and who have a more realistic perception of themselves---and applying patterns from old situations to new ones helps us to adapt to novelty and change more effectively. In short, a more nuanced acknowledgement of the complexity of the human brain would have been better---and more informative.
I'd read Invisible Gorilla instead. It says the same basic thing at this book, but in a much more compelling and informative way.
December 5, 2023
讴鬲丕亘 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 乇禺 丿丕丿賴 (丕賲丕 賳賴 鬲賵爻胤 賲賳) 賳賵卮鬲賴 讴乇賵賱 鬲丕賵乇蹖爻 賵 丕賱蹖賵乇 丌乇賵賳爻賵賳貙讴賴 丿乇 賮丕乇爻蹖 亘丕 賳丕賲 讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿 責 趩乇丕 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 責 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 貙 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 賮乇丌蹖賳丿 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 貙 鬲賲丕蹖賱 賯丿乇鬲賲賳丿 丕賳爻丕賳 亘賴 丨賮馗 鬲氐賵蹖乇 賲孬亘鬲 貙 丿賮丕毓 賵 鬲賵噩蹖賴 亘丕賵乇賴丕貙 賳诏乇卮鈥屬囏� 賵 丕毓賲丕賱 禺賵丿貙 丨鬲蹖 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘丕 卮賵丕賴丿 賵 丿賱丕蹖賱 賲鬲賳丕賯囟 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� .
賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賵卮蹖丿賴 丕賳丿 鬲丕 賲讴丕賳蹖夭賲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 賵 賳卮丕賳 鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丿乇 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丕貙 丕夭 诏乇丕蹖卮鈥屬囏й� 爻蹖丕爻蹖 鬲丕 乇賵丕亘胤 卮禺氐蹖 貙 禺賵丿 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 賴賲 趩賳蹖賳 丌賳賴丕 賮乇丌蹖賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 讴賴 賲丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賲鬲賳丕賯囟 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭屫臂屬� 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 禺賵丿 賲賯氐乇 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬� 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� .
诏乇趩賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕孬亘丕鬲 丕丿毓丕蹖 禺賵丿 貙 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 丕賲丕 賲賴賲 鬲乇蹖賳 丕丿毓丕 賵 倬丕蹖賴 賳馗乇蹖賴 丌賳 賴丕 乇丕 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿丕賳爻鬲 .
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 趩蹖爻鬲 責
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 亘賴 丕丨爻丕爻 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 讴賴 賮乇丿 丿乇 賴賳诏丕賲 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賲鬲賳丕賯囟 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 鬲噩乇亘賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 诏賮鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕噩鬲賳丕亘 讴賳丿 蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 乇賮鬲丕乇蹖 乇丕 丕賳噩丕賲 丿賴丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 賳丿丕乇丿.
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 蹖讴 倬丿蹖丿賴 胤亘蹖毓蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 賴賲賴 丕賮乇丕丿 乇禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱貙 卮丿鬲 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿乇 丕賮乇丕丿 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 鬲賲丕蹖賱 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 亘賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 丿丕乇賳丿貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 賲毓乇囟 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀�.
賵賯鬲蹖 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿乇 賮乇丿 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賲睾夭 丕賵 卮乇賵毓 亘賴 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕蹖賳 鬲賱丕卮 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 卮賵丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲孬丕賱貙 賮乇丿 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 蹖丕 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 亘诏蹖乇丿 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 爻丕夭诏丕乇 亘丕卮丿.
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲兀孬蹖乇丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮蹖 亘乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 賮乇丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲孬丕賱貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 爻亘亘 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕噩鬲賳丕亘 讴賳丿. 蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 乇賮鬲丕乇蹖 乇丕 丕賳噩丕賲 丿賴丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 賳丿丕乇丿. 丕夭 賴賲賴 賲賴賲鬲乇 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 爻亘亘 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 卮賵丿. 賵賯鬲蹖 賮乇丿 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕蹖賳 鬲囟丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 丕蹖噩丕丿 丕丨爻丕爻 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 丿乇 丕賵 卮賵丿. 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕蹖賳 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖貙 賮乇丿 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 爻毓蹖 讴賳丿 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 丕蹖賳 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 亘丕賵乇賴丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 卮讴賱 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 乇賮鬲丕乇 蹖丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 亘丕卮丿.
鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 禺胤乇丕鬲 诏賵賳丕诏賵賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 貙 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 禺胤乇賴丕蹖 丌賳 貙 噩賱賵诏蹖乇蹖 丕夭 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 賵 乇卮丿 賵 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖 賴丕蹖 睾蹖乇 賲賳胤賯蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 爻亘亘 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 賲禺乇亘 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵丿 . 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿賱丕蹖賱 噩乇噩 亘賵卮 倬爻乇 亘乇丕蹖 丨賲賱賴 亘賴 毓乇丕賯 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘乇 丕賳噩丕賲 丌賳 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 鬲賱丕卮 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賳賲賵賳賴 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿 . 賲孬丕賱 丌賳丕賳 禺胤乇丕鬲 賲乇诏亘丕乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 賲禺乇亘 乇丕 讴丕賲賱 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿 .
丨丕賮馗賴 賵 賳賯卮 丌賳 丿乇 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 :
丨丕賮馗賴 賴賲 亘賴 乇賵卮 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 鬲丨鬲 鬲兀孬蹖乇 爻賵诏蹖乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 卮賳丕禺鬲蹖 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖 讴賳丿 . 丨丕賮馗賴 亘丕 倬乇丿丕夭卮 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 爻丕夭诏丕乇 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賲丕 貙 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 爻倬乇丿賳 丌賳 亘禺卮 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 讴賴 亘丕 丕賳诏蹖夭賴 賴丕蹖 賲丕 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕乇丿 賵 賮乇丕賲賵卮蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賲丕 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 鬲乇讴蹖亘 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 蹖讴 乇賵蹖丿丕丿 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿蹖 讴賴 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 讴爻亘 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 禺丕胤乇賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 亘賴 丌爻丕賳蹖 亘乇 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屭屫臂� 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇 賲丕 鬲兀孬蹖乇 亘诏匕丕乇丿.
讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿 責 禺賵丿 賲賳 亘賵丿賲
丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 鬲賱丕卮 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 鬲丕 賲夭丕蹖丕蹖 亘賴 诏乇丿賳 诏乇賮鬲賳 禺胤丕 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿賴賳丿 . 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 爻禺鬲蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 貙 亘賴 丕蹖賳 毓賱鬲 讴賴 賯丿乇鬲 鬲賵噩蹖賴 鬲丕 丕賳丿丕夭賴 丕蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 讴賴 賵噩賵丿 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賵 禺胤丕 乇丕 丿乇 賴賲丕賳 賱丨馗賴 丕賵賱 乇丿 賲蹖 讴賳丿 . 丿賱蹖賱 丿蹖诏乇 丿卮賵丕乇蹖 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 貙 倬賵卮丕賱蹖 亘賵丿賳 卮毓丕乇 " 賲丕 丕夭 禺胤丕賴丕蹖賲丕賳 丿乇爻 賲蹖 诏蹖乇蹖賲 " 丕爻鬲 . 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕 丿乇 賴賲賴 噩丕 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲毓丕丿賱 亘賱丕賴鬲 賵 丨賲丕賯鬲 亘賵丿賴 賵 丕賮讴丕乇 毓賲賵賲蹖 賮乇丿 禺胤丕讴丕乇 乇丕 丕亘賱賴 賲蹖 丿丕賳丿 . 鬲乇爻 丕夭 丕蹖賳 亘乇趩爻亘 诏匕丕乇蹖 爻亘亘 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賮乇丿 亘乇 鬲氐賲蹖賲 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 禺賵丿 卮丿賴 賵 賮丕噩毓賴 丕蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 噩賳诏 毓乇丕賯 乇丕 爻亘亘 賲蹖 卮賵丿 .
丿乇 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 蹖讴 丕孬乇 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿 賵 賳爻亘鬲丕 噩丕賲毓 丿丕賳爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賲丕 讴賲讴 賲蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 丿乇讴 亘賴鬲乇蹖 丕夭 禺賵丿 貙 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 賵 爻賵诏蹖乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 卮賳丕禺鬲蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 賵 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 亘乇丕蹖 亘賴亘賵丿 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屭屫臂� 賵 乇賵丕亘胤 禺賵丿 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳蹖賲. 丕賲丕 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳亘丕蹖丿 賲丨丿賵丿 亘賴 賮乇丿 丿丕賳爻鬲 貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 诏乇丿賳 賳诏乇賮鬲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿乇 鬲氐賵蹖乇蹖 亘夭乇诏鬲乇 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴 诏爻鬲乇卮 蹖丕賮鬲賴 賵 賳賯卮 賲賴賲蹖 丿乇 鬲丿丕賵賲 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 賲囟乇 倬蹖丿丕 賲蹖 讴賳丿 .
賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賵卮蹖丿賴 丕賳丿 鬲丕 賲讴丕賳蹖夭賲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 賵 賳卮丕賳 鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 丿乇 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲丕貙 丕夭 诏乇丕蹖卮鈥屬囏й� 爻蹖丕爻蹖 鬲丕 乇賵丕亘胤 卮禺氐蹖 貙 禺賵丿 乇丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 賴賲 趩賳蹖賳 丌賳賴丕 賮乇丌蹖賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 讴賴 賲丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賲鬲賳丕賯囟 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭屫臂屬� 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲 禺賵丿 賲賯氐乇 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬� 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� .
诏乇趩賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕孬亘丕鬲 丕丿毓丕蹖 禺賵丿 貙 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 夭蹖丕丿蹖 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 丕賲丕 賲賴賲 鬲乇蹖賳 丕丿毓丕 賵 倬丕蹖賴 賳馗乇蹖賴 丌賳 賴丕 乇丕 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿丕賳爻鬲 .
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 趩蹖爻鬲 責
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 亘賴 丕丨爻丕爻 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 讴賴 賮乇丿 丿乇 賴賳诏丕賲 賲賵丕噩賴賴 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 賲鬲賳丕賯囟 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 鬲噩乇亘賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 诏賮鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕噩鬲賳丕亘 讴賳丿 蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 乇賮鬲丕乇蹖 乇丕 丕賳噩丕賲 丿賴丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 賳丿丕乇丿.
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 蹖讴 倬丿蹖丿賴 胤亘蹖毓蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 賴賲賴 丕賮乇丕丿 乇禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏�. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱貙 卮丿鬲 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿乇 丕賮乇丕丿 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲鬲賮丕賵鬲 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 鬲賲丕蹖賱 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 亘賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 丿丕乇賳丿貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 賲毓乇囟 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀�.
賵賯鬲蹖 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 丿乇 賮乇丿 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賲睾夭 丕賵 卮乇賵毓 亘賴 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕蹖賳 鬲賱丕卮 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 卮賵丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲孬丕賱貙 賮乇丿 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 蹖丕 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 乇丕 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 亘诏蹖乇丿 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 爻丕夭诏丕乇 亘丕卮丿.
賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲兀孬蹖乇丕鬲 賲禺鬲賱賮蹖 亘乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 賮乇丿 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賲孬丕賱貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 爻亘亘 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕噩鬲賳丕亘 讴賳丿. 蹖丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 卮賵丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 乇賮鬲丕乇蹖 乇丕 丕賳噩丕賲 丿賴丿 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 賳丿丕乇丿. 丕夭 賴賲賴 賲賴賲鬲乇 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 爻亘亘 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 卮賵丿. 賵賯鬲蹖 賮乇丿 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 賲賵丕噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賯亘賱蹖 丕賵 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貙 丕蹖賳 鬲囟丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘丕毓孬 丕蹖噩丕丿 丕丨爻丕爻 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖 丿乇 丕賵 卮賵丿. 亘乇丕蹖 讴丕賴卮 丕蹖賳 鬲賳卮 賵 賳丕乇丕丨鬲蹖貙 賮乇丿 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 爻毓蹖 讴賳丿 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿. 丕蹖賳 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 亘丕賵乇賴丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 亘賴 卮讴賱 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 乇賮鬲丕乇 蹖丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 亘丕卮丿.
鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 禺胤乇丕鬲 诏賵賳丕诏賵賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿 貙 賲賴賲鬲乇蹖賳 禺胤乇賴丕蹖 丌賳 貙 噩賱賵诏蹖乇蹖 丕夭 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 賵 乇卮丿 賵 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖 賴丕蹖 睾蹖乇 賲賳胤賯蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 爻亘亘 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 賲禺乇亘 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮賵丿 . 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿賱丕蹖賱 噩乇噩 亘賵卮 倬爻乇 亘乇丕蹖 丨賲賱賴 亘賴 毓乇丕賯 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘乇 丕賳噩丕賲 丌賳 賵 丕賱亘鬲賴 鬲賱丕卮 賮乇丕賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 賳賲賵賳賴 卮乇丨 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿 . 賲孬丕賱 丌賳丕賳 禺胤乇丕鬲 賲乇诏亘丕乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 賲禺乇亘 乇丕 讴丕賲賱 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖 丿賴丿 .
丨丕賮馗賴 賵 賳賯卮 丌賳 丿乇 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 :
丨丕賮馗賴 賴賲 亘賴 乇賵卮 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 鬲丨鬲 鬲兀孬蹖乇 爻賵诏蹖乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 卮賳丕禺鬲蹖 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖 讴賳丿 . 丨丕賮馗賴 亘丕 倬乇丿丕夭卮 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 爻丕夭诏丕乇 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賲丕 貙 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 爻倬乇丿賳 丌賳 亘禺卮 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 讴賴 亘丕 丕賳诏蹖夭賴 賴丕蹖 賲丕 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 丿丕乇丿 賵 賮乇丕賲賵卮蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 賲丕 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 賳賴丕蹖鬲 鬲乇讴蹖亘 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 蹖讴 乇賵蹖丿丕丿 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿蹖 讴賴 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 讴爻亘 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 蹖丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 禺丕胤乇賴 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 亘賴 丌爻丕賳蹖 亘乇 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屭屫臂� 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇 賲丕 鬲兀孬蹖乇 亘诏匕丕乇丿.
讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿 責 禺賵丿 賲賳 亘賵丿賲
丿乇 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 鬲賱丕卮 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿 鬲丕 賲夭丕蹖丕蹖 亘賴 诏乇丿賳 诏乇賮鬲賳 禺胤丕 乇丕 卮乇丨 丿賴賳丿 . 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 爻禺鬲蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 貙 亘賴 丕蹖賳 毓賱鬲 讴賴 賯丿乇鬲 鬲賵噩蹖賴 鬲丕 丕賳丿丕夭賴 丕蹖 丕蹖爻鬲 讴賴 賵噩賵丿 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賵 禺胤丕 乇丕 丿乇 賴賲丕賳 賱丨馗賴 丕賵賱 乇丿 賲蹖 讴賳丿 . 丿賱蹖賱 丿蹖诏乇 丿卮賵丕乇蹖 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 貙 倬賵卮丕賱蹖 亘賵丿賳 卮毓丕乇 " 賲丕 丕夭 禺胤丕賴丕蹖賲丕賳 丿乇爻 賲蹖 诏蹖乇蹖賲 " 丕爻鬲 . 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕 丿乇 賴賲賴 噩丕 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲毓丕丿賱 亘賱丕賴鬲 賵 丨賲丕賯鬲 亘賵丿賴 賵 丕賮讴丕乇 毓賲賵賲蹖 賮乇丿 禺胤丕讴丕乇 乇丕 丕亘賱賴 賲蹖 丿丕賳丿 . 鬲乇爻 丕夭 丕蹖賳 亘乇趩爻亘 诏匕丕乇蹖 爻亘亘 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 倬丕賮卮丕乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賮乇丿 亘乇 鬲氐賲蹖賲 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 禺賵丿 卮丿賴 賵 賮丕噩毓賴 丕蹖 賲丕賳賳丿 噩賳诏 毓乇丕賯 乇丕 爻亘亘 賲蹖 卮賵丿 .
丿乇 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 蹖讴 丕孬乇 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿 賵 賳爻亘鬲丕 噩丕賲毓 丿丕賳爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 賲丕 讴賲讴 賲蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 丿乇讴 亘賴鬲乇蹖 丕夭 禺賵丿 貙 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 賵 爻賵诏蹖乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 卮賳丕禺鬲蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 賵 丕夭 丌賳賴丕 亘乇丕蹖 亘賴亘賵丿 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屭屫臂� 賵 乇賵丕亘胤 禺賵丿 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳蹖賲. 丕賲丕 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳亘丕蹖丿 賲丨丿賵丿 亘賴 賮乇丿 丿丕賳爻鬲 貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賵 诏乇丿賳 賳诏乇賮鬲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丿乇 鬲氐賵蹖乇蹖 亘夭乇诏鬲乇 丿乇 噩丕賲毓賴 诏爻鬲乇卮 蹖丕賮鬲賴 賵 賳賯卮 賲賴賲蹖 丿乇 鬲丿丕賵賲 乇賮鬲丕乇賴丕蹖 賲囟乇 倬蹖丿丕 賲蹖 讴賳丿 .
March 24, 2021
讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賳賯賱 賯賵賱蹖 丕夭 噩賵乇噩 丕賵乇賵賱 丌睾丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�:
芦賴賲賴鈥屬呚з� 禺賵亘 亘賱丿蹖賲 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬� 丿乇爻鬲 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貙 賵 亘毓丿 讴賴 賲毓賱賵賲 卮丿 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲蹖鈥屭┴必屬呚� 亘丿賵賳 丕蹖賳讴賴 卮乇賲 讴賳蹖賲 蹖丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 鬲讴鈥屬堌� 亘蹖賳丿丕夭蹖賲貙 丨賯丕蹖賯 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬聚屭嗀з嗃屬� 賵 爻賮爻胤賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 鬲丕 賳卮丕賳 丿賴蹖賲 讴賴 丨賯 亘丕 賲丕 亘賵丿賴. 丕夭 賱丨丕馗 賳馗乇蹖貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丕蹖賳 賮乇丕蹖賳丿 乇丕 鬲丕 賲丿鬲 夭賲丕賳蹖 賳丕賲毓賱賵賲 鬲讴乇丕乇 讴乇丿 賵 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕丿: 芦鬲賳賴丕 丕卮讴丕賱卮 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 睾賱胤 丿蹖乇 蹖丕 夭賵丿貙 丌賳 賴賲 賲毓賲賵賱丕 丿乇 賲蹖丿丕賳 賳亘乇丿貙 亘賴 丿蹖賵丕乇 賲爻鬲丨讴賲 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌必�.
丕蹖賳 賳賯賱 賯賵賱 丕夭 丕賵乇賵賱 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 卮賲丕蹖蹖 讴賱蹖 丕夭 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖倬乇丿丕夭丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 趩賴 丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻蹖丕爻鬲貙 趩賴 丿乇 賲爻丕卅賱 毓丕胤賮蹖 賵 禺丕賳賵丕丿诏蹖貙 丌賳趩賴 讴賴 夭禺賲鈥屬囏� 賵 噩乇丕丨鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 噩賳诏鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屭柏必� 賵 ... 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲 賲丕 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 丿乇爻 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲 趩賵賳 丕夭 讴賵丿讴蹖 亘賴 賲丕 丌賲賵禺鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 丕賲丕 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖讴賴 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 讴噩丕 乇丕 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 賵 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲. 蹖讴賲 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕賲 讴賳丿 倬蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屫辟佖� 賵賱蹖 丿乇 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿. 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏� 賵 卮賵丕賴丿賵 噩賵丕賲毓 丌賲丕乇蹖 禺賵亘蹖 賴賲 丿丕卮鬲.
芦賴賲賴鈥屬呚з� 禺賵亘 亘賱丿蹖賲 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗃屬� 丿乇爻鬲 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貙 賵 亘毓丿 讴賴 賲毓賱賵賲 卮丿 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲蹖鈥屭┴必屬呚� 亘丿賵賳 丕蹖賳讴賴 卮乇賲 讴賳蹖賲 蹖丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 鬲讴鈥屬堌� 亘蹖賳丿丕夭蹖賲貙 丨賯丕蹖賯 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屬聚屭嗀з嗃屬� 賵 爻賮爻胤賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 鬲丕 賳卮丕賳 丿賴蹖賲 讴賴 丨賯 亘丕 賲丕 亘賵丿賴. 丕夭 賱丨丕馗 賳馗乇蹖貙 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丕蹖賳 賮乇丕蹖賳丿 乇丕 鬲丕 賲丿鬲 夭賲丕賳蹖 賳丕賲毓賱賵賲 鬲讴乇丕乇 讴乇丿 賵 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕丿: 芦鬲賳賴丕 丕卮讴丕賱卮 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 睾賱胤 丿蹖乇 蹖丕 夭賵丿貙 丌賳 賴賲 賲毓賲賵賱丕 丿乇 賲蹖丿丕賳 賳亘乇丿貙 亘賴 丿蹖賵丕乇 賲爻鬲丨讴賲 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌必�.
丕蹖賳 賳賯賱 賯賵賱 丕夭 丕賵乇賵賱 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 卮賲丕蹖蹖 讴賱蹖 丕夭 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丿乇 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖倬乇丿丕夭丿 讴賴 趩乇丕 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 趩賴 丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 爻蹖丕爻鬲貙 趩賴 丿乇 賲爻丕卅賱 毓丕胤賮蹖 賵 禺丕賳賵丕丿诏蹖貙 丌賳趩賴 讴賴 夭禺賲鈥屬囏� 賵 噩乇丕丨鬲鈥屬囏� 賵 噩賳诏鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屭柏必� 賵 ... 賯乇丕乇 丕爻鬲 賲丕 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲賲丕賳 丿乇爻 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲 趩賵賳 丕夭 讴賵丿讴蹖 亘賴 賲丕 丌賲賵禺鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 丕賲丕 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖讴賴 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 讴噩丕 乇丕 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屬� 賵 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲. 蹖讴賲 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕賲 讴賳丿 倬蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屫辟佖� 賵賱蹖 丿乇 讴賱 讴鬲丕亘 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿. 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏� 賵 卮賵丕賴丿賵 噩賵丕賲毓 丌賲丕乇蹖 禺賵亘蹖 賴賲 丿丕卮鬲.
September 5, 2018
禺丕賳賲 賴丕貙 丌賯丕蹖丕賳! 賱胤賮賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕卮乇丕賮鬲 乇丕 丨鬲賲賳 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿
丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲蹖 卮賴 賳賵卮鬲 賵 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 讴乇丿(賴乇趩賳丿 讴賴 禺賵丿卮 亘賴 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 蹖 丕賲乇蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賴賲 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴) 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕 賳賯賱 賯賵賱賴丕蹖蹖 蹖丕 賳賵卮鬲賳 亘乇卮 賴丕蹖蹖 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿 丨賯賽 賲胤賱亘 乇丕 诏賮鬲 賵 噩丕賳 讴賱丕賲 乇丕 亘蹖丕賳卮 讴乇丿. 賮賯胤 亘诏賵蹖賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 卮讴賱蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 毓噩蹖亘 丌丿賲蹖 乇賵 亘丕 禺賵丿卮 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵 賲蹖 讴賳賴 賵 丿乇蹖趩賴 蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 卮诏賮鬲 丕賳诏蹖夭蹖 丿乇 匕賴賳 亘丕夭 賲蹖 讴賳賴 讴賴 賲蹖 鬲賵賳賴 丕爻丕爻賽 賮讴乇 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 乇賵 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 亘丿賴. 丿爻鬲 乇賵 蹖讴 丕賲乇 亘丿蹖賴蹖 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 讴賴 丿爻鬲賽 讴賲 丕蹖賳 讴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賴賲丕乇賴 丕夭卮 睾賮賱鬲 讴乇丿賲 賵 亘毓丿 丕诏乇 诏爻鬲乇卮卮 亘丿蹖賲 賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 亘乇禺蹖 賲卮讴賱 賴丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 賵 毓噩蹖亘 丕夭 讴噩丕 賵 趩乇丕 馗賴賵乇 賲蹖 讴賳賳 賵 趩乇丕
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 禺賵亘蹖 賴丕卮(讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇賴 禺賵亘蹖 賴丕卮) 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘賵丿賳卮賲 賴爻鬲. 賴賲 賲卮讴賱 乇賵 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖 讴賳賴 賵 賴賲 乇丕賴讴丕乇乇賵 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖 讴賳賴. 亘丕乇蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿賴 禺賵賳丿賳卮 賵 賵賯鬲 诏匕丕卮鬲賳 亘乇丕卮. 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賴丕爻鬲
1397/06/12
丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲蹖 卮賴 賳賵卮鬲 賵 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 讴乇丿(賴乇趩賳丿 讴賴 禺賵丿卮 亘賴 賲賵卮讴丕賮蹖 蹖 丕賲乇蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賴賲 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴) 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕 賳賯賱 賯賵賱賴丕蹖蹖 蹖丕 賳賵卮鬲賳 亘乇卮 賴丕蹖蹖 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿 丨賯賽 賲胤賱亘 乇丕 诏賮鬲 賵 噩丕賳 讴賱丕賲 乇丕 亘蹖丕賳卮 讴乇丿. 賮賯胤 亘诏賵蹖賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 卮讴賱蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 毓噩蹖亘 丌丿賲蹖 乇賵 亘丕 禺賵丿卮 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵 賲蹖 讴賳賴 賵 丿乇蹖趩賴 蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 卮诏賮鬲 丕賳诏蹖夭蹖 丿乇 匕賴賳 亘丕夭 賲蹖 讴賳賴 讴賴 賲蹖 鬲賵賳賴 丕爻丕爻賽 賮讴乇 賵 乇賮鬲丕乇 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 乇賵 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 亘丿賴. 丿爻鬲 乇賵 蹖讴 丕賲乇 亘丿蹖賴蹖 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 讴賴 丿爻鬲賽 讴賲 丕蹖賳 讴賲鬲乇蹖賳 賴賲丕乇賴 丕夭卮 睾賮賱鬲 讴乇丿賲 賵 亘毓丿 丕诏乇 诏爻鬲乇卮卮 亘丿蹖賲 賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 亘乇禺蹖 賲卮讴賱 賴丕蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 賵 毓噩蹖亘 丕夭 讴噩丕 賵 趩乇丕 馗賴賵乇 賲蹖 讴賳賳 賵 趩乇丕
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 禺賵亘蹖 賴丕卮(讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇賴 禺賵亘蹖 賴丕卮) 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘賵丿賳卮賲 賴爻鬲. 賴賲 賲卮讴賱 乇賵 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖 讴賳賴 賵 賴賲 乇丕賴讴丕乇乇賵 亘蹖丕賳 賲蹖 讴賳賴. 亘丕乇蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 丕乇夭卮賲賳丿賴 禺賵賳丿賳卮 賵 賵賯鬲 诏匕丕卮鬲賳 亘乇丕卮. 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賴丕爻鬲
1397/06/12
April 15, 2008
Sometimes, I think that the world is full of hypocrites. The news is full of politicians who preach family values and then are caught in an affair. Everyday we see religious advocates who call for peace and in the same breath state that their God is the only true God. Then, there's the business world where lying and cheating seem to be part of the game.
Sometimes, I wonder how these people live with themselves.
Mistake Were Made (but not by me) addresses that exact question. It would seem that the human mind is designed to selectively remember and process information. Thus, the politician, religious leader, business person, or even ourselves often don't realize that we are being hypocritical. Moreover, as our actions and logic become further and further separated, we tend to hold tighter onto our original notions. Instead of admitting that we were wrong, we justify our actions even more strongly.
Mistake Were Made (but not by me) was a huge eye opener. People don't justify stupid decisions because they are bad people. On the contrary, no one wants to admit they are a fool. Look within, what beliefs do you fight the most adamantly about?
Sometimes, I wonder how these people live with themselves.
Mistake Were Made (but not by me) addresses that exact question. It would seem that the human mind is designed to selectively remember and process information. Thus, the politician, religious leader, business person, or even ourselves often don't realize that we are being hypocritical. Moreover, as our actions and logic become further and further separated, we tend to hold tighter onto our original notions. Instead of admitting that we were wrong, we justify our actions even more strongly.
Mistake Were Made (but not by me) was a huge eye opener. People don't justify stupid decisions because they are bad people. On the contrary, no one wants to admit they are a fool. Look within, what beliefs do you fight the most adamantly about?
August 1, 2022
毓丕賱蹖 賵 亘爻蹖丕乇 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 亘丕 丌賵乇丿賳 賳賲賵賳賴鈥屬囏� 賵 丕乇噩丕毓 亘賴 倬跇賵賴卮鈥屬囏й� 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇賮鬲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴鈥屬囏й屬呚з� 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 爻禺鬲 丕爻鬲 賵 趩乇丕 賵 趩诏賵賳賴 亘賴 鬲賵噩蹖賴 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж槽屬�. 賴賲蹖賳鈥屫焚堌� 鬲賲丕蹖賱 賲丕 亘賴 丕夭 亘蹖賳 亘乇丿賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖鈥屬囏й� 匕賴賳蹖 趩胤賵乇 賲賵噩亘 亘蹖鈥屫⒇ㄘ辟堐屰� 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
賮賯胤 禺蹖賱蹖 賳丕乇丕丨鬲賲 讴賴 趩乇丕 氐賵乇鬲 丕氐賱蹖 丕爻丕賲蹖 丿乇 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 賳蹖丕賲丿賴. 亘賴鈥屫簇蒂� 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 倬跇賵賴卮诏乇丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳賲 賵 讴丕乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳賲 賵 趩賵賳 丿蹖讴鬲賴 丕氐賱蹖 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 讴丕乇賲 爻禺鬲 卮丿賴. 蹖讴 賳賲乇賴贁 賲賳賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賳丕卮乇.
賮賯胤 禺蹖賱蹖 賳丕乇丕丨鬲賲 讴賴 趩乇丕 氐賵乇鬲 丕氐賱蹖 丕爻丕賲蹖 丿乇 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 賳蹖丕賲丿賴. 亘賴鈥屫簇蒂� 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲 鬲毓丿丕丿蹖 丕夭 倬跇賵賴卮诏乇丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳賲 賵 讴丕乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳賲 賵 趩賵賳 丿蹖讴鬲賴 丕氐賱蹖 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 讴丕乇賲 爻禺鬲 卮丿賴. 蹖讴 賳賲乇賴贁 賲賳賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賳丕卮乇.
Shelved as 'on-hold'
February 6, 2017This was really a GREAT book, but a lot has changed since i picked it up *but i promise that i'll get back to you and read THE WHOLE book this time not just few pages. it's not you sweetie it's me....sometimes i talk to books like they're real people, not creepy at all*! i got really distracted by shiny new books that were delivered to my house and i just couldn't focus on this one.
Sorry..
Sorry..
December 23, 2016
賰丕卮 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘丕 爻賵诏賳丿 賯丕賳賵賳 丕爻丕爻賷 亘賴 乇賷賷爻 噩賲賴賵乇 賵 亘丕 丕毓鬲亘丕乇賳丕賲賴 亘賴 賳賲丕賷賳丿诏丕賳 賲噩賱爻 鬲丨賵賷賱 亘丿賴賳丿. 丨鬲賷 亘丕 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 亘賴 鬲賲丕賲 丕爻丕鬲賷丿 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 亘丿賴賳丿貙 亘丕 賴乇 噩賵丕夭 賰爻亘 亘賴 賰丕爻亘丕賳 亘丿賴賳丿貙 賵 亘賴 鬲賲丕賲 爻鬲丕乇诏丕賳 爻賷賳賲丕 賵 賲噩乇賷丕賳 鬲賱賵賷夭賷賵賳 賵 賴乇 丕賴賱 爻賷丕爻鬲 賵 丨乇賮賷 亘丿賴賳丿. 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賰乇丿賳 丕賳賯丿乇 賲賴賲 賳賷爻鬲 賰賴 丕賳賰丕乇 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賷丕 鬲賵噩賷賴 丕賳 賷丕 賰鬲賲丕賳 丕賳 賷丕 鬲賰乇丕乇 丕賳 賷丕 丿乇 禺賮丕 丕爻鬲賲乇丕乇 丌賳. 丕賷賳 賷賰 乇賷賵賷賵 賳賷爻鬲貙 賮賯胤 丌乇夭賵爻鬲貙 丌乇夭賵賷賷 亘夭乇诏
June 27, 2008
This is yet another wonderful book written by social psychologists, although it is probably unlikely to make the New York Times best seller list for a couple of reasons. First, this book ranks right up there with Jimmy Carter鈥檚 famed 鈥淕reat Malaise鈥� speech that pointed an accusing finger at the American people for all of their problems. No one wants to know that WE are the cause of the problem, just like no one really wants to know that I made a mistake, not someone else. This book is about cognitive dissonance and the power of rationalization in many domains of life. The problem with this topic (as I have found after many quarters of teaching it to college students), is that even after learning the concept, literally no one likes to think that they actually engage in these mental gymnastics. Biases in perception, even the automatic activation of stereotypes are easier to get people to believe than trying to show them how every decision or experience we have is colored by the process of making ourselves appear consistent. In reality, we are all highly hypocritical in countless ways, but as the authors show over and over again, this is much easier to detect in others than in ourselves. Only suggestion I would make is to try to use more examples from across the political spectrum to arrest any rationalization ammo for critics of the book. Would recommend to everyone (along with Aronson鈥檚 other books).
April 16, 2020
禺蹖賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 噩匕丕亘 亘賵丿
賲禺氐賵氐丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴賲乇丕賴 賲蹖 卮丿 亘丕 賲孬丕賱 賴丕蹖 噩丕賱亘 賵 賵丕賯毓蹖
讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賴乇 诏賮鬲賴鈥屫ж� 蹖 賲孬丕賱 賵丕賯毓蹖 亘賱丕賮丕氐賱賴 賲蹖丕乇賴 讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕 噩匕丕亘賳丿 賵 禺亘 鬲丕 丨丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿乇讴 賲鬲賳 乇賵 丕爻賵賳 鬲乇 賲蹖讴賳賴 賴賲蹖賳 亘賳馗乇賲 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖讴賴 賳丕丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴 賵賱蹖 丕氐賱丕 丕氐賱丕 乇賵賳丿 禺賵賳丿賳卮 讴賳丿 賳蹖爻鬲.
丨乇賮 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 賵賯鬲蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿蹖 賵丕乇丿 匕賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖卮賴 [丿乇亘丕乇賴 禺賵丿賲賵賳 蹖丕 丕賮乇丕丿 蹖丕 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 乇賵卮賵賳 鬲毓氐亘 賴丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇蹖賲] 賵 丕蹖賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 匕賴賳蹖賲賵賳 賴賲禺賵丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲 賳丕禺賵丿丕诏丕賴 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 乇賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 亘乇胤乇賮 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 .
禺賱丕氐賴 丕蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丿賯蹖賯丕 賴賲蹖賳 賲鬲賳 賲蹖卮賴 :
賲丕 賲毓賲賵賱丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 乇賵 夭蹖丕丿 賲賴賲 賳賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 鬲丕 賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丿賵賳蹖賲 "鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 爻丕夭 賵 讴丕乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 倬丕蹖賴 乇賮鬲丕乇
丿丕乇賵 賵 丿爻鬲賴 賴丕蹖 夭賵乇鈥屭堐屫з嗃� 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 亘趩賴 賴丕蹖 讴賵趩讴鬲乇 賯賱丿乇蹖 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
讴丕乇賮乇賲丕蹖丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 讴丕乇賲賳丿丕賳卮丕賳 丕噩丨丕賮 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
毓卮丕賯蹖 讴賴 賴賲丿蹖诏乇 乇賵 丕匕蹖鬲 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿貙
倬賱蹖爻 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲馗賳賵賳 乇丕 丨鬲蹖 倬爻 丕夭 鬲爻賱蹖賲 卮丿賳 讴鬲讴 賲蹖 夭賳賳丿貙
丿蹖讴鬲丕鬲賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕賯賱蹖鬲 賴丕蹖 賯賵賲蹖 乇丕 丿乇 夭賳丿丕賳 卮讴賳噩賴 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
爻乇亘丕夭丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 睾蹖乇 賳馗丕賲蹖丕賳 丌夭丕乇 賲蹖 乇爻丕賳賳丿 貙
賵 賯囟蹖賴 噩丿蹖 鬲乇 賲蹖 卮賵丿."
趩賳丿 賳讴鬲賴 讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 禺蹖賱蹖 丨蹖賮賴 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賱亘鬲賴 趩賵賳 乇蹖賵蹖賵 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 卮丿 亘丕夭賲 丕丨鬲賲丕賱 丿丕乇賴 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賲丕 賲蹖賳賵蹖爻賲 卮丕蹖丿 讴賴 亘禺賵賳蹖賳 馃槂:
鈻堐� 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖诏賴 讴賴 賴乇趩蹖 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 蹖讴 趩蹖夭 亘蹖卮鬲乇 禺乇噩 讴賳蹖賲 賵 毓賵丕賯亘卮 賴賲 亘乇 诏卮鬲 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 鬲乇 亘丕卮賴 鬲丕讴蹖丿 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 亘乇 噩賳亘賴 賴丕蹖 賲孬亘鬲 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖賲賵賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖卮賴
賲孬賱丕 賲蹖诏賴 賴蹖趩 賵賯鬲 亘乇丕蹖 噩乇丕丨蹖 倬賱丕爻鬲蹖讴 亘丕 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 賯亘賱丕 丕賵賳 賵 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賳 賲卮賵乇鬲 賳讴賳蹖賳 趩賵賳 卮賲丕 乇賵 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 讴賴 丨鬲賲丕 丕賳噩丕賲 亘丿蹖賳
賲蹖诏賴 亘賴 噩丕卮 賲孬賱丕 亘丕 讴爻蹖 賲卮賵乇鬲 讴賳蹖賳 讴賴 賲孬賱 卮賲丕 丿乇 丨丕賱 噩賲毓 丌賵乇蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丿乇 丕賵賳 亘丕乇賴 丕爻鬲
鈻堐� 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖 禺賵賳蹖賲 讴賴 "鬲禺賱蹖賴 禺卮賲" 賲蹖 鬲賵賳賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇 毓讴爻 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴
丨丕賱丕 趩乇丕 責
趩賵賳 賵賯鬲蹖 禺卮賲賲賵賳 乇賵 爻乇 讴爻蹖 丿蹖诏賴 禺丕賱蹖 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 賳蹖丕夭賴 讴賴 讴丕乇賲賵賳 乇賵 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴賳蹖賲
賲孬賱丕 賲蹖诏蹖賲 丨賯卮 亘賵丿 丕氐賱丕 + 讴賱蹖 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賴丕蹖 亘丿賴 丿蹖诏賴
賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 丿賮毓賴 亘毓丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 賵 亘亘蹖賳蹖賲 丨爻 亘丿鬲乇蹖 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴卮 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 禺蹖賱蹖 亘丿鬲乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 讴賳蹖賲
丿乇 丕丿丕賲卮 蹖讴 丌夭賲丕蹖卮 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 乇賵 賲蹖诏賴 讴賴 噩丕賱亘賴 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴 诏蹖乇蹖賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴丕 乇賵 賴賲 鬲丕蹖蹖丿 賲蹖讴賳賴
馃槄倬爻 亘賳丕 亘乇 賳馗乇蹖賴 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳 賴賲 賱匕鬲蹖 讴賴 丿乇 亘禺卮卮 賴爻鬲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賯丕賲 賳蹖爻鬲
卮丕蹖丿 亘毓丿 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 賵 丿賳亘丕賱 賲賯氐乇蹖賲 亘乇丕蹖 蹖讴 亘丕乇 賴賲 卮丿賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲蹖鬲乇賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 噩賵丕亘賲賵賳 亘丕卮賴
"讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿責 賲賳 亘賵丿賲 "
賲禺氐賵氐丕 丕蹖賳讴賴 賴賲乇丕賴 賲蹖 卮丿 亘丕 賲孬丕賱 賴丕蹖 噩丕賱亘 賵 賵丕賯毓蹖
讴鬲丕亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賴乇 诏賮鬲賴鈥屫ж� 蹖 賲孬丕賱 賵丕賯毓蹖 亘賱丕賮丕氐賱賴 賲蹖丕乇賴 讴賴 賵丕賯毓丕 噩匕丕亘賳丿 賵 禺亘 鬲丕 丨丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丿乇讴 賲鬲賳 乇賵 丕爻賵賳 鬲乇 賲蹖讴賳賴 賴賲蹖賳 亘賳馗乇賲 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖讴賴 賳丕丿丕爻鬲丕賳賴 賵賱蹖 丕氐賱丕 丕氐賱丕 乇賵賳丿 禺賵賳丿賳卮 讴賳丿 賳蹖爻鬲.
丨乇賮 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 賵賯鬲蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 噩丿蹖丿蹖 賵丕乇丿 匕賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖卮賴 [丿乇亘丕乇賴 禺賵丿賲賵賳 蹖丕 丕賮乇丕丿 蹖丕 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 乇賵卮賵賳 鬲毓氐亘 賴丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇蹖賲] 賵 丕蹖賳 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 亘丕 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 匕賴賳蹖賲賵賳 賴賲禺賵丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲 賳丕禺賵丿丕诏丕賴 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 乇賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 亘乇胤乇賮 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 .
禺賱丕氐賴 丕蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丿賯蹖賯丕 賴賲蹖賳 賲鬲賳 賲蹖卮賴 :
賲丕 賲毓賲賵賱丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 乇賵 夭蹖丕丿 賲賴賲 賳賲蹖 亘蹖賳蹖賲 鬲丕 賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 亘丿賵賳蹖賲 "鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴乇丿賳 爻丕夭 賵 讴丕乇蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 倬丕蹖賴 乇賮鬲丕乇
丿丕乇賵 賵 丿爻鬲賴 賴丕蹖 夭賵乇鈥屭堐屫з嗃� 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 亘趩賴 賴丕蹖 讴賵趩讴鬲乇 賯賱丿乇蹖 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
讴丕乇賮乇賲丕蹖丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 讴丕乇賲賳丿丕賳卮丕賳 丕噩丨丕賮 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
毓卮丕賯蹖 讴賴 賴賲丿蹖诏乇 乇賵 丕匕蹖鬲 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿貙
倬賱蹖爻 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲馗賳賵賳 乇丕 丨鬲蹖 倬爻 丕夭 鬲爻賱蹖賲 卮丿賳 讴鬲讴 賲蹖 夭賳賳丿貙
丿蹖讴鬲丕鬲賵乇賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 丕賯賱蹖鬲 賴丕蹖 賯賵賲蹖 乇丕 丿乇 夭賳丿丕賳 卮讴賳噩賴 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 貙
爻乇亘丕夭丕賳蹖 讴賴 亘賴 睾蹖乇 賳馗丕賲蹖丕賳 丌夭丕乇 賲蹖 乇爻丕賳賳丿 貙
賵 賯囟蹖賴 噩丿蹖 鬲乇 賲蹖 卮賵丿."
趩賳丿 賳讴鬲賴 讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 禺蹖賱蹖 丨蹖賮賴 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賱亘鬲賴 趩賵賳 乇蹖賵蹖賵 胤賵賱丕賳蹖 卮丿 亘丕夭賲 丕丨鬲賲丕賱 丿丕乇賴 賳禺賵賳蹖賳 丕賲丕 賲蹖賳賵蹖爻賲 卮丕蹖丿 讴賴 亘禺賵賳蹖賳 馃槂:
鈻堐� 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖诏賴 讴賴 賴乇趩蹖 賲丕 亘乇丕蹖 蹖讴 趩蹖夭 亘蹖卮鬲乇 禺乇噩 讴賳蹖賲 賵 毓賵丕賯亘卮 賴賲 亘乇 诏卮鬲 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 鬲乇 亘丕卮賴 鬲丕讴蹖丿 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 亘乇 噩賳亘賴 賴丕蹖 賲孬亘鬲 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖賲賵賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖卮賴
賲孬賱丕 賲蹖诏賴 賴蹖趩 賵賯鬲 亘乇丕蹖 噩乇丕丨蹖 倬賱丕爻鬲蹖讴 亘丕 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 賯亘賱丕 丕賵賳 賵 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賳 賲卮賵乇鬲 賳讴賳蹖賳 趩賵賳 卮賲丕 乇賵 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿 讴賴 丨鬲賲丕 丕賳噩丕賲 亘丿蹖賳
賲蹖诏賴 亘賴 噩丕卮 賲孬賱丕 亘丕 讴爻蹖 賲卮賵乇鬲 讴賳蹖賳 讴賴 賲孬賱 卮賲丕 丿乇 丨丕賱 噩賲毓 丌賵乇蹖 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丿乇 丕賵賳 亘丕乇賴 丕爻鬲
鈻堐� 讴鬲丕亘 賲蹖 禺賵賳蹖賲 讴賴 "鬲禺賱蹖賴 禺卮賲" 賲蹖 鬲賵賳賴 鬲丕孬蹖乇 毓讴爻 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賴
丨丕賱丕 趩乇丕 責
趩賵賳 賵賯鬲蹖 禺卮賲賲賵賳 乇賵 爻乇 讴爻蹖 丿蹖诏賴 禺丕賱蹖 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 賳蹖丕夭賴 讴賴 讴丕乇賲賵賳 乇賵 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴賳蹖賲
賲孬賱丕 賲蹖诏蹖賲 丨賯卮 亘賵丿 丕氐賱丕 + 讴賱蹖 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賴丕蹖 亘丿賴 丿蹖诏賴
賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 丿賮毓賴 亘毓丿 讴賴 賮乇丿 賵 亘亘蹖賳蹖賲 丨爻 亘丿鬲乇蹖 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴卮 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 丿乇 賳鬲蹖噩賴 禺蹖賱蹖 亘丿鬲乇 乇賮鬲丕乇 讴賳蹖賲
丿乇 丕丿丕賲卮 蹖讴 丌夭賲丕蹖卮 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 乇賵 賲蹖诏賴 讴賴 噩丕賱亘賴 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴 诏蹖乇蹖賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賴丕 乇賵 賴賲 鬲丕蹖蹖丿 賲蹖讴賳賴
馃槄倬爻 亘賳丕 亘乇 賳馗乇蹖賴 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳 賴賲 賱匕鬲蹖 讴賴 丿乇 亘禺卮卮 賴爻鬲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賯丕賲 賳蹖爻鬲
卮丕蹖丿 亘毓丿 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 賲蹖 讴賳蹖賲 賵 丿賳亘丕賱 賲賯氐乇蹖賲 亘乇丕蹖 蹖讴 亘丕乇 賴賲 卮丿賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 鬲蹖鬲乇賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 噩賵丕亘賲賵賳 亘丕卮賴
"讴蹖 亘賵丿 讴蹖 亘賵丿責 賲賳 亘賵丿賲 "
June 30, 2012
This is my favorite book, period! Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson demonstrate how cognitive dissonance accounts for our inability to see our faults, from our personal lives all the way to the highest levels of government. This will change the way you view your own thoughts and actions, and make you a better person as a result.
May 25, 2010
As someone interested in the psychology of religion, it's always interesting to me how cognitive weaknesses play a role in establishing and maintaining religious beliefs. Some atheists are wont to believe that religion is a kind of mental illness, but this book (and others) make it clear that's really not so. The vast majority of religious people are cognitively normal. It's just that normal human cognition is very prone to making certain kinds of errors, and religious memes propagate very easily on this substrate. As an example, for a religious person to admit that there are no gods, they have to confront the enormous cognitive dissonance that they think of themselves as smart, well-educated, pragmatic - but have, for many years, been putting vast amounts of effort, emotion, thought, and perhaps money into something that hasn't the slightest basis in reality. For someone who was devoutly religious, this is the granddaddy of all cognitive dissonance. That so many people manage to confront this and deal with it is quite impressive.
One of the things I like about this book is that for every section on various instantiations of cognitive dissonance and self-justification, they close by talking about someone who has overcome this natural propensity, and done right. The therapist who confronts the fact that she helped people "recover" false memories of abuse, and meets with the affected families to try to set things right. The prosecutor who accepts that he had an innocent man incarcerated for years, and comes back to the case. One of the best examples in my opinion is , who is not in this book, as they don't discuss "alternative" medicine. He confronted the fact that he had been giving people useless medical treatments for years, as a homeopathic doctor, and has since become a crusader for science-based medicine.
One of the most disappointing realizations for me, as an educator, is that clear explanation with ample evidence generally will not change people's minds. Many people who think they've been abducted by aliens are well aware of the phenomenon of sleep paralysis, but - for no justifiable reason - reject it as an explanation of their experiences. I've spoken with a climate change denialist who swore up and down that they understood the greenhouse effect just fine - and then immediately turned around and said something clearly contradicting this theory.
Education isn't entirely futile, though. First, if we can educate people before they've formed their opinions on the subject, that will have a dramatic difference. Second, a large-scale, concerted education effort can change some minds. This can lead to changes of the intellectual environment that can persuade others via non-rational means. Smokers in the 1940s didn't understand the link between smoking and lung cancer. Almost every smoker today does understand this link (although they smoke anyway, exercising ample self-justification). But we've managed to convince enough people that the society in the US has changed, and smoking is much less accepted (and as a result much less common).
Science was developed to counteract all the problems mentioned in this book. Nobody likes to be wrong, and scientists are no exception, but they are professionally forced to be. To be sure, being too wrong can cost them prestige, money, or jobs, but they're expected to be wrong fairly frequently. And the whole endeavor of science is set up to make it clear when someone is wrong. Scientists aren't allowed to conduct their arguments in a vague or metaphorical manner, and must be vulnerable to proof that they are wrong (mathematical or empirical). And while individual scientists can be recalcitrant, the discipline as a whole is self-correcting, and moves on. The world would be a vastly better place if everyone aspired to the scientific ideal.
One of the things I like about this book is that for every section on various instantiations of cognitive dissonance and self-justification, they close by talking about someone who has overcome this natural propensity, and done right. The therapist who confronts the fact that she helped people "recover" false memories of abuse, and meets with the affected families to try to set things right. The prosecutor who accepts that he had an innocent man incarcerated for years, and comes back to the case. One of the best examples in my opinion is , who is not in this book, as they don't discuss "alternative" medicine. He confronted the fact that he had been giving people useless medical treatments for years, as a homeopathic doctor, and has since become a crusader for science-based medicine.
One of the most disappointing realizations for me, as an educator, is that clear explanation with ample evidence generally will not change people's minds. Many people who think they've been abducted by aliens are well aware of the phenomenon of sleep paralysis, but - for no justifiable reason - reject it as an explanation of their experiences. I've spoken with a climate change denialist who swore up and down that they understood the greenhouse effect just fine - and then immediately turned around and said something clearly contradicting this theory.
Education isn't entirely futile, though. First, if we can educate people before they've formed their opinions on the subject, that will have a dramatic difference. Second, a large-scale, concerted education effort can change some minds. This can lead to changes of the intellectual environment that can persuade others via non-rational means. Smokers in the 1940s didn't understand the link between smoking and lung cancer. Almost every smoker today does understand this link (although they smoke anyway, exercising ample self-justification). But we've managed to convince enough people that the society in the US has changed, and smoking is much less accepted (and as a result much less common).
Science was developed to counteract all the problems mentioned in this book. Nobody likes to be wrong, and scientists are no exception, but they are professionally forced to be. To be sure, being too wrong can cost them prestige, money, or jobs, but they're expected to be wrong fairly frequently. And the whole endeavor of science is set up to make it clear when someone is wrong. Scientists aren't allowed to conduct their arguments in a vague or metaphorical manner, and must be vulnerable to proof that they are wrong (mathematical or empirical). And while individual scientists can be recalcitrant, the discipline as a whole is self-correcting, and moves on. The world would be a vastly better place if everyone aspired to the scientific ideal.
December 23, 2023
丌禺乇蹖賳 亘丕乇蹖 讴賴 卮賳蹖丿蹖丿 蹖讴 爻蹖丕爻鬲賲丿丕乇貙 倬夭卮讴 蹖丕 丿丕丿爻鬲丕賳 亘诏賵蹖丿 芦賲賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴乇丿賲貙 鬲賯氐蹖乇 賲賳 亘賵丿禄 讴蹖 亘賵丿賴責 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘丕乇蹖 讴賴 禺賵丿鬲丕賳 趩賳蹖賳 噩賲賱賴鈥屫й� 乇丕 亘乇 夭亘丕賳 丌賵乇丿蹖丿 趩胤賵乇責
趩乇丕 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 丕氐乇丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж池ж池� 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 睾賱胤 賵 丌爻蹖亘鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 亘賴 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 夭丿賴鈥屫й屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴賳蹖賲責
趩乇丕 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 禺蹖賱蹖 乇丕丨鬲 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 丕賲丕 丿賵乇賵蹖蹖 賵 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘賴 趩卮賲賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賴賲賴鈥屬呚з� 丿乇賵睾诏賵蹖蹖賲 蹖丕 賵丕賯毓丕賸 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屸€屬囏й� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
讴丕乇賵賱 鬲丕賵乇蹖爻 賵 丕賱蹖賵鬲 丌乇賵賳爻賵賳貙 丿賵 賳賮乇 丕夭 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж池з� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲卮賴賵乇貙 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 芦 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲蹖 讴賴 氐賵乇鬲 賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀� 丕賲丕 賳賴 鬲賵爻胤 賲賳 禄 亘丕 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й屰� 鬲讴丕賳鈥屫囐嗀� 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖貙 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇卮 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 賵 匕賴賳賲丕賳 亘丕 趩賴 鬲乇賮賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 讴賲讴賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 賲賵噩賴 賵 亘乇丨賯 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 賵 趩胤賵乇 丨丕賮馗賴鈥屬呚з� 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳賴 禺丕胤乇丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖乇 禺賵亘蹖 讴賴 丕夭 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 禺丿卮賴鈥屫й� 賵丕乇丿 賳卮賵丿.
趩乇丕 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 丕氐乇丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲 亘丕賵乇賴丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж池ж池� 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 睾賱胤 賵 丌爻蹖亘鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 亘賴 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 夭丿賴鈥屫й屬� 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴賳蹖賲責
趩乇丕 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇丕賳 乇丕 禺蹖賱蹖 乇丕丨鬲 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 丕賲丕 丿賵乇賵蹖蹖 賵 乇蹖丕讴丕乇蹖 禺賵丿賲丕賳 亘賴 趩卮賲賲丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賴賲賴鈥屬呚з� 丿乇賵睾诏賵蹖蹖賲 蹖丕 賵丕賯毓丕賸 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屸€屬囏й� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚�
讴丕乇賵賱 鬲丕賵乇蹖爻 賵 丕賱蹖賵鬲 丌乇賵賳爻賵賳貙 丿賵 賳賮乇 丕夭 乇賵丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж池з� 丕噩鬲賲丕毓蹖 賲卮賴賵乇貙 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 芦 丕卮鬲亘丕賴丕鬲蹖 讴賴 氐賵乇鬲 賲蹖鈥屭屫辟嗀� 丕賲丕 賳賴 鬲賵爻胤 賲賳 禄 亘丕 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й屰� 鬲讴丕賳鈥屫囐嗀� 丕夭 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖貙 亘賴 賲丕 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 趩乇丕 倬匕蹖乇卮 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 丕蹖賳鈥屬傌� 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 丿卮賵丕乇 丕爻鬲 賵 匕賴賳賲丕賳 亘丕 趩賴 鬲乇賮賳丿賴丕蹖蹖 讴賲讴賲丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 禺賵丿賲丕賳 乇丕 賲賵噩賴 賵 亘乇丨賯 亘丿丕賳蹖賲 賵 趩胤賵乇 丨丕賮馗賴鈥屬呚з� 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳賴 禺丕胤乇丕鬲賲丕賳 乇丕 鬲丨乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 鬲丕 亘賴 鬲氐賵蹖乇 禺賵亘蹖 讴賴 丕夭 禺賵丿賲丕賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 禺丿卮賴鈥屫й� 賵丕乇丿 賳卮賵丿.
December 1, 2018
In this book we see the the trail of self-justification through the territories of family, memory, therapy, law, prejudice, conflict, and war.
How we do self justification before the decision and after the decision is taken
Example : U.S - Iraq war
It show how self justification work in Iraq war.It started with Iraq had pile of weapon of mass destruction but at the end of event there was no such thing still we try to justified the event with other matter such as stability in Middle East democracy and terrorism etc .
People even see lack of evidence as an evidence .
Consequence of self-justification: how it exacerbates prejudice and corruption, distorts memory, turns professional confidence into arrogance, creates and perpetuates injustice, warps love, and generates feuds and rifts.
How cognitive dissonance works?
cognitive dissonance, the hardwired psychological mechanism that creates self-justification and protects our certainties, self-esteem, and affiliations.
Then book talk about of Bias of memory .
How Memory is reconstructive and subjective to source of confusion.
Parent blaming is popular and convenient form of self justification .
Memories create our stories, but our stories also create our memories. Once we have a narrative, we shape our memories to fit into it and assemble as mosaic form .
Imagination inflammation
MORAL OF THE BOOK
The moral of the book is easy to say, and difficult to execute. When you screw up, try saying this: "I made a mistake. I need to understand what went wrong. I don't want to make the same mistake again.
An appreciation of how dissonance works, in ourselves and others, gives us some ways to override our wiring. And protect us from those who can't.
How we do self justification before the decision and after the decision is taken
Example : U.S - Iraq war
It show how self justification work in Iraq war.It started with Iraq had pile of weapon of mass destruction but at the end of event there was no such thing still we try to justified the event with other matter such as stability in Middle East democracy and terrorism etc .
People even see lack of evidence as an evidence .
Consequence of self-justification: how it exacerbates prejudice and corruption, distorts memory, turns professional confidence into arrogance, creates and perpetuates injustice, warps love, and generates feuds and rifts.
How cognitive dissonance works?
cognitive dissonance, the hardwired psychological mechanism that creates self-justification and protects our certainties, self-esteem, and affiliations.
Then book talk about of Bias of memory .
How Memory is reconstructive and subjective to source of confusion.
Parent blaming is popular and convenient form of self justification .
Memories create our stories, but our stories also create our memories. Once we have a narrative, we shape our memories to fit into it and assemble as mosaic form .
Imagination inflammation
MORAL OF THE BOOK
The moral of the book is easy to say, and difficult to execute. When you screw up, try saying this: "I made a mistake. I need to understand what went wrong. I don't want to make the same mistake again.
An appreciation of how dissonance works, in ourselves and others, gives us some ways to override our wiring. And protect us from those who can't.
February 17, 2025
賵丕賵.. 賰鬲丕亘 賲丿賴卮 賮毓賱丕.. 毓噩亘賳賷 噩丿丕 賵賮賴賲賳賷 丨丕噩丕鬲 賰孬賷乇 賵丕爻鬲睾乇亘鬲 賲賳 丨丕噩丕鬲 兀賰孬乇 賲賰賳鬲卮 兀毓乇賮賴丕..
賳鬲毓噩亘 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 丕賮毓丕賱 丕賱胤睾丕丞 賵丕賱賯鬲賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賳毓乇賮 賰賷賮 賷賯丿乇賵賳 毓賱賶 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀賮毓丕賱 丕賱丕噩乇丕賲賷丞!!!
賱賰賳賳丕 爻賳賳丿賴卮 毓賳丿賲丕 賳乇賶 兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵賳丨賳 賳亘乇乇 賱賴丕 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲噩乇賲賵賳貙 亘睾囟 丕賱賳馗乇 毓賳 丨噩賲 丕賱囟乇乇 兀賵 丕賱禺胤兀 丕賱匕賷 丕乇鬲賰亘賳丕賴..
賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻賳鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷 賵丕賱鬲丨賷夭 丕賱鬲兀賰賷丿賷貙 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 丕賱賲卮賵賴丞 賵丕賱亘賯毓 丕賱毓賲賷丕亍貙 亘兀爻賱賵亘 賲賲賷夭 賵賲卮賵賯貙 賷爻鬲毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 賱兀丨丿丕孬 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賵賵賯丕卅毓 丨賯賷賯賷丞 賵噩乇丕卅賲 賵卮禺氐賷丕鬲 卮賴賷乇丞 賵賲噩賴賵賱丞..
賰鬲丕亘 賯賷賲 亘匕賱 賮賷賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱噩賴丿.. 賲賮賷丿 噩丿丕 賵賲賲鬲毓 賱賱睾丕賷丞..
** 亘氐賮鬲賳丕 亘卮乇 睾賷乇 賲毓氐賵賲賷賳 賮廿賳賳丕 賳鬲卮丕乇賰 噩賲賷毓丕 賮賷 丕賱賳夭賵毓 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵鬲噩賳亘 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱賷丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賮毓丕賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷鬲亘賷賳 丕賳賴丕 囟丕乇丞 丕賵 睾賷乇 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 丕賵 睾亘賷丞貙 賵爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳鬲 毓賵丕賯亘 丕禺胤丕卅賳丕 鬲丕賮賴丞 兀賵 賲兀爻丕賵賷丞貙 賮廿賳 賲毓馗賲賳丕 賷噩丿 氐毓賵亘丞貙 廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 丕爻鬲丨丕賱丞貙 賮賷 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 "賰賳鬲 賲禺胤卅丕貙 賵賱賯丿 丕乇鬲賰亘鬲 禺胤卅丕 賮丕丿丨丕".
**廿賳 鬲亘乇賷乇 丕賱匕丕鬲 賱賷爻 賴賵 丕賱賰匕亘 兀賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賯 丕賱兀毓匕丕乇貙 賮賲賳 丕賱賵丕囟丨 兀賳 丕賱賳丕爻 爻賵賮 賷賰匕亘賵賳 兀賵 賷禺鬲乇毓賵賳 賯氐囟丕 禺賷丕賱賷丞 賱鬲賮丕丿賷 睾囟亘 丕賱丨亘賷亘 兀賵 丕賱賵丕賱丿 兀賵 氐丕丨亘 丕賱毓賲賱 兀賵 賱鬲噩賳亘 丕賱賲賯丕囟丕丞 兀賵 丕賱爻噩賳 兀賵 賱鬲噩賳亘 賮賯丿丕賳 賲丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴貙 賵賱鬲噩賳亘 賮賯丿丕賳 丕賱賵馗賷賮丞 賵賱賱亘賯丕亍 賮賷 丕賱爻賱胤丞貙 賵賱賰賳 賴賳丕賰 賮丕乇賯丕 賰亘賷乇丕 亘賷賳 乇噩賱 賲匕賳亘 賷禺亘乇 丕賱噩賲賴賵乇 亘卮賷亍 賷毓乇賮 兀賳賴 睾賷乇 氐丨賷丨貙 賵亘賷賳 乇噩賱 賷賯賳毓 賳賮爻賴 亘兀賳賴 賮毓賱 卮賷卅丕 噩賷丿丕貙 賮賮賷 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賰丕賳 賷賰匕亘 賵賷毓乇賮 兀賳賴 賷賰匕亘 賱廿賳賯丕匕 噩賱丿賴貙 兀賲丕 賮賷 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賴賵 賷賰匕亘 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賴貙 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱爻亘亘 賮賷 兀賳 鬲亘乇賷乇 丕賱匕丕鬲 兀賯賵賶 賵兀禺胤乇 賲賳 丕賱賰匕亘 丕賱氐乇賷丨 賱兀賳賴 賷爻賲丨 賱賱賳丕爻 亘廿賯賳丕毓 兀賳賮爻賴賲 亘兀賳 賲丕 賮毓賱賵賴 賰丕賳 兀賮囟賱 卮賷亍 賷賲賰賳賴賲 賮毓賱賴.
**賮噩乇鬲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 賮賰乇丞 丕賱廿胤乇丕亍 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 亘兀賳賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱亘卮乇 - 賰賵賳賳丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱毓丕賯賱 - 賳毓丕賱噩 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 亘卮賰賱 賲賳胤賯賷貙 賵毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 鬲賲丕賲丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賲鬲賵丕賮賯丞 賲毓 賲毓鬲賯丿丕鬲賳丕 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲賯丿 兀賳賴丕 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 氐丨賷丨 賵賲賮賷丿丞貙 "賴匕丕 賮賯胤 賲丕 賯賱鬲賴 丿丕卅賲丕!"貙 賵賱賰賳 廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賲鬲賳丕賮乇丞貙 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲亘乇賴丕 賲鬲丨賷夭丞 兀賵 丨賲賯丕亍 "賷丕 賱賴丕 賲賳 丨噩丞 睾亘賷丞". 廿賳 丕賱丨丕噩丞 廿賱賶 丕賱丕鬲爻丕賯 賯賵賷丞 噩丿丕 賱丿乇噩丞 兀賳賴 毓賳丿賲丕 賷囟胤乇 丕賱賳丕爻 廿賱賶 丕賱賳馗乇 廿賱賶 兀丿賱丞 睾賷乇 賲丐賰丿丞貙 賮廿賳賴賲 爻賷噩丿賵賳 胤乇賷賯丞 賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿賴丕 兀賵 鬲卮賵賷賴賴丕 兀賵 乇賮囟賴丕 丨鬲賶 賷鬲賲賰賳賵丕 賲賳 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 賲毓鬲賯丿賴賲 丕賱丨丕賱賷 兀賵 丨鬲賶 鬲賯賵賷鬲賴 賵賷爻賲賶 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賱鬲賵丕亍 丕賱毓賯賱賷 "丕賱鬲丨賷夭 丕賱鬲兀賰賷丿賷".
**鬲爻賲丨 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賰丕匕亘丞 賱賱賳丕爻 亘賲爻丕賲丨丞 兀賳賮爻賴賲 賵鬲亘乇賷乇 兀禺胤丕卅賴賲貙 賵賱賰賳 亘孬賲賳 亘丕賴馗 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 賷鬲賲孬賱 賮賷 毓丿賲 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱賷丞 毓賳 丨賷丕鬲賴賲貙 賵賱賰賳 廿丿乇丕賰 鬲卮賵賴丕鬲 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 賵廿丿乇丕賰 兀賳賴 丨鬲賶 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮毓乇 亘賴丕 亘毓賲賯 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 禺丕胤卅丞. 乇亘賲丕 賷卮噩毓 丕賱賳丕爻 毓賱賶 丕賱丕丨鬲賮丕馗 亘匕賰乇賷丕鬲賴賲 亘卮賰賱 兀賰孬乇 丕爻鬲禺賮丕賮丕. 賵丕賱鬲禺賱賷 毓賳 丕賱賷賯賷賳 亘兀賳 匕賰乇賷丕鬲賴賲 丿賯賷賯丞 丿丕卅賲丕貙 賵丕賱鬲禺賱賷 毓賳 丕賱丿丕賮毓 丕賱噩匕丕亘 賱丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱丨丕囟乇. 賱賯丿 胤賱亘 賲賳丕 鬲賵禺賷 丕賱丨匕乇 賮賷賲丕 賳鬲賲賳丕賴 賱兀賳賴 賯丿 賷鬲丨賯賯貙 賵賱賰賳 賷噩亘 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賷囟賸丕 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 丨匕乇賷賳 亘卮兀賳 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賳禺鬲丕乇賴丕 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 丨賷丕鬲賳丕貙 賱兀賳賴 爻賷鬲毓賷賳 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賳 賳毓賷卮 賵賮賯賸丕 賱賴丕.
**廿賳 丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱賵丕毓賷 亘賰賷賮賷丞 毓賲賱 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 賴賵 丕賱禺胤賵丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賳丨賵 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 丌孬丕乇賴貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 賱丕 賷夭丕賱 賴賳丕賰 毓丕卅賯丕賳 賳賮爻賷丕賳貙 丕賱兀賵賱: 賴賵 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘兀賳 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 賴賷 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 毓丿賲 丕賱賰賮丕亍丞 賵丕賱睾亘丕亍貙 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷: 賴賵 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘兀賳 爻賲丕鬲 卮禺氐賷鬲賳丕 - 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 丕賱匕丕鬲 - 賲丿賲噩丞 賵睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱鬲睾賷賷乇貙 賵睾丕賱亘丕 賲丕 賷禺卮賶 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賷丨賲賱賵賳 賴丕鬲賷賳 丕賱賮賰乇鬲賷賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕賮 亘丕賱禺胤兀 賱兀賳賴賲 賷毓鬲亘乇賵賳 賴匕丕 丿賱賷賱丕 毓賱賶 兀賳賴賲 兀睾亘賷丕亍貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳賴賲 賮氐賱 丕賱禺胤兀 毓賳 賴賵賷鬲賴賲 賵丕丨鬲乇丕賲賴賲 賱匕丕鬲賴賲貙 賵乇睾賲 兀賳 賲毓馗賲 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賳賴 賲賳 丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟 兀賳 賷賯賵賱賵丕 賳丨賳 "賳鬲毓賱賲 賲賳 兀禺胤丕卅賳丕"貙 賮廿賳賴賲 賮賷 兀毓賲丕賯賴賲 賱丕 賷氐丿賯賵賳 賵賱丕 賱賱丨馗丞貙 賵賷毓鬲賯丿賵賳 兀賳 丕乇鬲賰丕亘 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 賷毓賳賷 兀賳賴賲 兀睾亘賷丕亍貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 賴賵 亘丕賱囟亘胤 賲丕 賷賲賳毓賴賲 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賲 賲賳 兀禺胤丕卅賴賲.
賳鬲毓噩亘 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 丕賮毓丕賱 丕賱胤睾丕丞 賵丕賱賯鬲賱丞貙 賵賱丕 賳毓乇賮 賰賷賮 賷賯丿乇賵賳 毓賱賶 鬲賱賰 丕賱兀賮毓丕賱 丕賱丕噩乇丕賲賷丞!!!
賱賰賳賳丕 爻賳賳丿賴卮 毓賳丿賲丕 賳乇賶 兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵賳丨賳 賳亘乇乇 賱賴丕 賰賲丕 賷賮毓賱 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賲噩乇賲賵賳貙 亘睾囟 丕賱賳馗乇 毓賳 丨噩賲 丕賱囟乇乇 兀賵 丕賱禺胤兀 丕賱匕賷 丕乇鬲賰亘賳丕賴..
賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻賳鬲毓乇賮 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷 賵丕賱鬲丨賷夭 丕賱鬲兀賰賷丿賷貙 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 丕賱賲卮賵賴丞 賵丕賱亘賯毓 丕賱毓賲賷丕亍貙 亘兀爻賱賵亘 賲賲賷夭 賵賲卮賵賯貙 賷爻鬲毓乇囟 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲孬賱丞 丕賱賵丕賯毓賷丞 賱兀丨丿丕孬 鬲丕乇賷禺賷丞 賵賲賯丕賱丕鬲 賵丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賵賵賯丕卅毓 丨賯賷賯賷丞 賵噩乇丕卅賲 賵卮禺氐賷丕鬲 卮賴賷乇丞 賵賲噩賴賵賱丞..
賰鬲丕亘 賯賷賲 亘匕賱 賮賷賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱噩賴丿.. 賲賮賷丿 噩丿丕 賵賲賲鬲毓 賱賱睾丕賷丞..
** 亘氐賮鬲賳丕 亘卮乇 睾賷乇 賲毓氐賵賲賷賳 賮廿賳賳丕 賳鬲卮丕乇賰 噩賲賷毓丕 賮賷 丕賱賳夭賵毓 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵鬲噩賳亘 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱賷丞 毓賳 丕賱兀賮毓丕賱 丕賱鬲賷 賷鬲亘賷賳 丕賳賴丕 囟丕乇丞 丕賵 睾賷乇 兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 丕賵 睾亘賷丞貙 賵爻賵丕亍 賰丕賳鬲 毓賵丕賯亘 丕禺胤丕卅賳丕 鬲丕賮賴丞 兀賵 賲兀爻丕賵賷丞貙 賮廿賳 賲毓馗賲賳丕 賷噩丿 氐毓賵亘丞貙 廿賳 賱賲 賷賰賳 丕爻鬲丨丕賱丞貙 賮賷 兀賳 賷賯賵賱 "賰賳鬲 賲禺胤卅丕貙 賵賱賯丿 丕乇鬲賰亘鬲 禺胤卅丕 賮丕丿丨丕".
**廿賳 鬲亘乇賷乇 丕賱匕丕鬲 賱賷爻 賴賵 丕賱賰匕亘 兀賵 丕禺鬲賱丕賯 丕賱兀毓匕丕乇貙 賮賲賳 丕賱賵丕囟丨 兀賳 丕賱賳丕爻 爻賵賮 賷賰匕亘賵賳 兀賵 賷禺鬲乇毓賵賳 賯氐囟丕 禺賷丕賱賷丞 賱鬲賮丕丿賷 睾囟亘 丕賱丨亘賷亘 兀賵 丕賱賵丕賱丿 兀賵 氐丕丨亘 丕賱毓賲賱 兀賵 賱鬲噩賳亘 丕賱賲賯丕囟丕丞 兀賵 丕賱爻噩賳 兀賵 賱鬲噩賳亘 賮賯丿丕賳 賲丕亍 丕賱賵噩賴貙 賵賱鬲噩賳亘 賮賯丿丕賳 丕賱賵馗賷賮丞 賵賱賱亘賯丕亍 賮賷 丕賱爻賱胤丞貙 賵賱賰賳 賴賳丕賰 賮丕乇賯丕 賰亘賷乇丕 亘賷賳 乇噩賱 賲匕賳亘 賷禺亘乇 丕賱噩賲賴賵乇 亘卮賷亍 賷毓乇賮 兀賳賴 睾賷乇 氐丨賷丨貙 賵亘賷賳 乇噩賱 賷賯賳毓 賳賮爻賴 亘兀賳賴 賮毓賱 卮賷卅丕 噩賷丿丕貙 賮賮賷 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賰丕賳 賷賰匕亘 賵賷毓乇賮 兀賳賴 賷賰匕亘 賱廿賳賯丕匕 噩賱丿賴貙 兀賲丕 賮賷 丕賱丨丕賱丞 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賮賴賵 賷賰匕亘 毓賱賶 賳賮爻賴貙 賵賴匕丕 賴賵 丕賱爻亘亘 賮賷 兀賳 鬲亘乇賷乇 丕賱匕丕鬲 兀賯賵賶 賵兀禺胤乇 賲賳 丕賱賰匕亘 丕賱氐乇賷丨 賱兀賳賴 賷爻賲丨 賱賱賳丕爻 亘廿賯賳丕毓 兀賳賮爻賴賲 亘兀賳 賲丕 賮毓賱賵賴 賰丕賳 兀賮囟賱 卮賷亍 賷賲賰賳賴賲 賮毓賱賴.
**賮噩乇鬲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 賮賰乇丞 丕賱廿胤乇丕亍 丕賱匕丕鬲賷 亘兀賳賳丕 賳丨賳 丕賱亘卮乇 - 賰賵賳賳丕 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱毓丕賯賱 - 賳毓丕賱噩 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 亘卮賰賱 賲賳胤賯賷貙 賵毓賱賶 丕賱毓賰爻 鬲賲丕賲丕 廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賲鬲賵丕賮賯丞 賲毓 賲毓鬲賯丿丕鬲賳丕 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲賯丿 兀賳賴丕 賲亘賳賷丞 毓賱賶 兀爻丕爻 氐丨賷丨 賵賲賮賷丿丞貙 "賴匕丕 賮賯胤 賲丕 賯賱鬲賴 丿丕卅賲丕!"貙 賵賱賰賳 廿匕丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲毓賱賵賲丕鬲 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞 賲鬲賳丕賮乇丞貙 賮廿賳賳丕 賳毓鬲亘乇賴丕 賲鬲丨賷夭丞 兀賵 丨賲賯丕亍 "賷丕 賱賴丕 賲賳 丨噩丞 睾亘賷丞". 廿賳 丕賱丨丕噩丞 廿賱賶 丕賱丕鬲爻丕賯 賯賵賷丞 噩丿丕 賱丿乇噩丞 兀賳賴 毓賳丿賲丕 賷囟胤乇 丕賱賳丕爻 廿賱賶 丕賱賳馗乇 廿賱賶 兀丿賱丞 睾賷乇 賲丐賰丿丞貙 賮廿賳賴賲 爻賷噩丿賵賳 胤乇賷賯丞 賱丕賳鬲賯丕丿賴丕 兀賵 鬲卮賵賷賴賴丕 兀賵 乇賮囟賴丕 丨鬲賶 賷鬲賲賰賳賵丕 賲賳 丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 賲毓鬲賯丿賴賲 丕賱丨丕賱賷 兀賵 丨鬲賶 鬲賯賵賷鬲賴 賵賷爻賲賶 賴匕丕 丕賱丕賱鬲賵丕亍 丕賱毓賯賱賷 "丕賱鬲丨賷夭 丕賱鬲兀賰賷丿賷".
**鬲爻賲丨 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賰丕匕亘丞 賱賱賳丕爻 亘賲爻丕賲丨丞 兀賳賮爻賴賲 賵鬲亘乇賷乇 兀禺胤丕卅賴賲貙 賵賱賰賳 亘孬賲賳 亘丕賴馗 兀丨賷丕賳賸丕 賷鬲賲孬賱 賮賷 毓丿賲 丕賱賯丿乇丞 毓賱賶 鬲丨賲賱 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱賷丞 毓賳 丨賷丕鬲賴賲貙 賵賱賰賳 廿丿乇丕賰 鬲卮賵賴丕鬲 丕賱匕丕賰乇丞 賵廿丿乇丕賰 兀賳賴 丨鬲賶 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 鬲卮毓乇 亘賴丕 亘毓賲賯 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 禺丕胤卅丞. 乇亘賲丕 賷卮噩毓 丕賱賳丕爻 毓賱賶 丕賱丕丨鬲賮丕馗 亘匕賰乇賷丕鬲賴賲 亘卮賰賱 兀賰孬乇 丕爻鬲禺賮丕賮丕. 賵丕賱鬲禺賱賷 毓賳 丕賱賷賯賷賳 亘兀賳 匕賰乇賷丕鬲賴賲 丿賯賷賯丞 丿丕卅賲丕貙 賵丕賱鬲禺賱賷 毓賳 丕賱丿丕賮毓 丕賱噩匕丕亘 賱丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱賲丕囟賷 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱丨丕囟乇. 賱賯丿 胤賱亘 賲賳丕 鬲賵禺賷 丕賱丨匕乇 賮賷賲丕 賳鬲賲賳丕賴 賱兀賳賴 賯丿 賷鬲丨賯賯貙 賵賱賰賳 賷噩亘 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賷囟賸丕 兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 丨匕乇賷賳 亘卮兀賳 丕賱匕賰乇賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賳禺鬲丕乇賴丕 賱鬲亘乇賷乇 丨賷丕鬲賳丕貙 賱兀賳賴 爻賷鬲毓賷賳 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賳 賳毓賷卮 賵賮賯賸丕 賱賴丕.
**廿賳 丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱賵丕毓賷 亘賰賷賮賷丞 毓賲賱 丕賱鬲賳丕賮乇 賴賵 丕賱禺胤賵丞 丕賱兀賵賱賶 賳丨賵 丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷 丌孬丕乇賴貙 廿賱丕 兀賳賴 賱丕 賷夭丕賱 賴賳丕賰 毓丕卅賯丕賳 賳賮爻賷丕賳貙 丕賱兀賵賱: 賴賵 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘兀賳 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 賴賷 丿賱賷賱 毓賱賶 毓丿賲 丕賱賰賮丕亍丞 賵丕賱睾亘丕亍貙 賵丕賱孬丕賳賷: 賴賵 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 亘兀賳 爻賲丕鬲 卮禺氐賷鬲賳丕 - 亘賲丕 賮賷 匕賱賰 丕丨鬲乇丕賲 丕賱匕丕鬲 - 賲丿賲噩丞 賵睾賷乇 賯丕亘賱丞 賱賱鬲睾賷賷乇貙 賵睾丕賱亘丕 賲丕 賷禺卮賶 丕賱兀卮禺丕氐 丕賱匕賷賳 賷丨賲賱賵賳 賴丕鬲賷賳 丕賱賮賰乇鬲賷賳 丕賱丕毓鬲乇丕賮 亘丕賱禺胤兀 賱兀賳賴賲 賷毓鬲亘乇賵賳 賴匕丕 丿賱賷賱丕 毓賱賶 兀賳賴賲 兀睾亘賷丕亍貙 賵賱丕 賷賲賰賳賴賲 賮氐賱 丕賱禺胤兀 毓賳 賴賵賷鬲賴賲 賵丕丨鬲乇丕賲賴賲 賱匕丕鬲賴賲貙 賵乇睾賲 兀賳 賲毓馗賲 丕賱兀賲乇賷賰賷賷賳 賷毓乇賮賵賳 兀賳賴 賲賳 丕賱賲賮鬲乇囟 兀賳 賷賯賵賱賵丕 賳丨賳 "賳鬲毓賱賲 賲賳 兀禺胤丕卅賳丕"貙 賮廿賳賴賲 賮賷 兀毓賲丕賯賴賲 賱丕 賷氐丿賯賵賳 賵賱丕 賱賱丨馗丞貙 賵賷毓鬲賯丿賵賳 兀賳 丕乇鬲賰丕亘 丕賱兀禺胤丕亍 賷毓賳賷 兀賳賴賲 兀睾亘賷丕亍貙 賵賴匕丕 丕賱丕毓鬲賯丕丿 賴賵 亘丕賱囟亘胤 賲丕 賷賲賳毓賴賲 賲賳 丕賱鬲毓賱賲 賲賳 兀禺胤丕卅賴賲.
September 2, 2017
Cognitive dissonance and self-justification is an interesting topic; however, this book is too redundant and imprecise for it to be of great interest to me. It also failed to give meaningful advice for diffusing tension or repairing communications with someone who is sliding "down the pyramid" into their entrenched self-justified beliefs.
To illustrative these concepts, the authors give an abundance of examples to attempt to justify their arguments, but the examples are all basically identical: The person does bad thing; they think "I'm a good person, I couldn't have done a bad thing"; they rationalize their bad thing as being either good, not that bad, or unavoidable; when confronted with challenging evidence, they double down.
It's interesting to see examples from different domains of society, but I don't need 10 examples about doctors followed by 10 examples from the criminal justice system followed by 10 examples about married couples. As I said, all of these examples are abstractly identical. It came across as a lot of filler. Alternatively, it's an attempt to convince the reader of their ideas by simple repetition.
I think social sciences are critical, but social science is often methodologically weak and overly speculative in its interpretation of results. I don't want to fault the authors too hard for their cursory presentation of "evidence" and descriptions of studies, but it was frustrating for me. They give just enough details that, if you're well versed in probability or logic, you can see a million ways that the study they just mentioned could easily be flawed into being meaningless or not generalizable. Or that their interpretation of the study must rest on details that they did not share, because what they shared does not support their interpretation.
Like Fox Moulder from the X-Files, "I want to believe". I'm frustrated that they did not provide me with tight enough evidence that I would feel confident repeating it in conversation with my peers.
I finished the book because I was hoping for advice on circumventing or fixing the effects of cognitive dissonance and self-justification when working with other people. Such advice was scant. Only the example of Apartheid was meaningful as a way to approach cognitive dissonance in others; it was about three paragraphs long. There are some tips for the reader on ways they can try to manage cognitive dissonance in themselves, but such tips are also few in number.
This is a pop science book. It's interesting but ultimately disappointing for anyone wanting some depth.
To illustrative these concepts, the authors give an abundance of examples to attempt to justify their arguments, but the examples are all basically identical: The person does bad thing; they think "I'm a good person, I couldn't have done a bad thing"; they rationalize their bad thing as being either good, not that bad, or unavoidable; when confronted with challenging evidence, they double down.
It's interesting to see examples from different domains of society, but I don't need 10 examples about doctors followed by 10 examples from the criminal justice system followed by 10 examples about married couples. As I said, all of these examples are abstractly identical. It came across as a lot of filler. Alternatively, it's an attempt to convince the reader of their ideas by simple repetition.
I think social sciences are critical, but social science is often methodologically weak and overly speculative in its interpretation of results. I don't want to fault the authors too hard for their cursory presentation of "evidence" and descriptions of studies, but it was frustrating for me. They give just enough details that, if you're well versed in probability or logic, you can see a million ways that the study they just mentioned could easily be flawed into being meaningless or not generalizable. Or that their interpretation of the study must rest on details that they did not share, because what they shared does not support their interpretation.
Like Fox Moulder from the X-Files, "I want to believe". I'm frustrated that they did not provide me with tight enough evidence that I would feel confident repeating it in conversation with my peers.
I finished the book because I was hoping for advice on circumventing or fixing the effects of cognitive dissonance and self-justification when working with other people. Such advice was scant. Only the example of Apartheid was meaningful as a way to approach cognitive dissonance in others; it was about three paragraphs long. There are some tips for the reader on ways they can try to manage cognitive dissonance in themselves, but such tips are also few in number.
This is a pop science book. It's interesting but ultimately disappointing for anyone wanting some depth.
December 20, 2017
郾- 丿乇 賮氐賱 丕賵賱貙 讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫�. 賵賯鬲蹖 讴賴 賲丿鬲鈥屬囏� 讴丕乇蹖 乇丕 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賴鈥屫й屬� 賵 丨丕賱丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囒屬� 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 鬲賵噩蹖賴 讴賳蹖賲. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 賲鬲毓丿丿蹖 丕夭 爻蹖丕爻鬲鈥屬呚ж必з� 丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖蹖 賲蹖鈥屫①堌辟嗀�. 賲賵賯毓 鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屭┴必嗀� 禺賵丿賲丕賳 賴賲 鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屬呚з� 乇丕 亘丕賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬呚� 賵 丕蹖賳 賮乇賯 丿丕乇丿 亘丕 丿乇賵睾.
芦诏夭蹖賳卮 賵鈥� 賵乇賵丿 丿卮賵丕乇 賲蹖夭丕賳 毓賱丕賯賴鈥屰� 卮禺氐 乇丕 亘賴 诏乇賵賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.禄
鄄- 亘毓丿 丕夭 賳賯卮 鬲毓氐亘蹖 讴賴 讴賲丕亘蹖卮 丿乇 賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏� 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬嗀�.
鄢- 丿乇 賮氐賱 爻賵賲 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬嗀� 丨丕賮馗賴 丿乇 禺丿賲鬲 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 亘賯賵賱 賳丕賲噩賵貙 丨丕賮馗賴 禺賵丿 讴賱丕賳鬲乇 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲!
丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 賴乇亘丕乇 讴賴 趩蹖夭蹖 乇丕 亘賴鈥屫ж坟� 賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬呚� 賳賴 丕氐賱 賲賵囟賵毓貙 讴賴 亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖鈥屫й� 鬲丕夭賴 丕夭 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴鈥屰屫ж� 賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬呚� 丨乇賮 賮蹖賱賲蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕禺蹖乇丕 丿蹖丿賴鈥屫з�: Pastoral: To Die in the Country
鄞- 丿乇 賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲 丕夭 鬲賱賯蹖賳鈥屬矩佰屫臂� 丨丕賮馗賴 胤蹖 噩賱爻丕鬲 乇賵丕賳鈥屫辟呚з嗃� 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 卮蹖賵賴鈥屰� 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 诏賲鈥屫簇� 讴賴 丿乇 賮乇賵蹖丿 乇蹖卮賴 丿丕乇丿貙 趩胤賵乇 亘賴 亘蹖賲丕乇丕賳 亘丕賵乇丕賳丿 讴賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲丕 丿乇 诏匕卮鬲賴 賲賵乇丿 鬲噩丕賵夭 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 丕賲丕 丌賳 乇丕 賵丕倬爻 夭丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
鄣- 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賮氐賱 亘毓丿 丕夭 亘蹖鈥屭嗀з囏з嗃� 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 讴賴 亘賴鈥屫ж坟� 鬲毓氐亘 亘丕夭噩賵賴丕 亘賴 禺胤丕賳丕倬匕蹖乇蹖鈥屫簇з嗀� 丕毓鬲乇丕賮 丿乇賵睾蹖賳 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賲丨讴賵賲 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
鄱- 賮氐賱 卮卮賲 賲乇丕 蹖丕丿 鬲卅丕鬲乇 亘乇賱蹖賳賽 賲丨賲丿 蹖毓賯賵亘蹖 丕賳丿丕禺鬲. 丿毓賵丕蹖 蹖讴 夭賵噩 丕夭 賴乇 丿賵 夭丕賵蹖賴鈥屫屫� 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘毓丿 毓賱鬲 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ� 賵 爻倬爻 乇丕賴讴丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫囏€�.
鄯- 芦賴乇 趩賴 賮乇丿 禺丕胤蹖 賲睾乇賵乇 鬲乇 亘賵丿貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賯乇亘丕賳蹖 乇丕 鬲丨賯蹖乇 賲蹖讴乇丿.禄
鄹- 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 賲乇丕 蹖丕丿 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 芦賲賲賾丿 賲乇丿蹖 讴賴 賲購乇丿禄 丕賳丿丕禺鬲. 鄢郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 禺乇噩 賳丕賲夭丿卮 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賵 亘毓丿 夭賳 賳蹖丕賲丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 禺丕賳賴鈥屫ж�. 鄞郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 丿蹖诏乇 亘賴 倬丿乇 丿禺鬲乇 丿丕丿 鬲丕 丌賳 鄢郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 乇丕 噩亘乇丕賳 讴賳丿. 亘賴 毓亘丕乇鬲蹖 丌丿賲 賵賯鬲蹖 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 乇丕 賲乇鬲讴亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 丕孬亘丕鬲 讴賳丿 丕亘賱賴 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 丌賳 賮乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 乇丕賴 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丨爻丕亘 賴賵卮 賵 亘賱丕賴鬲 乇丕 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 噩丿丕 讴賳蹖賲 賵 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲 賴乇讴爻蹖 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 禺胤丕 讴賳丿.
丿乇 讴賱貙 賲丕蹖賱賲 丕蹖丿賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳鬲賯丿丕賳 爻蹖賳賲丕 賲乇亘賵胤 讴賳賲! 诏丕賴蹖 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丌賳丕賳 趩丕乇趩賵亘 賲丨丿賵丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賮蹖賱賲鈥屬囏� 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵賯鬲蹖 賮蹖賱賲蹖 禺丕乇噩 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賯丕亘 爻丕禺鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕夭 賴乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴蹖 亘乇丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж必藏� 卮賲乇丿賳 賮蹖賱賲 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳賳丿 賵 賲丿丕乇讴 賵丕賯毓蹖 賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賳賵 乇丕 賳亘蹖賳賳丿.
讴鬲丕亘 丕賱亘鬲賴 讴賲蹖 倬乇诏賵蹖蹖 讴乇丿賴 賵 亘賴 鬲讴乇丕乇 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 毓丕賲蹖丕賳賴 乇爻蹖丿賴貙 賵 卮丕蹖丿 丨乇賮鈥屬囏й� 趩賳丿丕賳 噩丿蹖丿蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫操嗀�. 亘丕 丕蹖賳鈥屫з� 禺賵丕賳丿卮 鬲賱賳诏乇蹖 丕爻鬲 亘賴 丌丿賲 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲乇丕賯亘鬲 鬲毓氐亘鈥屬囏� 賵 鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵蹖卮 亘丕卮丿. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賴賲賴鈥屰� 趩賴丕乇氐丿 氐賮丨賴 乇丕 囟乇賵乇蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫з嗁呚� 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賮氐賱 丕賵賱 賴賲 禺賵亘 賵 讴丕賮蹖 丕爻鬲!
芦诏夭蹖賳卮 賵鈥� 賵乇賵丿 丿卮賵丕乇 賲蹖夭丕賳 毓賱丕賯賴鈥屰� 卮禺氐 乇丕 亘賴 诏乇賵賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.禄
鄄- 亘毓丿 丕夭 賳賯卮 鬲毓氐亘蹖 讴賴 讴賲丕亘蹖卮 丿乇 賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕賳爻丕賳鈥屬囏� 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬嗀�.
鄢- 丿乇 賮氐賱 爻賵賲 賲蹖鈥屭堐屬嗀� 丨丕賮馗賴 丿乇 禺丿賲鬲 鬲賵噩蹖賴 賯乇丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 亘賯賵賱 賳丕賲噩賵貙 丨丕賮馗賴 禺賵丿 讴賱丕賳鬲乇 噩丕賳 丕爻鬲!
丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 賴乇亘丕乇 讴賴 趩蹖夭蹖 乇丕 亘賴鈥屫ж坟� 賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬呚� 賳賴 丕氐賱 賲賵囟賵毓貙 讴賴 亘丕夭爻丕夭蹖鈥屫й� 鬲丕夭賴 丕夭 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴鈥屰屫ж� 賲蹖鈥屫①堌臂屬呚� 丨乇賮 賮蹖賱賲蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕禺蹖乇丕 丿蹖丿賴鈥屫з�: Pastoral: To Die in the Country
鄞- 丿乇 賮氐賱 趩賴丕乇賲 丕夭 鬲賱賯蹖賳鈥屬矩佰屫臂� 丨丕賮馗賴 胤蹖 噩賱爻丕鬲 乇賵丕賳鈥屫辟呚з嗃� 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 卮蹖賵賴鈥屰� 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 禺丕胤乇丕鬲 诏賲鈥屫簇� 讴賴 丿乇 賮乇賵蹖丿 乇蹖卮賴 丿丕乇丿貙 趩胤賵乇 亘賴 亘蹖賲丕乇丕賳 亘丕賵乇丕賳丿 讴賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲丕 丿乇 诏匕卮鬲賴 賲賵乇丿 鬲噩丕賵夭 賯乇丕乇 诏乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з嗀� 丕賲丕 丌賳 乇丕 賵丕倬爻 夭丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
鄣- 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賮氐賱 亘毓丿 丕夭 亘蹖鈥屭嗀з囏з嗃� 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 讴賴 亘賴鈥屫ж坟� 鬲毓氐亘 亘丕夭噩賵賴丕 亘賴 禺胤丕賳丕倬匕蹖乇蹖鈥屫簇з嗀� 丕毓鬲乇丕賮 丿乇賵睾蹖賳 讴乇丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賲丨讴賵賲 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
鄱- 賮氐賱 卮卮賲 賲乇丕 蹖丕丿 鬲卅丕鬲乇 亘乇賱蹖賳賽 賲丨賲丿 蹖毓賯賵亘蹖 丕賳丿丕禺鬲. 丿毓賵丕蹖 蹖讴 夭賵噩 丕夭 賴乇 丿賵 夭丕賵蹖賴鈥屫屫� 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 亘毓丿 毓賱鬲 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖 丕禺鬲賱丕賮 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ� 賵 爻倬爻 乇丕賴讴丕乇 賲蹖鈥屫囏€�.
鄯- 芦賴乇 趩賴 賮乇丿 禺丕胤蹖 賲睾乇賵乇 鬲乇 亘賵丿貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賯乇亘丕賳蹖 乇丕 鬲丨賯蹖乇 賲蹖讴乇丿.禄
鄹- 賮氐賱 丌禺乇 賲乇丕 蹖丕丿 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 芦賲賲賾丿 賲乇丿蹖 讴賴 賲購乇丿禄 丕賳丿丕禺鬲. 鄢郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 禺乇噩 賳丕賲夭丿卮 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賵 亘毓丿 夭賳 賳蹖丕賲丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 禺丕賳賴鈥屫ж�. 鄞郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 丿蹖诏乇 亘賴 倬丿乇 丿禺鬲乇 丿丕丿 鬲丕 丌賳 鄢郯 賲蹖賱蹖賵賳 乇丕 噩亘乇丕賳 讴賳丿. 亘賴 毓亘丕乇鬲蹖 丌丿賲 賵賯鬲蹖 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 乇丕 賲乇鬲讴亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳鈥屭┵� 丕孬亘丕鬲 讴賳丿 丕亘賱賴 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丿乇 丌賳 賮乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌�. 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫囐嗀� 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 乇丕賴 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丨爻丕亘 賴賵卮 賵 亘賱丕賴鬲 乇丕 丕夭 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 噩丿丕 讴賳蹖賲 賵 亘倬匕蹖乇蹖賲 賴乇讴爻蹖 賲賲讴賳 丕爻鬲 禺胤丕 讴賳丿.
丿乇 讴賱貙 賲丕蹖賱賲 丕蹖丿賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳鬲賯丿丕賳 爻蹖賳賲丕 賲乇亘賵胤 讴賳賲! 诏丕賴蹖 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 丌賳丕賳 趩丕乇趩賵亘 賲丨丿賵丿蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賮蹖賱賲鈥屬囏� 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵賯鬲蹖 賮蹖賱賲蹖 禺丕乇噩 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賯丕亘 爻丕禺鬲賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕夭 賴乇 鬲賵噩蹖賴蹖 亘乇丕蹖 亘蹖鈥屫ж必藏� 卮賲乇丿賳 賮蹖賱賲 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳賳丿 賵 賲丿丕乇讴 賵丕賯毓蹖 賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賳賵 乇丕 賳亘蹖賳賳丿.
讴鬲丕亘 丕賱亘鬲賴 讴賲蹖 倬乇诏賵蹖蹖 讴乇丿賴 賵 亘賴 鬲讴乇丕乇 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 毓丕賲蹖丕賳賴 乇爻蹖丿賴貙 賵 卮丕蹖丿 丨乇賮鈥屬囏й� 趩賳丿丕賳 噩丿蹖丿蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫操嗀�. 亘丕 丕蹖賳鈥屫з� 禺賵丕賳丿卮 鬲賱賳诏乇蹖 丕爻鬲 亘賴 丌丿賲 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賲乇丕賯亘鬲 鬲毓氐亘鈥屬囏� 賵 鬲賵噩蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵蹖卮 亘丕卮丿. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賴賲賴鈥屰� 趩賴丕乇氐丿 氐賮丨賴 乇丕 囟乇賵乇蹖 賳賲蹖鈥屫з嗁呚� 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賮氐賱 丕賵賱 賴賲 禺賵亘 賵 讴丕賮蹖 丕爻鬲!
August 12, 2016
Extremely interesting social psychology book on the reasons why do people do the things they do.
The author presents compelling arguments (supported by the evidence of many studies and experiments) for some puzzling human behaviours, such as why people insist on justifying indefensible positions long after they are proven wrong. She explains, among other things, the power of gifts (even low value) in swaying decision making, the reasoning behind stereotypes and strongly denied biases (and why no one is immune of such behaviour), the fallacy of memory (distorted or confabulated memories leading to the extremes of believing themselves victims of sexual abuse or alien abduction).
Other areas for which dissonance and obstinate self-justification are problematic include law enforcement (that could results in false confessions and wrong criminal prosecution), relationships (leading to nasty quarrels and divorce) and conflicts (to extremes of torture and war crimes).
Highly recommended. 4 stars rounded up because I just loved the last chapter on the attitudes to learning and the importance of encouraging children to accept their mistakes.
As per usual, a selection of my favourite quotes (and there are many, many more):
Between the conscious lie to fool others and unconscious self-justification to fool ourselves lies a fascinating gray area, patrolled by that unreliable, self-serving historian鈥攎emory. Memories are often pruned and shaped by an ego-enhancing bias that blurs the edges of past events, softens culpability, and distorts what really happened.
Prejudices emerge from the disposition of the human mind to perceive and process information in categories. "Categories" is a nicer, more neutral word than "stereotypes," but it's the same thing.
The brain is designed with blind spots, optical and psychological, and one of its cleverest tricks is to confer on us the comforting delusion that we, personally, do not have any. In a sense, dissonance theory is a theory of blind spots鈥攐f how and why people unintentionally blind themselves so that they fail to notice vital events and information that might make them question their behavior or their convictions.
Just as we can identify hypocrisy in everyone but ourselves, just as it's obvious that others can be influenced by money but not ourselves, so we can see prejudices in everyone else but ourselves. Thanks to our ego-preserving blind spots, we cannot possibly have a prejudice, which is an irrational or mean-spirited feeling about all members of another group. Because we are not irrational or mean spirited, any negative feelings we have about another group are justified; our dislikes are rational and well founded. It's theirs we need to suppress.
Understanding how the mind yearns for consonance, and rejects information that questions our beliefs, decisions, or preferences, teaches us to be open to the possibility of error. It also helps us let go of the need to be right. 鈥� When confidence and convictions are unleavened by humility, by an acceptance of fallibility, people can easily cross the line from healthy self-assurance to arrogance.
At all ages, people can learn to see mistakes not as terrible personal failings to be denied or justified, but as inevitable aspects of life that help us grow, and grow up.
The author presents compelling arguments (supported by the evidence of many studies and experiments) for some puzzling human behaviours, such as why people insist on justifying indefensible positions long after they are proven wrong. She explains, among other things, the power of gifts (even low value) in swaying decision making, the reasoning behind stereotypes and strongly denied biases (and why no one is immune of such behaviour), the fallacy of memory (distorted or confabulated memories leading to the extremes of believing themselves victims of sexual abuse or alien abduction).
Other areas for which dissonance and obstinate self-justification are problematic include law enforcement (that could results in false confessions and wrong criminal prosecution), relationships (leading to nasty quarrels and divorce) and conflicts (to extremes of torture and war crimes).
Highly recommended. 4 stars rounded up because I just loved the last chapter on the attitudes to learning and the importance of encouraging children to accept their mistakes.
As per usual, a selection of my favourite quotes (and there are many, many more):
Between the conscious lie to fool others and unconscious self-justification to fool ourselves lies a fascinating gray area, patrolled by that unreliable, self-serving historian鈥攎emory. Memories are often pruned and shaped by an ego-enhancing bias that blurs the edges of past events, softens culpability, and distorts what really happened.
Prejudices emerge from the disposition of the human mind to perceive and process information in categories. "Categories" is a nicer, more neutral word than "stereotypes," but it's the same thing.
The brain is designed with blind spots, optical and psychological, and one of its cleverest tricks is to confer on us the comforting delusion that we, personally, do not have any. In a sense, dissonance theory is a theory of blind spots鈥攐f how and why people unintentionally blind themselves so that they fail to notice vital events and information that might make them question their behavior or their convictions.
Just as we can identify hypocrisy in everyone but ourselves, just as it's obvious that others can be influenced by money but not ourselves, so we can see prejudices in everyone else but ourselves. Thanks to our ego-preserving blind spots, we cannot possibly have a prejudice, which is an irrational or mean-spirited feeling about all members of another group. Because we are not irrational or mean spirited, any negative feelings we have about another group are justified; our dislikes are rational and well founded. It's theirs we need to suppress.
Understanding how the mind yearns for consonance, and rejects information that questions our beliefs, decisions, or preferences, teaches us to be open to the possibility of error. It also helps us let go of the need to be right. 鈥� When confidence and convictions are unleavened by humility, by an acceptance of fallibility, people can easily cross the line from healthy self-assurance to arrogance.
At all ages, people can learn to see mistakes not as terrible personal failings to be denied or justified, but as inevitable aspects of life that help us grow, and grow up.
December 22, 2011
Four words:
Cognitive dissonance
Confirmation bias
According to the authors, therein lies the explanation for people's unwillingness to admit mistakes, even to themselves, in a variety of realms. This far-reaching book tackles irrational prejudices, false memories, misjudgement as a psychotherapist, prosecuting the wrong individual, blaming one's spouse for marital problems, etc. And it offers a basic explanation: we have a difficult time integrating two conflicting beliefs, such as "I'm a great person" and "I messed up" (cognitive dissonance). We will therefore respond by coming up with all kinds of creative ways to challenge the less desirable belief (usually "I messed up") in favor of clinging to the more desirable belief ("I'm a great person"). In an effort to convince ourselves that the more desirable belief is the correct one, we will selectively focus on evidence supporting the more desirable belief and deny, ignore, or minimize evidence supporting the less desirable belief (confirmation bias).
The authors' examples are fascinating and it's a great topic. Their explanations are arguably a little facile. Can we really know what's going on inside someone's head? Are all self-justifications a matter of cognitive dissonance? Are people ever correct for clinging to a belief or course of action even in the face of conflicting evidence? The fact that the points feel belabored at times suggests that the thesis may be too simple and one-dimensional to explain all the various anecdotes.
Criticism notwithstanding, this is a great topic. We could all do with a little more self-reflection when it comes to stubbornly clinging to beliefs or actions that may be detrimental. And although the actual explanations for this phenomenon are probably more complex and varied, the authors offer a good start at facing this problem and attempting to understand and hopefully challenge people's unwillingness to admit mistakes.
Cognitive dissonance
Confirmation bias
According to the authors, therein lies the explanation for people's unwillingness to admit mistakes, even to themselves, in a variety of realms. This far-reaching book tackles irrational prejudices, false memories, misjudgement as a psychotherapist, prosecuting the wrong individual, blaming one's spouse for marital problems, etc. And it offers a basic explanation: we have a difficult time integrating two conflicting beliefs, such as "I'm a great person" and "I messed up" (cognitive dissonance). We will therefore respond by coming up with all kinds of creative ways to challenge the less desirable belief (usually "I messed up") in favor of clinging to the more desirable belief ("I'm a great person"). In an effort to convince ourselves that the more desirable belief is the correct one, we will selectively focus on evidence supporting the more desirable belief and deny, ignore, or minimize evidence supporting the less desirable belief (confirmation bias).
The authors' examples are fascinating and it's a great topic. Their explanations are arguably a little facile. Can we really know what's going on inside someone's head? Are all self-justifications a matter of cognitive dissonance? Are people ever correct for clinging to a belief or course of action even in the face of conflicting evidence? The fact that the points feel belabored at times suggests that the thesis may be too simple and one-dimensional to explain all the various anecdotes.
Criticism notwithstanding, this is a great topic. We could all do with a little more self-reflection when it comes to stubbornly clinging to beliefs or actions that may be detrimental. And although the actual explanations for this phenomenon are probably more complex and varied, the authors offer a good start at facing this problem and attempting to understand and hopefully challenge people's unwillingness to admit mistakes.
December 24, 2022
讴賱蹖鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 賴爻鬲貙 賲蹖卮賴 鬲賵蹖 蹖賴 賲孬丕賱 鬲賵囟蹖丨 丿丕丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 趩蹖賴: 丕诏賴 爻蹖诏丕乇蹖 亘丕卮蹖賳 賵 亘丿賵賳蹖賳 爻蹖诏丕乇 亘乇丕蹖 亘丿賳 囟乇乇 丿丕乇賴貙 丕蹖賳 賲胤賱亘 賳丕賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 鬲賵蹖 匕賴賳鬲賵賳 丕蹖噩丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁囏� 倬爻 禺賵丿鬲賵賳 乇賵 賯丕賳毓 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬� 讴賴 丕賵賳賯丿乇賴丕 賴賲 亘丿 賳蹖爻鬲貙 毓賵囟卮 讴丕賮卅蹖賳 丿丕乇賴 賵... . 賵 丨丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 賳丕賴賲丕賳诏蹖 匕賴賳蹖 鬲丕 讴噩丕賴丕 讴賴 倬蹖卮 賳賲蹖乇賴 :)
丨乇賮 丿蹖诏賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 讴賳蹖賲 蹖賴 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗃屬� 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴賳蹖賲貙 丨鬲蹖 賲賲讴賳賴 丕氐賱丕 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮蹖賲. 亘賴 賴乇 賯囟蹖賴鈥屫й� 氐丿 丿乇 氐丿 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲.
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 亘賵丿. 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏� 夭蹖丕丿 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲 丨賵氐賱賴 爻乇 亘乇 亘賵丿.
丕氐賱 賲胤賱亘 賴賲賵賳 丕賵賱 诏賮鬲賴 卮丿. 鬲賵賯毓 丿丕卮鬲賲 賴乇趩蹖 噩賱賵鬲乇 賲蹖乇賲 賲孬丕賱 讴賲貙 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘卮賴貙 賵賱蹖 賳卮丿.
丕夭 丕賵賳胤乇賮 賴賲 丕賵賳賯丿乇 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏ж� 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 噩匕丕亘卮 讴賳賴. 賲孬賱丕 蹖賴 丿乇爻 禺蹖賱蹖 賲賴賲蹖 讴賴 诏乇賮鬲賲貙 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 丕诏賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 丿乇 丨賯 亘趩賴鈥屬囏з� 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賲 (毓氐亘丕賳蹖 卮丿賳貙 丿毓賵丕 讴乇丿賳 賵...) 丕夭卮賵賳 毓匕乇禺賵丕賴蹖 讴賳賲. 亘丕賵乇卮 爻禺鬲賴貙 賵賱蹖 倬爻乇 鄞爻丕賱賴鈥屬� 賲鬲賵噩賴 毓匕乇禺賵丕賴蹖鈥屬� 卮丿 賵 亘睾賱賲 讴乇丿 :)
丨乇賮 丿蹖诏賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 亘丕賵乇 讴賳蹖賲 蹖賴 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗃屬� 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 讴賳蹖賲貙 丨鬲蹖 賲賲讴賳賴 丕氐賱丕 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮蹖賲. 亘賴 賴乇 賯囟蹖賴鈥屫й� 氐丿 丿乇 氐丿 丕胤賲蹖賳丕賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲.
亘賴 胤賵乇 讴賱蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴爻賱 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 亘賵丿. 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏� 夭蹖丕丿 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲 丨賵氐賱賴 爻乇 亘乇 亘賵丿.
丕氐賱 賲胤賱亘 賴賲賵賳 丕賵賱 诏賮鬲賴 卮丿. 鬲賵賯毓 丿丕卮鬲賲 賴乇趩蹖 噩賱賵鬲乇 賲蹖乇賲 賲孬丕賱 讴賲貙 賵 乇丕賴讴丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘卮賴貙 賵賱蹖 賳卮丿.
丕夭 丕賵賳胤乇賮 賴賲 丕賵賳賯丿乇 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏ж� 讴丕乇亘乇丿蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 噩匕丕亘卮 讴賳賴. 賲孬賱丕 蹖賴 丿乇爻 禺蹖賱蹖 賲賴賲蹖 讴賴 诏乇賮鬲賲貙 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 丕诏賴 丕卮鬲亘丕賴蹖 丿乇 丨賯 亘趩賴鈥屬囏з� 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賲 (毓氐亘丕賳蹖 卮丿賳貙 丿毓賵丕 讴乇丿賳 賵...) 丕夭卮賵賳 毓匕乇禺賵丕賴蹖 讴賳賲. 亘丕賵乇卮 爻禺鬲賴貙 賵賱蹖 倬爻乇 鄞爻丕賱賴鈥屬� 賲鬲賵噩賴 毓匕乇禺賵丕賴蹖鈥屬� 卮丿 賵 亘睾賱賲 讴乇丿 :)
January 8, 2021
A really great book that has shown me many misconceptions that I had about human nature and mistakes that I do but thought did not consider them to be mine. I especially enjoyed the last chapter of the book were the author talked about the importance of mistakes in learning, something I personally believe to be missing from many cultures and most definitely missing in mine.
January 6, 2012
A bit uneven and towards the end a bit too Oprah-centric. Felt like the book drifted from a scientific/psychological work to a clinical/self-help piece (a rational, scientifically grounded self-help book, but still one regardless). It was interesting, but sadly disappointing too.
September 4, 2017
The title of the book gives the impression that it's a self-help book. It's more of a psychology book explaining how people can make mistakes, think they are right, and honestly believe that. A good example is false memories. How often have you said, "I could have sworn I did that." You see the event in your head, yet evidence shows it didn't happen. You rationalize it ("someone must have moved it") instead of accepting the most obvious answer ("I was mistaken in thinking that I did it").
The book goes even further into big mistakes that people make and refuse to admit, such as in the criminal system where suspects are locked away for years ("I know he's the rapist so I'll interrogate him for hours until he finally confesses") until DNA finally proves their innocence. Fortunately for most people, they are not making mistakes that mean life or death. The book contains many extreme examples. Still, this is a great book to read to understand and recognize your own mistakes. For example, maybe a friend asked for a favor and you said no. Initially, you felt a little guilty for saying no. Then you start justifying the answer, "She wouldn't have helped me if I had asked for a favor. She's always looking for someone to do her work." So that your guilty feeling goes away. It's a rude awakening to realize how your feelings have completely changed -- from feeling guilty to thinking your friend is selfish and lazy.
The book goes even further into big mistakes that people make and refuse to admit, such as in the criminal system where suspects are locked away for years ("I know he's the rapist so I'll interrogate him for hours until he finally confesses") until DNA finally proves their innocence. Fortunately for most people, they are not making mistakes that mean life or death. The book contains many extreme examples. Still, this is a great book to read to understand and recognize your own mistakes. For example, maybe a friend asked for a favor and you said no. Initially, you felt a little guilty for saying no. Then you start justifying the answer, "She wouldn't have helped me if I had asked for a favor. She's always looking for someone to do her work." So that your guilty feeling goes away. It's a rude awakening to realize how your feelings have completely changed -- from feeling guilty to thinking your friend is selfish and lazy.
December 25, 2011
The authors describe a "dissonance theory" of self-justification. We don't like thinking of ourselves as ignorant or ill-intentioned, so to avoid this dissonance, we try to convince ourselves and others that we are doing the right thing. We may justify to protect our high self-esteem or even our low self-esteem, if that is our default state that we are reluctant to leave.
Justification of incorrect beliefs or forbidden actions is easy when it is done incrementally, what we often call a "slippery slope". (The famous Milgram experiment in which college students were willing to electrocute other research subjects was an example of such incremental self-justification, because if the student can justify 50 volts than he can eventually justify 450 volts.) Depending on which way we first lean from the top of the pyramid, we can land at different sides of the pyramid, because once we start on a course of action we tend to continue justifying our actions in the same direction. As we self-justify and confabulate, we may develop false memories of things like having been abducted by aliens, molested as a child, imprisoned in a concentration camp or kept in an orphanage. We may unfairly persecute or wrongfully convict others.
Children under five have trouble differentiating between things they have heard and things they have actually experienced; in adulthood, we tend to forget details as years go by, so we wind up with a related problem of being unable to distinguish reality from our fantasized or chosen narratives. This is most apparent when comparing relationship narratives between happy couples and divorcing couples.
Under other circumstances, in a compressed time frame of interrogation, but according to a similar mental process, some people confess to crimes they did not commit.
Introspection, rather than fixing the problem, unfortunately often triggers even more self-justification. We all have blind spots, prejudices, and a tendency to prefer "us" over "them," but it's difficult for us to see our own limitations. Assuming we are reasonable by nature, we sometimes forgo the scientific method or engage in a biased version of it and assume that our thoughts must be reasonable because we, not someone else, thought them. We say "that's the way I am" to excuse our own behavior and we say "that's the way they are" to condemn others' behavior.
Justification of incorrect beliefs or forbidden actions is easy when it is done incrementally, what we often call a "slippery slope". (The famous Milgram experiment in which college students were willing to electrocute other research subjects was an example of such incremental self-justification, because if the student can justify 50 volts than he can eventually justify 450 volts.) Depending on which way we first lean from the top of the pyramid, we can land at different sides of the pyramid, because once we start on a course of action we tend to continue justifying our actions in the same direction. As we self-justify and confabulate, we may develop false memories of things like having been abducted by aliens, molested as a child, imprisoned in a concentration camp or kept in an orphanage. We may unfairly persecute or wrongfully convict others.
Children under five have trouble differentiating between things they have heard and things they have actually experienced; in adulthood, we tend to forget details as years go by, so we wind up with a related problem of being unable to distinguish reality from our fantasized or chosen narratives. This is most apparent when comparing relationship narratives between happy couples and divorcing couples.
Under other circumstances, in a compressed time frame of interrogation, but according to a similar mental process, some people confess to crimes they did not commit.
Introspection, rather than fixing the problem, unfortunately often triggers even more self-justification. We all have blind spots, prejudices, and a tendency to prefer "us" over "them," but it's difficult for us to see our own limitations. Assuming we are reasonable by nature, we sometimes forgo the scientific method or engage in a biased version of it and assume that our thoughts must be reasonable because we, not someone else, thought them. We say "that's the way I am" to excuse our own behavior and we say "that's the way they are" to condemn others' behavior.
Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,742 reviews
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get help and learn more about the design.