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丕賱噩賷賳: 鬲丕乇賷禺 丨賲賷賲
欧宝娱乐 Choice Award
Nominee for Readers' Favorite Science & Technology (2016)丕賱賰鬲丕亘 爻賷乇丞 匕丕鬲賷丞 賱毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賵毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 亘卮賰賱 禺丕氐貙 廿賱丕 兀賳 兀賯爻丕賲 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺賷 賭 丕賱賲賲鬲丿丞 賲賳 毓丕賲 1860 貙丨鬲賶 賵賯鬲賳丕 丕賱丨丕囟乇. 賱丕 鬲賴丿賮 廿賱賶 丕賱賰卮賮 毓賳 丕賱胤乇賷賯 丕賱賲賱鬲賵賷 毓亘乇 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺 賳丨賵 賲丕 賱丿賷賳丕 丕賱丌賳 賲賳 賲毓乇賮丞貙 賱賰賳賴丕 鬲毓丿 賮賷 丕賱賲賯丕賲 丕賱兀賵賱 兀丿丕丞 賱卮乇丨 兀爻爻 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱胤亘賷.
賷匕賰乇 兀賳 "爻賷丿賴丕乇鬲丕 賲賵賰乇噩賷" 丨氐賱 毓賱賶 噩丕卅夭丞 亘賵賱賷鬲夭乇 賮賷 毓丕賲 2011貙毓賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 "廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 賰賱賴丕"貙 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賰爻 賸 鬲囟丕賮乇丕 亘賷賳 賽 丕賱毓賱賿賲貙 賵禺亘乇鬲賴
丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賽賾 賰賲鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀賵乇丕賲.
賷匕賰乇 兀賳 "爻賷丿賴丕乇鬲丕 賲賵賰乇噩賷" 丨氐賱 毓賱賶 噩丕卅夭丞 亘賵賱賷鬲夭乇 賮賷 毓丕賲 2011貙毓賳 賰鬲丕亘賴 "廿賲亘乇丕胤賵乇 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 賰賱賴丕"貙 丕賱匕賷 賷毓賰爻 賸 鬲囟丕賮乇丕 亘賷賳 賽 丕賱毓賱賿賲貙 賵禺亘乇鬲賴
丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賽賾 賰賲鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀賵乇丕賲.
630 pages, Paperback
First published June 2, 2016
12.5k people are currently reading
185k people want to read
About the author
Siddhartha Mukherjee
36听books5,723听followersSiddhartha Mukherjee (Bengali: 唳膏唳︵唳о唳班唳� 唳唳栢唳班唳溹) is a cancer physician and researcher. He is an assistant professor of medicine at Columbia University and a staff cancer physician at Columbia University Medical Center. A Rhodes scholar, he graduated from Stanford University, University of Oxford, Harvard Medical School. He has published articles in Nature, The New England Journal of Medicine, The New York Times, and The New Republic. He lives in New York with his wife and daughters.
His book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.
His book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 4,764 reviews
October 13, 2016
I have this tendency, when I read a book as brilliantly informing as this one, to wipe the froth from my mouth, shuffle the pages of notes I've written contemporaneous to the reading, and plunge into the cocktail party which is this forum, grabbing each of you by the virtual lapels, and launching into a lecture about one of the hundreds of things I learned in the process. As if, you know, I missed some of the froth.
So, imagine me back from some journey, casting pleasantries aside, and launching wild-eyed and, yes, maybe a little frothy, insisting that you grasp the fraction of what I've learned via the fraction of my ability to explain, as if it is the most important thing in the world. Until next week's book and next week's cocktail party, that is. Passionate and off-putting. Aware, but unable to stop myself. Yup, that's me. But I have a defense.
There's probably a gene that makes me so.
Seems I got more than blue eyes from Mom, more than dark hair from Dad. There are many chambers of the human heart and many caverns in the human mind, but they are all there somewhere pinned onto the genome which is Tony.
--This book is worth the read just for the section on sickle-cell anemia, or the one explaining the genetic basis for sexual identity, or the story of Mitochondrial Eve.
--Did you know that when the Allied forces entered the Nazi death camps, they found an inordinate number of twins among the survivors. This was so because Mengele was fascinated by Zwillinge? These survivors, sharing as they did identical genetic markers, served as the subjects of much subsequent genetic research.
--The problem with racial discrimination . . . is not the inference of a person's race from their genetic characteristics. It is quite the opposite: it is the inference of a person's characteristics from their race. But, I've now learned, "the vast proportion of genetic diversity (85 to 90 percent) occurs within so-called races (i.e., within Asians or Africans) and only a minor proportion (7 percent) between racial groups..."
--I knew the story of Carrie Buck, legally sterilized after an Opinion by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes stating "Three generations of imbeciles is enough." But Mukherjee lets that story hover over us as he takes us to a lecture he attended in 2013, a lecture given by a fifteen year-old girl named Erika, who suffered from a severe, progressive degenerative disease, causing muscle tremors that progressively worsened. She tried new drugs, clinical trials. Nothing worked. Yet there she was speaking to this hall of scientists, "by far, among the most articulate, introspective teenagers that I have ever encountered." A prenatal test to find the mutations that caused Erika's condition is theoretically possible. We could, bluntly, prevent future Erikas. Mukherjee lets us ponder this as he watches Erika being pushed by her mother across a parking lot in her wheelchair, "her scarf billowing behind her, like an epilogue."
It's that last little bit, that fragment of a quote like a piece of DNA, that I hope exposes why this book had such a purchase on me. It's not just that Mukherjee can take a very complicated scientific subject and make it understandable. It's that he does so with really gorgeous writing.
At one point he is explaining how 'we' got here, how 'humans' began on an arid mesa in South Africa and, from there, "went west, as young men often do..." The migrants made it to the northeastern edge of Ethiopia or Egypt, "where the Red Sea narrows to a slitlike strait." And then he writes this:
There was no one there to part the ocean. We do not know what drove these men and women to fling themselves across the water, or how they managed to cross it. . . What is certain is that every perilous ocean-crossing left hardly any survivors--perhaps as few as six hundred men and women. Europeans, Asians, Australians, and Americans are the descendants of these drastic bottlenecks, and this corkscrew of history too has left its signature in our genomes. In a genetic sense, nearly all of us who emerged out of Africa, gasping for land and air, are even more closely yoked than previously imagined. We were on the same boat, brother.
The same but different; different but the same.
I'll stop there, having no doubt expressed my enthusiasm better than my understanding of human genetics. I'll stop even though the clicker below says I have 15,480 characters left, or about 500 less than the number of genes in one of my cells. But one of the truly entertaining parts of this book was the author's use of quotes. So, since I'm feeling epigrammy, I'll add my favorites to the comments.
Bye. I have to go.
So, imagine me back from some journey, casting pleasantries aside, and launching wild-eyed and, yes, maybe a little frothy, insisting that you grasp the fraction of what I've learned via the fraction of my ability to explain, as if it is the most important thing in the world. Until next week's book and next week's cocktail party, that is. Passionate and off-putting. Aware, but unable to stop myself. Yup, that's me. But I have a defense.
There's probably a gene that makes me so.
Seems I got more than blue eyes from Mom, more than dark hair from Dad. There are many chambers of the human heart and many caverns in the human mind, but they are all there somewhere pinned onto the genome which is Tony.
--This book is worth the read just for the section on sickle-cell anemia, or the one explaining the genetic basis for sexual identity, or the story of Mitochondrial Eve.
--Did you know that when the Allied forces entered the Nazi death camps, they found an inordinate number of twins among the survivors. This was so because Mengele was fascinated by Zwillinge? These survivors, sharing as they did identical genetic markers, served as the subjects of much subsequent genetic research.
--The problem with racial discrimination . . . is not the inference of a person's race from their genetic characteristics. It is quite the opposite: it is the inference of a person's characteristics from their race. But, I've now learned, "the vast proportion of genetic diversity (85 to 90 percent) occurs within so-called races (i.e., within Asians or Africans) and only a minor proportion (7 percent) between racial groups..."
--I knew the story of Carrie Buck, legally sterilized after an Opinion by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes stating "Three generations of imbeciles is enough." But Mukherjee lets that story hover over us as he takes us to a lecture he attended in 2013, a lecture given by a fifteen year-old girl named Erika, who suffered from a severe, progressive degenerative disease, causing muscle tremors that progressively worsened. She tried new drugs, clinical trials. Nothing worked. Yet there she was speaking to this hall of scientists, "by far, among the most articulate, introspective teenagers that I have ever encountered." A prenatal test to find the mutations that caused Erika's condition is theoretically possible. We could, bluntly, prevent future Erikas. Mukherjee lets us ponder this as he watches Erika being pushed by her mother across a parking lot in her wheelchair, "her scarf billowing behind her, like an epilogue."
It's that last little bit, that fragment of a quote like a piece of DNA, that I hope exposes why this book had such a purchase on me. It's not just that Mukherjee can take a very complicated scientific subject and make it understandable. It's that he does so with really gorgeous writing.
At one point he is explaining how 'we' got here, how 'humans' began on an arid mesa in South Africa and, from there, "went west, as young men often do..." The migrants made it to the northeastern edge of Ethiopia or Egypt, "where the Red Sea narrows to a slitlike strait." And then he writes this:
There was no one there to part the ocean. We do not know what drove these men and women to fling themselves across the water, or how they managed to cross it. . . What is certain is that every perilous ocean-crossing left hardly any survivors--perhaps as few as six hundred men and women. Europeans, Asians, Australians, and Americans are the descendants of these drastic bottlenecks, and this corkscrew of history too has left its signature in our genomes. In a genetic sense, nearly all of us who emerged out of Africa, gasping for land and air, are even more closely yoked than previously imagined. We were on the same boat, brother.
The same but different; different but the same.
I'll stop there, having no doubt expressed my enthusiasm better than my understanding of human genetics. I'll stop even though the clicker below says I have 15,480 characters left, or about 500 less than the number of genes in one of my cells. But one of the truly entertaining parts of this book was the author's use of quotes. So, since I'm feeling epigrammy, I'll add my favorites to the comments.
Bye. I have to go.
May 14, 2020
I think this was really good, and even better than The Emperor of All Maladies which I just read recently as well. I might have enjoyed this one more because it's relevant to my current day to day thing though. I really liked the way it ties in the personal elements of genetics through out the book and how it acknowledges really important questions of what we actually deem normal and healthy. I feel like a lot of times there isn't as much acknowledgement of the tradeoffs made when trying to eliminate genetic variants that in this current environment are maladaptive or considered pathological but may confer other advantages in a different environment. Also I think there isn't as much acknowledgement that we don't know enough to even say if a specific variant is abnormal, in the colloquial sense, and what the downstream effects might be to eliminating that specific variant. I think Mukherjee did a great job reckoning with that here. I also just really like have historical context and things explained to me accessibly but in a thorough fashion. This was really great, definitely going to end up being one of the better books I read this year.
February 24, 2017
Hello bookish peeps,
Another one of my review has been posted on our country's largest daily newspaper's website, The Times of India.
"This book is the story of the birth, growth, and future of one of the most powerful and dangerous ideas in the history of science: the "gene," the fundamental unit of heredity, and the basic unit of all biological information. I"
~Siddhartha Mukherjee
The 2011 Pulitzer Prize winner, Siddhartha Mukherjee, is back with another incredibly well-written book, The Gene: An Intimate History that unfolds the extensive and profound knowledge and research about human genome and its genetics that reflects beyond the definition of both basic and advanced science. The above quote by the author, himself, simply outlines the story line of this in-depth and thorough yet intimidating book about genes.
Since the primeval times, it has been observed that living organisms can pass down attributes to their offspring, who can then pass down to their own children and so on. The author begins his book with Gregor Johann Mendel, a scientist, who observed the nature of genes in pea plants by isolating them to discover the transmissible characteristics in pea plants. Thomas Hunt Morgan, who in the early 20th century observed a study on fruit flies to state the real location of genes in a living organism's cell. The author has mathematically noted down each milestone in genetic science in this book, rather descriptively. But with all this, the author ensures that his readers do not lose their focus from the fact that study of genes is not anymore just a progressive or evolutionary aspect in science and medicines, rather it is a study and observation about how an individual is insufficiently deciphering the technological advancement in the science of genetics as well as the study of oneself.
Siddhartha Mukherjee sweepingly shares his own Bengali-family medical and genetic history through this book. This includes his father with a genetically challenged brain illness, his mother and her twin sisters and the sudden onset of schizophrenia among his cousins and uncles, thereby inducing fear for the future generations and shock and knowledge about the unknown genetic defects underlying in his family history of hereditary.
The author's writing has a lot of gravity, meaning and research affixed with true facts, that might or might not be able to bring a change among the readers to look at this scientific study of genes and its underlying messages in a different way, but it will definitely open the tight-shut windows about human genome in the minds of the readers. In a crux, the book will gracefully enlighten the readers. The narrative is articulate and I believe the book is written in a way that even if you are not accustomed to big scientific and medical terminologies, they can easily be comprehended.
Please follow the link below to read my review:
Thank you!
Another one of my review has been posted on our country's largest daily newspaper's website, The Times of India.
"This book is the story of the birth, growth, and future of one of the most powerful and dangerous ideas in the history of science: the "gene," the fundamental unit of heredity, and the basic unit of all biological information. I"
~Siddhartha Mukherjee
The 2011 Pulitzer Prize winner, Siddhartha Mukherjee, is back with another incredibly well-written book, The Gene: An Intimate History that unfolds the extensive and profound knowledge and research about human genome and its genetics that reflects beyond the definition of both basic and advanced science. The above quote by the author, himself, simply outlines the story line of this in-depth and thorough yet intimidating book about genes.
Since the primeval times, it has been observed that living organisms can pass down attributes to their offspring, who can then pass down to their own children and so on. The author begins his book with Gregor Johann Mendel, a scientist, who observed the nature of genes in pea plants by isolating them to discover the transmissible characteristics in pea plants. Thomas Hunt Morgan, who in the early 20th century observed a study on fruit flies to state the real location of genes in a living organism's cell. The author has mathematically noted down each milestone in genetic science in this book, rather descriptively. But with all this, the author ensures that his readers do not lose their focus from the fact that study of genes is not anymore just a progressive or evolutionary aspect in science and medicines, rather it is a study and observation about how an individual is insufficiently deciphering the technological advancement in the science of genetics as well as the study of oneself.
Siddhartha Mukherjee sweepingly shares his own Bengali-family medical and genetic history through this book. This includes his father with a genetically challenged brain illness, his mother and her twin sisters and the sudden onset of schizophrenia among his cousins and uncles, thereby inducing fear for the future generations and shock and knowledge about the unknown genetic defects underlying in his family history of hereditary.
The author's writing has a lot of gravity, meaning and research affixed with true facts, that might or might not be able to bring a change among the readers to look at this scientific study of genes and its underlying messages in a different way, but it will definitely open the tight-shut windows about human genome in the minds of the readers. In a crux, the book will gracefully enlighten the readers. The narrative is articulate and I believe the book is written in a way that even if you are not accustomed to big scientific and medical terminologies, they can easily be comprehended.
Please follow the link below to read my review:
Thank you!
February 10, 2017
I listened to the BBC abridged audio book as I often do before ordering it. I like hardbacks so I try and be sure first I want to read it. I didn't like it enough. I loved but couldn't feel that deep interest with this one.
Now it could be that the book is fantastic and it had a lousy editor at the BBC. Oliver Sacks autobiography, is a 10 star book, but the abridged BBC one is terrible, mostly the wrong episodes chosen. But still, the book was full of Mukherjee's usual overly-detailed extremely long passages and I couldn't get anything from them, so ... on to the next book. (But I might still order it in hardback because I think this is one of the books I might be wrong about)>
Now it could be that the book is fantastic and it had a lousy editor at the BBC. Oliver Sacks autobiography, is a 10 star book, but the abridged BBC one is terrible, mostly the wrong episodes chosen. But still, the book was full of Mukherjee's usual overly-detailed extremely long passages and I couldn't get anything from them, so ... on to the next book. (But I might still order it in hardback because I think this is one of the books I might be wrong about)>
June 6, 2017
Not half as good a narrative as The Emperor of All Maladies, but still a good account of the Gene's journey and where it is going. It will hold your attention even if you have read multiple accounts of the progress of Genetics such as Watson's, because most histories of the Gene focus on the Genome project or on the early phase of discovery of genetics, Mukherjee instead focuses on the applications that are currently ongoing and how those fields have developed.
My only complaint: the focus of the book is on the Human Gene and hence on Medicine, while the story of the Gene is surely about much more than medicine - extending to Food, Evolution, Economics and perhaps Politics - the Gene has a very wide role to play in our future and we need to develop perspective on that future today. Mukherjee gives a glimpse of where Medicine is going, but perhaps could also have shown us where We are going.
My only complaint: the focus of the book is on the Human Gene and hence on Medicine, while the story of the Gene is surely about much more than medicine - extending to Food, Evolution, Economics and perhaps Politics - the Gene has a very wide role to play in our future and we need to develop perspective on that future today. Mukherjee gives a glimpse of where Medicine is going, but perhaps could also have shown us where We are going.
March 19, 2021
賴匕賴 鬲丨賮丞 賮賳賷丞 賰丕賲賱丞 賲賰鬲賲賱丞
賱賷鬲 賰賱 賰鬲丕亘 賮賷 丕賱毓賱賵賲 賷賰賵賳 毓賱賶 賴匕賴 丕賱卮丕賰賱丞
賴匕丕 丕賱乇噩賱 賷賯丿賲 賱賰 丕賱毓賱賲 亘胤乇賷賯丞 賱丕 鬲卮亘賴 兀丨丿丕
賲亘賴乇 丨賯丕
賵丨賲賷賲 亘丕賱賮毓賱
賵賱丕 賷睾丕丿乇 賯賱亘賰 兀賵 毓賯賱賰 亘爻賴賵賱丞 兀亘丿丕
August 6, 2017
In this beautifully written, vivid history of genetics; Mukherjee takes us by the hand and walks us through the hall of fame of all the people who are the reason for modern biology as we study it today. His picturesque descriptions make the book a joy to read.
Starting with Mendel and ending with embryonic stem cell research and beyond; the fascinating story of genetic research is given in the book. There are life stories of many exceptional scientists. Unfortunately many examples of bad science and faux-scientists can also be found. I am particularly glad that Rosalind Franklin (who died at age 36 due to ovarian cancer; most likely because of Xray exposure from her experiments) and her work (without which DNA structure would not have been understood) is given the importance and acknowledgement in this book.
Students of medicine, biology and related fields as well as anyone with an interest in the history and future of science will enjoy and learn a lot from The Gene.
Starting with Mendel and ending with embryonic stem cell research and beyond; the fascinating story of genetic research is given in the book. There are life stories of many exceptional scientists. Unfortunately many examples of bad science and faux-scientists can also be found. I am particularly glad that Rosalind Franklin (who died at age 36 due to ovarian cancer; most likely because of Xray exposure from her experiments) and her work (without which DNA structure would not have been understood) is given the importance and acknowledgement in this book.
Students of medicine, biology and related fields as well as anyone with an interest in the history and future of science will enjoy and learn a lot from The Gene.
October 10, 2018
Cannot begin to tell you what I learned from this fascinating study of The Gene but I gained great insight from the thorough research of Siddhartha Mukherjee. I am destined for a second read/listen. The audio narration by Dennis Boutsikaris made this compelling, very well paced with a distinct and pleasant tonal quality. Highly recommended.
July 2, 2020
賲毓賱賲 夭蹖爻鬲賽 爻賴 爻丕賱 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖賲貙 禺丕賳賵賲 賲蹖賲貙 禺蹖賱蹖 禺蹖賱蹖 爻禺鬲鈥屭屫� 亘賵丿貙 丕賵賳 賲賵賯毓 蹖賴 讴鬲丕亘 爻蹖氐丿 趩賴丕乇 氐丿 氐賮丨賴鈥屫й� 丿丕卮鬲蹖賲 丕爻賲卮 賲乇丌鬲 夭蹖爻鬲 卮賳丕爻蹖賽 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿貙 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賴蹖趩 乇亘胤蹖 亘賴 爻乇賮氐賱賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇爻蹖賽 丌賲賵夭卮 賵 倬乇賵乇卮 賳丿丕卮鬲 賵 禺亘 鬲賵 賲丿乇爻賴鈥屰� 賲丕 賴賲 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇爻蹖 丌賲賵夭卮 倬乇賵乇卮 丿乇爻 丿丕丿賴 賳賲蹖卮丿貙 亘賴 賴乇 丨丕賱貙 丕賵賳 讴鬲丕亘 賵 鬲爻鬲丕卮 讴賴 丕賱丌賳 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗁� 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 讴鬲丕亘 讴丕乇 禺丕氐蹖 賳讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 賮賯胤 賲亘丨孬鈥屬囏й屬� 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 乇賵 亘乇丕蹖 亘趩賴鈥屬囏й� 郾鄄/郾鄢爻丕賱賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 鬲丕夭賴 毓賱賵賲 丿亘爻鬲丕賳 乇賵 鬲賲賵賲 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿賳 丌賵乇丿賴 亘賵丿 讴丕亘賵爻 爻賴 爻丕賱 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 賲丕 亘賴 丨爻丕亘 賲蹖賵賲丿...
丿賵賲 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿賲貙 蹖賴 乇賵夭 賵賯鬲蹖 胤亘賯 賲丨丕爻亘丕鬲賲賵賳 丕夭 乇賵蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇丌鬲 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 賲蹖鈥屫必驰屫屬� 禺丕賳賵賲 賲蹖賲 诏賮鬲 跇賳鬲蹖讴 爻禺鬲賴 賵丕爻鬲賵賳貙 丿乇爻 賳賲蹖丿賲...
賴賲蹖賳 蹖賴 噩賲賱賴 亘丕毓孬 卮丿 賲賳 鬲賲賵賲 賮氐賱 跇賳鬲蹖讴 乇賵 亘禺賵賳賲貙 鬲爻鬲丕蹖 亘賯蹖賴 賮氐賱丕 乇賵 賳氐賮賴 賳蹖賲賴鈥� 丨賱 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿賲 丕賲丕 跇賳鬲蹖讴 乇賵 讴丕賲賱 賵 亘蹖鈥屫嘿勜� 丨賱 讴賳賲貙丿賵 爻丕賱 亘毓丿 讴賴 丕賵賱 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賵丿賲 鬲賵 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴鈥屰� 亘夭乇诏 賲丿乇爻賴 丿賳亘丕賱 讴鬲丕亘丕蹖 跇賳鬲蹖讴 賲蹖鈥屭簇� 賵 蹖賴 賯賮爻賴 倬乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘丕貙 乇丿蹖賮 丌禺乇 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴 亘賵丿 賵 賮賯胤 賵 賮賯胤 禺賵丿賲 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗀呚促堎� 賵 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲毓賱賲 夭蹖爻鬲丕蹖 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳賲 跇賳鬲蹖讴 丿乇爻 賲蹖丿丕丿賳貙乇賵夭丕蹖 禺賵卮亘禺鬲蹖 賲賳 亘賵丿貙 亘趩賴鈥屬囏� 賴賳賵夭 爻賵丕賱丕蹖 丕賵賱 亘賵丿賳 賵 賲賳 鬲賲賵賲 爻賵丕賱丕乇賵 丨賱 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 賵 禺亘 丕賵賳 乇賵夭丕 诏匕卮鬲...
爻蹖讴賱 讴賳讴賵乇 亘丕毓孬 卮丿 亘賮賴賲賲 亘賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴 爻賴 趩賴丕乇鬲丕 爻賵丕賱 丕夭 倬賳噩丕賴 鬲丕 爻賵丕賱 夭蹖爻鬲貙 丕賴賲蹖鬲 亘丿賲.丨鬲蹖 讴賲鈥屭┵� 蹖丕丿賲 乇賮鬲 讴賴 蹖賴 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 乇丐蹖丕賲 丕蹖賳 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘乇賲 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴貙 跇賳鬲蹖讴 亘禺賵賳賲 賵 禺爻鬲賴 賵 讴賵賮鬲賴 丕夭 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 亘乇诏乇丿賲 賵 爻毓蹖 讴賳賲 丕賵賳賯丿乇 亘丕 讴乇賵賲賵夭賵賲丕 乇賮蹖賯 亘卮賲 讴賴 亘鬲賵賳賲 亘毓囟蹖 跇賳丕卮賵賳 乇賵 禺丕賲賵卮 讴賳賲 亘毓囟蹖丕乇賵 乇賵卮賳 賵 丕夭 蹖賴 鬲丕乇 賲賵蹖 丌丿賲蹖 讴賴 賯賱亘卮 丕夭 讴丕乇 丕賮鬲丕丿賴 蹖賴 賯賱亘 亘爻丕夭賲 賵 亘亘乇賲 亘匕丕乇賲 爻乇噩丕卮 丕賲丕 賳卮丿 丿蹖诏賴...
丿丕卮鬲 賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳丕 蹖丕丿賲 賲蹖鈥屫辟佖� 鬲賵 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖賲 丿賳亘丕賱 蹖賴 賲爻蹖乇 丿蹖诏賴 亘賵丿賲貙 賲爻蹖乇蹖 讴賴 賴蹖趩 乇丿蹖 丕夭 跇賳鬲蹖讴 鬲賵 丌蹖賳丿賴鈥屬� 丕夭卮 賳蹖爻鬲 丕賲丕 蹖賴賵 胤亘賯 乇賵丕賱 夭賳丿诏蹖賲 倬賳噩鈥屫促嗀ㄙ団€� 氐亘丨鈥屬囏ж� 蹖讴 賴賮鬲賴 丿乇賲蹖賵賳貙 倬丕丿讴爻鬲 亘蹖鈥屬举勜ж� 乇賵 诏賵卮 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 讴賴 倬乇鬲 卮丿賲 亘賴 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭丕貙 亘賴 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賴丕蹖 丿賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 賵丕爻賴 賲馗賱賵賲蹖鬲 賲賳丿賱 丕卮讴 亘乇蹖夭賲貙 賲賳丿賱貙 鬲賳賴丕 賲毓卮賵賯賴鈥屰� 賲賳 鬲賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 夭蹖爻鬲 卮賳丕爻蹖 亘賵丿.
賵 丿賱賲 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 乇賵 禺賵丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕 賲賵賴丕蹖 跇賵賱蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗀池� 爻丕毓鬲鈥屬囏� 賲爻卅賱賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 丨賱 讴賳賲...
倬蹖鈥屬嗁堌簇�:倬丕丿讴爻鬲賽 诏夭蹖丿賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗃屫� 鬲賵 氐賮丨賴 亘蹖鈥屬举勜ж池� 丕倬蹖夭賵丿 鄞郾 亘卮賳賵蹖丿.
丿賵賲 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿賲貙 蹖賴 乇賵夭 賵賯鬲蹖 胤亘賯 賲丨丕爻亘丕鬲賲賵賳 丕夭 乇賵蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇丌鬲 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 賲蹖鈥屫必驰屫屬� 禺丕賳賵賲 賲蹖賲 诏賮鬲 跇賳鬲蹖讴 爻禺鬲賴 賵丕爻鬲賵賳貙 丿乇爻 賳賲蹖丿賲...
賴賲蹖賳 蹖賴 噩賲賱賴 亘丕毓孬 卮丿 賲賳 鬲賲賵賲 賮氐賱 跇賳鬲蹖讴 乇賵 亘禺賵賳賲貙 鬲爻鬲丕蹖 亘賯蹖賴 賮氐賱丕 乇賵 賳氐賮賴 賳蹖賲賴鈥� 丨賱 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿賲 丕賲丕 跇賳鬲蹖讴 乇賵 讴丕賲賱 賵 亘蹖鈥屫嘿勜� 丨賱 讴賳賲貙丿賵 爻丕賱 亘毓丿 讴賴 丕賵賱 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳 亘賵丿賲 鬲賵 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴鈥屰� 亘夭乇诏 賲丿乇爻賴 丿賳亘丕賱 讴鬲丕亘丕蹖 跇賳鬲蹖讴 賲蹖鈥屭簇� 賵 蹖賴 賯賮爻賴 倬乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘丕貙 乇丿蹖賮 丌禺乇 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴 亘賵丿 賵 賮賯胤 賵 賮賯胤 禺賵丿賲 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗀呚促堎� 賵 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲毓賱賲 夭蹖爻鬲丕蹖 丿亘蹖乇爻鬲丕賳賲 跇賳鬲蹖讴 丿乇爻 賲蹖丿丕丿賳貙乇賵夭丕蹖 禺賵卮亘禺鬲蹖 賲賳 亘賵丿貙 亘趩賴鈥屬囏� 賴賳賵夭 爻賵丕賱丕蹖 丕賵賱 亘賵丿賳 賵 賲賳 鬲賲賵賲 爻賵丕賱丕乇賵 丨賱 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 賵 禺亘 丕賵賳 乇賵夭丕 诏匕卮鬲...
爻蹖讴賱 讴賳讴賵乇 亘丕毓孬 卮丿 亘賮賴賲賲 亘賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 丕賳丿丕夭賴 爻賴 趩賴丕乇鬲丕 爻賵丕賱 丕夭 倬賳噩丕賴 鬲丕 爻賵丕賱 夭蹖爻鬲貙 丕賴賲蹖鬲 亘丿賲.丨鬲蹖 讴賲鈥屭┵� 蹖丕丿賲 乇賮鬲 讴賴 蹖賴 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 乇丐蹖丕賲 丕蹖賳 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘乇賲 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴貙 跇賳鬲蹖讴 亘禺賵賳賲 賵 禺爻鬲賴 賵 讴賵賮鬲賴 丕夭 丿丕賳卮诏丕賴 亘乇诏乇丿賲 賵 爻毓蹖 讴賳賲 丕賵賳賯丿乇 亘丕 讴乇賵賲賵夭賵賲丕 乇賮蹖賯 亘卮賲 讴賴 亘鬲賵賳賲 亘毓囟蹖 跇賳丕卮賵賳 乇賵 禺丕賲賵卮 讴賳賲 亘毓囟蹖丕乇賵 乇賵卮賳 賵 丕夭 蹖賴 鬲丕乇 賲賵蹖 丌丿賲蹖 讴賴 賯賱亘卮 丕夭 讴丕乇 丕賮鬲丕丿賴 蹖賴 賯賱亘 亘爻丕夭賲 賵 亘亘乇賲 亘匕丕乇賲 爻乇噩丕卮 丕賲丕 賳卮丿 丿蹖诏賴...
丿丕卮鬲 賴賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳丕 蹖丕丿賲 賲蹖鈥屫辟佖� 鬲賵 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖賲 丿賳亘丕賱 蹖賴 賲爻蹖乇 丿蹖诏賴 亘賵丿賲貙 賲爻蹖乇蹖 讴賴 賴蹖趩 乇丿蹖 丕夭 跇賳鬲蹖讴 鬲賵 丌蹖賳丿賴鈥屬� 丕夭卮 賳蹖爻鬲 丕賲丕 蹖賴賵 胤亘賯 乇賵丕賱 夭賳丿诏蹖賲 倬賳噩鈥屫促嗀ㄙ団€� 氐亘丨鈥屬囏ж� 蹖讴 賴賮鬲賴 丿乇賲蹖賵賳貙 倬丕丿讴爻鬲 亘蹖鈥屬举勜ж� 乇賵 诏賵卮 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 讴賴 倬乇鬲 卮丿賲 亘賴 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭丕貙 亘賴 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賴丕蹖 丿賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 賵丕爻賴 賲馗賱賵賲蹖鬲 賲賳丿賱 丕卮讴 亘乇蹖夭賲貙 賲賳丿賱貙 鬲賳賴丕 賲毓卮賵賯賴鈥屰� 賲賳 鬲賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 夭蹖爻鬲 卮賳丕爻蹖 亘賵丿.
賵 丿賱賲 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賴賲賵賳 乇賵夭丕蹖蹖 乇賵 禺賵丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕 賲賵賴丕蹖 跇賵賱蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗀池� 爻丕毓鬲鈥屬囏� 賲爻卅賱賴 跇賳鬲蹖讴 丨賱 讴賳賲...
倬蹖鈥屬嗁堌簇�:倬丕丿讴爻鬲賽 诏夭蹖丿賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫堎嗃屫� 鬲賵 氐賮丨賴 亘蹖鈥屬举勜ж池� 丕倬蹖夭賵丿 鄞郾 亘卮賳賵蹖丿.
February 10, 2017
Thanks goes to Netgalley and a wonderful author for a wonderfully told series of stories within the world of genetics.
I was worried, briefly, by the insistence of bringing Aristotle's take on the genome, or the recapitulation of many of the grandfathers of the science, such as Mendel and Darwin, but the way that these otherwise well-known personages were brought alive to the page was more of a story than a dry recounting. Even so, I wasn't prepared for what was soon to come.
I became engrossed in the history of American Eugenics, and even more so in Germany's frightful improvements, all of which painted the history of the science in quite a dark, and ignorant, light.
Fortunately for all of us, Crick, Watson, and Ferdinand come out swinging and we can see this all as a heroic step forward... even considering the fact that Ferdinand never got to see her work truly recognized.
From here on out, we've got truly wonderful tales of Beck and the birth of recombinant DNA, scientists self-policing, the rise of multinational bio-engineering firms, AIDS, gene therapies, genome mapping, and of course cloning and stem-cell blocking, and each and every one of these stories are bright and very readable.
And what's more, it's always informative and it's always interesting. It even draws us in to the author's own deep and emotional familial history and his own drive to understand.
I'll make no bones about it: I was moved.
I've read more than a handful of books on genetics in the past, and while some were quite good and some were sometimes mesmerizingly boring, I think this one has got to be the most readable, grab you on the human level, and most in depth survey of the entire field that I've ever read.
So many disparate characteristics managed to encode the proteins of the narrative, and no one could be happier than me to see such a healthy and shining phenotypical expression be borne from a popular book. It's classy and smart. Very smart. In fact, it's pretty much a must-have if you're a science-history buff bringing us up to the cutting-edge present and want a few questions for the future. :)
I was worried, briefly, by the insistence of bringing Aristotle's take on the genome, or the recapitulation of many of the grandfathers of the science, such as Mendel and Darwin, but the way that these otherwise well-known personages were brought alive to the page was more of a story than a dry recounting. Even so, I wasn't prepared for what was soon to come.
I became engrossed in the history of American Eugenics, and even more so in Germany's frightful improvements, all of which painted the history of the science in quite a dark, and ignorant, light.
Fortunately for all of us, Crick, Watson, and Ferdinand come out swinging and we can see this all as a heroic step forward... even considering the fact that Ferdinand never got to see her work truly recognized.
From here on out, we've got truly wonderful tales of Beck and the birth of recombinant DNA, scientists self-policing, the rise of multinational bio-engineering firms, AIDS, gene therapies, genome mapping, and of course cloning and stem-cell blocking, and each and every one of these stories are bright and very readable.
And what's more, it's always informative and it's always interesting. It even draws us in to the author's own deep and emotional familial history and his own drive to understand.
I'll make no bones about it: I was moved.
I've read more than a handful of books on genetics in the past, and while some were quite good and some were sometimes mesmerizingly boring, I think this one has got to be the most readable, grab you on the human level, and most in depth survey of the entire field that I've ever read.
So many disparate characteristics managed to encode the proteins of the narrative, and no one could be happier than me to see such a healthy and shining phenotypical expression be borne from a popular book. It's classy and smart. Very smart. In fact, it's pretty much a must-have if you're a science-history buff bringing us up to the cutting-edge present and want a few questions for the future. :)
September 28, 2016
I'm not going to lie, there were some pages of this book where all my mind saw was 'science science science science' etc etc over and over again instead of the actual words which apparently make sense to people cleverer than me.
Happily though, the vast majority of the book is written in a more engaging and approachable fashion. Nevertheless, it clearly represents a vast amount of research, spanning the field from Aristotle to the present day. It plots the path of ever increasing knowledge and more specific theories about the means of heredity. Detailed descriptions of research, the individuals and teams who undertook it, every step forward (and backwards), the social, moral, scientific, and political implications of new information and techniques- all these things and more Mukherjee has addressed in this biography of the gene. His evaluative skill is piercing and never more so when looking at the dangers inherent in being able to modify our very nature. Of course, eugenics and the Nazis are covered, but he casts the net wider, into forced sterilisations in America and movements in the UK to create 'better' people. Not only that, he investigates the presence of these issues in contemporary society, asking whether our increasing capacity to make changes to our genes is balanced by a real understanding of the ethical implications. Yet he doesn't fail to point out how the lives of many people with certain genetic conditions have been vastly improved by the new science. As with so much of technological and scientific advancement, ideas about morality are inherently intertwined with the way it is actually used.
It was a compelling read, though challenging. Very much worth taking the time to understand an area that will, I think, come to affect our lives in more and more ways as the years pass.
Many thanks to Random House/Vintage and Netgalley for the chance to read this in exchange for an honest review.
Happily though, the vast majority of the book is written in a more engaging and approachable fashion. Nevertheless, it clearly represents a vast amount of research, spanning the field from Aristotle to the present day. It plots the path of ever increasing knowledge and more specific theories about the means of heredity. Detailed descriptions of research, the individuals and teams who undertook it, every step forward (and backwards), the social, moral, scientific, and political implications of new information and techniques- all these things and more Mukherjee has addressed in this biography of the gene. His evaluative skill is piercing and never more so when looking at the dangers inherent in being able to modify our very nature. Of course, eugenics and the Nazis are covered, but he casts the net wider, into forced sterilisations in America and movements in the UK to create 'better' people. Not only that, he investigates the presence of these issues in contemporary society, asking whether our increasing capacity to make changes to our genes is balanced by a real understanding of the ethical implications. Yet he doesn't fail to point out how the lives of many people with certain genetic conditions have been vastly improved by the new science. As with so much of technological and scientific advancement, ideas about morality are inherently intertwined with the way it is actually used.
It was a compelling read, though challenging. Very much worth taking the time to understand an area that will, I think, come to affect our lives in more and more ways as the years pass.
Many thanks to Random House/Vintage and Netgalley for the chance to read this in exchange for an honest review.
January 11, 2018
"We seek constancy in heredity--and find its opposite: variation. Mutants are necessary to maintain the essence of our selves."
- Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene
I've owned Mukherjee's other book, , for years and have consistently found rational reasons to not read it. So, I'm not sure what made me pick up this book first. Perhaps, it was a friend who prompted me. Perhaps, too, was my tendency to come late to authors and read them backwards (rNA?). Perhaps, there is a gene somewhere that always pushes me read an author's first, great novel late. Don't know. What I do know is I was BLOWN away by this book.
It was, first to last page, intensely interesting, it flowed well, and in parts it was damn near poetry. Every day I ended up reading more than I planned for that day. I couldn't put it down. Just like it is sometimes amazing that a fruit fly, a virus, or man can come from an arrangement of just 4 nucleotides in DNA (ATGC), it often amazes me that 26 letters in our alphabet can express the poetry of E.E. Cummings and the prose of a writer like Mukherjee.
There were some experimental chapters that didn't resonate quite as well, but these were minor dings on a nearly perfect work of narrative nonfiction. Overall, the book reminded me a bit of Wright's or Rhodes' . It easy sits among the very best in science writing I've read, covering genetics and the gene from Darwin to CRISPR technology.
As someone who has Type 1 diabetes, RA, Graves disease, and Marfan syndrome, I've always been fascinated by genes the history of genetics (Yes, I'm exist uncomfortably in the shallow end of my family's gene pool). I've actually had my skin punched for genetic tests in the late 80s by Dr. Reed E. Pyeritz at Johns Hopkins. So, discussions in this book about Marfan Syndrome and Johns Hopkins' Moore Clinic hit REALLY close to home. After reading 'The Gene' I'm now a HUGE Mukherjee fan, and have moved 'The Emperor of All Maladies' to my bedside table and will be jumping into that book soon (sometimes, it seems, we can act rationally just by moving cancer closer to us).
- Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Gene
I've owned Mukherjee's other book, , for years and have consistently found rational reasons to not read it. So, I'm not sure what made me pick up this book first. Perhaps, it was a friend who prompted me. Perhaps, too, was my tendency to come late to authors and read them backwards (rNA?). Perhaps, there is a gene somewhere that always pushes me read an author's first, great novel late. Don't know. What I do know is I was BLOWN away by this book.
It was, first to last page, intensely interesting, it flowed well, and in parts it was damn near poetry. Every day I ended up reading more than I planned for that day. I couldn't put it down. Just like it is sometimes amazing that a fruit fly, a virus, or man can come from an arrangement of just 4 nucleotides in DNA (ATGC), it often amazes me that 26 letters in our alphabet can express the poetry of E.E. Cummings and the prose of a writer like Mukherjee.
There were some experimental chapters that didn't resonate quite as well, but these were minor dings on a nearly perfect work of narrative nonfiction. Overall, the book reminded me a bit of Wright's or Rhodes' . It easy sits among the very best in science writing I've read, covering genetics and the gene from Darwin to CRISPR technology.
As someone who has Type 1 diabetes, RA, Graves disease, and Marfan syndrome, I've always been fascinated by genes the history of genetics (Yes, I'm exist uncomfortably in the shallow end of my family's gene pool). I've actually had my skin punched for genetic tests in the late 80s by Dr. Reed E. Pyeritz at Johns Hopkins. So, discussions in this book about Marfan Syndrome and Johns Hopkins' Moore Clinic hit REALLY close to home. After reading 'The Gene' I'm now a HUGE Mukherjee fan, and have moved 'The Emperor of All Maladies' to my bedside table and will be jumping into that book soon (sometimes, it seems, we can act rationally just by moving cancer closer to us).
April 15, 2016
Siddhartha Mukherjee, Pulitzer's Prize winning book, "The Emperor of All Maladies"
scared the hell out of me right from the 'get go'....when I read that "1 in 4 people will get cancer in your lifetime".
Mukherjee dives right in again, ( wasting no time), in "The Gene".
We first learn that mental illness has been in Mukherjee's family for at least two generations. He shares personally with us about 4 different relatives: 2 cousins and two uncles -- ( from his father's side), whose minds were crumbling. --- Each with a little different story. It's clear Mukherjee isn't removed from his research in any shape or form.
There was even a time when Mukherjee himself went through troubled period - as a teenager. He stopped talking to his parents for six months, refused to turn in school homework, and threw books in the trash. Filled with anxiety, his father took him to a doctor fearing his son was losing his mind ( fearing another Mukherjee bites the dust).
Years later, when Mukherjee met Sarah, ( his wife today), he warned her about
the heredity component that lurked behind his family history.
In 2009, Swedish researchers published and enormous international study involving thousands of families and tens of thousands of men and women. It was discovered - with striking evidence that bipolar disease and schizophrenia shared strong genetic link.
Questions that lingered in Mukherjee' mind at the start of his research was ...( looking at each his cousins and uncles), if the illnesses are genetic, why were some family members spared? (Mukherjee' father's sister had been spared)
What 'triggers' had unveiled these predispositions? How much arose from 'nature'
and how much was due to environmental 'nurture'. Also, was Mukherjee a carrier?
What if he could know the precise nature of this genetic flaw? Would he test himself?
Would he inform his daughters?
If technologies were available -- who would control them and their safety?
Part I is about "the missing" science of heredity ....discovering and rediscovering genes.. dated from 1865 to 1935. He talks about theories from Aristotle and Pythagoras....and what each of them had right and what they had wrong.
Pythagoras's theory was that sperm carried all information to make a new human. Aristotle's theory was that heredity was carried in the form of messages to create materials ..( "it was the hand that carried the instructions to mold an embryo"). --
In time, both theories were demolished.
Mukherjee continues to describe how past prominent scientists, physicians, philosophers, historians, sociologists, anthropologist, biologists, linguists, theologist, etc. understood the function of the gene.....and how many of these educators fought furiously over the question of human origin. Charles Darwin, for example, gave rise to the most important synthesis in modern biology and the most powerful understanding of human heredity. --- yet here we are today in 2016-- and Mukherjee is all about the future - medical advances. I'm beginning to see why this book is important.
Embryology, inherited genes, chromosomes, .....so much information to keep taking in. Genetic information could be mixed, matched and swapped.
As a reader...about half way through the book -- it's easy to feel exhausted.
I put the book down...
Made some tea... and listened to to Siddhartha Mukherjee do a TED talk. His talk recharged my energy... I began to see the larger purpose of understanding what past experts believed - to learn about what their work contributed. It's only until really being able to see how we've been treating disease in the past -- can we begin to comprehend the re-organization of treating disease in the future. Mukherjee presented the idea that it's possible the gene will cure disease - rather than a pill.
This is a challenging book to read--yet fascinating -- not as hard to understand as one might think...just hard to stay with all the research. I needed breaks. ( I read other fiction stories at the same time)....
but this book is looks at all sides of genetics: genetic diversity, morality, ...( such as stem cell research -and eugenics)... -and what about predicting the future from genes. ..and alternating the destiny through genetic manipulation.
Medical advances seem to be moving faster than the speed of light. 11 months ago, I had a complete ankle replacement (a somewhat new and complicated surgery). I'm out hiking the hilly trails once again. Given how thankful I am for a working walking foot, I read this book with a hopeful fresh spirit for our future in the area of medical advancements.
Thank You Scribner Publishing, Netgalley, and Siddhartha Mukherjee
scared the hell out of me right from the 'get go'....when I read that "1 in 4 people will get cancer in your lifetime".
Mukherjee dives right in again, ( wasting no time), in "The Gene".
We first learn that mental illness has been in Mukherjee's family for at least two generations. He shares personally with us about 4 different relatives: 2 cousins and two uncles -- ( from his father's side), whose minds were crumbling. --- Each with a little different story. It's clear Mukherjee isn't removed from his research in any shape or form.
There was even a time when Mukherjee himself went through troubled period - as a teenager. He stopped talking to his parents for six months, refused to turn in school homework, and threw books in the trash. Filled with anxiety, his father took him to a doctor fearing his son was losing his mind ( fearing another Mukherjee bites the dust).
Years later, when Mukherjee met Sarah, ( his wife today), he warned her about
the heredity component that lurked behind his family history.
In 2009, Swedish researchers published and enormous international study involving thousands of families and tens of thousands of men and women. It was discovered - with striking evidence that bipolar disease and schizophrenia shared strong genetic link.
Questions that lingered in Mukherjee' mind at the start of his research was ...( looking at each his cousins and uncles), if the illnesses are genetic, why were some family members spared? (Mukherjee' father's sister had been spared)
What 'triggers' had unveiled these predispositions? How much arose from 'nature'
and how much was due to environmental 'nurture'. Also, was Mukherjee a carrier?
What if he could know the precise nature of this genetic flaw? Would he test himself?
Would he inform his daughters?
If technologies were available -- who would control them and their safety?
Part I is about "the missing" science of heredity ....discovering and rediscovering genes.. dated from 1865 to 1935. He talks about theories from Aristotle and Pythagoras....and what each of them had right and what they had wrong.
Pythagoras's theory was that sperm carried all information to make a new human. Aristotle's theory was that heredity was carried in the form of messages to create materials ..( "it was the hand that carried the instructions to mold an embryo"). --
In time, both theories were demolished.
Mukherjee continues to describe how past prominent scientists, physicians, philosophers, historians, sociologists, anthropologist, biologists, linguists, theologist, etc. understood the function of the gene.....and how many of these educators fought furiously over the question of human origin. Charles Darwin, for example, gave rise to the most important synthesis in modern biology and the most powerful understanding of human heredity. --- yet here we are today in 2016-- and Mukherjee is all about the future - medical advances. I'm beginning to see why this book is important.
Embryology, inherited genes, chromosomes, .....so much information to keep taking in. Genetic information could be mixed, matched and swapped.
As a reader...about half way through the book -- it's easy to feel exhausted.
I put the book down...
Made some tea... and listened to to Siddhartha Mukherjee do a TED talk. His talk recharged my energy... I began to see the larger purpose of understanding what past experts believed - to learn about what their work contributed. It's only until really being able to see how we've been treating disease in the past -- can we begin to comprehend the re-organization of treating disease in the future. Mukherjee presented the idea that it's possible the gene will cure disease - rather than a pill.
This is a challenging book to read--yet fascinating -- not as hard to understand as one might think...just hard to stay with all the research. I needed breaks. ( I read other fiction stories at the same time)....
but this book is looks at all sides of genetics: genetic diversity, morality, ...( such as stem cell research -and eugenics)... -and what about predicting the future from genes. ..and alternating the destiny through genetic manipulation.
Medical advances seem to be moving faster than the speed of light. 11 months ago, I had a complete ankle replacement (a somewhat new and complicated surgery). I'm out hiking the hilly trails once again. Given how thankful I am for a working walking foot, I read this book with a hopeful fresh spirit for our future in the area of medical advancements.
Thank You Scribner Publishing, Netgalley, and Siddhartha Mukherjee
October 1, 2019
Not my first review of a masterpiece orchestrated by Siddhartha Mukherjee, as I am guilty to languishing (past a reasonable amount of time) in Pulitzer Prize winner 鈥淓mperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer.鈥� Our Mom and Dad give us something. Finding what the something is are drops of light in a 鈥渄unkelweld鈥� begging the question do genes determine our identity? What part does Mom and Dad play?
What is a gene anyway? A gene is vibrating message to build a protein, which creates a protein. After the silent birth of form and function, regulation becomes its鈥� job. In this case, how does this explain his specialty as he takes a view from the heights and adds 鈥渇amily material鈥� in candidly documenting heritable/un-inheritable mental illness.
鈥�...with God shoved aside---what was the driving force behind the origin of the species? What impetus drove the descent of, say, thirteen variants of finches down the fierce rivulets of speciation?鈥� ...Spring 1838...Darwin tore into...the maroon C notebook.鈥�
---Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD
Erudition comes slow and in the doing we are transported to a garden and find a humble monk growing peas on 5 acres in Austria. This monk lives in an 脰sterreich abbey and chooses peas as his subject鈥攁s he is prohibited from using vermin. His name is Gregor Mendel. He creates pea hybrids and with mutations he discerns come variety.
The Gene: An Intimate History is providential. From the Asilomar Conference to the birth of Genetech that within is profound. Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD writes as if a fire burning slowly 鈥渋ntus penetus.鈥� Mendels鈥� forgotten 鈥減ea鈥� paper was key to the basic core of heredity and opened a door to W. Arating. Buy, read and share.
What is a gene anyway? A gene is vibrating message to build a protein, which creates a protein. After the silent birth of form and function, regulation becomes its鈥� job. In this case, how does this explain his specialty as he takes a view from the heights and adds 鈥渇amily material鈥� in candidly documenting heritable/un-inheritable mental illness.
鈥�...with God shoved aside---what was the driving force behind the origin of the species? What impetus drove the descent of, say, thirteen variants of finches down the fierce rivulets of speciation?鈥� ...Spring 1838...Darwin tore into...the maroon C notebook.鈥�
---Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD
Erudition comes slow and in the doing we are transported to a garden and find a humble monk growing peas on 5 acres in Austria. This monk lives in an 脰sterreich abbey and chooses peas as his subject鈥攁s he is prohibited from using vermin. His name is Gregor Mendel. He creates pea hybrids and with mutations he discerns come variety.
The Gene: An Intimate History is providential. From the Asilomar Conference to the birth of Genetech that within is profound. Siddhartha Mukherjee, MD writes as if a fire burning slowly 鈥渋ntus penetus.鈥� Mendels鈥� forgotten 鈥減ea鈥� paper was key to the basic core of heredity and opened a door to W. Arating. Buy, read and share.
August 24, 2019
This book is a skillfully crafted combination of science history, character sketches, and personal encounters by the author's extended family with a history of mental illness. The end result maintains the interest of the reader in a subject that could have been a lot less interesting in the hands on another writer.
Most of the book is an account of the history of human advances in the understanding of how heritable characteristics are passed through multiple biological generations. Toward the end of the book the author explores the more ambiguous contributions of nature, nurture and chance in the destiny of biological life. Also some speculation is made on the future possibilities of gene manipulation and repair.
The author's discussion of the complexities of sexual identity was particularly poignant in light of recent political controversies in the USA regarding transexuals. This section of the book should be required reading for legislators who think that the determination of sex at birth is final.
Below are some quotations that caught my eye. I've preceded each with my introductory comment:
I feel sorry for Darwin in his efforts to defend his theory of survival of the fittest as the driving force in the evolution of species. He didn't understand the rules of genetics and thus didn't have the needed information to explain why unusual beneficial genetic traits were not lost through cross breeding. The following quotation describes how close Darwin came to finding the needed information. Instead the significance of Mendel's findings remained unnoticed for four decades.
The following short review is from PageADay Book Lover's Calendar for January 19, 2018:
Siddhartha Mukherjee Won the Pulitzer Prize and legions of devoted readers with his biography of cancer, The Emperor of All Maladies. He brings the same depth of knowledge and personal touch to the story of the human gene. Covering everything from how Aristotle and Darwin understood genetics to the rnodern phenomenon of mapping the genome, The Gene prepares readers to understand the ethical questions surrounding genetics today. Fascinating, accessible, and timely.
THE GENE: AN INTIMATE HISTORY, by Siddhartha Mukherjee (Scribner, 2016)
Most of the book is an account of the history of human advances in the understanding of how heritable characteristics are passed through multiple biological generations. Toward the end of the book the author explores the more ambiguous contributions of nature, nurture and chance in the destiny of biological life. Also some speculation is made on the future possibilities of gene manipulation and repair.
The author's discussion of the complexities of sexual identity was particularly poignant in light of recent political controversies in the USA regarding transexuals. This section of the book should be required reading for legislators who think that the determination of sex at birth is final.
Below are some quotations that caught my eye. I've preceded each with my introductory comment:
I feel sorry for Darwin in his efforts to defend his theory of survival of the fittest as the driving force in the evolution of species. He didn't understand the rules of genetics and thus didn't have the needed information to explain why unusual beneficial genetic traits were not lost through cross breeding. The following quotation describes how close Darwin came to finding the needed information. Instead the significance of Mendel's findings remained unnoticed for four decades.
Had Darwin looked carefully through the books in his voluminous library he might of found a reference to an obscure paper by a little known Botanist from Brno, unassumingly titled "Experiments in Plant Hibernation" and published in a scarcely known journal in 1866. The paper was written in dense German and packed with the kind of mathematical tables that Darwin particularly despised. Even so Dawin came tantalizing close to reading it. In the early 1870s pouring through a book on plant hybrids he made extensive hand written notes on pages 50 , 51, 53, and 54, but mysteriously skipped page 52 where the Brno paper of pea hybrids was discussed in detail. If Darwin had actually read it, particularly as he was writing "Variation" and formulating pangenesis, this study might have provided the final critical insight to understand his own theory of evolution. He would have been fascinated by its implications, moved by the tenderness of it labor, and struck by its strange and explanatory power. Darwin's incisive intellect would have quickly grasped its implications for the understanding of evolution.The following summary of the Nazi and Soviets genetic programs during WWII shows how things can go astray when genetics is made to fit political dogma.
The Nazis believing in absolute genetic immutability鈥攁 Jew is a Jew鈥攈ad resorted to eugenics to change the structure of their population. The Soviets, believing in absolute genetic reprogrammability鈥攁nyone is everyone鈥攃ould eradicate all distinctions and thus achieve a radical collective good.One positive contribution of the Nazis is that they totally discredited eugenics programs.
The mark of Nazis genetics remains like an indelible scar. 鈥� This perhaps was the final contribution of Nazism to genetics. It placed the ultimate stamp of shame on eugenics. The horror of Nazi eugenics inspired a cautionary tale prompting a global reexamination of the ambitions that had spurred the effort. Around the world eugenic programs came to a shamefaced halt.The following quotation is addressing the differences between identical twins. I saved it because of the three adjectives modifying "events." I might need those words someday to explain why I'm surprised.
What causes the difference? Forty-three studies performed over two decades have revealed a powerful and consistent answer: unsystematic, idiosyncratic, serendipitous events.Genetic markers have been identified that predict differing abilities to handle stress. The following is an interesting discussion of what could be done with that information.
It is as if resilience itself has a genetic core. Some humans are born resilient but are less responsive to interventions, while others are born sensitive but more likely to respond to changes in their environments. The idea of a resilience gene has entranced social engineers. 鈥� "Should we seek to identify the most susceptible children and disproportionately target them when it comes to investing scarce intervention and service dollars? I believe the answer is yes. Some people are 鈥� like delicate orchids, 鈥� they quickly wither when exposed to distress and depravation but blossom if given a lot of care and support. Others are more like dandelions. They prove resilient to the negative effects of adversity but at the same time do not particularly benefit from positive experiences. By identifying these delicate orchid versus dandelion children by gene profiling 鈥� societies might achieve vastly more efficient targeting of scarce resources."For many years geneticists couldn't find a way to perform targeted gene repair. The following is an interesting summary of the author's description of how yogurt engineers found a bacterium capable of defending itself from hostile viruses by a clever method that could also be borrowed by geneticists to target specific places on a gene and make repairs.
Only a handful of such instances of scientific serendipity have occurred in the history of biology. An arcane microbial defense devised by microbes discovered by yogurt engineers and reprogrammed by RNA biologist has created a trap door to transformative technology that geneticists had sought for so longingly for decades. A method to achieve directed efficient and sequence specific modification of the human genome.
The following short review is from PageADay Book Lover's Calendar for January 19, 2018:
Siddhartha Mukherjee Won the Pulitzer Prize and legions of devoted readers with his biography of cancer, The Emperor of All Maladies. He brings the same depth of knowledge and personal touch to the story of the human gene. Covering everything from how Aristotle and Darwin understood genetics to the rnodern phenomenon of mapping the genome, The Gene prepares readers to understand the ethical questions surrounding genetics today. Fascinating, accessible, and timely.
THE GENE: AN INTIMATE HISTORY, by Siddhartha Mukherjee (Scribner, 2016)
June 24, 2020
You don't have to like science to enjoy this book! If you do like science, you'll find it even more informative and entertaining. The book is written for a broader audience who enjoy history, biology, and for those who enjoy debating social, cultural, and ethical dilemmas.
In the book the author takes us in depth though the biological journey of the evolution of our knowledge and struggles with the study of the gene, all coiled around like the DNA strand with world histories most critical events and Mukherjee's personal intimate story.
The stories in the book relating to the competitiveness between laboratories are suspenseful and fun to read. We also find out, to my surprise, the important roll identical twins play for geneticist in providing data and proof that inclination to a certain temperament, urges, illnesses, and other character traits are in most part hereditary, and therefore written in our genes.
We also see that the commonality, or better yet solidarity, that bonds some of the greatest names in biology such as Darwin, Mendel, and others is their failure in the natural and applied science formal education systems of their times. This can be encouraging for those academically struggling.
The book is well-written, and the science and history is well balanced. Mukherjee stays on topic, which is always good.
Don't be discouraged by the 600 pages, it's an enjoyable and easy read. You won't regret it. Highly recommend it!
I've read the Montenegrin-Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian translation Gen: Intimna Istorija autora Sidarte Mukard啪ija. Laguna 2018 Publishing / 678 pages / 163,515 words. Excellent translation.
In the book the author takes us in depth though the biological journey of the evolution of our knowledge and struggles with the study of the gene, all coiled around like the DNA strand with world histories most critical events and Mukherjee's personal intimate story.
The stories in the book relating to the competitiveness between laboratories are suspenseful and fun to read. We also find out, to my surprise, the important roll identical twins play for geneticist in providing data and proof that inclination to a certain temperament, urges, illnesses, and other character traits are in most part hereditary, and therefore written in our genes.
We also see that the commonality, or better yet solidarity, that bonds some of the greatest names in biology such as Darwin, Mendel, and others is their failure in the natural and applied science formal education systems of their times. This can be encouraging for those academically struggling.
The book is well-written, and the science and history is well balanced. Mukherjee stays on topic, which is always good.
Don't be discouraged by the 600 pages, it's an enjoyable and easy read. You won't regret it. Highly recommend it!
I've read the Montenegrin-Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian translation Gen: Intimna Istorija autora Sidarte Mukard啪ija. Laguna 2018 Publishing / 678 pages / 163,515 words. Excellent translation.
Read
April 5, 2025Magisterial, which is to say very large, account of the discovery of genes, how they work, what they do, and what fresh hells we are likely to create with that knowledge.
It is very good if you want to know all that. You could also skip the history part and still have an extremely informative read explaining things like mitochondrial Eve, racial difference (there isn't any), genetic influence on being gay or trans (it's more complicated than that), intelligence heritability, the morality of genetic testing for conditions and much more.
Thoughtful, humane, considered and well written.
It is very good if you want to know all that. You could also skip the history part and still have an extremely informative read explaining things like mitochondrial Eve, racial difference (there isn't any), genetic influence on being gay or trans (it's more complicated than that), intelligence heritability, the morality of genetic testing for conditions and much more.
Thoughtful, humane, considered and well written.
February 18, 2020
Siddhartha Mukherjee's 2010 The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer is amongst my top nonfiction books of all time.
When he released THE GENE: An Intimate History in 2016, I had plans to get to it, but the 500+ pages on genetics and molecular biology was (just) a little daunting. I mean, I love biology, but I was imagining heredity charts of peas... of course, I just needed to remind myself how fantastic Mukherjee's writing is and trust in that fact.
I chose to listen to the audiobook of this one and it was well-suited for that format. It's largely a chronological tale, starting with Mendel and Darwin, the long shadow of eugenics, DNA modeling, the politics and personalities of the Human Genome Project, epigenetics, CRISPR, and the future of genetics in transhumanism, AI, etc.
Mukherjee inserts meaningful anecdotes on many of the scientists, some humor - but where the book really stands out is how he shares his owngenetic and family history interspersed with the scientific history. His family, like many other Bengali families (he states) were deeply affected by Partition. Incidentally, mental illness, specially bipolar and schizophrenia, further caused this rift in identity. He recalls childhood visits to an institutionalized uncle, and his father's fear of passing this illness to his own children.
If engaging science writing is your thing - it's definitely mine - I highly recommend Mukherjee's work. Both of his books are remarkable.
When he released THE GENE: An Intimate History in 2016, I had plans to get to it, but the 500+ pages on genetics and molecular biology was (just) a little daunting. I mean, I love biology, but I was imagining heredity charts of peas... of course, I just needed to remind myself how fantastic Mukherjee's writing is and trust in that fact.
I chose to listen to the audiobook of this one and it was well-suited for that format. It's largely a chronological tale, starting with Mendel and Darwin, the long shadow of eugenics, DNA modeling, the politics and personalities of the Human Genome Project, epigenetics, CRISPR, and the future of genetics in transhumanism, AI, etc.
Mukherjee inserts meaningful anecdotes on many of the scientists, some humor - but where the book really stands out is how he shares his owngenetic and family history interspersed with the scientific history. His family, like many other Bengali families (he states) were deeply affected by Partition. Incidentally, mental illness, specially bipolar and schizophrenia, further caused this rift in identity. He recalls childhood visits to an institutionalized uncle, and his father's fear of passing this illness to his own children.
If engaging science writing is your thing - it's definitely mine - I highly recommend Mukherjee's work. Both of his books are remarkable.
June 5, 2019
I began this book knowing practically nothing about genes and chromosomes. My ability to follow it from start to finish without any serious problems is amazing! The author is clear, and he captivates a reader鈥檚 interest all the way through.
Mukherjee, a cancer physician and researcher, begins with the history of genetics, moves forward to our capabilities today and what lies ahead in the future. He makes the science relevant to modern-day readers. He relates how genetics has impacted on his own family troubled by schizophrenia, and he does this in such a way that science on a general level also becomes personal. He discusses the origin of human species and our dispersion over the globe, and then what this says about the similarities and differences between races. He shows how historical developments, such as eugenics and Hitler's racial policies, revolve around our ability to shape humankind. Each topic that he shifts to is made relevant to people today and ties the reader's interest. Who isn鈥檛 drawn in by twin studies? Who isn鈥檛 curious to know what very possibly lies ahead in the future? I appreciate that even philosophical aspects are touched upon.
The author neither simplifies the complexities of the science nor does he make the topic incomprehensible for a layman. For me there was a good balance of specific scientific details and clarifying summations. Both how history has shaped our current knowledge and what most probably lies ahead is explored. While I did not understand in detail every step of all the research projects, I could follow the gist of what was being said. There were points where I felt the sentences could possibly have been clearer and where I had to seek further information on the web, but this was not often. Having read the book, I am by no means now an expert, but I feel I have a better comprehension and a solid base to stand on.
The audiobook was very well narrated by Dennis Boutsikaris. He spoke clearly and usually at not too rapid a speed. Keep in mind, I classify myself as a beginner; others reading this may know much more than myself. Such listeners can increase the speed!
I was very hesitant to pick up this book. The reading experience turned out to be much better than I had expected, basically because it kept my interest from start to finish and I learned a lot.
Mukherjee, a cancer physician and researcher, begins with the history of genetics, moves forward to our capabilities today and what lies ahead in the future. He makes the science relevant to modern-day readers. He relates how genetics has impacted on his own family troubled by schizophrenia, and he does this in such a way that science on a general level also becomes personal. He discusses the origin of human species and our dispersion over the globe, and then what this says about the similarities and differences between races. He shows how historical developments, such as eugenics and Hitler's racial policies, revolve around our ability to shape humankind. Each topic that he shifts to is made relevant to people today and ties the reader's interest. Who isn鈥檛 drawn in by twin studies? Who isn鈥檛 curious to know what very possibly lies ahead in the future? I appreciate that even philosophical aspects are touched upon.
The author neither simplifies the complexities of the science nor does he make the topic incomprehensible for a layman. For me there was a good balance of specific scientific details and clarifying summations. Both how history has shaped our current knowledge and what most probably lies ahead is explored. While I did not understand in detail every step of all the research projects, I could follow the gist of what was being said. There were points where I felt the sentences could possibly have been clearer and where I had to seek further information on the web, but this was not often. Having read the book, I am by no means now an expert, but I feel I have a better comprehension and a solid base to stand on.
The audiobook was very well narrated by Dennis Boutsikaris. He spoke clearly and usually at not too rapid a speed. Keep in mind, I classify myself as a beginner; others reading this may know much more than myself. Such listeners can increase the speed!
I was very hesitant to pick up this book. The reading experience turned out to be much better than I had expected, basically because it kept my interest from start to finish and I learned a lot.
July 1, 2024
- 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀氐賱賴 亘爻賱賴
= 賳毓賲 責!
- 夭賲亘賯賵賱賰
= 賷丕 毓賲 亘鬲賯賵賱 丕賷賴 賲丕 鬲亘胤賱賵丕 丕賱賱賷 亘鬲卮乇亘賵賴 丿賴
- 賷丕 乇賷鬲 賷丕 氐丕丨亘賷. 亘賳丨亘賴 賵 丕賱賱賴 賵 賲卮 賴丕賳賯丿乇 賳亘胤賱賴.
賳丿賷賳 亘丕賱賮囟賱 賱亘毓囟 丨亘丕鬲 丕賱亘爻賱丞 賵 禺賱賷胤 賲鬲賳賵毓 賲賳 胤賷賵乇 噩夭乇 丕賱噩賱丕亘丕噩賵爻 賵 匕亘丕亘丞 丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 賵 賮卅乇丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘. 賱賵賱丕賴賲 賲丕 賵氐賱賳丕 賴賳丕.
賲賳 賲賳丿賱 廿賱賶 丿丕乇賵賳 賵 賲賳 孬賲 賵丕胤爻賳 賵 賰乇賷賰 廿賱賶 丌禺乇 毓丕賱賲 賵乇丿 丕爻賲賴 亘賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱噩賲賷賱 賷爻乇丿 賱賳丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丨賰丕賷丞 丕賱噩賷賳 .. 鬲丕乇賷禺賴 .. 賵 乇亘賲丕 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賴 兀賷囟丕.
= 賳毓賲 責!
- 夭賲亘賯賵賱賰
= 賷丕 毓賲 亘鬲賯賵賱 丕賷賴 賲丕 鬲亘胤賱賵丕 丕賱賱賷 亘鬲卮乇亘賵賴 丿賴
- 賷丕 乇賷鬲 賷丕 氐丕丨亘賷. 亘賳丨亘賴 賵 丕賱賱賴 賵 賲卮 賴丕賳賯丿乇 賳亘胤賱賴.
賳丿賷賳 亘丕賱賮囟賱 賱亘毓囟 丨亘丕鬲 丕賱亘爻賱丞 賵 禺賱賷胤 賲鬲賳賵毓 賲賳 胤賷賵乇 噩夭乇 丕賱噩賱丕亘丕噩賵爻 賵 匕亘丕亘丞 丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 賵 賮卅乇丕賳 丕賱鬲噩丕乇亘. 賱賵賱丕賴賲 賲丕 賵氐賱賳丕 賴賳丕.
賲賳 賲賳丿賱 廿賱賶 丿丕乇賵賳 賵 賲賳 孬賲 賵丕胤爻賳 賵 賰乇賷賰 廿賱賶 丌禺乇 毓丕賱賲 賵乇丿 丕爻賲賴 亘賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱噩賲賷賱 賷爻乇丿 賱賳丕 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 丨賰丕賷丞 丕賱噩賷賳 .. 鬲丕乇賷禺賴 .. 賵 乇亘賲丕 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賴 兀賷囟丕.
鉂� 賵賲丕匕丕 賱賵 鬲毓賱賲賳丕 鬲睾賷賷乇 卮賮乇鬲賳丕 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷丞 毓賲丿賸丕責 賱賵 賰丕賳鬲 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷丕 賲鬲丕丨丞貙 賲賻賳 賰丕賳 爻賷鬲丨賰賲 賮賷賴丕貙 賵賲賻賳 爻賷囟賲賳 爻賱丕賲鬲賴丕責 賲賻賳 丕賱匕賷賳 爻賷氐亘丨賵賳 爻丕丿丞 鬲賱賰 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賵賲賻賳 賴賲 囟丨丕賷丕賴丕責 賵毓賱賶 兀賷賾 賳丨賵 爻鬲毓賲賱 丨賷丕夭丞 賴匕賴 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賵丕賱鬲丨賰賲 賮賷賴丕 - 賵賲丕 鬲爻鬲鬲亘毓賴 賲賳 睾夭賵 賲丨鬲賵賲 賱丨賷賵丕鬲賳丕 丕賱禺丕氐丞 賵丕賱毓丕賲丞 - 毓賱賶 鬲睾賷賷乇 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 賳鬲禺賷賾賱 亘賴丕 賲噩鬲賲毓丕鬲賳丕貙 賵兀亘賳丕亍賳丕貙 賵兀賳賮爻賳丕責 鉂�
鉂� 丕賱亘賳賷丞 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕卅賷丞 賱賱噩夭賷亍 鬲賲賰賽賾賳 胤亘賷毓鬲賴 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕卅賷丞貙 賵丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕卅賷丞 鬲賲賰賽賾賳 賵馗賷賮鬲賴 丕賱賮爻賷賵賱賵噩賷丞貙 賵賮賷 丕賱賳賴丕賷丞 鬲爻賲丨 賱賴 賵馗賷賮鬲賴 丕賱賮爻賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 亘廿賳噩丕夭 賳卮丕胤賴 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷. 賷賲賰賳賳丕 丕賱賳馗乇 廿賱賶 丕賱兀賳卮胤丞 丕賱賲毓賯賾丿丞 賱賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 丕賱丨賷丞 亘賵氐賮賴丕 胤亘賯丕鬲: 賮賷夭賷丕亍 鬲賲賰賽賾賳 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍貙 賵賰賷賲賷丕亍 鬲賲賰賾賳 丕賱賮爻賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 (賵馗丕卅賮 丕賱兀毓囟丕亍). 賴賰匕丕 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 毓丕賱賽賲 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 丕賱廿噩丕亘丞 毓賳 爻丐丕賱 卮乇賵丿賳睾乇 芦賲丕 丕賱丨賷丕丞責禄 兀賳 賷賰賲賱 丕賱毓亘丕乇丞: 芦賲丕 丕賱丨賷丕丞 廿賳賿 賱賲 鬲賰賳 賰賷賲丕賵賷丕鬲責禄. 賵賯丿 賷囟賷賮 毓丕賱賽賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞: 芦賲丕 丕賱賰賷賲丕賵賷丕鬲 廿賳賿 賱賲 鬲賰賳 噩夭賷卅丕鬲 賲賳 丕賱賲丕丿丞責禄. 鉂�
鉂� 卮兀賳 賲孬賱孬 賮賷孬丕睾賵乇爻貙 卮兀賳 乇爻賵賲 丕賱賰賴賵賮 賮賷 芦賱丕爻賰賵禄貙 卮兀賳 兀賴乇丕賲丕鬲 丕賱噩賷夭丞貙 卮兀賳 氐賵乇丞 賰賵賰亘 賴卮賺賾 鬲購乇賶 賲賳 丕賱賮囟丕亍 丕賱禺丕乇噩賷貙 兀氐亘丨 賱賵賱亘 丕賱丿賳丕 丕賱賲夭丿賵噩 氐賵乇丞 兀賷賯賵賳賷丞貙 丨購賮乇鬲 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賲爻鬲丿賷賲 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賵匕丕賰乇鬲賴. 鉂�
鉂� 兀丿乇賰 爻丕賳睾乇 兀賳賴 賲賳 兀噩賱 丕賱鬲賵氐賱 廿賱賶 鬲鬲丕亘毓 丕賱噩賷賳貙 賷噩亘 毓賱賶 丕賱賲乇亍 兀賳賿 賷賮賰賾乇 賲孬賱 噩賷賳. 丕賱禺賱丕賷丕 鬲亘賳賷 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 胤賵丕賱 丕賱賵賯鬲: 賰賱 賲乇賾丞 鬲賳賯爻賲 賮賷賴丕 丕賱禺賱賷賾丞貙 鬲氐賳毓 賳爻禺丞 賲賳 賰賱 噩賷賳. 賮廿匕丕 丕爻鬲胤丕毓 毓丕賱賽賲 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丞 兀賳賿 賷乇亘胤 賳賮爻賴 亘丕賱廿賳夭賷賲 丕賱賳丕爻禺 賱賱噩賷賳丕鬲 (丕賱賭芦丿賳丕 亘賵賱賷賲賷乇賷夭禄)貙 賵兀賳賿 賷賲鬲胤賷 馗賴乇 丕賱廿賳夭賷賲 兀孬賳丕亍 毓賲賱賴 毓賱賶 賳爻禺 丕賱丿賳丕貙 賵兀賳賿 賷爻噩賾賱 丕賱禺胤賵丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賷賯賵賲 亘賴丕 丕賱廿賳夭賷賲 賵賴賵 賷囟賷賮 賯丕毓丿丞 賮賵賯 兀禺乇賶 - A, C, T, G, C, C, C貙 賵賴賰匕丕 - 賮賱爻賵賮 賷鬲賵氐賱 廿賱賶 賲毓乇賮丞 鬲鬲丕亘毓 丕賱噩賷賳. 賰丕賳 丕賱兀賲乇 兀卮亘賴 亘丕爻鬲乇丕賯 丕賱爻賲毓 賱賲丕賰賷賳丞 賳爻禺: 鬲爻鬲胤賷毓 廿毓丕丿丞 亘賳丕亍 丕賱兀氐賱 賲賳 丕賱賳爻禺丞. 賲噩丿賾丿賸丕貙 丕賱氐賵乇丞 爻賵賮 鬲賱賯賷 丕賱囟賵亍 毓賱賶 丕賱兀氐賱 - 爻賵賮 賷購禺賱賯 芦丿賵乇賷丕賳 睾乇丕賷禄貙 賯胤毓丞 鬲賱賵 兀禺乇賶貙 賲賳 氐賵乇鬲賴. 鉂�
鉂� 賱賯丿 鬲乇賰鬲 鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱丕爻鬲賳爻丕禺 丕賱噩賷賳賷 賵鬲丨丿賷丿 丕賱鬲鬲丕亘毓 丕賱噩賷賳賷 兀孬乇賴丕 賮賷 賰賱賾 丨賯賱 賲賳 丨賯賵賱 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕. 賵廿匕丕 賰丕賳 毓賱賲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞 賴賵 芦丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賶 丕賱噩丿賷丿丞禄貙 廿匕賳 賮丕賱噩賷賳 賴賵 丕賱賲丕賷爻鬲乇賵貙 賵丕賱兀賵乇賰爻鬲乇丕貙 賵丕賱鬲賷賲丞 丕賱兀爻丕爻賷丞貙 賵丕賱丌賱丞 丕賱乇卅賷爻賷賾丞貙 賵丕賱賳賵鬲丞 丕賱賲賵爻賷賯賷丞. 鉂�
鉂� 賮賷 兀賵賱 兀賷丕賲 毓丕賲 1974貙 兀毓賱賳 亘丕丨孬 賷毓賲賱 賲毓 賰賵賴賳 賮賷 爻鬲丕賳賮賵乇丿 兀賳賴 兀丿禺賱 噩賷賳 囟賮丿毓 賮賷 禺賱賷丞 亘賰鬲賷乇賷丞. 賴賰匕丕貙 鬲噩丕賵夭 丕賱毓賱賲 丨丕噩夭賸丕 鬲胤賵乇賷賸丕 丌禺乇貙 毓賻亘賻乇 丨丿賸丕 丌禺乇. 賮賷 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賵亘丨爻亘 鬲毓亘賷乇 芦兀賵爻賰丕乇 賵丕賷賱丿禄: 芦兀賳賿 鬲賰賵賳 毓賱賶 胤亘賷毓鬲賰 賱賷爻 廿賱丕 賵囟毓賷丞 賱賱鬲氐賵賷乇禄.鈥� 鉂�
鉂� 賳亘囟 丕賱毓賱賲 賴賵 兀賳賿 鬲丨丕賵賱 賮賴賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞貙 賵賳亘囟 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷丕 賴賵 兀賳 鬲丨丕賵賱 丕賱鬲賱丕毓亘 亘賴丕. 賱賯丿 丿賮毓 丕賱丿賳丕 丕賱賲賵賱賻賾賮 毓賱賲 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 賲賳 賲囟賲丕乇 丕賱毓賱賲 廿賱賶 賲囟賲丕乇 丕賱鬲賰賳賵賱賵噩賷丕. 賱賲 鬲毓丿 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 兀卮賷丕亍 賲噩乇丿丞. 兀氐亘丨 亘丕賱廿賲賰丕賳 鬲丨乇賷乇賴丕 賲賳 噩賷賳賵賲丕鬲 丕賱賰丕卅賳丕鬲 丕賱丨賷丞 丨賷孬 馗賱賾鬲 丨亘賷爻丞 賱丌賱丕賮 丕賱爻賳賷賳貙 賳賯賱賴丕 亘賷賳 丕賱兀賳賵丕毓貙 賵賲囟丕毓賮鬲賴丕貙 賵鬲氐賮賷鬲賴丕貙 賵廿胤丕賱鬲賴丕貙 賵鬲賯賱賷氐賴丕貙 賵鬲丨賵賷乇賴丕貙 賵廿毓丕丿丞 禺賱胤賴丕貙 賵廿丨丿丕孬 胤賮乇丕鬲 毓賱賷賴丕貙 賵禺賱胤賴丕貙 賵鬲賵賮賷賯賴丕貙 賵賯氐購賾賴丕貙 賵賱氐賯賴丕貙 賵鬲丨乇賷乇賴丕 亘丕賱賯胤毓 賵丕賱賵氐賱貨 兀氐亘丨鬲 賲胤賵丕毓丞 亘賱丕 賳賴丕賷丞 兀賲丕賲 丕賱鬲丿禺賾賱 丕賱亘卮乇賷. 賱賲 鬲毓丿 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 賲噩乇丿 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞貙 亘賱 氐丕乇鬲 兀丿賵丕鬲 賱賱丿乇丕爻丞. 鉂�
鉂� 芦丕賱賯氐賵乇 賴賵 噩賳賾鬲賳丕禄貙 賴賰匕丕 賰鬲亘 芦賵丕賱丕爻 爻鬲賷賮賳爻禄. 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 丿禺賵賱 毓賱賲 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 廿賱賶 毓丕賱賲 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賯丿 毓賱賻賾賲賳丕 丿乇爻賸丕 賵丕丨丿賸丕 賲亘丕卮乇賸丕貙 賮丕賱丿乇爻 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱賯氐賵乇 賱賷爻 噩賳鬲賳丕 賮賯胤貙 賵廿賳賲丕貙 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賱丕 賷賳賮氐賲貙 毓丕賱賲賳丕 丕賱賮丕賳賷. 賰丕賳鬲 丿乇噩丞 丕賱鬲賳賵毓 丕賱噩賷賳賷 賮賷 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 - 賵毓賲賯賴 賵鬲兀孬賷乇賴 毓賱賶 丕賱亘丕孬賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 - 睾賷乇 賲鬲賵賯賻賾毓丞 賵賲丿賴卮丞. 鬲亘賷賳 兀賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 卮丕爻毓 賵賲鬲賳賵賾毓. 廿賳 丕賱鬲亘丕賷賳 丕賱噩賷賳賷 賴賵 丨丕賱鬲賳丕 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 - 賱賷爻 賮賯胤 賮賷 丕賱噩賷賵亘 丕賱賲賳毓夭賱丞 賮賷 丕賱兀賲丕賰賳 丕賱賳丕卅賷丞貙 賵賱賰賳 賮賷 賰賱 賲賰丕賳 賲賳 丨賵賱賳丕. 賵丕賱賲噩賲賵毓丕鬲 丕賱爻賰丕賳賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲亘丿賵 賲鬲噩丕賳爻丞貙 賮賷 丨賯賷賯丞 丕賱兀賲乇貙 賲鬲亘丕賷賳丞 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賲匕賴賱. 賱賯丿 乇兀賷賳丕 丕賱胤賵丕賮乇 - 賮賵噩丿賳丕 兀賳賴丕 賳丨賳 鉂�
鉂� 賵廿匕丕 賰丕賳 噩賷賳賵賲 芦賴賷賲賵賮賷賱賵爻禄 賳噩丨 賮賷 鬲乇賰賷毓 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 毓賱賶 乇購賰賻亘賴賲 鬲賯乇賷亘賸丕 賲賳 賮乇胤 丕賱丿賴卮丞 賵丕賱丕爻鬲睾乇丕亘 爻賳丞 1995貙 賰丕賳 賱噩賷賳賵賲 丕賱丿賵丿丞 - 兀賵賱 毓賲賱賷賾丞 鬲丨丿賷丿 鬲鬲丕亘毓 賰丕賲賱丞 賱賰丕卅賳 賲鬲毓丿賾丿 丕賱禺賱丕賷丕 - 兀賳賿 賷噩毓賱賴賲 賷禺乇購賾賵賳 爻丕噩丿賷賳. 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱丿賷丿丕賳 兀賰孬乇 鬲毓賯賷丿賸丕 賲賳 丕賱賭芦賴賷賲賵賮賷賱賵爻禄 亘賲丕 賱丕 賷賯丕乇賻賳 - 賵兀賰孬乇 卮亘賴賸丕 亘丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 亘賲丕 賱丕 賷賯丕乇賻賳. 賰丕賳 賱丿賷賴丕 兀賮賵丕賴貙 賵兀丨卮丕亍貙 賵毓囟賱丕鬲貙 賵噩賴丕夭 毓氐亘賷 - 亘賱 賱丿賷賴丕 賲禺 亘丿丕卅賷. 鬲賱賲爻貙 賵鬲卮毓乇貙 賵鬲鬲丨乇賾賰. 鬲丿賷乇 乇丐賵爻賴丕 亘毓賷丿賸丕 毓賳 丕賱賲孬賷乇丕鬲 丕賱囟丕乇丞. 鬲禺鬲賱胤 丕噩鬲賲丕毓賷賸賾丕. 賵乇亘賲丕 鬲卮毓乇 亘賲丕 賷卮亘賴 賯賱賯賸丕 丿賵丿賷賸丕 毓賳丿賲丕 賷賳賮丿 睾匕丕丐賴丕. 賵乇亘賾賲丕 鬲卮毓乇 亘賳亘囟丞 毓丕亘乇丞 賲賳 丕賱賮乇丨 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲鬲夭丕賵噩. 鉂�
鉂� 廿賳賴 賷鬲賰賵賻賾賳 賲賳 3,088,286,401 丨乇賮 賲賳 丕賱丿賳丕 (鬲賯賱賾 賯賱賷賱賸丕 兀賵 鬲夭賷丿 賯賱賷賱賸丕貨 丕賱鬲賯丿賷乇 丕賱兀丨丿孬 賷賯鬲乇亘 賲賳 3.2 賲賱賷丕乇 丨乇賮).鈥徹ベ� 賳購卮乇 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘 亘丨噩賲 丕賱禺胤 丕賱賯賷丕爻賷貙 爻賵賮 賷丨鬲賵賷 兀乇亘毓丞 兀丨乇賮 賮賯胤鈥� AGCTTGCAGGGG鈥� 賵賴賰匕丕貙 鬲賲鬲丿賾貙 亘廿賱睾丕夭貙 氐賮丨丞 鬲賱賵 兀禺乇賶貙 賱賳丨賵 1.5 賲賱賷賵賳 氐賮丨丞 - 兀賷賿 兀賰孬乇 亘爻鬲丞 賵爻鬲賷賳 囟毓賮賸丕 賲賳 芦丿丕卅乇丞 丕賱賲毓丕乇賮 丕賱亘乇賷胤丕賳賷賾丞禄. 鉂�
鉂� 廿匕丕 丨丿孬 鬲睾賷賷乇 賮賷 丕賱亘賳丕亍 丕賱噩夭賷卅賷 賱賲爻鬲賯亘賽賱 賲爻丐賵賱 毓賳 廿乇爻丕賱 乇爻丕卅賱 芦丕賱賲賰丕賮兀丞禄 賱賱禺賱丕賷丕 丕賱毓氐亘賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賲禺賾貙 賷賲賰賳 兀賳賿 賷鬲爻亘賾亘 賮賷 鬲睾賷賷乇 賮賷 胤賵賱 丕賱夭賲賳 丕賱匕賷 賷卮鬲亘賰 賮賷賴 噩夭賷亍 賵丕丨丿 亘賲爻鬲賯亘賽賱賴貙 賱賷爻 廿賱賾丕. 賯丿 鬲爻鬲賲乇賾 丕賱廿卮丕乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賳亘毓孬 賲賳 鬲賳賵賷毓丞 丕賱賲爻鬲賯亘賽賱 賴匕賴 賳氐賮 孬丕賳賷丞 夭丕卅丿丞 賮賯胤 賮賷 丕賱禺賱賷丞 丕賱毓氐亘賷丞. 賲毓 匕賱賰貙 賮賴匕丕 丕賱鬲睾賷賷乇 賰丕賮賺 賱廿賲丕賱丞 廿賳爻丕賳 亘丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丕賳丿賮丕毓賷丞貙 賵丌禺乇 亘丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丨匕乇貙 兀賵 廿賲丕賱丞 廿賳爻丕賳 亘丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱賴賵爻 賵丌禺乇 亘丕鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘. 賴匕賴 丕賱鬲睾賷賾乇丕鬲 丕賱胤賮賷賮丞 賮賷 丕賱丨丕賱丕鬲 丕賱噩爻賲丕賳賷丞 賵丕賱毓賯賱賷丞 賯丿 鬲購賳鬲噩 鬲氐賵賾乇丕鬲 賵禺賷丕乇丕鬲 賵賲卮丕毓乇 賲毓賯賾丿丞. 賲賳 孬賲貙 賷鬲丨賵賾賱 胤賵賱 夭賲賳 丕賱鬲賮丕毓賱 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕卅賷 廿賱賶貙 賲孬賱賸丕貙 丕卮鬲賷丕賯 賱鬲賮丕毓賱 毓丕胤賮賷. 丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱賳丕夭毓 賱賱賮氐丕賲 賷賮爻賻賾乇 丕賱丨賵丕乇 賲毓 亘丕卅毓 丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 亘丕毓鬲亘丕乇賴 賲丐丕賲乇丞 賱賯鬲賱賴. 兀賲丕 卮賯賷賯賴貙 氐丕丨亘 丕賱賲賷賱 丕賱噩賷賳賷 鬲噩丕賴 丕賱丕囟胤乇丕亘 孬賳丕卅賷 丕賱賯胤亘賷丞貙 賮賷賮爻賽賾乇 丕賱丨賵丕乇 賳賮爻賴 亘兀賳賴 賯氐賾丞 乇賲夭賷丞 賲賴賷亘丞 毓賳 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賴貙 賵賷賯賵賱 賮賷 賳賮爻賴 芦丨鬲賶 亘丕卅毓 丕賱賮丕賰賴丞 賷毓乇賮 賲爻鬲賯亘賱賷 丕賱賲卮乇賯禄. 賴賰匕丕貙 賷氐亘丨 亘丐爻 賯賵賲賺 毓賳丿 賯賵賲賺 爻丨乇 賵乇賵毓丞. 鉂�
鉂� 廿匕丕 賯乇兀鬲 丕賱爻賷賳丕乇賷賵 亘丨乇氐貙 賱賵噩丿鬲賴 賲孬賷乇賸丕 賱賱毓噩亘 賵賱賳賵毓 賲賳 丕賱睾孬賷丕賳 丕賱兀禺賱丕賯賷. 丕賱鬲丿禺賱賾丕鬲 丕賱賮乇丿賷丞 賯丿 賱丕 鬲賵爻賾毓 丨丿賵丿 丕賱丕賳鬲賴丕賰丕鬲 - 亘賱 廿賳 亘毓囟賴丕貙 賲孬賱 丕賱毓賱丕噩 丕賱賲賵噩賻賾賴 賱賱爻乇胤丕賳貙 賵丕賱賮氐丕賲貙 賵丕賱鬲賱賷賮 丕賱賰賷爻賷貙 賷賲孬賾賱 兀賴丿丕賮賸丕 亘丕乇夭丞 賱毓賱賲 丕賱胤亘 - 賱賰賳 氐賵乇丞 賴匕丕 丕賱毓丕賱賻賲 鬲亘丿賵 睾乇丕卅亘賷丞 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賲賲賷賾夭貙 亘賱 賲賳賮賾乇. 廿賳賴 毓丕賱賻賲 賲爻賰賵賳 亘賭芦賲鬲乇賯亘賷 丕賱賳噩丕丞禄 賵芦賲丕 亘毓丿 丕賱亘卮乇禄. 賯丿 鬲夭賵賱 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 賵丕丨丿賸丕 亘毓丿 丌禺乇貙 賱賰賳 賯丿 鬲夭賵賱 賲毓賴丕 丕賱賴賵賷丞. 賯丿 賷鬲囟丕亍賱 丕賱賰乇亘貙 賱賰賳 賯丿 鬲鬲囟丕亍賱 賲毓賴 丕賱乇賯賾丞. 賯丿 鬲購賲丨賶 丕賱氐丿賲丕鬲貙 賱賰賳 賯丿 賷購賲丨賶 賲毓賴丕 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺. 賯丿 賷購爻鬲兀氐賱 丕賱胤賵丕賮乇 賲賳 丕賱賵噩賵丿貙 賱賰賳 賯丿 賷購爻鬲兀氐賱 賲毓賴賲 丕賱鬲賳賵賾毓 丕賱亘卮乇賷. 賯丿 鬲禺鬲賮賷 丕賱毓賱賱貙 賱賰賳 賯丿 鬲禺鬲賮賷 賲毓賴丕 丕賱乇賴丕賮丞. 賯丿 鬲購賰爻乇 丨丿丞 丕賱氐丿賮丞貙 賱賰賳貙 丨鬲賲賸丕貙 爻賵賮 賷鬲乇丕噩毓 丕賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇. 鉂�
August 9, 2017
賰鬲丕亘 毓馗賷賲 亘賰賱 賲丕 鬲丨賲賱賴 丕賱賰賱賲丞 賲賳 賲毓賳賶. 賲賳 丕賱賰購鬲亘 丕賱賳賾丕丿乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 乇睾賲 胤賵賱賴丕 (賲丕 賷賯乇亘 賲賳 600 氐賮丨丞) 鬲亘賯賶 賲購爻鬲賲鬲毓賸丕 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕 廿賱賶 丌禺乇 賰賱賲丞.
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 爻賷乇丞 匕丕鬲賷丞 賱毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賵毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 亘卮賰賱 禺丕氐貙 賷兀禺匕賰 亘兀爻賱賵亘 賯氐氐賷 賲購卮賵賾賯 廿賱賶 賲丕 賯亘賱 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞貙 丨鬲賶 賯亘賱 賳卮賵亍 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 賲賳丿賱貙 賷兀禺匕賰 廿賱賶 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵賾乇 (賳馗乇賷丞 丿丕乇賵賷賳)貙 孬賲 賷購毓乇噩 亘賰 廿賱賶 兀毓賲丕賱 賲賳丿賱 賵廿乇爻丕亍 兀賵賱賶 賲亘丕丿卅 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞貙 孬賲 賷丿賵乇 亘賰 賮賷 賲購禺鬲賱賮 兀乇賵賯丞 毓賱賽賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賵賮氐賵賱賴丕貙 賵丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲貙 亘丨賱賵賴丕 (丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱丨賲囟 丕賱賳賵賵賷貙 丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱丞 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕) 賵賲購乇賾賴丕 (丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱賲購乇鬲亘胤丞 亘毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱賴丕丿賮丞 廿賱賶 "鬲賳賯賷丞" 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賮賷 丕賱丨賽賯亘丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱).
兀賮賰丕乇 賲購禺鬲賱賮丞 乇爻亘鬲 賮賷 乇兀爻賷 兀孬賳丕亍 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵亘毓丿 丕賱賮乇丕睾 賲賳賴:
- 賳馗乇賷丞 丿丕乇賵賷賳 鬲亘賯賶 兀爻丕爻賷丞 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻購乇賽丿鬲 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲噩毓賱賰 鬲賳馗乇 廿賱賷賴丕 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 賲購禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 鬲丨胤 賲賳 卮兀賳賴丕 賯賱賷賱賸丕 (兀賵 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 鬲購賳夭賱賴丕 賲賳夭賱鬲賴丕 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞). 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 賳卮乇賴丕 丿丕賵乇賷賳 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘锟斤拷 "兀氐賱 丕賱兀賳賵丕毓" 賱賲 鬲爻鬲賳丿 廿賱賶 兀賷丞 丿乇丕爻丞 毓賱賲賷丞 丿賯賷賯丞貙 亘賱 賰丕賳鬲 賲購噩乇賾丿 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲貙 賵賱賵賱丕 毓賽賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞/丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 賱亘賯賷鬲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵乇 賴賷賰賱賸丕 賲賳 丿賵賳 乇賵丨
- 賰鬲丕亘 賵丿丿鬲 賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱賷 賱賯乇丕亍鬲賴 賯亘賱 兀賳 兀丿禺賱 廿賱賶 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞貙 賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱丿賷 丨賷賳賴丕 賱乇亘賲丕 賯乇乇鬲 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 亘丿賱 鬲禺氐氐賷 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賵賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱丿賷 賮賷 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賱乇亘賲丕 賯乇乇鬲 賲賵丕氐賱丞 丕賱鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 丕賱丨賵爻亘丞 丕賱丨賷賵賷丞*
- 賵氐賱賳丕 廿賱賶 賲乇丨賱丞 兀氐亘丨 賮賷賴丕 鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 亘卮賰賱 丿丕卅賲 (鬲毓丿賷賱 噩賷賳丕鬲 賰丕卅賳 賷賳賯賱 賲賵乇孬丕鬲賴 丕賱賲購毓丿賾賱丞 廿賱賶 兀賵賱丕丿賴) 毓賱賶 賲乇賲賶 丨噩乇. 丕賱兀賲乇 賲購丨賲賾爻 賵賲購禺賷賮 賮賷 丌賳 賵丕丨丿貙 爻賷氐亘丨 亘廿賲賰丕賳 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱賲購鬲賵丕乇孬丞貙 賱賰賳 爻賷賮鬲丨 亘锟斤拷亘賸丕 賱賱鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 賯丿 賱丕 賷購賲賰賳 廿睾賱丕賯賴貙 賵賯丿 鬲賳鬲噩 毓賳賴 爻賱丕賱丞 "亘毓丿 廿賳爻丕賳賷丞"**貙 爻賱丕賱丞 賲購丨爻賾賳丞 賲賳 丕賱亘卮乇貙 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 爻亘亘賸丕 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賰賲丕 賳毓乇賮賴 丨丕賱賷賸丕.
- 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賯乇賷亘 噩丿賸丕 賲賳 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞. 丕賳賯乇 毓賱賶 丕賱兀夭乇丕乇 丕賱賲購賳丕爻亘丞 賱鬲丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱賲購賳丕爻亘丞.
- 賱賷爻鬲 賰賱 丕賱兀夭乇丕乇 (丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲) 賲毓乇賵賮丞 丕賱賵馗賷賮丞 兀賵 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇.
- 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賱丕 賷夭丕賱 賲購毓賯賾丿賸丕 噩丿賸丕 乇睾賲 賰賱 丕賱兀卮賵丕胤 丕賱鬲賷 賯胤毓鬲賴丕 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙 賵丕賱兀卮賵丕胤 丕賱賯丕丿賲丞 賱賳 賳鬲賲賰賳 賲賳 賯胤毓賴丕 丿賵賳 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱亘賷丕賳丕鬲 賵毓賱賶 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞 (賷毓賳賷 丕賱兀賲乇 賱賲 賷毓丿 亘兀賷丿賷 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 賱賵丨丿賴賲).
- 丕賱鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 卮賴丿賳丕賴丕 賮賷 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 (禺丕氐丞 賮賷 賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱氐賾賷賳賷丞) 賵丕賱鬲賷 爻賳卮賴丿賴丕 禺賱丕賱 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱賯賱賷賱丞 丕賱賯丕丿賲丞 爻鬲賮噩賾乇 賳賯丕卮丕鬲 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賵兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 毓丿賷丿丞 賯丿 鬲丐丿賾賷 廿賱賶 丕賱丨丿 (賵賱賵 亘卮賰賱 乇爻賲賷) 賲賲丕 賷購賲賰賳 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 兀賵 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 毓賱賷賴.
- 爻賷購毓丕賲賱 毓賽賱賲 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賲購毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱丨丕賱賷丞 賱賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱賳賵賵賷丞. 廿賳 賰丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賴賵 丕賱鬲禺氐氐 丕賱匕賷 賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賯賳亘賱丞 丕賱賳賵賵賷丞貙 賮廿賳 毓賱賽賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 爻賷賮鬲丨 丕賱賲噩丕賱 賱賯賳亘賱丞 賲賳 賳賮爻 丕賱丨噩賲貙 爻賵丕亍賸 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 兀賵 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱禺胤乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲丕夭貙 兀賳氐丨 丕賱噩賲賷毓 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴 亘丨賰賲 兀賳賴 爻賷賰賵賳 賲賯丿賾賲丞 噩賷賾丿丞 賱賮賴賲 賲噩丕賱丕鬲 兀禺乇賶 禺丕氐丞 賲噩丕賱 丕賱鬲乇丕賳爻賵賲丕賳賷爻賲**
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*: bioinformatics
**: transhumanism
丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓亘丕乇丞 毓賳 爻賷乇丞 匕丕鬲賷丞 賱毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賵毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 亘卮賰賱 禺丕氐貙 賷兀禺匕賰 亘兀爻賱賵亘 賯氐氐賷 賲購卮賵賾賯 廿賱賶 賲丕 賯亘賱 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞貙 丨鬲賶 賯亘賱 賳卮賵亍 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 毓賱賶 賷丿 賲賳丿賱貙 賷兀禺匕賰 廿賱賶 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵賾乇 (賳馗乇賷丞 丿丕乇賵賷賳)貙 孬賲 賷購毓乇噩 亘賰 廿賱賶 兀毓賲丕賱 賲賳丿賱 賵廿乇爻丕亍 兀賵賱賶 賲亘丕丿卅 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞貙 孬賲 賷丿賵乇 亘賰 賮賷 賲購禺鬲賱賮 兀乇賵賯丞 毓賱賽賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賵賮氐賵賱賴丕貙 賵丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲貙 亘丨賱賵賴丕 (丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱丨賲囟 丕賱賳賵賵賷貙 丕賰鬲卮丕賮 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 丕賱賲爻丐賵賱丞 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱卮賴賷乇丞 賵睾賷乇賴丕) 賵賲購乇賾賴丕 (丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱賲購乇鬲亘胤丞 亘毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 丕賱賴丕丿賮丞 廿賱賶 "鬲賳賯賷丞" 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賮賷 丕賱丨賽賯亘丞 丕賱賳丕夭賷丞 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賲孬丕賱).
兀賮賰丕乇 賲購禺鬲賱賮丞 乇爻亘鬲 賮賷 乇兀爻賷 兀孬賳丕亍 賯乇丕亍丞 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賵亘毓丿 丕賱賮乇丕睾 賲賳賴:
- 賳馗乇賷丞 丿丕乇賵賷賳 鬲亘賯賶 兀爻丕爻賷丞 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕貙 賱賰賳 丕賱胤乇賷賯丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻購乇賽丿鬲 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲噩毓賱賰 鬲賳馗乇 廿賱賷賴丕 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 賲購禺鬲賱賮丞貙 賲賳 夭丕賵賷丞 鬲丨胤 賲賳 卮兀賳賴丕 賯賱賷賱賸丕 (兀賵 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 鬲購賳夭賱賴丕 賲賳夭賱鬲賴丕 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷丞). 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵乇 丕賱鬲賷 賳卮乇賴丕 丿丕賵乇賷賳 賮賷 賰鬲丕亘锟斤拷 "兀氐賱 丕賱兀賳賵丕毓" 賱賲 鬲爻鬲賳丿 廿賱賶 兀賷丞 丿乇丕爻丞 毓賱賲賷丞 丿賯賷賯丞貙 亘賱 賰丕賳鬲 賲購噩乇賾丿 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲貙 賵賱賵賱丕 毓賽賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞/丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 賱亘賯賷鬲 賳馗乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾胤賵乇 賴賷賰賱賸丕 賲賳 丿賵賳 乇賵丨
- 賰鬲丕亘 賵丿丿鬲 賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱賷 賱賯乇丕亍鬲賴 賯亘賱 兀賳 兀丿禺賱 廿賱賶 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞貙 賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱丿賷 丨賷賳賴丕 賱乇亘賲丕 賯乇乇鬲 丿乇丕爻丞 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 亘丿賱 鬲禺氐氐賷 丕賱丨丕賱賷貙 賵賱賵 鬲賵賮乇 賱丿賷 賮賷 丕賱噩丕賲毓丞 賱乇亘賲丕 賯乇乇鬲 賲賵丕氐賱丞 丕賱鬲禺氐氐 賮賷 丕賱丨賵爻亘丞 丕賱丨賷賵賷丞*
- 賵氐賱賳丕 廿賱賶 賲乇丨賱丞 兀氐亘丨 賮賷賴丕 鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲 亘卮賰賱 丿丕卅賲 (鬲毓丿賷賱 噩賷賳丕鬲 賰丕卅賳 賷賳賯賱 賲賵乇孬丕鬲賴 丕賱賲購毓丿賾賱丞 廿賱賶 兀賵賱丕丿賴) 毓賱賶 賲乇賲賶 丨噩乇. 丕賱兀賲乇 賲購丨賲賾爻 賵賲購禺賷賮 賮賷 丌賳 賵丕丨丿貙 爻賷氐亘丨 亘廿賲賰丕賳 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賾禺賱氐 賲賳 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀賲乇丕囟 丕賱賲購鬲賵丕乇孬丞貙 賱賰賳 爻賷賮鬲丨 亘锟斤拷亘賸丕 賱賱鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賮乇丕丿 賯丿 賱丕 賷購賲賰賳 廿睾賱丕賯賴貙 賵賯丿 鬲賳鬲噩 毓賳賴 爻賱丕賱丞 "亘毓丿 廿賳爻丕賳賷丞"**貙 爻賱丕賱丞 賲購丨爻賾賳丞 賲賳 丕賱亘卮乇貙 賯丿 鬲賰賵賳 爻亘亘賸丕 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷 賰賲丕 賳毓乇賮賴 丨丕賱賷賸丕.
- 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賯乇賷亘 噩丿賸丕 賲賳 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞. 丕賳賯乇 毓賱賶 丕賱兀夭乇丕乇 丕賱賲購賳丕爻亘丞 賱鬲丨氐賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賳鬲賷噩丞 丕賱賲購賳丕爻亘丞.
- 賱賷爻鬲 賰賱 丕賱兀夭乇丕乇 (丕賱噩賷賳丕鬲) 賲毓乇賵賮丞 丕賱賵馗賷賮丞 兀賵 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇.
- 毓賱賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 賱丕 賷夭丕賱 賲購毓賯賾丿賸丕 噩丿賸丕 乇睾賲 賰賱 丕賱兀卮賵丕胤 丕賱鬲賷 賯胤毓鬲賴丕 丕賱亘卮乇賷丞 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賲噩丕賱貙 賵丕賱兀卮賵丕胤 丕賱賯丕丿賲丞 賱賳 賳鬲賲賰賳 賲賳 賯胤毓賴丕 丿賵賳 丕賱丕毓鬲賲丕丿 亘卮賰賱 賰亘賷乇 毓賱賶 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱亘賷丕賳丕鬲 賵毓賱賶 丕賱亘乇賲噩丞 (賷毓賳賷 丕賱兀賲乇 賱賲 賷毓丿 亘兀賷丿賷 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱亘賷賵賱賵噩賷丕 賱賵丨丿賴賲).
- 丕賱鬲胤賵乇丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 卮賴丿賳丕賴丕 賮賷 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱兀禺賷乇丞 (禺丕氐丞 賮賷 賲乇丕賰夭 丕賱亘丨賵孬 丕賱氐賾賷賳賷丞) 賵丕賱鬲賷 爻賳卮賴丿賴丕 禺賱丕賱 丕賱爻賳賵丕鬲 丕賱賯賱賷賱丞 丕賱賯丕丿賲丞 爻鬲賮噩賾乇 賳賯丕卮丕鬲 賮賱爻賮賷丞 賵兀禺賱丕賯賷丞 毓丿賷丿丞 賯丿 鬲丐丿賾賷 廿賱賶 丕賱丨丿 (賵賱賵 亘卮賰賱 乇爻賲賷) 賲賲丕 賷購賲賰賳 丿乇丕爻鬲賴 兀賵 丕賱鬲噩乇亘丞 毓賱賷賴.
- 爻賷購毓丕賲賱 毓賽賱賲 丕賱鬲毓丿賷賱 丕賱賵乇丕孬賷 賳賮爻 丕賱賲購毓丕賲賱丞 丕賱丨丕賱賷丞 賱賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱賳賵賵賷丞. 廿賳 賰丕賳 賴匕丕 丕賱兀禺賷乇 賴賵 丕賱鬲禺氐氐 丕賱匕賷 賮鬲丨 丕賱亘丕亘 兀賲丕賲 丕賱賯賳亘賱丞 丕賱賳賵賵賷丞貙 賮廿賳 毓賱賽賲 丕賱賵乇丕孬丞 爻賷賮鬲丨 丕賱賲噩丕賱 賱賯賳亘賱丞 賲賳 賳賮爻 丕賱丨噩賲貙 爻賵丕亍賸 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱鬲兀孬賷乇 兀賵 賲賳 丨賷孬 丕賱禺胤乇.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賲鬲丕夭貙 兀賳氐丨 丕賱噩賲賷毓 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴 亘丨賰賲 兀賳賴 爻賷賰賵賳 賲賯丿賾賲丞 噩賷賾丿丞 賱賮賴賲 賲噩丕賱丕鬲 兀禺乇賶 禺丕氐丞 賲噩丕賱 丕賱鬲乇丕賳爻賵賲丕賳賷爻賲**
---
*: bioinformatics
**: transhumanism
February 7, 2017
Sorry, people. I couldn't finish this book. Billed as a prequel to the brilliant Emperor of Maladies, this was just too confusing and frustrating a book for me. My major difficulty with Mukherjee's approach is that the book is a history of genetics which never properly explains what a gene is. So the reader follows the scientists down blind alleys and back out again while getting dizzy from the increasingly long list of names and biological terms. I ended up trying to sketch out a diagram of how the gene relates to the genome and to a chromosome and to a cell. And then gave up because I was too confused. A chapter outlining the basic biology would have been helpful for non-biologists.
The florid writing regularly tips over into incoherence also annoyed me. For example:
"If haemoglobin's capacity to deliver oxygen to distant sites was disrupted, our bodies would be forced to be small and cold. We would wake up and find ourselves transformed into insects."
No, we wouldn't wake up at all because we would be dead. And what's with the pointless reference to Kafka's "Metamorphosis"? It felt like showing off.
One star for the sheer ambition of trying to write a book about the history of genetics; another star for the incredible detail in the book, and third star out of sentiment, because I loved "Emperor of Maladies" so much. Probably best enjoyed by those with a better basic grasp of genetics than me.
The florid writing regularly tips over into incoherence also annoyed me. For example:
"If haemoglobin's capacity to deliver oxygen to distant sites was disrupted, our bodies would be forced to be small and cold. We would wake up and find ourselves transformed into insects."
No, we wouldn't wake up at all because we would be dead. And what's with the pointless reference to Kafka's "Metamorphosis"? It felt like showing off.
One star for the sheer ambition of trying to write a book about the history of genetics; another star for the incredible detail in the book, and third star out of sentiment, because I loved "Emperor of Maladies" so much. Probably best enjoyed by those with a better basic grasp of genetics than me.
March 8, 2023
If the reader is a bit curious about how our bodies work, The Gene is a very accessible, highly interesting story of human life from the perspective of genes which build proteins: the chemistry of life. Mukherjee's writing style not only educates about genetic processes but weaves innumerable real life stories about how a genetic errors can create health challenges.
The book should be a must read for high school students or science survey courses where the mission is to provide a science prerequisite for graduation.
If you like Gene, Mukherjee just published Cell, the next step in biology to understanding life. Both books are fabulous. 鈥� Tom L.
The book should be a must read for high school students or science survey courses where the mission is to provide a science prerequisite for graduation.
If you like Gene, Mukherjee just published Cell, the next step in biology to understanding life. Both books are fabulous. 鈥� Tom L.
October 24, 2016
The dude who wrote Emperor of all Maladies is back with and it's good!
It starts with some history - a little Darwin and a lot of Mendel, the monk who spent his whole life geeking out over pea plants, and who I remember as being the most boring part of a very boring 9th grade biology class. (Why is high school so awful at making science interesting? It's so interesting!) And some other, lesser-known characters. This is what Mukherjee did in Emperor of Maladies, too: the history of research into a thing. He's good at making it interesting - and he reads a lot of books, so you never know when all of a sudden he's gonna cite Tarzan of the Apes. That's a great bonus for those of us who are book nerds first, science nerds later.
Then it goes into actual DNA stuff with Watson & Crick etc., and here we get into the realm of "There's really no way for me to intuitively grasp any of this," so it's a little tough going for me but I get it a little, I guess.
And in the last third, we talk about all the stuff you're really curious about with genes:
- If we're all getting DNA tests when we're pregnant, are we actually engaging in a vague sort of opt-in eugenics? (Yes!)
- Remember that book The Bell Curve? WTF was that? (It was bullshit!)
- Is there a gay gene or what? (Sortof!)
- What personality traits are genetically influenced? (Studies of identical twins separated at birth find that they tend to agree on sexual preference, religion and politics. That's bananas.)
I raised an eyebrow a little when Mukherjee discussed kids with Downs Syndrome: he ascribes to them a genetic tendency toward sweetness, and my wife (who works with disabled children) adamantly denies that's a thing. She says Downs Syndrome kids are just kids; it's condescending and even damaging to insist they're naturally sweet, and also laughably incorrect if you've spent much time with Downs Syndrome kids. Science so now we're reminded that it's dangerous to pick any one person as one's authority on any one thing. Mukherjee is well-intentioned but what else is he wrong about? So, y'know, warning: no one's got all the answers.
Mukherjee has many of them, though, and this is a fun-to-read and informative book.
It starts with some history - a little Darwin and a lot of Mendel, the monk who spent his whole life geeking out over pea plants, and who I remember as being the most boring part of a very boring 9th grade biology class. (Why is high school so awful at making science interesting? It's so interesting!) And some other, lesser-known characters. This is what Mukherjee did in Emperor of Maladies, too: the history of research into a thing. He's good at making it interesting - and he reads a lot of books, so you never know when all of a sudden he's gonna cite Tarzan of the Apes. That's a great bonus for those of us who are book nerds first, science nerds later.
Then it goes into actual DNA stuff with Watson & Crick etc., and here we get into the realm of "There's really no way for me to intuitively grasp any of this," so it's a little tough going for me but I get it a little, I guess.
And in the last third, we talk about all the stuff you're really curious about with genes:
- If we're all getting DNA tests when we're pregnant, are we actually engaging in a vague sort of opt-in eugenics? (Yes!)
- Remember that book The Bell Curve? WTF was that? (It was bullshit!)
- Is there a gay gene or what? (Sortof!)
- What personality traits are genetically influenced? (Studies of identical twins separated at birth find that they tend to agree on sexual preference, religion and politics. That's bananas.)
I raised an eyebrow a little when Mukherjee discussed kids with Downs Syndrome: he ascribes to them a genetic tendency toward sweetness, and my wife (who works with disabled children) adamantly denies that's a thing. She says Downs Syndrome kids are just kids; it's condescending and even damaging to insist they're naturally sweet, and also laughably incorrect if you've spent much time with Downs Syndrome kids. Science so now we're reminded that it's dangerous to pick any one person as one's authority on any one thing. Mukherjee is well-intentioned but what else is he wrong about? So, y'know, warning: no one's got all the answers.
Mukherjee has many of them, though, and this is a fun-to-read and informative book.
August 14, 2016
Um livro recomendad铆ssimo para qualquer um que quer entender mais sobre gen茅tica e DNA. Uma mistura de hist贸rias pessoais e hist贸rias de figuras importantes na descoberta do que s茫o os genes e quais os pap茅is deles que torna o livro interessante para leigos e entendedores. A mesma receita que ele j谩 deu muito certo em , do mesmo autor, que ganhou o Pulitzer. Para leigos, boa parte das explica莽玫es s茫o novas e (acredito) compreens铆veis. Ele descreve grande parte dos exemplos que vi durante meu curso de biologia molecular, o livro poderia ser material de curso de biomol sem muitas perdas e sem ser nada cansativo como o material tradicional costuma ser. Para quem j谩 entende, a perspectiva hist贸rica, relatos de quem foram ou como eram as pessoas por tr谩s das descobertas que conhecemos e as discuss玫es sobre 茅tica s茫o excelentes.
Descobri muita coisa nova apesar de gostar e entender da 谩rea. Ponto mais forte: o tem forma莽茫o m茅dica e sua preocupa莽茫o com os caminhos da eugenia e com as implica莽玫es e complica莽玫es da modifica莽茫o gen茅tica de humanos, de testes de propens茫o para doen莽a e outros s茫o 贸timos pontos para discuss玫es de 茅tica. Ponto mais fraco: talvez pela forma莽茫o mais m茅dica, alguns pontos hist贸ricos ou biol贸gicos ficaram um pouco errados. Ele afirma que Darwin teve acesso aos textos de Mendel, mas at茅 onde sei eram textos sobre cruzamento de plantas, n茫o sobre os princ铆pios da gen茅tica. E o 煤nico ponto conceitual que realmente me pegou, quando ele fala sobre epigen茅tica, foca muito mais em uma no莽茫o j谩 bem deixada de lado, a da regula莽茫o atrav茅s das histonas, e n茫o discute modifica莽玫es que realmente ocorrem mais como a metila莽茫o do DNA. Nesse sentido, o Sobreviv锚ncia dos Mais Doentes () trata melhor, apesar de ser mais antigo.
Descobri muita coisa nova apesar de gostar e entender da 谩rea. Ponto mais forte: o tem forma莽茫o m茅dica e sua preocupa莽茫o com os caminhos da eugenia e com as implica莽玫es e complica莽玫es da modifica莽茫o gen茅tica de humanos, de testes de propens茫o para doen莽a e outros s茫o 贸timos pontos para discuss玫es de 茅tica. Ponto mais fraco: talvez pela forma莽茫o mais m茅dica, alguns pontos hist贸ricos ou biol贸gicos ficaram um pouco errados. Ele afirma que Darwin teve acesso aos textos de Mendel, mas at茅 onde sei eram textos sobre cruzamento de plantas, n茫o sobre os princ铆pios da gen茅tica. E o 煤nico ponto conceitual que realmente me pegou, quando ele fala sobre epigen茅tica, foca muito mais em uma no莽茫o j谩 bem deixada de lado, a da regula莽茫o atrav茅s das histonas, e n茫o discute modifica莽玫es que realmente ocorrem mais como a metila莽茫o do DNA. Nesse sentido, o Sobreviv锚ncia dos Mais Doentes () trata melhor, apesar de ser mais antigo.
October 5, 2017
This book offers a comprehensive and engaging overview of genetics. It includes the history of the field, anecdotes of its development, a well-paced technical explanation of the high level aspects, and quite a lot of discussion on the associated moral dilemmas that we are faced with as we understand how we can use this technology to change our own species.
Unfortunately, the book does not delve into some of the aspects of modern genetics that I find most interesting, such as gene drive. These are discussed near the very end almost as an afterthought, and are hardly given enough focus. Similarly, epigenetics is only briefly touched on. Lastly, the book is very human-centric and does not discover genetics in a broader context of evolution in animals (e.g. selfish genes), which I find fascinating.
Overall, this will likely become my default recommendation for the reference Genetics book for a general interested reader who is mostly interested in the history of genetics, who enjoys thinking about the ethics of genetics in humans, and who wants to get a good high-level overview of the technical aspects. 4/5
Unfortunately, the book does not delve into some of the aspects of modern genetics that I find most interesting, such as gene drive. These are discussed near the very end almost as an afterthought, and are hardly given enough focus. Similarly, epigenetics is only briefly touched on. Lastly, the book is very human-centric and does not discover genetics in a broader context of evolution in animals (e.g. selfish genes), which I find fascinating.
Overall, this will likely become my default recommendation for the reference Genetics book for a general interested reader who is mostly interested in the history of genetics, who enjoys thinking about the ethics of genetics in humans, and who wants to get a good high-level overview of the technical aspects. 4/5
February 19, 2019
Very interesting and educational, but a bit of an effort to get through.
July 25, 2023
"The history of our quest to rip the secrets from our genes had been a quest to rip the secrets from ourselves鈥攖o understand the enigma of identity, free will, and destiny."
This book is an ambitious masterpiece that touches on the very essence of what it means to be human. Mukherjee brings clarity to complex scientific concepts without compromising their depth.
He has got an exceptional talent for storytelling and manages to humanize the often abstract world of genetics by interweaving the lives and struggles of scientists and patients who grappled with genetic disorders. In his words, "Genetics was an ancient language, and I hoped that it held a key to understanding life."
The book takes us through the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick and the profound impact it had on the world of science. Mukherjee's eloquent prose describes this pivotal moment: "It was a discovery that, more than any other, placed human beings within the larger code of life's extraordinary poetry." I literally love the way he has written this book, it inspires me to read more of his books.
One of the standout aspect of this book was where he explore the tumultuous history of eugenics and the dark period when scientific advancements were twisted into dangerous ideologies. Which made me remember about the Nazi eugenics: the state-sponsored, pseudo-scientific ideology and policies implemented by the Nazi regime in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s. The objective of Nazi eugenics was to create a "pure" Aryan race by controlling reproduction and promoting the selective breeding of individuals considered racially superior while eliminating those considered racially or genetically undesirable. What not, the Aktion T4 Program and Forced Sterilizations during the Nazi eugenics was highly inhumane. Making Nazi eugenics one of the dark and deeply disturbing chapter in human history.
Key Highlihghts
鈼� Thorough Historical Context: The author provides an in-depth historical backdrop, tracing the origins of genetic research from Gregor Mendel's pea experiments to the discovery of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick. This context enhances the understanding of the significance and impact of subsequent breakthroughs.
鈼� Ethical Dilemmas Explored: "The Gene" delves into the ethical dilemmas arising from genetic research, from eugenics to gene editing technologies like CRISPR. Mukherjee raises thought-provoking questions about the potential consequences of manipulating our genetic code.
鈼� Human Stories of Genetic Disorders: The author brings a human touch to genetics by narrating stories of individuals and families affected by genetic disorders. These personal accounts evoke empathy and demonstrate the real-life impact of genetic research on medicine and society.
鈼� Comprehensive Scope: Mukherjee covers a wide range of genetic topics, including heredity, gene therapy, cancer genetics, and the role of genetics in mental health.
鈼� Well-Researched and Credible: "The Gene" impresses with its meticulous research and reliance on reputable sources. The author's credentials as an oncologist and researcher lend credibility to the information presented.
鈼� Balanced Perspective: Mukherjee presents a balanced perspective on the promises and perils of genetic advancements, highlighting both the potential for groundbreaking treatments and the potential risks and ethical concerns.
In conclusion, "The Gene: An Intimate History" is a brilliant and thought-provoking exploration of genetics, offering a perfect balance of scientific depth, personal stories, and ethical reflections. A must read! I literally loved reading every single bit of these wonderful book.
This book is an ambitious masterpiece that touches on the very essence of what it means to be human. Mukherjee brings clarity to complex scientific concepts without compromising their depth.
He has got an exceptional talent for storytelling and manages to humanize the often abstract world of genetics by interweaving the lives and struggles of scientists and patients who grappled with genetic disorders. In his words, "Genetics was an ancient language, and I hoped that it held a key to understanding life."
The book takes us through the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick and the profound impact it had on the world of science. Mukherjee's eloquent prose describes this pivotal moment: "It was a discovery that, more than any other, placed human beings within the larger code of life's extraordinary poetry." I literally love the way he has written this book, it inspires me to read more of his books.
One of the standout aspect of this book was where he explore the tumultuous history of eugenics and the dark period when scientific advancements were twisted into dangerous ideologies. Which made me remember about the Nazi eugenics: the state-sponsored, pseudo-scientific ideology and policies implemented by the Nazi regime in Germany during the 1930s and 1940s. The objective of Nazi eugenics was to create a "pure" Aryan race by controlling reproduction and promoting the selective breeding of individuals considered racially superior while eliminating those considered racially or genetically undesirable. What not, the Aktion T4 Program and Forced Sterilizations during the Nazi eugenics was highly inhumane. Making Nazi eugenics one of the dark and deeply disturbing chapter in human history.
Key Highlihghts
鈼� Thorough Historical Context: The author provides an in-depth historical backdrop, tracing the origins of genetic research from Gregor Mendel's pea experiments to the discovery of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick. This context enhances the understanding of the significance and impact of subsequent breakthroughs.
鈼� Ethical Dilemmas Explored: "The Gene" delves into the ethical dilemmas arising from genetic research, from eugenics to gene editing technologies like CRISPR. Mukherjee raises thought-provoking questions about the potential consequences of manipulating our genetic code.
鈼� Human Stories of Genetic Disorders: The author brings a human touch to genetics by narrating stories of individuals and families affected by genetic disorders. These personal accounts evoke empathy and demonstrate the real-life impact of genetic research on medicine and society.
鈼� Comprehensive Scope: Mukherjee covers a wide range of genetic topics, including heredity, gene therapy, cancer genetics, and the role of genetics in mental health.
鈼� Well-Researched and Credible: "The Gene" impresses with its meticulous research and reliance on reputable sources. The author's credentials as an oncologist and researcher lend credibility to the information presented.
鈼� Balanced Perspective: Mukherjee presents a balanced perspective on the promises and perils of genetic advancements, highlighting both the potential for groundbreaking treatments and the potential risks and ethical concerns.
In conclusion, "The Gene: An Intimate History" is a brilliant and thought-provoking exploration of genetics, offering a perfect balance of scientific depth, personal stories, and ethical reflections. A must read! I literally loved reading every single bit of these wonderful book.
August 15, 2017
Mukherjee makes science history interesting, accessible and relevant. We learn about genetics and how a steady stream of brilliant and driven scientists uncovered the code that defines us all. Recent discoveries have given us the ability to change that code. Mukherjee presents the moral conundrums implicit in our new knowledge. The moral dilemma has a history too that is as important as that of the discoveries.
Mukherjee begins with Darwin and Mendel. Mendel鈥檚 1856-63 studies of heritable traits in peas would go unnoticed, but Darwin鈥檚 1859 On the Origin of Species drew immediate response. Many considered it blasphemy but in 1883, a year after Darwin鈥檚 death, his cousin Francis Galton grasped at a new idea coining the term 鈥渆ugenics鈥�. He called it 鈥渢he science of improving stock to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing over the less suitable鈥�. Evolutionary theory was barely out of the starting gate and its perversion was racing ahead of it.
Galton died in 1911, the year the American Charles Davenport published Heredity in Relation to Eugenics which became a widely used college text and primary reference for the movement. Many states enacted laws authorizing sterilization to eliminate 鈥渄efective strains.鈥� Mukherjee dedicates his book to Carrie Buck who in 1924 in Virginia was classified as 鈥渇eebleminded鈥� by doctors and ordered by a judge to the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded where her mother had been sent four years earlier. Carrie had been raped and was pregnant. To protect the perpetrator she had been characterized as promiscuous. Virginia wanted to sterilize her and launched a test case that went to the US Supreme Court in 1927. Against the backdrop of widespread fear of immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe the Court ordered her sterilized. Writing for the 8-1 majority the eminent Oliver Wendell Holmes stated, 鈥漵ociety can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind鈥�. While America took the early lead, Germany would bring the eugenics movement to its gruesome conclusion.
In 1900 Mendel鈥檚 work was rediscovered and the search for heritable traits was on. From 1905 to 1925 Thomas Morgan and his associates tracked these traits in fruit flies in their Fly Room at Columbia University. They learned much about how genes worked but still did not know what genes were. In 1928 English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith showed that genes could be passed from one bacteria strain to another. In 1944 in New York molecular biologist Oswald Avery used Frederick Griffith鈥檚 work to pinpoint DNA as the genetic material. Next came a dramatic race among scientists won by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In 1953 they identified DNA鈥檚 molecular structure, the famous double-helix. In 1959 Jacques Monad, Arthur Pardee and Francois Jacob published a paper showing how DNA operated through RNA to code proteins that in turn regulated DNA allowing each cell to carry out its own function.
In 1972 Paul Berg created DNA chimera combining genes from viruses and bacteria. This was not without risk. What if a new pathogen for which humans had no defense was unleashed? Soon after Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed the ability to transfer genes from bacteria into mammalian cells and clone them. Frederick Sanger began to sequence them. In 1976 Herb Boyer was approached by venture capitalist Robert Swanson to exploit this new technology. He suggested they call the new company HerBob, but they settled on Genentech. By 1978 Genentech was making insulin, by 1982 human growth hormone and in 1983 an important blood clotting factor that meant hemophiliacs would not have to rely on AIDS infected blood transfusions. It continues to this day to produce a steady stream of important biological therapies.
In 1992 Craig Venter left NIH鈥檚 Human Genome Project to set up his own company, The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), dedicated to gene sequencing. In 1995 TIGR was the first to sequence all the genes of a living species, a bacterium. In 1998 Venter left TIGR to form a new gene sequencing company, Celera, derived from the word 鈥渁ccelerate鈥�. Venter intended to beat NIH to be the first to sequence the human genome. That year NIH鈥檚 Worm Genome Project completely sequenced the first multicellular animal. Not to be outdone, Celera completely sequenced the fruit fly a year later. In 2000, President Clinton, afraid of the political fallout if the expensive NIH project was beaten by a private startup, engineered a truce. In 2000 Clinton called Venter and Francis Collins who headed NIH鈥檚 Human Genome Project to the White House to announce (a little prematurely) that both groups had sequenced the human genome. Both completed their projects and published their results in February 2001.
A new era in genetics was underway. Human lineage could be analyzed, ancestry determined and forensics vastly improved. Completely new avenues to diagnose disease, determine its cause and treat it were opened up. Gene therapy got off to an unfortunate start with the highly publicized death of Paul Gelsinger in 1999. But far better and more powerful techniques were coming. In 2012 Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier published their findings about CRISPER. This bacterial defense system could be used to precisely splice genes. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and human embryos could now be readily modified. After modification pluripotent ES cells could be converted back to embryos. The opportunities and risks are mindboggling.
I am struck by the timeliness of reading this in August 2017. In April the FDA approved 23andMe selling home testing for health related genes. Do you have a gene that increases your risk of Alzheimer鈥檚 or Parkinson鈥檚? Now you can find out, but how will you handle the information? In June an FDA advisory committee recommended approval of a gene therapy, CAR-T, which holds much promise in the fight against cancer. If as expected the FDA approves in September, it will be the first gene therapy approved. We can expect subsequent approvals for gene tests and gene therapies to grow rapidly. In July a disease carrying gene was successfully replaced in a human embryo. Designer babies can鈥檛 be far in the future. Changes that have long been anticipated are upon us. Is our moral compass up to the responsibility science has placed upon us?
Reading Mukherjee鈥檚 book one gets a sense of the furious and ever quickening pace at which genetic technology has advanced. Profound capabilities will be readily available to change what we are. Genes define our mental attributes as well as physical features. What will we make of ourselves? It鈥檚 scary when we consider how well humans have managed our world and society. This is a 500 page book and much is left out in this review, particularly about how genes work which is explained well for a general audience. But the distinguishing feature of this book is to put forward the risks and moral hazards in balance with the great opportunity and benefit genetics holds. Everyone concerned about our future should pick this one up.
Mukherjee begins with Darwin and Mendel. Mendel鈥檚 1856-63 studies of heritable traits in peas would go unnoticed, but Darwin鈥檚 1859 On the Origin of Species drew immediate response. Many considered it blasphemy but in 1883, a year after Darwin鈥檚 death, his cousin Francis Galton grasped at a new idea coining the term 鈥渆ugenics鈥�. He called it 鈥渢he science of improving stock to give the more suitable races or strains of blood a better chance of prevailing over the less suitable鈥�. Evolutionary theory was barely out of the starting gate and its perversion was racing ahead of it.
Galton died in 1911, the year the American Charles Davenport published Heredity in Relation to Eugenics which became a widely used college text and primary reference for the movement. Many states enacted laws authorizing sterilization to eliminate 鈥渄efective strains.鈥� Mukherjee dedicates his book to Carrie Buck who in 1924 in Virginia was classified as 鈥渇eebleminded鈥� by doctors and ordered by a judge to the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and the Feebleminded where her mother had been sent four years earlier. Carrie had been raped and was pregnant. To protect the perpetrator she had been characterized as promiscuous. Virginia wanted to sterilize her and launched a test case that went to the US Supreme Court in 1927. Against the backdrop of widespread fear of immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe the Court ordered her sterilized. Writing for the 8-1 majority the eminent Oliver Wendell Holmes stated, 鈥漵ociety can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind鈥�. While America took the early lead, Germany would bring the eugenics movement to its gruesome conclusion.
In 1900 Mendel鈥檚 work was rediscovered and the search for heritable traits was on. From 1905 to 1925 Thomas Morgan and his associates tracked these traits in fruit flies in their Fly Room at Columbia University. They learned much about how genes worked but still did not know what genes were. In 1928 English bacteriologist Frederick Griffith showed that genes could be passed from one bacteria strain to another. In 1944 in New York molecular biologist Oswald Avery used Frederick Griffith鈥檚 work to pinpoint DNA as the genetic material. Next came a dramatic race among scientists won by James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. In 1953 they identified DNA鈥檚 molecular structure, the famous double-helix. In 1959 Jacques Monad, Arthur Pardee and Francois Jacob published a paper showing how DNA operated through RNA to code proteins that in turn regulated DNA allowing each cell to carry out its own function.
In 1972 Paul Berg created DNA chimera combining genes from viruses and bacteria. This was not without risk. What if a new pathogen for which humans had no defense was unleashed? Soon after Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen developed the ability to transfer genes from bacteria into mammalian cells and clone them. Frederick Sanger began to sequence them. In 1976 Herb Boyer was approached by venture capitalist Robert Swanson to exploit this new technology. He suggested they call the new company HerBob, but they settled on Genentech. By 1978 Genentech was making insulin, by 1982 human growth hormone and in 1983 an important blood clotting factor that meant hemophiliacs would not have to rely on AIDS infected blood transfusions. It continues to this day to produce a steady stream of important biological therapies.
In 1992 Craig Venter left NIH鈥檚 Human Genome Project to set up his own company, The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), dedicated to gene sequencing. In 1995 TIGR was the first to sequence all the genes of a living species, a bacterium. In 1998 Venter left TIGR to form a new gene sequencing company, Celera, derived from the word 鈥渁ccelerate鈥�. Venter intended to beat NIH to be the first to sequence the human genome. That year NIH鈥檚 Worm Genome Project completely sequenced the first multicellular animal. Not to be outdone, Celera completely sequenced the fruit fly a year later. In 2000, President Clinton, afraid of the political fallout if the expensive NIH project was beaten by a private startup, engineered a truce. In 2000 Clinton called Venter and Francis Collins who headed NIH鈥檚 Human Genome Project to the White House to announce (a little prematurely) that both groups had sequenced the human genome. Both completed their projects and published their results in February 2001.
A new era in genetics was underway. Human lineage could be analyzed, ancestry determined and forensics vastly improved. Completely new avenues to diagnose disease, determine its cause and treat it were opened up. Gene therapy got off to an unfortunate start with the highly publicized death of Paul Gelsinger in 1999. But far better and more powerful techniques were coming. In 2012 Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier published their findings about CRISPER. This bacterial defense system could be used to precisely splice genes. Human embryonic stem (ES) cells and human embryos could now be readily modified. After modification pluripotent ES cells could be converted back to embryos. The opportunities and risks are mindboggling.
I am struck by the timeliness of reading this in August 2017. In April the FDA approved 23andMe selling home testing for health related genes. Do you have a gene that increases your risk of Alzheimer鈥檚 or Parkinson鈥檚? Now you can find out, but how will you handle the information? In June an FDA advisory committee recommended approval of a gene therapy, CAR-T, which holds much promise in the fight against cancer. If as expected the FDA approves in September, it will be the first gene therapy approved. We can expect subsequent approvals for gene tests and gene therapies to grow rapidly. In July a disease carrying gene was successfully replaced in a human embryo. Designer babies can鈥檛 be far in the future. Changes that have long been anticipated are upon us. Is our moral compass up to the responsibility science has placed upon us?
Reading Mukherjee鈥檚 book one gets a sense of the furious and ever quickening pace at which genetic technology has advanced. Profound capabilities will be readily available to change what we are. Genes define our mental attributes as well as physical features. What will we make of ourselves? It鈥檚 scary when we consider how well humans have managed our world and society. This is a 500 page book and much is left out in this review, particularly about how genes work which is explained well for a general audience. But the distinguishing feature of this book is to put forward the risks and moral hazards in balance with the great opportunity and benefit genetics holds. Everyone concerned about our future should pick this one up.
August 21, 2023
Gena a parcurs un drum lung de la un simplu obiect statistic, matematic, la o structur膬 chimic膬 ce poate fi manipulat膬.
O carte care intr膬 cu siguran葲膬 卯n Top 3 c膬r葲i citite anul acesta. Recoman
O carte care intr膬 cu siguran葲膬 卯n Top 3 c膬r葲i citite anul acesta. Recoman
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