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倬丕乇丕丿賵讴爻 丕賳鬲禺丕亘: 丌賳诏丕賴 讴賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘貙 丕囟胤乇丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必�
讴鬲丕亘 倬丕乇丕丿賵讴爻 丕賳鬲禺丕亘: 丌賳诏丕賴 讴賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘貙 丕囟胤乇丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必� 丕孬乇 亘丕乇蹖 卮賵丕乇鬲夭貙 丿乇亘丕乇賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘鈥屬囏й屰� 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 丿乇 丕讴孬乇 噩賳亘賴鈥屬囏й� 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘丕 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿爻鬲 亘賴 诏乇蹖亘丕賳 賴爻鬲賳丿 賲孬賱 卮睾賱貙 乇賵丕亘胤 丿賵爻鬲蹖貙 乇賵丕亘胤 噩賳爻蹖貙 禺丕賳賵丕丿賴鈥屫ж臂� 賵 賲賱丕丨馗丕鬲 賲匕賴亘蹖.
丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲丕 乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏� 讴賴 賲賯丕氐丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 讴賳鬲乇賱 讴乇丿賴 賵 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 爻賲鬲 丌賳趩賴 丿賯蹖賯丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 禺丕氐 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 乇賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 囟乇賵乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 賳蹖夭 亘乇丕蹖 乇賮丕賴 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 賵 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 乇賴亘乇蹖 讴賳賳丿. 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕蹖賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘貙 诏丕賴蹖 賴夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏� 賵 倬蹖丕賲丿賴丕蹖蹖 賳丕诏賵丕乇 丿丕乇丿 賵 丨鬲蹖 卮丕蹖丿 賲賵噩亘 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 賳丕丿乇爻鬲 卮賵丿.
賴蹖趩鈥屭┴� 賲賳讴乇 丕蹖賳 賯囟蹖賴 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲賵噩亘 亘賴亘賵丿 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲丕 乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏� 讴賴 賲賯丕氐丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 讴賳鬲乇賱 讴乇丿賴 賵 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 爻賲鬲 丌賳趩賴 丿賯蹖賯丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 禺丕氐 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 乇賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 囟乇賵乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 賳蹖夭 亘乇丕蹖 乇賮丕賴 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 賵 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 乇賴亘乇蹖 讴賳賳丿.
亘丕乇蹖 卮賵丕乇鬲夭 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕乇丕丿賵讴爻 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 丌賵乇丿賴 丕爻鬲: 賲賳 丕毓鬲賯丕丿 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 賲丕 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 賳丨賵賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 禺賵亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賲爻丕卅賱 賲賴賲 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫③屫� 賵 賴賲蹖賳鈥屫焚堌� 禺丕賱蹖 讴乇丿賳 卮丕賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丕夭 亘丕乇 賳诏乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賲爻丕卅賱蹖 讴賴 丕乇夭卮蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿.
丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賳爻賱 亘蹖丿丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 毓丕賲賱 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 賵 賴賲蹖賳 胤賵乇 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 鬲噩乇亘蹖丕鬲 賳丕丕賲蹖丿 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 丿丕乇賳丿 趩乇丕 讴賴 丕爻鬲丕賳丿丕乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 亘丕賱丕 乇賮鬲賴 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 丕蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘蹖丕鬲 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿卮丕賳 鬲丨賱蹖賱 讴賳賳丿貙 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賲賯氐乇 禺賵丿卮丕賳 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 毓賲賱讴乇丿鬲丕賳 亘賴 胤賵乇 毓蹖賳蹖 丿乇 賲噩賲賵毓 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 賵 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 亘丿鬲乇!
丿丕卮鬲賳 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘蹖卮鈥� 丕夭 丨丿 丿丕乇丕蹖 賴夭蹖賳賴 丕爻鬲. 卮賲丕 亘賴 賱丨丕馗 賮乇賴賳诏蹖貙 卮蹖賮鬲賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 賴爻鬲蹖丿 賵 賳蹖夭 卮蹖賮鬲賴 禺賵丿乇丕蹖蹖 賵 鬲賳賵毓 亘賵丿賴 賵 鬲賲丕蹖賱蹖 亘賴 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 诏乇賮鬲賳 賴蹖趩鈥屭┴з� 丕夭 诏夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 賳丿丕乇蹖丿貨 丕賲丕 诏乇賮鬲賳 爻乇爻禺鬲丕賳賴 鬲賲丕賲蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 亘乇丕亘乇 賲丕 賲賵噩亘 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 亘丿貙 丕囟胤乇丕亘貙 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 毓丿賲 乇囟丕蹖鬲 賵 丨鬲蹖 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 亘丕賱蹖賳蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 卮丿.
丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 亘丕 鬲毓賴丿 亘乇 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 鬲丕爻蹖爻 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 噩夭賵 丕乇夭卮鈥屬囏й� 丕氐賱蹖 丌賳 丕爻鬲. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 賴丿賮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘诏賵蹖丿 卮賲丕 亘丕 亘乇丕亘乇 诏乇賮鬲賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 亘丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘賴鈥� 氐賵乇鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 賱胤賮蹖 丿乇 丨賯 禺賵丿 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屫� 趩乇丕 讴賴 丕賱夭丕賲丕 亘丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 鬲毓丿丕丿 诏夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 讴賲讴蹖 亘賴 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丌夭丕丿蹖 賳讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屫�.
丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲丕 乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏� 讴賴 賲賯丕氐丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 讴賳鬲乇賱 讴乇丿賴 賵 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 爻賲鬲 丌賳趩賴 丿賯蹖賯丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 禺丕氐 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 乇賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 囟乇賵乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 賳蹖夭 亘乇丕蹖 乇賮丕賴 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 賵 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 乇賴亘乇蹖 讴賳賳丿. 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕蹖賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘貙 诏丕賴蹖 賴夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏� 賵 倬蹖丕賲丿賴丕蹖蹖 賳丕诏賵丕乇 丿丕乇丿 賵 丨鬲蹖 卮丕蹖丿 賲賵噩亘 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 賳丕丿乇爻鬲 卮賵丿.
賴蹖趩鈥屭┴� 賲賳讴乇 丕蹖賳 賯囟蹖賴 賳蹖爻鬲 讴賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲賵噩亘 亘賴亘賵丿 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賲丕 乇丕 賯丕丿乇 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏� 讴賴 賲賯丕氐丿 禺賵丿 乇丕 讴賳鬲乇賱 讴乇丿賴 賵 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 爻賲鬲 丌賳趩賴 丿賯蹖賯丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 禺丕氐 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貙 乇賴賳賲賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫池ж藏�. 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘乇丕蹖 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 囟乇賵乇蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 賳蹖夭 亘乇丕蹖 乇賮丕賴 亘賳蹖丕丿蹖賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 賵 賳蹖丕夭 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 乇丕 乇賴亘乇蹖 讴賳賳丿.
亘丕乇蹖 卮賵丕乇鬲夭 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕乇丕丿賵讴爻 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 丌賵乇丿賴 丕爻鬲: 賲賳 丕毓鬲賯丕丿 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 賲丕 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 賳丨賵賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 禺賵亘 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賲爻丕卅賱 賲賴賲 亘賴 丿爻鬲 賲蹖鈥屫③屫� 賵 賴賲蹖賳鈥屫焚堌� 禺丕賱蹖 讴乇丿賳 卮丕賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丕夭 亘丕乇 賳诏乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丨丿 丿乇亘丕乇賴 賲爻丕卅賱蹖 讴賴 丕乇夭卮蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿.
丿乇 丿賳蹖丕蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賳爻賱 亘蹖丿丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 毓丕賲賱 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 賵 賴賲蹖賳 胤賵乇 禺賵丿讴卮蹖 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 鬲噩乇亘蹖丕鬲 賳丕丕賲蹖丿 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 丿丕乇賳丿 趩乇丕 讴賴 丕爻鬲丕賳丿丕乇賴丕蹖卮丕賳 亘丕賱丕 乇賮鬲賴 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 丕蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘蹖丕鬲 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿卮丕賳 鬲丨賱蹖賱 讴賳賳丿貙 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賲賯氐乇 禺賵丿卮丕賳 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賳鬲蹖噩賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 毓賲賱讴乇丿鬲丕賳 亘賴 胤賵乇 毓蹖賳蹖 丿乇 賲噩賲賵毓 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 賵 丨丕賱鬲丕賳 亘丿鬲乇!
丿丕卮鬲賳 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘蹖卮鈥� 丕夭 丨丿 丿丕乇丕蹖 賴夭蹖賳賴 丕爻鬲. 卮賲丕 亘賴 賱丨丕馗 賮乇賴賳诏蹖貙 卮蹖賮鬲賴 丌夭丕丿蹖 賴爻鬲蹖丿 賵 賳蹖夭 卮蹖賮鬲賴 禺賵丿乇丕蹖蹖 賵 鬲賳賵毓 亘賵丿賴 賵 鬲賲丕蹖賱蹖 亘賴 賳丕丿蹖丿賴 诏乇賮鬲賳 賴蹖趩鈥屭┴з� 丕夭 诏夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 賳丿丕乇蹖丿貨 丕賲丕 诏乇賮鬲賳 爻乇爻禺鬲丕賳賴 鬲賲丕賲蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 亘乇丕亘乇 賲丕 賲賵噩亘 鬲氐賲蹖賲鈥屬囏й� 亘丿貙 丕囟胤乇丕亘貙 丕爻鬲乇爻 賵 毓丿賲 乇囟丕蹖鬲 賵 丨鬲蹖 丕賮爻乇丿诏蹖 亘丕賱蹖賳蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 卮丿.
丕蹖丕賱丕鬲 賲鬲丨丿賴 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 亘丕 鬲毓賴丿 亘乇 丌夭丕丿蹖 賵 丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 鬲丕爻蹖爻 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丌夭丕丿蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 噩夭賵 丕乇夭卮鈥屬囏й� 丕氐賱蹖 丌賳 丕爻鬲. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 丨丕賱 賴丿賮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘诏賵蹖丿 卮賲丕 亘丕 亘乇丕亘乇 诏乇賮鬲賳 丌夭丕丿蹖 亘丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 亘賴鈥� 氐賵乇鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 賱胤賮蹖 丿乇 丨賯 禺賵丿 賳賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屫� 趩乇丕 讴賴 丕賱夭丕賲丕 亘丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 鬲毓丿丕丿 诏夭蹖賳賴鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 讴賲讴蹖 亘賴 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丌夭丕丿蹖 賳讴乇丿賴鈥屫й屫�.
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First published January 1, 2004
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About the author
Barry Schwartz
43听books575听followers an American psychologist. Schwartz is the Dorwin Cartwright Professor of Social Theory and Social Action at Swarthmore College. He frequently publishes editorials in the New York Times applying his research in psychology to current events.
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March 15, 2009
Maybe I don't read enough Psychology, but I thought this book was fantastic. Swarthmore Psychology professor Barry Schwartz's basic thesis is that the world is divided into two types of person: maximizers, who want to find the absolute best option, and satisficers who want to find something that is good enough and not worry that something better might be out there. He also links maximizing to the high and increasing incidence of clinical depression in the developed world and believes that satisficing is the best option for coping in a world in which we are overwhelmed with choice.
He also introduces a bunch of other interesting topics:
Hedonic Adaptation - Whatever we enjoy and that makes us happy, we will adapt to and thus derive less pleasure from in subsequent experiences. The law of diminishing returns restated in psychological terms.
Satisfaction Treadmill - We also become adapted to a certain level of satisfaction, so that once we have experienced a certain level of satisfaction, a previous level of satisfaction will actually make us less happy than before. This is apparently not very well developed research, which is how I felt about it.
Choosing Choice - Individuals will always choose to have more options (I'd rather have 30 types of wine to choose from rather than 6), but are actually made happier when there are less options. In the previous example, those presented with only 6 options were far more likely to buy than those presented with 30, and they also experienced far higher satisfaction with their purchase. This is the behavior that leads to the overwhelming range of options we face in modern life. Another interesting example: 65% of people who didn't have cancer said that if they got it, they would want to choose their treatment; of those who actually had cancer, 88% said they would not prefer to choose. In other words, our perception of what we would want from a choice standpoint is not the same thing as what we actually want when we get there.
The Peak-End Rule of Satisfaction - Our satisfaction with an experience is defined by two key components: the peak of the experience, good or bad, and the end of the experience, good or bad. So a mediocre vacation with an amazing peak and conclusion will be remembered in retrospect as more satisfying than a vacation that was consistently good but never great. (Daniel Kahneman)
Salience and Availability - When making decisions, the salience (how conspicuous or vivid a data point is) and availability of our situation matters greatly. This is why people judge murders and airline crashes to be far more common causes of death than traffic accidents and strokes; we hear far more about the former two, and in far more graphic terms, than we do about the latter. People were far more affected by a video testimonial, even when warned in advance that this was a highly atypical case, than they were by a solid set of research data.
Framing and Anchoring - What your anchor point is for a decision matters. People are much happier getting a discount for paying cash than they are paying a surcharge for using a credit card. This is because our satisfaction is not derived in a linear manner; $200 is not twice as good as $100, the resultant satisfaction drops off. Once again, the law of diminishing returns, but related to satisfaction. Here's a great set of questions: 1) Would you rather have $100, or the option to flip a coin to get $200 on heads or nothing on tails? 2) Would you rather lose $100 or have the option to flip a coin and lose $200 on heads or nothing on tails? From an economics standpoint, there should be no difference in any of these options, but 95% of respondents choose the sure $100 (because $200 is not twice as good as $100 from a satisfaction standpoint) and they choose the option to flip for the $200 loss or nothing (because a $200 loss is not twice as bad as a $100 loss). Pretty trippy. I've tried this with a bunch of folks, and everyone seems to answer according to this pattern.
Sunk Costs - People have a hard time letting go of sunk costs from a satisfaction standpoint. Say you have bought tickets to see a good music group, but then a horrible snowstorm hits and you will have to walk to get there and you hate the cold. From an economics standpoint, the money you paid for the tickets is already gone, so you should just make your decision about whether or not to go based on how happy you think your decision will make you. But people have a very hard time accepting this, and are more likely to follow a course that will make them unhappy because they already spent the money.
Regret - Maximizers are far more likely to experience regret than satisficers, because they are always susceptible to learning at a later date that a decision they made was actually not the absolute best choice they could have made. Not surprisingly, regret is highly correlated with unhappiness and depression. The author speculates that the large number of maximizers in the general population is related to the fact that we are evolutionarily ill-equipped to deal with the range of choice we face today, and that this was a far more useful personality trait prior to the last several hundred years. Schwartz says that there are two main factors that affect regret: 1) Do we consider ourselves to have personal responsibility for the result (I crashed the car vs. I was blindsided); 2) Can we imagine a counterfactual alternative (I could have worked harder in college to get a better job vs. the economy is horrible and no one is making any money).
Learned Helplessness - In a somewhat disturbing series of experiments, Martin Seligman showed that you can teach rats to learn how to not adapt to environmental changes that harm them (electric shocks, in this case). This concept of learned helplessness is common in unhappy and depressed people, and is largely based on what we attribute our successes or failures to.
Depression and Social Networks - A society that lauds autonomy also -- maybe unintentionally -- encourages the dissolution of social networks, which are one of the best defenses against depression, because they prescribe all sorts of constraints for us that limit the range of choices we have to make.
Reversible Decisions - People generally prefer to have the option to undo or reverse a decision (such as a purchase), but in actuality we end up less satisfied with a reversible decision than an irreversible decision. The author speculates that this is part of the issue with divorce rates (marriage is now more of a reversible decision than in the past) and other social issues we face. He suggests that we can find greater satisfaction in life by accepting some decisions as irreversible, even if society tells us otherwise.
Evaluating an Experience - We evaluate experiences on four dimensions:
1. Comparing the experience to what we hoped it would be
2. Comparing the experience to what we expected it would be
3. Comparing the experience to other experiences we have had in the past
4. Comparing the experience to experiences have had
He also introduces a bunch of other interesting topics:
Hedonic Adaptation - Whatever we enjoy and that makes us happy, we will adapt to and thus derive less pleasure from in subsequent experiences. The law of diminishing returns restated in psychological terms.
Satisfaction Treadmill - We also become adapted to a certain level of satisfaction, so that once we have experienced a certain level of satisfaction, a previous level of satisfaction will actually make us less happy than before. This is apparently not very well developed research, which is how I felt about it.
Choosing Choice - Individuals will always choose to have more options (I'd rather have 30 types of wine to choose from rather than 6), but are actually made happier when there are less options. In the previous example, those presented with only 6 options were far more likely to buy than those presented with 30, and they also experienced far higher satisfaction with their purchase. This is the behavior that leads to the overwhelming range of options we face in modern life. Another interesting example: 65% of people who didn't have cancer said that if they got it, they would want to choose their treatment; of those who actually had cancer, 88% said they would not prefer to choose. In other words, our perception of what we would want from a choice standpoint is not the same thing as what we actually want when we get there.
The Peak-End Rule of Satisfaction - Our satisfaction with an experience is defined by two key components: the peak of the experience, good or bad, and the end of the experience, good or bad. So a mediocre vacation with an amazing peak and conclusion will be remembered in retrospect as more satisfying than a vacation that was consistently good but never great. (Daniel Kahneman)
Salience and Availability - When making decisions, the salience (how conspicuous or vivid a data point is) and availability of our situation matters greatly. This is why people judge murders and airline crashes to be far more common causes of death than traffic accidents and strokes; we hear far more about the former two, and in far more graphic terms, than we do about the latter. People were far more affected by a video testimonial, even when warned in advance that this was a highly atypical case, than they were by a solid set of research data.
Framing and Anchoring - What your anchor point is for a decision matters. People are much happier getting a discount for paying cash than they are paying a surcharge for using a credit card. This is because our satisfaction is not derived in a linear manner; $200 is not twice as good as $100, the resultant satisfaction drops off. Once again, the law of diminishing returns, but related to satisfaction. Here's a great set of questions: 1) Would you rather have $100, or the option to flip a coin to get $200 on heads or nothing on tails? 2) Would you rather lose $100 or have the option to flip a coin and lose $200 on heads or nothing on tails? From an economics standpoint, there should be no difference in any of these options, but 95% of respondents choose the sure $100 (because $200 is not twice as good as $100 from a satisfaction standpoint) and they choose the option to flip for the $200 loss or nothing (because a $200 loss is not twice as bad as a $100 loss). Pretty trippy. I've tried this with a bunch of folks, and everyone seems to answer according to this pattern.
Sunk Costs - People have a hard time letting go of sunk costs from a satisfaction standpoint. Say you have bought tickets to see a good music group, but then a horrible snowstorm hits and you will have to walk to get there and you hate the cold. From an economics standpoint, the money you paid for the tickets is already gone, so you should just make your decision about whether or not to go based on how happy you think your decision will make you. But people have a very hard time accepting this, and are more likely to follow a course that will make them unhappy because they already spent the money.
Regret - Maximizers are far more likely to experience regret than satisficers, because they are always susceptible to learning at a later date that a decision they made was actually not the absolute best choice they could have made. Not surprisingly, regret is highly correlated with unhappiness and depression. The author speculates that the large number of maximizers in the general population is related to the fact that we are evolutionarily ill-equipped to deal with the range of choice we face today, and that this was a far more useful personality trait prior to the last several hundred years. Schwartz says that there are two main factors that affect regret: 1) Do we consider ourselves to have personal responsibility for the result (I crashed the car vs. I was blindsided); 2) Can we imagine a counterfactual alternative (I could have worked harder in college to get a better job vs. the economy is horrible and no one is making any money).
Learned Helplessness - In a somewhat disturbing series of experiments, Martin Seligman showed that you can teach rats to learn how to not adapt to environmental changes that harm them (electric shocks, in this case). This concept of learned helplessness is common in unhappy and depressed people, and is largely based on what we attribute our successes or failures to.
Depression and Social Networks - A society that lauds autonomy also -- maybe unintentionally -- encourages the dissolution of social networks, which are one of the best defenses against depression, because they prescribe all sorts of constraints for us that limit the range of choices we have to make.
Reversible Decisions - People generally prefer to have the option to undo or reverse a decision (such as a purchase), but in actuality we end up less satisfied with a reversible decision than an irreversible decision. The author speculates that this is part of the issue with divorce rates (marriage is now more of a reversible decision than in the past) and other social issues we face. He suggests that we can find greater satisfaction in life by accepting some decisions as irreversible, even if society tells us otherwise.
Evaluating an Experience - We evaluate experiences on four dimensions:
1. Comparing the experience to what we hoped it would be
2. Comparing the experience to what we expected it would be
3. Comparing the experience to other experiences we have had in the past
4. Comparing the experience to experiences have had
January 29, 2008
The Paradox of Choice is a 236 page treatises on why too much choice can be debilitating. It can be summed up in its sub-sub-title: "Why the Culture of Abundance Robs Us of Satisfaction." (Why a book needs a sub-title under the sub-title beats me). The problem is that we spend too much time and energy trying to make choices that in the grand scheme of things don't matter that much. I agree with the big idea, but I hated the book and here's why:
Schwartz could have made his point in a fine three page article, we don't need 236 pages of examples to get the idea. Yeah, there is too much choice, and we need to spend quality time making the choices that matter like where to work and who to be in a commited relationship with, and less time picking out what cereal to buy. So you get the gist. Make the right choice and leave this book on the shelf.
Schwartz could have made his point in a fine three page article, we don't need 236 pages of examples to get the idea. Yeah, there is too much choice, and we need to spend quality time making the choices that matter like where to work and who to be in a commited relationship with, and less time picking out what cereal to buy. So you get the gist. Make the right choice and leave this book on the shelf.
March 23, 2008
Really important book for me. Refers to some great research. Some highlights:
Prologue:
- 鈥渃hoice no longer liberates, but debilitates鈥� -鈥渃hoice overload鈥�
- we鈥檇 be better off if we embraced some limits on choice instead of rebelling, by seeking 鈥済ood enough鈥� rather than the best, by lowering our expectations about our decisions, by making our decisions nonreversible, and by not comparing ourselves to others as much
I. When We Choose
1. Let鈥檚 Go Shopping
- 30% of people bought from the small sample of jams, only 3% bought from the large sample (those buying from small sample were more satisfied)
2. New Choices
- healthcare, beauty, religion
- 65% say they would choose own treatment if got cancer, but only 12% actually do this
- work is unconstrained by what your parents鈥� did or geography: a 34 YO has already worked for 9 companies
- in fact staying with a job doesn鈥檛 show loyalty, but a lack of ambition.
II. How We Choose
3. Deciding and Chooosing
- experienced, expected, and remembered utility rarely line up faithfully
- Kahneman et. al.鈥檚 remembering utility by 鈥減eak-end鈥� rule (people preferred noise that ended less unpleasantly even though maximal unpleasantness lasted longer)
- people rated "colonoscopy plus" as less unpleasant than rival (even effected 5-year follow ups)
- James Twichell: 鈥淎ds are what we know about the world around us鈥�.
- availability heuristic (we think there are more words that start with 鈥渢鈥� than have it has 3rd letter)
- saliency: people are swayed by vivid video on how police are even when told it is atypical case
- people think accidents kill as many as diseases (though latter kill 16x more), homicide = strokes (latter kills 11x more); dramatic deaths overestimated (and this correlated with newspaper coverage).
- a chooser thinks about consequences, values, and can create choices or refuse to make any; a picker just hopes for the best
4. When Only the Best Will Do
- maximizers seek and accept only the best, which is a difficult decision strategy when there are many options; satisfacers are ok with 鈥済ood enough鈥�
- Herbert Simon (who coined the term) thought that satisfizing was the maximizing strategy
- maximizers savor the positive less and do not cope as well as satis., take longer to recover from bad stuff, are not as happy/satisfied with life, more pessimistic, more regret, and more depressed (extreme max. score=borderline clinical depression).
- 鈥渂uyer鈥檚 remorse鈥� diminishes satisfaction with choice made and can be anticipatory
- many choices+maximizing=unhappiness
III. Why We Suffer
5. Choice and Happiness
- 鈥淐hoice is what enables us to tell the world who we are and what we care about鈥�; has expressive value
- close social relations are most important for happiness (though decreases autonomy)
- the less barriers to autonomy we have, the more disturbing the remaining ones are
- income affects happiness only until people stop being poor (tested by looking at different countries at the same time and the same country at different times).
- happy people can attract others and being with others can make people happy
- it takes time for form close connections, to maintain them
- rules, standards, and routines can be good
- we are drawn to people who meet our standards, and than we stick with them out of routine (we don鈥檛 think about it everyday)
6. Missed Opportunities
- economics says we should only consider opportunity costs of next-best alternative (so if soccer costs $3 and bball is next best alternative, the total cost of soccer is $3 plus missing out on bball)
- participants chose the safer more expensive car, rather than the cheaper and more dangerous one regardless of price
- 75% of MD鈥檚 tried a med instead of referring to specialist, however 50% referred instead of choice of 2 meds (a way of avoiding a decision).
- negatives stand out more than positives
- neg. emotions makes for bad decisions and vice versa (candy made residents faster and more accurate diagnoses).
- students offered 6 topics more likely wrote essays & they were better than those offered 30 topics
- students exposed to 30 chocolates liked them less & would rather take $ instead more often than those exposed to 6
- people marry 5 years later than a generation ago, and people stay half as long at jobs
- evolution may have only prepared us to separate good from bad, not better from best (a ala Nozick)
- people want to be able to reverse decisions, however few do, and those that have the option are less satisfied (the former put more psychological work into making things OK)
7. The Problem of Regret
- postdecison (buyer鈥檚 reget makes things less enjoyable) and predecison (which can paralyze)
-bronze medalists are happier than silver medalists (near misses hurt more)
- people rarely say 鈥渢hings could be worse鈥� (gratitude), they usually see how things could be better (can inspire) sunk costs: coaches also give more time to high paid players irrespective of performance
8. The Problem of Adaptation
- we get used to things and take them for granted and people don鈥檛 anticipate this
- 1973: 13% of Americans thought AC in cars was a necessity, today: 41%.
- lottery winners not more happier and accident victims were still pretty happy
-adaptation can be good in a world of misery
- hedonic and satisfaction treadmills
9. Why Everything Suffers from Comparison
- comparisons to: what you hoped/expected, other experiences, other people鈥檚 experiences
- 鈥渢he curse of discernment鈥�
- poor teens talked about benefits of internet, rich teens talked about drawbacks
- upward comparisons to others is bad a lot (though can inspire), downward comparisons can boost self-esteem, increase positive mood, and reduce anxiety
- when cancer patients encountered other cancer patients in good shape they felt better
- only compare to people in our 鈥減ond鈥� where we have good chances of being successful (this was necessarily the case before)
- most respondants choose better relative position over absolute position with IQs
- happy people were minimally affected by other鈥檚 skill at the anagram task, they were not affected by feedback given to their partner (unlike unhappy people); the former can distract & move on, the latter ruminate (all this pertains to maximizers vs. satisfisers as well which is paradoxical as 鈥渢he best鈥� should be independent of how others are doing)
10. Choice, Disappointment, and Depression
- Seligman: you鈥檒l get depressed at failure/loss of control that is attributed in a personal, persistent, and pervasive way (as opposed to global, transient, and specific attribution); 鈥渙ptimists鈥� do the latter with failure and the former with success, 鈥減essimists鈥� do the opposite
- suicide is second leading (after accidents) among US High School and College students; rate among College students has tripled in last 35 years
- it matters if failure is our fault (Americans buy 50 million diet books per year and spend more than $50 billion on dieting); ultathin cultures have women that are double as depressed as men
- unattainable expectations + tendancy to take personal responsibility = badness
IV. What We Can Do
11. What to Do About Choice
(1) Choose when to choose
- costs are subtle and cumulative; focus on subjective, not objective
- You could make a rule to visit no more than 2 stores when shopping for clothes or to consider no more than 2 destinations when considering a vacation
(2) Be a chooser, not a picker
- choosers reflect on what makes a decision important, whether even none of the options should be chosen, or a new option created, and the expressive value of a choice; pickers are passive selectors from what is available
- shorten or eliminate fuss about unimportant decisions, use freed up time to reflect on what you want, think about what options would need to be created (if so)
(3) Satisfice more and maximize less
(4) Think about the opportunity costs of opportunity costs
- a 鈥済ood investment鈥� for a satisficer may be one that returns more than inflation. Period.
(5) Make your decisions nonreversible
- I鈥檓 simply not going there, I鈥檝e made my decision so this option has nothing to do with me. I鈥檓 out of the market, so end of story
- you can pour your energy instead into improving the relationship, rather than second-guessing it
(6) Practice an 鈥渁ttitude of gratitude鈥�
- the same experience can have delightful and disappointing aspects and its up to us what we focus on
- everyday list 5 things that happened which you are grateful for (you may be surprised)
(7) Regret Less
- practice gratitude for what is good in a decision rather than focusing on bad
(8) Anticipate adaptation
- develop realistic expectations about how experiences change with time and how we satisfied with only higher levels of experience over time (the double wammy)
(9) Control expectations
- remove excessively high ones, allow for serendipity
(10) Curtail social comparison
- learning that good enough is good enough will automatically reduce social comparison
- focus on what makes you happy and what gives meaning to your life
(11) Learn to love constraints
- they can be liberating this choice overload context
- following rules can free up time/energy for situations where rules don鈥檛 work
Prologue:
- 鈥渃hoice no longer liberates, but debilitates鈥� -鈥渃hoice overload鈥�
- we鈥檇 be better off if we embraced some limits on choice instead of rebelling, by seeking 鈥済ood enough鈥� rather than the best, by lowering our expectations about our decisions, by making our decisions nonreversible, and by not comparing ourselves to others as much
I. When We Choose
1. Let鈥檚 Go Shopping
- 30% of people bought from the small sample of jams, only 3% bought from the large sample (those buying from small sample were more satisfied)
2. New Choices
- healthcare, beauty, religion
- 65% say they would choose own treatment if got cancer, but only 12% actually do this
- work is unconstrained by what your parents鈥� did or geography: a 34 YO has already worked for 9 companies
- in fact staying with a job doesn鈥檛 show loyalty, but a lack of ambition.
II. How We Choose
3. Deciding and Chooosing
- experienced, expected, and remembered utility rarely line up faithfully
- Kahneman et. al.鈥檚 remembering utility by 鈥減eak-end鈥� rule (people preferred noise that ended less unpleasantly even though maximal unpleasantness lasted longer)
- people rated "colonoscopy plus" as less unpleasant than rival (even effected 5-year follow ups)
- James Twichell: 鈥淎ds are what we know about the world around us鈥�.
- availability heuristic (we think there are more words that start with 鈥渢鈥� than have it has 3rd letter)
- saliency: people are swayed by vivid video on how police are even when told it is atypical case
- people think accidents kill as many as diseases (though latter kill 16x more), homicide = strokes (latter kills 11x more); dramatic deaths overestimated (and this correlated with newspaper coverage).
- a chooser thinks about consequences, values, and can create choices or refuse to make any; a picker just hopes for the best
4. When Only the Best Will Do
- maximizers seek and accept only the best, which is a difficult decision strategy when there are many options; satisfacers are ok with 鈥済ood enough鈥�
- Herbert Simon (who coined the term) thought that satisfizing was the maximizing strategy
- maximizers savor the positive less and do not cope as well as satis., take longer to recover from bad stuff, are not as happy/satisfied with life, more pessimistic, more regret, and more depressed (extreme max. score=borderline clinical depression).
- 鈥渂uyer鈥檚 remorse鈥� diminishes satisfaction with choice made and can be anticipatory
- many choices+maximizing=unhappiness
III. Why We Suffer
5. Choice and Happiness
- 鈥淐hoice is what enables us to tell the world who we are and what we care about鈥�; has expressive value
- close social relations are most important for happiness (though decreases autonomy)
- the less barriers to autonomy we have, the more disturbing the remaining ones are
- income affects happiness only until people stop being poor (tested by looking at different countries at the same time and the same country at different times).
- happy people can attract others and being with others can make people happy
- it takes time for form close connections, to maintain them
- rules, standards, and routines can be good
- we are drawn to people who meet our standards, and than we stick with them out of routine (we don鈥檛 think about it everyday)
6. Missed Opportunities
- economics says we should only consider opportunity costs of next-best alternative (so if soccer costs $3 and bball is next best alternative, the total cost of soccer is $3 plus missing out on bball)
- participants chose the safer more expensive car, rather than the cheaper and more dangerous one regardless of price
- 75% of MD鈥檚 tried a med instead of referring to specialist, however 50% referred instead of choice of 2 meds (a way of avoiding a decision).
- negatives stand out more than positives
- neg. emotions makes for bad decisions and vice versa (candy made residents faster and more accurate diagnoses).
- students offered 6 topics more likely wrote essays & they were better than those offered 30 topics
- students exposed to 30 chocolates liked them less & would rather take $ instead more often than those exposed to 6
- people marry 5 years later than a generation ago, and people stay half as long at jobs
- evolution may have only prepared us to separate good from bad, not better from best (a ala Nozick)
- people want to be able to reverse decisions, however few do, and those that have the option are less satisfied (the former put more psychological work into making things OK)
7. The Problem of Regret
- postdecison (buyer鈥檚 reget makes things less enjoyable) and predecison (which can paralyze)
-bronze medalists are happier than silver medalists (near misses hurt more)
- people rarely say 鈥渢hings could be worse鈥� (gratitude), they usually see how things could be better (can inspire) sunk costs: coaches also give more time to high paid players irrespective of performance
8. The Problem of Adaptation
- we get used to things and take them for granted and people don鈥檛 anticipate this
- 1973: 13% of Americans thought AC in cars was a necessity, today: 41%.
- lottery winners not more happier and accident victims were still pretty happy
-adaptation can be good in a world of misery
- hedonic and satisfaction treadmills
9. Why Everything Suffers from Comparison
- comparisons to: what you hoped/expected, other experiences, other people鈥檚 experiences
- 鈥渢he curse of discernment鈥�
- poor teens talked about benefits of internet, rich teens talked about drawbacks
- upward comparisons to others is bad a lot (though can inspire), downward comparisons can boost self-esteem, increase positive mood, and reduce anxiety
- when cancer patients encountered other cancer patients in good shape they felt better
- only compare to people in our 鈥減ond鈥� where we have good chances of being successful (this was necessarily the case before)
- most respondants choose better relative position over absolute position with IQs
- happy people were minimally affected by other鈥檚 skill at the anagram task, they were not affected by feedback given to their partner (unlike unhappy people); the former can distract & move on, the latter ruminate (all this pertains to maximizers vs. satisfisers as well which is paradoxical as 鈥渢he best鈥� should be independent of how others are doing)
10. Choice, Disappointment, and Depression
- Seligman: you鈥檒l get depressed at failure/loss of control that is attributed in a personal, persistent, and pervasive way (as opposed to global, transient, and specific attribution); 鈥渙ptimists鈥� do the latter with failure and the former with success, 鈥減essimists鈥� do the opposite
- suicide is second leading (after accidents) among US High School and College students; rate among College students has tripled in last 35 years
- it matters if failure is our fault (Americans buy 50 million diet books per year and spend more than $50 billion on dieting); ultathin cultures have women that are double as depressed as men
- unattainable expectations + tendancy to take personal responsibility = badness
IV. What We Can Do
11. What to Do About Choice
(1) Choose when to choose
- costs are subtle and cumulative; focus on subjective, not objective
- You could make a rule to visit no more than 2 stores when shopping for clothes or to consider no more than 2 destinations when considering a vacation
(2) Be a chooser, not a picker
- choosers reflect on what makes a decision important, whether even none of the options should be chosen, or a new option created, and the expressive value of a choice; pickers are passive selectors from what is available
- shorten or eliminate fuss about unimportant decisions, use freed up time to reflect on what you want, think about what options would need to be created (if so)
(3) Satisfice more and maximize less
(4) Think about the opportunity costs of opportunity costs
- a 鈥済ood investment鈥� for a satisficer may be one that returns more than inflation. Period.
(5) Make your decisions nonreversible
- I鈥檓 simply not going there, I鈥檝e made my decision so this option has nothing to do with me. I鈥檓 out of the market, so end of story
- you can pour your energy instead into improving the relationship, rather than second-guessing it
(6) Practice an 鈥渁ttitude of gratitude鈥�
- the same experience can have delightful and disappointing aspects and its up to us what we focus on
- everyday list 5 things that happened which you are grateful for (you may be surprised)
(7) Regret Less
- practice gratitude for what is good in a decision rather than focusing on bad
(8) Anticipate adaptation
- develop realistic expectations about how experiences change with time and how we satisfied with only higher levels of experience over time (the double wammy)
(9) Control expectations
- remove excessively high ones, allow for serendipity
(10) Curtail social comparison
- learning that good enough is good enough will automatically reduce social comparison
- focus on what makes you happy and what gives meaning to your life
(11) Learn to love constraints
- they can be liberating this choice overload context
- following rules can free up time/energy for situations where rules don鈥檛 work
January 23, 2013
The premise of this book did interest me. What I thought was going to be a book that analyzed how the abundances of choice or at least the appearance of choice affects our perception of freedom, satisfaction, and enjoyment, turned out to be a repetitive book that sounds like an older guy complaining why there are so many different types of beans in the supermarket.
"I just want a can of beans! Why are there so many types! Just give me beans!"
Honestly, at one point he does appear to bemoan the variety of beans that are available in the common supermarket. Not really the kind of abundance of choice I was expecting to be inhibiting our every day lives. He goes on to provide more anecdotes about how hard he is finding it to adjust to so much choice now available in the modern market place. He describes the agony of picking out a pair of jeans, since there are so many different cuts available since clothing designers have figured out that there is more than one body type.
And it is his approach to buying jeans that honestly made me loose respect in his approach to the whole subject of choice. What he does is he sees that there are so many different cuts, he can't decide, therefor he buys all the different types, tries them on at home to figure out which one work for him. And there I was thinking, "Isn't that what dressing rooms are for?" He just made the whole process more convoluted and difficult than necessary, which made me think what other concepts did he just add an unnecessary level of complexity to.
I really find it hard to think that it is better for a clothing store to ignore different body types and to just make clothes that fits one ideal body type to make one shopping experience easier. The truth is, everyone has to go through finding out the cut of jeans that work best for you, and then after that point, you just remember and pick the cut you know fits you after that experience. Someone really doesn't reevaluate and try on all the different cuts every single time they go to buy jeans. Just like people know their size, people know their cut. Unless there is a size 6 who tries sizes 0 - 14 only to realize that a size 6 still is the size that fits her the best.
He even tried to argue that having more than one place to vacation to was a bad thing. That deciding made the experiences significantly less enjoyable. I don't know about him but once I have decided and I am on vacation, I don't really think about where I could have been but where I am currently. A vacation is a vacation, it is kind of hard to ruin them.
This author could have made very valid points, but many times the anecdotes he provided made him sound like a confused, annoyed aging man who wants things to be like the good old days, his examples and scenarios weren't good at all (picking out beans, buying jeans, or where to go on a vacation, etc), and also he would provide very little evidence to back up the claims that choice was making us more miserable.
"I just want a can of beans! Why are there so many types! Just give me beans!"
Honestly, at one point he does appear to bemoan the variety of beans that are available in the common supermarket. Not really the kind of abundance of choice I was expecting to be inhibiting our every day lives. He goes on to provide more anecdotes about how hard he is finding it to adjust to so much choice now available in the modern market place. He describes the agony of picking out a pair of jeans, since there are so many different cuts available since clothing designers have figured out that there is more than one body type.
And it is his approach to buying jeans that honestly made me loose respect in his approach to the whole subject of choice. What he does is he sees that there are so many different cuts, he can't decide, therefor he buys all the different types, tries them on at home to figure out which one work for him. And there I was thinking, "Isn't that what dressing rooms are for?" He just made the whole process more convoluted and difficult than necessary, which made me think what other concepts did he just add an unnecessary level of complexity to.
I really find it hard to think that it is better for a clothing store to ignore different body types and to just make clothes that fits one ideal body type to make one shopping experience easier. The truth is, everyone has to go through finding out the cut of jeans that work best for you, and then after that point, you just remember and pick the cut you know fits you after that experience. Someone really doesn't reevaluate and try on all the different cuts every single time they go to buy jeans. Just like people know their size, people know their cut. Unless there is a size 6 who tries sizes 0 - 14 only to realize that a size 6 still is the size that fits her the best.
He even tried to argue that having more than one place to vacation to was a bad thing. That deciding made the experiences significantly less enjoyable. I don't know about him but once I have decided and I am on vacation, I don't really think about where I could have been but where I am currently. A vacation is a vacation, it is kind of hard to ruin them.
This author could have made very valid points, but many times the anecdotes he provided made him sound like a confused, annoyed aging man who wants things to be like the good old days, his examples and scenarios weren't good at all (picking out beans, buying jeans, or where to go on a vacation, etc), and also he would provide very little evidence to back up the claims that choice was making us more miserable.
July 21, 2021
鈥淟earning to choose is hard. Learning to choose well is harder. And learning to choose well in a world of unlimited possibilities is harder still, perhaps too hard鈥︹€�
The modern Western capitalist society provides its citizens with endless choices and possibilities. We are totally spoiled for choice in every aspect of our lives, and these choices aren鈥檛 just limited to material goods; there is a parallel proliferation of new ideologies, movements, and theories. Though it may be perceived as advantageous to have so much agency and free will over every aspect of our lives, psychologist Barry Shwartz argues in his that abundance and proliferation of choice is in fact detrimental to our physical health and psychological wellbeing. In this book, Schwartz recounts the findings of his own independent studies as well as external research into behaviour and decision-making. He is a critic of the philosophical frameworks that underpin modern Western societies, with much of his research and published works reflective of his contrarian approach.
Schwartz argues that excessive autonomy breeds increasing levels of stress for the lay person who will struggle with even the most trivial of daily decisions. Schwartz states, 鈥淭hough modern Americans have more choice than any group of people ever has before, and thus, presumably, more freedom and autonomy, we don鈥檛 seem to be benefiting from it psychologically.鈥�
I value the challenge of the contrarian via the medium of literature, particularly when it spurs reflection regarding the status quo and widely accepted societal norms. It is the fact that Schwartz boldly contests the historic belief that more choice is synonymous with more control and better quality of life that inspired me to hear what he had to say. The Paradox of Choice is a work that not only gives you a chance to reflect on how immensely blessed we are to have so much agency, but to truly contemplate whether this truly enriches our lives, or whether it in fact makes us more confused and dissatisfied than ever. As Schwartz goes on to demonstrate, the latter seems to be the more prevalent state of affairs.
Schwartz鈥檚 work is divided into four parts; he begins by stating how we choose, explaining how this causes us to suffer, and ends with helpful tips on what we can do going forward to eliminate the stresses that excessive choice begets. Aside from the eye-opening research that demonstrated how people actually make poorer decisions despite having more options, what particularly stood out to me was the concept of people falling into one of two: 鈥榤aximisers鈥� or 鈥榮atisficers鈥� (that latter of which I was sceptical of even being word until I searched it up).
A maximiser, Schwartz claims, is an individual that seeks and accepts only the best. That is, they will go to vast lengths and exert much energy to ensure the product or service they are signing up for is the cr猫me de la cr猫me. A satisficer, on the other hand, will settle for something that is good enough without scouring the Earth to find the best of its kind. Schwartz argues that Western society and its obsession with inordinate materialism, excessive consumption and social status has caused those who may naturally be satisficers to fall into the maximiser category. This certainly makes sense; it is evident in how we compete with one another to live increasingly extravagant, lavish lifestyles. This is reminiscent of what Allah says in the Qur鈥檃n regarding materialism: 鈥淐ompetition in [worldly] increase diverts you, Until you meet the graveyards.鈥� [Qur鈥檃n, 102:1-2]. We all too often forget that this world is not our final abode and we put this reality on the backburner, as we continue to hoard our wealth and possessions as if they will vouch for us in the afterlife.
This notion is further accentuated as Schwartz states, 鈥淚 believe that the goal of maximising is a source of great dissatisfaction, that it can make people miserable鈥揺specially in a world that insists on providing an overwhelming number of choices, both trivial and not so trivial.鈥� The more energy we exert and the more time we waste sifting through all the choices not only decreases our likelihood of actually enjoying or valuing the product or service after purchase, but also decreases our gratefulness to the One who provided us with it in the first instance.
It has long been said that affluence does not equal happiness. The Western world produces the most affluent and economically thriving societies, especially in terms of income per capita. It is not a stretch, therefore, to believe that this would cause the quality of our lives to likewise increase, however, this is not the case. Increased rates of suicide, depression, anxiety and loneliness can be used to gauge just how much damage excessive affluence and modern lifestyles can have on a society. Liberal Western societies emphasise individualism, and it is this very concept that is causing so many to experience such debilitating mental states. It is no surprise, then, that, 鈥渨hat seems to be the most important factor in providing happiness is close social relations鈥�. The Islamic worldview champions and showcases this factor with its emphasis on maintaining good social and familial relations to form a cohesive, content, and strong society. 鈥淪o would you perhaps, if you turned away, cause corruption on earth and sever your [ties of] relationship?鈥� [Qur鈥檃n, 47:22].
As an academic whose work concentrates on the interplay between psychology and economics, Schwartz uses several economic theories to back up his research and further illustrate the extent to which excessive choice makes us suffer. One such example is the concept of 鈥榦pportunity cost鈥�, which will be familiar to those who have studied basic economic theory. In simple terms, opportunity cost is that which is given up when choosing between options: 鈥淐hoosing almost always involves giving up something of value. So thinking about opportunity cost is probably an essential part of wise decision making. The trick is to limit the set of possibilities so that the opportunity costs don鈥檛 add up to make all the alternatives unattractive.鈥� One solution to expedite the long-winded decision-making process, therefore, is to discipline yourself and limit your options, and this is the key advice Schwartz imparts in his book.
In all, The Paradox of Choice is a though-provoking read and encourages the reader to be open and honest about the ways in which they make choices and decisions. My only critique is that I felt the book was a bit too long and got repetitive. It could have easily been half the length and still as effective if the writing was more concise. The volume of research and cases also contributed to the length of the book, and though I appreciated the evidence, I found it a bit overwhelming. I valued the emphasis on the need to be grateful and appreciative of all that we have been given, for the very fact that we have the 鈥榩roblem鈥� of too much choice in the first instance is a key indicator of our privilege and prosperity.鈥淟ook at those people who have less than you and never look at those who have more grants than you, this will ensure that you will not depreciate Allah鈥檚 favours.鈥� (Muslim).
The modern Western capitalist society provides its citizens with endless choices and possibilities. We are totally spoiled for choice in every aspect of our lives, and these choices aren鈥檛 just limited to material goods; there is a parallel proliferation of new ideologies, movements, and theories. Though it may be perceived as advantageous to have so much agency and free will over every aspect of our lives, psychologist Barry Shwartz argues in his that abundance and proliferation of choice is in fact detrimental to our physical health and psychological wellbeing. In this book, Schwartz recounts the findings of his own independent studies as well as external research into behaviour and decision-making. He is a critic of the philosophical frameworks that underpin modern Western societies, with much of his research and published works reflective of his contrarian approach.
Schwartz argues that excessive autonomy breeds increasing levels of stress for the lay person who will struggle with even the most trivial of daily decisions. Schwartz states, 鈥淭hough modern Americans have more choice than any group of people ever has before, and thus, presumably, more freedom and autonomy, we don鈥檛 seem to be benefiting from it psychologically.鈥�
I value the challenge of the contrarian via the medium of literature, particularly when it spurs reflection regarding the status quo and widely accepted societal norms. It is the fact that Schwartz boldly contests the historic belief that more choice is synonymous with more control and better quality of life that inspired me to hear what he had to say. The Paradox of Choice is a work that not only gives you a chance to reflect on how immensely blessed we are to have so much agency, but to truly contemplate whether this truly enriches our lives, or whether it in fact makes us more confused and dissatisfied than ever. As Schwartz goes on to demonstrate, the latter seems to be the more prevalent state of affairs.
Schwartz鈥檚 work is divided into four parts; he begins by stating how we choose, explaining how this causes us to suffer, and ends with helpful tips on what we can do going forward to eliminate the stresses that excessive choice begets. Aside from the eye-opening research that demonstrated how people actually make poorer decisions despite having more options, what particularly stood out to me was the concept of people falling into one of two: 鈥榤aximisers鈥� or 鈥榮atisficers鈥� (that latter of which I was sceptical of even being word until I searched it up).
A maximiser, Schwartz claims, is an individual that seeks and accepts only the best. That is, they will go to vast lengths and exert much energy to ensure the product or service they are signing up for is the cr猫me de la cr猫me. A satisficer, on the other hand, will settle for something that is good enough without scouring the Earth to find the best of its kind. Schwartz argues that Western society and its obsession with inordinate materialism, excessive consumption and social status has caused those who may naturally be satisficers to fall into the maximiser category. This certainly makes sense; it is evident in how we compete with one another to live increasingly extravagant, lavish lifestyles. This is reminiscent of what Allah says in the Qur鈥檃n regarding materialism: 鈥淐ompetition in [worldly] increase diverts you, Until you meet the graveyards.鈥� [Qur鈥檃n, 102:1-2]. We all too often forget that this world is not our final abode and we put this reality on the backburner, as we continue to hoard our wealth and possessions as if they will vouch for us in the afterlife.
This notion is further accentuated as Schwartz states, 鈥淚 believe that the goal of maximising is a source of great dissatisfaction, that it can make people miserable鈥揺specially in a world that insists on providing an overwhelming number of choices, both trivial and not so trivial.鈥� The more energy we exert and the more time we waste sifting through all the choices not only decreases our likelihood of actually enjoying or valuing the product or service after purchase, but also decreases our gratefulness to the One who provided us with it in the first instance.
It has long been said that affluence does not equal happiness. The Western world produces the most affluent and economically thriving societies, especially in terms of income per capita. It is not a stretch, therefore, to believe that this would cause the quality of our lives to likewise increase, however, this is not the case. Increased rates of suicide, depression, anxiety and loneliness can be used to gauge just how much damage excessive affluence and modern lifestyles can have on a society. Liberal Western societies emphasise individualism, and it is this very concept that is causing so many to experience such debilitating mental states. It is no surprise, then, that, 鈥渨hat seems to be the most important factor in providing happiness is close social relations鈥�. The Islamic worldview champions and showcases this factor with its emphasis on maintaining good social and familial relations to form a cohesive, content, and strong society. 鈥淪o would you perhaps, if you turned away, cause corruption on earth and sever your [ties of] relationship?鈥� [Qur鈥檃n, 47:22].
As an academic whose work concentrates on the interplay between psychology and economics, Schwartz uses several economic theories to back up his research and further illustrate the extent to which excessive choice makes us suffer. One such example is the concept of 鈥榦pportunity cost鈥�, which will be familiar to those who have studied basic economic theory. In simple terms, opportunity cost is that which is given up when choosing between options: 鈥淐hoosing almost always involves giving up something of value. So thinking about opportunity cost is probably an essential part of wise decision making. The trick is to limit the set of possibilities so that the opportunity costs don鈥檛 add up to make all the alternatives unattractive.鈥� One solution to expedite the long-winded decision-making process, therefore, is to discipline yourself and limit your options, and this is the key advice Schwartz imparts in his book.
In all, The Paradox of Choice is a though-provoking read and encourages the reader to be open and honest about the ways in which they make choices and decisions. My only critique is that I felt the book was a bit too long and got repetitive. It could have easily been half the length and still as effective if the writing was more concise. The volume of research and cases also contributed to the length of the book, and though I appreciated the evidence, I found it a bit overwhelming. I valued the emphasis on the need to be grateful and appreciative of all that we have been given, for the very fact that we have the 鈥榩roblem鈥� of too much choice in the first instance is a key indicator of our privilege and prosperity.鈥淟ook at those people who have less than you and never look at those who have more grants than you, this will ensure that you will not depreciate Allah鈥檚 favours.鈥� (Muslim).
May 3, 2016
鈥淟earning to choose is hard. Learning to choose well is harder. And learning to choose well in a world of unlimited possibilities is harder still, perhaps too hard.鈥�
鈥� Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less
A solid survey of the behavioral economics literature related to the premise that the wide range of choices we have (what to read, how to read it, what rating to give it, where to post our review) actually ends up making us unhappier (tyranny of small decisions). Schwartz's summary is similar to a lot of those pop-economic books that seem to pop up regularly and sell quite well because they both tell us something we kinda already suspected, but also gently surprise us with counter-intuitive ideas at the same time. We are surprised, we are also a little validated: just little bit of supply with a very light touch demand.
This book belongs snug on the bookshelf next to: anything by Malcolm Gladwell, , , , , etc. All interesting, all worth the time (as long as the time is < 5 hrs), but none of them are brilliant. They are all Gladwell-like in their reductionism (this is why they all sell so well to the business community and are pimped heavily by Forbes to TED). I am both attracted and repelled by the form. They seem to span the fissure between academic and pop, between economics and self-help. I read them and I end up feeling like I know a bit more about myself, and NOW I'm just disappointed in that bastard for a couple more rational reasons.
___
A side note. I believe behavioral economics was invented to get economists laid. It got them hanging out with more psychology and sociology majors and well, there you go*. It reminds me of a joke my econ professor used to tell us. "What does an economist use for birth control? His personality."
* see Malcolm 'the horndog' Gladwell above.
鈥� Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less
A solid survey of the behavioral economics literature related to the premise that the wide range of choices we have (what to read, how to read it, what rating to give it, where to post our review) actually ends up making us unhappier (tyranny of small decisions). Schwartz's summary is similar to a lot of those pop-economic books that seem to pop up regularly and sell quite well because they both tell us something we kinda already suspected, but also gently surprise us with counter-intuitive ideas at the same time. We are surprised, we are also a little validated: just little bit of supply with a very light touch demand.
This book belongs snug on the bookshelf next to: anything by Malcolm Gladwell, , , , , etc. All interesting, all worth the time (as long as the time is < 5 hrs), but none of them are brilliant. They are all Gladwell-like in their reductionism (this is why they all sell so well to the business community and are pimped heavily by Forbes to TED). I am both attracted and repelled by the form. They seem to span the fissure between academic and pop, between economics and self-help. I read them and I end up feeling like I know a bit more about myself, and NOW I'm just disappointed in that bastard for a couple more rational reasons.
___
A side note. I believe behavioral economics was invented to get economists laid. It got them hanging out with more psychology and sociology majors and well, there you go*. It reminds me of a joke my econ professor used to tell us. "What does an economist use for birth control? His personality."
* see Malcolm 'the horndog' Gladwell above.
November 2, 2015
I first heard of this book from a friend, who explained it in terms of dating. In the span of time between her first date with her husband and the day they finally got married, she had married and divorced someone else. Why? Because when he first met her, he couldn鈥檛 decide. There were so many other women available he was afraid of missing out on 鈥渢he right one鈥� and wanted to try out more options. That is the paradox of choice. The more options that are available, the harder it is to decide.
All of that seemed perfectly logical to me, but until I read this book, I didn鈥檛 think it applied to me. I鈥檓 not indecisive. But what I discovered after reflecting on what I learned from this book is that I鈥檓 a decision avoider. Unlike my friend鈥檚 husband, I鈥檓 not apt to try out many options. I don鈥檛 shop around. As a matter of fact, I barely shop at all. And while this does simplify things, it鈥檚 not a balanced approach either.
The book makes the distinction between maximizers, people who shop around to find the best possible option, and satisficers, people who settle for 鈥済ood enough.鈥� It鈥檚 better to be a satisficer than a maximizer, and I did test closer to satisficer on the quiz (what good self-help book doesn鈥檛 have at least one?), but because regret over past decisions is a maximizer trait that looms large in my life, I鈥檝e been forced to conclude that I鈥檓 a satisficer in food, clothing, and entertainment, but a maximizer over the big deal decisions of my life: education, career, relationships, and child-rearing. As I鈥檝e said in other reviews, one of the main reasons I want to go to graduate school is that I want a second chance at the college dream I bungled so badly the first time. I don鈥檛 enroll because I can鈥檛 afford to, but my job seems all the more boring as a result because I keep thinking that graduate school would be a better use of my time and talents. 欧宝娱乐 is my continuing education, of course, but it doesn鈥檛 entirely satisfice while I鈥檓 at my job. I鈥檇 rather be reading or writing for 欧宝娱乐.
The book does give advice on how to become more of a satisficer, and though it鈥檚 solid advice, it wasn鈥檛 anything I didn鈥檛 already know. Basically, the advice is two-fold. First, practice an 鈥渁ttitude of gratitude鈥� so that you鈥檒l see the good in what you have. And second, since the idea that you鈥檙e missing out on some better option is a product of the imagination, imagine options that could be worse than the one you鈥檙e in. After all, those happen, too.
But you know what? I just can鈥檛 give up hope that there鈥檚 something better out there. Imagining worse is what keeps me from seeking change, but that鈥檚 fear. I鈥檓 as paralyzed as my friend鈥檚 husband was. This, the book says, is regret aversion. I have it big time.
So all in all, this was not a 鈥渇eel good鈥� self-help book. It鈥檚 made me see my faults more clearly, and at the moment anyway, it hasn鈥檛 given me any new skills. Still, the points rang true, so if awareness is the first step, hopefully, I鈥檓 on the right path. May Hashem send solutions to us all.
All of that seemed perfectly logical to me, but until I read this book, I didn鈥檛 think it applied to me. I鈥檓 not indecisive. But what I discovered after reflecting on what I learned from this book is that I鈥檓 a decision avoider. Unlike my friend鈥檚 husband, I鈥檓 not apt to try out many options. I don鈥檛 shop around. As a matter of fact, I barely shop at all. And while this does simplify things, it鈥檚 not a balanced approach either.
The book makes the distinction between maximizers, people who shop around to find the best possible option, and satisficers, people who settle for 鈥済ood enough.鈥� It鈥檚 better to be a satisficer than a maximizer, and I did test closer to satisficer on the quiz (what good self-help book doesn鈥檛 have at least one?), but because regret over past decisions is a maximizer trait that looms large in my life, I鈥檝e been forced to conclude that I鈥檓 a satisficer in food, clothing, and entertainment, but a maximizer over the big deal decisions of my life: education, career, relationships, and child-rearing. As I鈥檝e said in other reviews, one of the main reasons I want to go to graduate school is that I want a second chance at the college dream I bungled so badly the first time. I don鈥檛 enroll because I can鈥檛 afford to, but my job seems all the more boring as a result because I keep thinking that graduate school would be a better use of my time and talents. 欧宝娱乐 is my continuing education, of course, but it doesn鈥檛 entirely satisfice while I鈥檓 at my job. I鈥檇 rather be reading or writing for 欧宝娱乐.
The book does give advice on how to become more of a satisficer, and though it鈥檚 solid advice, it wasn鈥檛 anything I didn鈥檛 already know. Basically, the advice is two-fold. First, practice an 鈥渁ttitude of gratitude鈥� so that you鈥檒l see the good in what you have. And second, since the idea that you鈥檙e missing out on some better option is a product of the imagination, imagine options that could be worse than the one you鈥檙e in. After all, those happen, too.
But you know what? I just can鈥檛 give up hope that there鈥檚 something better out there. Imagining worse is what keeps me from seeking change, but that鈥檚 fear. I鈥檓 as paralyzed as my friend鈥檚 husband was. This, the book says, is regret aversion. I have it big time.
So all in all, this was not a 鈥渇eel good鈥� self-help book. It鈥檚 made me see my faults more clearly, and at the moment anyway, it hasn鈥檛 given me any new skills. Still, the points rang true, so if awareness is the first step, hopefully, I鈥檓 on the right path. May Hashem send solutions to us all.
December 15, 2008
This is one of those books that, once you've read it, permanently shifts your perspective. It made me think altogether differently about the value of having MORE choices. As the author argues, your sense of well-being increases when you go from having no choices to having a few choices. But as you go from having a few choices to having many choices, your happiness typically goes down. Why? Because it's time-consuming and stressful to choose between all those alternatives! You become fearful of making a mistake, of not making the absolute best choice. And often the more time you spend making that perfect choice, the more unhappy you are second-guessing yourself after the fact. Did I make a mistake?
How to get out of this dilemma? Limit your choices to a handful that satisfy your criteria. Then stop adding more alternatives. Make your selection as quickly as you can given the available information and the importance of the decision. Buying a house warrants careful consideration and lots of time. Buying a coffee-maker does not.
This may sound kind of self-evident, but can be extraordinarily difficult to put into practice, whether it has to do with choosing mates or picking a university to attend. The book is well-supported by lots of experimental evidence. Well worth reading. Highly recommended.
July 17, 2016
Otkad sam saznao da su ljudi, u proseku, danas mnogo nesre膰niji nego ranije, kao i da 膰e biti sve gore, 膷esto se pitam za拧to je to tako. Uvek sam imao neke svoje nejasne odgovore na to pitanje ali me oni nisu dovoljno zadovoljavali. Jako mi je 膷udno da u vremenima kada je sve lak拧e i malo toga je zabranjeno, broj obolelih od depresije, na primer, rapidno raste. Posle ove knjige su mi stvari malo jasnije. Mogu da zamislim kako ova knjiga mo啪e nekome promeniti 啪ivot.
Ve膰ina nas je sre膰na 拧to mo啪e da u mno拧tvu opcija oko svega 拧to postoji, odabere ono 拧to najvi拧e 啪eli. Ili makar, mislimo da smo sre膰ni. Bari 艩varc u Paradoksu izbora ubedljivo pokazuje da prekomeran izbor pre膷esto donosi vi拧e problema nego koristi. I 拧to je ve膰i izbor, problemi se samo gomilaju. Kontraintuitivno, zar ne? Ali u ovom na拧em komplikovanom univerzumu mnoge stvari su ba拧 takve.
Naravno, dobro je 拧to imamo veliku slobodu da biramo ali kada si primoran da sve vreme ne radi拧 ni拧ta drugo osim 拧to bira拧 i prebira拧 onda to i nije sloboda, zar ne? Ba拧 to je ono 拧to se de拧ava u modernom svetu: odri膷emo se svoje slobode i svog vremena da bi prebirali me膽u stvarima koje ba拧 i nisu neophodne. Mnogi se pitaju gde im odlazi slobodno vreme, a kada razmisle, shvate da su pola dana birali gde 膰e da ru膷aju, 拧ta 膰e da obuku, s kim 膰e sve da idu, 拧ta 膰e da jedu, koliko 膰e tamo da ostanu, a pre toga su birali gde 膰e ne拧to da kupe, 拧ta 膰e da kupe, koliko 膰e para da potro拧e, obilazili radnje, i uvek su nekako izvirale nove radnje, novi modeli, pa onda jo拧 samo jedna radnja, jo拧 samo jedna stvar... Ranije su nam mnoge stvari bile bogom dane: imali smo porodicu, kom拧iluk, rodni grad, religiju... Sada nismo zadovoljni toliko su啪enim izborom i ose膰amo da moramo da prona膽emo savr拧ene prijatelje, savr拧enog partnera, savr拧enu 拧kolu, savr拧en posao, savr拧en kraj, savr拧enu zemlju... I non-stop razmi拧ljamo da li smo napravili savr拧en izbor, pa onda ide premi拧ljanje, prebrajanje, kajanje, dvoumljenje da li da se razvedemo, da li je ona pre bila bolja za mene... A to sve nas ne 膷ini sre膰nijim. Naprotiv, sva istra啪ivanja pokazuju suprotno. Recimo, ako imamo previ拧e izbora 膷esto odustajemo od svih. Pravljenje kompromisa stvara konflikte. A 拧to vi拧e izbora imamo to je vi拧e mogu膰nosti koje 膰emo sigurno propustiti. Dugoro膷no ljudi se najvi拧e kaju ne zbog onoga 拧to jesu u膷inili ve膰 zbog onoga 拧to su propustili. A mnogo toga propu拧tamo.
沤alosno je to 拧to zbog psiholo拧kih mehanizama koji stoje iza odabiranja unapred pravimo velike gre拧ke. Dokazano je da u啪asno predvi膽amo koliko 膰e nam ne拧to prijati. O膷ekujemo da 膰e ne拧to biti u啪asno ili sjajno a u stvarnosti sve to bude mnogo manjeg stepena ili 膷ak bude suprotno. I jo拧, prili膷no lo拧e ocenjujemo kako su stvari odvijale. Kada ocenjujemo, odnosno to poku拧amo da izrazimo, prvo opisujemo stvari koje nam prvo padnu na pamet ili ih je lak拧e artikulisati. I na osnovu svega toga donosimo budu膰e odluke. Kada ostvarimo veliki nov膷ani dobitak ili, na primer, postanemo nepokretni, mi o膷ekujemo da 膰e na拧 ose膰aj sre膰e i zadovoljstva zauvek biti druga膷iji. U stvarnosti, posle odre膽enog vremena, mi se vratimo na na拧 uobi膷ajni nivo. Adaptacija u膷ini svoje. Znate ono 膷ovek se na sve navikne. U knjizi se opisuje ne拧to 拧to zovu 鈥瀐edonisti膷ka ma拧ina鈥�. Uvek tra啪imo sve vi拧e i vi拧e nivoe u啪ivanja a kada se naviknemo na ne拧to i to nam vi拧e ne bude dovoljno, te啪imo jo拧 vi拧em. Kao da smo u ma拧ini koja nam zauvek pomera cilj i nikad ga ne mo啪emo dosti膰i. I nikad nismo zadovoljni.
Ekstremne bira膷e autor naziva 鈥瀖aksimizatorima鈥�. Kod njih je kvalitet 啪ivota jako sni啪en iako paradoksalno uvek te啪e najboljem. Bolje je sniziti kriterijume i zadovoljavati se dovoljno dobrim u ve膰ini stvari a samo u nekim te啪iti savr拧enstvu, a i to samo mo啪da. Ionako je svejedno. Iako sre膰a verovatno nije najva啪nija, ako, u su拧tini, posti啪e拧 iste stvrari sa dovoljno dobrim kao sa savr拧enim, bolje je biti sre膰an sa dovoljno dobrim nego ve膷no isfrustiran sa najboljim koje u stvari ni ne mo啪e拧 uvek da dostigne拧. Najprijatnija u啪ivanja treba u膷initi retkim kako nam ne bi dosadila.
Ve膰ina nas je sre膰na 拧to mo啪e da u mno拧tvu opcija oko svega 拧to postoji, odabere ono 拧to najvi拧e 啪eli. Ili makar, mislimo da smo sre膰ni. Bari 艩varc u Paradoksu izbora ubedljivo pokazuje da prekomeran izbor pre膷esto donosi vi拧e problema nego koristi. I 拧to je ve膰i izbor, problemi se samo gomilaju. Kontraintuitivno, zar ne? Ali u ovom na拧em komplikovanom univerzumu mnoge stvari su ba拧 takve.
Naravno, dobro je 拧to imamo veliku slobodu da biramo ali kada si primoran da sve vreme ne radi拧 ni拧ta drugo osim 拧to bira拧 i prebira拧 onda to i nije sloboda, zar ne? Ba拧 to je ono 拧to se de拧ava u modernom svetu: odri膷emo se svoje slobode i svog vremena da bi prebirali me膽u stvarima koje ba拧 i nisu neophodne. Mnogi se pitaju gde im odlazi slobodno vreme, a kada razmisle, shvate da su pola dana birali gde 膰e da ru膷aju, 拧ta 膰e da obuku, s kim 膰e sve da idu, 拧ta 膰e da jedu, koliko 膰e tamo da ostanu, a pre toga su birali gde 膰e ne拧to da kupe, 拧ta 膰e da kupe, koliko 膰e para da potro拧e, obilazili radnje, i uvek su nekako izvirale nove radnje, novi modeli, pa onda jo拧 samo jedna radnja, jo拧 samo jedna stvar... Ranije su nam mnoge stvari bile bogom dane: imali smo porodicu, kom拧iluk, rodni grad, religiju... Sada nismo zadovoljni toliko su啪enim izborom i ose膰amo da moramo da prona膽emo savr拧ene prijatelje, savr拧enog partnera, savr拧enu 拧kolu, savr拧en posao, savr拧en kraj, savr拧enu zemlju... I non-stop razmi拧ljamo da li smo napravili savr拧en izbor, pa onda ide premi拧ljanje, prebrajanje, kajanje, dvoumljenje da li da se razvedemo, da li je ona pre bila bolja za mene... A to sve nas ne 膷ini sre膰nijim. Naprotiv, sva istra啪ivanja pokazuju suprotno. Recimo, ako imamo previ拧e izbora 膷esto odustajemo od svih. Pravljenje kompromisa stvara konflikte. A 拧to vi拧e izbora imamo to je vi拧e mogu膰nosti koje 膰emo sigurno propustiti. Dugoro膷no ljudi se najvi拧e kaju ne zbog onoga 拧to jesu u膷inili ve膰 zbog onoga 拧to su propustili. A mnogo toga propu拧tamo.
沤alosno je to 拧to zbog psiholo拧kih mehanizama koji stoje iza odabiranja unapred pravimo velike gre拧ke. Dokazano je da u啪asno predvi膽amo koliko 膰e nam ne拧to prijati. O膷ekujemo da 膰e ne拧to biti u啪asno ili sjajno a u stvarnosti sve to bude mnogo manjeg stepena ili 膷ak bude suprotno. I jo拧, prili膷no lo拧e ocenjujemo kako su stvari odvijale. Kada ocenjujemo, odnosno to poku拧amo da izrazimo, prvo opisujemo stvari koje nam prvo padnu na pamet ili ih je lak拧e artikulisati. I na osnovu svega toga donosimo budu膰e odluke. Kada ostvarimo veliki nov膷ani dobitak ili, na primer, postanemo nepokretni, mi o膷ekujemo da 膰e na拧 ose膰aj sre膰e i zadovoljstva zauvek biti druga膷iji. U stvarnosti, posle odre膽enog vremena, mi se vratimo na na拧 uobi膷ajni nivo. Adaptacija u膷ini svoje. Znate ono 膷ovek se na sve navikne. U knjizi se opisuje ne拧to 拧to zovu 鈥瀐edonisti膷ka ma拧ina鈥�. Uvek tra啪imo sve vi拧e i vi拧e nivoe u啪ivanja a kada se naviknemo na ne拧to i to nam vi拧e ne bude dovoljno, te啪imo jo拧 vi拧em. Kao da smo u ma拧ini koja nam zauvek pomera cilj i nikad ga ne mo啪emo dosti膰i. I nikad nismo zadovoljni.
Ekstremne bira膷e autor naziva 鈥瀖aksimizatorima鈥�. Kod njih je kvalitet 啪ivota jako sni啪en iako paradoksalno uvek te啪e najboljem. Bolje je sniziti kriterijume i zadovoljavati se dovoljno dobrim u ve膰ini stvari a samo u nekim te啪iti savr拧enstvu, a i to samo mo啪da. Ionako je svejedno. Iako sre膰a verovatno nije najva啪nija, ako, u su拧tini, posti啪e拧 iste stvrari sa dovoljno dobrim kao sa savr拧enim, bolje je biti sre膰an sa dovoljno dobrim nego ve膷no isfrustiran sa najboljim koje u stvari ni ne mo啪e拧 uvek da dostigne拧. Najprijatnija u啪ivanja treba u膷initi retkim kako nam ne bi dosadila.
May 23, 2013
Five stars not for the writing but for the overall content. He could have said everything he needed to say in a few-page article, and it's pretty redundant. But it's still a really quick read so what's the harm...
There are so many things in here that are so interesting and apply to tons of situations and decisions every day. Things that people constantly do to themselves without thinking, and could be so much happier if they knew they were doing it. I am basically recommending that everyone I know read this book; not all of it is going to be new or blow your mind, but overall it's just full of information that everyone should know and be able to refer to as just facts.
There are so many things in here that are so interesting and apply to tons of situations and decisions every day. Things that people constantly do to themselves without thinking, and could be so much happier if they knew they were doing it. I am basically recommending that everyone I know read this book; not all of it is going to be new or blow your mind, but overall it's just full of information that everyone should know and be able to refer to as just facts.
July 22, 2019
Potentially life changing.
July 31, 2022
丕賳爻丕賳 鬲賵 丕蹖賳 毓氐乇 鬲賳賵毓 丕賳鬲禺丕亘卮 夭蹖丕丿 卮丿賴 丕賲丕 乇囟丕蹖鬲卮 丕夭 亘乇禺蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賴丕 讴賲鬲乇 卮丿賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳賴 讴賴 趩噩賵乇蹖 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 乇囟丕蹖鬲 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 丕夭 讴賲丕賱 诏乇丕蹖蹖 蹖丕 賲丕讴爻蹖賲丕蹖夭乇 亘賵丿賳 賲丕 乇賵 丿賵乇 賲蹖讴賳賴 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖丿賴 趩乇丕 诏夭蹖賳賴 賴丕蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 乇囟丕蹖鬲 讴賲鬲乇賴! 噩賲賱賴 丕蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿 賵 禺蹖賱蹖 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賲 丕蹖賳 亘賵丿
賲丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 卮丿蹖賲 丕賲丕 賳賲蹖丿賵賳蹖賲 趩賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 亘賳賵蹖爻蹖賲
鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖讴賳賲 賮丕蹖賱 賴丕蹖 氐賵鬲蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 丕夭 爻丕蹖鬲 賲鬲賲賲 賵 亘丕 氐丿丕蹖 賲丨賲丿乇囟丕 卮毓亘丕賳毓賱蹖 诏賵卮 亘丿蹖丿 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴鬲乇 賲鬲賵噩賴 亘丨孬 賲蹖卮蹖丿
賲丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 卮丿蹖賲 丕賲丕 賳賲蹖丿賵賳蹖賲 趩賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丿賲賵賳 亘賳賵蹖爻蹖賲
鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖讴賳賲 賮丕蹖賱 賴丕蹖 氐賵鬲蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 丕夭 爻丕蹖鬲 賲鬲賲賲 賵 亘丕 氐丿丕蹖 賲丨賲丿乇囟丕 卮毓亘丕賳毓賱蹖 诏賵卮 亘丿蹖丿 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴鬲乇 賲鬲賵噩賴 亘丨孬 賲蹖卮蹖丿
December 8, 2007
In The Paradox of Choice, Schwartz focuses on two basic ways of making decisions: maximizing (trying to make the very best possible choice) and satisficing (making a choice that will do well enough, all things considered).
In the past, I've thought of these two approaches in terms of the decisions that need to be made, not in terms of the person making them. For example, when picking a spouse or a house, one may want to take a lot of time and make the best possible decision. When selecting a restaurant or an article of clothing, satisficing is usually the best approach.
Schwartz divides the world into "maximizers" and "satisficers," a notion that I found very interesting. One of his themes is that "maximizers" can drive themselves crazy by trying to make the "best" possible decision in every situation; it follows that "satisficers" tend to be healthier.
As a congenital satisficer and friend to a couple of "maximizers," I found the argument compelling. I think the book has some good insights into the stresses of modern living, and I highly recommend it for people who like to think about how they think.
In the past, I've thought of these two approaches in terms of the decisions that need to be made, not in terms of the person making them. For example, when picking a spouse or a house, one may want to take a lot of time and make the best possible decision. When selecting a restaurant or an article of clothing, satisficing is usually the best approach.
Schwartz divides the world into "maximizers" and "satisficers," a notion that I found very interesting. One of his themes is that "maximizers" can drive themselves crazy by trying to make the "best" possible decision in every situation; it follows that "satisficers" tend to be healthier.
As a congenital satisficer and friend to a couple of "maximizers," I found the argument compelling. I think the book has some good insights into the stresses of modern living, and I highly recommend it for people who like to think about how they think.
June 27, 2020
丕賵賱 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕诏乇 鬲丿 鬲丕讴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 乇賵 賳丿蹖丿蹖丿 亘乇蹖丿 丕賵賱 丕賵賳賵 亘亘蹖賳蹖丿! 丿賵賲 丕蹖賳讴賴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱卮 夭蹖丕丿賴 讴賴 亘毓丿 丕夭 丿蹖丿賳 鬲丿 鬲丕讴 賲孬賱 賲賳 賮讴乇 讴賳蹖丿 讴賴 丿蹖诏賴 賳蹖丕夭蹖 亘賴 禺賵賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳丿丕乇蹖丿 賵 鬲丿 鬲丕讴貙 賲賵囟賵毓丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 讴丕賲賱 倬賵卮卮 丿丕丿賴 ... 賵賱蹖 丕蹖賳 丕卮鬲亘丕賴 乇賵 賳讴賳蹖丿! 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丨乇賮丕 賲胤丕賱亘 賲賮蹖丿 丿丕乇賴
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 亘賴 卮丿鬲 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖讴賳賲 趩乇丕責 趩賵賳 亘賴賲賵賳 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳賴 亘賮賴賲蹖賲 趩賴 亘賱丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇賴 爻乇賲賵賳 賲蹖丕丿 亘丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 噩賱賵賲賵賳 賲蹖夭丕乇賳 賵 丌夭丕丿蹖 毓賲賱蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賴丕賲賵賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 賵 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳賴 丿乇讴 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲 丿丕乇賴 賲蹖賮鬲賴 賵 丿乇 丌禺乇 賴賲 趩賳丿 鬲丕 乇丕賴讴丕乇 亘乇丕蹖 亘賴鬲乇 卮丿賳 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖 亘賴賲賵賳 賲蹖丿賴.
夭亘丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 禺賵賳丿賲 讴賴 趩蹖夭 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 丕蹖 賳亘賵丿 賵 乇丕丨鬲 賵 乇賵賵賳 賲蹖卮丿 禺賵賳丿卮.
7.4.1399
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 亘賴 卮丿鬲 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 賲蹖讴賳賲 趩乇丕責 趩賵賳 亘賴賲賵賳 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳賴 亘賮賴賲蹖賲 趩賴 亘賱丕蹖蹖 丿丕乇賴 爻乇賲賵賳 賲蹖丕丿 亘丕 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 噩賱賵賲賵賳 賲蹖夭丕乇賳 賵 丌夭丕丿蹖 毓賲賱蹖 讴賴 丿乇 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賴丕賲賵賳 丿丕乇蹖賲 賵 讴賲讴 賲蹖讴賳賴 丿乇讴 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 丕鬲賮丕賯丕鬲 丿丕乇賴 賲蹖賮鬲賴 賵 丿乇 丌禺乇 賴賲 趩賳丿 鬲丕 乇丕賴讴丕乇 亘乇丕蹖 亘賴鬲乇 卮丿賳 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏蹖乇蹖 亘賴賲賵賳 賲蹖丿賴.
夭亘丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 禺賵賳丿賲 讴賴 趩蹖夭 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 丕蹖 賳亘賵丿 賵 乇丕丨鬲 賵 乇賵賵賳 賲蹖卮丿 禺賵賳丿卮.
7.4.1399
May 13, 2013
Schwartz describes how having an excessive amount of choice in our lives can bring unhappiness and suffering. He describes some of the many sources of choices in modern life, some psychological factors relating to choice making, how choices can cause unhappiness, and some techniques for dealing with this unhappiness.
First of all, Schwartz emphasizes that choice is good. It is vital to happiness. However, he claims that in the here and now of the 21st century US, we are overwhelmed with choices, most of which are not important and many of which were not faced in the past. Schwartz's claim is that while choice is important, having to use brain power on unimportant choices slowly chips away at happiness. The important choices differ for each individual, so society should not necessarily work to decrease the choices available. However, individuals need to learn how to focus on choices that are important for them and ignore the rest.
Schwartz then discusses decision making. Decision making includes figuring out goals, evaluating the importance of each goal, arraying the options, evaluating each option relative to the goals, pick the winning option, and later using the consequences of the choice to modify future decision making processes. In practice, this process if followed partially and with limited consciousness.
Schwartz proposes that there are two types of choosers: maximizers and satisficers. Maximizers want to make the best decisions. Satisficers have a set of goals and are satisfied with any choice that fulfills those goals. Schwartz claims that maximizers might get objectively better results than satisficers, but satisficers get better subjective results (that is, they are happier). Everyone is a maximizer in some areas and a satisficer in others, but most people have a general tendency one way or the other.
The core of the book explores how choice decreases happiness. There are two key points. First, comparing a choice made with a choice that could have been made generally decreases happiness; it is likely that there is some way in which the another choice was superior to the chosen option, even if it was the best choice overall. Second, people adapt; over time, the happiness derived from a choice decreases, contrary to expectations that the happiness would remain constant. These two factors make people more likely to regret the choices they and more likely to feel they do not have control over their happiness. Furthermore, these factors will be more potent for maximizers because they cannot fall back on the idea that their goals were met.
After making a convincing case that excessive choice can decrease happiness, Schwartz discusses a set of tips for preventing too much choice from decreasing your happiness:
- Choose when to choose. Not all decisions on important. Decide which ones are important to you, and do not worry about the rest.
- Be a chooser, not a picker. Make your decisions based on your goals, not just by picking something out of all the choices available. This means that if nothing fits your goals, you may choose not to take any of the options.
- Satisfice more and maximize less.
- Think about the opportunity costs of opportunity costs. That is, limit how much you think about the opportunities you are missing out on.
- Make your decisions non-reversible. This one seems counter intuitive, but the idea is that if you cannot unmake a choice, you are more likely to try to be satisfied with it and making it work.
- Practice an "attitude of gratitude". If you focus on why the choices you have already made were the right choice to make, you will have an easier time not comparing it negatively to the choices you could have made.
- Regret less. Be a satisficer, not a maximizer. Reduce the number of options you have; you cannot miss what you do not know about.
- Anticipate adaption. Know that the pleasure a choice brings you in the future will probably not be as much as the initial pleasure it gives you so that you will not be disappointed when that happens.
- Control expectations. Set your expectations based on your goals and your needs. Be especially wary of letting others (especially the media or advertising) set your expectations.
- Curtail social comparison. Compare yourself to others less. Try to let your satisfaction be determined by how you feel about a decision, not how the actions or choices of others make you think you should feel.
- Learn how to love constraints. Constraints can decrease the amount of time you spend on the unimportant choices and give you the time to focus on the important ones.
Schwartz justifies his claims reasonably well with citations of psychological studies, and he is generally good at pointing out which claims are his own hypotheses and inferences and which are not. Overall, his arguments are convincing, and his claims generally consistent with my own experience, so I am willing to believe with his overall premise that too much choice can decrease happiness.
My main criticism of The Paradox of Choice is that it often seemed like Schwartz was bulking up his points with repetition to make the book longer. The primary content of the book could have fit into a long essay. Since there is not really a market for long essays these days, I do not blame Schwartz for bulking things up to make it book length.
After reading this book, I am going to consciously try to be aware of when I am making choices, when those choices are decreasing my happiness, and what choices are important to me. That awareness alone is reason enough to have read the book for me.
First of all, Schwartz emphasizes that choice is good. It is vital to happiness. However, he claims that in the here and now of the 21st century US, we are overwhelmed with choices, most of which are not important and many of which were not faced in the past. Schwartz's claim is that while choice is important, having to use brain power on unimportant choices slowly chips away at happiness. The important choices differ for each individual, so society should not necessarily work to decrease the choices available. However, individuals need to learn how to focus on choices that are important for them and ignore the rest.
Schwartz then discusses decision making. Decision making includes figuring out goals, evaluating the importance of each goal, arraying the options, evaluating each option relative to the goals, pick the winning option, and later using the consequences of the choice to modify future decision making processes. In practice, this process if followed partially and with limited consciousness.
Schwartz proposes that there are two types of choosers: maximizers and satisficers. Maximizers want to make the best decisions. Satisficers have a set of goals and are satisfied with any choice that fulfills those goals. Schwartz claims that maximizers might get objectively better results than satisficers, but satisficers get better subjective results (that is, they are happier). Everyone is a maximizer in some areas and a satisficer in others, but most people have a general tendency one way or the other.
The core of the book explores how choice decreases happiness. There are two key points. First, comparing a choice made with a choice that could have been made generally decreases happiness; it is likely that there is some way in which the another choice was superior to the chosen option, even if it was the best choice overall. Second, people adapt; over time, the happiness derived from a choice decreases, contrary to expectations that the happiness would remain constant. These two factors make people more likely to regret the choices they and more likely to feel they do not have control over their happiness. Furthermore, these factors will be more potent for maximizers because they cannot fall back on the idea that their goals were met.
After making a convincing case that excessive choice can decrease happiness, Schwartz discusses a set of tips for preventing too much choice from decreasing your happiness:
- Choose when to choose. Not all decisions on important. Decide which ones are important to you, and do not worry about the rest.
- Be a chooser, not a picker. Make your decisions based on your goals, not just by picking something out of all the choices available. This means that if nothing fits your goals, you may choose not to take any of the options.
- Satisfice more and maximize less.
- Think about the opportunity costs of opportunity costs. That is, limit how much you think about the opportunities you are missing out on.
- Make your decisions non-reversible. This one seems counter intuitive, but the idea is that if you cannot unmake a choice, you are more likely to try to be satisfied with it and making it work.
- Practice an "attitude of gratitude". If you focus on why the choices you have already made were the right choice to make, you will have an easier time not comparing it negatively to the choices you could have made.
- Regret less. Be a satisficer, not a maximizer. Reduce the number of options you have; you cannot miss what you do not know about.
- Anticipate adaption. Know that the pleasure a choice brings you in the future will probably not be as much as the initial pleasure it gives you so that you will not be disappointed when that happens.
- Control expectations. Set your expectations based on your goals and your needs. Be especially wary of letting others (especially the media or advertising) set your expectations.
- Curtail social comparison. Compare yourself to others less. Try to let your satisfaction be determined by how you feel about a decision, not how the actions or choices of others make you think you should feel.
- Learn how to love constraints. Constraints can decrease the amount of time you spend on the unimportant choices and give you the time to focus on the important ones.
Schwartz justifies his claims reasonably well with citations of psychological studies, and he is generally good at pointing out which claims are his own hypotheses and inferences and which are not. Overall, his arguments are convincing, and his claims generally consistent with my own experience, so I am willing to believe with his overall premise that too much choice can decrease happiness.
My main criticism of The Paradox of Choice is that it often seemed like Schwartz was bulking up his points with repetition to make the book longer. The primary content of the book could have fit into a long essay. Since there is not really a market for long essays these days, I do not blame Schwartz for bulking things up to make it book length.
After reading this book, I am going to consciously try to be aware of when I am making choices, when those choices are decreasing my happiness, and what choices are important to me. That awareness alone is reason enough to have read the book for me.
December 16, 2015
The big idea of this book is that after a certain threshold having too many choices will decrease our happiness regardless if we make the best choice in the end. I like the part of the book where the author goes in detail to explain choice paralysis which is something I dealt with a lot myself. Paralysis happens when when there's too many options. Naturally we tend to make worse decisions because we attempt to simplify the choices to a point where the simplification reduces our ability to make a good choice. Moreover the book talks about 2 different ways to make decisions, the author divided people into "Maximizers" and "Satisficers".
Maximizers are people who tend to search all the options, gather all possible information in order to make the best possible choice. This consumes a lot of time, and often leads to doubts and stress, especially when no one clear winner. Satisficers are those who settle for a choice that is "good enough" to fit their needs. What the author argues is that satisficers are generally happier with their choice, and spend less time choosing, leaving them free to enjoy other things. Since we live in the age where we have to make hundreds of choices on a daily basis and thousands of choices in our life having too much of autonomy is making us unhappy. The practical takeaway from this book is that we should mostly aim to be satisficers, rather than maximizers. On top of at we should proactively try to eliminate as many low value low impact choices as we can in order to focus on what really matters in life. Very interested book, highly recommended!
Maximizers are people who tend to search all the options, gather all possible information in order to make the best possible choice. This consumes a lot of time, and often leads to doubts and stress, especially when no one clear winner. Satisficers are those who settle for a choice that is "good enough" to fit their needs. What the author argues is that satisficers are generally happier with their choice, and spend less time choosing, leaving them free to enjoy other things. Since we live in the age where we have to make hundreds of choices on a daily basis and thousands of choices in our life having too much of autonomy is making us unhappy. The practical takeaway from this book is that we should mostly aim to be satisficers, rather than maximizers. On top of at we should proactively try to eliminate as many low value low impact choices as we can in order to focus on what really matters in life. Very interested book, highly recommended!
December 10, 2015
This book had some good points. Enough to make a decent length research article maybe, but not the length or breadth for a book of these subsequent verbose assumptions. Yes, things ARE too complex. And really they don't need to be so complex, but humans and their organizations, in particular- have made them so.
As I am not a maximizer in any sense, and least of all in the material- this was rather a waste of time for me to read, IMHO.
If you are competitive in nature to the extreme, have difficulty making up your mind, obsessively shop or acquire- or find yourself at 35 or 40 years of age idealistic to the point of being either a perfectionist or a "true believer" for some bigger agenda or barely into "living" your own life or career- then this may be a good book for you to read.
Most of the psychology here was not, but rather pseudo in definition and example, IMHO. A study of satisfaction is not the same as equating the opposite emotion as being depression, for instance.
When humans are not feeling successful in their own autonomous actions, then they are much more often tending to perceive their own self-identity or worth as being poor or being diminished. And to shut out or reject by mood others that differ with their own opinion about themselves.
As I am not a maximizer in any sense, and least of all in the material- this was rather a waste of time for me to read, IMHO.
If you are competitive in nature to the extreme, have difficulty making up your mind, obsessively shop or acquire- or find yourself at 35 or 40 years of age idealistic to the point of being either a perfectionist or a "true believer" for some bigger agenda or barely into "living" your own life or career- then this may be a good book for you to read.
Most of the psychology here was not, but rather pseudo in definition and example, IMHO. A study of satisfaction is not the same as equating the opposite emotion as being depression, for instance.
When humans are not feeling successful in their own autonomous actions, then they are much more often tending to perceive their own self-identity or worth as being poor or being diminished. And to shut out or reject by mood others that differ with their own opinion about themselves.
December 3, 2023
賴匕賴 賯乇丕亍鬲賷 丕賱孬丕賳賷丞 賱賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘. 賲囟賶 賲丕 賷夭賷丿 毓賳 毓卮乇丞 兀毓賵丕賲 毓賱賶 賯乇丕亍鬲賷 丕賱兀賵賱賶.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賮賷丿 賵賲賲鬲毓 賵睾賳賷. 賵賴賵 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱夭賲賳 丕賱廿爻鬲賴賱丕賰賷 賰鬲丕亘 丨賰賲丞 賵丕爻鬲亘氐丕乇 兀賷囟丕賸.
賷毓丕賱噩 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賮氐賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 禺胤賵乇丞 賵賮乇丞 丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲 毓賱賶 氐丨鬲賳丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞. 賵賴匕賴 賴賷 丕賱賲賮丕乇賯丞! 賮賯丿 丕毓鬲丿賳丕 兀賳 賳乇賶 賮賷 丕賱賵賮乇丞 禺賷乇丕賸貙 賵廿匕丕 亘賴丕 鬲禺賮賷 賵噩賴丕賸 賯亘賷丨丕賸 賷賯賵丿賳丕 廿賱賶 丕賱廿乇賴丕賯 丕賱賳賮爻賷 賵丕賱匕賴賳賷貙 賵廿賱賶 丕賱卮賱賱 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丕乇貙 賵廿賱賶 禺賷亘丞 丕賱兀賲賱 丕賱賲鬲賰乇乇丞 賵丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘!
賰賱賾 匕賱賰 賷毓乇囟賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲卮賮賵毓丕賸 亘丕賱鬲賵囟賷丨 賵丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賵丕賱賳賯丕卮丕鬲 丕賱卮賷賯丞 賮賷 賮氐賵賱 爻賱爻賱丞.
賵賱丕 亘丿賾 賱賲賳 賷毓乇囟 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱乇兀賷 賲賳 賳賯丕卮 丨賯賷賯丞 賲毓乇賮鬲賳丕 亘兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵鬲賮囟賷賱丕鬲賳丕貙 賵賯丿乇鬲賳丕 毓賱賶 丕賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇 丕賱賵丕毓賷 丕賱乇卮賷丿. 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賷賮賳賾丿賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 鬲賮氐賷賱丕賸 賮賷 兀賵丕卅賱 丕賱賮氐賵賱.
賰鬲丕亘 賷爻鬲丨賯 丕賱廿卮丕丿丞 賵丕賱廿卮丕乇丞貙 賵賲毓丕賵丿丞 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞.
賰鬲丕亘 賲賮賷丿 賵賲賲鬲毓 賵睾賳賷. 賵賴賵 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱夭賲賳 丕賱廿爻鬲賴賱丕賰賷 賰鬲丕亘 丨賰賲丞 賵丕爻鬲亘氐丕乇 兀賷囟丕賸.
賷毓丕賱噩 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賮賷 賮氐賵賱 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 禺胤賵乇丞 賵賮乇丞 丕賱禺賷丕乇丕鬲 毓賱賶 氐丨鬲賳丕 丕賱賳賮爻賷丞. 賵賴匕賴 賴賷 丕賱賲賮丕乇賯丞! 賮賯丿 丕毓鬲丿賳丕 兀賳 賳乇賶 賮賷 丕賱賵賮乇丞 禺賷乇丕賸貙 賵廿匕丕 亘賴丕 鬲禺賮賷 賵噩賴丕賸 賯亘賷丨丕賸 賷賯賵丿賳丕 廿賱賶 丕賱廿乇賴丕賯 丕賱賳賮爻賷 賵丕賱匕賴賳賷貙 賵廿賱賶 丕賱卮賱賱 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丕乇貙 賵廿賱賶 禺賷亘丞 丕賱兀賲賱 丕賱賲鬲賰乇乇丞 賵丕賱丕賰鬲卅丕亘!
賰賱賾 匕賱賰 賷毓乇囟賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 賲卮賮賵毓丕賸 亘丕賱鬲賵囟賷丨 賵丕賱丿乇丕爻丕鬲 賵丕賱賳賯丕卮丕鬲 丕賱卮賷賯丞 賮賷 賮氐賵賱 爻賱爻賱丞.
賵賱丕 亘丿賾 賱賲賳 賷毓乇囟 賲孬賱 賴匕丕 丕賱乇兀賷 賲賳 賳賯丕卮 丨賯賷賯丞 賲毓乇賮鬲賳丕 亘兀賳賮爻賳丕 賵鬲賮囟賷賱丕鬲賳丕貙 賵賯丿乇鬲賳丕 毓賱賶 丕賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇 丕賱賵丕毓賷 丕賱乇卮賷丿. 賵賴匕丕 賲丕 賷賮賳賾丿賴 丕賱賰丕鬲亘 鬲賮氐賷賱丕賸 賮賷 兀賵丕卅賱 丕賱賮氐賵賱.
賰鬲丕亘 賷爻鬲丨賯 丕賱廿卮丕丿丞 賵丕賱廿卮丕乇丞貙 賵賲毓丕賵丿丞 丕賱賯乇丕亍丞.
February 12, 2016
Bullet Review:
Fascinating look at why making decisions can be so hard and some tips on how to lessen the regret from making a "bad choice".
There were a few comments that came across somewhat sexist, but as I can't remember them (I read this over a LOOOOOONG period of time), I won't push the point.
Fascinating look at why making decisions can be so hard and some tips on how to lessen the regret from making a "bad choice".
There were a few comments that came across somewhat sexist, but as I can't remember them (I read this over a LOOOOOONG period of time), I won't push the point.
July 10, 2018
This one is important!
May 31, 2010
It sounds so non-intuitive; why are less happy when we are given many choices, than when we have few or even none? I was rather skeptical at first. However, this book explains, in a very readable way, why this is so. It has to do with the difference between objective and subjective results. Objectively, when given a choice, we end up with a superior result. When given a choice, we end up with a better match to our desires; a better vacation, a better partner, a better car, a better stereo, a better cereal, a better college. But we judge our happiness in an subjective manner. We consider all the possibilities that we did not choose as "opportunities that were lost". We feel regret, and we compare our outcomes with those of other people. As a result, we feel less happy.
One of the things that really helps the author's arguments, are the research results that he, personally conducted as a psychology professor.
One of the things that really helps the author's arguments, are the research results that he, personally conducted as a psychology professor.
February 20, 2019
More is less. Definitely.
The book makes a strong case (backed by research) on the side-effects of living with a plethora of choices. More choices and options always looked like something to aspire to but the repercussions of the continued proliferation of choices in all fields at these ridiculous rates is very alarming when its effect is taken cumulatively.
The book makes a strong case (backed by research) on the side-effects of living with a plethora of choices. More choices and options always looked like something to aspire to but the repercussions of the continued proliferation of choices in all fields at these ridiculous rates is very alarming when its effect is taken cumulatively.
January 31, 2020
At least two thirds of this book is the author listing things.
July 27, 2023
Great stuff! Read this following a review and podcast mentions by Derek Sivers. His review is here:
Other related books:
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Highlights:
We would be better off if we embraced certain voluntary constraints on our freedom of choice, instead of rebelling against them.
We would be better off seeking what was 鈥済ood enough鈥� instead of seeking the best (have you ever heard a parent say, 鈥淚 want only the 鈥榞ood enough鈥� for my kids鈥�?).
We would be better off if we lowered our expectations about the results of decisions.
We would be better off if the decisions we made were nonreversible.
We would be better off if we paid less attention to what others around us were doing.
Choosing wisely begins with developing a clear understanding听of your goals. And the first choice you must make is between the goal of choosing the absolute best and the goal of choosing something that is good enough. of your goals. And the first choice you must make is between the goal of choosing the absolute best and the goal of choosing something that is good enough.
If you seek and accept only the best, you are a maximizer.
The alternative to maximizing is to be a satisficer. To satisfice is to settle for something that is good enough and not worry about the possibility that there might be something better. A satisficer has criteria and standards. She searches until she finds an item that meets those standards, and at that point, she stops.
1. Choose When to Choose
It isn鈥檛 easy to pass up opportunities to choose. The key thing to appreciate, though, is that what is most important to us, most of the time, is not the objective results of decisions, but the subjective results. If the ability to choose enables you to get a better car, house, job, vacation, or coffeemaker, but the process of choice makes you feel worse about what you鈥檝e chosen, you really haven鈥檛 gained anything from chosen, you really haven鈥檛 gained anything from the opportunity to choose. And much of the time, better objective results and worse subjective results are exactly what our overabundance of options provides.
To manage the problem of excessive choice, we must decide which choices in our lives really matter and focus our time and energy there, letting many other opportunities pass us by. But by restricting our options, we will be able to choose less and feel better.
2. Be a Chooser, Not a Picker
3. Satisfice More and Maximize Less
Learning to accept 鈥済ood enough鈥� will simplify decision making and increase satisfaction. Though satisficers may often do less well than maximizers according to certain objective standards, nonetheless, by settling for 鈥済ood enough鈥� even when the 鈥渂est鈥� could be just around the corner, satisficers will usually feel better about the decisions they make.
To become a satisficer, however, requires that you think carefully about your goals and aspirations, and that you develop well-defined standards for what is 鈥済ood enough鈥� whenever you face a decision.
4. Think About the Opportunity Costs of Opportunity Costs
5. Make Your Decisions Nonreversible
What we don鈥檛 realize is that the very option of being allowed to change our minds seems to increase the chances that we will change our minds. When we can change our minds about decisions, we are less satisfied with them. When a decision is final, we engage in a variety of psychological processes that enhance our feelings about the choice we made relative to the alternatives. If a decision is reversible, we don鈥檛 engage these processes to the same degree.
6. Practice an 鈥淎ttitude of Gratitude鈥�
7. Regret Less
We can mitigate regret by听Adopting the standards of a satisficer rather than a maximizer. Reducing the number of options we consider before making a decision. Practicing gratitude for what is good in a decision rather than focusing on our disappointments with what is bad.
8. Anticipate Adaptation
We adapt to almost everything we experience with any regularity. When life is hard, adaptation enables us to avoid the full brunt of the hardship. But when life is good, adaptation puts us on a 鈥渉edonic treadmill,鈥� robbing us of the full measure of satisfaction we expect from each positive experience. We can鈥檛 prevent adaptation. What we can do is develop realistic expectations about how experiences change with time.
9. Control Expectations
To make the task of lowering expectations easier:听
Reduce the number of options you consider.
Be a satisficer rather than a maximizer.
Allow for serendipity.
10. Curtail Social Comparison
Remember that 鈥淗e who dies with the most toys wins鈥� is a bumper sticker, not wisdom.
Focus on what makes you happy, and what gives meaning to your life.
11. Learn to Love Constraints
鈥淵ou can be anything you want to be鈥攏o limits,鈥� says the myopic parent fish to its offspring, not realizing how limited an existence the fishbowl allows. But is the parent really myopic? Living in the constrained, protective world of the fishbowl enables this young fish to experiment, to explore, to create, to write its life story without worrying about starving or being eaten. Without the fishbowl, there truly would be no limits. But the fish would have to spend all its time just struggling to stay alive. Choice within constraints, freedom within limits, is what enables the little fish to imagine a host of marvellous possibilities.
Other related books:
-
-
-
-
-
Highlights:
We would be better off if we embraced certain voluntary constraints on our freedom of choice, instead of rebelling against them.
We would be better off seeking what was 鈥済ood enough鈥� instead of seeking the best (have you ever heard a parent say, 鈥淚 want only the 鈥榞ood enough鈥� for my kids鈥�?).
We would be better off if we lowered our expectations about the results of decisions.
We would be better off if the decisions we made were nonreversible.
We would be better off if we paid less attention to what others around us were doing.
Choosing wisely begins with developing a clear understanding听of your goals. And the first choice you must make is between the goal of choosing the absolute best and the goal of choosing something that is good enough. of your goals. And the first choice you must make is between the goal of choosing the absolute best and the goal of choosing something that is good enough.
If you seek and accept only the best, you are a maximizer.
The alternative to maximizing is to be a satisficer. To satisfice is to settle for something that is good enough and not worry about the possibility that there might be something better. A satisficer has criteria and standards. She searches until she finds an item that meets those standards, and at that point, she stops.
1. Choose When to Choose
It isn鈥檛 easy to pass up opportunities to choose. The key thing to appreciate, though, is that what is most important to us, most of the time, is not the objective results of decisions, but the subjective results. If the ability to choose enables you to get a better car, house, job, vacation, or coffeemaker, but the process of choice makes you feel worse about what you鈥檝e chosen, you really haven鈥檛 gained anything from chosen, you really haven鈥檛 gained anything from the opportunity to choose. And much of the time, better objective results and worse subjective results are exactly what our overabundance of options provides.
To manage the problem of excessive choice, we must decide which choices in our lives really matter and focus our time and energy there, letting many other opportunities pass us by. But by restricting our options, we will be able to choose less and feel better.
2. Be a Chooser, Not a Picker
3. Satisfice More and Maximize Less
Learning to accept 鈥済ood enough鈥� will simplify decision making and increase satisfaction. Though satisficers may often do less well than maximizers according to certain objective standards, nonetheless, by settling for 鈥済ood enough鈥� even when the 鈥渂est鈥� could be just around the corner, satisficers will usually feel better about the decisions they make.
To become a satisficer, however, requires that you think carefully about your goals and aspirations, and that you develop well-defined standards for what is 鈥済ood enough鈥� whenever you face a decision.
4. Think About the Opportunity Costs of Opportunity Costs
5. Make Your Decisions Nonreversible
What we don鈥檛 realize is that the very option of being allowed to change our minds seems to increase the chances that we will change our minds. When we can change our minds about decisions, we are less satisfied with them. When a decision is final, we engage in a variety of psychological processes that enhance our feelings about the choice we made relative to the alternatives. If a decision is reversible, we don鈥檛 engage these processes to the same degree.
6. Practice an 鈥淎ttitude of Gratitude鈥�
7. Regret Less
We can mitigate regret by听Adopting the standards of a satisficer rather than a maximizer. Reducing the number of options we consider before making a decision. Practicing gratitude for what is good in a decision rather than focusing on our disappointments with what is bad.
8. Anticipate Adaptation
We adapt to almost everything we experience with any regularity. When life is hard, adaptation enables us to avoid the full brunt of the hardship. But when life is good, adaptation puts us on a 鈥渉edonic treadmill,鈥� robbing us of the full measure of satisfaction we expect from each positive experience. We can鈥檛 prevent adaptation. What we can do is develop realistic expectations about how experiences change with time.
9. Control Expectations
To make the task of lowering expectations easier:听
Reduce the number of options you consider.
Be a satisficer rather than a maximizer.
Allow for serendipity.
10. Curtail Social Comparison
Remember that 鈥淗e who dies with the most toys wins鈥� is a bumper sticker, not wisdom.
Focus on what makes you happy, and what gives meaning to your life.
11. Learn to Love Constraints
鈥淵ou can be anything you want to be鈥攏o limits,鈥� says the myopic parent fish to its offspring, not realizing how limited an existence the fishbowl allows. But is the parent really myopic? Living in the constrained, protective world of the fishbowl enables this young fish to experiment, to explore, to create, to write its life story without worrying about starving or being eaten. Without the fishbowl, there truly would be no limits. But the fish would have to spend all its time just struggling to stay alive. Choice within constraints, freedom within limits, is what enables the little fish to imagine a host of marvellous possibilities.
December 21, 2016
亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賴賲賴 賷 丌丿賲丕 鬲賵 夭賳丿诏賷卮賵賳 賴賲賷卮賴 丿乇 丨丕賱 鬲氐賲賷賲 诏賷乇賷 賵 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賰乇丿賳 賴爻鬲賳 賲孬賱丕 賲賳 賴賲賷賳 丕賱丕賳賷 賰賴 丿丕乇賲 丕賷賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 乇賵 賲賷賳賵賷爻賲 賷賴 噩賵乇 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賰乇丿賲 賰賴 丕賷賳賰丕乇賵 亘賰賳賲 賵 賲孬賱丕 賷賴 噩丕賷賷 丿賷诏賴 賲卮睾賵賱 丕賳噩丕賲 丿丕丿賳 賷賴 賰丕乇 丿賷诏賴 賳亘丕卮賲 賷丕 丕诏乇 賷賴 夭賲丕賳賷 賰爻賷 丕賷賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 乇賵 亘禺賵賳賴 丕賵賳 賱丨馗賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 賰乇丿賴 賰賴 丕賷賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 乇賵 亘禺賵賳賴 丨丕賱丕 卮丕賷丿 賲孬丕賱 賴丕賷賷 賰賴 夭丿賲 趩賷夭丕賷賷 賲賴賲賷 賳亘丕卮賳丿 賵 鬲丕孬賷乇 禺丕氐賷 鬲賵 夭賳丿诏賷賲賵賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 賳亘丕卮賳 丕賲丕 賲丕 賵丕爻賴 賴乇 丕賳鬲禺丕亘丕賷賷 賰賴 賲賷賰賳賷賲 趩賴 趩賷夭丕賷賷 乇賵 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賲賷丿賷賲責 趩賴 趩賷夭丕賷賷 乇賵 亘丿爻鬲 賲賷丕乇賷賲責 賲毓賷丕乇 賵丕爻賴 丿乇爻鬲 亘賵丿賳 賷丕 丿乇爻鬲 賳亘賵丿賳 賷賴 丕賳鬲禺丕亘 趩賷賴責 丕夭 丕賵賳 丿爻鬲賴 丌丿賲丕賷賷賲 賰賴 賴賲賷卮賴 丿賳亘丕賱 亘賴鬲乇賷賳 诏夭賷賳賴 賴爻鬲賷賲 賵賰賱賷 趩賷夭丕乇賵 丿乇 賯亘丕賱 丕賵賳 丕夭 丿爻鬲 賲賷丿賷賲責 亘乇賷 卮賵丕乇鬲夭 賵丕爻賴 賴賲賴 賷 丕賷賳 爻賵丕賱 賵賰賱賷 爻賵丕賱 丿賷诏賴 賷賴 噩賵丕亘丕 賵賳馗乇賷賴 賴丕賷賷 丿丕乇賴 賰賴 噩丕賱亘 亘賴 賳馗乇 賲賷丕賳 賵丕賱亘鬲賴 丕乇丕賷賴 賷賴 爻乇賷 乇丕賴賰丕乇賴丕 亘乇丕賷 亘賴亘賵丿 鬲氐賲賷賲 诏賷乇賷 賴丕賲賵賳.
乇丕爻鬲卮 賲賳 丕賵賱 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱賷 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘賵 卮乇賵毓 賰乇丿賲 丕賲丕 亘毓丿卮 賮賴賲賷丿賲 賰賴 賲丨賲丿乇囟丕 卮毓亘丕賳毓賱賷 丕賵賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 賰乇丿賴 賵賱賷 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 氐賵鬲賷 賰賴 诏賵卮卮 丿丕丿賲 賲孬賱 亘賯賷賴 賰丕乇賴丕卮 毓丕賱賷 亘賵丿 丕賲丕 賴賲賵賳噩賵乇賷 賰賴 禺賵丿卮 丕亘鬲丿丕賷 亘丨孬 賲賷诏賴 賷賴 匕乇賴 禺賱丕氐賴 卮丿賴 賴爻 丕賷賳 賮丕賷賱丕 丕賲丕 丿乇 賰賱 趩賷夭 禺丕氐賷 賳賷爻鬲 賰賴 亘賴 丕氐賱 賲賵囟賵毓 賱胤賲賴 亘夭賳賴 丿乇 賴乇 氐賵乇鬲 趩賴 禺賵賳丿賳 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱賷 趩賴 诏賵卮 丿丕丿賳 亘賴 賮丕賷賱 鬲乇噩賲賴 卮丿賴 賷賴 鬲噩乇亘賴 賷 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮 賵 丌賲賵夭賳丿爻.
乇丕爻鬲卮 賲賳 丕賵賱 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱賷 丕賷賳 賰鬲丕亘賵 卮乇賵毓 賰乇丿賲 丕賲丕 亘毓丿卮 賮賴賲賷丿賲 賰賴 賲丨賲丿乇囟丕 卮毓亘丕賳毓賱賷 丕賵賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 賰乇丿賴 賵賱賷 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 氐賵鬲賷 賰賴 诏賵卮卮 丿丕丿賲 賲孬賱 亘賯賷賴 賰丕乇賴丕卮 毓丕賱賷 亘賵丿 丕賲丕 賴賲賵賳噩賵乇賷 賰賴 禺賵丿卮 丕亘鬲丿丕賷 亘丨孬 賲賷诏賴 賷賴 匕乇賴 禺賱丕氐賴 卮丿賴 賴爻 丕賷賳 賮丕賷賱丕 丕賲丕 丿乇 賰賱 趩賷夭 禺丕氐賷 賳賷爻鬲 賰賴 亘賴 丕氐賱 賲賵囟賵毓 賱胤賲賴 亘夭賳賴 丿乇 賴乇 氐賵乇鬲 趩賴 禺賵賳丿賳 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱賷 趩賴 诏賵卮 丿丕丿賳 亘賴 賮丕賷賱 鬲乇噩賲賴 卮丿賴 賷賴 鬲噩乇亘賴 賷 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮 賵 丌賲賵夭賳丿爻.
August 31, 2017
袣谢邪褋褋懈泻邪. 笑懈褌懈褉褍械褌褋褟 胁芯 屑薪芯谐懈褏 泻薪懈谐邪褏 锌褉芯 锌褉懈薪褟褌懈械 褉械褕械薪懈泄, 锌褋懈褏芯谢芯谐懈褞 胁褘斜芯褉邪.
March 23, 2025
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Og贸lnie ca艂o艣膰 napisana jest prostym i zrozumia艂ym j臋zykiem, dzi臋ki czemu przyjemnie si臋 czyta. By膰 mo偶e literatura popularnonaukowa nie jest tak z艂a jak my艣la艂am.
August 20, 2011
Barry Schwartz is chiefly concerned with explaining that an abundance of opportunities - especially for material goods - can actually decrease happiness and that "maximizers," - people in relentless pursuit of the best of all things and agonized by the fear that their decision might be the wrong one - would be better off as "satisficers," - people who discipline themselves to consider only a limited range of options and then make a firm decision and get on with life.
Learn to accept "good enough," because with many things in life, this really is going to be "best" for you. Learn to grow where you are planted; learn to let go of regret, accept that the great excitement about something today will fade with time, because we adapt to novelty. Stop paying attention to what others around you are doing (or how WELL they are doing) and remember that "he who dies with the most toys, wins," is a bumper sticker, not an exercise in wisdom.
All this is fine and good but the book suffers from two problems, only the first of which can be blamed on the author:
1. This is a good magazine-length article, which seems to have been padded to create a book.
2. I found this in the "science" section of Borders Bookstore and therefore expected a more scholarly tone. It should more appropriately be shelved in "Self-Help," as the author assumes the reader is a "maximizer" in need of converting.
If you have an overly materialistic and obsessive friend, do a good deed and give this book to them. If you really aren't a maximizer . . . don't worry about reading this. Get on with life.
Learn to accept "good enough," because with many things in life, this really is going to be "best" for you. Learn to grow where you are planted; learn to let go of regret, accept that the great excitement about something today will fade with time, because we adapt to novelty. Stop paying attention to what others around you are doing (or how WELL they are doing) and remember that "he who dies with the most toys, wins," is a bumper sticker, not an exercise in wisdom.
All this is fine and good but the book suffers from two problems, only the first of which can be blamed on the author:
1. This is a good magazine-length article, which seems to have been padded to create a book.
2. I found this in the "science" section of Borders Bookstore and therefore expected a more scholarly tone. It should more appropriately be shelved in "Self-Help," as the author assumes the reader is a "maximizer" in need of converting.
If you have an overly materialistic and obsessive friend, do a good deed and give this book to them. If you really aren't a maximizer . . . don't worry about reading this. Get on with life.
April 10, 2009
"The Paradox of Choice" is a simple book in many ways. It shows that there's concrete data backing up many of the "well duh" platitudes people regularly dismiss while making terrible life choices.
The book was a revelation for me, since it related a lot to the culture of worry and second guessing I grew up with. Part exploration of our society of excessive options and the misery they seem to cause our inhabitants, and part self-help guide, it's the opposite of "True Enough", it's a book that rather succinctly sums up the solutions Mr. Schwartz feels we have available in regards to our indecision towards our lives.
It's a deeply thought provoking book, so instead of trying to summarize his points, almost all of which I agree with, I suggest you do a search on Barry Schwartz in Google Videos or Youtube, as several lectures by him are available.
Explaining the real science behind why chasing the dollar and comparing your success to others produces misery has genuinely changed my outlook on how to handle choice in a culture of overwhelming possibilities.
The book was a revelation for me, since it related a lot to the culture of worry and second guessing I grew up with. Part exploration of our society of excessive options and the misery they seem to cause our inhabitants, and part self-help guide, it's the opposite of "True Enough", it's a book that rather succinctly sums up the solutions Mr. Schwartz feels we have available in regards to our indecision towards our lives.
It's a deeply thought provoking book, so instead of trying to summarize his points, almost all of which I agree with, I suggest you do a search on Barry Schwartz in Google Videos or Youtube, as several lectures by him are available.
Explaining the real science behind why chasing the dollar and comparing your success to others produces misery has genuinely changed my outlook on how to handle choice in a culture of overwhelming possibilities.
June 7, 2007
This book explained so much about the way I behave -- I am a total maximizer, meaning that whenever I have a choice to make, I always want the absolute best option, even if researching to discover the best option is hard and time-consuming. Instead, I could be a satisficer: someone who picks the option that satisfies all their requirements, without worrying whether something better is out there. Schwartz shows persuasively that maximizers are less happy than satisficers. This book helped me understand myself better and may help me be a happier person in the future by concentrating less on the things that are unimportant.
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