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丕賱賲賳丕馗乇
賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇 (亘丕賱賱丕鬲賷賳賷丞 De Aspectibus 兀賵 Opticae Alhazeni Arabis) 賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 爻亘毓 賲噩賱丿丕鬲 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲貙 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍貙 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丕鬲 賵毓賱賲 丕賱賳賮爻 兀賱賮賴丕 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 賮賷 賲氐乇 賵賴賵 鬲丨鬲 丕賱廿賯丕賲丞 丕賱噩亘乇賷丞 亘賷賳 毓丕賲賷 1011 廿賱賶 1021 賵賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 鬲胤賵乇 毓賱賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲. 賵囟毓 兀爻爻 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕卅賷丞 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 亘毓丿 丕賳 睾賷乇 噩匕乇賷丕賸 胤乇賷賯丞 賮賴賲 丕賱囟賵亍 賵 乇丐賷丞 丕賱丕卮賷丕亍 賵賮賷 丕賱毓賱賲 亘卮賰賱 毓丕賲 賵購囟賽毓鬲 賲賯丿賲丞 賮賷 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷 賰賳鬲賷噩丞 賱匕賱賰 . 賵購氐賽賮 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 "亘兀亘賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞" 賵 "乇丕卅丿 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱丨丿賷孬" 賵 賲丐爻爻 "丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞" 賵賵氐賮丞 丕賱亘毓囟 亘賭"丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱兀賵賱" 賱賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞: 氐購賳賮 賴匕丕 賲毓 賰鬲丕亘 廿爻丨丕賯 賳賷賵鬲賳 賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞 賰兀賰孬乇 丕賱賰購鬲亘 鬲兀孬賷乇丕賸 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 賵 兀賰亘乇 毓丕賲賱 賮賷 鬲胤賵賷乇 毓賱賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賵丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱亘氐乇賷 賵賵胤丿 匕賱賰 亘鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱亘乇賴丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賵賯丿賲 賱賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 鬲氐賵乇丕賸 賱賱賰孬賷乇 賲賲丕 賲囟賶 賵 賮賷 鬲禺氐丕氐丕鬲 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 兀禺乇賶 賰丕賱賮賱賰 賵丕賱賲賷賰丕賳賷賰丕. 賷丨鬲賵賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賳賯丕卮丕鬲 賵亘丨賵孬 丨賵賱 爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丕 廿亘氐丕乇 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賵 丕賱兀賵賴丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丕 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞 賵 兀丿賯 賵氐賮 (賱賱賰賲賷乇丞 丕賱賯丕鬲賲丞) 丕賱匕賷 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 丕賱賰丕賲賷乇丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞 賵賮賷 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 賵胤亘 丕賱毓賷賵賳貙 兀賷囟丕賸 賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲丨爻賷賳丕鬲 賲賴賲丞 賮賷 噩乇丕丨丞 丕賱毓賷賵賳. 賵卮乇丨 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱廿亘氐丕乇. 賰賲丕 兀孬乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賮賷 兀賮賰丕乇 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賮賷 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 賵 鬲胤賵賷乇 丕賱鬲賱賷爻賰賵亘.
- GenresScience
First published January 1, 1021
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丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲
7听books64听followers賴賵 毓丕賱賲 毓乇亘賷 賮賷 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丕鬲 賵 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賵丕賱賴賳丿爻丞 賱賴 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賲丐賱賮丕鬲 賵丕賱賲賰鬲卮賮丕鬲 丕賱毓賱賲賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 兀賰丿賴丕 丕賱毓賱賲 丕賱丨丿賷孬.
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August 9, 2016賱賯丿 鬲毓賵丿賳丕 毓賱賶 丨賮馗 丕賱賰賱賷卮賷賴丕鬲 丕賱賲丿乇爻賷丞 丕賱賲賯賵賱亘丞 毓賳 毓馗賲丞 毓賱賲丕亍 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 賵睾賷乇 丕賱賲爻賱賲賷賳 丕賱匕賷賳 賳亘睾賵丕 賮賷 賮囟丕亍 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷丞 貙 賮賲賳 丕賱亘丿賷賴賷丕鬲 丕賳 賳賯賵賱 噩丕亘乇 亘賳 丨賷丕賳 賳丕亘睾 丕賱賰賷賲賷丕亍 賵賳賯乇賳 丕亘賳 爻賷賳丕 亘丕賱胤亘 賵丕亘賳 丕賱賳賮賷爻 亘丕賱丿賵乇丞 丕賱丿賲賵賷丞 貙 賵賱賰賳賳丕 賯賱賲丕 賳鬲賵賯賮 毓賳丿 鬲乇丕孬賴賲 丕賱賲禺胤賵胤 鬲賵賯賮丕賸 賷賱賷賯 亘賲賴丕亘鬲賴 賵毓馗賲鬲賴 貙 賮鬲乇丕孬賳丕 賱丕 鬲賰賲賳 兀賴賲賷鬲賴 賮賯胤 賮賷 賰賵賳賴 賲乇丌丞 鬲賳毓賰爻 毓賱賷賴丕 氐賵乇丞 匕丕鬲賳丕 丕賱賮賰乇賷丞 賵丕賱孬賯丕賮賷丞 鬲毓賷賳 丕賱乇丕睾亘 賮賷 丕賱丕賳噩丕夭 兀賳 賷爻鬲賳丿 毓賱賶 賯丕毓丿丞 賴賵賷鬲賴 丕賱丨囟丕乇賷丞 貙 亘賱 廿賳 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 丕賱賲毓乇賮賷 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賰丕賳 兀賲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷 賷乇賷賳丕 兀賳 毓馗賲丞 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱毓賱賲丕亍 鬲賰賲賳 賮賷 賳馗丕賲 丕賱鬲賮賰賷乇 丕賱匕賷 丕鬲亘毓賵賴 賮賷 毓氐乇 賰丕賳 賲賳 丕賱毓爻賷乇 賮賷賴 丕夭丕丨丞 丕賱禺乇丕賮丕鬲 賵丕賱丕爻丕胤賷乇 . 賵賴匕丕 賷亘丿賵 噩賱賷丕賸 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 丕賱乇氐賷賳 丕賱匕賷 丕賳鬲賴噩 賮賷賴 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 兀氐乇賲 賲賳丕賴噩 丕賱亘丨孬 丕賱毓賱賲賷 賮賷 鬲丨賱賷賱 丕賱囟賵亍 賵丕賱賱賵賳 賵丕賱丕亘氐丕乇 賵丕賱丕丿乇丕賰 賵丕賱賲亘氐乇丕鬲 賲賮賳丿丕賸 賳馗乇賷丕鬲 丕賱丕爻亘賯賷賳 囟丕丨丿丕賸 亘毓囟賴丕 賵賲爻鬲賳丿丕賸 毓賱賶 亘毓囟賴丕 丕賱丕禺乇 貙 賵賱賲 賷鬲賵賯賮 毓賳丿 匕賱賰 亘賱 丿賯 亘丕亘 丕賱賰丨賱 賵賲卮丕賰賱 丕賱毓賷賵賳 賵丕睾賱丕胤 丕賱亘氐乇 賮賷 丕賱馗乇賵賮 丕賱賲禺鬲賱賮丞 賮賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 賲賵爻賵毓賷 乇氐賷賳 丕賱賲賳賴噩 毓賱賲賷 丕賱亘丨孬 賲賳 丕賱胤乇丕夭 丕賱乇賮賷毓 賷爻鬲賵噩亘 毓賱賶 賲賳 賷噩賷丿 賱睾鬲賴 丕賱鬲賷 賰鬲亘 亘賴丕 兀賳 賷賯乇兀賴 賱丕 賱賷賮禺乇 賮丨爻亘 亘賱 賱賷鬲毓賱賲 兀賳賴 亘丕賱丕賲賰丕賳 賮賷 兀夭賲賳丞 丕賱噩賳賵賳 賵丕賱鬲禺賱賮 兀賳 賷賳亘鬲 睾氐賳 賲毓乇賮丞 賯丿 賷賰亘乇 賵賷賳賲賵 賵賷氐亘丨 卮噩乇丞 胤賷亘丞 賮乇毓賴丕 賮賷 丕賱爻賲丕亍 廿賳 禺購胤賾贀鬲賿 鬲賱賰 丕賱賲毓乇賮丞 賵丿賵賽賾賳鬲 賵兀氐亘丨鬲 賲賵乇賵孬丕賸 賱賱毓丕賱賲賷賳 .
June 12, 2013
賰鬲丕亘 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇 (De Aspectibus) 兀賵 (Opticae Thesaurus: Alhazeni Arabis) 賵賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 賲賳 爻亘毓 賲噩賱丿丕鬲 賮賷 賲噩丕賱 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲貙 賵丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍貙 賵丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丕鬲貙 賵毓賱賲 丕賱賳賮爻 兀賱賮賴 丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 賮賷 賲氐乇 賵賴賵 鬲丨鬲 丕賱廿賯丕賲丞 丕賱噩亘乇賷丞 亘賷賳 毓丕賲賷 1011 廿賱賶 1021 賵賴賵 賰鬲丕亘 賲賴賲 賮賷 鬲丕乇賷禺 鬲胤賵乇 毓賱賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲.
賵購氐賽賮 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 "亘兀亘賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞" 賵"乇丕卅丿 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱丨丿賷孬" 賵賲丐爻爻 "丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞" 賵賵氐賮丞 丕賱亘毓囟 亘賭"丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱兀賵賱" 賱賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞:-
1. - 氐購賳賮 賴匕丕 賲毓 賰鬲丕亘 廿爻丨丕賯 賳賷賵鬲賳 "賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞" 賰兀賰孬乇 丕賱賰購鬲亘 鬲兀孬賷乇丕賸 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍.
2. - 兀賰亘乇 毓丕賲賱 賮賷 鬲胤賵賷乇 毓賱賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賵丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱亘氐乇賷 賵賵胤丿 匕賱賰 亘鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱亘乇賴丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲.
3. - 賯丿賲 賱賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 鬲氐賵乇丕賸 賱賱賰孬賷乇 賲賲丕 賲囟賶 賵賮賷 鬲禺氐氐丕鬲 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 兀禺乇賶 賰丕賱賮賱賰 賵丕賱賲賷賰丕賳賷賰丕.
4. 賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賳賯丕卮丕鬲 賵亘丨賵孬 丨賵賱 爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丕 廿亘氐丕乇 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賵丕賱兀賵賴丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丞 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞.
5.
6. 賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賷 兀丿賯 賵氐賮 賱賱賯賲乇丞 兀賵 丕賱睾乇賮丞 丕賱賯丕鬲賲丞 兀賵 丕賱睾乇賮丞 丕賱賲馗賱賲丞貙 丕賱匕賷 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 丕賱賰丕賲賷乇丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞貙 賵賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賷 噩夭亍 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 賵胤亘 丕賱毓賷賵賳貙 賵賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲丨爻賷賳丕鬲 賲賴賲丞 賮賷 噩乇丕丨丞 丕賱毓賷賵賳 賵卮乇丨 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱廿亘氐丕乇貙 賵兀孬乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賮賷 兀賮賰丕乇 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賮賷 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 賵鬲胤賵賷乇 丕賱鬲賱賷爻賰賵亘.
丕賱賲氐丿乇 :
賵購氐賽賮 丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲 "亘兀亘賷 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞" 賵"乇丕卅丿 丕賱賲賳賴噩 丕賱毓賱賲賷 丕賱丨丿賷孬" 賵賲丐爻爻 "丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞" 賵賵氐賮丞 丕賱亘毓囟 亘賭"丕賱毓丕賱賲 丕賱兀賵賱" 賱賱兀爻亘丕亘 丕賱鬲丕賱賷丞:-
1. - 氐購賳賮 賴匕丕 賲毓 賰鬲丕亘 廿爻丨丕賯 賳賷賵鬲賳 "賮賱爻賮丞 丕賱賲亘丕丿卅 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 丕賱胤亘賷毓賷丞" 賰兀賰孬乇 丕賱賰購鬲亘 鬲兀孬賷乇丕賸 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱賮賷夭賷丕亍.
2. - 兀賰亘乇 毓丕賲賱 賮賷 鬲胤賵賷乇 毓賱賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賵丕賱廿丿乇丕賰 丕賱亘氐乇賷 賵賵胤丿 匕賱賰 亘鬲噩乇亘丞 丕賱亘乇賴丕賳賷丞 賮賷 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲.
3. - 賯丿賲 賱賱賮賷夭賷丕亍 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 鬲氐賵乇丕賸 賱賱賰孬賷乇 賲賲丕 賲囟賶 賵賮賷 鬲禺氐氐丕鬲 丕賱乇賷丕囟賷丞 兀禺乇賶 賰丕賱賮賱賰 賵丕賱賲賷賰丕賳賷賰丕.
4. 賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賳賯丕卮丕鬲 賵亘丨賵孬 丨賵賱 爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丕 廿亘氐丕乇 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賵丕賱兀賵賴丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丞 廿囟丕賮丞 廿賱賶 丕賱爻賷賰賵賱賵噩賷丞 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘賷丞.
5.
6. 賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賷 兀丿賯 賵氐賮 賱賱賯賲乇丞 兀賵 丕賱睾乇賮丞 丕賱賯丕鬲賲丞 兀賵 丕賱睾乇賮丞 丕賱賲馗賱賲丞貙 丕賱匕賷 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 丕禺鬲乇丕毓 丕賱賰丕賲賷乇丕 丕賱丨丿賷孬丞貙 賵賷丨鬲賵賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賱賷 噩夭亍 賮賷 毓賱賲 丕賱兀丿賵賷丞 賵胤亘 丕賱毓賷賵賳貙 賵賯丿賲 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 鬲丨爻賷賳丕鬲 賲賴賲丞 賮賷 噩乇丕丨丞 丕賱毓賷賵賳 賵卮乇丨 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 毓賲賱賷丞 丕賱廿亘氐丕乇貙 賵兀孬乇 賴匕丕 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 兀賷囟丕賸 賮賷 兀賮賰丕乇 丕爻鬲禺丿丕賲 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 賮賷 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 賵鬲胤賵賷乇 丕賱鬲賱賷爻賰賵亘.
丕賱賲氐丿乇 :
July 8, 2020
賰鬲丕亘 乇丕卅毓 賵氐睾賷乇 丕賱丨噩賲 賵賮賷賴 賲亘丨孬 毓賳 丕賱噩賲丕賱 賵丕賱賯亘丨 卮丿 丕賳鬲亘丕賴賷 賵匕賱賰 賱兀賳賴 賷賯毓賽丿 賱毓賱賲 丕賱噩賲丕賱 亘賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱鬲賮氐賷賱丕鬲 丕賱睾丕卅亘丞 毓賳 兀匕賴丕賳賳丕 丨鬲賶 丕賱賵賯鬲 丕賱丨丕囟乇... 賰賲丕 賮賷賴 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱兀亘丨丕孬 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮丞 賵賲卮賴賵乇丞 毓賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賰丌賱賷丞 丕賱乇丐賷丞 賵丕賱丕賳毓賰丕爻 丕賱囟賵卅賷 賵丕賱廿丿丕乇賰 丕賱亘氐乇賷....丕賱禺
December 17, 2020
賱丕 賷賲賰賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賮賷 丕賱亘氐乇賷丕鬲 丿賵賳 丕賱賲乇賵乇 毓賱賶 ( 丕賱賲賳丕馗乇 ) 賱丕亘賳 丕賱賴賷孬賲貙 賲賳氐賵丨 亘賴 賱賱賮賳丕賳亘賳 丕賱鬲卮賰賷賱賷賷賳 丕賱賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱卮賯 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷
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May 29, 2021
foundations for the scientific method were laid by Alhazen in his Book of Optics.
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