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“Kahan devised a theory he calls “identity-protective cognition,�� suggesting that when forced to choose between factual truth and group identity, most people choose the latter. “Individuals,�� he concluded, “subconsciously resist factual information that threatens their defining values.�� The problem wasn’t that people are dumb, irrational, or even superficial, as I’d formerly assumed. We’ve simply evolved—as a species—in a different way than I’d imagined. “Once group loyalties are engaged,�� Haidt says, “you can’t change people’s mind by refuting their arguments.”