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Through his studies, Stephen Jay Gould made major contributions to the development of human thought and to our understanding of the world we live in. His works were always permeated with a progressive outlook. He totally rejected reactionary scientific theories and refuted all attempts to use pseudo-scientific theories to justify racism and discrimination. In his excellent book The Mismeasure of Man the acclaimed paleontologist explains that how centuries of science were tainted by the toxin of racism, in addition to sheer idiocy, if not outright chicanery. He demonstrates convincingly how prejudices of race and/or class deeply biased, tainted and colored conclusions. Pseudo-Scientists advanced theories of skull size (craniology), of bumps on the head (phrenology), all fully measured, but also, all fully false and manufactured. He states "What craniology was for the nineteenth century, intelligence testing has become for the twentieth, when it assumes that intelligence is a single, innate, heritable, and measurable thing."
Scientists can be objective when, for example, they measure the distance between the Earth and the Moon, but as they approach social questions like racism, gay rights or abortion, ingrained biases emanating from the dominant social mores can sometimes overwhelm the best objective intentions.

Please let me know if you find an updated Mismeasurement of Man.