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The great merit of this book is the dismissal of positivism, relativism, and empiricism. Popper clearly states and defends the position that there are no pure facts independent of a specific theory. Any theory starts with a problem that it tries to solve, and all the observations and possible predictions make sense only within this theory/framework. The process of science is fundamentally deductive and not at all inductive. It is also nice to see his frustration and anger at Marxism and psychoanalysis that are so generic and complete worldviews that no possible prediction can falsify them.

The “myth of the framework�� refers to the belief that different theories are like different worlds that cannot be compared and are without anything in common. Popper believes that “critical rationality�� (defined weakly as something like: “the proper understanding and action given the situation/context��) can move between different frameworks/theories and make a discussion and competition possible between them. In fact, for Popper “critical or scientific rationality�� is the cornerstone of everything. Even if he is directly attaching dogmatic and old understandings (including Bacon's and Christianity), it seems to me that Popper is taking aims at Kuhn and his theory; theory of science that overtook Popper's in popularity in the second half of 20th century.