Å·±¦ÓéÀÖ

Cancer Research UK has listed some popular cancer dietary supplements that are often believed to help cancer patients in the public imagination. These include bromelain, Essiac, laetrile, turmeric, soy, selenium, vitamin C, and vitamin D. I have reviewed the scientific evidence supporting these dietary supplements to provide an informed understanding of these compounds. Here is a sample review.

Bromelain

Bromelains are protein-digesting compounds obtained from the stem and fruit of pineapple. They have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies suggest that the enzyme may promote cell death and possess anti-cancerous properties. (Pavan R et al., 2012). However, clinical studies are required to validate this property. (Pezzani, R et al 2023)

Essiac

According to the US National Cancer Institute, Essiac is an herbal formula composed of burdock root (Arctium lappa), Turkey rhubarb root (Rheum palmatum), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra). This cancer dietary supplements formula can be administered as a drinkable liquid, in capsules, or as drops. It was seen to stimulate the growth of human breast cancer cells. (Kulp, K S et al., 2006) However, the scientific evidence supporting these properties appears to be tenuous.

Laetrile

Amygdalin is a bitter substance found in the pits of fruits such as apricots, as well as in raw nuts, lima beans, clover, and sorghum. Amygdalin breaks down into hydrogen cyanide, which then converts into cyanide when absorbed into the body. Hydrogen cyanide is thought to kill cancer cells. Laetrile is the trade name of amygdalin. The compound is also known as Vitamin B 17, which is not approved as a vitamin in the US and the UK. Two clinical trials conducted by the National Cancer Institute report no improvement in cancer when treated with this compound. Laetrile treatment causes several side effects, such as nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, liver damage, etc.

Soy

Soy refers to the protein found in soybeans and encompasses products made from the bean, including soy milk, tofu, and soy oil. Soy food consumption is associated with health benefits, including protection against breast cancer. This is attributed to soybean isoflavones (genistein, daidzein). Isoflavones are said to be selective estrogen receptor modulators. (Messina M J et al., 2001; Shike M et al., 2014).

A phase II B trial of soy isoflavone supplementation suggests a lack of efficacy for breast cancer prevention and a possible adverse effect in premenopausal women. (Khan, S A et al., 2012. A small reduction in breast cancer risk was associated with soy intake. (Trock, B J et al., 2006) Soy food consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of death and recurrence. (Shu, X. O., et al., 2009; Wu. A. H. et al. (2008). A positive relationship between soy consumption and prostate cancer was also noted. (van Die et al., 2014)

Selenium

Selenium is an essential micronutrient found in many foods, including Brazil nuts, seafood, meat, poultry, organ meats, cereals, grains, and dairy products. The inorganic forms of selenium (selenite and selenate) are used as a cancer dietary supplement. Selenium is also present in organic food. Organic compounds are more easily absorbed than inorganic compounds. Extreme selenium deficiencies are prevalent among people worldwide. Supplements containing this micronutrient, such as selenium-enriched food or yeast cell biomass, are recommended as part of a balanced diet. Kieliszek, M (2019)

It exerts multiple and complex effects on human health. It is a potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. Selenoproteins, specifically the amino acid selenocysteine, are responsible for these physiological functions. The health effects of Selenium depend greatly on the baseline level of this micronutrient. (Wrobel, J K et al. 2016)

Selenium at higher doses can become a prooxidant, exerting its potential anticancer properties. (Fernandes, A P et al. 2015) Although several clinical trials indicated no significant benefit of Selenium in preventing cancer, researchers reported it exerts superior anticancer properties. (Tan, H W et al., 2018)

Selenium supplementation reduces the risk of cancer incidence and mortality in all cancers combined, specifically in the liver, prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers. The strongest effect is seen in those individuals with the lowest selenium status. Rayman, M P (2005). Selenium nanoparticles have been noted as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. (Menon S et al., 2018)

Cancer Research UK does not recommend cancer dietary supplements that include selenium and advises waiting for more research and trials before determining the anti-cancer use of this micronutrient.

#Holistic cancer healing and prevention guide, #Mind-body therapies for cancer patients, #Herbal remedies for cancer support, #Complementary and alternative medicine for cancer, #Natural cancer healing therapies, #Ayurveda and TCM for cancer wellness, #Nutrition and herbal support for cancer recovery

Check out the details in my latest revised edition, Natural Solutions for Cancer: Holistic Healing with Herbal Medicine, Ayurveda, TCM, and Mind-Body Therapies, available on Amazon .

The post appeared first on .

Elephantopus scaber- anticancer herb has been patented in an anticancer formulation.

This plant has been used in medicine, both in AyurvedaÌýand TCM. In Ayurveda, it is used as a remedy for diabetes, skin diseases, ulcers, etc. The leaves from the plant are boiled and applied externally for eczema and ulcers. The root is useful in medicine.

In Chinese medicine, the herb is used for skin and respiratory ailments. Essential oil is also produced from the plant and used in medicine.

The plant is a small perennial herb just 10�50 cm in height that grows in moist shady places across East and Southern Asia, China, Europe, Australia, Central America, and Mexico. It belongs to the Compositae/Asteraceae family. Sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids have been isolated from the herb and tested for their anti-cancer potential.

Elephantopus scaber- anticancer herb scientific review

Deoxyelephantopin is one sesquiterpene lactone that has shown anti-cancer potential in trials conducted by multiple researchers. Sesquiterpene lactones are molecules that help protect the body from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The action has been studied in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (Kabeer et al., 2013), melanoma (Than et al., 2005), human cervical cancer and human sarcoma (Geetha et al., 2012), murine leukemia (Singh, 2005), human breast cancer cells (Ho et al., 2011), lung cancer (Kabeer et al., 2013), and lung cancer (Farha et al., 2015).

A combination of herbs that include E. scaber and other herbs such as Angelica sinensis, Aloe vera, Saussurea lappa, Scutellaria baicalensis, Phyllodendron chinense, Coptis chinensis, Gardenia jasminoides, Rheum palmatum, Indofera tinctorial and Moschus moschiferus has entered phase I and II clinical trials. The trials aim to improve chemotherapy’s effectiveness on patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (Han, 1988). This development is promising, although we are still far from discovering a new drug.

A composition of eleven herbals has been patented for treating cancer (US6780441 B2). This preparation comprises a mixture of Withania somnifera, Chlorphyton borivilianum, Boerhavia diffusa, Elephantopus scaber, Moringa oleifera, Tecoma undulata, Bauhinia purpurea, Ficus racemosa, Cyperus rotundus, Sphaeranthus acmella, and Tinospora cordifolia. The patent notification claims the invention effectively treats cancer, especially squamous cell carcinomas, tumors, and other cancers, including lung cancer.

Another US patent (US 8754121BS) that uses deoxyelephantopin (DET) and analogs have been registered as a treatment for melanoma. This patent claims to reduce the side effects of anti-cancer agents. Yet another US patent (US 9173868B2), which also uses DET and analogs to reduce the side effects of anti-cancer agents, has been registered.

A herbal formulation containing seven herbs (Tinospora cordifolia, Chlorphyton borivilianum, Curcuma longa, Asparagus racemosus, Hygrophila auriculata, Achyranthus aspera, and Elephantopus scaber) has been registered to treat cancer, especially myelomas (US 200301147896 A1).

While these patents indicate the value of herbs such as Elephantopus scaberÌýand others in treating cancer, scientists have noted caution about using herbs with existing drug interactions. Elephantopus scaber herb action, for instance, is synergistic with the anti-cancer medicine tamoxifen. They warn clinicians to be vigilant when treating cancer patients with these alternative medicine formulations. The interactions must be closely watched while recommending these formulations. The possibility of negative reactions from chemicals found in herbs and cancer medicines should be considered before prescribing herbal medication and anti-cancer drug combinations. (Yap et al., 2010).

Planting and gardening

The plant is gathered from the wild. The leaves are eaten locally in Africa. The perennial herb can be propagated from seed. It requires little water and prefers semi-shade.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #detoxification-alternate medicine, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

The post appeared first on .

Why should we consume organic potatoes? Are they healthier, more nutritious, and environmentally friendly? These are some of the questions that consumers often ask.

Conventionally grown potatoes have been found to contain high doses of pesticides. Most pesticides are absorbed into the tuber from the soil.

When are potatoes first exposed to pesticides during their lifecycle? Seed potatoes are sprayed with pesticide to prevent sprouting, and they are also sprayed when they are in storage. Because of the high pesticide load in conventionally grown and stored potatoes, consumers have been shifting their preference to organically raised potatoes.

A USDA survey conducted and reported in the New York Times claims that over 81% of potatoes tested contained pesticides even after being washed and peeled. Among the 43 fruits and vegetables tested by the Environmental Working Group, potatoes contained one of the highest levels of pesticides.

Conventional potatoes are treated with fungicides during the growing season and then sprayed with herbicides to kill the fibrous vines before harvesting. Yet another dose of herbicide spraying is done after they are dug up to prevent them from sprouting.

Fungicides are extensively used to control late blight Phytophthora infestans, white mold Sclerotinia sclerotium and rot � the more common diseases that infect potato crops. Linuron, used to control potato diseases, is a carcinogen, endocrine disruptor, developmental and reproductive toxin, and groundwater contaminant. Others like metribuzin, aldicarb, oxamil, pirimicarb, and pymetrozine have serious hazardous implications for humans and animals. Pesticide residues in conventionally grown food are a serious health hazard.

Cultivating organic potatoes

Organic potato cultivators use alternative approaches to applying artificial fertilizers and pesticides. They adopt crop rotation, select disease-resistant cultivars, maintain good soil management, use disease–free seed, and adopt correct storage, which helps keep disease incidences down.

Integrated crop and pest management practices are adopted to control pests and diseases in the crop. Organic potato crops follow a minimum of 4–year rotations using legumes, straw, and composted manure, whole seed for planting rather than cut seed pieces, disease-resistant varieties, ensure the presence of good soil moisture, and plant potatoes after the risk of frost has passed. The soil is kept well-drained to prevent the accumulation of water in the field. This helps prevent fungal and other infections.

History and varieties

Potatoes were probably domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago in their area of origin, which is said to lie in the Andean Mountain region of Peru and Bolivia. The tuber, which could be stored for extended periods, was a food security crop for the Incan people, who are said to have lived from the 13thÌýto the 16thÌýcentury AD. Potatoes were dehydrated, freeze-dried, and used for consumption during drought periods.

Potato came to Europe via the Spanish explorers who brought them back home from Latin America. The tuber spread worldwide with the help of immigrants, conquerors, and traders.

Numerous potato varieties are popular worldwide. They come in three colors: white, yellow, and red. Popular fruit and vegetable market varieties are Monalisa, Spunta, Primura, and Agata; the latter is imported and exported widely together with Aminca, Alcmaria, and others.

Potatoes popular with the food industry include Hermes, Agria, and Lady Rosetta. Lady Claire is another variety popular with processing units. It can be stored for up to ten months and is not susceptible to bruises or mechanical damage during processing and transport.

Common organic potato varieties in the yellow skin variety are Agata, Ambra Imola, Cosmos, Escort, and Merit, and in the red skin variety, we have Kuroda and Raja.

Nutritional value

Potatoes are rich in Vitamin C and were used by sailors in the 17th and 18thÌýcenturies as a cheap and nutritious food source that prevented scurvy, which was common in the business. The vegetable acquired wide acceptance as a stable, high-calorie food source that can be grown in a variety of climates, has high yields, and can be used to feed not just humans but also animals.

Potatoes are rich in calories and carbohydrates. They also contain a compound known as alpha–lipoic acid, which helps the body convert glucose into energy. The potato skin contains quercetin, a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Potatoes are best eaten with the skin, as most of the nutrients and vitamins are in the skin.

In general, cooked potatoes have high levels of digestible starch. Boiled and mashed potatoes showed the highest rate of digestion, while raw potatoes were hardly digested (Garcia—Alonso et al., 2000).

Potato peelings are a good source of dietary fiber in bread. They are observed to be superior to wheat bran. They are rich in certain minerals, total dietary fiber, and water holding capacity, and they have a lower quantity of starchy components. They also lack phytate ().

Potatoes are an important part of many countries� diets. Freshly harvested potatoes retain more vitamin C than stored potatoes. However, potatoes have a high glycemic index (the rate at which food raises the blood sugar level), which is one of the factors that diabetics should avoid consuming.

Potato tubers contain phenolic compounds, such as chlorogenic acid, which, when consumed in large amounts, may be a significant source of health-promoting phenolic compounds ().

The bioactive ingredients in potatoes make them a promising source of functional foods, with a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health. Further studies are required to identify the active compounds and clearly assess the antihypertensive activity of ingredients found in potatoes ().

Potatoes contain glycoalkaloids, toxic compounds mainly composed of solanine and chaconine. These can cause headaches, diarrhea, and cramps. Exposure to light causes potatoes to green, which is a visual indication of the location of these toxic chemicals in the vegetable.

Some potato varieties contain higher glycoalkaloid concentrations, and plant breeding seeks to produce varieties that contain less of this toxic chemical. Breeders try to keep solanine levels below 0.2 milligrams per gram.

Consuming more than 1.5 kilograms of potatoes in a day has been estimated to cause symptoms of solanine poisoning. Solanine poisoning is often caused by eating green potatoes or drinking potato leaf tea. Cooking the potato at high temperatures destroys glycoalkaloids, rendering it safe for consumption.

Storing potatoes

Potatoes are best stored in a dark, dry environment. Refrigeration converts starch into sugar, and exposure to sunlight can form solanine—both give potatoes an unpleasant taste.

Potatoes are best stored unwashed. Washing removes the protective coating on the skin, leading to bacterial buildup. A potato that starts rotting should be removed immediately from the pile to prevent further spoilage. Potatoes should not be stored with onions because both vegetables emit natural gases that cause the other to decay.

Other uses of potatoes

Potato starch is a vegetable used as a water binder, thickener, anti—caking agent, filler, or gluing agent. It has the biggest starch granules and the best water absorbency. It reaches much higher viscosity levels at lower temperatures than other vegetable starches. Organic potato starch is used in food products in Europe and elsewhere. Such products are labelled with EU organic labels.

Production and trade

Despite the increasing popularity of organic potatoes among US consumers, the certified organic potato area in the US is just 13,258 acres (USDA 2011 statistics). Most of the production takes place in Idaho and Washington states. Among fresh vegetables, the top organic purchases are lettuce, tomatoes, broccoli, onions, and potatoes.

In the US, potatoes had the highest price premium among organic vegetables (Lin et al., 2008). The premium for potatoes could be as high as 75%, while other vegetables averaged a premium of 20 to 30%. Premium prices and vegetables in general are subject to demand-supply variations and can sometimes be quite high.

Organic potato production in Europe is small but is steadily growing, a trend observed in other vegetables too. Concessional financing, such as green financing, in the Netherlands, is offered for the promotion of organic farming. VAT exemption is also being offered for organic crops. Conventional crops continue to be subject to VAT levy. The Netherlands has the largest percentage (15%) of land growing organic potatoes. In Switzerland, too, organic potato is a popular crop.

Germany is leading the trend in organic potatoes, like other organic crops. Like the US, price premiums for organic potatoes are helping encourage cultivation. Gross margins in organic potatoes have been estimated to be two to three times higher than those for conventional potatoes in the UK and Germany. In Europe, the trend is to sell organic potatoes in farmers� niche markets, market stalls, and farm shops. This helps keep the cost of logistics and packaging down to a minimum.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #food and nutrition, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

The post appeared first on .

Climate change is impacting NENA Food Security. The North East North Africa (NENA) region is particularly vulnerable.

The Food and agriculture Organization lists the NENA (North East North Africa) Member States as Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Gaza and the West Bank, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Somalia, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, and Yemen; and five non-borrowing countries: Kuwait, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

The NENA region is unique in many ways:

Several countries (Gaza and the West Bank, Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Sudan, Somalia) are active conflict zones or have been a theatre of conflict for many years.A few countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait) are blessed with huge petroleum reserves. Some of the world’s biggest oil producers and exporters are in the NENA region.The majority of the countries in the region are poor.Causes of unhealthy and poor diets

Most people in poverty around the world live on the land, dependent on animal farming and agriculture for their survival. Agricultural farming practices in the region are traditional. NENA is a food-deficient region and faces rampant undernourishment.

Undernourishment and food insecurity

The NENA countries� data on undernourishment and food insecurity have been collected and published by the FAO. The average for undernourishment from 2015 to 2017 was 11 percent. Severe food security in the population was estimated at 11.3 percent. The comparative figures for the developing countries are estimated at 12.8 percent and 10.8 percent, respectively. The situation in the world’s least developed countries remains dire. The undernourishment data was 24.2 percent. (

As is seen in other parts of the world, poverty in the NENA region is concentrated in rural areas. The situation is further exacerbated by gender inequity.

The causes of unhealthy and poor diets in the region are attributed to:

Low purchasing power.Ecological factorsLow GDP and purchasing power impacting NENA Food security

Healthy people are the cornerstone for the development of any region. Food and nutrition are essential inputs for having healthy people. The NENA region is chronically in food deficit. The area is characterized by low GDP and per capita incomes outside the oil-producing countries. Low purchasing power due to low incomes leads to food insecurity and poor health outcomes across the NENA region.

Table 1

GDP and per capita income

Source: World Bank; Worldometers.info; FAO, UN ITC Trademap Database

Ecological factors

NENA is located in the arid region of the world, characterized by vast deserts. Ecologically, NENA will fall within the arid zone, characterized by low water availability and frequent droughts.

The NENA countries are stretched along the Mediterranean Sea. As we move inland on the African continent, we enter the depths of the Sahara Desert, and beyond lies the tropical region. The geography, latitude, climate, soil, and groundwater directly impact a region’s ability to produce its food.

The Nena Countries

The NENA region is largely arid. Some areas adjoining the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic Ocean, represented in brown, have warm-temperate climates with warm, dry summers.

Much of the region has a very short growing period, as indicated by the 0.60 days represented by the yellow color. There is a sliver of sub-humid land along the seacoast. It is this part of these countries that produces the most food. The cultivation period here is fairly long. It ranges from 180 to 270 days.

Source JRC Africa Soil Atlas- Soil moisture map

Most of the NENA countries have low soil moisture. It is an arid land. Cultivation is only possible with irrigation. The territory has extended periods during which the soil moisture is very low.

The land along the coast is agronomically speaking better. Most cultivation in the region is dryland supported with irrigation. These soils can be wet in winter but are dry in summer.

Source: JRC Africa Ground Water Map

The groundwater situation in the NENA region is quite interesting. The areas of the Sahara desert, have groundwater located below 250 meters below ground level (mbgl). Extensive reserves of groundwater are available here. However, the exploitation of this groundwater has serious technical and environmental concerns. There are a few areas that have groundwater between 100-and 250 meters, while the regions adjoining the sea have groundwater that can be easily harvested. The water is available at depts from 7 meters to 100 meters.

Even though Egypt has the Nile river, which is among the largest rivers in the world, the region faces a shortage of surface water. Much of the surface water is used for drinking.

It is a region with a severe water deficit. The renewable water resources per capita are the lowest in the world. FAO data shows that the region is using all the available renewable water. The water is being consumed primarily for irrigation. The region has adopted modern agronomic practices to increase agricultural productivity. Still, the region faces food deficits, with demand far outstripping supply.

Source: FAO

The ecology of the region has turned the NENA region into food importers. The top five African food importers account for 50 percent of total imports into the region. The biggest importers are Egypt (15 percent), Algeria (12 percent), South Africa (9 percent), Morocco (7 percent), and Nigeria (7 percent). ()

Health outcomes for the people of the region are linked to food security. The region’s food balance projections indicate that dependence on imports will increase by almost 64 percent over the next twenty years. Severe undernourishment is observed in around 11 percent of the region’s people.

Socio-Economic drivers for poor dietary status

According to UNICEF, nine out of ten children in the Middle East and North Africa live in high water stress regions. It has serious consequences on health, nutrition, cognitive development, and future livelihoods. It is the most water-scarce region in the world. Nearly 66 million people in the region lack basic sanitation.

Food scarcity is rampant, with nearly two-thirds of the population receiving subsidized bread. The region has a history of high domestic inflation and protests. Food handouts have become a lifeline to the poor. Bread alone does not make for a healthy diet.

According to , North African nutrition figures are worrying. It reports that

1 percent of women of reproductive age are affected by anemia2 percent of infants have a low weight at birth13 percent of children are overweight4 percent stunting is lower than the global average of 22 percent6 percent wasting is seen, which is below the global average of 6.7 percentMalnutrition burden is an average of 17.9 percent in adults (Aged 18 and over)

These statistics indicate that the nutrition support programs of governments are not giving the desired results.

Egypt, for instance, provides vitamin and mineral supplements to mothers and children, and iodized salt is made available in addition to subsidies on bread and oil.

The nutrition support program of the government is not giving the desired results.

Lessons from overseas

Many regions of the world provide cash to the poor. The people choose and invest that cash in food or other necessities. Direct cash transfers for the poor in the region are being debated, but no decision appears to have been taken.

Direct nutrition support activities like soup kitchens, offering nutritious cooked food at subsidized rates, mid-day meals, and others listed above have been successfully implemented. Such programs are hugely popular in India.

Philanthropic groups run soup kitchens across many major cities in the U.S. These kitchens are patronized by the homeless and the poor. Food stamps and food vouchers, too, have been experimented with by many developed nations.

The extent to which a country can extend food support will vary from country to country. You cannot have one size fit all solution. It is best to let each country design its food subsidy and support programs depending on the social, economic, financial, and other conditions prevailing in the country.

Europe has a strong welfare support system in place. The tradeoff is slow growth. The NENA region is still developing. It has to be careful. Going too far on the social welfare spectrum could trap the region into an endless cycle of low growth and poverty.

Lessons from developing countries

India

Agriculture is the largest source of livelihood for most people in this large country with a population of 1.3 billion people. Seventy percent of rural households are dependent on agriculture. The majority of these (82 percent) are poor, with very small holdings of under five acres. In the initial years after independence in 1947, the country faced regular famines, huge food distress, massive imports, and hugely stressed national balance sheets.

In 2017-18 the country estimated food production was 275 million tons. India is the largest producer comprising twenty-five percent of global production. The annual milk production was 165 million tons (2017-18). It is the largest producer of milk globally, the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, and grounds, and the second-largest fruit and vegetable producer. 10.9 percent of the world’s fruit production takes place in the country, and 8.6 percent of vegetables are produced there.

Despite these achievements, the country still accounts for a quarter of the world’s hungry people. It is home to over 190 million undernourished people. Its poverty incidence is pegged at 30 percent. As per the Global Nutrition Report (2016), India ranks 114th out of the 132 countries.

India’s spectacular advancements in agricultural production have been achieved by resorting to resource-intensive, cereal-centric, regionally biased production strategies. Fast-growing, high-yielding cereal crops that required a lot of fertilizers and intensive irrigation were deployed.

Subsidies for inputs like free electricity, cheap seed and fertilizer, and support prices at which the state could purchase cereals were key features of this strategy. These strategies have resulted in the accumulation of vast stocks of wheat and rice in government godowns and excessive pumping of groundwater, causing its massive depletion.

The problem of nutritional deficiency and poverty continues to endure. Poverty reduction has occurred, but the pace of decline is not comparable to the growth in food availability.

Kenya

Agriculture contributes 26 percent of the country’s GDP, with another 27 percent of GDP indirectly through linkages with other sectors. (FAO). The sector employs forty percent of the total population and more than seventy percent of rural people of the country. Sixty-five percent of the export earnings of the country come from agriculture. Thirty-six and a half percent of people are food insecure, and thirty-five percent of children under five are chronically malnourished.

The country relies more on imports of fishery products (23.3 percent) and vegetable items. (16.7 percent). (Statistica). In 2018, the food production index for Kenya was 109.5, rising from 23.8 in 1969. The index covers food crops that are considered edible and contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded. The rising population threatens the food security scenario in Kenya.

FAO’s vision is “a Kenya free from hunger and malnutrition, where food and agriculture help improve the living standards of all, especially the poorest, in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner.�

In continuation of this vision, the Kenya United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) has set out a transformative plan for the country. The components of this plan are:

Transformative governance for an empowered nationEquitable social and human capital development for a healthy nationInclusive and sustainable growth for a productive nation

The development program for the country is divided into four subprograms:

Developing an enabling policy and investment environmentStrengthening inclusive value chainsIncreasing resilient food and livelihood systemsImproving governance of natural resourcesPolicy Responses to the food crisis

NENA is a food deficit region. The 2015-2017 average for undernourishment in select NENA countries stood at 11 percent. Egypt is the biggest food importer, followed by Algeria.

With an average per capita income of around $4000 per annum, people do not have the means to buy food. Governments are left with no options but to provide food subsidies. The food subsidy system is now the mainstay of maintaining social harmony and political stability in Egypt. (Ahmed. A.U. et al., 2002). The situation is similar in the rest of the region. Countries are meeting their need for food through imports.

According to , the price of cereals in September 2021, particularly soft wheat, rose by 27.3 percent over the previous year. Imports of wheat were coming from Russia, Ukraine, and the region. With the area engulfed in war, the prices have substantially hardened. The subsidy bill for governments has significantly risen.

According to , the food subsidy program in Egypt currently costs the government about $5.5billion. The basic price of a subsidized basic loaf has remained constant at $0.003 since the1980s. Egypt is spending $5.6 billion to subsidize supply commodities and support farmers.

Consequences of policy responses impacting NENA Food Security

Food security can be improved through a series of tradeoffs. Some options discussed below may not be socio-economically feasible today. The cost of imported grain is probably lower than producing it by deploying technologies to increase food production. The situation, though, could change in time. NENA countries should prepare themselves with these options.

Climate modeling indicates that precipitation in North Africa is likely to decrease between 10 and 20 percent. At the same time, temperatures are likely to rise between two and three degrees Celsius by 2050. The recommendation is to move to agriculture output stabilization from output maximization. (Schilling J et al., 2012)

The non-oil-producing NENA countries have very limited exports. Egypt’s annual import bill stood at $83.9 billion. Its exports were only $35.2 billion. It left the country with a yawning trade balance of $48.7billion. ()

Food is one of the biggest imports into this food-deficit region. The demand for food is rising and essential. The average GDP of Egypt is around 5 percent, and its inflation is observed to range between 5 to 9 percent.

In the face of rising food exports essential for public welfare, low GDP, and high inflation, the role of tariffs in increasing food supply is very limited.

A similar situation exists in the rest of the NENA countries. Suppose import tariffs on food were cut to zero, as some free-market economists would recommend. In that case, it may lead to improved supply.

The bottleneck for the NENA region is the poor purchasing power of the people. High imports will make food available to the rich, with the poor unable to buy it. The trade imbalance will worsen.

The government may respond with further food subsidies. That will lead to more deficits. The region will then be faced with financial bankruptcy, uncontrolled inflation, and chaos.

Options, recommendations, and tradeoffs

NENA countries need to act urgently to improve food security, promote a healthy diet and alleviate food distress.

Some suggestions to offset future vulnerability to price shocks shared in U.N. agency reports include:

Strengthen safety nets, and provide people with better access to family planning servicesPromote educationEnhance domestic production and improved livelihoods through increased investments and better outcomes from research and development.Improve supply chain efficiencyUse financial instruments to hedge risk.

The oil-producing nations like Saudi Arabia and others use part of their wealth to import food and ensure better health outcomes for their population. The poorer NENA countries do not generate adequate financial surpluses to import food.

These countries have implemented recommendations made by international experts. Projections indicate that the food deficits will only widen in the future despite this. The agronomic, soil, and water conservation recommendations are unlikely to increase food production dramatically.

The region is using nearly all the available water for agricultural production. The specter of global warming and climate change is ringing alarm bells. The world could move to a situation where food surplus generating countries may not have enough surpluses for export. The situation calls for innovation, and the adoption of disruptive solutions will help the region produce more food.

Direct cash transfers to the poor and increasing the price of bread are some of the options being debated in Egypt and the region at large. Supplementing the diet of this section of society is a health imperative. Fresh food subsidies are difficult to implement because of the challenges in storage and distribution.

Some nutritional supplementation efforts implemented in India, the USA and other countries could be explored. These include:

Providing mid-day cooked nutritious meals to children in schoolsRunning soup kitchens which private-sector agencies and government fund.Offering cooked healthy meals at highly subsidized rates to all citizens irrespective of their status.Iron, calcium, and other mineral supplementation are provided to lactating mothers.Flour fortified with minerals and supplements is now available on store shelves in many countries. While the middle class could buy them straight off the shelf, the poor could procure these items against food vouchers or food stamps issued by the government.Subsidized flour and pulses are offered to the poor.

The choice of intervention will vary from country to country. The government and the country’s ways and means position is an important determinant of the size of nutritional subsidy that any government could offer.

These are difficult decisions. No government wants to see bread riots on the streets. Allocating more resources for food subsidies is the current exercised option. But there are limits to which any government can extend assistance.

The NENA region countries are taking steps to import as much food to bridge the food deficit as their balance sheets permit. Direct food supply to the most vulnerable sections is one of the interventions deployed to alleviate distress.

Arab countries import at least 50 percent of the food calories they consume. As the largest net importers of cereal, Arab countries are more exposed to severe swings in agricultural commodity prices. The vulnerability is exacerbated by strong population growth, low agricultural productivity, and dependence on global commodities markets.

The NENA countries are characterized by severe water deficit, rising food demand, high malnourishment rates, and limited opportunities for increasing food production. These countries have stressed national balance sheets outside of the oil-producing NENA economies. It limits the ability of these countries to bridge the food deficit with imports.

The option is to increase domestic production and reduce the import bill. It will lead to healthier national balance sheets making it possible for governments to invest in healthy diet support programs.

Strategies for producing more food

Farmers are getting advice from multinational and national experts on agronomic practices. Still, the deficit of food and water is not projected to get bridged. The countries appear to have limited tradeoffs to bridge the deficit.

The option is innovative solutions. Vertical, cellular, and precision agriculture are technologies that make it possible for food to be produced year-round. In NENA, where the growing season is short, experimental farms to test these technologies in the context of the region could be explored. These technologies are energy-intensive. Solar power that can be abundantly produced in the NENA region could be the power source for such experimental farms.

Technological solutions that will help dramatically increase food production are available. Climate change projections indicate that the world could turn food deficit in the future. Countries in the NENA region will have no option but to deploy the technological solutions discussed above and produce their food. The transition will be costly. Preparations to build experimental farms that will act as demonstration, training, and research centers are a good option for NENA policymakers.

As noted by Schilling J et al., 2012, climate shock for the region will be huge. The solutions to providing food security and providing people in the area with a healthy diet will not lie in more distributive policies. The problem of food deficit and availability cannot be solved by offering more subsidies. Disruptive technologies will be the answer to the problem.

The oil-producing countries use revenue surpluses from fossil fuel sales to subsidize and import all the food they need. The non-OPEC countries like Egypt, Algeria, and others do not generate the surpluses essential to buy the grain from the global market.

Investment in renewables

The NENA region is a water deficit, but it is rich in solar energy. Solar power is cost-competitive in India, where solar power plants are coming up in scale. Producing solar energy on a scale is a tradeoff available to the region. Unlike India, where there is a ready market for this power available, NENA countries do not have the absorptive capacity to put this power to productive use.

However, as battery technology evolves or green hydrogen technologies improve, it is an option that could become techno economically feasible. If that happens, the future of NENA countries as producers of surplus power has the potential to turn the national balance sheets from deficit to surplus.

Disruptive technology for farming

Climate-controlled farm production has transformed food production in areas where unconventional farming has been adopted. Agriculture, as we see it today, will dramatically change. Climate change challenges will be nothing the world has seen so far.

Another major limitation of the NENA region is the scarcity of water. Technologies that can recycle wastewater following domestic, municipal, and industrial use are now available. Power required to filter and distill water can be produced in solar plants. These technologies have been extensively applied successfully in various water deficit regions of the world. There is a substantial body of research literature available on the subject.

The U.S. water policy includes a wide variety of uses for recycled water. Recycled water use includes reuse in urban, domestic, and agriculture. It is used for food and non-food crops, industrial and environmental purposes, impoundment, and groundwater recharging. The degree of treatment of wastewater is dependent on its end-use. Extensive treatment and disinfection are done to ensure public health and the protection of environmental quality. McNabb, D.E. (2017) Similar conclusions were reached in an Australian use case (Seshadri, B. et al., 2015)

Nontraditional water sources, including reclaimed or recycled water, have become a desirable option to meet increasing demands in the water-stressed region. Considerable research work on the subject has been done in the Southwest U.S. The willingness to use recycled water is influenced by the farm size, level of education, and concern over water availability. Water managers and planners will have to examine options for policymaking, taking into account social, cultural, public health, and economic factors. (Dery, J.L. et al., 2019)

The Thessaly region of Greece is a water deficit region. Recycled water is used for the irrigation of crops. A survey of farmers in the area revealed that 57.9 percent of farmers were willing to pay for reclaimed water if it costs half the price of freshwater. (Bakopoulou, S et al., 2010) A similar study to understand the willingness to use and willingness to pay for recycled water in agriculture was done in Crete. Irrigation of olive and tomato crops with recycled water is being done here. The study shows that the willingness to pay for recycled water came to 88 percent of its current market price. Environmental awareness, economic facts, such as freshwater prices, and incomes influence the attitude of both farmers and consumers towards recycled water irrigated crops. Similar results were noted in surveys conducted in Nestos catchment. (Menagki, A.N. et al., 2007; Lazaridou, D. et al., 2019; Higgins, J. et al., 2002)

Recycled water provides a viable opportunity to supplement water supplies. The conclusion was reached after studying the use of recycled water in regions of Australia, Asia, The U.S., Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The study reveals good prospects for further expansion and exploration of integrated water planning and management of recycled water reuse in water deficit regions. (Chen,Z., et al., 2013; Gerba, C.P., et al, 2017; Phogat, V., et al., 2020; Weber, E., et al., 2014)

Summary

Policy decision-making in the NENA region will have to consider farmers� and consumers� willingness to consume and pay for the use of recycled wastewater. Technology for wastewater recycling is available in the world. It is the feasibility of large-scale deployment that has to be studied.

State budgets will not have the capacity to deploy these technologies on the scale required. The private sector will have to be attracted to invest in the recycling business. It will happen when economic feasibility has been shown in the initial set of state-funded farms. The WHO-FAO-UNEP has issued detailed guidelines for the use of recycled wastewater.

NENA is a water deficit region. The bulk of the region is desert.

The techno-economic feasibility of tapping the water reservoir under the Sahara desert is a challenge. Even if that is resolved, this water is a non-renewable resource that will be lost forever once depleted.Re-cycling of wastewater is another option. However, the cost of recycled water is much more than surface and groundwater. Governments will have to invest in subsidizing agriculture irrigated with recycled wastewater. Israel has successfully converted a water-deficit region into a water surplus. The tradeoff for NENA governments lies between subsidizing agriculture done with recycled wastewater and providing direct food subsidies as is being done today.The NENA region has an extended coastline. Photovoltaic energy can be used to desalinate seawater to produce freshwater is another option. (Al-Karaghouli et al., 2010). As photovoltaics costs drop and fossil fuels become more and more expensive, desalination of seawater and producing freshwater is another tradeoff available to the NENA countries.The solution to malnutrition and improving the nutritional health of the NENA population lies in making national balance sheets better. That will only happen when the region’s countries can produce enough food domestically and at costs that people can afford. The specter of climate change will make food imports more and more costly in the future. Distributive policies and more subsidy is not the answer. The NENA countries cannot afford these.References:pdf (European Commission Soil Atlas of Africa Part 1))Bakopoulou, S., Polyzos, S., & Kungolos, A. (2010). Investigation of farmersâ€� willingness to pay for using recycled water for irrigation in Thessaly region, Greece.ÌýDesalination,Ìý250(1), 329-334.Menegaki, A. N., Hanley, N., & Tsagarakis, K. P. (2007). The social acceptability and valuation of recycled water in Crete: A study of consumersâ€� and farmersâ€� attitudes.ÌýEcological Economics,Ìý62(1), 7-18.Chen, Z., Ngo, H. H., & Guo, W. (2013). A critical review on the end uses of recycled water.ÌýCritical reviews in environmental science and technology,Ìý43(14), 1446-1516.Lazaridou, D., Michailidis, A., & Mattas, K. (2019). Evaluating the willingness to pay for using recycled water for irrigation.ÌýSustainability,Ìý11(19), 5220.McNabb, D. E. (2017). Managing recycled water.ÌýWater Resource Management, 283-306.Dery, J. L., Rock, C. M., Goldstein, R. R., Onumajuru, C., Brassill, N., Zozaya, S., & Suri, M. R. (2019). Understanding grower perceptions and attitudes on the use of nontraditional water sources, including reclaimed or recycled water, in the semi-arid Southwest United States.ÌýEnvironmental research,Ìý170, 500-509.Higgins, J., Warnken, J., Sherman, P. P., & Teasdale, P. R. (2002). Survey of users and providers of recycled water: quality concerns and directions for applied research.ÌýWater research,Ìý36(20), 5045-5056.Gerba, C. P., Betancourt, W. Q., & Kitajima, M. (2017). How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?.ÌýWater research,Ìý108, 25-31.Seshadri, B., Bolan, N. S., Kunhikrishnan, A., Chowdhury, S., Thangarajan, R., & Chuasavathi, T. (2015). Recycled water irrigation in Australia. InÌýEnvironmental Sustainability(pp. 39-48). Springer, New Delhi.Phogat, V., Mallants, D., Cox, J. W., Å imůnek, J., Oliver, D. P., Pitt, T., & Petrie, P. R. (2020). Impact of long-term recycled water irrigation on crop yield and soil chemical properties.ÌýAgricultural Water Management,Ìý237, 106167.Weber, E., Grattan, S. R., Hanson, B. R., Vivaldi, G. A., Meyer, R. D., Pritchard, T., & Schwankl, L. J. (2014). Recycled water causes no salinity or toxicity issues in Napa vineyards.ÌýCalifornia Agriculture,Ìý68(3).Ahmed, A. U., Bouis, H. E., Gutner, T., & Löfgren, H. (2002). The Egyptian food subsidy system: Structure, performance, and options for reform.ÌýFood and nutrition bulletin,Ìý23(4), 423-424.Al-Karaghouli, A., Renne, D., & Kazmerski, L. L. (2010). Technical and economic assessment of photovoltaic-driven desalination systems.ÌýRenewable Energy,Ìý35(2), 323-328.Schilling, J., Freier, K. P., Hertig, E., & Scheffran, J. (2012). Climate change, vulnerability and adaptation in North Africa with focus on Morocco.ÌýAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment,Ìý156, 12-26.

is a ghostwriting and business advisory specialist focused on Indian business.

The post appeared first on .

In traditional Chinese medicine, the culinary herb, onion, is a yang (positive) food. In Ayurveda, too, onion is said to stimulate the human body. Before the arrival of European settlers in the USA, Native Americans were known to consume wild onions as a vegetable and use them for seasoning food.

Wild onion was used to relieve cold, cough, and asthma. Both wild and cultivated species help expel gas and calm an upset stomach. () ÌýOnionÌýhas been used as both food and medicine since ancient times. Egyptians, Chinese, Indians, Romans, Greeks, and the tribal societies of Latin and North America were all familiar with this plant. The plant is mentioned in both the orally transmitted lore of ancient times and written literature. The plant has been in cultivation for at least over 3,000 years. A. cepa is the cultivated variety of Allium genus.

Onion as food

Green onions, popularly called spring onions, are used extensively in the cuisines of China and India, stir-fried or as a garnish. In India, chopped onions, mixed with other spices like turmeric, coriander, and chili, are shallow-fried in hot oil to garnish curries and lentils.

OnionÌýsoup is a popular recipe worldwide. Onions can be fried, pickled, caramelized, frozen, dehydrated, or canned.

In trade, there are three popular varieties of onions. Their color classifies them as yellow, white, and red onions. Yellow onions are the most common. The white variety is sharper and more pungent in flavor. Red onions have a milder flavor.

There is yet another very mild variety called the sweet onion. This variety of onion perishes faster than the others. Sweet onions are thinly sliced and served in salads. They are mainly used to garnish food. Soaking them in water after slicing can reduce their pungency.

Culinary herb, onion as medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, onions are said to enhance chi or energy. They induce urination and perspiration. It is recommended for consumption when the weather is cold. Onion is said to soothe respiratory stress caused by cold weather. Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated that the culinary herb, onion is rich in antioxidants. No wonder onion is a popular food herb. The onion skin was noted to be particularly rich in antioxidants. Quercetin is found in abundance in the skin.

The German Federal Health Agency’s Commission has approved onion as an antibacterial agent. The plant is rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The strong smell emanating from the onion is attributed to cysteine sulphoxide.

Planting and gardening

Onions can be grown both in pots and soil beds. The soil should be sandy loam to loam. It is best to use seeds and prepare seedlings in a seed bed. The seed bed can be a pot or a small bed in the backyard. The pot or the seed beds should be rich in compost. Seedlings are ready for transplanting into pots when they are four to six inches tall.

Depending on the size of the pot, plant one to three onion seedlings. Plants should have an eight-inch gap between them.

The plants can be fertilized with organic compost and NPK. They should be mildly watered; overwatering will cause the onion bulbs to rot.

Onions typically take around 100 days to reach a mature bulb stage. Onion bulb formation begins in three weeks. From that stage onward, people begin harvesting onions, using them as spring onions.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #detoxification-alternate medicine, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

The post appeared first on .

Spirulina is a cyanobacterium that is often misclassified as a blue-green alga. The organisms belong to the Arthrospira genus. It is a single-celled organism that thrives in warm, alkaline, and high-salinity freshwater environments. It has a vibrant greenish-blue color. The colors come from pigments containing chlorophyll and phycocyanin.

The cyanobacteria have been harvested and consumed for centuries. It is particularly popular in Africa and Central America. Spirulina is cultivated worldwide. It is available as a dietary supplement, including tablets, capsules, and powdered supplements.

Role in Maintaining Energy Balance

SpirulinaÌýis one of the most protein-dense foods available. It contains all essential amino acids for building and repairing tissues, including muscle tissue. Spirulina is a source of essential vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, which are key in energy metabolism. The algae are a rich source of iron, magnesium, and potassium. These nutrients are involved in various metabolic processes that contribute to energy production.

The green color of SpirulinaÌýis due to its high chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll is structurally similar to haemoglobin, the molecule responsible for oxygen transport in the blood. Chlorophyll-rich foods support the oxygenation of body tissues, which is essential for energy production.

Spirulina’s antioxidant properties have been validated in scientific studies (). Spirulina contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, which help reduce inflammation and support overall well-being. When the body is less burdened by inflammation, it can allocate more energy for vital functions. Spirulina helps support the immune system. The immune system’s optimal functioning enables the body to maintain energy levels and overall health. USFDA first approved using Spirulina in candy and chewing gum in 2013. It is an FDA-approved food. NASA has used Spirulina for astronauts on space missions to the Moon and Mars. ()

SpirulinaÌýhelps to remove toxins and metabolic waste products. It helps optimize cellular function and energy utilization. It is one of the most nutrient-dense supplements best used in a balanced diet.

Cultivation

It entails creating a controlled environment replicating natural conditions where blue-green algae thrive. The algae require a nutrient-rich growth medium free from contaminants and a slightly alkaline pH level. Tanks that offer a controlled environment are best for cultivating the algae. Other requirements include temperature control, artificial light or sunlight, and nutrient supplementation.

How to consumeÌýSpirulina

SpirulinaÌýis available in tablets, capsules, and powder format. The supplement can be added to your favorite smoothie. It blends well with fruits, vegetables, almond milk, or coconut water. It can be added to yogurt, oatmeal, or other cereals for a nutritious start. Its powder can be added to salad dressings for an extra nutritional punch.

The bacteria can be used with nuts, seeds, dates, and honey to create a nutritious and energizing snack. Its powder can be added to pasta dough or added to sauces. Indeed, you can experiment with Spirulina using it as a natural seasoning or other food.

If you are new to Spirulina, there is a caution. Start with a small amount. Let your body get accustomed to the supplement. Ensure you choose high-quality, organic SpirulinaÌýfrom reputable sources to ensure purity and safety.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #detoxification-alternate medicine, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

The post appeared first on .

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), also known by its alternate common name, Indian ginseng. It is a vital herb in the Ayurvedic medical system. The plant is a nervine, aphrodisiac, and adaptogen, with properties similar to ginseng. The species belongs to the nightshade (Solanaceae) family. The plant grows to a height of two meters and grows in drier regions of western India.

The shrub also grows in tropical Africa, from South Africa to the Middle East, Arabia, Sri Lanka, and southern China. It is cultivated in gardens in the warmer parts of Europe. It has become a naturalized weed in South Australia and New South Wales. In India, the plant is also cultivated for its medicinal properties. The root, which has a bitter taste, is used in medicine.

AshwagandhaÌýis a widely studied herb popular in the USA. It contains steroidal compounds, such as steroidal lactones, withanolides being an example. The herb also contains phytosterols, alkaloids, various amino acids, and high amounts of iron.

Unlike other adaptogens, which are stimulating, Ashwagandha has a calming effect. It makes it particularly valuable for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients suffering from irritability. Some trials have shown that a 500 mg daily dose of Ashwagandha reduces stress symptoms, reverses forgetfulness, and helps improve concentration ().

Withanamides, a molecule group found in Ashwagandha, blocked neuronal cell death triggered by amyloid plaques formed during AD progression.

The herb is also said to induce significant regeneration of the neuronal network. The steady degeneration of the neuronal network accompanies AD progress ().

Ashwagandha in medicine

The plant has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antistress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and rejuvenating properties. It also appears to have a positive influence on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, and central nervous systems. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully understood. Toxicity studies reveal that Ashwagandha appears to be a safe compound ().

How to use ashwagandha

Ayurveda physicians prescribe ashwagandha as a male adaptogen to support vitality and overall well-being. They normally prescribe a combination that has ashwagandha powder or capsules, gokshura powder (Tribulus terrestris) and shilajit mineral capsules.

Ashwagandha is also used to improve physical endurance, reduce fatigue, and promote recovery. A combination of ashwagandha capsules, Shatavari powder (Asparagus racemosus), and Bala Taila (Sida cordifolia) infused oil is used to massage the body, mainly muscles and joints. These are general recommendations, and it is advisable to consult a natural medicine professional before consuming these supplements.

Planting and gardening

Seeds are used to propagate the plant. The seeds are best raised in a nursery bed that has been raised six inches above the ground level. The soil should be rich in organic compost and well-drained. The seeds germinate in five to seven days. Seedlings a little over a month after germination are transplanted in a garden pot or a cultivation field.

The seedlings are planted thirty centimeters apart on ridges in the cultivation field. The ridge-to-ridge distance is maintained at 60 centimeters. A plant population of 55000 seedlings per hectare is considered optimum. The plant does not require heavy doses of fertilizers or compost. The plants are ready for harvesting when the leaves start drying and yellow-red berries appear. The crop takes 150 to 180 days after sowing for maturity. The bioactive compounds are found in the roots. The roots, therefore, should be carefully dug out to prevent damage.

Berries are hand-plucked separately, dried, and crushed to remove the seeds. These are used for propagation only. Only root and leaves of the herb are prescribed for use as medicinal supplement.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #detoxification-alternate medicine, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

The post appeared first on .

Mulberry leaves are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Mulberries are deciduous trees or shrubs belonging to the genus Morus. They have distinctive lobed leaves and produce small, multiple-fruit clusters known as ‘drupesâ€� that resemble berries. The genus Morus has several species. Morus alba (White Mulberry) is the species that is used in TCM.Ìý Other species are Morus nigra (Black Mulberry) and Morus ruba (Red Mulberry).

Mulberry is native to northern China but is widely cultivated in various parts of Asia, Europe, and North America. Its serrated, heart-shaped leaves characterize it. Red mulberry is indigenous to eastern North America, primarily in the US. It produces red to dark purple fruit.

Morus alba has several cultivated varieties. These include ‘Pendula� (Weeping Mulberry), ‘Fruitless� (a variety without fruit), and ‘Chaparral� (known for its dwarf growth).

Medicinal properties of mulberry leaves

Mulberry leavesÌýof Morus alba are used in TCM for blood sugar control, heart health, and immune support, among others. Morus alba is believed to nourish the Yin aspect of the body, which is associated with cooling and moistening effects. It is said to affect the liver, lung, and kidney meridians. The flavor of the herb is sweet or slightly sour.

The leaves and fruits are rich in alkaloids and anthocyanins. The plant’s antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and cardiovascular system properties have been studied and verified. Clinical trials have shown that plant extracts reduce blood glucose and cholesterol levels. These also enhance cognitive ability. It is a multi-functional plant. ()

Morus alba is traditionally believed to have a moistening effect on the lungs, making it useful in dry cough and other respiratory conditions. Extracts from the roots bark of the plant inhibited bronchial-like symptoms. ()

Studies indicate that the species has the potential to benefit individuals suffering from gastrointestinal ailments. () Experiments show that the plant positively impacts the liver and kidney in diabetic rats. () This study validates the prospect of providing scientific support to the TCM use of the plant to tone the kidney and liver.

Morus alba in TCM is believed to have a calming effect on the mind and benefit individuals dealing with restlessness and anxiety. A scientific study found that the plant helped reduce stress. ()

UsesÌýof Morus alba

The fruits are edible and are consumed fresh or in cooking. They are used in jams, jellies, desserts, and beverages. They are also dried and used as a snack.

The leaves are the primary food source for silkworms (Bombyx mori) used in silk production. The leaves are also used as fodder for livestock. The roots and bark of the plant are used to produce a natural dye. The dye ranges from yellow to brown, depending on the extraction process.

The plant is also cultivated for its ornamental value. Its distinctive lobed leaves and cascading form make it popular in landscaping and gardens. Other uses include using the wood in woodworking projects and traditional crafts. Bees are attracted to the plant’s flowers and may use its nectar to produce honey.

How to consumeÌýthe mulberry leaves in medicine

A decoction is made by boiling the leaves and other plant parts to extract the beneficial compounds. The resulting liquid is then consumed.
Dried and ground parts of the plant, such as leaves and roots, can be used to make powders that can be mixed with water or other liquids and consumed. Plant material is soaked in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water to produce tinctures. The extracts can be processed into capsules or tablets and consumed. Excerpts may be used externally in the form of ointments and creams.Ìý This is used for skin disorders.

Check out my books on herbs on Amazon ()

#herbs and spices, #encylopedia of herbs, #alchemy of herbs, #detoxification-alternate medicine, #herbal medicine

. () offers content creation and business consulting services.

Ìý

The post appeared first on .

A non-invasive skin treatment or a minimally invasive method is used to correct the skin and its condition cosmetically. These include:

Needle-free mesotherapyApplication of ultrasoundOxygen infusionChemical peelsMicro-needle mesotherapyUltrasonic Waves- A non-invasive skin treatment

Ultrasound waves with a frequency of 20,000 Hz widen the intercellular space in the skin, allowing for better penetration of active substances. Deep skin massage performed by the ultrasonic device stimulates cells to regenerate. The frequency setting of the wave is raised for better penetration. The therapy helps smooth wrinkles and improves skin tone.

Microfocused ultrasound (MFU) can be focused on deep skin tissue where the temperature briefly reaches greater than 60 degrees Celsius. Heat application causes collagen fibers to become denatured, contracting and stimulating de novo collagen. High-resolution ultrasound imaging (MFU-V) is used. The treatment tightens and lifts sagging facial and neck skin, and improvements in the appearance of wrinkles were achieved. Fabi, S.G. (2015), MacGregor, J.L., et al. 2013. The procedure significantly improves the mid and lower face sagging aesthetics. MFU treatments can activate deeper tissues without causing injury to the skin (Khan U. et al., 2021).

Oxygen Infusion � a non-invasive skin treatment

Oxygen infusion treatment can help with signs of aging, such as wrinkles and uneven tone. Oxygen infused into the skin re-energizes cells and promotes collagen production, helping restore skin volume, remove wrinkles, and create new skin cells. Treatments include infusing a medicated serum with pure oxygen into the deepest layers of the skin. A machine is used to apply pure pressurized oxygen to the skin.Ìý Oxygen infusion can cause temporary redness, puffiness, or mild swelling in people with sensitive skin.

The procedure is considered non-medical. Nothing is injected into the body, and no chemicals are used. It is done by an aesthetician in a spa. After cleansing and exfoliating the skin, the spa delivers a stream of high-pressurized oxygen to the skin’s surface. Serums, usually containing hyaluronic acid, are applied to the face. The treatment is expected to take around thirty minutes to an hour. Makeup can be directly applied after the treatment.

Oxygen infusions are provided by devices such as X2 Exea, which allow the flow of pure oxygen (up to 96 percent purity) to reach the superficial layer of the skin, from where the deeper layers absorb it. Oxygen improves cellular metabolism, accelerates healing processes, reduces skin irritations, and is antibacterial. (Bennardo, L et al., 2018) Anecdotally, it is claimed that oxygen infusion makes the skin appear brighter and healthier, but scientific evidence supporting these claims has not yet emerged.

Chemical peeling

Chemical peeling is a popular skin-surfacing treatment that uses chemicals to remove lesions caused by aging or trauma. Surface peels separate the dead layer of cells from the skin. Chemical compounds used include glycolic acid, mandelic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, trichloroacetic acid, retinoids, and Jassner’s solution.

Chemical peels have been used to resurface and rejuvenate since and before Biblical times. Eber’s Papyrus, dating back over 3500 years, refers to using animal oils, salt, milk, and alabaster to condition the skin. Cleopatra bathed in sour donkey’s milk to keep her skin soft and youthful. Milk and bathing were popular in ancient Rome and India. The Indian tradition of washing the body with sour yogurt continues today.

The science behind many of these skin remedies was unknown to ancient man. We now know that the skin appears soft and fresh due to alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), lactic acid in sour milk, and tartaric acid in wine. Today, the same agents are used in chemical peels.

Chemical peeling is a treatment of choice for numerous pigmentary and scarring disorders arising in dark skin tones. Robert, W.E. (2004). The peel procedure is common for all skin chemical peeling agents. Still, it is important to understand the specific characteristics of each agent to decide which to use for each patient (Zakopoulou N. et al., 2006).

Chemical peels are classified as superficial, medium, and deep peels. Superficial peels of alpha-hydroxy acids and lipo-hydroxy acids exfoliate the skin. Peels with medium-depth agents, such as trichloroacetic acid, cause epidermal regeneration. Deep peels using trichloroacetic acid above 50 percent or phenol-based formulations reach deeper and induce dermal regeneration. (Fischer, T.C et al.,2010)

Superficial peels penetrate only the epidermis and treat acne, melasma, dyschromias, photodamage, and actinic keratoses. Medium-dept peels penetrate deeper and are used for dyschromia, multiple solar keratoses, superficial scars, and pigmentary disorders.Ìý Deep peels are for facial resurfacing. (Rendon, M. I et al., 2010)

You will find much more in () on skincare, perfumes, and MedSpa procedures

#skincare facts, #skincare bible, #beauty secrets of the Bible, #medspa procedures, #encyclopedia of magical herbs, #fragrance world

is a ghostwriting and business advisory specialist focused on Indian business.

The post appeared first on .

Taxol anticancer medicine is one prominent example of plant- based anticancer drugs.

Herbal medicine practitioners often present case studies as evidence of an herbal medicine’s efficacy in treating a patient or a group of patients. Patients and caregivers too often encounter anecdotal case studies cited in the literature as evidence of an herb or herb combination’s efficacy in providing relief.

The drug discovery process is time-consuming and complex. Researchers and manufacturers of herbal medicine are often poorly funded and cash-strapped. They lack the necessary resources to undertake the drug discovery process. Most herbal medicines available today do not carry approval (e.g., certification from a leading drug regulator such as the US FDA).

The journey from discovering a potential drug to the emergence of one that doctors can prescribe to patients is long and arduous. Most herbal medicine formulators lack the technical skills and financial support to undergo this process.

Still, the quest for discovering new medicine has continued, leading to some remarkable molecules that are helping medicine today fight cancer. Many of these drugs are plant-based. The prominent plant-based anticancer agents are sulforaphane, paclitaxel (taxol), epipodophyllotoxin, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, vinflunine, pomiferin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, roscovitine, flavopiridol, and noscapine.

Let me present an overview of Taxol, a popular anti-cancer medicine.

Botanical overview of Taxol anticancer medicine

Paclitaxel, also known as Taxol, is a compound derived from the bark and needles of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). This evergreen tree, usually between 5 and 15 meters tall, belongs to the Taxaceae family and is a long-lived understorey tree of the US Pacific Northwest. It is a slow-growing plant. The bark becomes harvestable only when the tree is 100 years old. Overexploitation for taxol is impacting tree numbers.

The yew trees are the primary natural source of paclitaxel. Other species, like hazelnuts (Corylus avellana), contain small amounts of the compound. Endophytic fungi that live within the yew trees have also been identified as potential sources of paclitaxel. This discovery offers a possible way to cultivate the compound without directly harvesting the yew tree bark.

Most current production of paclitaxel relies on semi-synthetic methods. A precursor compound extracted from the yew is chemically modified to produce the final drug.

In 1962, Dr Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani discovered that extracts from the Pacific yew were toxic to living cells. The compound isolated from the tree bark was called paclitaxel. The compound is a promising addition to the current cancer treatment therapies available.

Prominent scientific studies in support of Taxol anticancer medicine

Significant activity was reported in patients with advanced ovarian or breast cancer and other types of tumors. The drug has the activity of salvage or initial therapy, alone or in combination with currently used compounds against many cancers. Paclitaxel can be considered a first-line agent in women with ovarian cancer and a second-line agent for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer if doxorubicin is ineffective. (Spencer, C M et al., 1994; Singla, A K et al., 2002)

Paclitaxel’s action appears to be twofold: it prevents cancer cell proliferation, and at higher concentrations, the drug was seen to prevent the genes from triggering cancer. (Blagosklonny M V et al., 1999) Formulations that enable the delivery of paclitaxel nanoparticles with improved effectiveness were developed (Mu L et al., 2003).

#Holistic cancer healing and prevention guide, #Mind-body therapies for cancer patients, #Herbal remedies for cancer support, #Complementary and alternative medicine for cancer, #Natural cancer healing therapies, #Ayurveda and TCM for cancer wellness, #Nutrition and herbal support for cancer recovery

Check out the details in my latest revised edition, Natural Solutions for Cancer: Holistic Healing with Herbal Medicine, Ayurveda, TCM, and Mind-Body Therapies, available on Amazon .

is a ghostwriting and business advisory specialist focused on Indian business.

Ìý

The post appeared first on .