Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology). His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Sartre held an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'脢tre et le N茅ant, 1943). Sartre's introduction to his philosophy is his work Existentialism Is a Humanism (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture.
丿乇 丿賮丕毓 丕夭 乇賵卮賳賮讴乇丕賳 = Plaidoyer Pour Les Intellectuels, Jean-Paul Sartre
Advocacy for intellectuals. The intellectual can no longer stop at the stage of unhappy consciousness today - idealism, ineffectiveness - but must tackle his problem: denying the intellectual moment to try to find a new popular status.
Jean-Paul Sartre poses three important questions here 鈥� and tries to answer them: what is an intellectual? What is its function? Is the writer an intellectual? A point of reference for understanding what has become of intellectuals since the 1970's, this plea also offers arguments to those who still want to defend their cause today.
In this short book, bringing together three lectures by Sartre, we discover what the term intellectual means. Sartre also addresses the social problems of his time (colonialism, class struggle, etc.) and thus immerses us in twentieth-century society. I found this book very interesting despite some rather complex passages!
Onun 莽eli艧kileri herkesin ve b眉t眉n bir toplumun 莽eli艧kileridir. Hepsinden ama莽lar谋 莽al谋nm谋艧t谋r; hepsi de anlayamad谋klar谋, temelde insanl谋k d谋艧谋 ama莽lar谋n (k芒r?) arac谋 olmu艧tur, hepsi de nesnel d眉艧眉nceyle ideoloji aras谋nda par莽alanm谋艧 durumdad谋r.
- evet bir canavard谋r o. (Canavarla艧m谋艧 toplumun bir 眉r眉n眉 olarak canavard谋r. Hi莽bir toplum kendisini su莽lamadan ondan 艧ikayet edemez; 莽眉nk眉 ne ektiyse onu bi莽mi艧tir) - evet bir bilgi ajan谋d谋r o :) (burjuvadan ald谋臒谋 bilgiyi i艧莽i s谋n谋f谋na ula艧t谋rmakla y眉k眉ml眉d眉r) - evet yaln谋zl谋k yazg谋d谋r onda. (脟eli艧kisini ya艧ayacak ve a艧acakt谋r. Herkes i莽in ya艧ayacak ve herkes i莽in k枚ktencilikle onu a艧acaktir. Tam bu y眉zden Demokrasinin bek莽isidir: burjuva demokrasisinin haklar谋n谋, bu haklar谋 ortadan kald谋rmak i莽in de臒il, ama her demokraside 枚zg眉rl眉臒眉n i艧levsel ger莽ekli臒ini koruyarak, bu haklar谋n soyut karakterini, sosyalist demokrasideki somut haklarla tamamlamak amaciyla s o r g u l a y a c a k t 谋 r )
Burjuva bir bilgi teknisyeni kendisini prolerteryadan hissederek toplumda s谋n谋f谋n谋 kendi kendine yarg谋lar, egemen ideolojiden rahats谋zl谋臒谋n谋 hayk谋r谋p, kimse onu g枚revlendirmemi艧ken proleterya i莽in 莽al谋艧谋rsa... T眉rkiye'de burjuva yok oldu, 莽o臒unluk proleterya dersek, burjuva do臒mu艧 莽o臒u gencimiz, 90 nesli ayd谋n olmal谋...
Sartre 莽ok sevdi臒im bir yazar, be臒endim, d眉艧眉nd眉m, ama san谋r谋m 莽eviriden dolay谋 biraz zorland谋m 莽ok uzun c眉mleleri anlamaya 莽al谋艧谋rken.
Plaidoyer pour les intellectuels est un essai 茅crit par le philosophe fran莽ais, Jean-Paul Sartre. Il r茅pond 脿 la question qui est un.e intellectuel.le et 脿 quoi sert ces intellectuel.le.s d鈥檃ujourd鈥檋ui. Cet essai est bas茅 sur les conf茅rences qu鈥檌l a fait dans les ann茅es 60s, dans un contexte historique 鈥� pendant la d茅colonisation et m锚me apr猫s la guerre d鈥橝lg茅rie o霉 Sartre a encourag茅 les soldats fran莽ais 脿 d茅serter ses postes en Alg茅rie.
Dans cet essai, pour une majorit茅, il parle sur la d茅finition d鈥檜n intellectuel.le. C鈥檈st 茅vident que dans la soci茅t茅 d鈥檃ujourd鈥檋ui ou dans les ann茅es 60s, les m茅dias n'aiment pas les personnes qui s'茅loignent sensiblement de l'establishment, au point que le mot 芦 intellectuel.le 禄 est souvent utilis茅 comme une insulte. Avec ses trois conf茅rences, il essaie 脿 nous expliquer ; d鈥檃bord, qui est un.e intellectuel.le, fonction de cet.te intellectuel.le, et si un.e 茅crivain.e est un intellectuel. Je crois que c鈥檈st un sujet tr猫s important et aujourd鈥檋ui, on a plusieurs personnes politiques qui se moquent de l'expertise et de l'intellectuel, en particulier de l'extr锚me droite (comme on l'a vu lors de la pand茅mie de Covid-19).
J鈥檃i trouver l鈥檌d茅e de son essai int茅ressante et 茅galement importante mais a-t-il vraiment faire plaidoyer pour les intellectuels ? A mon avis, malheureusement, la r茅ponse est non. J鈥檃i trouv茅 que l鈥檃uteur a tomb茅 beaucoup sous le pi猫ge de d茅finir chaque mot qu鈥檌l a utilise 鈥� une majorit茅 du chapitre qui a expliqu茅 la fonction d鈥檜n.e intellectuel.le a parl茅 plus sur la d茅finition de mot 芦 fonction 禄 ou la 芦 soci茅t茅 禄. J鈥檃urai pr茅f茅r茅 si il a donn茅 des exemples pertinents de son 茅poque, la persecution des intellectuel.les pendant son 猫re et comment il fait plaidoyer pour ces personnes qui ont subi.
C鈥櫭﹖ait aussi une d茅ception pour moi, gr芒ce 脿 son profil, j鈥檃i attendu des arguments tr猫s profonds en d茅fendant les intellectuel.les. Ce livre n'a pas eu d'impact sur moi, 茅tant donn茅 que je suis quelqu'un qui a de la sympathie pour les intellectuels. Je peux donc dire en toute confiance que ce livre peut, au mieux, pr锚cher 脿 un.e converti.e, mais pas influencer ceux qui ont des opinions n茅gatives sur les intellectuels. En le consid茅rant, j鈥檃ttribue cet essai une note de deux sur cinq.
Kitapta Sartre'谋n Japonya'da verdi臒i bir dizi konferans谋n metinleriyle, L'Idiot International gazetesinin kendisiyle 1970 y谋l谋nda yapt谋臒谋 bir s枚yle艧i yer al谋yor. Sartre daima oldu臒u gibi a莽谋k ve d眉r眉st. Sadece bu nedenle bile okunmaya de臒er bir kitap, her ne kadar k枚pr眉lerin alt谋nda epeyce su ge莽mi艧 olsa da. Hakikat Sonras谋 脟a臒谋'nda d眉r眉stl眉k 莽ok daha de臒erli, 枚zellikle konu ayd谋nlar olunca.
鈥渂u y眉zden bir ayd谋n 谋rk莽谋l谋臒谋n谋n anlams谋z y眉z眉n眉 g枚sterse bile, ta 莽ocuklu臒undan kalma bir 谋rk莽谋l谋臒谋 鈥溑焨 menedi olmayan canavar鈥� 眉st眉nde, yani kendi 眉st眉nde yapaca臒谋 sa臒lam bir sorgulamayla yok etmek i莽in hi莽 durmadan kendine d枚nmedik莽e, hi莽bir 艧ey yapmam谋艧 olacakt谋r. 鈥� syf: 44
Sartre's views on intellectual responsibility and the criterias and variety of behaviors to reach the tittle of real, accurate intellectual are all mentioned.