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诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 禺賵丿讴丕賲賴 賵 倬賴賱賵丕賳 亘賵丿. 丕賵 賳蹖賲賴鈥屫⒇迟呚з嗃� 賵 丿賵爻賵賲 賵噩賵丿卮 丕蹖夭丿蹖 賵 蹖讴鈥屫迟堎呚� 丕賳爻丕賳蹖. 丨賲丕爻賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴丕乇賴丕 賵 倬蹖乇賵夭蹖鈥屬囏й� 賯賴乇賲丕賳貙 丌睾丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘賴 诏賵賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 丕賵 乇丕 賲乇丿蹖 亘夭乇诏 丿乇 倬賴賳賴 丿丕賳卮 賵 禺乇丿貙 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲賵賮丕賳 乇丕 倬蹖卮鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃� 讴賳丿. 賲乇诏 丿賵爻鬲 氐賲蹖賲蹖鈥屫ж� 芦丕賽賳讴蹖丿賵禄 丕賵 乇丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 倬乇蹖卮丕賳 讴乇丿賴貙 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 倬丕蹖 丿乇 爻賮乇蹖 胤賵賱丕賳蹖貙 亘乇丕蹖 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 爻倬爻 禺爻鬲賴 賵 丿乇賲丕賳丿賴 亘賴 禺丕賳賴 亘丕夭賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 卮乇丨 乇賳噩鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 讴卮蹖丿賴 亘乇 诏賱鈥屬嗁堌簇団€屫й� 孬亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丨賲丕爻賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖夭 卮賴乇鬲 丿丕乇丿. 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 亘丕乇 丿丕賵賵丿 賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж� 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 丿乇 爻丕賱 郾鄢鄢鄢 賲賳鬲卮乇 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿. 丕賳鬲卮丕乇 亘丕夭賳賵蹖爻蹖 卮丕賲賱賵 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲鬲賳 丿乇 卮賲丕乇賴 郾鄱 讴鬲丕亘 賴賮鬲賴 郾鄢鄞郯貙 讴賴 亘丿賵賳 丕噩丕夭賴 賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж� 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 丕毓鬲乇丕囟 卮丿蹖丿 丕賵 乇丕 丿乇 倬蹖 丿丕卮鬲. 诏乇丿丕賳賳丿诏丕賳 丕蹖賳 賴賮鬲賴鈥屬嗀з呝� 讴賴 卮丕賲賱賵 爻乇丿亘蹖乇蹖 丌賳 乇丕 亘乇 毓賴丿賴 丿丕卮鬲 賲噩亘賵乇 卮丿賳丿 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丕氐賱蹖 乇丕 賳蹖夭 囟賲蹖賲賴鈥屰� 賴賲丕賳 卮賲丕乇賴鈥屫й� 讴賳賳丿 讴賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲 卮丕賲賱賵 丿乇 丌賳 賲賳鬲卮乇 賲蹖鈥屫簇�
315 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1201
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* They are officially published under that name
* They are traditional stories not attributed to a specific author
* They are religious texts not generally attributed to a specific author
Books whose authorship is merely uncertain should be attributed to Unknown.
See also: Anonymous
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 7,295 reviews
December 29, 2018
鈥淚 will reveal to you a mystery, I will tell you a secret of the gods.鈥�
There is something very humbling about reading stories written more than 4,000 years ago. One of the most fascinating things about is how you can easily see the influence it has had on Homer and Judeo-Christian-Islamic mythology. And I get chills just thinking about how this narrative reaches across the millennia and takes us inside the minds of people who lived so long ago.
This is one of those cases where I really wish I could read and understand the original text. The translation is a little wooden, and the rather dramatic series of events reads almost like a textbook. I should point out that, though a little dry, it's not difficult to read at all - at least not in the English translation that I read - and can be read in a single sitting if you have a couple of hours to spare.
My favourite part is, not surprisingly, the relationship between Gilgamesh and Enkidu. I definitely find myself leaning towards agreeing with the homoerotic interpretations of their relationship, and they almost certainly served as an inspiration for pairings such as Achilles and Patroclus, and Jonathan and David.
Whether they were lovers or not - and no one really knows how the Ancient Sumerians would have felt about a gay couple - the intensity of Gilgamesh's love for Enkidu, whom he loves "as a woman", is the driving force of the epic. This love leads him on a long and strange journey in the hope that he can find a way to defy death. An intriguing tale.
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February 24, 2025
Fun fact: The epic of Gilgamesh has the earliest known version of the phrase hold my beer.
Come on, you had to know it was only a matter of time before I went and ruined the oldest story we have.
There is more than one translation of this story, so just think of this as mine.
Gilgam-ish, we'll call it.
Now, the one I listened to by Stephen Mitchell was really good. He said his goal was to make the story complete and accessible to modern-day readers, so one thing he did was take S卯n-l膿qi-unninni's Akkadian version and fill in the missing gaps with parts of the story that have been found in other languages such as Sumerian. He also smoothed over the rough edges, so to speak, so this isn't a direct translation. But very readable.
Ok, so here comes Gilgamesh. Swaggering.
Covered in muscles, 9 feet tall, able to fight monsters with his bare hands, so hot the panties just melt off the ladies as he walks by, and a king to boot.
Not too shabby, sir.
And what does he do?
Well, he gets too big for his britches and starts r@ping the women and abusing the men. Shockingly, it didn't go over well with his constituents.
So they start praying to the gods - oh, gods! help us! he's r@ping our young women and abusing our young men!
The gods hear their prayers and decide to fix Gilgamesh's little red wagon.
And how do they do this, you ask?
They create Enkidu, a doppelganger who can match Gilgamesh in every way - except he's a bit feral. He's like Tarzan, living in the wild with his animal friends.
Or at least he is at first!
A priestess of Ishtar gets hold of him and sexes the feral right out of him. Because that's what 7 days' worth of an erection will do for you, my friend. By the end of it, Enkidu could understand language and was eating his porridge at the dinner table like a man.
Moral of the story, sometimes you just need a professional sex worker to get the job done.
Fast forward a bit.
Gil is just about to deflower yet another young woman on her wedding night when Enkidu storms into town. The ensuing grapple between these two titans reads a lot like the classic superhero meet-cutes that we still see today.
Gilgamesh wins (but juuuust barely) and the two become instant best friends.
And let's face it, probably a lot more than "just friends" if all the hand holding and cuddling is any indication. Point is, these two hotties find real love. Like, the kind of love we all want that will carry us through till...well, till.
On the downside of this bromance, it was as though two frat boys realized they were soulmates and decided to go adventuring. And the decisions they made along the way come across as iffy at best.
Just about the time you think one of these guys has almost talked himself out of a stupid decision (kill a god's beloved forest monster so you can go down in history), the other one tells him not to let something silly like being reasonable get in the way of a good time.
Between poor choices in which monster to murder and insulting the goddess Ishtar by basically calling her a stinky fish taco, our heroes box themselves into a plot corner.
Unsurprisingly, Enkidu ends up cursed and dying due to a magic bull and the storyline's needs. But considering the tale is thousands of years old, this may not have been such a well-recognized trope back in the day. However, the modern-day reader will have seen it coming a mile away.
Gil was always giving off that main character energy and just needed something to get himself thinking about his own mortality - so Enkidu got the fridge treatment.
So what's a sad king to do?
Well, for starters he needs to put on some animal fur and run around wailing his grief. But that's not a long-term solution, is it?
No. No, it is not.
So he heads out to find the one guy in the whole history of humanity that the gods made immortal.
Utnapishtim. <--gesundheit!
After a bit more questing, he scares the shit out of a female tavernkeeper and gets directions to a ferryman that can take him across a river to the famous immortal and his wife. Where he very reasonably decides to fuck up the boatman's stone thingies for reasons known only to the god of Testosterone.
Of course, the stuff he destroyed was an integral part of what helped the ferryman get across the river. <--go figure.
Luckily, the guy decides that boys will be boys and finds a workaround to get them to the other side of the shore so Gilgamesh can meet his idol.
And here's where we get the famous flood story.
Utnapishtim (in the Babylonian version anyway) is saved from disaster by listening to the god who told him to build a boat and stuff his family, useful friends, and animals on it.
Boom! Flood!
The waters recede a bit, humanity is dead, and the gods have to cook their own food.
But is it safe to come out?
He tosses a dove out. It comes back.
He tosses a raven out. And after croaking out the word Nevermore, it flies off never to be heard from again.
Time to disembark the cruise ship, make some sacrifices to the gods, and gain a bit of immortality.
Sorry, Gilgamesh. This was a one-time deal - zero immortality for you. Besides, he can't even stay awake for a few days. If you can't beat regular sleep, you certainly can't beat the big sleep.
Don't worry, it all makes sense when you read it.
Ok, but Gilgamesh is such a charmer that Mrs. Utnapishtim feels bad that he came all this way for nothing. She smacks her husband upside the head and makes him give that nice boy something for coming to visit.
So, he tells Gilgamesh about this seaweed at the bottom of the ocean that will turn back the hands of time. Not immortality, but at least he can be young again.
Sweet!
He charters the ferryman, dives down to the bottom of the ocean, and snags the plant.
And like a dumbass he doesn't eat it right away.
Oh yeah. You guys know what's coming, right?
Exactly.
A fucking snake slithers up to where he LEFT IT SITTING on the ground while he took a little swim.
And eats it!
Because obviously.
Time to go home and look at your beautiful city, sir.
Now.
In all fairness, I may not have explained this exactly right. You'd do best to read or listen to this one for yourself and then let the author/translator guy give you the more "academic" lowdown on it.
Gilgamesh: A New English Version Audible Logo Audible Audiobook 鈥� Unabridged
Stephen Mitchell - translator (Author), George Guidall (Narrator)
Come on, you had to know it was only a matter of time before I went and ruined the oldest story we have.
There is more than one translation of this story, so just think of this as mine.
Gilgam-ish, we'll call it.
Now, the one I listened to by Stephen Mitchell was really good. He said his goal was to make the story complete and accessible to modern-day readers, so one thing he did was take S卯n-l膿qi-unninni's Akkadian version and fill in the missing gaps with parts of the story that have been found in other languages such as Sumerian. He also smoothed over the rough edges, so to speak, so this isn't a direct translation. But very readable.
Ok, so here comes Gilgamesh. Swaggering.
Covered in muscles, 9 feet tall, able to fight monsters with his bare hands, so hot the panties just melt off the ladies as he walks by, and a king to boot.
Not too shabby, sir.
And what does he do?
Well, he gets too big for his britches and starts r@ping the women and abusing the men. Shockingly, it didn't go over well with his constituents.
So they start praying to the gods - oh, gods! help us! he's r@ping our young women and abusing our young men!
The gods hear their prayers and decide to fix Gilgamesh's little red wagon.
And how do they do this, you ask?
They create Enkidu, a doppelganger who can match Gilgamesh in every way - except he's a bit feral. He's like Tarzan, living in the wild with his animal friends.
Or at least he is at first!
A priestess of Ishtar gets hold of him and sexes the feral right out of him. Because that's what 7 days' worth of an erection will do for you, my friend. By the end of it, Enkidu could understand language and was eating his porridge at the dinner table like a man.
Moral of the story, sometimes you just need a professional sex worker to get the job done.
Fast forward a bit.
Gil is just about to deflower yet another young woman on her wedding night when Enkidu storms into town. The ensuing grapple between these two titans reads a lot like the classic superhero meet-cutes that we still see today.
Gilgamesh wins (but juuuust barely) and the two become instant best friends.
And let's face it, probably a lot more than "just friends" if all the hand holding and cuddling is any indication. Point is, these two hotties find real love. Like, the kind of love we all want that will carry us through till...well, till.
On the downside of this bromance, it was as though two frat boys realized they were soulmates and decided to go adventuring. And the decisions they made along the way come across as iffy at best.
Just about the time you think one of these guys has almost talked himself out of a stupid decision (kill a god's beloved forest monster so you can go down in history), the other one tells him not to let something silly like being reasonable get in the way of a good time.
Between poor choices in which monster to murder and insulting the goddess Ishtar by basically calling her a stinky fish taco, our heroes box themselves into a plot corner.
Unsurprisingly, Enkidu ends up cursed and dying due to a magic bull and the storyline's needs. But considering the tale is thousands of years old, this may not have been such a well-recognized trope back in the day. However, the modern-day reader will have seen it coming a mile away.
Gil was always giving off that main character energy and just needed something to get himself thinking about his own mortality - so Enkidu got the fridge treatment.
So what's a sad king to do?
Well, for starters he needs to put on some animal fur and run around wailing his grief. But that's not a long-term solution, is it?
No. No, it is not.
So he heads out to find the one guy in the whole history of humanity that the gods made immortal.
Utnapishtim. <--gesundheit!
After a bit more questing, he scares the shit out of a female tavernkeeper and gets directions to a ferryman that can take him across a river to the famous immortal and his wife. Where he very reasonably decides to fuck up the boatman's stone thingies for reasons known only to the god of Testosterone.
Of course, the stuff he destroyed was an integral part of what helped the ferryman get across the river. <--go figure.
Luckily, the guy decides that boys will be boys and finds a workaround to get them to the other side of the shore so Gilgamesh can meet his idol.
And here's where we get the famous flood story.
Utnapishtim (in the Babylonian version anyway) is saved from disaster by listening to the god who told him to build a boat and stuff his family, useful friends, and animals on it.
Boom! Flood!
The waters recede a bit, humanity is dead, and the gods have to cook their own food.
But is it safe to come out?
He tosses a dove out. It comes back.
He tosses a raven out. And after croaking out the word Nevermore, it flies off never to be heard from again.
Time to disembark the cruise ship, make some sacrifices to the gods, and gain a bit of immortality.
Sorry, Gilgamesh. This was a one-time deal - zero immortality for you. Besides, he can't even stay awake for a few days. If you can't beat regular sleep, you certainly can't beat the big sleep.
Don't worry, it all makes sense when you read it.
Ok, but Gilgamesh is such a charmer that Mrs. Utnapishtim feels bad that he came all this way for nothing. She smacks her husband upside the head and makes him give that nice boy something for coming to visit.
So, he tells Gilgamesh about this seaweed at the bottom of the ocean that will turn back the hands of time. Not immortality, but at least he can be young again.
Sweet!
He charters the ferryman, dives down to the bottom of the ocean, and snags the plant.
And like a dumbass he doesn't eat it right away.
Oh yeah. You guys know what's coming, right?
Exactly.
A fucking snake slithers up to where he LEFT IT SITTING on the ground while he took a little swim.
And eats it!
Because obviously.
Time to go home and look at your beautiful city, sir.
Now.
In all fairness, I may not have explained this exactly right. You'd do best to read or listen to this one for yourself and then let the author/translator guy give you the more "academic" lowdown on it.
Gilgamesh: A New English Version Audible Logo Audible Audiobook 鈥� Unabridged
Stephen Mitchell - translator (Author), George Guidall (Narrator)
September 19, 2021
Gilgamesh: A New English Version, Anonymous, Stephen Mitchell
Gilgamesh: A New English Version is a book about Gilgamesh by Stephen Mitchell. It was published in New York by The Free Press in 2004, ISBN 978-0-7432-6164-7.
The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk. These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Sh奴tur eli sharr墨 ("Surpassing All Other Kings").
Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba 墨muru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮: 賲丕賴 噩賵賱丕蹖 2004賲蹖賱丕丿蹖貨 賲丕賴 賳賵丕賲亘乇 2005賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賵 賲丕賴 丌诏賵爻鬲 爻丕賱 2006賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
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丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖夭 丌賵丕夭賴 丿丕乇丿貨 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 賮丕乇爻蹖 丌賳貙 鬲賵爻胤 丿讴鬲乇 芦賲賳卮蹖鈥� 夭丕丿賴禄貙 丿乇 爻丕賱 1333賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貙 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿貙 賵 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳 賳蹖夭 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿
丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨 丕爻鬲.貨 毓賳賵丕賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨貙 鬲蹖鬲乇賵丕乇 趩賳蹖賳 賴爻鬲賳丿
蹖讴 - 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丌賳讴賴 丕夭 賴乇 爻禺鬲蹖 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�...貨 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 賵 乇賮鬲賳 賵蹖 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貙 卮賴乇蹖 讴賴 丨氐丕乇 丿丕乇丿貨
丿賵- 亘丕夭 蹖丕賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 賵 乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕夭 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴貙 賴賲丕賳 賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 爻丿乇 禺丿丕蹖丕賳
爻賴 - 鬲乇讴 诏賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 卮賴乇 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 賵蹖貙 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇丐蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
趩賴丕乇 - 亘乇丕賳诏蹖禺鬲賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 爻賵夭丕賳 丌賮鬲丕亘貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭賴鈥� 亘丕賳 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄 乇丕
倬賳噩 - 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 噩賳诏賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿乇 賲賯丿爻. 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮. 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮. 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 賵蹖貙 亘丕夭诏卮鬲賳 亘賴 丕賵乇賵讴
卮卮 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘丕 芦丕蹖卮鬲乇禄貙 丕賱賴賴 蹖 毓卮賯貙 賵 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 夭卮鬲讴丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 丕賵. 噩賳诏 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 亘丕 芦賳乇 诏丕賵 丌爻賲丕賳禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丌賳貙 賵 噩卮賳 賵 卮丕丿蹖 亘乇倬丕 讴乇丿賳
賴賮鬲 - 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄. 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
賴卮鬲 - 賲乇诏 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賵 夭丕乇蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄. 卮鬲丕亘 讴乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 丿卮鬲貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 賳禺噩蹖乇亘丕夭
賳賴 - 爻賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禄. 乇賵 丿乇 乇丕賴 賳賴丕丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貙 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 乇丕夭 丨蹖丕鬲 噩丕賵蹖丿丕賳貙 賵 乇爻蹖丿賳 賵蹖 亘賴 丿乇賵丕夭賴 蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲貙 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 丿乇賵丕夭賴 亘丕賳丕賳貙 賵 亘賴 乇丕賴 丕賮鬲丕丿賳 丿乇 丿乇賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖貙 乇丕賴 賳賲賵丿賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 賮乇夭丕賳賴 蹖 讴賵賴爻丕乇丕賳貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 丿乇禺鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 乇爻蹖丿賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘賴 亘丕睾 禺丿丕蹖丕賳
丿賴 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 賵 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貨 賵 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 禺丕鬲賵賳蹖 賮乇夭丕賳賴貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 夭賵乇賯 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲禄. 丿蹖丿丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 芦丕賵乇卮賴 賳亘蹖禄 讴卮鬲蹖亘丕賳貨 亘賴 讴卮鬲蹖 賳卮爻鬲賳貙 賵 诏匕卮鬲賳 丕夭 丌亘鈥屬囏й� 賲乇诏貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 卅賵鬲 賳賴 倬蹖卮 鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貨 賵 卮讴爻鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄. 丌诏丕賴蹖 丿丕丿賳 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇禄貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕貙 丕乇 乇丕夭 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 丿乇蹖丕. 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 乇丕貙 賵 禺賵乇丿賳 賲丕乇 诏蹖丕賴 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘賴 卮賴乇 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄
蹖丕夭丿賴 - 毓夭蹖賲鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 夭蹖乇蹖賳 禺丕讴貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 丕賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖賴 蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
丿賵丕夭丿賴 - 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 30/07/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 27/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
Gilgamesh: A New English Version is a book about Gilgamesh by Stephen Mitchell. It was published in New York by The Free Press in 2004, ISBN 978-0-7432-6164-7.
The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk. These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Sh奴tur eli sharr墨 ("Surpassing All Other Kings").
Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba 墨muru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown"). Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
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丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖夭 丌賵丕夭賴 丿丕乇丿貨 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 賮丕乇爻蹖 丌賳貙 鬲賵爻胤 丿讴鬲乇 芦賲賳卮蹖鈥� 夭丕丿賴禄貙 丿乇 爻丕賱 1333賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貙 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿貙 賵 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳 賳蹖夭 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿
丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨 丕爻鬲.貨 毓賳賵丕賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨貙 鬲蹖鬲乇賵丕乇 趩賳蹖賳 賴爻鬲賳丿
蹖讴 - 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丌賳讴賴 丕夭 賴乇 爻禺鬲蹖 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�...貨 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 賵 乇賮鬲賳 賵蹖 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貙 卮賴乇蹖 讴賴 丨氐丕乇 丿丕乇丿貨
丿賵- 亘丕夭 蹖丕賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 賵 乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕夭 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴貙 賴賲丕賳 賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 爻丿乇 禺丿丕蹖丕賳
爻賴 - 鬲乇讴 诏賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 卮賴乇 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 賵蹖貙 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇丐蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
趩賴丕乇 - 亘乇丕賳诏蹖禺鬲賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 爻賵夭丕賳 丌賮鬲丕亘貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭賴鈥� 亘丕賳 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄 乇丕
倬賳噩 - 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 噩賳诏賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿乇 賲賯丿爻. 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮. 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮. 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 賵蹖貙 亘丕夭诏卮鬲賳 亘賴 丕賵乇賵讴
卮卮 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘丕 芦丕蹖卮鬲乇禄貙 丕賱賴賴 蹖 毓卮賯貙 賵 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 夭卮鬲讴丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 丕賵. 噩賳诏 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 亘丕 芦賳乇 诏丕賵 丌爻賲丕賳禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丌賳貙 賵 噩卮賳 賵 卮丕丿蹖 亘乇倬丕 讴乇丿賳
賴賮鬲 - 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄. 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
賴卮鬲 - 賲乇诏 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賵 夭丕乇蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄. 卮鬲丕亘 讴乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 丿卮鬲貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 賳禺噩蹖乇亘丕夭
賳賴 - 爻賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禄. 乇賵 丿乇 乇丕賴 賳賴丕丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貙 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 乇丕夭 丨蹖丕鬲 噩丕賵蹖丿丕賳貙 賵 乇爻蹖丿賳 賵蹖 亘賴 丿乇賵丕夭賴 蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲貙 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 丿乇賵丕夭賴 亘丕賳丕賳貙 賵 亘賴 乇丕賴 丕賮鬲丕丿賳 丿乇 丿乇賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖貙 乇丕賴 賳賲賵丿賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 賮乇夭丕賳賴 蹖 讴賵賴爻丕乇丕賳貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 丿乇禺鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 乇爻蹖丿賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘賴 亘丕睾 禺丿丕蹖丕賳
丿賴 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 賵 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貨 賵 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 禺丕鬲賵賳蹖 賮乇夭丕賳賴貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 夭賵乇賯 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲禄. 丿蹖丿丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 芦丕賵乇卮賴 賳亘蹖禄 讴卮鬲蹖亘丕賳貨 亘賴 讴卮鬲蹖 賳卮爻鬲賳貙 賵 诏匕卮鬲賳 丕夭 丌亘鈥屬囏й� 賲乇诏貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 卅賵鬲 賳賴 倬蹖卮 鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貨 賵 卮讴爻鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄. 丌诏丕賴蹖 丿丕丿賳 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇禄貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕貙 丕乇 乇丕夭 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 丿乇蹖丕. 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 乇丕貙 賵 禺賵乇丿賳 賲丕乇 诏蹖丕賴 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘賴 卮賴乇 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄
蹖丕夭丿賴 - 毓夭蹖賲鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 夭蹖乇蹖賳 禺丕讴貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 丕賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖賴 蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
丿賵丕夭丿賴 - 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 30/07/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 27/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
August 29, 2021
Sh奴tur eli sharr墨 = The Epic of Gilgamesh, Anonymous, N.K. Sandars (Translator)
The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk.
These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic.
The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Sh奴tur eli sharr墨 ("Surpassing All Other Kings").
Only a few tablets of it have survived.
The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba 墨muru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown").
Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered.
Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丕蹖賳 賳爻禺賴 亘丕 賲鬲賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 丕賵賱 丌诏賵爻鬲 爻丕賱 2006賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 禺賵丿讴丕賲賴 賵 倬賴賱賵丕賳 賵 芦夭賲蹖賳蹖 丌爻賲丕賳蹖禄 亘賵丿賳丿貨 丿賵爻賵賲 賵噩賵丿卮 乇丕 丕蹖夭丿蹖貙 賵 蹖讴鈥屫迟堎呚� 乇丕 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 亘賳賵卮鬲賴 丕賳丿貨 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴丕乇賴丕 賵 倬蹖乇賵夭蹖鈥屬囏й� 賯賴乇賲丕賳貙 丌睾丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘賴 诏賵賳賴鈥� 丕蹖 讴賴 丕賵 乇丕 賲乇丿蹖 亘夭乇诏貙 丿乇 倬賴賳賴 蹖 丿丕賳卮 賵 禺乇丿貙 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲賵賮丕賳 乇丕 倬蹖卮鈥� 亘蹖賳蹖 讴賳丿貨 賲乇诏 丿賵爻鬲 氐賲蹖賲蹖鈥� 丕卮 芦丕賽賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 倬乇蹖卮丕賳 讴乇丿賴貙 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 倬丕蹖 丿乇 爻賮乇蹖 胤賵賱丕賳蹖貙 亘乇丕蹖 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 爻倬爻 禺爻鬲賴 賵 丿乇賲丕賳丿賴貙 亘賴 禺丕賳賴 亘丕夭賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 卮乇丨 乇賳噩鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 讴卮蹖丿賴貙 亘乇 诏賽賱鈥� 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥� 丕蹖 孬亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖夭 卮賴乇鬲 丿丕乇丿貨 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 賮丕乇爻蹖 丌賳貙 鬲賵爻胤 丿讴鬲乇 芦賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж嚶� 丿乇 爻丕賱 1333賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿貙 賵 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳 賳蹖夭 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿貨 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨 丕爻鬲
毓賳賵丕賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨貙 鬲蹖鬲乇賵丕乇 亘賴 卮乇丨 夭蹖乇 賴爻鬲賳丿
蹖讴1 - 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丌賳讴賴 丕夭 賴乇 爻禺鬲蹖 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�...貨 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 賵 乇賮鬲賳 賵蹖 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貙 卮賴乇蹖 讴賴 丨氐丕乇 丿丕乇丿貨
丿賵2 - 亘丕夭 蹖丕賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 賵 乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕夭 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴貙 賴賲丕賳 賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 爻丿乇 禺丿丕蹖丕賳貨
爻賴3 - 鬲乇讴 诏賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 卮賴乇 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 賵蹖貙 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇丐蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
趩賴丕乇4 - 亘乇丕賳诏蹖禺鬲賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 爻賵夭丕賳 丌賮鬲丕亘貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭賴鈥� 亘丕賳 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄 乇丕貨
倬賳噩5 - 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 噩賳诏賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿乇 賲賯丿爻. 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貨 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貨 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 賵蹖貙 亘丕夭诏卮鬲賳 亘賴 丕賵乇賵讴貨
卮卮6 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘丕 芦丕蹖卮鬲乇禄貙 丕賱賴賴 蹖 毓卮賯貙 賵 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 夭卮鬲讴丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 丕賵貨 噩賳诏 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 亘丕 芦賳乇 诏丕賵 丌爻賲丕賳禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丌賳貙 賵 噩卮賳 賵 卮丕丿蹖 亘乇倬丕 讴乇丿賳貨
賴賮鬲7 - 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
賴卮鬲8 - 賲乇诏 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賵 夭丕乇蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貨 卮鬲丕亘 讴乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 丿卮鬲貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 賳禺噩蹖乇亘丕夭貨
賳賴9 - 爻賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禄貨 乇賵 丿乇 乇丕賴 賳賴丕丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貙 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 乇丕夭 丨蹖丕鬲 噩丕賵蹖丿丕賳貙 賵 乇爻蹖丿賳 賵蹖 亘賴 丿乇賵丕夭賴 蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲貙 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 丿乇賵丕夭賴 亘丕賳丕賳貙 賵 亘賴 乇丕賴 丕賮鬲丕丿賳 丿乇 丿乇賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖貙 乇丕賴 賳賲賵丿賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 賮乇夭丕賳賴 蹖 讴賵賴爻丕乇丕賳貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 丿乇禺鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 乇爻蹖丿賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘賴 亘丕睾 禺丿丕蹖丕賳貨
丿賴10 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 賵 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貨 賵 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 禺丕鬲賵賳蹖 賮乇夭丕賳賴貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 夭賵乇賯 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲禄貨 丿蹖丿丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 芦丕賵乇卮賴 賳亘蹖禄 讴卮鬲蹖亘丕賳貨 亘賴 讴卮鬲蹖 賳卮爻鬲賳貙 賵 诏匕卮鬲賳 丕夭 丌亘鈥屬囏й� 賲乇诏貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 卅賵鬲 賳賴 倬蹖卮 鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貨 賵 卮讴爻鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貨 丌诏丕賴蹖 丿丕丿賳 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇禄貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕貙 丕乇 乇丕夭 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 丿乇蹖丕貨 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 乇丕貙 賵 禺賵乇丿賳 賲丕乇 诏蹖丕賴 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘賴 卮賴乇 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貨
蹖丕夭丿賴11 - 毓夭蹖賲鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 夭蹖乇蹖賳 禺丕讴貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 丕賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖賴 蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
丿丕賵夭丿賴12 - 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮.貨
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 21/05/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 06/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about 'Bilgamesh' (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk.
These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic.
The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Sh奴tur eli sharr墨 ("Surpassing All Other Kings").
Only a few tablets of it have survived.
The later "Standard" version dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba 墨muru ("He who Saw the Deep", in modern terms: "He who Sees the Unknown").
Approximately two thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered.
Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丕蹖賳 賳爻禺賴 亘丕 賲鬲賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 丕賵賱 丌诏賵爻鬲 爻丕賱 2006賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 禺賵丿讴丕賲賴 賵 倬賴賱賵丕賳 賵 芦夭賲蹖賳蹖 丌爻賲丕賳蹖禄 亘賵丿賳丿貨 丿賵爻賵賲 賵噩賵丿卮 乇丕 丕蹖夭丿蹖貙 賵 蹖讴鈥屫迟堎呚� 乇丕 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 亘賳賵卮鬲賴 丕賳丿貨 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴丕乇賴丕 賵 倬蹖乇賵夭蹖鈥屬囏й� 賯賴乇賲丕賳貙 丌睾丕夭 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘賴 诏賵賳賴鈥� 丕蹖 讴賴 丕賵 乇丕 賲乇丿蹖 亘夭乇诏貙 丿乇 倬賴賳賴 蹖 丿丕賳卮 賵 禺乇丿貙 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀� 鬲賵賮丕賳 乇丕 倬蹖卮鈥� 亘蹖賳蹖 讴賳丿貨 賲乇诏 丿賵爻鬲 氐賲蹖賲蹖鈥� 丕卮 芦丕賽賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 倬乇蹖卮丕賳 讴乇丿賴貙 亘乇丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 倬丕蹖 丿乇 爻賮乇蹖 胤賵賱丕賳蹖貙 亘乇丕蹖 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 爻倬爻 禺爻鬲賴 賵 丿乇賲丕賳丿賴貙 亘賴 禺丕賳賴 亘丕夭賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 卮乇丨 乇賳噩鈥屬囏й屰� 乇丕 讴賴 讴卮蹖丿賴貙 亘乇 诏賽賱鈥� 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥� 丕蹖 孬亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賳蹖夭 卮賴乇鬲 丿丕乇丿貨 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 蹖 賮丕乇爻蹖 丌賳貙 鬲賵爻胤 丿讴鬲乇 芦賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж嚶� 丿乇 爻丕賱 1333賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿貙 賵 倬爻 丕夭 丌賳 賳蹖夭 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 賲賳鬲卮乇 卮丿貨 丨賲丕爻賴 蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 丿乇 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨 丕爻鬲
毓賳賵丕賳 乇禺丿丕丿賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 丿賵丕夭丿賴 賱賵丨貙 鬲蹖鬲乇賵丕乇 亘賴 卮乇丨 夭蹖乇 賴爻鬲賳丿
蹖讴1 - 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 丌賳讴賴 丕夭 賴乇 爻禺鬲蹖 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�...貨 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 賵 乇賮鬲賳 賵蹖 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貙 卮賴乇蹖 讴賴 丨氐丕乇 丿丕乇丿貨
丿賵2 - 亘丕夭 蹖丕賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 賵 乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕夭 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴貙 賴賲丕賳 賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 爻丿乇 禺丿丕蹖丕賳貨
爻賴3 - 鬲乇讴 诏賮鬲賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 卮賴乇 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 賵蹖貙 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇丐蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
趩賴丕乇4 - 亘乇丕賳诏蹖禺鬲賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 爻賵夭丕賳 丌賮鬲丕亘貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄貙 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭賴鈥� 亘丕賳 芦賴賵賲亘丕 亘丕禄 乇丕貨
倬賳噩5 - 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 噩賳诏賱鈥屬囏й� 爻丿乇 賲賯丿爻. 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貨 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貨 噩賳诏 亘丕 芦禺賵賲亘賴 亘賴禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 賵蹖貙 亘丕夭诏卮鬲賳 亘賴 丕賵乇賵讴貨
卮卮6 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘丕 芦丕蹖卮鬲乇禄貙 丕賱賴賴 蹖 毓卮賯貙 賵 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 夭卮鬲讴丕乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 丕賵貨 噩賳诏 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貙 亘丕 芦賳乇 诏丕賵 丌爻賲丕賳禄 賵 讴卮鬲賳 丌賳貙 賵 噩卮賳 賵 卮丕丿蹖 亘乇倬丕 讴乇丿賳貨
賴賮鬲7 - 丿賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
賴卮鬲8 - 賲乇诏 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賵 夭丕乇蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貨 卮鬲丕亘 讴乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 丿卮鬲貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 賳禺噩蹖乇亘丕夭貨
賳賴9 - 爻賵賲蹖賳 乇賵蹖丕蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禄貨 乇賵 丿乇 乇丕賴 賳賴丕丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏丕賲卮禄貙 丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 乇丕夭 丨蹖丕鬲 噩丕賵蹖丿丕賳貙 賵 乇爻蹖丿賳 賵蹖 亘賴 丿乇賵丕夭賴 蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲貙 诏賮鬲诏賵 亘丕 丿乇賵丕夭賴 亘丕賳丕賳貙 賵 亘賴 乇丕賴 丕賮鬲丕丿賳 丿乇 丿乇賴鈥� 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖讴蹖貙 乇丕賴 賳賲賵丿賳 芦卮賽賲賽卮禄 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 賮乇夭丕賳賴 蹖 讴賵賴爻丕乇丕賳貙 賳诏賴亘丕賳 丿乇禺鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖貙 乇爻蹖丿賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘賴 亘丕睾 禺丿丕蹖丕賳貨
丿賴10 - 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 賵 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貨 賵 乇丕賴賳賲丕蹖蹖 芦爻蹖 丿賵乇蹖 爻丕亘蹖 鬲賵禄貙 禺丕鬲賵賳蹖 賮乇夭丕賳賴貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貙 亘賴 噩丕賳亘 夭賵乇賯 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲禄貨 丿蹖丿丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 芦丕賵乇卮賴 賳亘蹖禄 讴卮鬲蹖亘丕賳貨 亘賴 讴卮鬲蹖 賳卮爻鬲賳貙 賵 诏匕卮鬲賳 丕夭 丌亘鈥屬囏й� 賲乇诏貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 卅賵鬲 賳賴 倬蹖卮 鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇貙 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 乇丕貨 賵 卮讴爻鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貨 丌诏丕賴蹖 丿丕丿賳 芦丕賵鬲賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇禄貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕貙 丕乇 乇丕夭 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 丿乇蹖丕貨 亘賴 丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賳 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 诏蹖丕賴 丕毓噩丕夭丌賲蹖夭 乇丕貙 賵 禺賵乇丿賳 賲丕乇 诏蹖丕賴 乇丕貙 賵 亘丕夭诏卮鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄貙 亘賴 卮賴乇 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄貨
蹖丕夭丿賴11 - 毓夭蹖賲鬲 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 夭蹖乇蹖賳 禺丕讴貙 賵 诏賮鬲诏賵蹖 丕賵 亘丕 爻丕蹖賴 蹖 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄貨
丿丕賵夭丿賴12 - 倬丕蹖丕賳 讴丕乇 诏蹖賱诏賲卮.貨
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 21/05/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 06/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
March 3, 2025
"賱兀賳賴 賱賷爻 賲賳 賯丿乇 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 兀賳 賷丨賷丕 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘丿 賵賱賰賳 賱廿賳噩丕夭丕鬲賴 兀賳 鬲禺賱丿 丕爻賲賴 賱賱兀噩賷丕賱 丕賱賱丕丨賯丞"
"As for human beings, their days are numbered, and only their achievements that could establish their name to the latter generations."
The oldest discovered "truly literature" epic ever in history, the immortal outstanding Odyssey of Iraq.
Gilgamesh, the two-thirds god, symbol of Sumerian myth.
Origin of all stories and tales, which the old ancient civilizations quoted
Source of myths and superstition
You would be surprised by knowing the ancient assets of present, that the men just do developing rather than innovate from nothing
Unmatchable effort from the archaeologist "Taha Baker" to reintroduce the Arabic edition, furthermore the high-quality translation, he made great analysis and imagination to the missed parts of the mud tablets, and wrote margins to match the bible phrases to the one in THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH.
Penguin edition was twice long as the Arabic one, because it offered several texts of Babylonian and Sumerian tablets. so don't worry about any skip in the Arabic translation.
I think the following paintings are able to seduce you to read the EPIC
兀賯丿賲 賲賱丨賲丞 兀丿亘賷丞 "丨賯賷賯賷丞" 賲賰鬲卮賮丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲丕乇賷禺貙 "兀賵丿賷爻丞" 丕賱毓乇丕賯 丕賱禺丕賱丿丞.
"噩賱噩丕賲卮" 孬賱孬賷 丕賱廿賱賴貙 乇賲夭 丕賱兀爻胤賵乇丞 丕賱爻賵賲乇賷丞貙
兀氐賱 賰賱 丕賱賯氐氐 賵丕賱丨賰丕賷丕鬲貙 丕乇鬲賵鬲 噩賲賷毓 丕賱丨囟丕乇丕鬲 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賲賳賴丕貙
賲賳亘毓 賰賱 丕賱兀爻丕胤賷乇 賵丕賱禺乇丕賮丕鬲.
賱爻賵賮 賷丿賴卮賰 賲毓乇賮丞 丕賱兀氐賵賱 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賱賱丨丕囟乇貙 賮丕賱亘卮乇 賮賯胤 賷胤賵乇賵賳 賵賱丕 賷禺鬲乇毓賵賳 賲賳 丕賱毓丿賲..
賵賲噩賴賵丿 毓馗賷賲 賲賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲 "胤賴 亘丕賯乇" 賮賷 丕賱賰鬲丕亘. 胤賴 亘丕賯乇 賯丿賲 鬲乇噩賲丞 毓馗賷賲丞 賵鬲禺賷賱丕鬲 賱賱賳氐賵氐 丕賱賳丕賯氐丞 賲賳 丕賱賯氐丞貙 賵賴賵丕賲卮 毓賳 丕賱兀噩夭丕亍 丕賱鬲賷 丕賯鬲亘爻鬲賴丕 丕賱鬲賵乇丕丞 賲賳賴丕.
丿賷 氐賵乇 賱賱賲賱丨賲丞 賰賮賷賱丞 亘廿賳賴丕 鬲睾乇賷 兀賷 丨丿 亘賯乇丕亍鬲賴丕:
兀賵賱 8 賱賵丨丕鬲 亘乇賷卮丞 丕賱賮賳丕賳 丕賱毓乇丕賯賷 乇毓丿 賮賱賷丨
The first eight paintings by the Iraqi "Raad Felih"
1- "GILGAMESH meets SIDURI the god of beer and wine."
2- "GILGAMESH catches the horns of the holy bull."
3- "The monsters treated ENKIDU as a traitor after a prostitute seduces him."
4- "GILGAMESH and ENKIDU verse HUMBABA, the guardian of the Cedar Forest."
5- "GILGAMESH and ENKIDU on their own journey."
6- "ENKIDU after cutting the head of Holy bull sent by Ishtar's dad."
7- " "GILGAMESH crosses the death sea, to reach the flood hero UTNAPISHTIM.
8- "GILGAMESH sends a prostitute to seduce ENKIDU "
賵丿賷 氐賵乇 鬲丕賳賷丞 賱丕夭賲 賵賱丕 亘丿 鬲卮賵賮賴丕:
Another must seen paintings
"Discovering of two statuses to men with a body of winged Bull - 丕賰鬲卮丕賮 鬲賲孬丕賱賷賳 毓賱賶 噩爻丿 孬賵乇 賲噩賳丨"
"Comparing to lion body, this is how big is GILGAMESH - 丨噩賲 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賯丕乇賳丞 亘丨噩賲 兀爻丿 賰亘賷乇"
"GILGAMESH with a whip - 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賵賰乇亘丕噩"
"GILGAMESH and his friend ENKIDU - 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賵氐丿賷賯賴 廿賳賰賷丿賵"
"GILGAMESH sorrow after ENKIDU's death - 丨夭賳 噩賱噩丕賲卮 亘毓丿 賲賵鬲 廿賳賰賷丿賵"
"GILGAMESH after a serpent robbed the eternity fruit - 噩賱噩丕賲卮 亘毓丿 兀賳 爻賱亘鬲賴 丕賱丨賷丞 孬賲乇丞 丕賱禺賱賵丿"
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A short video about story line of the EPIC
賵丿丕 賮賷丿賷賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 毓乇亘賷 賷賵囟丨 賲賱禺氐 丕賱賯氐丞 -賮賷賴 卮賵賷丞 丕禺鬲賱丕賮丕鬲 毓賳 賳爻禺賴 胤賴 亘丕賯乇-:
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A song about the EPIC by KAZIM EL-SAHER, soon.
兀睾賳賷丞 賱賰丕馗賲 丕賱爻丕賴乇 亘賳賮爻 丕賱丕爻賲 亘乇丿賵丕.... 賯乇賷亘丕賸
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The EPIC as a carol in Arabic. should push you into the mood
賵丿賷 丕賱賯氐丞 賲睾賳丕丞 毓賱賶 賲賵爻賷賯賶 賵氐賵鬲 噩賴賵乇賷 匕賵 賳睾賲丞 賲賲賷夭丞 賴賷丿禺賱賰 賮賷 丕賱賲賵丿
March 4, 2020
诏蹖賱诏賲卮
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖 丨賲丕爻賴貙 賵賯鬲蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 讴賵丿讴蹖 禺乇丿爻丕賱 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 賵 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賮丕乇睾 丕爻鬲貙 賲乇丿蹖 丕爻鬲 鬲賳賵賲賳丿貙 丿賵 爻賵賲卮 禺丿丕 賵 蹖讴 爻賵賲卮 丕賳爻丕賳貙 亘丕 賳卮丕胤 賵 爻乇卮丕乇 丕夭 爻賱丕賲鬲蹖 賵 夭賵乇賲賳丿蹖貙 亘丕 讴賲乇亘賳丿賴丕蹖 賲乇氐毓 賵 丿爻鬲亘賳丿賴丕蹖 胤賱丕 賵 爻賴賲蹖 孬丕亘鬲 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 卮亘 賴乇 丿禺鬲乇蹖 讴賴 丿乇 卮賴乇卮 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄 丕夭丿賵丕噩 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�. 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 讴賴 丕夭 賮乇胤 丕爻鬲睾賳丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯貙 毓卮鬲丕乇貙 亘丕 鬲丨賯蹖乇 賵 丕爻鬲禺賮丕賮 倬丕爻禺 乇丿 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵 丕夭 禺卮賲 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖 丌爻賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 卮賴乇 丕賵乇賵讴 乇賴丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘蹖 丌賳 讴賴 鬲卮賵蹖卮蹖 亘賴 丿賱 乇丕賴 丿賴丿 丿賵 卮丕禺 賴蹖賵賱丕 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�. 賲乇丿蹖 亘賴 鬲賲丕賲 賲毓賳丕 讴丕賲乇賵丕.
賴賲蹖賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 丨賲丕爻賴貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 乇賵 亘賴 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘亘蹖賳: 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 禺賵丕乇 賵 亘蹖 賲賯丿丕乇貙 亘丕 趩賴乇賴鈥屫й� 鬲讴蹖丿賴貙 賲賵 賵 乇蹖卮蹖 跇賵賱蹖丿賴貙 倬賵爻鬲蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 爻賵禺鬲賴貙 禺爻鬲賴 賵 亘蹖 乇賲賯 丕夭 倬蹖賲賵丿賳 亘蹖丕亘丕賳 丕夭 倬爻 亘蹖丕亘丕賳貙 讴賴 亘賴 丕賱鬲賲丕爻 丕夭 賳诏賴亘丕賳丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭踿 馗賱賲丕鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 丕賵 乇丕 乇丕賴 丿賴賳丿 亘賱讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 倬丕爻禺卮 乇丕 丿乇 丌賳 爻賵蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲 亘蹖丕亘丿貙 賵 賳诏賴亘丕賳丕賳 賮賯胤 丕夭 爻乇 乇賯賾鬲 賵 鬲乇丨賲 丿乇 乇丕 亘賴 乇賵蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屭簇й屬嗀�. 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 爻丕丨鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賳丕爻賵鬲蹖 亘賴 賴賲賴 趩蹖夭 乇爻蹖丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賵 丨丕賱丕 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賲蹖 賵爻蹖毓鈥屫� 丕夭 丕賵乇賵讴貙 丕蹖賳 诏賵賳賴 爻蹖賱蹖鈥屫堌� 禺丕讴 賵 亘丕丿 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
亘丕賳賵 芦爻丕亘蹖鬲賵禄 讴賴 亘丕賵乇卮 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘丕卮丿貙 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫�: 芦丕诏乇 鬲賵 诏蹖賱诏賲卮蹖 讴賴 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖 丌爻賲丕賳 乇丕 诏乇賮鬲賴 亘卮讴爻鬲蹖貙 賵 賴賵賲鈥屫ㄘㄛ€ 丕賴乇蹖賲賳 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵賳 丿乇讴卮蹖丿蹖貙 賵 丿乇 诏匕乇诏丕賴 讴賵賴爻鬲丕賳 卮蹖乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘賴 禺丕讴 丕賮讴賳丿蹖貙 诏賵賳賴鈥屬囏й屫� 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 賮乇賵讴丕爻鬲賴貙 乇禺爻丕乇鬲 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丿爻鬲 趩乇丕 賮乇賵賴卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲責 鬲卮賵蹖卮 趩乇丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻丕賳 丿乇 賯毓乇 噩丕賳 鬲賵爻鬲責禄
丿爻鬲 丌禺乇貙 賵賯鬲蹖 丌禺乇蹖賳 丕賲蹖丿卮 亘乇丕蹖 诏卮賵丿賳 賲毓賲丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賳蹖夭 亘乇 亘丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 夭丕乇蹖鈥屭┵嗀з� 丕夭 爻賮乇 賳丕讴丕賲卮 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴鈥屬囏ж� 亘賴 夭丕丿诏丕賴卮 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 丿乇 丿丕禺賱 丿蹖賵丕乇賴丕蹖 丕賲賳 丕賵乇賵讴 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賳丿 賵 亘賲蹖乇丿貙 亘蹖 丌賳 讴賴 丿蹖诏乇 爻乇賽 倬賳噩賴 丿乇 倬賳噩賴 丕賮讴賳丿賳 亘丕 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 賴爻鬲蹖 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵
賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 賱賵丨賴鈥屬囏й� 丨賲丕爻踿 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 讴賴賳 鬲乇蹖賳 丨賲丕爻踿 蹖丕賮鬲賴 卮丿踿 亘卮乇蹖貙 賳賴 亘賴 賲丕噩乇丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 亘賱讴賴 亘賴 賲丕噩乇丕蹖 芦丕賽賳讴蹖丿賵禄 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 禺丕讴 乇購爻 賵 亘夭丕賯 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫①佖臂屬嗀�. 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 丿賵乇 丕夭 卮賴乇賴丕 賵 丌丿賲蹖丕賳貙 丿乇 丿卮鬲 賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 睾匕丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌必� 賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 丌亘 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堌簇�. 丌賴賵丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 丿丕賲鈥屬囏й� 卮讴丕乇趩蹖丕賳 丿賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 賳賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 氐蹖丕丿丕賳 趩蹖夭蹖 卮讴丕乇 讴賳賳丿.
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 卮讴丕乇趩蹖丕賳 讴賴 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賵囟毓 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴貙 丨蹖賱賴鈥屫й� 賴賵賱賳丕讴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀屫簇� 賵 丿丕賲蹖 賲乇诏亘丕乇 亘乇丕蹖 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 賲蹖鈥屭簇й屫�. 亘賴 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 乇丕賴亘賴鈥屬囏й� 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯 乇丕 賴賲乇丕賴 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必� 賵 亘賴 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 丕夭 鬲賲丕賲 噩丕匕亘賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳丿 賵 亘賴 賴乇 賳丨賵 讴賴 卮丿賴貙 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 禺賵丿 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 讴賳丿. 乇丕賴亘賴貙 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 禺賵丿 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕賳讴蹖丿賵蹖 賵丨卮蹖 讴賴 丿蹖丿丕乇卮 丿乇 丿賱 賴乇 亘蹖賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 乇毓亘 賲蹖鈥屫з嗂屫� 倬爻 丕夭 賴賮鬲 卮亘丕賳賴鈥屫辟堌� 毓卮賯鈥屬堌必槽� 亘蹖 賵賯賮賴貙 乇丕賲 賵 丕賴賱蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 亘賴 賮乇賲丕賳 乇丕賴亘賴 賱亘丕爻 賲蹖鈥屬举堌簇� 賵 亘賴 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 鬲丕 亘丕 丌丿賲蹖丕賳 丨卮乇 賵 賳卮乇 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳丿. 诏賳丕賴丕賳 賮乇丕賵丕賳 賲乇鬲讴亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賲賯丿賾爻丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖 丨乇賲鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 诏賳丕賴貙 蹖毓賳蹖 倬賵卮蹖丿賳 賱亘丕爻貙 鬲丕 诏賳丕賴丕賳 毓馗蹖賲 趩賵賳 讴卮鬲賳 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 賵 胤睾蹖丕賳 毓賱蹖賴 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯貙 丕蹖賳 賮丕氐賱賴 乇丕 丿乇 毓乇囟 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 胤蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丿蹖诏乇 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭 噩賱賵丿丕乇 丕賵 賳蹖爻鬲. 倬爻 卮亘蹖 丿乇 禺賵丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗀� 讴賴 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 賲噩賱爻蹖 鬲乇鬲蹖亘 丿丕丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賯氐丿 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 丕賵 乇丕 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 诏賳丕賴丕賳卮 亘賴 賲乇诏 賲噩丕夭丕鬲 讴賳賳丿.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵貙 倬乇蹖卮丕賳 賵 爻乇诏卮鬲賴 卮亘丕賳賴 丕夭 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屭臂屫藏� 賵 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 夭丕丿诏丕賴卮貙 丿卮鬲 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭必�. 丨丕賱 亘賴 賴乇 爻賵 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 丕夭 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫辟呝嗀�. 丨丕賱 丿蹖诏乇 丕賵 芦丿丕賳丕禄 卮丿賴. 丨丕賱 丿蹖诏乇 芦賲鬲賲丿賳禄 卮丿賴. 賵 丕蹖賳 蹖毓賳蹖 丿蹖诏乇 趩賵賳 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲貙 丕蹖賳 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 賯丿蹖賲蹖鈥屫ж簇� 賲毓氐賵賲 賳蹖爻鬲. 倬爻 亘丕 囟噩賴 賵 夭丕乇蹖 毓卮賯 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳卮 乇丕 賳賮乇蹖賳 賲蹖 讴賳丿 讴賴 賲爻亘賾亘 芦丿丕賳丕蹖蹖禄 丕賵 卮丿賴 賵 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵丨卮蹖丕賳賴 亘蹖乇賵賳卮 丌賵乇丿賴.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵 賳賵賲蹖丿 亘賴 卮賴乇 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必�. 丿賵丕夭丿賴 乇賵夭 丿乇 亘爻鬲乇 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з佖�. 賵 亘毓丿貙 賲蹖鈥屬呟屫必�.
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖 丨賲丕爻賴貙 賵賯鬲蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 讴賵丿讴蹖 禺乇丿爻丕賱 丕夭 噩賴丕賳 賵 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賮丕乇睾 丕爻鬲貙 賲乇丿蹖 丕爻鬲 鬲賳賵賲賳丿貙 丿賵 爻賵賲卮 禺丿丕 賵 蹖讴 爻賵賲卮 丕賳爻丕賳貙 亘丕 賳卮丕胤 賵 爻乇卮丕乇 丕夭 爻賱丕賲鬲蹖 賵 夭賵乇賲賳丿蹖貙 亘丕 讴賲乇亘賳丿賴丕蹖 賲乇氐毓 賵 丿爻鬲亘賳丿賴丕蹖 胤賱丕 賵 爻賴賲蹖 孬丕亘鬲 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 卮亘 賴乇 丿禺鬲乇蹖 讴賴 丿乇 卮賴乇卮 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄 丕夭丿賵丕噩 賲蹖鈥屭┴必�. 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 讴賴 丕夭 賮乇胤 丕爻鬲睾賳丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯貙 毓卮鬲丕乇貙 亘丕 鬲丨賯蹖乇 賵 丕爻鬲禺賮丕賮 倬丕爻禺 乇丿 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵 丕夭 禺卮賲 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖 丌爻賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 卮賴乇 丕賵乇賵讴 乇賴丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 亘蹖 丌賳 讴賴 鬲卮賵蹖卮蹖 亘賴 丿賱 乇丕賴 丿賴丿 丿賵 卮丕禺 賴蹖賵賱丕 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�. 賲乇丿蹖 亘賴 鬲賲丕賲 賲毓賳丕 讴丕賲乇賵丕.
賴賲蹖賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 乇丕 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 丨賲丕爻賴貙 賵賯鬲蹖 亘丕 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 乇賵 亘賴 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 亘亘蹖賳: 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 禺賵丕乇 賵 亘蹖 賲賯丿丕乇貙 亘丕 趩賴乇賴鈥屫й� 鬲讴蹖丿賴貙 賲賵 賵 乇蹖卮蹖 跇賵賱蹖丿賴貙 倬賵爻鬲蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 爻賵禺鬲賴貙 禺爻鬲賴 賵 亘蹖 乇賲賯 丕夭 倬蹖賲賵丿賳 亘蹖丕亘丕賳 丕夭 倬爻 亘蹖丕亘丕賳貙 讴賴 亘賴 丕賱鬲賲丕爻 丕夭 賳诏賴亘丕賳丕賳 丿乇賵丕夭踿 馗賱賲丕鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з囏� 丕賵 乇丕 乇丕賴 丿賴賳丿 亘賱讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 倬丕爻禺卮 乇丕 丿乇 丌賳 爻賵蹖 馗賱賲丕鬲 亘蹖丕亘丿貙 賵 賳诏賴亘丕賳丕賳 賮賯胤 丕夭 爻乇 乇賯賾鬲 賵 鬲乇丨賲 丿乇 乇丕 亘賴 乇賵蹖卮 賲蹖鈥屭簇й屬嗀�. 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 爻丕丨鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賳丕爻賵鬲蹖 亘賴 賴賲賴 趩蹖夭 乇爻蹖丿賴 亘賵丿貙 賵 丨丕賱丕 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 噩賴丕賳蹖 讴賲蹖 賵爻蹖毓鈥屫� 丕夭 丕賵乇賵讴貙 丕蹖賳 诏賵賳賴 爻蹖賱蹖鈥屫堌� 禺丕讴 賵 亘丕丿 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
亘丕賳賵 芦爻丕亘蹖鬲賵禄 讴賴 亘丕賵乇卮 賳賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 丕蹖賳 賴賲丕賳 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘丕卮丿貙 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫�: 芦丕诏乇 鬲賵 诏蹖賱诏賲卮蹖 讴賴 賴蹖賵賱丕蹖 丌爻賲丕賳 乇丕 诏乇賮鬲賴 亘卮讴爻鬲蹖貙 賵 賴賵賲鈥屫ㄘㄛ€ 丕賴乇蹖賲賳 乇丕 亘賴 禺賵賳 丿乇讴卮蹖丿蹖貙 賵 丿乇 诏匕乇诏丕賴 讴賵賴爻鬲丕賳 卮蹖乇 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘賴 禺丕讴 丕賮讴賳丿蹖貙 诏賵賳賴鈥屬囏й屫� 趩乇丕 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 賮乇賵讴丕爻鬲賴貙 乇禺爻丕乇鬲 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丿爻鬲 趩乇丕 賮乇賵賴卮鬲賴 丕爻鬲責 鬲卮賵蹖卮 趩乇丕 丕夭 丕蹖賳 爻丕賳 丿乇 賯毓乇 噩丕賳 鬲賵爻鬲責禄
丿爻鬲 丌禺乇貙 賵賯鬲蹖 丌禺乇蹖賳 丕賲蹖丿卮 亘乇丕蹖 诏卮賵丿賳 賲毓賲丕蹖 噩賴丕賳 賳蹖夭 亘乇 亘丕丿 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 夭丕乇蹖鈥屭┵嗀з� 丕夭 爻賮乇 賳丕讴丕賲卮 亘賴 噩賴丕賳 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴鈥屬囏ж� 亘賴 夭丕丿诏丕賴卮 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 鬲乇噩蹖丨 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 丿乇 丿丕禺賱 丿蹖賵丕乇賴丕蹖 丕賲賳 丕賵乇賵讴 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴賳丿 賵 亘賲蹖乇丿貙 亘蹖 丌賳 讴賴 丿蹖诏乇 爻乇賽 倬賳噩賴 丿乇 倬賳噩賴 丕賮讴賳丿賳 亘丕 賲毓賲丕賴丕蹖 賴爻鬲蹖 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮丿.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵
賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 賱賵丨賴鈥屬囏й� 丨賲丕爻踿 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 讴賴賳 鬲乇蹖賳 丨賲丕爻踿 蹖丕賮鬲賴 卮丿踿 亘卮乇蹖貙 賳賴 亘賴 賲丕噩乇丕蹖 诏蹖賱诏賲卮貙 亘賱讴賴 亘賴 賲丕噩乇丕蹖 芦丕賽賳讴蹖丿賵禄 丕禺鬲氐丕氐 丿丕乇丿 讴賴 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 丌賮乇蹖賳卮 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 禺丕讴 乇購爻 賵 亘夭丕賯 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫①佖臂屬嗀�. 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 丿賵乇 丕夭 卮賴乇賴丕 賵 丌丿賲蹖丕賳貙 丿乇 丿卮鬲 賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 夭賳丿诏蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 睾匕丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌必� 賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 丌亘 賲蹖鈥屬嗁堌簇�. 丌賴賵丕賳 乇丕 丕夭 丿丕賲鈥屬囏й� 卮讴丕乇趩蹖丕賳 丿賵乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 賳賲蹖鈥屭柏ж必� 氐蹖丕丿丕賳 趩蹖夭蹖 卮讴丕乇 讴賳賳丿.
蹖讴蹖 丕夭 卮讴丕乇趩蹖丕賳 讴賴 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賵囟毓 亘賴 鬲賳诏 丌賲丿賴貙 丨蹖賱賴鈥屫й� 賴賵賱賳丕讴 賲蹖鈥屫з嗀屫簇� 賵 丿丕賲蹖 賲乇诏亘丕乇 亘乇丕蹖 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 賲蹖鈥屭簇й屫�. 亘賴 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 賵 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 乇丕賴亘賴鈥屬囏й� 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯 乇丕 賴賲乇丕賴 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫①堌必� 賵 亘賴 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屭堐屫� 丕夭 鬲賲丕賲 噩丕匕亘賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 讴賳丿 賵 亘賴 賴乇 賳丨賵 讴賴 卮丿賴貙 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 禺賵丿 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 讴賳丿. 乇丕賴亘賴貙 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘賴 毓卮賯 禺賵丿 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕賳讴蹖丿賵蹖 賵丨卮蹖 讴賴 丿蹖丿丕乇卮 丿乇 丿賱 賴乇 亘蹖賳賳丿賴鈥屫й� 乇毓亘 賲蹖鈥屫з嗂屫� 倬爻 丕夭 賴賮鬲 卮亘丕賳賴鈥屫辟堌� 毓卮賯鈥屬堌必槽� 亘蹖 賵賯賮賴貙 乇丕賲 賵 丕賴賱蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 亘賴 賮乇賲丕賳 乇丕賴亘賴 賱亘丕爻 賲蹖鈥屬举堌簇� 賵 亘賴 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 鬲丕 亘丕 丌丿賲蹖丕賳 丨卮乇 賵 賳卮乇 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳丿. 诏賳丕賴丕賳 賮乇丕賵丕賳 賲乇鬲讴亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賵 亘賴 賲賯丿賾爻丕鬲 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖 丨乇賲鬲蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 诏賳丕賴貙 蹖毓賳蹖 倬賵卮蹖丿賳 賱亘丕爻貙 鬲丕 诏賳丕賴丕賳 毓馗蹖賲 趩賵賳 讴卮鬲賳 賳诏賴亘丕賳 噩賳诏賱 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 賵 胤睾蹖丕賳 毓賱蹖賴 丕蹖夭丿亘丕賳賵蹖 毓卮賯貙 丕蹖賳 賮丕氐賱賴 乇丕 丿乇 毓乇囟 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 胤蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丿蹖诏乇 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭 噩賱賵丿丕乇 丕賵 賳蹖爻鬲. 倬爻 卮亘蹖 丿乇 禺賵丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗀� 讴賴 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 賲噩賱爻蹖 鬲乇鬲蹖亘 丿丕丿賴鈥屫з嗀� 賵 賯氐丿 丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 丕賵 乇丕 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 诏賳丕賴丕賳卮 亘賴 賲乇诏 賲噩丕夭丕鬲 讴賳賳丿.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵貙 倬乇蹖卮丕賳 賵 爻乇诏卮鬲賴 卮亘丕賳賴 丕夭 卮賴乇 賲蹖鈥屭臂屫藏� 賵 丿賵亘丕乇賴 亘賴 夭丕丿诏丕賴卮貙 丿卮鬲 亘丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭必�. 丨丕賱 亘賴 賴乇 爻賵 讴賴 賲蹖鈥屫辟堌� 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 丕夭 丕賵 賲蹖鈥屫辟呝嗀�. 丨丕賱 丿蹖诏乇 丕賵 芦丿丕賳丕禄 卮丿賴. 丨丕賱 丿蹖诏乇 芦賲鬲賲丿賳禄 卮丿賴. 賵 丕蹖賳 蹖毓賳蹖 丿蹖诏乇 趩賵賳 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲貙 丕蹖賳 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 賯丿蹖賲蹖鈥屫ж簇� 賲毓氐賵賲 賳蹖爻鬲. 倬爻 亘丕 囟噩賴 賵 夭丕乇蹖 毓卮賯 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳卮 乇丕 賳賮乇蹖賳 賲蹖 讴賳丿 讴賴 賲爻亘賾亘 芦丿丕賳丕蹖蹖禄 丕賵 卮丿賴 賵 丕夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 賵丨卮蹖丕賳賴 亘蹖乇賵賳卮 丌賵乇丿賴.
丕賳讴蹖丿賵 賳賵賲蹖丿 亘賴 卮賴乇 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必�. 丿賵丕夭丿賴 乇賵夭 丿乇 亘爻鬲乇 亘蹖賲丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫з佖�. 賵 亘毓丿貙 賲蹖鈥屬呟屫必�.
April 9, 2020
鈥漈he one who saw the abyss I will make the land know;
Of him who knew all, let me tell the whole story
...in the same way...
Is there a king like him anywhere?
Who like Gilgamesh can boast, 鈥業 am the king!鈥�
From the day of his birth Gilgamesh was called by name.鈥�
An exorcist priest named Sin-Leqi-Unninni is famous for being the scribe who recorded the best preserved version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. He lived in Mesopotamia between 1300-11oo BC. His name translates roughly as The Moon God is One Who Accepts my Prayers. The poem is thought to have existed as much as a 1000 years before Sin-Leqi-Unninni transcribed this version, which would make this story over 4000 years old.
It is remarkable that we have these clay tablets at all. We have pieces of the story in other forms, and any translator who takes on the task of looking with fresh eyes at these cuneiform shapes relies heavily on the other scattered pieces to fill in the gaps of the missing sections of clay or the parts that have been rubbed into obscurity.
Here is an example of what is readable out of the severely damaged tablet V column VI:
鈥�...
...谤辞补诲鈥�
...a second time鈥�
...threw down鈥�
...Enkidu
They cut off the head of Humbaba.鈥�
It makes me think of when I was a kid watching a show, and the TV signal would start going on the fritz. The picture would start flipping and turning to static (probably a passing low flying UFO). I would be banging on the set (because that always helps) and frantically wiggling the ears until the rabbit is squawking. I鈥檇 get pieces of sound with distorted dialogue. Finally, the signal would be reacquired just in time for me to hear,
鈥淭hat was amazing, Magnum.鈥�
Fortunately, John Gardner and John Maier were able to resurrect the missing pieces from other sources, and they share that with us so we can see what we probably missed. It would have been wonderful to read how Sin-Leqi-Unninni would have interpreted that particular dynamic scene of Gilgamesh and Enkidu subduing Humbaba. One can only hope that more Gilgamesh pieces are still out there to be discovered and maybe, even possibly, another copy of this particular translation.
When I think of Gilgamesh, I also think of Beowulf. Both are epic, larger than life heroes whom I frequently, in my youth, mixed up. It wasn鈥檛 until I was at college, taking literature courses, that I managed to pry the two apart into two separate beings.
Gilgamesh VS Beowulf
Who would win? Well, Gilgamesh is two thirds celestial being and only one third human. When Enkidu is created as a counter balance to him by the Gods, it really isn鈥檛 a contest. Despite Enkidu being a powerful and great warrior, he is no match for Gilgamesh, so I鈥檇 have to say my head proclaims Gilgamesh would win against Beowulf, but my heart is always going to be with Beowulf.
Enkidu is raised by wolves, well basically the whole wildlife kingdom, and when it is time for him to give Gilgamesh his comeuppance, they decide the best way to bring Enkidu into the arms of civilization is to tempt him with the charms of a woman.
Here he is, courtesan; get ready to embrace him.
Open your legs, show him your beauty.
Do not hold back, take his wind away.
Seeing you, he will come near.
Strip off your clothes so he can mount you.
Make him know, this-man-as-he-was, what a woman is.
His beasts who grew up in his wilderness will turn from him.
He will press his body over your wildness.鈥�
And man, did it ever work. It is like mainlining the poor bastard with some pure China White. He is hooked. 鈥漇ix days and seven nights Enkidu attacked, fucked the priestess.鈥� Though this might resemble a honeymoon, never leave the hotel type situation, I doubt it was quite the same.
Enkido and Gilgamesh, after their property destroying epic battle, became best friends. Inseparable until death parts them. They kill the Bull of Heaven after the beast is sent for by the scorned goddess Ishtar.
You see, Gilgamesh turns her down.
鈥漌hich of your lovers have you loved forever?
Which of your little shepherds has continued to please you?
Come, let me name your lovers for you,鈥�
which is actually very astute of Gilgamesh, who is really better known as a love them and leave them type. There is, in fact, a lot of grumbling about his Middle Ages type insistence that he has firsties with any new bride in the kingdom. I guess the rat bastard aristocracy of the Medieval period had read a copy of Gilgamesh, or maybe we can assume that men with absolute power have always been the same.
Enkidu and Gilgamesh
There must be a price paid for killing the Bull of Heaven, and the Gods are not going to strike down their golden boy, Gilgamesh, so that leaves his best friend, Enkido, to be the fall guy. When you are on an away mission with Gilgamesh, you always wear the red shirt.
The grief that Gilgamesh feels is actually poignant.
鈥漇ix days and seven nights I wept over him.
until a worm fell out of his nose.
Then I was afraid.鈥�
I really think that maybe Gilgamesh hopes the gods will take pity on him and listen to his lamentations and restore life to Enkidu, but my rule has always been, when a worm falls out of a loved one鈥檚 nose, it is time to bury him or run like hell because Uncle Ted has just joined the Walking Dead.
Gilgamesh travels to the underworld looking for his friend. I love this line: 鈥滺is face was like that of one who travels a long road.鈥� I can see his mental and physical pain etched into the lines of his face.
There is a long digression in the story while Sin-Leqi-Unninni relates THE FLOOD story, starring Utnapishtim as Noah. The rest of the starring characters, that would be us sinners, are drowned. We are merely bobbing nuisances in the water, as a backdrop to Utnapishtim鈥檚 celebratory high 5s with the giraffes, gorillas, and gazelles.
Though nonsensical for Sin-Leqi-Unninni to shove Gilgamesh off center stage, it is actually very interesting to read.
鈥漌hen he orders bread at night, he (Shamash) will rain down wheat,
enter the boat and close the gate.鈥�
My family raises a lot of wheat, so the whole image of raining down wheat to feed Utnapishtim and his family is something I have never heard of in connection with the Noah version, but I really like the visual of wheat cascading from heaven to fill up the deck of the boat.
On his journey, Gilgamesh finds a weed that will restore his vigor and youthfulness. He wants to take it back to Uruk and share it with others. I鈥檓 already thinking to myself, gobble it down man, save some for others, but gobble yours now.
Well, then a snake shows up, and 鈥�
This is a blast to read. The notes that Gardner and Maier provide are invaluable to help me better understand the story, so don鈥檛 just read Gilgamesh, allow yourself to be immersed in the whole experience. I would read the text from the tablet and then read the notes to find some, not so subtle, changes occurring to my own interpretation of the meaning. Use these experts to heighten not only your knowledge but also your overall enjoyment of reading one of the oldest known stories in existence.
John Gardner
I keep pondering the unexpected death of John Gardner in 1982. He died in a tragic motorcycle accident at the tender age of 49, before this book was published. I couldn鈥檛 help thinking of him because the notes are infused with his charismatic personality and his boyish enthusiasm. He had been drinking but was below the legal limit at the time. John Maier feels that he was overworked from too many projects and too little sleep. I first encountered Gardner when I read his wonderful, slender volume Grendel (1971), which I really need to reread so I can write a review for it. I didn鈥檛 know that he was already dead at the time that I read Grendel, but when I did find it out later, I felt that temporary displacement of learning bad news as if it had just happened. RIP John Gardner. May you be able to complete your tasks in the next life.
If you wish to see more of my most recent book and movie reviews, visit
I also have a Facebook blogger page at:
Of him who knew all, let me tell the whole story
...in the same way...
Is there a king like him anywhere?
Who like Gilgamesh can boast, 鈥業 am the king!鈥�
From the day of his birth Gilgamesh was called by name.鈥�
An exorcist priest named Sin-Leqi-Unninni is famous for being the scribe who recorded the best preserved version of the Epic of Gilgamesh. He lived in Mesopotamia between 1300-11oo BC. His name translates roughly as The Moon God is One Who Accepts my Prayers. The poem is thought to have existed as much as a 1000 years before Sin-Leqi-Unninni transcribed this version, which would make this story over 4000 years old.
It is remarkable that we have these clay tablets at all. We have pieces of the story in other forms, and any translator who takes on the task of looking with fresh eyes at these cuneiform shapes relies heavily on the other scattered pieces to fill in the gaps of the missing sections of clay or the parts that have been rubbed into obscurity.
Here is an example of what is readable out of the severely damaged tablet V column VI:
鈥�...
...谤辞补诲鈥�
...a second time鈥�
...threw down鈥�
...Enkidu
They cut off the head of Humbaba.鈥�
It makes me think of when I was a kid watching a show, and the TV signal would start going on the fritz. The picture would start flipping and turning to static (probably a passing low flying UFO). I would be banging on the set (because that always helps) and frantically wiggling the ears until the rabbit is squawking. I鈥檇 get pieces of sound with distorted dialogue. Finally, the signal would be reacquired just in time for me to hear,
鈥淭hat was amazing, Magnum.鈥�
Fortunately, John Gardner and John Maier were able to resurrect the missing pieces from other sources, and they share that with us so we can see what we probably missed. It would have been wonderful to read how Sin-Leqi-Unninni would have interpreted that particular dynamic scene of Gilgamesh and Enkidu subduing Humbaba. One can only hope that more Gilgamesh pieces are still out there to be discovered and maybe, even possibly, another copy of this particular translation.
When I think of Gilgamesh, I also think of Beowulf. Both are epic, larger than life heroes whom I frequently, in my youth, mixed up. It wasn鈥檛 until I was at college, taking literature courses, that I managed to pry the two apart into two separate beings.
Gilgamesh VS Beowulf
Who would win? Well, Gilgamesh is two thirds celestial being and only one third human. When Enkidu is created as a counter balance to him by the Gods, it really isn鈥檛 a contest. Despite Enkidu being a powerful and great warrior, he is no match for Gilgamesh, so I鈥檇 have to say my head proclaims Gilgamesh would win against Beowulf, but my heart is always going to be with Beowulf.
Enkidu is raised by wolves, well basically the whole wildlife kingdom, and when it is time for him to give Gilgamesh his comeuppance, they decide the best way to bring Enkidu into the arms of civilization is to tempt him with the charms of a woman.
Here he is, courtesan; get ready to embrace him.
Open your legs, show him your beauty.
Do not hold back, take his wind away.
Seeing you, he will come near.
Strip off your clothes so he can mount you.
Make him know, this-man-as-he-was, what a woman is.
His beasts who grew up in his wilderness will turn from him.
He will press his body over your wildness.鈥�
And man, did it ever work. It is like mainlining the poor bastard with some pure China White. He is hooked. 鈥漇ix days and seven nights Enkidu attacked, fucked the priestess.鈥� Though this might resemble a honeymoon, never leave the hotel type situation, I doubt it was quite the same.
Enkido and Gilgamesh, after their property destroying epic battle, became best friends. Inseparable until death parts them. They kill the Bull of Heaven after the beast is sent for by the scorned goddess Ishtar.
You see, Gilgamesh turns her down.
鈥漌hich of your lovers have you loved forever?
Which of your little shepherds has continued to please you?
Come, let me name your lovers for you,鈥�
which is actually very astute of Gilgamesh, who is really better known as a love them and leave them type. There is, in fact, a lot of grumbling about his Middle Ages type insistence that he has firsties with any new bride in the kingdom. I guess the rat bastard aristocracy of the Medieval period had read a copy of Gilgamesh, or maybe we can assume that men with absolute power have always been the same.
Enkidu and Gilgamesh
There must be a price paid for killing the Bull of Heaven, and the Gods are not going to strike down their golden boy, Gilgamesh, so that leaves his best friend, Enkido, to be the fall guy. When you are on an away mission with Gilgamesh, you always wear the red shirt.
The grief that Gilgamesh feels is actually poignant.
鈥漇ix days and seven nights I wept over him.
until a worm fell out of his nose.
Then I was afraid.鈥�
I really think that maybe Gilgamesh hopes the gods will take pity on him and listen to his lamentations and restore life to Enkidu, but my rule has always been, when a worm falls out of a loved one鈥檚 nose, it is time to bury him or run like hell because Uncle Ted has just joined the Walking Dead.
Gilgamesh travels to the underworld looking for his friend. I love this line: 鈥滺is face was like that of one who travels a long road.鈥� I can see his mental and physical pain etched into the lines of his face.
There is a long digression in the story while Sin-Leqi-Unninni relates THE FLOOD story, starring Utnapishtim as Noah. The rest of the starring characters, that would be us sinners, are drowned. We are merely bobbing nuisances in the water, as a backdrop to Utnapishtim鈥檚 celebratory high 5s with the giraffes, gorillas, and gazelles.
Though nonsensical for Sin-Leqi-Unninni to shove Gilgamesh off center stage, it is actually very interesting to read.
鈥漌hen he orders bread at night, he (Shamash) will rain down wheat,
enter the boat and close the gate.鈥�
My family raises a lot of wheat, so the whole image of raining down wheat to feed Utnapishtim and his family is something I have never heard of in connection with the Noah version, but I really like the visual of wheat cascading from heaven to fill up the deck of the boat.
On his journey, Gilgamesh finds a weed that will restore his vigor and youthfulness. He wants to take it back to Uruk and share it with others. I鈥檓 already thinking to myself, gobble it down man, save some for others, but gobble yours now.
Well, then a snake shows up, and 鈥�
This is a blast to read. The notes that Gardner and Maier provide are invaluable to help me better understand the story, so don鈥檛 just read Gilgamesh, allow yourself to be immersed in the whole experience. I would read the text from the tablet and then read the notes to find some, not so subtle, changes occurring to my own interpretation of the meaning. Use these experts to heighten not only your knowledge but also your overall enjoyment of reading one of the oldest known stories in existence.
John Gardner
I keep pondering the unexpected death of John Gardner in 1982. He died in a tragic motorcycle accident at the tender age of 49, before this book was published. I couldn鈥檛 help thinking of him because the notes are infused with his charismatic personality and his boyish enthusiasm. He had been drinking but was below the legal limit at the time. John Maier feels that he was overworked from too many projects and too little sleep. I first encountered Gardner when I read his wonderful, slender volume Grendel (1971), which I really need to reread so I can write a review for it. I didn鈥檛 know that he was already dead at the time that I read Grendel, but when I did find it out later, I felt that temporary displacement of learning bad news as if it had just happened. RIP John Gardner. May you be able to complete your tasks in the next life.
If you wish to see more of my most recent book and movie reviews, visit
I also have a Facebook blogger page at:
March 17, 2011
5.0 stars. I thought this story was AMAZING. However, before I go any further I do want to point out that this review is solely for the version I read which was 鈥淕ilgamesh: A New English Version鈥� by Stephen Mitchell. I say this because for a story written over 4000 years ago (approximately 2100 BC) about a King who lived over 4700 years ago (approximately 2750 BC) and was written in cuneiform in an extinct language (Akkadian), I imagine that the particular translation one reads may have a profound impact on the reading experience. I also note that the version I read has been criticized by others for being too subjective an interpretation. I will probably read an alternative translation at some point to compare the two but for now all I can say is that I LOVED STEPHEN MITCHELL鈥橲 VERSION. In addition to having the complete text of the epic poem, Mitchell includes about 75 pages worth on analysis and insight into the story that I thought enhanced the reading experience for me.
Rather then go into the details of the story which are adequately explained in the book description and are fairly well known, I will just give some thoughts about my impression of the story. This is an epic heroic story in the ancient sense of the word. Gilgamesh is a hero like the Greek gods, not necessarily 鈥済ood鈥� but rather smarter, stronger and more powerful than all those around him. Later when he meets his friend/brother Enkidu, the two embark on the first quest adventure ever written and their travels make for a wonderful story. While reading this, I kept finding myself thinking that I can鈥檛 believe this was written over 4000 years ago and is still so incredibly entertaining. I was also amazed that this story (again written over 4000 years ago) includes an almost verbatim version of the 鈥淕reat Flood鈥� story from the Old Testament down to the smallest details. There is a similar allusion to the loss of innocence through the machinations of an evil serpent that bear a striking example to the 鈥淔all of Adam and Eve.鈥� I thought this was fascinating on many levels.
Finally, and most importantly in my opinion, this story is about the journey of knowledge and self-discovery and about learning that the home you may have once run away from in order to look for greener pastures can turn out to be a pretty special place after all. From that perspective alone, this is a beautifully written and powerful story and one that I would strongly recommend.
One final note: I listened to the audio version narrated by George Guidall who did an absolutely superb job and added to my enjoyment of the narrative. HIGHEST POSSIBLE RECOMMENDATION!!!
Rather then go into the details of the story which are adequately explained in the book description and are fairly well known, I will just give some thoughts about my impression of the story. This is an epic heroic story in the ancient sense of the word. Gilgamesh is a hero like the Greek gods, not necessarily 鈥済ood鈥� but rather smarter, stronger and more powerful than all those around him. Later when he meets his friend/brother Enkidu, the two embark on the first quest adventure ever written and their travels make for a wonderful story. While reading this, I kept finding myself thinking that I can鈥檛 believe this was written over 4000 years ago and is still so incredibly entertaining. I was also amazed that this story (again written over 4000 years ago) includes an almost verbatim version of the 鈥淕reat Flood鈥� story from the Old Testament down to the smallest details. There is a similar allusion to the loss of innocence through the machinations of an evil serpent that bear a striking example to the 鈥淔all of Adam and Eve.鈥� I thought this was fascinating on many levels.
Finally, and most importantly in my opinion, this story is about the journey of knowledge and self-discovery and about learning that the home you may have once run away from in order to look for greener pastures can turn out to be a pretty special place after all. From that perspective alone, this is a beautifully written and powerful story and one that I would strongly recommend.
One final note: I listened to the audio version narrated by George Guidall who did an absolutely superb job and added to my enjoyment of the narrative. HIGHEST POSSIBLE RECOMMENDATION!!!
Read
July 26, 2019I thought it would be a good idea to brush on my (non-existent) knowledge of epics.
I cannot rate the Epic of Gilgamesh because I only listened to it as it was among the first piece of literature known to man and I was curios. Plus it was short. I am reading the Literature Book, an excellent history of the art of the written word and this was the first entry. The first category is called heroes and legends and covers titles from 3000 BCE to 1300 CE. I am planning to read some of the books mentioned there while I go through that tome so I will be mentioning TLB quite often in the following period.
Ok, back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. It was written on tablets in ancient Sumer, at around 2100 BCE and discovered in 1853. The fragments tell the story of King Gilgamesh of Uruk, an oppressive ruler of how he changes to a hero after he is taught a lesson by the gods. It is probably the first bildungsroman in history.
I cannot say I enjoyed listening to this Epic but I am glad I did. Since I am so confounded I decided not to give any rating.
My Epic adventure continues with The Iliad, which is definitely not short as this one, so it will probably takes some time. Wish me luck that I will enjoy the process.
I cannot rate the Epic of Gilgamesh because I only listened to it as it was among the first piece of literature known to man and I was curios. Plus it was short. I am reading the Literature Book, an excellent history of the art of the written word and this was the first entry. The first category is called heroes and legends and covers titles from 3000 BCE to 1300 CE. I am planning to read some of the books mentioned there while I go through that tome so I will be mentioning TLB quite often in the following period.
Ok, back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. It was written on tablets in ancient Sumer, at around 2100 BCE and discovered in 1853. The fragments tell the story of King Gilgamesh of Uruk, an oppressive ruler of how he changes to a hero after he is taught a lesson by the gods. It is probably the first bildungsroman in history.
I cannot say I enjoyed listening to this Epic but I am glad I did. Since I am so confounded I decided not to give any rating.
My Epic adventure continues with The Iliad, which is definitely not short as this one, so it will probably takes some time. Wish me luck that I will enjoy the process.
October 17, 2022
Gilgamesh
Escrita originalmente en Summeria hace m谩s de 3500 a帽os sobre tablillas de barro, es la pieza de literatura m谩s antigua que haya llegado hasta nuestros d铆as, mucho m谩s antigua que 鈥淟a Il铆ada鈥� o 鈥淟a Odisea鈥�. En esta gran epopeya, el rey (y semi-dios) de Uruk, Gilgamesh, va en busca de la inmortalidad tras la muerte de su, primero rival, y posteriormente, inseparable compa帽ero Enkidu.
En la narraci贸n nos encontramos con relatos que, parad贸jicamente, se ver谩n reflejados en la Biblia muchos siglos despu茅s (la creaci贸n del hombre, el diluvio universal, etc), as铆 que los cat贸licos ultraconservadores mejor que se abstengan de leerla!
Por desgracia, no se han recuperado todas las tablillas que se cree que se escribieron, ni el nombre del autor de semejante obra de arte, pero eso no hace que el relato deje de leerse con inter茅s, y sobre todo, por su antig眉edad, con devoci贸n. Nos damos cuenta que, en realidad, la Humanidad sigue teniendo los mismos problemas y las mismas dudas filos贸ficas y morales que desde el principio de su existencia, o sea, que no hemos avanzado demasiado. Destacar tambi茅n que la traducci贸n de la obra al ingl茅s parece bastante aceptable, o as铆, al menos, me ha parecido.
Escrita originalmente en Summeria hace m谩s de 3500 a帽os sobre tablillas de barro, es la pieza de literatura m谩s antigua que haya llegado hasta nuestros d铆as, mucho m谩s antigua que 鈥淟a Il铆ada鈥� o 鈥淟a Odisea鈥�. En esta gran epopeya, el rey (y semi-dios) de Uruk, Gilgamesh, va en busca de la inmortalidad tras la muerte de su, primero rival, y posteriormente, inseparable compa帽ero Enkidu.
En la narraci贸n nos encontramos con relatos que, parad贸jicamente, se ver谩n reflejados en la Biblia muchos siglos despu茅s (la creaci贸n del hombre, el diluvio universal, etc), as铆 que los cat贸licos ultraconservadores mejor que se abstengan de leerla!
Por desgracia, no se han recuperado todas las tablillas que se cree que se escribieron, ni el nombre del autor de semejante obra de arte, pero eso no hace que el relato deje de leerse con inter茅s, y sobre todo, por su antig眉edad, con devoci贸n. Nos damos cuenta que, en realidad, la Humanidad sigue teniendo los mismos problemas y las mismas dudas filos贸ficas y morales que desde el principio de su existencia, o sea, que no hemos avanzado demasiado. Destacar tambi茅n que la traducci贸n de la obra al ingl茅s parece bastante aceptable, o as铆, al menos, me ha parecido.
February 8, 2020
賴蹖趩讴爻 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗀�
賴蹖趩讴爻 趩賴乇賴鈥屰� 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗀�
賴蹖趩讴爻 氐丿丕蹖 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫促嗁堌�
賲乇诏 賵丨卮蹖 賮賯胤貙 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 亘乇 夭賲蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵堌ㄘ�
诏丕賴蹖 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 賲蹖鈥屫池ж槽屬呚� 诏丕賴蹖 丕卮蹖丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘乇倬丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�
爻倬爻 亘乇丕丿乇丕賳 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 丕乇孬 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟嗀� 賵 賲蹖丕賳 禺賵丿 鬲賯爻蹖賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀�
诏丕賴蹖 禺氐賵賲鬲 亘乇 夭賲蹖賳 丨丕讴賲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�
爻倬爻 乇賵丿賴丕 胤睾蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 爻蹖賱 噩丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�
爻賳噩丕賯讴鈥屬囏� 丿爻鬲禺賵卮 噩乇蹖丕賳 丌亘 乇賵丿禺丕賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�
賵 趩賴乇賴 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 趩賴乇賴 禺賵乇卮蹖丿 賲丕賳賳丿賴 丕爻鬲
爻倬爻 賳丕诏賴丕賳 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿
禺賵丕亘蹖丿賳 賵 賲乇诏 丿乇爻鬲 賲丕賳賳丿 蹖讴丿蹖诏乇賳丿
鬲氐賵蹖乇 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鬲賵丕賳 讴卮蹖丿
_________________________________
丿蹖卮亘 禺賵丕亘 賯卮賳诏蹖 丿蹖丿賲. 禺賵丕亘 丿蹖丿賲 賲丕賲丕賳鈥屫ㄘ藏壁� 亘丕賱丕蹖 讴賵賴 倬乇亘乇賮蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 賱丕賱丕蹖蹖 賲蹖禺賵賳丿. 亘丕 氐丿丕蹖 賱丕賱丕蹖蹖卮 賴賲賴 賲購乇丿賴鈥屬囏� 亘蹖丿丕乇 卮丿賳 賵 丕夭 诏賵乇卮賵賳 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕賵賲丿賳. 賲賳 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賲. 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賮讴乇 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 讴賴 丨丕賱丕 丨鬲賲丕 賲丕賲丕賳 賵 禺賵丕賴乇賲 賴賲 夭賳丿賴 卮丿賳 賵 丿賱 丿賱 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 夭賵丿鬲乇 亘亘蹖賳賲鈥屫促堎�. 賳賲蹖丿賵賳賲 丕賵賳賴丕 賴賲 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賳 讴賴 丿賵亘丕乇賴 夭賳丿賴 卮丿賳 蹖丕 賳賴責 丨鬲賲丕 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賳 丿蹖诏賴貙 趩賵賳 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賲蹖鬲賵賳爻鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇 賴賲 噩賲毓 亘卮蹖賲 . 賴乇 倬賳噩 賳賮乇賲賵賳
賴蹖趩讴爻 趩賴乇賴鈥屰� 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗀�
賴蹖趩讴爻 氐丿丕蹖 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鈥屫促嗁堌�
賲乇诏 賵丨卮蹖 賮賯胤貙 丕賳爻丕賳 乇丕 亘乇 夭賲蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵堌ㄘ�
诏丕賴蹖 禺丕賳賴鈥屫й� 賲蹖鈥屫池ж槽屬呚� 诏丕賴蹖 丕卮蹖丕賳賴鈥屫й� 亘乇倬丕 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗃屬�
爻倬爻 亘乇丕丿乇丕賳 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 丕乇孬 賲蹖鈥屫ㄘ辟嗀� 賵 賲蹖丕賳 禺賵丿 鬲賯爻蹖賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀�
诏丕賴蹖 禺氐賵賲鬲 亘乇 夭賲蹖賳 丨丕讴賲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�
爻倬爻 乇賵丿賴丕 胤睾蹖丕賳 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 爻蹖賱 噩丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�
爻賳噩丕賯讴鈥屬囏� 丿爻鬲禺賵卮 噩乇蹖丕賳 丌亘 乇賵丿禺丕賳賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�
賵 趩賴乇賴 丌賳賴丕 亘賴 趩賴乇賴 禺賵乇卮蹖丿 賲丕賳賳丿賴 丕爻鬲
爻倬爻 賳丕诏賴丕賳 賴蹖趩 趩蹖夭 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇丿
禺賵丕亘蹖丿賳 賵 賲乇诏 丿乇爻鬲 賲丕賳賳丿 蹖讴丿蹖诏乇賳丿
鬲氐賵蹖乇 賲乇诏 乇丕 賳賲蹖鬲賵丕賳 讴卮蹖丿
_________________________________
丿蹖卮亘 禺賵丕亘 賯卮賳诏蹖 丿蹖丿賲. 禺賵丕亘 丿蹖丿賲 賲丕賲丕賳鈥屫ㄘ藏壁� 亘丕賱丕蹖 讴賵賴 倬乇亘乇賮蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 賱丕賱丕蹖蹖 賲蹖禺賵賳丿. 亘丕 氐丿丕蹖 賱丕賱丕蹖蹖卮 賴賲賴 賲購乇丿賴鈥屬囏� 亘蹖丿丕乇 卮丿賳 賵 丕夭 诏賵乇卮賵賳 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕賵賲丿賳. 賲賳 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賲. 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賮讴乇 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 讴賴 丨丕賱丕 丨鬲賲丕 賲丕賲丕賳 賵 禺賵丕賴乇賲 賴賲 夭賳丿賴 卮丿賳 賵 丿賱 丿賱 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 夭賵丿鬲乇 亘亘蹖賳賲鈥屫促堎�. 賳賲蹖丿賵賳賲 丕賵賳賴丕 賴賲 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賳 讴賴 丿賵亘丕乇賴 夭賳丿賴 卮丿賳 蹖丕 賳賴責 丨鬲賲丕 禺賵卮丨丕賱 亘賵丿賳 丿蹖诏賴貙 趩賵賳 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賲蹖鬲賵賳爻鬲蹖賲 丿賵乇 賴賲 噩賲毓 亘卮蹖賲 . 賴乇 倬賳噩 賳賮乇賲賵賳
September 29, 2017
He Who Saw The Deep: A Hymn to Survival
The Gilgamesh epic is one of the great masterpieces of world literature. One of the early translations so inspired the poet in 1916 that he became almost intoxicated with pleasure and wonder, and repeated the story to all he met. 'Gilgamesh,' he declared, 'is stupendous!' For him the epic was first and foremost 'das Epos der Todesfurcht', the epic about the fear of death.
This universal theme does indeed tie together the various strands of the epic poem - it tells of one man's heroic struggle against death, for eternal life - first through immortal renown through glorious deeds, then for eternal life itself.
It then goes on to describe of his despair when confronted with the inevitable failure, and of his eventual realization that the only immortality he may expect is the enduring name afforded by leaving behind some lasting achievement.
The epic is also a work from which one is expected to learn from: the poet enjoins us in the prologue, to read about 'the travails of Gilgamesh, all that he went through!' The lesson is that maturity is gained as much through failure as success. Life, of necessity, is hard, but one is the wiser for it. Thus, it is also a story of one man's 'path to wisdom', of how he is formed by his successes and failures.
It also deals with profound debates on the proper duties of kingship, what a good king should do and should not do - in the end, Uta-napishti鈥檚 lesson to Gilgamesh is of the duties of kings and discourses on the inevitability of death and the fleeting nature of life.
The wisdom he received at the ends of the earth from the survivor of the Deluge, Uta-napishti, enabled Gilgamesh to restore civilization to its earlier splendor. The quest has taught Gilgamesh how to build his city back to its antediluvian glory.
The Flood: A Hymn to Survival
Through Uta-napishti鈥�, the epic also artfully weaves into Gilgamesh's own story the traditional tale of the Deluge, the great flood that permeates most ancient myths.
Here, Gilgamesh brings home an important meaning of the ever-present flood myth. It allows us to see that the conquering of death is impossible but that preserving of life (and culture and civilization - ancient myths like to personify entire civilizations in its heroes) is the most important challenge. And it is achievable.
Gilgamesh has always been thought of as a life-affirming epic that asks us to live life and abandon the quest for avoiding death. But look once again at the advice of the flood-surviver, Uta-napishti:
Gilgamesh does not ask human kind to avoid the fruitless quest. It was in fact his quest for the unreachable that allowed Gilgamesh to find his way, to find himself and to restore life/civilization. The quest is as unavoidable as Enkidu鈥檚 death that prompted it.
As long as Enkidus die, Gilgameshs will try to soar beyond human capacity. This is the cause for great hope. Gilgamesh celebrates an hopeful view that even mighty floods and decay cannot completely wipe out human civilization. It comes mighty close and it takes a wise king like Gilgamesh, but it is possible to overcome, to prevail. That is the hope that Gilgamesh holds out to us.
*
Post Script: A Damaged Masterpiece
This edition is probably the most comprehensive and scholarly version of the epic yet published. It is not dumbed down for the general audience and is not easy reading. The translator has opted for the integrity of the text over the ease of the reader. The text presented in this translation is fragmentary at best and could be frustrating for the reader. It takes patience and imagination from the reader to work through passages such as this (鈥�. indicate missing text) :
In spite of all the difficulties, it is worth persevering. For this translation is definitely more rewarding than the 'freer' translations such as Stephen Mitchell鈥檚. However, a cautionary note for the reader (from the translator):
While there is a temptation for a modern editor to ignore the gaps, to gloss them over or to join up disconnected fragments of text, I believe that no adult reader is well served by such a procedure. The gaps are themselves important in number and size, for they remind us how much is still to be learned of the text. They prevent us from assuming that we have Gilgamesh entire. Whatever we say about the epic is provisional, for new discoveries of text may change our interpretation of whole passages. Nevertheless, the epic we have now is considerably fuller than that which fired the imagination of Rilke. Approach what lies ahead not as you might the poems of Homer but as a book part-eaten by termites or a scroll half-consumed by fire. Accept it for what it is, a damaged masterpiece.
The Gilgamesh epic is one of the great masterpieces of world literature. One of the early translations so inspired the poet in 1916 that he became almost intoxicated with pleasure and wonder, and repeated the story to all he met. 'Gilgamesh,' he declared, 'is stupendous!' For him the epic was first and foremost 'das Epos der Todesfurcht', the epic about the fear of death.
This universal theme does indeed tie together the various strands of the epic poem - it tells of one man's heroic struggle against death, for eternal life - first through immortal renown through glorious deeds, then for eternal life itself.
It then goes on to describe of his despair when confronted with the inevitable failure, and of his eventual realization that the only immortality he may expect is the enduring name afforded by leaving behind some lasting achievement.
The epic is also a work from which one is expected to learn from: the poet enjoins us in the prologue, to read about 'the travails of Gilgamesh, all that he went through!' The lesson is that maturity is gained as much through failure as success. Life, of necessity, is hard, but one is the wiser for it. Thus, it is also a story of one man's 'path to wisdom', of how he is formed by his successes and failures.
It also deals with profound debates on the proper duties of kingship, what a good king should do and should not do - in the end, Uta-napishti鈥檚 lesson to Gilgamesh is of the duties of kings and discourses on the inevitability of death and the fleeting nature of life.
The wisdom he received at the ends of the earth from the survivor of the Deluge, Uta-napishti, enabled Gilgamesh to restore civilization to its earlier splendor. The quest has taught Gilgamesh how to build his city back to its antediluvian glory.
The Flood: A Hymn to Survival
Through Uta-napishti鈥�, the epic also artfully weaves into Gilgamesh's own story the traditional tale of the Deluge, the great flood that permeates most ancient myths.
Here, Gilgamesh brings home an important meaning of the ever-present flood myth. It allows us to see that the conquering of death is impossible but that preserving of life (and culture and civilization - ancient myths like to personify entire civilizations in its heroes) is the most important challenge. And it is achievable.
Gilgamesh has always been thought of as a life-affirming epic that asks us to live life and abandon the quest for avoiding death. But look once again at the advice of the flood-surviver, Uta-napishti:
鈥極 man of Shuruppak, son of Ubar-Tutu,
demolish the house, and build a boat!
Abandon wealth, and seek survival!听
Spurn property, save life!
Take on board the boat all living things' seed!鈥�
***
鈥楴o one at all sees Death,
no one at all sees the face [of Death,]
no one at all [hears] the voice of Death,
Death so savage, who hacks men down.鈥�
***
'Ever do we build our households,
ever do we make our nests,
ever do brothers divide their inheritance,
ever do feuds arise in the land.'
***
'Ever the river has risen and brought us the flood,
the mayfly floating on the water.
On the face of the sun its countenance gazes,
then all of a sudden nothing is there!鈥�
Gilgamesh does not ask human kind to avoid the fruitless quest. It was in fact his quest for the unreachable that allowed Gilgamesh to find his way, to find himself and to restore life/civilization. The quest is as unavoidable as Enkidu鈥檚 death that prompted it.
As long as Enkidus die, Gilgameshs will try to soar beyond human capacity. This is the cause for great hope. Gilgamesh celebrates an hopeful view that even mighty floods and decay cannot completely wipe out human civilization. It comes mighty close and it takes a wise king like Gilgamesh, but it is possible to overcome, to prevail. That is the hope that Gilgamesh holds out to us.
*
Post Script: A Damaged Masterpiece
This edition is probably the most comprehensive and scholarly version of the epic yet published. It is not dumbed down for the general audience and is not easy reading. The translator has opted for the integrity of the text over the ease of the reader. The text presented in this translation is fragmentary at best and could be frustrating for the reader. It takes patience and imagination from the reader to work through passages such as this (鈥�. indicate missing text) :
In spite of all the difficulties, it is worth persevering. For this translation is definitely more rewarding than the 'freer' translations such as Stephen Mitchell鈥檚. However, a cautionary note for the reader (from the translator):
While there is a temptation for a modern editor to ignore the gaps, to gloss them over or to join up disconnected fragments of text, I believe that no adult reader is well served by such a procedure. The gaps are themselves important in number and size, for they remind us how much is still to be learned of the text. They prevent us from assuming that we have Gilgamesh entire. Whatever we say about the epic is provisional, for new discoveries of text may change our interpretation of whole passages. Nevertheless, the epic we have now is considerably fuller than that which fired the imagination of Rilke. Approach what lies ahead not as you might the poems of Homer but as a book part-eaten by termites or a scroll half-consumed by fire. Accept it for what it is, a damaged masterpiece.
September 7, 2023
Am citit epopeea 卯n dou膬 traduceri: una veche din perioada interbelic膬 (Casa 葮coalelor, 鈥濨iblioteca istoriei religiunilor鈥�, 1921, versiune realizat膬 de Ioan Mih膬lcescu dup膬 traducerea german膬 a lui Arthur Ungnad, 1911), 葯i alta 卯n antologia cu titlul G卯ndirea asiro-babilonian膬 卯n texte, publicat膬 卯n vestita colec葲ie a Editurii 葮tiin葲ifice 鈥濨ibliotheca orientalis鈥�, 卯n 1975, pp.105-182. Autor: Athanase Negoi葲膬.
De cur卯nd, am aflat c膬 exist膬 葯i o a treia traducere - realizat膬 de Virginia 葮erb膬nescu 葯i Al. Dima -, am f膬cut 卯n grab膬 o c膬utare 卯n magazia Internetului 葯i am g膬sit-o pe un site. Am citit-o acum 葯i am v膬zut c膬 e, mai degrab膬, o repovestire 葯i c膬 doar unele fragmente s卯nt parafrazate.
Fire葯te, la o simpl膬 compara葲ie traducerile difer膬 destul de mult 卯ntre ele. A se vedea pasajele citate mai jos... Toate s卯nt aproximative, fiindc膬 nici una nu e dup膬 textul original (卯n cuneiforme akkadiene). Epopeea se 卯ntinde pe 12 t膬bli葲e, unele r卯nduri, cuvinte, fragmente s-au pierdut pentru totdeauna. T膬bli葲ele au f膬cut parte din vestita bibliotec膬 a regelui Assurbanipal, cel dint卯i 鈥瀊ibliomaniac鈥� din istoria omenirii. A葯a a fost caracterizat cu simpatie, desigur, de istoricii c膬r葲ii.
Dup膬 moartea lui Enkidu, Ghilgame葯 caut膬 planta care d膬 nemurirea, asem膬n膬toare unui 鈥瀟randafir cu spini鈥�, un fel de iarb膬 葲epoas膬. Planta se g膬se葯te undeva 卯n ad卯ncul m膬rii. Ghilgame葯 se scufund膬 葯i o rupe. E bucuros, va tr膬i p卯n膬 se va s膬tura, a cucerit ve葯nicia. Din p膬cate, e neglijent. N-a 卯n葲eles 卯ntru totul c卯t de pre葲ioas膬 e cucerirea sa. Neglijen葲a 卯i va fi imediat pedepsit膬. Eroul se spal膬 卯ntr-un izvor cu ap膬 rece. Dar 鈥瀠n 葯arpe adulmec膬 aroma plantei, / iese din ap膬 葯i o fur膬鈥� (t膬bli葲a a XI-a). 葮arpele a fost mereu o f膬ptur膬 viclean膬, 葯tim din prima carte a Bibliei.
S膬 citim dou膬 fragmente cunoscute, de altfel (versiunea Negoi葲膬):
Versiunea 葮erb膬nescu-Dima: 鈥濷, Ghilgame葯, unde r膬t膬ce葯ti la voia 卯nt卯mpl膬rii? Via葲a ve葯nic膬, pe care o urm膬re葯ti, n-o vei afla. C卯nd zeii au f膬urit omenirea, au h膬r膬zit oamenilor moartea. Via葲a ve葯nic膬 au p膬strat-o pentru ei. Tu, Ghilgame葯, deci, caut膬 s膬-葲i 卯ndestulezi p卯ntecele, zi 葯i noapte bucur膬-te 葯i te vesele葯te; fiece zi s膬 fie o s膬rb膬toare, zi 葯i noapte, joac膬 葯i c卯nt膬: pune-葲i ve葯minte frumoase, 卯mpodobe葯te-葲i p膬rul, spal膬-te bine cu ap膬; ia aminte la copilul care te 葲ine de m卯n膬, iubita s膬 g膬seasc膬 la pieptul t膬u pl膬cere. Iat膬 ce li se cuvine muritorilor!鈥�.
Iat膬 un sfat care 卯n latine葯te a devenit mult repetatul 鈥濩arpe diem!鈥�. Voi transcrie 葯i finalul elegiac al poemului (t膬bli葲a a XII-a). Mai 卯nt卯i, versiunea Negoi葲膬:
Versiunea 葮erb膬nescu-Dima: 鈥濸e acel pe care moartea lui [o lacun膬], l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: st膬 卯ntins pe un pat 葯i bea ap膬 rece, proasp膬t膬. Pe acela care a c膬zut 卯n 卯nc膬ierare l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: tat膬l lui 葯i mama sa 卯葲i 葲in capul 葯i femeia lui se lipe葯te de el... Pe acel al c膬rui suflet n-are pe nimeni care s膬-i fac膬 slujbe l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: se hr膬ne葯te cu resturile din ulcele 葯i cu r膬m膬葯i葲ele din uli葲膬鈥�.
Mai trist 葯i mai limpede de at卯t nu se poate... 脦n treac膬t fie spus, diferen葲ele dintre traduceri s卯nt uria葯e. Probabil c膬 avem nevoie de o versiune mai apropiat膬 de original...
De cur卯nd, am aflat c膬 exist膬 葯i o a treia traducere - realizat膬 de Virginia 葮erb膬nescu 葯i Al. Dima -, am f膬cut 卯n grab膬 o c膬utare 卯n magazia Internetului 葯i am g膬sit-o pe un site. Am citit-o acum 葯i am v膬zut c膬 e, mai degrab膬, o repovestire 葯i c膬 doar unele fragmente s卯nt parafrazate.
Fire葯te, la o simpl膬 compara葲ie traducerile difer膬 destul de mult 卯ntre ele. A se vedea pasajele citate mai jos... Toate s卯nt aproximative, fiindc膬 nici una nu e dup膬 textul original (卯n cuneiforme akkadiene). Epopeea se 卯ntinde pe 12 t膬bli葲e, unele r卯nduri, cuvinte, fragmente s-au pierdut pentru totdeauna. T膬bli葲ele au f膬cut parte din vestita bibliotec膬 a regelui Assurbanipal, cel dint卯i 鈥瀊ibliomaniac鈥� din istoria omenirii. A葯a a fost caracterizat cu simpatie, desigur, de istoricii c膬r葲ii.
Dup膬 moartea lui Enkidu, Ghilgame葯 caut膬 planta care d膬 nemurirea, asem膬n膬toare unui 鈥瀟randafir cu spini鈥�, un fel de iarb膬 葲epoas膬. Planta se g膬se葯te undeva 卯n ad卯ncul m膬rii. Ghilgame葯 se scufund膬 葯i o rupe. E bucuros, va tr膬i p卯n膬 se va s膬tura, a cucerit ve葯nicia. Din p膬cate, e neglijent. N-a 卯n葲eles 卯ntru totul c卯t de pre葲ioas膬 e cucerirea sa. Neglijen葲a 卯i va fi imediat pedepsit膬. Eroul se spal膬 卯ntr-un izvor cu ap膬 rece. Dar 鈥瀠n 葯arpe adulmec膬 aroma plantei, / iese din ap膬 葯i o fur膬鈥� (t膬bli葲a a XI-a). 葮arpele a fost mereu o f膬ptur膬 viclean膬, 葯tim din prima carte a Bibliei.
S膬 citim dou膬 fragmente cunoscute, de altfel (versiunea Negoi葲膬):
鈥濰angi葲a zise c膬tre el, c膬tre Ghilgame葯:
Ghilgame葯, 卯ncotro alergi tu?
Via葲a [ve葯nic膬] pe care o urm膬re葯ti tu nu se g膬se葯te.
C卯nd zeii au pl膬smuit omenirea,
Moartea au destinat-o ei pentru lume,
Via葲a [ve葯nic膬] 葯i-au p膬strat-o doar pentru ei.
Tu, Ghilgame葯, satur膬-葲i p卯ntecele
Fii vesel ziua 葯i noaptea.
脦n fiecare zi f膬 o s膬rb膬toare de petrecere,
脦n fiecare noapte c卯nt膬 葯i joac膬!鈥� (t膬bli葲a a X-a).
Versiunea 葮erb膬nescu-Dima: 鈥濷, Ghilgame葯, unde r膬t膬ce葯ti la voia 卯nt卯mpl膬rii? Via葲a ve葯nic膬, pe care o urm膬re葯ti, n-o vei afla. C卯nd zeii au f膬urit omenirea, au h膬r膬zit oamenilor moartea. Via葲a ve葯nic膬 au p膬strat-o pentru ei. Tu, Ghilgame葯, deci, caut膬 s膬-葲i 卯ndestulezi p卯ntecele, zi 葯i noapte bucur膬-te 葯i te vesele葯te; fiece zi s膬 fie o s膬rb膬toare, zi 葯i noapte, joac膬 葯i c卯nt膬: pune-葲i ve葯minte frumoase, 卯mpodobe葯te-葲i p膬rul, spal膬-te bine cu ap膬; ia aminte la copilul care te 葲ine de m卯n膬, iubita s膬 g膬seasc膬 la pieptul t膬u pl膬cere. Iat膬 ce li se cuvine muritorilor!鈥�.
Iat膬 un sfat care 卯n latine葯te a devenit mult repetatul 鈥濩arpe diem!鈥�. Voi transcrie 葯i finalul elegiac al poemului (t膬bli葲a a XII-a). Mai 卯nt卯i, versiunea Negoi葲膬:
鈥濸e cel care a c膬zut de pe catarg l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut.
Abia i-au fost scoase cuiele...
Pe cel care a murit de moarte n膬prasnic膬 l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut.
El st膬 pe culcu葯 de noapte 葯i bea ap膬 curat膬.
Pe cel care a fost ucis 卯n lupt膬 l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut.
Tat膬l s膬u 葯i mama sa i-au ridicat capul, iar so葲ia lui a pl卯ns pentru el, a pl卯ns pentru el...
Pe cel al c膬rui suflet n-are pe nimeni s膬 se 卯ngrijeasc膬 l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut.
El m膬n卯nc膬 resturile oalei, firimituri de p卯ine ce se-arunc膬 卯n strad膬...鈥�.
Versiunea 葮erb膬nescu-Dima: 鈥濸e acel pe care moartea lui [o lacun膬], l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: st膬 卯ntins pe un pat 葯i bea ap膬 rece, proasp膬t膬. Pe acela care a c膬zut 卯n 卯nc膬ierare l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: tat膬l lui 葯i mama sa 卯葲i 葲in capul 葯i femeia lui se lipe葯te de el... Pe acel al c膬rui suflet n-are pe nimeni care s膬-i fac膬 slujbe l-ai v膬zut? L-am v膬zut: se hr膬ne葯te cu resturile din ulcele 葯i cu r膬m膬葯i葲ele din uli葲膬鈥�.
Mai trist 葯i mai limpede de at卯t nu se poate... 脦n treac膬t fie spus, diferen葲ele dintre traduceri s卯nt uria葯e. Probabil c膬 avem nevoie de o versiune mai apropiat膬 de original...
March 10, 2024
Here is the oldest story of humanity! Gilgamesh is the king of Uruk. He is also oppressive, brutal, and selfish鈥攈is epic is filled with quests, challenges, and battles. But, in search of immortality to be legal of the gods, he will eventually learn wisdom. It is a fascinating text that we would benefit from studying to understand the origins of our civilization; when reading it, we realize in particular that the holy books of monotheisms are only repeats of myths that existed in Mesopotamia before the Bible.
December 10, 2021
**2021 UPDATE This text's antiquity prevents me from saying anything critical about the writing, except as regards the translation of same and how it reads. The Norton Critical Edition I reviewed below wasn't, erm, easy on the eyes shall we say. This Contra Mundum translation is HUGELY superior and vastly more fun to read.
BkC2) THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH: Not sorry I read it, but what a slog.
The Book Report: Evil King Gilgamesh is hatefully cruel to the citizens of Uruk, his kingdom. The gods, hearing the cries of his oppressed people, send Gilgamesh a companion, Enkidu. (Yes, that's right, a man.) Gilgamesh falls so in love with Enkidu, and has such big fun playing around and exploring the world and generally raising hell with Enkidu that his people are left alone to get on with...whatever it was that they weren't allowed to do before. And there was much rejoicing *yay*
No one is allowed to be too happy for too long. Gilgamesh learns this when he royally screws up by refusing to screw goddess Ishtar because he's busy having fun with Enkidu. It is **NEVER** a good idea to turn down nookie from a goddess. She gets her knickers in a twist and decides that, if he's gonna be *that* way about it, he's not gonna have his boy-toy either! THEN the boys do the colossally stupid thing of stealing Ishtar's bull, and it's lights out for Enkidu.
Gilgamesh's grief, to his peoples' relief, sends him on a quest for immortality. Which, frankly, makes not one whit of sense. Grief, in my extensive experience, makes one want oblivion, not eternity. Well, whatever, not me writin' the story, so off goes Gilgamesh to have more adventures.
My Review: A whole bunch of the Old Testament is lifted from this book. Amazingly whole and entire, too. Methuselah, Noah...all here first.
It's a slog to read, like the Bible, but it's fascinating if kept to smaller doses. I had no faith for it to rock, but it might rock a religious person's sacred book fantasy pretty hard. Highly instructive is the treatment of a strong love between men as perfectly boringly ordinary. No sexual component is implied in their relationship, but go find me a more loving relationship in sacred literature. Their closeness was so complete that it threatened the gods. But, crucially, it was the *CLOSENESS* that threatened the gods, not any inherent evil. The men loved each other so completely that there was no room for gods, which pisses gods off somethin' fierce.
Food for thought, homophobes who think Leviticus is right on *this* count.
BkC2) THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH: Not sorry I read it, but what a slog.
The Book Report: Evil King Gilgamesh is hatefully cruel to the citizens of Uruk, his kingdom. The gods, hearing the cries of his oppressed people, send Gilgamesh a companion, Enkidu. (Yes, that's right, a man.) Gilgamesh falls so in love with Enkidu, and has such big fun playing around and exploring the world and generally raising hell with Enkidu that his people are left alone to get on with...whatever it was that they weren't allowed to do before. And there was much rejoicing *yay*
No one is allowed to be too happy for too long. Gilgamesh learns this when he royally screws up by refusing to screw goddess Ishtar because he's busy having fun with Enkidu. It is **NEVER** a good idea to turn down nookie from a goddess. She gets her knickers in a twist and decides that, if he's gonna be *that* way about it, he's not gonna have his boy-toy either! THEN the boys do the colossally stupid thing of stealing Ishtar's bull, and it's lights out for Enkidu.
Gilgamesh's grief, to his peoples' relief, sends him on a quest for immortality. Which, frankly, makes not one whit of sense. Grief, in my extensive experience, makes one want oblivion, not eternity. Well, whatever, not me writin' the story, so off goes Gilgamesh to have more adventures.
My Review: A whole bunch of the Old Testament is lifted from this book. Amazingly whole and entire, too. Methuselah, Noah...all here first.
It's a slog to read, like the Bible, but it's fascinating if kept to smaller doses. I had no faith for it to rock, but it might rock a religious person's sacred book fantasy pretty hard. Highly instructive is the treatment of a strong love between men as perfectly boringly ordinary. No sexual component is implied in their relationship, but go find me a more loving relationship in sacred literature. Their closeness was so complete that it threatened the gods. But, crucially, it was the *CLOSENESS* that threatened the gods, not any inherent evil. The men loved each other so completely that there was no room for gods, which pisses gods off somethin' fierce.
Food for thought, homophobes who think Leviticus is right on *this* count.
March 23, 2017
Why is it that I should feel a pit in my stomach when I think of the Library of Alexandria wreathed in fire? Cotton's Library, too, when we nearly lost Beowulf and The Pearl. Who knows what we did lose?
A copy of an unknown work of Archimedes was found to have been scraped clean, cut in half, and made into a Bible. To think: a unique book of knowledge--one that outlined Calculus 1800 years before its time--was turned into a copy of the most common book in the world.
As a young man, Tolkien once gave a speech equating the linguistic shift brought on by the Normans as a sort of genocide, overlaying original languages with endless permutations of Rome. It is remarkable that, between accidents and purposeful destruction, some of our remote history has survived intact. Tolkien's own fictional Middle Earth is better documented than the entirety of the Dark Ages.
Gilgamesh escaped total annihilation, though certainly did not survive unscathed. Buried beneath the desert sands for three thousand years, it was finally unearthed, opening a new world to us, a new history, a deeper root of literary tradition.
The peculiarities of the writing and the culture are remarkable and enlightening. Far more remarkable are the similarities. The work is comprehensible, the character motivations sympathetic, and the philosophical explorations recognizable.
If all the sciences are philosophy, all bent on exploring a vision of our world, then Gilgamesh is valuable to us because of the fundamental human similarities it depicts. However, we cannot say how much is fundamental similarity and how much is the influence of Gilgamesh on later works.
It is either an influence on early stories of The Bible, or both books share a common ancestor. It may also have been an influence on the Greek epic tradition.
There are many works and historical figures that are mentioned or referenced by other texts, but which no longer exist for us. To have one transformed suddenly from rumor to legendary tale is rare to say the least.
To think that now, in the land of Uruk--once a garden, now a desert--American combat boots pound the sand, American bombs level ancient temples, and American soldiers fill sandbags with ceramic fragments. We do not need Gilgamesh to show us how little things change with mankind. We can see for ourselves that ignorance, war, and profit still can take precedence over history, humanity, and culture.
As in his mortal fury Gilgamesh smashes the unknown stone things, we must seek to snatch up the unknown before the sword takes it. We cannot save what is already gone, but at least we can treasure what we find.
I had the pleasure of reading N.K. Sandars' translation (the Penguin edition), which is actually his reworking (for the non-academic) of of several direct translations. Her introduction is informative, though as usual, I thirsted for more footnotes.
A copy of an unknown work of Archimedes was found to have been scraped clean, cut in half, and made into a Bible. To think: a unique book of knowledge--one that outlined Calculus 1800 years before its time--was turned into a copy of the most common book in the world.
As a young man, Tolkien once gave a speech equating the linguistic shift brought on by the Normans as a sort of genocide, overlaying original languages with endless permutations of Rome. It is remarkable that, between accidents and purposeful destruction, some of our remote history has survived intact. Tolkien's own fictional Middle Earth is better documented than the entirety of the Dark Ages.
Gilgamesh escaped total annihilation, though certainly did not survive unscathed. Buried beneath the desert sands for three thousand years, it was finally unearthed, opening a new world to us, a new history, a deeper root of literary tradition.
The peculiarities of the writing and the culture are remarkable and enlightening. Far more remarkable are the similarities. The work is comprehensible, the character motivations sympathetic, and the philosophical explorations recognizable.
If all the sciences are philosophy, all bent on exploring a vision of our world, then Gilgamesh is valuable to us because of the fundamental human similarities it depicts. However, we cannot say how much is fundamental similarity and how much is the influence of Gilgamesh on later works.
It is either an influence on early stories of The Bible, or both books share a common ancestor. It may also have been an influence on the Greek epic tradition.
There are many works and historical figures that are mentioned or referenced by other texts, but which no longer exist for us. To have one transformed suddenly from rumor to legendary tale is rare to say the least.
To think that now, in the land of Uruk--once a garden, now a desert--American combat boots pound the sand, American bombs level ancient temples, and American soldiers fill sandbags with ceramic fragments. We do not need Gilgamesh to show us how little things change with mankind. We can see for ourselves that ignorance, war, and profit still can take precedence over history, humanity, and culture.
As in his mortal fury Gilgamesh smashes the unknown stone things, we must seek to snatch up the unknown before the sword takes it. We cannot save what is already gone, but at least we can treasure what we find.
I had the pleasure of reading N.K. Sandars' translation (the Penguin edition), which is actually his reworking (for the non-academic) of of several direct translations. Her introduction is informative, though as usual, I thirsted for more footnotes.
May 9, 2021
3 猸�
鈥橳he Epic of Gilgamesh鈥� OR 鈥橝 Mesopotamian Bromance鈥� is an incomplete and fragmentary tale of a King鈥檚 tyranny, an unrivalled friendship, the wrath of the Gods and one man鈥檚 search for immortality. It is at times hilarious in its absurdity and unexpectedly cavalier in its retelling of events. With elements of the story dating back as far as 2000 BC, I am awed by its historical significance but a lack of any real profundity and heavy verbatim repetition made this a middle-of-the-road experience for me.
My edition is the Penguin Classic鈥檚 Andrew George translation. Usually, I would advise against trusting anyone with two first names but in this case, I鈥檒l make an exception as he includes an incredibly comprehensive introduction regarding the nature of the text and the difficulties in translating both Mesopotamian and Akkadian tablets. Be aware that it鈥檚 completely spoiler-filled, if spoilers are even a thing for 4000-year-old texts, as George pretty much explains the presumed significance of the various chapters in the intro.
This edition includes 鈥橳he Standard Version of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: 鈥楬e who saw the Deep鈥� , which George explains is the work of a scholar by the name of Sin-leqi-unninni who, most likely, lived sometime between the 13th and 11th century BC but was certainly not the original author, just a redactor. As the reconstruction of this epic still has considerable gaps, it is supplemented in places by older Akkadian material or even the Hittite version of the text and verified by comparison to old Babylonian tablets written in the early 18th century. In addition, we also get 锟斤拷The Sumerian Poems of Gilgamesh鈥�, 鈥橣ragments of Old Versions of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic鈥� and 鈥橫iscellaneous Babylonian Fragments鈥�.
There is an insane amount of repetition! So much so, the story could be half, maybe a third the length without it and you wouldn鈥檛 bat an eye. The first time I came across a repeated paragraph I thought I鈥檇 just gone back to the top of the page instead of flicking to the next but the more I read, the more regularly such verbatim repetition occurred. One example (of the many) is when Enkidu is trying to convince Gilgamesh not to battle Humbaba in the Forest of Cedar:
Enkidu: 鈥滺umbaba, his voice is the Deluge,
His speech is fire, his breath is death,
He hears the forest murmur at sixty leagues鈥� distance.
Who is there would venture into his forest?
Adad ranks first, Humbaba second.
Who is there would oppose him among the Igigi?
So to keep safe the cedars,
Enlil made his lot to terrify man;
If you penetrate the forest you are seized by the tremors.鈥�
In the space of 3 pages, this whole passage is repeated 3 times as Enkidu beseeches the town elders to dissuade Gilgamesh from fighting and then the Elders repeat Enkidu鈥檚 sentiment verbatim. And, after all that, GMesh just ignores them anyway! Even worse is a huge passage explaining the ritual GMesh and Enkidu would perform every 3 nights on the way to the forest to provoke a dream. The same passage is repeated 5 times with just the explanation of the 5 dreams (often fragmentary due to missing or broken tablets) separating it. You learn pretty quickly to skim over such mind-numbing repetition.
Gilgamesh himself is a real piece of work. He鈥檚 a tyrannical King born to a human father, Lugalbanda and the Goddess Ninsun (aka: Lady Wild Cow), making him 1/3 human and 2/3 God (Don鈥檛 ask, just roll with it!) He鈥檚 a Royal Rapist making a nuisance of himself at wedding banquets:
鈥橦e will couple with the wife-to-be,
He first of all, the bridegroom after.
By divine consent it is so ordained:
When his navel-cord was cut, for him she was destined.鈥�
As I鈥檝e since found out, this is referred to as Droit du seigneur ('lord's right') and was also common in medieval times. Call it what you will, he was still a rapist.
He鈥檚 a Sacred Cedar-Smiter, smiting the Cedar trees of the Guardian Humbaba鈥檚 Ancient Forest after beheading the poor bugger with the encouragement of his step-bro Enkidu who was supposed to have been created as a companion to GMesh. An equal in strength but superior in moral fibre, designed to guide the King away from his tyrannical ways. He originally advised against going to the forest but once there he totally got caught up in the moment pretty much peer-pressuring GMesh into lopping the dude鈥檚 head off and then desecrating the sacred forest.
A spurner of Goddesses, he鈥檚 approached by the beautiful but petulant Goddess Ishtar who wishes to be his wife. She comes on hot and heavy in the same way she did with Ishullanu:
"O my Ishullanu, let us taste your vigour. Put out your hand and stroke my quim!"
But Gmesh wasn鈥檛 having a bar of the Gorgeous Goddess, being in the midst of a totally bro-tastic bromance and all, leading to persecution from the Pantheon!
The story jumps from episode to episode but ultimately culminates, due to the unfortunate series of events following the spurning of Ishtar, in Gilgamesh鈥檚 reflection on mortality, fear of death and subsequent Journey in search of immortality. You can squint your eyes as tightly as possible or poke and prod the text looking for something profound but it鈥檚 not there, in my opinion. If anything, it reads like a guide for Kings on how not to act when in power and a reminder of the importance of funerary rites and proper worshipping of the Gods. On top of this, it encourages one to accept their lot in life and enjoy it to the fullest, relinquishing vanity and taking pleasure in the company of family. Having said that, Gilgamesh was a demi-god and a powerful King, sort after by a beautiful Goddess, doesn鈥檛 seem that hard a life to accept! I鈥檓 also hesitant to accept that he learned any lesson by the end of his journey other than that the search for immortality is futile. A positive to take away is the great degree of re-readability of the text given the regular discovery of new manuscripts (the number has doubled over the past 70 years). Maybe I鈥檒l come back to it in a couple of decades.
Special Mentions:
1. The one who Gilgamesh seeks answers to the question of immortality from, Uta-Napishti , is essentially the Mesopotamian Noah (as in Noah鈥檚 Ark). This was written long before Noah was even a thought in anyone鈥檚 mind. How cool is that!
鈥漈he deluge came but Uta-Napishti survived, safe aboard the ark with his family, his treasure and representatives of each craft and species of animal鈥�.
2. Can we just take a moment to admire Enkidu鈥檚 sexual prowess (as well as that of Shamhat the Harlot)?!
鈥滷or seven days and seven nights
Enkidu was erect and coupled with Shamkatum (Shamhat)鈥�.
*Stands and applauds* Bravo guys, Bravo! Btw, they went for another week after deciding to leave for Uruk. Surely friction burn becomes a concern!
3. Shiduri, Goddess of Wisdom and Ale. I鈥檓 always telling my fianc茅 the two go hand in hand! Of the many pearls of wisdom that I鈥檝e offered up over the years, I鈥檝e always felt my best came after a couple of pints, cheers!
鈥橳he Epic of Gilgamesh鈥� OR 鈥橝 Mesopotamian Bromance鈥� is an incomplete and fragmentary tale of a King鈥檚 tyranny, an unrivalled friendship, the wrath of the Gods and one man鈥檚 search for immortality. It is at times hilarious in its absurdity and unexpectedly cavalier in its retelling of events. With elements of the story dating back as far as 2000 BC, I am awed by its historical significance but a lack of any real profundity and heavy verbatim repetition made this a middle-of-the-road experience for me.
My edition is the Penguin Classic鈥檚 Andrew George translation. Usually, I would advise against trusting anyone with two first names but in this case, I鈥檒l make an exception as he includes an incredibly comprehensive introduction regarding the nature of the text and the difficulties in translating both Mesopotamian and Akkadian tablets. Be aware that it鈥檚 completely spoiler-filled, if spoilers are even a thing for 4000-year-old texts, as George pretty much explains the presumed significance of the various chapters in the intro.
This edition includes 鈥橳he Standard Version of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: 鈥楬e who saw the Deep鈥� , which George explains is the work of a scholar by the name of Sin-leqi-unninni who, most likely, lived sometime between the 13th and 11th century BC but was certainly not the original author, just a redactor. As the reconstruction of this epic still has considerable gaps, it is supplemented in places by older Akkadian material or even the Hittite version of the text and verified by comparison to old Babylonian tablets written in the early 18th century. In addition, we also get 锟斤拷The Sumerian Poems of Gilgamesh鈥�, 鈥橣ragments of Old Versions of the Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic鈥� and 鈥橫iscellaneous Babylonian Fragments鈥�.
There is an insane amount of repetition! So much so, the story could be half, maybe a third the length without it and you wouldn鈥檛 bat an eye. The first time I came across a repeated paragraph I thought I鈥檇 just gone back to the top of the page instead of flicking to the next but the more I read, the more regularly such verbatim repetition occurred. One example (of the many) is when Enkidu is trying to convince Gilgamesh not to battle Humbaba in the Forest of Cedar:
Enkidu: 鈥滺umbaba, his voice is the Deluge,
His speech is fire, his breath is death,
He hears the forest murmur at sixty leagues鈥� distance.
Who is there would venture into his forest?
Adad ranks first, Humbaba second.
Who is there would oppose him among the Igigi?
So to keep safe the cedars,
Enlil made his lot to terrify man;
If you penetrate the forest you are seized by the tremors.鈥�
In the space of 3 pages, this whole passage is repeated 3 times as Enkidu beseeches the town elders to dissuade Gilgamesh from fighting and then the Elders repeat Enkidu鈥檚 sentiment verbatim. And, after all that, GMesh just ignores them anyway! Even worse is a huge passage explaining the ritual GMesh and Enkidu would perform every 3 nights on the way to the forest to provoke a dream. The same passage is repeated 5 times with just the explanation of the 5 dreams (often fragmentary due to missing or broken tablets) separating it. You learn pretty quickly to skim over such mind-numbing repetition.
Gilgamesh himself is a real piece of work. He鈥檚 a tyrannical King born to a human father, Lugalbanda and the Goddess Ninsun (aka: Lady Wild Cow), making him 1/3 human and 2/3 God (Don鈥檛 ask, just roll with it!) He鈥檚 a Royal Rapist making a nuisance of himself at wedding banquets:
鈥橦e will couple with the wife-to-be,
He first of all, the bridegroom after.
By divine consent it is so ordained:
When his navel-cord was cut, for him she was destined.鈥�
As I鈥檝e since found out, this is referred to as Droit du seigneur ('lord's right') and was also common in medieval times. Call it what you will, he was still a rapist.
He鈥檚 a Sacred Cedar-Smiter, smiting the Cedar trees of the Guardian Humbaba鈥檚 Ancient Forest after beheading the poor bugger with the encouragement of his step-bro Enkidu who was supposed to have been created as a companion to GMesh. An equal in strength but superior in moral fibre, designed to guide the King away from his tyrannical ways. He originally advised against going to the forest but once there he totally got caught up in the moment pretty much peer-pressuring GMesh into lopping the dude鈥檚 head off and then desecrating the sacred forest.
A spurner of Goddesses, he鈥檚 approached by the beautiful but petulant Goddess Ishtar who wishes to be his wife. She comes on hot and heavy in the same way she did with Ishullanu:
"O my Ishullanu, let us taste your vigour. Put out your hand and stroke my quim!"
But Gmesh wasn鈥檛 having a bar of the Gorgeous Goddess, being in the midst of a totally bro-tastic bromance and all, leading to persecution from the Pantheon!
The story jumps from episode to episode but ultimately culminates, due to the unfortunate series of events following the spurning of Ishtar, in Gilgamesh鈥檚 reflection on mortality, fear of death and subsequent Journey in search of immortality. You can squint your eyes as tightly as possible or poke and prod the text looking for something profound but it鈥檚 not there, in my opinion. If anything, it reads like a guide for Kings on how not to act when in power and a reminder of the importance of funerary rites and proper worshipping of the Gods. On top of this, it encourages one to accept their lot in life and enjoy it to the fullest, relinquishing vanity and taking pleasure in the company of family. Having said that, Gilgamesh was a demi-god and a powerful King, sort after by a beautiful Goddess, doesn鈥檛 seem that hard a life to accept! I鈥檓 also hesitant to accept that he learned any lesson by the end of his journey other than that the search for immortality is futile. A positive to take away is the great degree of re-readability of the text given the regular discovery of new manuscripts (the number has doubled over the past 70 years). Maybe I鈥檒l come back to it in a couple of decades.
Special Mentions:
1. The one who Gilgamesh seeks answers to the question of immortality from, Uta-Napishti , is essentially the Mesopotamian Noah (as in Noah鈥檚 Ark). This was written long before Noah was even a thought in anyone鈥檚 mind. How cool is that!
鈥漈he deluge came but Uta-Napishti survived, safe aboard the ark with his family, his treasure and representatives of each craft and species of animal鈥�.
2. Can we just take a moment to admire Enkidu鈥檚 sexual prowess (as well as that of Shamhat the Harlot)?!
鈥滷or seven days and seven nights
Enkidu was erect and coupled with Shamkatum (Shamhat)鈥�.
*Stands and applauds* Bravo guys, Bravo! Btw, they went for another week after deciding to leave for Uruk. Surely friction burn becomes a concern!
3. Shiduri, Goddess of Wisdom and Ale. I鈥檓 always telling my fianc茅 the two go hand in hand! Of the many pearls of wisdom that I鈥檝e offered up over the years, I鈥檝e always felt my best came after a couple of pints, cheers!
June 5, 2022
" 賲鬲賶 亘賳賷賳丕 亘賷鬲丕 賷賯賵賲 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘丿責
賲鬲賶 禺鬲賲賳丕 毓賯丿丕 賷丿賵賲 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘丿責
賱賲 賷賰賳 丿賵丕賲 賵禺賱賵丿 賲賳匕 丕賱賯丿賲 "
噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賱丨賲丞 卮毓乇賷丞 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷丞 賲丿賵賳丞 亘丕賱禺胤 丕賱賲爻賲丕乇賷 毓賱賶 12 賱賵丨 賲賳 丕賱胤賷賳
鬲賲 丕賰鬲卮丕賮賴丕 賮賷 賲賵賯毓 兀孬乇賷 賮賷 禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱丌卮賵乇賷 丌卮賵乇 亘丕賳賷亘丕賱
賲賱丨賲丞 兀爻胤賵乇賷丞 毓賳 丕賱亘胤賱 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賱賰 賲丿賷賳丞 兀賵乇賵賰 丕賱爻賵賲乇賷丞
鬲鬲賳丕賵賱 賮賰乇丞 兀爻丕爻賷丞 賵賴賷 丨鬲賲賷丞 丕賱賲賵鬲.. 亘噩丕賳亘 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 賵丕賱亘胤賵賱丞
賵廿賲賰丕賳賷丞 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱禺賱賵丿 亘丕賱毓賲賱 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞, 賯亘賱 丕賱賲賵鬲 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賲賮乇 賲賳賴
兀噩賲賱 丕賱賮氐賵賱 賰丕賳 乇丨賱丞 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賱賱亘丨孬 毓賳 爻乇 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丕賱兀亘丿賷丞
賴賵丕賲卮 賵賲賯丿賲丞 胤賴 亘丕賯乇 賲賮賷丿丞 賵鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 賱賱賲賱丨賲丞 亘爻賷胤丞 賵爻賱爻丞
賲鬲賶 禺鬲賲賳丕 毓賯丿丕 賷丿賵賲 廿賱賶 丕賱兀亘丿責
賱賲 賷賰賳 丿賵丕賲 賵禺賱賵丿 賲賳匕 丕賱賯丿賲 "
噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賱丨賲丞 卮毓乇賷丞 亘丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷丞 賲丿賵賳丞 亘丕賱禺胤 丕賱賲爻賲丕乇賷 毓賱賶 12 賱賵丨 賲賳 丕賱胤賷賳
鬲賲 丕賰鬲卮丕賮賴丕 賮賷 賲賵賯毓 兀孬乇賷 賮賷 禺夭丕賳丞 丕賱賰鬲亘 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱賲賱賰 丕賱丌卮賵乇賷 丌卮賵乇 亘丕賳賷亘丕賱
賲賱丨賲丞 兀爻胤賵乇賷丞 毓賳 丕賱亘胤賱 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賱賰 賲丿賷賳丞 兀賵乇賵賰 丕賱爻賵賲乇賷丞
鬲鬲賳丕賵賱 賮賰乇丞 兀爻丕爻賷丞 賵賴賷 丨鬲賲賷丞 丕賱賲賵鬲.. 亘噩丕賳亘 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 賵丕賱亘胤賵賱丞
賵廿賲賰丕賳賷丞 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱禺賱賵丿 亘丕賱毓賲賱 賮賷 丕賱丨賷丕丞, 賯亘賱 丕賱賲賵鬲 丕賱匕賷 賱丕 賲賮乇 賲賳賴
兀噩賲賱 丕賱賮氐賵賱 賰丕賳 乇丨賱丞 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賱賱亘丨孬 毓賳 爻乇 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丕賱兀亘丿賷丞
賴賵丕賲卮 賵賲賯丿賲丞 胤賴 亘丕賯乇 賲賮賷丿丞 賵鬲乇噩賲鬲賴 賱賱賲賱丨賲丞 亘爻賷胤丞 賵爻賱爻丞
February 6, 2022
The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest known writing in Old English.
This is masterfully written and a joy to read. I recommend it to all.
This is masterfully written and a joy to read. I recommend it to all.
December 9, 2016
Here's the first book in the world, written around let鈥檚 say 2000 BC in Uruk, which is now Iraq, so when I set out to read all of the books in order a while back this was the first one I read. So it's nice that it's very good.
It鈥檚 about this king, Gilgamesh, who鈥檚 a dick. He鈥檚 a terrible king, a total tyrant. His best buddy Enkidu, on the other hand, is your archetypical noble savage guy, an innocent wild man. Enkidu gets civilized via the traditional method of having a sex priestess fuck him for a week straight, which totally works. And then they have adventures!
There are lots of things in Gilgamesh that will pop up in books later. There are a lot of weird echoes of it in the Bible. The flood myth is here, as it is in most cultures, and actually kindof a better version than the Bible鈥檚. There鈥檚 a journey to the underworld, which will show up again in Homer and in Dante. There鈥檚 a monster to fight, and - as in Beowulf - there鈥檚 some ambiguity about how monstrous Humbaba is. He鈥檚 just trying to do his thing, but Gilgamesh and Enkidu have to go hunt him down because they鈥檙e such badasses. This arrogance will have terrible consequences for them.
The influence on later literature isn't direct: we lost this poem for most of history. It was only found again in the late 1800s. So it's influence by way of echoes, if anything, although the Biblical references are hard to deny.
There's an additional tablet XII, probably added later, that makes explicit the gay subtext running through the poem. Here's the translation from Stephen Mitchell:
This, yes, amounts to history's first slashfic, but you're likely to think the poem is gay enough without it; Gilgamesh and Enkidu are constantly kissing and holding hands. More on that
Gilgamesh is more complicated than I expected it to be. It鈥檚 dark, haunting, unsettling. The poet Rilke called it 鈥淭he epic of the fear of death.鈥� The ending is not happy. It鈥檚 weird and it鈥檚 pretty wonderful. It鈥檚 not terribly long, so it's not a huge commitment. I like Stephen Mitchell鈥檚 version.
It鈥檚 about this king, Gilgamesh, who鈥檚 a dick. He鈥檚 a terrible king, a total tyrant. His best buddy Enkidu, on the other hand, is your archetypical noble savage guy, an innocent wild man. Enkidu gets civilized via the traditional method of having a sex priestess fuck him for a week straight, which totally works. And then they have adventures!
There are lots of things in Gilgamesh that will pop up in books later. There are a lot of weird echoes of it in the Bible. The flood myth is here, as it is in most cultures, and actually kindof a better version than the Bible鈥檚. There鈥檚 a journey to the underworld, which will show up again in Homer and in Dante. There鈥檚 a monster to fight, and - as in Beowulf - there鈥檚 some ambiguity about how monstrous Humbaba is. He鈥檚 just trying to do his thing, but Gilgamesh and Enkidu have to go hunt him down because they鈥檙e such badasses. This arrogance will have terrible consequences for them.
The influence on later literature isn't direct: we lost this poem for most of history. It was only found again in the late 1800s. So it's influence by way of echoes, if anything, although the Biblical references are hard to deny.
There's an additional tablet XII, probably added later, that makes explicit the gay subtext running through the poem. Here's the translation from Stephen Mitchell:
鈥淸My friend, the] penis that you touched so your heart rejoiced,
grubs devour [(it) 鈥� like an] old garment.
[My friend, the crotch that you] touched so your heart rejoiced,
it is filled with dust [like a crack in the ground.]鈥�
This, yes, amounts to history's first slashfic, but you're likely to think the poem is gay enough without it; Gilgamesh and Enkidu are constantly kissing and holding hands. More on that
Gilgamesh is more complicated than I expected it to be. It鈥檚 dark, haunting, unsettling. The poet Rilke called it 鈥淭he epic of the fear of death.鈥� The ending is not happy. It鈥檚 weird and it鈥檚 pretty wonderful. It鈥檚 not terribly long, so it's not a huge commitment. I like Stephen Mitchell鈥檚 version.
March 17, 2021
螒谓 胃苇位蔚喂 魏维蟺慰喂慰蟼 谓伪 未蔚喂 伪蟺蠈 蟺慰蠀 蟺蟻慰苇蟻蠂慰谓蟿伪喂 魏维蟺慰喂蔚蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿喂蟼 尾伪蟽喂魏苇蟼 蔚蟺喂蟻蟻慰苇蟼 蟿畏蟼 螤伪位伪喂维蟼 螖喂伪胃萎魏畏蟼, 蟿蠅谓 螣渭畏蟻喂魏蠋谓 螘蟺蠋谓 伪魏蠈渭伪 魏伪喂 蟿蠅谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂蠋谓 蟿慰蠀 韦蠈位魏喂谓 未蔚谓 苇蠂蔚喂 蟺伪蟻维 谓伪 未喂伪尾维蟽蔚喂 蟿慰 螆蟺慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼.
韦慰 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓慰 蟺慰委畏渭伪 蔚委谓伪喂 慰蠀蟽喂伪蟽蟿喂魏维 蟿慰 蟺伪位伪喂蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 未喂伪蟽蠅胃苇谓 "位慰纬慰蟿蔚蠂谓喂魏蠈" 苇蟻纬慰 魏伪喂 伪蟺慰蟿苇位蔚蟽蔚 蟿畏 尾维蟽畏 纬喂伪 蟺慰位位慰蠉蟼 渭蠉胃慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 胃蟻蠉位慰蠀蟼 蟿畏蟼 螒谓伪蟿慰位萎蟼 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 螘蠀蟻蠋蟺畏蟼. 螤蟻蠈魏蔚喂蟿伪喂 纬喂伪 渭喂伪 蟽蔚喂蟻维 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂蠋谓 渭蔚 尾伪蟽喂魏蠈 萎蟻蠅伪 蟿慰谓 尾伪蟽喂位喂维 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼, 慰 慰蟺慰委慰蟼 蟺伪蟻慰蠀蟽喂维味蔚蟿伪喂 蠅蟼 2/3 胃蔚蠈蟼 魏伪喂 1/3 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 (魏维蟿喂 蟽伪谓 畏渭委胃蔚慰蟼 萎 蠈蟺蠅蟼 胃伪 蟿慰 蟽蠀谓伪谓蟿慰蠉蟽伪渭蔚 蟽蟿畏 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 渭蠀胃慰位慰纬委伪) 魏伪喂 渭蟺位苇魏蔚喂 蟽蔚 未喂维蠁慰蟻蔚蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蟺苇蟿蔚喂蔚蟼. 螣喂 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 伪蠀蟿苇蟼 尾蟻苇胃畏魏伪谓 蟽魏伪位喂蟽渭苇谓蔚蟼 蟽蔚 蟺喂谓伪魏委未蔚蟼 蟽蔚 未喂维蠁慰蟻蔚蟼 蠂蟻慰谓慰位慰纬喂魏苇蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未慰蠀蟼. 韦慰 尾伪蟽喂魏蠈 苇蟺慰蟼 尉蔚魏喂谓维蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏 纬苇谓谓畏蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 螘魏喂谓蟿慰蠉 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿慰 伪谓蟿委蟺伪位慰 未苇慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪谓委蟽蠂蠀蟻慰蠀 尾伪蟽喂位喂维 蟺慰蠀 蟽蟿苇位谓蔚蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 胃蔚慰蠉蟼 纬喂伪 谓伪 蠁苇蟻蔚喂 喂蟽慰蟻蟻慰蟺委伪 蟽蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟽渭慰. 韦蔚位喂魏维, 慰喂 2 萎蟻蠅蔚蟼 纬委谓慰谓蟿伪喂 伪蠂蠋蟻喂蟽蟿慰喂 蠁委位慰喂 魏伪喂 渭伪味委 蟿伪尉喂未蔚蠉慰蠀谓 蟽蔚 维纬谓蠅蟽蟿伪 渭苇蟻畏 纬喂伪 谓伪 魏维谓慰蠀谓 畏蟻蠅喂魏苇蟼 蟺蟻维尉蔚喂蟼 魏伪喂 蔚谓 蟿苇位蔚喂 谓伪 渭维胃慰蠀谓 蟿慰 渭蠀蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟿畏蟼 伪胃伪谓伪蟽委伪蟼.
韦慰 苇蟺慰蟼 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 魏维胃慰未慰 蟿慰蠀 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼 蟽蟿慰谓 魏维蟿蠅 魏蠈蟽渭慰, 蟿畏 纬谓蠅蟻喂渭委伪 蟿慰蠀 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 螛蔚蠈 螣蠀蟿谓伪蟺委蟽蟿喂渭, 慰 慰蟺慰委慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蔚尉喂蟽蟿慰蟻蔚委 蟺蠅蟼 蔚蟺苇味畏蟽蔚 蔚谓蠈蟼 渭蔚纬维位慰蠀 魏伪蟿伪魏位蠀蟽渭慰蠉 魏伪喂 蟺蠅蟼 魏苇蟻未喂蟽蔚 伪蠀蟿蠈蟼 魏伪喂 畏 纬蠀谓伪委魏伪 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰 未蠋蟻慰 蟿畏蟼 伪胃伪谓伪蟽委伪蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 胃蔚慰蠉蟼.
螚 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓畏 苇魏未慰蟽畏 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚喂 蠈位蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪蟽蠅胃蔚委蟽蔚蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟽蠂蔚蟿喂魏维 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼, 畏 渭蔚蟿伪蠁蟻维蟽蟿蟻喂伪 蟺伪蟻伪胃苇蟿蔚喂 伪蟻魏蔚蟿苇蟼 蟺位畏蟻慰蠁慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蠂蟻萎蟽喂渭蔚蟼 蟽蟿慰谓 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏 蔚谓蠋 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 魏伪喂 渭喂伪 蟺慰位蠉 魏伪蟿伪蟿慰蟺喂蟽蟿喂魏萎 蔚喂蟽伪纬蠅纬萎 渭蔚 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏维 蟽蟿慰喂蠂蔚委伪 魏伪喂 蔚蟺蔚尉畏纬萎蟽蔚喂蟼.
危蟿畏 尾维蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟺位蠈 魏伪喂 未喂伪尾维味蔚蟿伪喂 蔚蠉魏慰位伪. 螠蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 蠈渭蠅蟼 谓伪 未喂伪魏蟻委谓慰蠀渭蔚 伪蟺蠈 蟿伪 蟺维胃畏 魏伪喂 蟿喂蟼 蔚蟺喂胃蠀渭委蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 畏蟻蠋蠅谓 蟺蠅蟼 伪魏蠈渭伪 魏伪喂 蟺蟻喂谓 5000 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪, 慰 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 伪谓伪味畏蟿慰蠉蟽蔚 蟿伪 委未喂伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 魏伪喂 蟽萎渭蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂 魏蠀蟻委蠅蟼 蟿慰谓 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭维蟿喂味伪谓 蠈,蟿喂 魏伪喂 蔚渭维蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽蠉纬蠂蟻慰谓慰蠀蟼 homo sapiens. 螣 蠁蠈尾慰蟼 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 胃维谓伪蟿慰, 畏 渭慰委蟻伪, 慰喂 蠁喂位委伪, 慰喂 胃蔚蠆魏苇蟼 蟺伪蟻蔚渭尾维蟽蔚喂蟼, 蟿慰 蟺维胃慰蟼 纬喂伪 蔚尉慰蠀蟽委伪 魏伪喂 蠁蠀蟽喂魏维 蟿伪 蟽蔚尉慰蠀伪位喂魏维 苇谓蟽蟿喂魏蟿伪.
危委纬慰蠀蟻伪, 魏维蟺慰喂慰蟼 蔚喂未喂魏蠈蟼 蟽蟿喂蟼 渭蠀胃慰位慰纬委蔚蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 螠蔚蟽慰蟺慰蟿伪渭委伪蟼 胃伪 渭蟺慰蟻苇蟽蔚喂 谓伪 蔚渭尾伪胃蠉谓蔚喂 蟺慰位蠉 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 蟽蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰, 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏维 蟺喂蟽蟿蔚蠉蠅 蟺蠅蟼 魏伪喂 慰 伪蟺位蠈蟼 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 蟽伪谓 魏喂 蔚渭苇谓伪 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 伪蟺慰魏慰渭委蟽蔚喂 蟺慰位位维 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 未喂伪尾维味慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 魏伪喂 魏蠀蟻委蠅蟼 谓伪 蟿伪尉喂未苇蠄蔚喂 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 维位位畏 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 渭伪魏蟻喂谓萎 魏伪喂 纬喂伪蟿委 蠈蠂喂 渭伪纬喂魏萎!
螖蔚谓 尉苇蟻蠅 伪谓 蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠉蟻纬畏渭伪 萎 蠈蠂喂. 螘委渭伪喂 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蔚蟺蔚喂蟽渭苇谓慰蟼 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蠅蟼 纬喂伪 魏维胃蔚 尾喂尾位喂蠈蠁喂位慰 魏伪喂 蠀蟺慰蠄喂伪蟽渭苇谓慰 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏 蟿慰 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓慰 苇蟺慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟺伪蟻伪委蟿畏蟿慰 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽渭伪.
韦苇位慰蟼, 谓伪 蟺蠅 蟺蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏维 未蔚 渭蔚 蔚谓未喂伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂 谓伪 魏维谓蠅 蟽蠀纬魏蟻委蟽蔚喂蟼 渭蔚 维位位伪 苇蟺畏 萎 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 伪魏蠀蟻蠋谓慰谓蟿伪蟼 萎 伪渭蠁喂蟽尾畏蟿蠋谓蟿伪蟼 维位位慰蠀蟼 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬慰蠉蟼. 螝维胃蔚 苇蟻纬慰 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰 螆蟺慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼 蟽蟿苇魏蔚蟿伪喂 渭蠈谓慰 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪蟻' 蠈位蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 蔚蟺喂蟻蟻慰苇蟼 未喂蠈蟿喂 苇蟿蟽喂 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂. 危蟿畏谓 蟿苇蠂谓畏 未蔚谓 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 蟺伪蟻胃蔚谓慰纬苇谓蔚蟽畏 魏伪喂 蠂伪委蟻慰渭伪喂 蟺慰蠀 未喂伪蟺喂蟽蟿蠋谓蠅 蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 苇蟺慰蟼 位蔚喂蟿慰蠉蟻纬畏蟽蔚 蟽伪谓 苇渭蟺谓蔚蠀蟽畏 纬喂伪 谓伪 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬畏胃慰蠉谓 魏慰位慰蟽蟽喂伪委伪 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠀蟻纬萎渭伪蟿伪!
韦慰 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓慰 蟺慰委畏渭伪 蔚委谓伪喂 慰蠀蟽喂伪蟽蟿喂魏维 蟿慰 蟺伪位伪喂蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 未喂伪蟽蠅胃苇谓 "位慰纬慰蟿蔚蠂谓喂魏蠈" 苇蟻纬慰 魏伪喂 伪蟺慰蟿苇位蔚蟽蔚 蟿畏 尾维蟽畏 纬喂伪 蟺慰位位慰蠉蟼 渭蠉胃慰蠀蟼 魏伪喂 胃蟻蠉位慰蠀蟼 蟿畏蟼 螒谓伪蟿慰位萎蟼 伪位位维 魏伪喂 蟿畏蟼 螘蠀蟻蠋蟺畏蟼. 螤蟻蠈魏蔚喂蟿伪喂 纬喂伪 渭喂伪 蟽蔚喂蟻维 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂蠋谓 渭蔚 尾伪蟽喂魏蠈 萎蟻蠅伪 蟿慰谓 尾伪蟽喂位喂维 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼, 慰 慰蟺慰委慰蟼 蟺伪蟻慰蠀蟽喂维味蔚蟿伪喂 蠅蟼 2/3 胃蔚蠈蟼 魏伪喂 1/3 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 (魏维蟿喂 蟽伪谓 畏渭委胃蔚慰蟼 萎 蠈蟺蠅蟼 胃伪 蟿慰 蟽蠀谓伪谓蟿慰蠉蟽伪渭蔚 蟽蟿畏 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 渭蠀胃慰位慰纬委伪) 魏伪喂 渭蟺位苇魏蔚喂 蟽蔚 未喂维蠁慰蟻蔚蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蟺苇蟿蔚喂蔚蟼. 螣喂 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 伪蠀蟿苇蟼 尾蟻苇胃畏魏伪谓 蟽魏伪位喂蟽渭苇谓蔚蟼 蟽蔚 蟺喂谓伪魏委未蔚蟼 蟽蔚 未喂维蠁慰蟻蔚蟼 蠂蟻慰谓慰位慰纬喂魏苇蟼 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未慰蠀蟼. 韦慰 尾伪蟽喂魏蠈 苇蟺慰蟼 尉蔚魏喂谓维蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏 纬苇谓谓畏蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 螘魏喂谓蟿慰蠉 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蟿慰 伪谓蟿委蟺伪位慰 未苇慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪谓委蟽蠂蠀蟻慰蠀 尾伪蟽喂位喂维 蟺慰蠀 蟽蟿苇位谓蔚蟿伪喂 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 胃蔚慰蠉蟼 纬喂伪 谓伪 蠁苇蟻蔚喂 喂蟽慰蟻蟻慰蟺委伪 蟽蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟽渭慰. 韦蔚位喂魏维, 慰喂 2 萎蟻蠅蔚蟼 纬委谓慰谓蟿伪喂 伪蠂蠋蟻喂蟽蟿慰喂 蠁委位慰喂 魏伪喂 渭伪味委 蟿伪尉喂未蔚蠉慰蠀谓 蟽蔚 维纬谓蠅蟽蟿伪 渭苇蟻畏 纬喂伪 谓伪 魏维谓慰蠀谓 畏蟻蠅喂魏苇蟼 蟺蟻维尉蔚喂蟼 魏伪喂 蔚谓 蟿苇位蔚喂 谓伪 渭维胃慰蠀谓 蟿慰 渭蠀蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟿畏蟼 伪胃伪谓伪蟽委伪蟼.
韦慰 苇蟺慰蟼 蟿蔚位蔚喂蠋谓蔚喂 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 魏维胃慰未慰 蟿慰蠀 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼 蟽蟿慰谓 魏维蟿蠅 魏蠈蟽渭慰, 蟿畏 纬谓蠅蟻喂渭委伪 蟿慰蠀 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 螛蔚蠈 螣蠀蟿谓伪蟺委蟽蟿喂渭, 慰 慰蟺慰委慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 蔚尉喂蟽蟿慰蟻蔚委 蟺蠅蟼 蔚蟺苇味畏蟽蔚 蔚谓蠈蟼 渭蔚纬维位慰蠀 魏伪蟿伪魏位蠀蟽渭慰蠉 魏伪喂 蟺蠅蟼 魏苇蟻未喂蟽蔚 伪蠀蟿蠈蟼 魏伪喂 畏 纬蠀谓伪委魏伪 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰 未蠋蟻慰 蟿畏蟼 伪胃伪谓伪蟽委伪蟼 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰蠀蟼 胃蔚慰蠉蟼.
螚 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓畏 苇魏未慰蟽畏 蟺蔚蟻喂位伪渭尾维谓蔚喂 蠈位蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 未喂伪蟽蠅胃蔚委蟽蔚蟼 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟽蠂蔚蟿喂魏维 渭蔚 蟿慰谓 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼, 畏 渭蔚蟿伪蠁蟻维蟽蟿蟻喂伪 蟺伪蟻伪胃苇蟿蔚喂 伪蟻魏蔚蟿苇蟼 蟺位畏蟻慰蠁慰蟻委蔚蟼 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 蠂蟻萎蟽喂渭蔚蟼 蟽蟿慰谓 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏 蔚谓蠋 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 魏伪喂 渭喂伪 蟺慰位蠉 魏伪蟿伪蟿慰蟺喂蟽蟿喂魏萎 蔚喂蟽伪纬蠅纬萎 渭蔚 喂蟽蟿慰蟻喂魏维 蟽蟿慰喂蠂蔚委伪 魏伪喂 蔚蟺蔚尉畏纬萎蟽蔚喂蟼.
危蟿畏 尾维蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟺位蠈 魏伪喂 未喂伪尾维味蔚蟿伪喂 蔚蠉魏慰位伪. 螠蟺慰蟻慰蠉渭蔚 蠈渭蠅蟼 谓伪 未喂伪魏蟻委谓慰蠀渭蔚 伪蟺蠈 蟿伪 蟺维胃畏 魏伪喂 蟿喂蟼 蔚蟺喂胃蠀渭委蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 畏蟻蠋蠅谓 蟺蠅蟼 伪魏蠈渭伪 魏伪喂 蟺蟻喂谓 5000 蠂蟻蠈谓喂伪, 慰 维谓胃蟻蠅蟺慰蟼 伪谓伪味畏蟿慰蠉蟽蔚 蟿伪 委未喂伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 蠈蟺蠅蟼 魏伪喂 蟽萎渭蔚蟻伪 魏伪喂 魏蠀蟻委蠅蟼 蟿慰谓 蟺蟻慰尾位畏渭维蟿喂味伪谓 蠈,蟿喂 魏伪喂 蔚渭维蟼 蟿慰蠀蟼 蟽蠉纬蠂蟻慰谓慰蠀蟼 homo sapiens. 螣 蠁蠈尾慰蟼 纬喂伪 蟿慰谓 胃维谓伪蟿慰, 畏 渭慰委蟻伪, 慰喂 蠁喂位委伪, 慰喂 胃蔚蠆魏苇蟼 蟺伪蟻蔚渭尾维蟽蔚喂蟼, 蟿慰 蟺维胃慰蟼 纬喂伪 蔚尉慰蠀蟽委伪 魏伪喂 蠁蠀蟽喂魏维 蟿伪 蟽蔚尉慰蠀伪位喂魏维 苇谓蟽蟿喂魏蟿伪.
危委纬慰蠀蟻伪, 魏维蟺慰喂慰蟼 蔚喂未喂魏蠈蟼 蟽蟿喂蟼 渭蠀胃慰位慰纬委蔚蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 螠蔚蟽慰蟺慰蟿伪渭委伪蟼 胃伪 渭蟺慰蟻苇蟽蔚喂 谓伪 蔚渭尾伪胃蠉谓蔚喂 蟺慰位蠉 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰 蟽蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰, 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蟻伪纬渭伪蟿喂魏维 蟺喂蟽蟿蔚蠉蠅 蟺蠅蟼 魏伪喂 慰 伪蟺位蠈蟼 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 蟽伪谓 魏喂 蔚渭苇谓伪 渭蟺慰蟻蔚委 谓伪 伪蟺慰魏慰渭委蟽蔚喂 蟺慰位位维 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 未喂伪尾维味慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰 魏伪喂 魏蠀蟻委蠅蟼 谓伪 蟿伪尉喂未苇蠄蔚喂 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 维位位畏 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 渭伪魏蟻喂谓萎 魏伪喂 纬喂伪蟿委 蠈蠂喂 渭伪纬喂魏萎!
螖蔚谓 尉苇蟻蠅 伪谓 蟿慰 苇蟻纬慰 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠉蟻纬畏渭伪 萎 蠈蠂喂. 螘委渭伪喂 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蔚蟺蔚喂蟽渭苇谓慰蟼 蠈渭蠅蟼 蟺蠅蟼 纬喂伪 魏维胃蔚 尾喂尾位喂蠈蠁喂位慰 魏伪喂 蠀蟺慰蠄喂伪蟽渭苇谓慰 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏 蟿慰 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓慰 苇蟺慰蟼 蔚委谓伪喂 伪蟺伪蟻伪委蟿畏蟿慰 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽渭伪.
韦苇位慰蟼, 谓伪 蟺蠅 蟺蠅蟼 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏维 未蔚 渭蔚 蔚谓未喂伪蠁苇蟻蔚喂 谓伪 魏维谓蠅 蟽蠀纬魏蟻委蟽蔚喂蟼 渭蔚 维位位伪 苇蟺畏 萎 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委蔚蟼 伪魏蠀蟻蠋谓慰谓蟿伪蟼 萎 伪渭蠁喂蟽尾畏蟿蠋谓蟿伪蟼 维位位慰蠀蟼 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬慰蠉蟼. 螝维胃蔚 苇蟻纬慰 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰 螆蟺慰蟼 蟿慰蠀 螕魏喂位纬魏伪渭苇蟼 蟽蟿苇魏蔚蟿伪喂 渭蠈谓慰 蟿慰蠀 蟺伪蟻' 蠈位蔚蟼 蟿喂蟼 蔚蟺喂蟻蟻慰苇蟼 未喂蠈蟿喂 苇蟿蟽喂 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 蔚委谓伪喂. 危蟿畏谓 蟿苇蠂谓畏 未蔚谓 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂 蟺伪蟻胃蔚谓慰纬苇谓蔚蟽畏 魏伪喂 蠂伪委蟻慰渭伪喂 蟺慰蠀 未喂伪蟺喂蟽蟿蠋谓蠅 蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 苇蟺慰蟼 位蔚喂蟿慰蠉蟻纬畏蟽蔚 蟽伪谓 苇渭蟺谓蔚蠀蟽畏 纬喂伪 谓伪 未畏渭喂慰蠀蟻纬畏胃慰蠉谓 魏慰位慰蟽蟽喂伪委伪 伪蟻喂蟽蟿慰蠀蟻纬萎渭伪蟿伪!
September 7, 2023
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 讴賴賳 鬲乇蹖賳 丨賲丕爻賴 賵 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 亘卮乇.
丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 爻丿賴 賴賮鬲賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 倬蹖丿丕 卮丿貙 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴 倬丕丿卮丕賴 丌卮賵乇 (丌卮賵乇亘丕賳蹖倬丕賱) 讴卮賮 卮丿. 丕賲丕 禺賵丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賯丿蹖賲蹖 鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳 丕爻鬲 賵 鄄鄹郯郯 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 賳诏丕乇卮 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕 亘氐賵乇鬲 賱賵丨 賴丕蹖蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴 丕蹖 讴卮賮 卮丿 賵 丿乇 賴夭丕乇賴 丿賵賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿貙 賮乇丿蹖 鬲賲丕賲 丕蹖賳 賱賵丨 賴丕 乇丕 诏乇丿 丌賵乇丿 賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲蹖 賲鬲丨丿 爻丕禺鬲貙 丕夭 賴賵蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 卮禺氐 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇 丿爻鬲 賳蹖爻鬲 賵賱蹖 亘毓囟丕 匕讴乇 卮丿賴 賳丕賲 賵蹖 爻蹖賳 賱蹖賯 丕賵賳蹖賳蹖 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 乇賵蹖 讴鬲亘蹖賴 賴丕 丨讴 卮丿賴.
丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賮乇丿蹖 賳蹖賲賴 禺丿丕 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賳爻丕賳 丕爻鬲(丿賵 爻賵賲 禺丿丕 賵 蹖讴 爻賵賲 丕賳爻丕賳) 丕賵 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 卮賴賵鬲乇丕賳 貙 馗丕賱賲 賵 夭賵乇賲賳丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賴蹖趩讴爻 鬲賵丕賳丕蹖蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 賵蹖 乇丕 賳丿丕乇丿 倬爻 賲乇丿賲丕賳 亘賴 丿乇诏丕賴 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 丿毓丕 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 亘蹖丕賮乇蹖賳蹖丿 鬲丕 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘乇丕亘乇蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘賱讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮賵乇 賵 賯丿乇鬲 丕夭 爻乇 賵蹖 賮乇賵 丕賮鬲丿貙 倬爻 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 乇丕 禺賱賯 賳賲賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賳蹖賲賴 丨蹖賵丕賳 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賳爻丕賳 丕爻鬲貙 丕賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕賳 賲蹖禺賵乇丿 賵 賲蹖禺賵丕亘丿貙 趩賵倬丕賳蹖 丕夭 丕賵 丌诏丕賴 卮丿賴 賵 丕夭 卮賴乇 夭賳蹖 夭蹖亘丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵 丌賵乇丿賴 讴賴 夭賳 亘丕 賵蹖 趩賳丿蹖賳 卮亘丕賳賴 乇賵夭 賴賲禺賵丕亘诏蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿 賵 禺賵蹖 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 賵 讴丕賲 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘乇 丕賵 賲蹖趩卮丕賳丿 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 乇賵 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄 卮賴乇賽 诏蹖賱诏賲卮賽 倬丕丿卮丕賴 賲蹖亘乇丿貙 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 亘賴 賲丨囟 賵乇賵丿卮 亘賴 卮賴乇 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 讴卮鬲蹖 賲蹖诏蹖乇丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 噩丿丕賱 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 倬蹖乇賵夭 賲蹖卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘乇丕丿乇 禺賵丿 賲蹖卮賲乇丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 夭蹖亘丕 卮丕賴丿 丕蹖噩丕丿 丕賵賱蹖賳 丿賵爻鬲蹖 毓賲蹖賯 亘蹖賳 倬爻乇丕賳 (bromance) 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賴爻鬲蹖賲.
丌賳賴丕 賲丕噩乇丕噩賵蹖蹖 賴丕蹖蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 爻乇 賲蹖诏匕乇丕賳賳丿 鬲丕 乇賵夭蹖 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 賲乇诏 賲蹖亘賱毓丿 賵 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賳蹖夭 丿乇 賲蹖丕亘丿 讴賴 乇賵夭蹖 賲乇诏 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 賵蹖 賳蹖夭 禺賵丕賴丿 丌賲丿貙 倬爻 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 賲蹖诏乇丿丿.
禺亘 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丕夭 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘賴 讴賱 鬲睾蹖蹖乇丕鬲 噩丕賱亘蹖 乇賵 倬蹖丿丕 賲蹖讴賳賴貙 爻賮乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲乇丿诏丕賳貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 亘丕 卮禺氐蹖鬲蹖 亘賴 丕爻賲 丕賵鬲 賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 (讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮禺氐 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 賲卮丕亘賴 賳賵丨 丿丕乇賴 賵 賳讴鬲賴 丨丕卅夭 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 賴爻鬲 讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 賯亘賱 鬲乇 丕夭 毓賴丿 毓鬲蹖賯 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇賵丕蹖鬲 卮丿賴)
爻賮乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲乇诏 賵 毓亘賵乇 丕夭 丕賵賳 賴賲 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲讴乇乇 丿乇 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 亘毓丿蹖 丿蹖丿蹖賲 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賵 丨賲丕爻賴 賴丕蹖 蹖賵賳丕賳蹖 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 讴賲丿蹖 丕賱賴蹖 丕孬乇 丿丕賳鬲賴 賵 鬲丕 亘賴 丕賲乇賵夭 卮丕賴丿 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘賴 胤賵乇 賵丕囟丨 賴爻鬲蹖賲.
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 讴賴 乇丕夭 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 乇丕 亘賴 胤賵乇 賯胤毓 倬蹖丿丕 賳賲蹖讴賳丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 倬蹖 賲蹖亘乇丿 讴賴 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯 賴賳乇 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿 丕亘丿蹖 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 丿蹖賵丕乇 毓馗蹖賲 丕賵乇賵讴 乇丕 亘賳丕 賲蹖讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘賴 賳賵毓蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳 亘丕卮丿.
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵賱蹖賳 亘丕乇 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘丕 鬲賵氐蹖賮丕鬲 亘丕睾 賴丕蹖 亘賴卮鬲 賵 爻賮乇 亘賴 丌賳賴丕 賲賵丕噩賴 賴爻鬲蹖賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 乇丕 賳蹖夭 丿乇 芦爻賮乇 倬蹖丿丕蹖卮禄 (毓賴丿 毓鬲蹖賯) 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲.
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 氐蹖丕丿 賵 趩賵倬丕賳 乇丕 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 丕夭 噩賴丕鬲蹖 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘賴 賲丕賳賳丿 賴丕亘蹖賱 賵 賯丕亘蹖賱 丿丕乇賳丿. ( 丕夭 賳馗乇 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵 賵丕爻胤賴 賲蹖丕賳 丿賳蹖丕蹖 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 賵 胤亘蹖毓鬲 賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 卮賴乇賳卮蹖賳蹖)
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 乇賵丕蹖鬲 讴賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丕夭 乇賵丿 賲乇诏 賲蹖诏匕乇丿 賳蹖夭 亘丕乇賴丕 丿乇 胤蹖 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 亘毓丿蹖 丿乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕 賵 賲賳馗賵賲 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賲孬丕賱 賴丕 亘乇丕蹖 丌賳: 賲賳馗賵賲賴 禄丕賳卅蹖丿禄 丕孬乇 芦賵蹖乇跇蹖賱禄 賵 芦讴賲丿蹖 丕賱賴蹖禄 丕孬乇 芦丿丕賳鬲賴禄 賲蹖亘丕卮賳丿.
賲賵囟賵毓 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴 丿蹖诏賴 賴賲 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賳 毓丕賱賲 乇賵蹖丕 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 賳蹖夭 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 丕賵賱蹖賳 亘丕乇 丿乇 丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賲胤乇丨 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 讴乇丕鬲 丿乇 爻丕蹖乇 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賳蹖夭 丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿.
鬲噩乇亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿馃憣
丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 爻丿賴 賴賮鬲賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 倬蹖丿丕 卮丿貙 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴 倬丕丿卮丕賴 丌卮賵乇 (丌卮賵乇亘丕賳蹖倬丕賱) 讴卮賮 卮丿. 丕賲丕 禺賵丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賯丿蹖賲蹖 鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳 丕爻鬲 賵 鄄鄹郯郯 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 賳诏丕乇卮 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕 亘氐賵乇鬲 賱賵丨 賴丕蹖蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴 丕蹖 讴卮賮 卮丿 賵 丿乇 賴夭丕乇賴 丿賵賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿貙 賮乇丿蹖 鬲賲丕賲 丕蹖賳 賱賵丨 賴丕 乇丕 诏乇丿 丌賵乇丿 賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲蹖 賲鬲丨丿 爻丕禺鬲貙 丕夭 賴賵蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 卮禺氐 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇 丿爻鬲 賳蹖爻鬲 賵賱蹖 亘毓囟丕 匕讴乇 卮丿賴 賳丕賲 賵蹖 爻蹖賳 賱蹖賯 丕賵賳蹖賳蹖 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 乇賵蹖 讴鬲亘蹖賴 賴丕 丨讴 卮丿賴.
丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 乇丕噩毓 亘賴 賮乇丿蹖 賳蹖賲賴 禺丿丕 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賳爻丕賳 丕爻鬲(丿賵 爻賵賲 禺丿丕 賵 蹖讴 爻賵賲 丕賳爻丕賳) 丕賵 倬丕丿卮丕賴蹖 卮賴賵鬲乇丕賳 貙 馗丕賱賲 賵 夭賵乇賲賳丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賴蹖趩讴爻 鬲賵丕賳丕蹖蹖 賲賯丕亘賱賴 亘丕 賵蹖 乇丕 賳丿丕乇丿 倬爻 賲乇丿賲丕賳 亘賴 丿乇诏丕賴 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 丿毓丕 讴乇丿賴 讴賴 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 亘蹖丕賮乇蹖賳蹖丿 鬲丕 亘鬲賵丕賳丿 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘乇丕亘乇蹖 讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘賱讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮賵乇 賵 賯丿乇鬲 丕夭 爻乇 賵蹖 賮乇賵 丕賮鬲丿貙 倬爻 禺丿丕蹖丕賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 乇丕 禺賱賯 賳賲賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賳蹖賲賴 丨蹖賵丕賳 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賳爻丕賳 丕爻鬲貙 丕賵 亘丕 丨蹖賵丕賳丕賳 賲蹖禺賵乇丿 賵 賲蹖禺賵丕亘丿貙 趩賵倬丕賳蹖 丕夭 丕賵 丌诏丕賴 卮丿賴 賵 丕夭 卮賴乇 夭賳蹖 夭蹖亘丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵 丌賵乇丿賴 讴賴 夭賳 亘丕 賵蹖 趩賳丿蹖賳 卮亘丕賳賴 乇賵夭 賴賲禺賵丕亘诏蹖 賲蹖讴賳丿 賵 禺賵蹖 丕賳爻丕賳蹖 賵 讴丕賲 夭賳丿诏蹖 亘乇 丕賵 賲蹖趩卮丕賳丿 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 乇賵 亘賴 芦丕賵乇賵讴禄 卮賴乇賽 诏蹖賱诏賲卮賽 倬丕丿卮丕賴 賲蹖亘乇丿貙 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 亘賴 賲丨囟 賵乇賵丿卮 亘賴 卮賴乇 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 讴卮鬲蹖 賲蹖诏蹖乇丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 噩丿丕賱 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 倬蹖乇賵夭 賲蹖卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 亘乇丕丿乇 禺賵丿 賲蹖卮賲乇丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 夭蹖亘丕 卮丕賴丿 丕蹖噩丕丿 丕賵賱蹖賳 丿賵爻鬲蹖 毓賲蹖賯 亘蹖賳 倬爻乇丕賳 (bromance) 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 賴爻鬲蹖賲.
丌賳賴丕 賲丕噩乇丕噩賵蹖蹖 賴丕蹖蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 爻乇 賲蹖诏匕乇丕賳賳丿 鬲丕 乇賵夭蹖 丕賳讴蹖丿賵 乇丕 賲乇诏 賲蹖亘賱毓丿 賵 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賳蹖夭 丿乇 賲蹖丕亘丿 讴賴 乇賵夭蹖 賲乇诏 亘賴 爻乇丕睾 賵蹖 賳蹖夭 禺賵丕賴丿 丌賲丿貙 倬爻 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 賲蹖诏乇丿丿.
禺亘 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丕夭 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘賴 讴賱 鬲睾蹖蹖乇丕鬲 噩丕賱亘蹖 乇賵 倬蹖丿丕 賲蹖讴賳賴貙 爻賮乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲乇丿诏丕賳貙 丿蹖丿丕乇 亘丕 卮禺氐蹖鬲蹖 亘賴 丕爻賲 丕賵鬲 賳倬蹖卮鬲蹖賲 (讴賴 丕蹖賳 卮禺氐 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 賲卮丕亘賴 賳賵丨 丿丕乇賴 賵 賳讴鬲賴 丨丕卅夭 丕賴賲蹖鬲 丕蹖賳 賴爻鬲 讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 賯亘賱 鬲乇 丕夭 毓賴丿 毓鬲蹖賯 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇賵丕蹖鬲 卮丿賴)
爻賮乇 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賲乇诏 賵 毓亘賵乇 丕夭 丕賵賳 賴賲 亘賴 胤賵乇 賲讴乇乇 丿乇 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 亘毓丿蹖 丿蹖丿蹖賲 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賵 丨賲丕爻賴 賴丕蹖 蹖賵賳丕賳蹖 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 讴賲丿蹖 丕賱賴蹖 丕孬乇 丿丕賳鬲賴 賵 鬲丕 亘賴 丕賲乇賵夭 卮丕賴丿 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘賴 胤賵乇 賵丕囟丨 賴爻鬲蹖賲.
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 讴賴 乇丕夭 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 乇丕 亘賴 胤賵乇 賯胤毓 倬蹖丿丕 賳賲蹖讴賳丿 亘賴 丕蹖賳 倬蹖 賲蹖亘乇丿 讴賴 丕夭 胤乇蹖賯 賴賳乇 賲蹖鬲賵丕賳丿 丕亘丿蹖 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 丿蹖賵丕乇 毓馗蹖賲 丕賵乇賵讴 乇丕 亘賳丕 賲蹖讴賳丿 鬲丕 亘賴 賳賵毓蹖 噩丕賵丿丕賳 亘丕卮丿.
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 亘乇丕蹖 丕賵賱蹖賳 亘丕乇 丿乇 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘丕 鬲賵氐蹖賮丕鬲 亘丕睾 賴丕蹖 亘賴卮鬲 賵 爻賮乇 亘賴 丌賳賴丕 賲賵丕噩賴 賴爻鬲蹖賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 乇丕 賳蹖夭 丿乇 芦爻賮乇 倬蹖丿丕蹖卮禄 (毓賴丿 毓鬲蹖賯) 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲.
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 氐蹖丕丿 賵 趩賵倬丕賳 乇丕 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 丕夭 噩賴丕鬲蹖 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 亘賴 賲丕賳賳丿 賴丕亘蹖賱 賵 賯丕亘蹖賱 丿丕乇賳丿. ( 丕夭 賳馗乇 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 賵 賵丕爻胤賴 賲蹖丕賳 丿賳蹖丕蹖 丨蹖賵丕賳丕鬲 賵 胤亘蹖毓鬲 賵 丿賳蹖丕蹖 卮賴乇賳卮蹖賳蹖)
賴賲趩賳蹖賳 亘禺卮蹖 丕夭 乇賵丕蹖鬲 讴賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 丕夭 乇賵丿 賲乇诏 賲蹖诏匕乇丿 賳蹖夭 亘丕乇賴丕 丿乇 胤蹖 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 亘毓丿蹖 丿乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕 賵 賲賳馗賵賲 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 賲蹖亘蹖賳蹖賲 讴賴 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 賲孬丕賱 賴丕 亘乇丕蹖 丌賳: 賲賳馗賵賲賴 禄丕賳卅蹖丿禄 丕孬乇 芦賵蹖乇跇蹖賱禄 賵 芦讴賲丿蹖 丕賱賴蹖禄 丕孬乇 芦丿丕賳鬲賴禄 賲蹖亘丕卮賳丿.
賲賵囟賵毓 賯丕亘賱 鬲賵噩賴 丿蹖诏賴 賴賲 賲胤乇丨 讴乇丿賳 毓丕賱賲 乇賵蹖丕 賴爻鬲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 賳蹖夭 丿乇 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 丕賵賱蹖賳 亘丕乇 丿乇 丨賲丕爻賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賲胤乇丨 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘賴 讴乇丕鬲 丿乇 爻丕蹖乇 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕 賳蹖夭 丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖卮賵丿.
鬲噩乇亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 亘賵丿馃憣
June 7, 2023
I鈥檝e always had a curiosity about The Epic of Gilgamesh, purely on the basis that it鈥檚 the great-grandaddy of all stories, or at least the oldest to have come down to us. I listened to the audio version, which seemed appropriate, as this story was originally meant to be listened to rather than read.
A word on this 鈥渘ew translation鈥�. I haven鈥檛 read any others with which to compare, but it seemed to me the translator has made some good choices. The language is modern and easy to follow, but there is half a nod to an older style of English, so the text uses expressions like 鈥淕ilgamesh spoke these words unto Enkidu鈥�. For me that lends it a gravitas that I thinks fits with such an ancient story.
The book is divided into 11 chapters, each corresponding to one of the tablets that have been found. There is also 鈥淭ablet 12鈥�, which the author explains is not thought to have been part of the original story, and which is added as an appendix. Listening to Tablet 12, it鈥檚 fairly clear that it stands apart. There is a lack of continuity with the main story, and a different 鈥渇eel鈥� to it. A second Appendix contains 鈥淭he Death of Gilgamesh鈥�, a Sumerian poem not directly linked to the Epic. The translator adds that this version of the Epic is an amalgam of the Sumerian and Akkadian versions.
When the Epic was first translated it caused a sensation because one tablet has a description of the Great Flood which very closely matches the one in the Bible, but considerably predates it. There鈥檚 also a reference to a 7-year famine. At another point Gilgamesh tells his companion Enkidu, 鈥淪hould I fall, I shall leave behind me a name that will ever be remembered by men.鈥� That has an obvious similarity with the story of Achilles in The Iliad, though it could just be coincidence.
In the story itself, Gilgamesh, a demigod and king of the city of Uruk in Mesopotamia, travels with Enkidu to the great cedar forest of Mount Lebanon to do battle with the demigod Humbaba, guardian of the cedars.
Later the two friends must face 鈥淭he Bull of Heaven鈥� sent to Earth by the Goddess Ishtar, whom Gilgamesh has offended. After this Gilgamesh becomes morose over the prospect of death, and goes on a quest to try and find the secret of eternal life, or at least the secrets of the afterlife. This was obviously a subject of deep interest to the Sumerians and Akkadians, as it has been to most of humanity ever since.
Parts of the book are a bit raunchy. In common with other ancient cultures, the Sumerians seem to have had 鈥渟acred prostitutes鈥�, referred to in this text more prosaically as 鈥渢emple harlots鈥�. During certain religious festivals they were required to have sex with the King, or High Priest, etc. I wouldn鈥檛 want to overstate this element 鈥� the book isn鈥檛 what you would call explicit - but there are quite a few references to 鈥渦ncovering of loins鈥�.
There鈥檚 a great deal of repetition in the tale. I imagine this derives from the fact that the poem would originally have been sung or chanted, rather than spoken.
The rating reflects my personal enjoyment only. I don鈥檛 think I would recommend reading Gilgamesh for literary merit. I would recommend it if, like me, you want to satisfy your curiosity, or if you want a glimpse into the way the ancients saw the world.
A word on this 鈥渘ew translation鈥�. I haven鈥檛 read any others with which to compare, but it seemed to me the translator has made some good choices. The language is modern and easy to follow, but there is half a nod to an older style of English, so the text uses expressions like 鈥淕ilgamesh spoke these words unto Enkidu鈥�. For me that lends it a gravitas that I thinks fits with such an ancient story.
The book is divided into 11 chapters, each corresponding to one of the tablets that have been found. There is also 鈥淭ablet 12鈥�, which the author explains is not thought to have been part of the original story, and which is added as an appendix. Listening to Tablet 12, it鈥檚 fairly clear that it stands apart. There is a lack of continuity with the main story, and a different 鈥渇eel鈥� to it. A second Appendix contains 鈥淭he Death of Gilgamesh鈥�, a Sumerian poem not directly linked to the Epic. The translator adds that this version of the Epic is an amalgam of the Sumerian and Akkadian versions.
When the Epic was first translated it caused a sensation because one tablet has a description of the Great Flood which very closely matches the one in the Bible, but considerably predates it. There鈥檚 also a reference to a 7-year famine. At another point Gilgamesh tells his companion Enkidu, 鈥淪hould I fall, I shall leave behind me a name that will ever be remembered by men.鈥� That has an obvious similarity with the story of Achilles in The Iliad, though it could just be coincidence.
In the story itself, Gilgamesh, a demigod and king of the city of Uruk in Mesopotamia, travels with Enkidu to the great cedar forest of Mount Lebanon to do battle with the demigod Humbaba, guardian of the cedars.
Later the two friends must face 鈥淭he Bull of Heaven鈥� sent to Earth by the Goddess Ishtar, whom Gilgamesh has offended. After this Gilgamesh becomes morose over the prospect of death, and goes on a quest to try and find the secret of eternal life, or at least the secrets of the afterlife. This was obviously a subject of deep interest to the Sumerians and Akkadians, as it has been to most of humanity ever since.
Parts of the book are a bit raunchy. In common with other ancient cultures, the Sumerians seem to have had 鈥渟acred prostitutes鈥�, referred to in this text more prosaically as 鈥渢emple harlots鈥�. During certain religious festivals they were required to have sex with the King, or High Priest, etc. I wouldn鈥檛 want to overstate this element 鈥� the book isn鈥檛 what you would call explicit - but there are quite a few references to 鈥渦ncovering of loins鈥�.
There鈥檚 a great deal of repetition in the tale. I imagine this derives from the fact that the poem would originally have been sung or chanted, rather than spoken.
The rating reflects my personal enjoyment only. I don鈥檛 think I would recommend reading Gilgamesh for literary merit. I would recommend it if, like me, you want to satisfy your curiosity, or if you want a glimpse into the way the ancients saw the world.
February 2, 2017
丿賵爻鬲丕賳賽 诏乇丕賳賯丿乇貙 爻賮丕乇卮 賲蹖讴賳賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳賽 亘爻蹖丕乇 夭蹖亘丕 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴 丕賳丿蹖卮賴 讴賳蹖丿
亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕賮爻丕賳踿 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 賳讴丕鬲賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 倬蹖 亘乇丿賴 賵 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖卮賵蹖丿 讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕蹖賽 禺蹖丕賱蹖 倬蹖丕賲亘乇丕賳 賵 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 禺乇丕賮丕鬲蹖 賵 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳踿 丕爻胤賵乇賴 丕蹖 亘乇诏乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
賲鬲賵賱丿 卮丿賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 倬賴賱賵丕賳賽 亘夭乇诏貙 丕夭 禺丕讴 賵 丌亘賽 丿賴丕賳賽 禺丿丕賵賳丿... 卮亘蹖賴 亘賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賲賵賴賵賲賽 芦丌丿賲 賵 丨賵丕禄 賲蹖亘丕卮丿.. 賵 亘丕夭 賴賲 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 鬲賲丕賲蹖 丕丿蹖丕賳 亘乇 丕爻丕爻 丕賮爻丕賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖丕賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
爻賮乇賽 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 蹖丕丿賽 爻賮乇賽 "賲賵爻蹖" 賵 "賴丕乇賵賳" 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿... 丿乇 丌賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 "蹖賴賵賵" 禺丿丕蹖 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 亘賴 丌賳賴丕 賮乇賲丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴 芦卮賲卮禄 禺丿丕蹖賽 丌賮鬲丕亘 亘賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賮乇賲丕賳 丿丕丿賴 賵 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賴丿丕蹖鬲 賲蹖讴賳丿... 賵 噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳賽 亘蹖丕亘丕賳蹖 賵丕跇賴贁 "卮賲爻" 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿 乇丕 丕夭 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 "卮賲卮" 賵丕賲 诏乇賮鬲賴 賵 鬲賯賱蹖丿 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿
丕賲丕 賳讴鬲踿 噩丕賱亘 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴贁 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖 賵 夭蹖亘丕貙 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴: 禺丿丕賵賳丿 賴蹖趩 賯丿乇鬲蹖 亘乇 乇賵蹖 夭賲蹖賳 賳丿丕乇丿.. 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 丿乇 賲蹖 蹖丕亘丿 讴賴 "賴賵賲亘賴 亘賴" (禺賵賳 亘丕亘丕) 丿乇 噩賳诏賱 賲賯丿爻賽 爻丿乇貙 诏賳丕賴 賵 爻鬲賲 賲蹖讴賳丿貙 賲丕賳賳丿賽 禺丿丕蹖 賲爻賱賲丕賳賴丕 賵 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳 "丕賱賱賴賽 丕讴亘乇" 毓匕丕亘 賳丕夭賱 賳賲蹖讴賳丿.. 亘賱讴賴 亘賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賮乇賲丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘賴 噩賳诏 丕賵 乇賮鬲賴 賵 丕賵 乇丕 賴賱丕讴 爻丕夭賳丿... 禺賵丿卮 賴蹖趩 丿禺丕賱鬲蹖 賳丿丕乇丿
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丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇賲 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳賽 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴贁 亘爻蹖丕乇 賯丿蹖賲蹖 賵 亘丕爻鬲丕賳蹖貙 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖丿
芦倬蹖乇賵夭 亘丕卮蹖丿 賵 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖禄
亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕賮爻丕賳踿 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 賳讴丕鬲賽 夭蹖丕丿蹖 倬蹖 亘乇丿賴 賵 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖卮賵蹖丿 讴賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴丕蹖賽 禺蹖丕賱蹖 倬蹖丕賲亘乇丕賳 賵 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 禺乇丕賮丕鬲蹖 賵 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳貙 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳踿 丕爻胤賵乇賴 丕蹖 亘乇诏乇賮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
賲鬲賵賱丿 卮丿賳 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 倬賴賱賵丕賳賽 亘夭乇诏貙 丕夭 禺丕讴 賵 丌亘賽 丿賴丕賳賽 禺丿丕賵賳丿... 卮亘蹖賴 亘賴 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賲賵賴賵賲賽 芦丌丿賲 賵 丨賵丕禄 賲蹖亘丕卮丿.. 賵 亘丕夭 賴賲 賳卮丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 讴賴 鬲賲丕賲蹖 丕丿蹖丕賳 亘乇 丕爻丕爻 丕賮爻丕賳賴 賴丕蹖賽 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖丕賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲
爻賮乇賽 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 亘賴 賴賲乇丕賴 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賲丕 乇丕 亘賴 蹖丕丿賽 爻賮乇賽 "賲賵爻蹖" 賵 "賴丕乇賵賳" 賲蹖 丕賳丿丕夭丿... 丿乇 丌賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 "蹖賴賵賵" 禺丿丕蹖 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 亘賴 丌賳賴丕 賮乇賲丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 賵 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴 芦卮賲卮禄 禺丿丕蹖賽 丌賮鬲丕亘 亘賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賮乇賲丕賳 丿丕丿賴 賵 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賴丿丕蹖鬲 賲蹖讴賳丿... 賵 噩丕賱亘 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳賽 亘蹖丕亘丕賳蹖 賵丕跇賴贁 "卮賲爻" 亘賴 賲毓賳丕蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿 乇丕 丕夭 禺丿丕蹖 丌賮鬲丕亘 "卮賲卮" 賵丕賲 诏乇賮鬲賴 賵 鬲賯賱蹖丿 讴乇丿賴 丕賳丿
丕賲丕 賳讴鬲踿 噩丕賱亘 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴贁 禺賵丕賳丿賳蹖 賵 夭蹖亘丕貙 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲 讴賴: 禺丿丕賵賳丿 賴蹖趩 賯丿乇鬲蹖 亘乇 乇賵蹖 夭賲蹖賳 賳丿丕乇丿.. 賵 賵賯鬲蹖 丿乇 賲蹖 蹖丕亘丿 讴賴 "賴賵賲亘賴 亘賴" (禺賵賳 亘丕亘丕) 丿乇 噩賳诏賱 賲賯丿爻賽 爻丿乇貙 诏賳丕賴 賵 爻鬲賲 賲蹖讴賳丿貙 賲丕賳賳丿賽 禺丿丕蹖 賲爻賱賲丕賳賴丕 賵 鬲丕夭蹖丕賳 "丕賱賱賴賽 丕讴亘乇" 毓匕丕亘 賳丕夭賱 賳賲蹖讴賳丿.. 亘賱讴賴 亘賴 芦诏蹖賱诏賲卮禄 賵 芦丕賳讴蹖丿賵禄 賮乇賲丕賳 賲蹖丿賴丿 鬲丕 亘賴 噩賳诏 丕賵 乇賮鬲賴 賵 丕賵 乇丕 賴賱丕讴 爻丕夭賳丿... 禺賵丿卮 賴蹖趩 丿禺丕賱鬲蹖 賳丿丕乇丿
***
丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇賲 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳賽 丕蹖賳 丕賮爻丕賳賴贁 亘爻蹖丕乇 賯丿蹖賲蹖 賵 亘丕爻鬲丕賳蹖貙 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖丿
芦倬蹖乇賵夭 亘丕卮蹖丿 賵 丕蹖乇丕賳蹖禄
March 9, 2021
It is an old storyThe Epic of Gilgamesh is the world鈥檚 oldest work of literature, dating back at least to 2,000 B.C. It is the story of Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, who becomes best friends with Enkidu. They travel to the Cedar Forest and kill a monster named Humbaba, and soon thereafter also kill the Bull of Heaven to protect Uruk. But when Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh is so distraught that he crosses the Waters of Death to try to find the secret to eternal life to bring back Enkidu.
But one that can still be told
About a man who loved
And lost a friend to death
And learned he lacked the power
To bring him back to life.
It is the story of Gilgamesh
And his friend Enkidu.
鈥�
But what may make this story unique鈥攅ven among ancient works of literature鈥攊s that there is no single, complete copy of The Epic of Gilgamesh. Instead, the tale has been pieced together by scholars from a variety of fragments of clay tablets found throughout the Middle East since the 1800s. There are several formal translations that attempt to translate every word from the overlapping sources, and to note all of the breaks and gaps. Even these translations vary significantly, depending not just on stylistic differences of the various translators, but on which source they use as their primary text.
For the formal version of The Epic of Gilgamesh, I read the Andrew George translation. The story is there, but it is not an easy read. Some of that difficulty is due to the gaps and the scholarly asides that pull the reader out of the story. But the formal translation also feels like an ancient story. It鈥檚 a bit clunky and quite repetitive in lots of places. There are lots of descriptions of rituals throughout that seem unnecessarily long. And the emotions displayed often feel less genuine and more performative, such as this quotation from shortly after Enkidu鈥檚 death: 鈥淥 Enkidu, may the paths [of] the Forest of Cedar mourn you [without pause,] by day and by night!鈥� It鈥檚 an emotional story told in a rather emotionless way, at least to a modern reader.
In addition to the formal version, I also read . Unlike the formal translations, this book attempts to capture the core story without being beholden to every repetition or gap. It reads more like one of the modern retellings of . With many of the repetitions and scenes of rituals stripped away, there鈥檚 a much greater focus on Enkidu鈥檚 death, Gilgamesh鈥檚 grief, and his feelings of loss and loneliness. There may be some poetic license taken in the verse narrative, but the core of the story not only remains, but is greatly enhanced by being much more personal and emotional:
It is that inner atmosphere that hasThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a foundational work of literature. It may be a source or inspiration for numerous biblical stories, from Noah and the great flood to the idea of treacherous snakes. It鈥檚 a tale about friendship, death, grief, and living after loss鈥攆undamental experiences of being alive. I鈥檇 recommend reading first or alongside The Epic of Gilgamesh to get the fullest emotional punch from the story. Recommended.
An unfamiliar gravity or none at all
Where words are flung out in the air but stay
Motionless without an answer,
Hovering about one鈥檚 lips
Or arguing back to haunt
The memory with what one failed to say,
Until one learns acceptance of the silence
Amidst the new debris
Or turns again to grief
As the only source of privacy,
Alone with someone loved.
The Epic of Gilgamesh: 3.5 stars rounded up to 4.
: 4.5 stars rounded up to 5.
January 6, 2025
廿賳賴丕 賯胤毓丞 兀丿亘賷丞 亘丿賷毓丞
賲賱丨賲丞 兀乇囟 丕賱乇丕賮丿賷賳 丕賱禺丕賱丿丞
丕賳賴丕 賲賱丨賲丞 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 丕賱禺丕賱丿丞
賲賱丨賲丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賮賷 爻毓賷賴 丕賱丿丐賵亘 賱賱禺賱賵丿 賵賴夭賷賲丞 丕賱賲賵鬲 賵丕賱賮賳丕亍
亘毓丿 賲賵鬲 氐丿賷賯賴 兀賳賰賷丿賵 賷賮夭毓 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賳 丕賱賲賵鬲
賮賷賲囟賷 賮賷 乇丨賱丞 胤賵賷賱丞 賷氐丕乇毓 賮賷賴丕 丕賱兀賴賵丕賱 賷亘丨孬 毓賳 兀賵鬲賳丕亘卮鬲賲 ( 亘胤賱 賯氐丞 丕賱胤賵賮丕賳) 丕賱匕賷 賲賳丨鬲賴 丕賱丌賱賴丞 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞 賱賷丿賱賴 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丨賷賳 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 爻乇 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞 賷囟賷毓 賲賳 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賴
賲賱丨賲丞 兀乇囟 丕賱乇丕賮丿賷賳 丕賱禺丕賱丿丞
丕賳賴丕 賲賱丨賲丞 丕賱氐丿丕賯丞 丕賱禺丕賱丿丞
賲賱丨賲丞 丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 賮賷 爻毓賷賴 丕賱丿丐賵亘 賱賱禺賱賵丿 賵賴夭賷賲丞 丕賱賲賵鬲 賵丕賱賮賳丕亍
亘毓丿 賲賵鬲 氐丿賷賯賴 兀賳賰賷丿賵 賷賮夭毓 噩賱噩丕賲卮 賲賳 丕賱賲賵鬲
賮賷賲囟賷 賮賷 乇丨賱丞 胤賵賷賱丞 賷氐丕乇毓 賮賷賴丕 丕賱兀賴賵丕賱 賷亘丨孬 毓賳 兀賵鬲賳丕亘卮鬲賲 ( 亘胤賱 賯氐丞 丕賱胤賵賮丕賳) 丕賱匕賷 賲賳丨鬲賴 丕賱丌賱賴丞 丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞 賱賷丿賱賴 毓賱賶 爻亘賷賱 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丨賷賳 賷氐賱 廿賱賶 爻乇 丕賱禺賱賵丿 賵丕賱丨賷丕丞 丕賱兀亘丿賷丞 賷囟賷毓 賲賳 亘賷賳 賷丿賷賴
March 28, 2020
Le po猫me de Gilgamesh, compos茅, dans ses premi猫res versions connues, il a 3 500 ans, bien longtemps avant , est sans doute l鈥檜n des plus anciens t茅moignages de l鈥檃ctivit茅 po茅tique et litt茅raire de nos lointains anc锚tres de M茅sopotamie, 脿 l鈥檃ube m锚me de l鈥橦istoire. Cette 茅pop茅e, comme chacun sait, relate le r茅cit du roi d鈥橴ruk, sa rencontre avec le sauvage Enkidu, l鈥檃ffrontement du monstre Humbaba dans la for锚t de r茅sineux, la querelle avec Ishtar et le massacre du Taureau C茅leste, la descente d鈥橢nkidu aux Enfers, puis le voyage de Gilgamesh chez les dieux pour rechercher 鈥� en vain 鈥� la vie 茅ternelle.
On ne peut manquer d鈥櫭猼re touch茅 par le caract猫re 脿 la fois v茅n茅rable et 茅trange de ce r茅cit, qui ne nous parle pas seulement d鈥檈xploits h茅ro茂ques, mais plus essentiellement de la sortie de la steppe et de l鈥檈ntr茅e dans la civilisation, de l鈥檃miti茅 entre deux hommes ; enfin et surtout de notre finitude et de notre condition mortelle, de ce qui fait de nous des humains.
Cette 茅dition de la NRF est admirablement traduite et pr茅sent茅e par l鈥檈x茅g猫te biblique et assyriologue Jean Bott茅ro, de mani猫re suffisamment savante pour que nous percevions comment ce texte a 茅t茅, 脿 grand-peine, reconstitu茅, mais aussi suffisamment claire pour que nous ressentions la beaut茅 du po猫me. L鈥檃spect le plus 茅mouvant, sans doute, dans cette 茅dition, est qu鈥檈lle fait sentir de mani猫re tr猫s nette combien cette 脡pop茅e de Gilgamesh, consign茅e sur d鈥檃ntiques tablettes cun茅iformes, aujourd鈥檋ui en d茅bris 脿 travers le monde, est une 艙uvre naufrag茅e, une 茅pave en morceaux, rep锚ch茅e des profondeurs de l鈥橦istoire et dont il ne reste qu鈥檜n formidable et incomplet puzzle.
On ne peut manquer d鈥櫭猼re touch茅 par le caract猫re 脿 la fois v茅n茅rable et 茅trange de ce r茅cit, qui ne nous parle pas seulement d鈥檈xploits h茅ro茂ques, mais plus essentiellement de la sortie de la steppe et de l鈥檈ntr茅e dans la civilisation, de l鈥檃miti茅 entre deux hommes ; enfin et surtout de notre finitude et de notre condition mortelle, de ce qui fait de nous des humains.
Cette 茅dition de la NRF est admirablement traduite et pr茅sent茅e par l鈥檈x茅g猫te biblique et assyriologue Jean Bott茅ro, de mani猫re suffisamment savante pour que nous percevions comment ce texte a 茅t茅, 脿 grand-peine, reconstitu茅, mais aussi suffisamment claire pour que nous ressentions la beaut茅 du po猫me. L鈥檃spect le plus 茅mouvant, sans doute, dans cette 茅dition, est qu鈥檈lle fait sentir de mani猫re tr猫s nette combien cette 脡pop茅e de Gilgamesh, consign茅e sur d鈥檃ntiques tablettes cun茅iformes, aujourd鈥檋ui en d茅bris 脿 travers le monde, est une 艙uvre naufrag茅e, une 茅pave en morceaux, rep锚ch茅e des profondeurs de l鈥橦istoire et dont il ne reste qu鈥檜n formidable et incomplet puzzle.
December 16, 2018
This epic mythological tale was a surprisingly fun read overall and a powerful portrait of the power of male friendship and grief at its loss. Written about 1,700BC, it stars a king of the ancient Mesopotamian king of Uruk living around 2,700BC who is arrogant and unjust to his people. For example, every new bride is his for the bedding before the bridegroom has his joy. The people pray to the gods for relief from his tyranny, and in answer a temple prostitute is sent into the wilds to bring back a soulmate for Gilgamesh. The wild man, Enkidu, has been living in innocence among the animals and knows nothing of civilization. The priestess makes love to him for days on end and by such means is he seduced to her quest.
After a period of competitive interactions, including wrestling matches, the king and tamed monster become bosom buddies and probably lovers. The goddess Ishtar takes a fancy to Enkidu, who rejects her advances and promises of heavenly rewards, backed up by the king heaping many insults on her head. In revenge, she gets the top gods to lend her the ferocious Bull of Heaven Peace to kill the king and his buddy. A comic scene of their quick disposal of the beast ensues.
Peace and justice begins to bloom in the kingdom. But Gilgamesh just has to express of superman role by finding a monster to slay. He persuades Enkidu to join him on a mission to kill the giant Humbaba, who has long been tasked by a god to guard a sacred cedar forest. Enkidu advises the king against such a foolish challenge, both from its danger and affront to the god. But his loyalty and love of the king leads him to buck but up his friend鈥檚 courage and turn the battle into success at the point of disaster. This seals Enkidu鈥檚 doom. When sickness and death is brought down on him, Gilgamesh鈥檚 grief seems to hold no bounds, much in the vein of Achilles written 1,000 years later:
Then he veiled Enkidu鈥檚 face like a bride鈥檚.
Like an eagle Gilgamensh circled around him,
he paced in front of him, back and forth,
like a lioness whose cubs are trapped in a pit,
he tore out clumps of his hair, tore off
his magnificent robes as though they were cursed.
In his despair, Gilgamesh is tormented by intimations of his own mortality. He is driven to leave his kingdom on a long, perilous quest to find the one man the gods have blessed with immortality, Utnapishtim, and learn his secret for gaining that status. All he gets for his efforts is platitudes, a diversionary tale of Noah鈥檚 Ark (cribbed much later as a lesson for the Torah), and a special healing plant, which the king loses by neglect to a snake on the way back home. At the end, his arrival at the beautifully walled city of Uruk is described identical to the beginning verses of the epic.
This version of the tale was composed by Mitchell as a synthesis of prior translations and with invented insertions for all the missing sections lost among the collection of clay tablets inscribed with Sumerian cuneiform as discovered at the late date of 1853 in a dig at Ninevah. Half of the volume is a delightful commentary on the details of the epic and interpretations about their meanings and significance. Quite the eye-opener for me, having always presumed ancient tales to comprise very simplistic analogies about human nature and the conflicts between good and evil. A nice complement to similar conclusions reached from recent reads of the Iliad and Odyssey.
After a period of competitive interactions, including wrestling matches, the king and tamed monster become bosom buddies and probably lovers. The goddess Ishtar takes a fancy to Enkidu, who rejects her advances and promises of heavenly rewards, backed up by the king heaping many insults on her head. In revenge, she gets the top gods to lend her the ferocious Bull of Heaven Peace to kill the king and his buddy. A comic scene of their quick disposal of the beast ensues.
Peace and justice begins to bloom in the kingdom. But Gilgamesh just has to express of superman role by finding a monster to slay. He persuades Enkidu to join him on a mission to kill the giant Humbaba, who has long been tasked by a god to guard a sacred cedar forest. Enkidu advises the king against such a foolish challenge, both from its danger and affront to the god. But his loyalty and love of the king leads him to buck but up his friend鈥檚 courage and turn the battle into success at the point of disaster. This seals Enkidu鈥檚 doom. When sickness and death is brought down on him, Gilgamesh鈥檚 grief seems to hold no bounds, much in the vein of Achilles written 1,000 years later:
Then he veiled Enkidu鈥檚 face like a bride鈥檚.
Like an eagle Gilgamensh circled around him,
he paced in front of him, back and forth,
like a lioness whose cubs are trapped in a pit,
he tore out clumps of his hair, tore off
his magnificent robes as though they were cursed.
In his despair, Gilgamesh is tormented by intimations of his own mortality. He is driven to leave his kingdom on a long, perilous quest to find the one man the gods have blessed with immortality, Utnapishtim, and learn his secret for gaining that status. All he gets for his efforts is platitudes, a diversionary tale of Noah鈥檚 Ark (cribbed much later as a lesson for the Torah), and a special healing plant, which the king loses by neglect to a snake on the way back home. At the end, his arrival at the beautifully walled city of Uruk is described identical to the beginning verses of the epic.
This version of the tale was composed by Mitchell as a synthesis of prior translations and with invented insertions for all the missing sections lost among the collection of clay tablets inscribed with Sumerian cuneiform as discovered at the late date of 1853 in a dig at Ninevah. Half of the volume is a delightful commentary on the details of the epic and interpretations about their meanings and significance. Quite the eye-opener for me, having always presumed ancient tales to comprise very simplistic analogies about human nature and the conflicts between good and evil. A nice complement to similar conclusions reached from recent reads of the Iliad and Odyssey.
May 28, 2021
丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 丕诏乇 賲禺丕胤亘 噩丿蹖 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 亘賵丿賴 亘丕卮蹖丿 丕爻賲 芦丨賲丕爻賴鈥屰� 诏蹖賱鈥屭呚绰� 亘賴 诏賵卮鬲賵賳 禺賵乇丿賴 賵 賲賲讴賳賴 賲孬賱 賲賳 丨鬲蹖 賯亘賱 丕夭 禺賵賳丿賳卮 亘丿賵賳蹖丿 丿丕爻鬲丕賳卮 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥屰� 趩蹖賴.
丕賲丕 賲賳 丿賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 禺賵丿 丕孬乇 乇賵 賴賲 亘禺賵賳賲. 趩乇丕責 趩賵賳 丕賵賱蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖賴 讴賴 亘卮乇 賳賵卮鬲賴 !! 丕乇賴 丿乇爻鬲賴!! 丕賵賱蹖賳 丕孬乇 賲讴鬲賵亘 噩賴丕賳貙 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丨丿賵丿蹖 鄄鄞郯郯 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 !!
丨爻 禺賵賳丿賳卮 亘乇丕賲 賲孬丕賱鈥屫藏嗃� 賳蹖爻鬲. 丨爻 蹖賴 亘丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 乇賵 丿丕卮鬲賲 讴鬲 蹖賴 诏賳噩 毓馗蹖賲 亘丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賴 賵 賴乇 氐賮丨賴 丕賳诏丕乇 蹖賴 賱賵丨 诏賽賱蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕 賵賱毓 賲丨鬲賵蹖丕鬲卮 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌必� 賵 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 卮讴爻鬲诏蹖 丿丕卮鬲 蹖丕 賳丕禺賵丕賳丕 亘賵丿 亘乇丕賲 卮亘蹖賴 賲毓賲丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴卮 噩賵丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫ж�.
诏蹖賱鈥屭呚� 蹖賴 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 丕爻胤賵乇賴鈥屫й屬� 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴 乇賵夭賴 !! 趩乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭� 亘賴 乇賵夭責 趩賵賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳卮貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 爻乇诏卮鬲诏蹖 丕賳爻丕賳賴. 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丿爻鬲 賵 倬丕 夭丿賳 賳爻賱 亘卮乇 亘乇丕蹖 乇賵蹖丕乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 丕賵賳趩賴 鬲賯丿蹖乇 賲爻賱賲卮 賲丨爻賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促囏� 賲乇诏.
鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨鬲賲丕 亘禺賵賳蹖丿 賵 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖丿
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倬.賳: 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 丿賵 鬲乇噩賲賴 鬲賵蹖 亘丕夭丕乇 賴爻鬲. 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丌賯丕蹖 賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж� 賵 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丕丨賲丿 卮丕賲賱賵. 丕賵賱蹖 丕夭 丨蹖孬 夭賲丕賳蹖 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 卮丕賲賱賵 噩賱賵鬲乇賴. 诏賵蹖丕 卮丕賲賱賵 丕賵賲丿賴 賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 丕蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 亘丕 夭亘丕賳 卮丕毓乇丕賳賴鈥屰� 禺賵丿卮 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇賵 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 夭丿賴 賵 賳賵卮鬲賴 賵 鬲賵蹖 賲噩賱賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 賴賮鬲賴 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 郾鄢鄞郯 趩丕倬卮 讴乇丿賴. 賳鬲蹖噩賴 賵丕賯毓丕 丿乇禺卮丕賳賴 !! 丨鬲蹖 丕诏賴 丿夭丿蹖 丕丿亘蹖 亘丕卮賴. 鬲賵蹖 丕蹖賳 賳爻禺賴 讴賴 賲賳 禺賵賳丿賲 蹖賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 睾蹖乇 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 丕夭 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱蹖 賴賲 亘賵丿 賵丕賵 亘賴 賵丕賵 丕夭 乇賵蹖 賱賵丨鈥屬囏� 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 亘賵丿. 丕蹖賳賲 禺賵賳丿賳卮 賵丕賯毓丕 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮賴. 卮丕賲賱賵蹖 毓夭蹖夭 丨丕賱丕 丿乇爻鬲賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇鬲 鬲賴丿蹖丿 亘賴 賯鬲賱 賴賲 卮丿蹖 賵賱蹖 亘丕夭賲 丿賲鬲 诏乇賲馃檭 賮讴 讴賳賲 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屫� 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 卮賲丕 丨丕賱丕 丨丕賱丕賴丕 丕夭 匕賴賳賲 倬丕讴 賳卮賴.
丕賲丕 賲賳 丿賱賲 賲蹖鈥屫堌ж池� 禺賵丿 丕孬乇 乇賵 賴賲 亘禺賵賳賲. 趩乇丕責 趩賵賳 丕賵賱蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖賴 讴賴 亘卮乇 賳賵卮鬲賴 !! 丕乇賴 丿乇爻鬲賴!! 丕賵賱蹖賳 丕孬乇 賲讴鬲賵亘 噩賴丕賳貙 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丨丿賵丿蹖 鄄鄞郯郯 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 賲爻蹖丨 !!
丨爻 禺賵賳丿賳卮 亘乇丕賲 賲孬丕賱鈥屫藏嗃� 賳蹖爻鬲. 丨爻 蹖賴 亘丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屫促嗀ж� 乇賵 丿丕卮鬲賲 讴鬲 蹖賴 诏賳噩 毓馗蹖賲 亘丿爻鬲 丌賵乇丿賴 賵 賴乇 氐賮丨賴 丕賳诏丕乇 蹖賴 賱賵丨 诏賽賱蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕 賵賱毓 賲丨鬲賵蹖丕鬲卮 乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫堌必� 賵 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 卮讴爻鬲诏蹖 丿丕卮鬲 蹖丕 賳丕禺賵丕賳丕 亘賵丿 亘乇丕賲 卮亘蹖賴 賲毓賲丕蹖蹖 亘賵丿 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴卮 噩賵丕亘 賲蹖鈥屫ж�.
诏蹖賱鈥屭呚� 蹖賴 鬲乇丕跇丿蹖 丕爻胤賵乇賴鈥屫й屬� 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴 乇賵夭賴 !! 趩乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭� 亘賴 乇賵夭責 趩賵賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳卮貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 爻乇诏卮鬲诏蹖 丕賳爻丕賳賴. 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丿爻鬲 賵 倬丕 夭丿賳 賳爻賱 亘卮乇 亘乇丕蹖 乇賵蹖丕乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 丕賵賳趩賴 鬲賯丿蹖乇 賲爻賱賲卮 賲丨爻賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促囏� 賲乇诏.
鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 丨鬲賲丕 亘禺賵賳蹖丿 賵 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇蹖丿
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倬.賳: 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 丿賵 鬲乇噩賲賴 鬲賵蹖 亘丕夭丕乇 賴爻鬲. 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丌賯丕蹖 賲賳卮蹖鈥屫藏ж� 賵 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 丕丨賲丿 卮丕賲賱賵. 丕賵賱蹖 丕夭 丨蹖孬 夭賲丕賳蹖 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 卮丕賲賱賵 噩賱賵鬲乇賴. 诏賵蹖丕 卮丕賲賱賵 丕賵賲丿賴 賵 亘丕 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 丕夭 丕蹖賳 鬲乇噩賲賴 賵 亘丕 夭亘丕賳 卮丕毓乇丕賳賴鈥屰� 禺賵丿卮 丕蹖賳 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇賵 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 夭丿賴 賵 賳賵卮鬲賴 賵 鬲賵蹖 賲噩賱賴鈥屰� 讴鬲丕亘 賴賮鬲賴 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 郾鄢鄞郯 趩丕倬卮 讴乇丿賴. 賳鬲蹖噩賴 賵丕賯毓丕 丿乇禺卮丕賳賴 !! 丨鬲蹖 丕诏賴 丿夭丿蹖 丕丿亘蹖 亘丕卮賴. 鬲賵蹖 丕蹖賳 賳爻禺賴 讴賴 賲賳 禺賵賳丿賲 蹖賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屰� 睾蹖乇 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 賲爻鬲賯蹖賲 丕夭 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱蹖 賴賲 亘賵丿 賵丕賵 亘賴 賵丕賵 丕夭 乇賵蹖 賱賵丨鈥屬囏� 丕賳噩丕賲 卮丿賴 亘賵丿. 丕蹖賳賲 禺賵賳丿賳卮 賵丕賯毓丕 賱匕鬲 亘禺卮賴. 卮丕賲賱賵蹖 毓夭蹖夭 丨丕賱丕 丿乇爻鬲賴 亘賴 禺丕胤乇 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇鬲 鬲賴丿蹖丿 亘賴 賯鬲賱 賴賲 卮丿蹖 賵賱蹖 亘丕夭賲 丿賲鬲 诏乇賲馃檭 賮讴 讴賳賲 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屫� 丕賯鬲亘丕爻蹖 卮賲丕 丨丕賱丕 丨丕賱丕賴丕 丕夭 匕賴賳賲 倬丕讴 賳卮賴.
March 30, 2021
丕爻胤賵乇賴鈥屰� 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賯丿蹖賲蹖鈥屫臂屬� 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 丿賳蹖丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘乇 乇賵蹖 郾鄄 賱賵丨 亘丕 賯丿賲鬲 亘蹖卮 丕夭 鄞 賴夭丕乇 爻丕賱 丨讴丕讴蹖 卮丿賴. 丕蹖賳 丕賱賵丕丨 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 夭賲丕賳 爻賵賲乇蹖丕賳 亘賵丿賴 賵 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳鈥屫辟堌з� 讴卮賮 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 倬丕丿卮丕賴 卮賴乇 丕賵乇賵讴 丕爻鬲貙 蹖讴 爻賵賲 诏蹖賱鈥屭呚� 丌丿賲蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿賵 爻賵賲卮 禺丿丕爻鬲. 丿乇 卮賴乇 爻禺賳 賵 讴賱丕賲 丕賵 賯丕賳賵賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賵 卮蹖乇 乇丕 丕夭 倬賳丕賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟呚з嗀� 蹖丕賱 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 亘丕 夭禺賲 讴丕乇丿 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�. 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禺爻鬲诏蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 亘丕 爻禺鬲蹖鈥屬囏� 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賴乇 夭賳蹖 丿乇 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 卮亘 丕夭丿賵丕噩貙 賯亘賱 丕夭 賲乇丿 禺賵丿 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賴賲亘爻鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丿乇 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賵 賯丿乇鬲 賴乇诏夭 賲丕賳賳丿 丕賵 丿蹖丿賴 賳卮丿賴. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賲蹖乇丕 賵 賮丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲.
讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 郾鄄 亘禺卮 (郾鄄 賱賵丨) 賳诏丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴. 丿乇 賱賵丨鈥屬囏й� 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 賯賴乇賲丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 賵 賲丕噩乇丕噩賵蹖蹖鈥屬囏й� 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 乇賮蹖賯 卮賮蹖賯卮 廿賳讴蹖丿賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘丕 賲卮丕賴丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇诏 廿賳讴蹖丿賵貙 亘賴 蹖丕丿 賮丕賳蹖 亘賵丿賳 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫з佖�. 鬲乇爻 丕賵 乇丕 賮乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 亘丕 倬乇蹖卮丕賳蹖 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 亘賴 鬲讴丕倬賵 賲蹖鈥屸€屫з佖�. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 禺胤 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 丕夭 乇賵丕蹖鬲 丿賱丕賵乇蹖 亘賴 亘蹖丕賳 丿睾丿睾賴鈥屬囏й� 賵噩賵丿蹖 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ� 讴賴 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇丕 丿賴 趩賳丿丕賳 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫�.
亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 丕爻胤賵乇賴鈥屰� 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 亘禺卮鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕蹖賳 丨賲丕爻賴貙 丕賱賴丕賲 亘禺卮 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 讴鬲亘 丨賲丕爻蹖 賵 丕丿蹖丕賳 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 乇爻賵賲 匕讴乇 卮丿賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 丨鬲蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 賳蹖夭 丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�. 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 趩賳丿 爻丕毓鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 禺賵丕賳丿 丕賲丕 乇賵夭賴丕 噩丕蹖 睾賵乇 賵 鬲兀賲賱 丿丕乇丿. 卮賳蹖丿賳 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘賴乇丕賲 亘蹖囟丕蹖蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕蹖賳 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屫� 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳蹖丿.
诏蹖賱诏賲卮 倬丕丿卮丕賴 卮賴乇 丕賵乇賵讴 丕爻鬲貙 蹖讴 爻賵賲 诏蹖賱鈥屭呚� 丌丿賲蹖 丕爻鬲 賵 丿賵 爻賵賲卮 禺丿丕爻鬲. 丿乇 卮賴乇 爻禺賳 賵 讴賱丕賲 丕賵 賯丕賳賵賳 丕爻鬲. 丕賵 卮蹖乇 乇丕 丕夭 倬賳丕賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 賲蹖鈥屫辟呚з嗀� 蹖丕賱 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 亘丕 夭禺賲 讴丕乇丿 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�. 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 禺爻鬲诏蹖 賳丿丕乇丿 賵 亘丕 爻禺鬲蹖鈥屬囏� 卮丕丿鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 賴乇 夭賳蹖 丿乇 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 卮亘 丕夭丿賵丕噩貙 賯亘賱 丕夭 賲乇丿 禺賵丿 亘丕 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賴賲亘爻鬲乇 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丿乇 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賵 賯丿乇鬲 賴乇诏夭 賲丕賳賳丿 丕賵 丿蹖丿賴 賳卮丿賴. 亘丕 丕蹖賳 賴賲賴貙 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賲蹖乇丕 賵 賮丕賳蹖 丕爻鬲.
讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 郾鄄 亘禺卮 (郾鄄 賱賵丨) 賳诏丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴. 丿乇 賱賵丨鈥屬囏й� 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 賯賴乇賲丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 賵 賲丕噩乇丕噩賵蹖蹖鈥屬囏й� 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 乇賮蹖賯 卮賮蹖賯卮 廿賳讴蹖丿賵 乇賵丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�. 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘丕 賲卮丕賴丿賴鈥屰� 賲乇诏 廿賳讴蹖丿賵貙 亘賴 蹖丕丿 賮丕賳蹖 亘賵丿賳 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫з佖�. 鬲乇爻 丕賵 乇丕 賮乇丕 賲蹖鈥屭屫必� 賵 亘丕 倬乇蹖卮丕賳蹖 亘賴 丿賳亘丕賱 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 亘賴 鬲讴丕倬賵 賲蹖鈥屸€屫з佖�. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘禺卮鈥屬囏� 禺胤 丿丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 丕夭 乇賵丕蹖鬲 丿賱丕賵乇蹖 亘賴 亘蹖丕賳 丿睾丿睾賴鈥屬囏й� 賵噩賵丿蹖 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄘ� 讴賴 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 乇丕 丿賴 趩賳丿丕賳 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫�.
亘賴 賳馗乇 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 丕爻胤賵乇賴鈥屰� 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 賵 亘禺卮鈥屬囏й� 賲禺鬲賱賮 丕蹖賳 丨賲丕爻賴貙 丕賱賴丕賲 亘禺卮 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 丿丕爻鬲丕賳鈥屬囏й� 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 讴鬲亘 丨賲丕爻蹖 賵 丕丿蹖丕賳 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 乇爻賵賲 匕讴乇 卮丿賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 丨鬲蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 賳蹖夭 丿蹖丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�. 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇 趩賳丿 爻丕毓鬲 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 禺賵丕賳丿 丕賲丕 乇賵夭賴丕 噩丕蹖 睾賵乇 賵 鬲兀賲賱 丿丕乇丿. 卮賳蹖丿賳 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏й� 亘賴乇丕賲 亘蹖囟丕蹖蹖 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 诏蹖賱诏賲卮 亘毓丿 丕夭 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 賱胤賮 賳蹖爻鬲. 丕蹖賳 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖鈥屬囏� 乇丕 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗃屫� 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 倬蹖丿丕 讴賳蹖丿.
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