What do you think?
Rate this book
韦慰 蠂蟻慰谓喂魏蠈 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼
韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 伪蠀蟿蠈, 蟺慰蠀 苇蠂蔚喂 渭蔚蟿伪蠁蟻伪蟽蟿蔚委 蟽蔚 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻蔚蟼 伪蟺蠈 20 纬位蠋蟽蟽蔚蟼, 慰蠁蔚委位蔚喂 蟿畏 渭慰谓伪未喂魏萎 未畏渭慰蟿喂魏蠈蟿畏蟿伪 蟿慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 维渭蔚蟽畏 魏伪喂 伪蟺位萎 纬蟻伪蠁萎 苇蠂慰谓蟿伪蟼 蠅蟼 蟽蟿蠈蠂慰 谓伪 尾慰畏胃萎蟽蔚喂 蟿慰谓 伪蟻蠂维蟻喂慰:
"谓伪 尾维位蔚喂 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰畏蟿萎 蟿维尉畏 蟿慰谓 蟺位慰蠉蟿慰 蟿蠅谓 谓慰畏渭维蟿蠅谓, 蟿蠅谓 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未蠅谓 魏伪喂 蟿蠅谓 蟿蔚蠂谓慰蟿蟻慰蟺喂蠋谓 蟺慰蠀 蟽蠀蟽蟽蠅蟻蔚蠉慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蟿喂蟼 蟽蔚位委未蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 蟺喂慰 蠁喂位蠈未慰尉蠅谓 苇蟻纬蠅谓"
魏伪喂, 蠂蟻畏蟽喂渭慰蟺慰喂蠋谓蟿伪蟼 蟿畏 未喂伪委蟽胃畏蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 蠄蠀蠂慰位慰纬委伪 蟿蠅谓 蔚喂魏伪蟽蟿喂魏蠋谓 蟿蔚蠂谓蠋谓, 谓伪 未蔚喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼 蠅蟼
"蟽蠀谓蔚蠂萎 未喂伪蟺位慰魏萎 魏伪喂 蔚谓伪位位伪纬萎 蟿蠅谓 蟺伪蟻伪未蠈蟽蔚蠅谓, 蠈蟺慰蠀 魏维胃蔚 苇蟻纬慰 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 蟺伪蟻蔚位胃蠈谓 魏伪喂 未蔚委蠂谓蔚喂 蟿慰 渭苇位位慰谓", "渭喂伪 味蠅谓蟿伪谓萎 伪位蠀蟽委未伪 蟺慰蠀 蟽蠀谓未苇蔚喂 蠅蟼 蟽萎渭蔚蟻伪 蟿畏 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 蟿蠅谓 螤蠀蟻伪渭委未蠅谓".
"谓伪 尾维位蔚喂 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰畏蟿萎 蟿维尉畏 蟿慰谓 蟺位慰蠉蟿慰 蟿蠅谓 谓慰畏渭维蟿蠅谓, 蟿蠅谓 蟺蔚蟻喂蠈未蠅谓 魏伪喂 蟿蠅谓 蟿蔚蠂谓慰蟿蟻慰蟺喂蠋谓 蟺慰蠀 蟽蠀蟽蟽蠅蟻蔚蠉慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蟿喂蟼 蟽蔚位委未蔚蟼 蟿蠅谓 蟺喂慰 蠁喂位蠈未慰尉蠅谓 苇蟻纬蠅谓"
魏伪喂, 蠂蟻畏蟽喂渭慰蟺慰喂蠋谓蟿伪蟼 蟿畏 未喂伪委蟽胃畏蟽畏 蟿慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 蠄蠀蠂慰位慰纬委伪 蟿蠅谓 蔚喂魏伪蟽蟿喂魏蠋谓 蟿蔚蠂谓蠋谓, 谓伪 未蔚喂 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼 蠅蟼
"蟽蠀谓蔚蠂萎 未喂伪蟺位慰魏萎 魏伪喂 蔚谓伪位位伪纬萎 蟿蠅谓 蟺伪蟻伪未蠈蟽蔚蠅谓, 蠈蟺慰蠀 魏维胃蔚 苇蟻纬慰 伪谓伪蠁苇蟻蔚蟿伪喂 蟽蟿慰 蟺伪蟻蔚位胃蠈谓 魏伪喂 未蔚委蠂谓蔚喂 蟿慰 渭苇位位慰谓", "渭喂伪 味蠅谓蟿伪谓萎 伪位蠀蟽委未伪 蟺慰蠀 蟽蠀谓未苇蔚喂 蠅蟼 蟽萎渭蔚蟻伪 蟿畏 未喂魏萎 渭伪蟼 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 渭蔚 蟿畏谓 蔚蟺慰蠂萎 蟿蠅谓 螤蠀蟻伪渭委未蠅谓".
687 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1950
8160 people are currently reading
363908 people want to read
About the author
E.H. Gombrich
146听books1,173听followersSir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, OM, CBE (30 March 1909 鈥� 3 November 2001) was an Austrian-born art historian, who spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom.
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,656 reviews
December 10, 2016
Reflecting on my reading year 2016, I came to think of books that have meant a lot to me over the past decades, and the first one that came to my mind was Gombrich鈥檚 excellent introduction to art history.
I will have to go back twenty years, half my life, to the year 1996. I am twenty years old, and just about to discover the pleasurable adventure called university. For Christmas, I receive a much longed-for gift card to buy books that 鈥渨ill help me in my studies鈥�, and I stand in a bookstore, one of those exquisite, inexhaustible bookstores on several floors that German university cities provide, and I am browsing through options. I probably spend hours there. I can still feel the time pass, while I look, think, go through history, art, literature. I pick a book, then another one, and more still, until I have to bring one back. Gift card value is weighed against all these lovely, lovely possibilities.
At this moment in time, I own one Billy bookshelf, and it is not filled yet, as my children鈥檚 books and classics are left at my parents鈥� house. What do I pick? I don鈥檛 remember the fiction, but I do remember picking a 鈥渟tart of the term offer鈥�, Mayersches Taschenlexikon, in 34 volumes, rarely used, as the internet takes over soon, and it is inconvenient to look up definitions by going through entries in alphabetical order. Some time between 1996 and now, it falls victim to one of our many moves between cities and countries. I don鈥檛 have it anymore. I bought it out of duty.
I choose one extravaganza: Gombrich. A German hardback copy, beautifully illustrated, taking a huge chunk of the gift card money. I start reading as soon as I come home. And almost magically, it opens up the world of art to me. I learn why Egyptians 鈥渨alk like Egyptians鈥�, I discover Rubens, Bernini, Raphael, Leonardo, and Delacroix,and Canova, Manet and Monet, and Picasso, Duchamp and, and, and...
I discover the world through a visual prism. Ever since then, Gombrich has followed my path. I soon come to read his more specialised works on form, function and symbolism in Renaissance art, I learn about his life, deeply influenced by 20th century history, and I keep going back to 鈥淭he Story Of Art鈥� whenever I need to take a step back and look at general ideas again.
And I steal my mother鈥檚 Swedish copy!
I want to read it aloud to my children, and they are only used to their father reading in German, and me in Swedish. So in order not to confuse them more than necessary in their Babylonian curse, I read it in Swedish, the stolen goods. And what a help that has been in the many museums around the world that my children have visited over the years. They recognise their 鈥淕ombrich鈥� when they see it.
Two years ago, my eldest son wants a copy - in English, in order to be able to quote from it. And of course I can鈥檛 resist buying it for him, at a shop inside the British Museum. So we have three copies, and I would not be beyond buying one in French, at a shop in the Louvre, maybe, just for the silliness of owning a favourite in so many different shapes. For they are all slightly different in layout, but equally satisfying visually and textually.
I still recommend it to whoever wants a clear, concise, lovable account of the history starting with cave paintings in Lascaux, and moving forwards still, mirroring humanity in its need to express ideas, thoughts and feelings through the medium of art.
My children and I will now be reading , which Gombrich wrote expressly for children, and YES - we read it in Swedish. And YES, we have it in English as well!
And NO - one Billy bookshelf is not even enough for our children鈥檚 books anymore!
This is The Story Of Lisa And The Story Of Art, to be continued...
I will have to go back twenty years, half my life, to the year 1996. I am twenty years old, and just about to discover the pleasurable adventure called university. For Christmas, I receive a much longed-for gift card to buy books that 鈥渨ill help me in my studies鈥�, and I stand in a bookstore, one of those exquisite, inexhaustible bookstores on several floors that German university cities provide, and I am browsing through options. I probably spend hours there. I can still feel the time pass, while I look, think, go through history, art, literature. I pick a book, then another one, and more still, until I have to bring one back. Gift card value is weighed against all these lovely, lovely possibilities.
At this moment in time, I own one Billy bookshelf, and it is not filled yet, as my children鈥檚 books and classics are left at my parents鈥� house. What do I pick? I don鈥檛 remember the fiction, but I do remember picking a 鈥渟tart of the term offer鈥�, Mayersches Taschenlexikon, in 34 volumes, rarely used, as the internet takes over soon, and it is inconvenient to look up definitions by going through entries in alphabetical order. Some time between 1996 and now, it falls victim to one of our many moves between cities and countries. I don鈥檛 have it anymore. I bought it out of duty.
I choose one extravaganza: Gombrich. A German hardback copy, beautifully illustrated, taking a huge chunk of the gift card money. I start reading as soon as I come home. And almost magically, it opens up the world of art to me. I learn why Egyptians 鈥渨alk like Egyptians鈥�, I discover Rubens, Bernini, Raphael, Leonardo, and Delacroix,and Canova, Manet and Monet, and Picasso, Duchamp and, and, and...
I discover the world through a visual prism. Ever since then, Gombrich has followed my path. I soon come to read his more specialised works on form, function and symbolism in Renaissance art, I learn about his life, deeply influenced by 20th century history, and I keep going back to 鈥淭he Story Of Art鈥� whenever I need to take a step back and look at general ideas again.
And I steal my mother鈥檚 Swedish copy!
I want to read it aloud to my children, and they are only used to their father reading in German, and me in Swedish. So in order not to confuse them more than necessary in their Babylonian curse, I read it in Swedish, the stolen goods. And what a help that has been in the many museums around the world that my children have visited over the years. They recognise their 鈥淕ombrich鈥� when they see it.
Two years ago, my eldest son wants a copy - in English, in order to be able to quote from it. And of course I can鈥檛 resist buying it for him, at a shop inside the British Museum. So we have three copies, and I would not be beyond buying one in French, at a shop in the Louvre, maybe, just for the silliness of owning a favourite in so many different shapes. For they are all slightly different in layout, but equally satisfying visually and textually.
I still recommend it to whoever wants a clear, concise, lovable account of the history starting with cave paintings in Lascaux, and moving forwards still, mirroring humanity in its need to express ideas, thoughts and feelings through the medium of art.
My children and I will now be reading , which Gombrich wrote expressly for children, and YES - we read it in Swedish. And YES, we have it in English as well!
And NO - one Billy bookshelf is not even enough for our children鈥檚 books anymore!
This is The Story Of Lisa And The Story Of Art, to be continued...
September 22, 2021
The Story of Art, Ernst Hans Gombrich (1909 - 2001)
The Story of Art, by E. H. Gombrich, is a survey of the history of art from ancient times to the modern era. First published in 1950 by Phaidon, the book is widely regarded both as a seminal work of criticism and as one of the most accessible introductions to the visual arts.
The book is divided into an introduction, 27 chapters each dealing with a defined time period of art history within one or several cultural/geographic contexts, and a concluding chapter summarizing the latest developments in visual arts.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 (鬲賵乇賯): 賲丕賴 爻倬鬲丕賲亘乇 爻丕賱 2001賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇貨 丕孬乇: 丕乇賳爻鬲 噩丕賳 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 毓賱蹖 乇丕賲蹖賳貨 賲卮禺氐丕鬲 賳卮乇 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳卮乇 賳蹖貙 1379貙 丿乇 674氐貙 賲氐賵乇 亘禺卮蹖 乇賳诏蹖貙 賳賯卮賴貙 賳賲賵丿丕乇貙 卮丕亘讴 趩丕倬 倬賳噩賲 丿乇 爻丕賱 1387貨 9789643124700貨 賵丕夭賴 賳丕賲賴 丿丕乇丿貙 賳賲丕蹖赖貙 讴鬲丕亘賳丕賲賴 丕夭 氐 639貙 鬲丕 氐 647貨 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕鬲乇蹖卮 - 爻丿賴 20賲
賮賴乇爻鬲 賲胤丕賱亘: 賲賯丿賲賴 (丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 賴賳乇 賵 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳)貨
蹖讴- 卮诏賮鬲蹖鈥屬囏й� 丌睾丕夭蹖賳 (丌丿賲蹖丕賳 倬蹖卮 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖蹖貨 丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖 讴賴賳)貨
丿賵- 賴賳乇 丿乇 禺丿賲鬲 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 (賲氐乇貙 亘蹖賳鈥屫з勝嗁囏臂屬嗀� 讴乇賽鬲)貨
爻賴- 亘蹖丿丕乇蹖 亘夭乇诏 (蹖賵賳丕賳貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 賴賮鬲賲 鬲丕 倬賳噩賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿)貨
趩賴丕乇- 賯賱賲乇賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 (蹖賵賳丕賳 賵 噩賴丕賳 蹖賵賳丕賳蹖貙 爻丿賴 蹖 趩賴丕乇賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 鬲丕 爻丿賴 蹖 丕賵賱 倬爻 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿)貨
倬賳噩- 鬲爻禺蹖乇讴賳賳丿诏丕賳 噩賴丕賳 (乇賵賲蹖鈥屬囏ж� 亘賵丕蹖蹖鈥屬囏ж� 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 賵 賲爻蹖丨蹖丕賳貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 丕賵賱 鬲丕 趩賴丕乇賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
卮卮- 丕賳卮毓丕亘 亘夭乇诏 (乇賵賲 賵 亘蹖夭丕賳爻貙 爻丿賴 蹖 倬賳噩賲 鬲丕 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴賮鬲- 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘賴 卮乇賯 (噩賴丕賳 丕爻賱丕賲 賵 趩蹖賳貙 爻丿賴 蹖 丿賵賲 鬲丕 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴卮鬲- 賴賳乇 睾乇亘 丿乇 亘賵鬲賴 丌夭賲丕蹖卮 (丕乇賵倬丕貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 卮卮 鬲丕 蹖丕夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賳賴- 讴賱蹖爻丕蹖 賲亘丕乇夭 (爻丿賴 蹖 丿賵丕夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
丿賴- 讴賱蹖爻丕蹖 倬蹖乇賵夭 (爻丿賴 蹖 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
蹖丕夭丿賴-丿乇亘丕乇蹖丕賳 賵 卮賴乇賳卮蹖賳丕賳 (爻丿賴 蹖 趩賴丕乇丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
丿賵丕夭丿賴-鬲爻禺蹖乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 (賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
爻蹖夭丿賴-爻賳鬲 賵 賳賵丌賵乇蹖 (賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿乇 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕)貨
趩賴丕乇丿賴-爻賳鬲 賵 賳賵丌賵乇蹖 (爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿乇 卮賲丕賱 丕乇賵倬丕)貨
倬丕賳夭丿賴-丕賵噩 賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 (鬲賵爻讴丕賳蹖 賵 乇賲貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
卮丕賳夭丿賴-賳賵乇 賵 乇賳诏 (賵賳蹖夭 賵 卮賲丕賱 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴賮丿賴-诏爻鬲乇卮 乇賳爻丕賳爻 丿乇 卮賲丕賱 丌賱倬 (丌賱賲丕賳 賵 賴賱賳丿貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴噩丿賴-亘丨乇丕賳 賴賳乇 (丕乇賵倬丕貙 丿賵乇賴 賲鬲丕禺乇 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賳賵夭丿賴-鬲賳賵毓 丿蹖丿诏丕賴鈥屬囏� (丕乇賵倬丕蹖 讴丕鬲賵賱蹖讴貙 賳蹖賲賴 賳禺爻鬲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲-丌蹖賳賴 胤亘蹖毓鬲 (賴賱賳丿 丿乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 蹖讴-賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮讴賵賴: 賯爻賲鬲 丕賵賱 (丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賵 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 丿賵-賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮讴賵賴: 賯爻賲鬲 丿賵賲 (賮乇丕賳爻賴貙 丌賱賲丕賳 賵 丕鬲乇蹖卮貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 爻賴-毓氐乇 禺賽乇賻丿 (丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵 賮乇丕賳爻賴 丿乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 趩賴丕乇-诏爻爻鬲 爻賳鬲 (丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳貙 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賵 賮乇丕賳爻賴貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 倬賳噩-丕賳賯賱丕亘 倬丕蹖丿丕乇 (賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 卮卮-丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 賲毓蹖丕乇賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖賳 (丕賵丕禺乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 賴賮鬲-賴賳乇 鬲噩乇亘蹖 (賳蹖賲賴 賳禺爻鬲 爻丿賴 蹖 亘蹖爻鬲賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 賴卮鬲-鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘蹖鈥屫з嗀囏� (倬蹖乇賵夭蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲)貨
鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲 賲鬲乇噩賲貨
賵丕跇赖鈥属嗀з呝囏�
讴鬲丕亘鈥屫促嗀ж驰屫�
賳賲賵丿丕乇賴丕 賵 賳賯卮賴鈥屬囏ж�
賳賲丕蹖赖
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩貙 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 诏乇丕賳亘賴丕卅蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥� 蹖 賴賳乇 賳诏丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴貨 賲丿禺賱蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲貙 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘賴贁 賴賳乇蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 賳賯卮鈥� 倬乇丿丕夭蹖 丿丕禺賱 睾丕乇賴丕 诏乇賮鬲賴貙 鬲丕 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 噩賴丕賳 乇丕貙 亘賴 禺賵丕賳卮诏乇 毓乇囟賴 賲蹖讴賳丿
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 30/08/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮丿蹖貨 30/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
The Story of Art, by E. H. Gombrich, is a survey of the history of art from ancient times to the modern era. First published in 1950 by Phaidon, the book is widely regarded both as a seminal work of criticism and as one of the most accessible introductions to the visual arts.
The book is divided into an introduction, 27 chapters each dealing with a defined time period of art history within one or several cultural/geographic contexts, and a concluding chapter summarizing the latest developments in visual arts.
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 (鬲賵乇賯): 賲丕賴 爻倬鬲丕賲亘乇 爻丕賱 2001賲蹖賱丕丿蹖
毓賳賵丕賳: 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇貨 丕孬乇: 丕乇賳爻鬲 噩丕賳 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩貨 賲鬲乇噩賲: 毓賱蹖 乇丕賲蹖賳貨 賲卮禺氐丕鬲 賳卮乇 鬲賴乇丕賳貙 賳卮乇 賳蹖貙 1379貙 丿乇 674氐貙 賲氐賵乇 亘禺卮蹖 乇賳诏蹖貙 賳賯卮賴貙 賳賲賵丿丕乇貙 卮丕亘讴 趩丕倬 倬賳噩賲 丿乇 爻丕賱 1387貨 9789643124700貨 賵丕夭賴 賳丕賲賴 丿丕乇丿貙 賳賲丕蹖赖貙 讴鬲丕亘賳丕賲賴 丕夭 氐 639貙 鬲丕 氐 647貨 賲賵囟賵毓 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丕夭 賳賵蹖爻賳丿诏丕賳 丕鬲乇蹖卮 - 爻丿賴 20賲
賮賴乇爻鬲 賲胤丕賱亘: 賲賯丿賲賴 (丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 賴賳乇 賵 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳)貨
蹖讴- 卮诏賮鬲蹖鈥屬囏й� 丌睾丕夭蹖賳 (丌丿賲蹖丕賳 倬蹖卮 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖蹖貨 丌賲乇蹖讴丕蹖 讴賴賳)貨
丿賵- 賴賳乇 丿乇 禺丿賲鬲 噩丕賵丿丕賳诏蹖 (賲氐乇貙 亘蹖賳鈥屫з勝嗁囏臂屬嗀� 讴乇賽鬲)貨
爻賴- 亘蹖丿丕乇蹖 亘夭乇诏 (蹖賵賳丕賳貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 賴賮鬲賲 鬲丕 倬賳噩賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿)貨
趩賴丕乇- 賯賱賲乇賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 (蹖賵賳丕賳 賵 噩賴丕賳 蹖賵賳丕賳蹖貙 爻丿賴 蹖 趩賴丕乇賲 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿 鬲丕 爻丿賴 蹖 丕賵賱 倬爻 丕夭 賲蹖賱丕丿)貨
倬賳噩- 鬲爻禺蹖乇讴賳賳丿诏丕賳 噩賴丕賳 (乇賵賲蹖鈥屬囏ж� 亘賵丕蹖蹖鈥屬囏ж� 蹖賴賵丿蹖丕賳 賵 賲爻蹖丨蹖丕賳貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 丕賵賱 鬲丕 趩賴丕乇賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
卮卮- 丕賳卮毓丕亘 亘夭乇诏 (乇賵賲 賵 亘蹖夭丕賳爻貙 爻丿賴 蹖 倬賳噩賲 鬲丕 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴賮鬲- 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘賴 卮乇賯 (噩賴丕賳 丕爻賱丕賲 賵 趩蹖賳貙 爻丿賴 蹖 丿賵賲 鬲丕 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴卮鬲- 賴賳乇 睾乇亘 丿乇 亘賵鬲賴 丌夭賲丕蹖卮 (丕乇賵倬丕貙 爻丿賴 賴丕蹖 卮卮 鬲丕 蹖丕夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賳賴- 讴賱蹖爻丕蹖 賲亘丕乇夭 (爻丿賴 蹖 丿賵丕夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
丿賴- 讴賱蹖爻丕蹖 倬蹖乇賵夭 (爻丿賴 蹖 爻蹖夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
蹖丕夭丿賴-丿乇亘丕乇蹖丕賳 賵 卮賴乇賳卮蹖賳丕賳 (爻丿賴 蹖 趩賴丕乇丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
丿賵丕夭丿賴-鬲爻禺蹖乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 (賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
爻蹖夭丿賴-爻賳鬲 賵 賳賵丌賵乇蹖 (賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿乇 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕)貨
趩賴丕乇丿賴-爻賳鬲 賵 賳賵丌賵乇蹖 (爻丿賴 蹖 倬丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 丿乇 卮賲丕賱 丕乇賵倬丕)貨
倬丕賳夭丿賴-丕賵噩 賴賲丕賴賳诏蹖 (鬲賵爻讴丕賳蹖 賵 乇賲貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
卮丕賳夭丿賴-賳賵乇 賵 乇賳诏 (賵賳蹖夭 賵 卮賲丕賱 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴賮丿賴-诏爻鬲乇卮 乇賳爻丕賳爻 丿乇 卮賲丕賱 丌賱倬 (丌賱賲丕賳 賵 賴賱賳丿貙 丕賵丕蹖賱 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賴噩丿賴-亘丨乇丕賳 賴賳乇 (丕乇賵倬丕貙 丿賵乇賴 賲鬲丕禺乇 爻丿賴 蹖 卮丕賳夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
賳賵夭丿賴-鬲賳賵毓 丿蹖丿诏丕賴鈥屬囏� (丕乇賵倬丕蹖 讴丕鬲賵賱蹖讴貙 賳蹖賲賴 賳禺爻鬲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲-丌蹖賳賴 胤亘蹖毓鬲 (賴賱賳丿 丿乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 蹖讴-賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮讴賵賴: 賯爻賲鬲 丕賵賱 (丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賵 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 丿賵-賯丿乇鬲 賵 卮讴賵賴: 賯爻賲鬲 丿賵賲 (賮乇丕賳爻賴貙 丌賱賲丕賳 賵 丕鬲乇蹖卮貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴賮丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 爻賴-毓氐乇 禺賽乇賻丿 (丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳 賵 賮乇丕賳爻賴 丿乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 趩賴丕乇-诏爻爻鬲 爻賳鬲 (丕賳诏賱爻鬲丕賳貙 丌賲乇蹖讴丕 賵 賮乇丕賳爻賴貙 賳蹖賲賴 丿賵賲 爻丿賴 蹖 賴噩丿賴賲 賵 賳蹖賲賴 丕賵賱 爻丿賴 蹖 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 倬賳噩-丕賳賯賱丕亘 倬丕蹖丿丕乇 (賯乇賳 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 卮卮-丿乇 噩爻鬲噩賵蹖 賲毓蹖丕乇賴丕蹖 賳賵蹖賳 (丕賵丕禺乇 爻丿賴 蹖 賳賵夭丿賴賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 賴賮鬲-賴賳乇 鬲噩乇亘蹖 (賳蹖賲賴 賳禺爻鬲 爻丿賴 蹖 亘蹖爻鬲賲 賲蹖賱丕丿蹖)貨
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 賴卮鬲-鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘蹖鈥屫з嗀囏� (倬蹖乇賵夭蹖 賲丿乇賳蹖爻賲)貨
鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲 賲鬲乇噩賲貨
賵丕跇赖鈥属嗀з呝囏�
讴鬲丕亘鈥屫促嗀ж驰屫�
賳賲賵丿丕乇賴丕 賵 賳賯卮賴鈥屬囏ж�
賳賲丕蹖赖
鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩貙 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 诏乇丕賳亘賴丕卅蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丿乇亘丕乇賴鈥� 蹖 賴賳乇 賳诏丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴貨 賲丿禺賱蹖 亘乇丕蹖 賵乇賵丿 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲貙 丕夭 賳禺爻鬲蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘賴贁 賴賳乇蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 賳賯卮鈥� 倬乇丿丕夭蹖 丿丕禺賱 睾丕乇賴丕 诏乇賮鬲賴貙 鬲丕 賵丕倬爻蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 丕賲乇賵夭 噩賴丕賳 乇丕貙 亘賴 禺賵丕賳卮诏乇 毓乇囟賴 賲蹖讴賳丿
鬲丕乇蹖禺 亘賴賳诏丕賲 乇爻丕賳蹖 30/08/1399賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮丿蹖貨 30/06/1400賴噩乇蹖 禺賵乇卮蹖丿蹖貨 丕. 卮乇亘蹖丕賳蹖
November 17, 2022
廿匕丕 丨丕賵賱賳丕 兀賳 賳賳爻賶 賰賱 賲丕 爻賲毓賳丕賴 毓賳 丕賱毓卮亘 丕賱兀禺囟乇 賵 丕賱爻賲丕亍 丕賱夭乇賯丕亍 賵 賳馗乇賳丕 廿賱賶 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賵 賰兀賳賳丕 賵氐賱賳丕賴 鬲賵丕 賲賳 賰賵賰亘 兀禺乇. 賵 卮丕賴丿賳丕賴 兀賵賱 賲乇丞. 賮賯丿 賳噩丿 兀賳 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 鬲鬲禺匕 兀賱賵丕賳丕 睾賷乇 賲鬲賵賯毓丞. 賵 丕賱乇爻丕賲賵賳 賷卮毓乇賵賳 兀丨賷丕賳丕 兀賳賴賲 賷賯賵賲賵賳 亘乇丨賱丞 丕爻鬲賰卮丕賮 賰賴匕賴. 廿賳賴賲 賷乇睾亘賵賳 賮賷 乇丐賷丞 丕賱毓丕賱賲 乇丐賷丞 噩丿賷丿丞.
賷賵噩丿 卮賰賱 賲丕 賲賳 丕賱賮賳 賮賷 賰賱 賲賰丕賳 賲賳 丕賱毓丕賱賲. 睾賷乇 兀賳 賯氐丞 丕賱賮賳 亘賵氐賮賴丕 噩賴丿丕 賲鬲氐賱丕 賱丕 鬲亘丿兀 賲賳 賰賴賵賮 噩賳賵亘 賮乇賳爻丕 兀賵 亘賷賳 賴賳賵丿 兀賲乇賷賰丕 丕賱卮賲丕賱賷丞. 賮賱賷爻 賴賳丕賰 鬲乇丕孬 賲亘丕卮乇 賷乇亘胤 賴匕賴 丕賱亘丿丕賷丕鬲 丕賱睾乇賷亘丞 亘兀賷丕賲賳丕. 賵 賱賰賳 賴賳丕賰 鬲乇丕孬丕 賲亘丕卮乇丕 丕賳鬲賯賱 賲賳 丕賱賲毓賱賲 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賱賲賷匕. 賵 賲賳 丕賱鬲賱賲賷匕 廿賱賶 丕賱賲毓噩亘 兀賵 丕賱賳丕爻禺. 賵 賴匕丕 丕賱鬲乇丕孬 賷乇亘胤 丕賱賮賳 賮賷 毓氐乇賳丕. 賷乇亘胤 兀賷 賲賳夭賱 兀賵 兀賷 賲賱氐賯 亘丕賱賮賳 丕賱匕賷 賳卮兀 賮賷 賵丕丿賷 丕賱賳賷賱 賲賳匕 禺賲爻丞 丌賱丕賮 毓丕賲 禺賱鬲. 賵 賳丨賳 爻賳乇賶 兀賳 賲毓賱賲賷 丕賱廿睾乇賷賯 賯丿 賯氐丿賵丕 賲氐乇 賱賱鬲毓賱賲. 賵 賳丨賳 噩賲賷毓丕 鬲賱丕賲賷匕 丕賱廿睾乇賷賯. 賵 毓賱賶 賴匕丕 賮賲氐乇 亘丕賱睾丞 丕賱兀賴賲賷丞 賱賳丕.
馗賱 丕賱賮賳 賷丿賵乇 賮賷 賳賮爻 丿丕卅乇鬲賴 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷丞 兀賰孬乇 賲賳 孬賱丕孬丞 丌賱丕賮 爻賳丞 賱賲 賷賯胤毓賴丕 廿賱丕 孬賵乇丞 丕禺賳丕鬲賵賳 賱賱廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱丿賷賳賷 丕賱鬲賷 兀鬲鬲 亘兀爻丕賱賷亘 賮賳賷丞 噩丿賷丿丞 兀賷囟丕 廿賱丕 兀賳 賮卮賱 丨乇賰丞 丕賱廿氐賱丕丨 噩毓賱鬲 丕賱賮賳 賷毓賵丿 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 賱賯賵丕毓丿賴 丕賱氐丕乇賲丞 丕賱賲賯丿爻丞 丕賱鬲賷 賱賲 賷爻鬲胤毓 丕賱賮賳丕賳 丕賱賲氐乇賷 鬲噩丕賵夭賴 賵 丕賳鬲馗乇 丕賱毓丕賱賲 賳丨賵 禺賲爻丞 賯乇賵賳 兀禺乇賶 丨鬲賶 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕賱丨囟丕乇丞 廿賱賶 丕賱廿睾乇賷賯 賮賰丕賳鬲 賳賯賱丞 兀禺乇賶 賱賱賮賳 賵 丕賳 賮賷 廿胤丕乇 丕賱賯丿丕爻丞 兀賷囟丕 賵 賱賰賳 賲毓 丕賱鬲禺賱賷 毓賳 亘毓囟 丕賱賲毓丕賷賷乇 丕賱鬲賷 賮乇囟賴丕 丕賱賮賳丕賳 丕賱賲氐乇賷 毓賱賶 毓賲賱賴 賵 丨丿鬲 賲賳 丕亘丿丕毓賴.
丕賱乇丕噩丨 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱賮賳 賮賷 賴匕丕 丕賱賵賯鬲 賯丿 賮賯丿 廿賱賶 丨丿 亘毓賷丿 毓賱丕賯鬲賴 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 亘丕賱爻丨乇 賵 丕賱丿賷賳. 兀氐亘丨 丕賱賮賳丕賳賵賳 賲賴鬲賲賷賳 亘丕賱賲卮賰賱丕鬲 丕賱禺丕氐丞 亘丕賱丨乇賮丞.
賮賷 丕賱毓賴丿 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷 鬲乇丕噩毓 丕賱賮賳 賲乇丞 兀禺乇賶 賵 睾購賱賾鬲 賷丿 丕賱賮賳丕賳 亘爻亘亘 毓賵丿丞 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丕賱賮賳 亘丕賱賯丿丕爻丞 賮賯丿 乇兀鬲 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 兀賳 丕賱氐賵乇 賱賷爻鬲 賮賯胤 賲賮賷丿丞 亘賱 賲賯丿爻丞 兀賷囟丕. 賵 賴賰匕丕 兀禺匕 丕賱亘賷夭賳胤賷賵賳 賷氐乇賵賳 賲孬賱 丕賱賲氐乇賷賷賳 毓賱賶 賲乇丕毓丕丞 丕賱鬲賯丕賱賷丿 賲乇丕毓丕丞 氐丕乇賲丞.
兀賲丕 丕賱廿爻賱丕賲 賮賯丿 丨馗乇 氐賳毓 丕賱氐賵乇 賵 賱賰賳 丕賱賮賳 賮賷 丨丿 匕丕鬲賴 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 賯賲毓賴 亘爻賴賵賱丞. 賱匕賱賰 賮廿賳 丨乇賮賷 丕賱卮乇賯 丕賱匕賷賳 賲賳毓賵丕 賲賳 鬲氐賵賷乇 丕賱亘卮乇. 鬲乇賰賵丕 禺賷丕賱賴賲 賷鬲賱丕毓亘 亘丕賱兀卮賰丕賱 賵 丕賱鬲氐丕賲賷賲 賵 兀亘丿毓賵丕 兀丿賯 兀毓賲丕賱 丕賱夭禺乇賮丞 丕賱賲毓乇賵賮丞 亘丕賱兀乇丕亘賷爻賰.
兀賲丕 賮賷 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 賮賯丿 丕賳氐乇賮 丕賱賮賳丕賳 毓賳 鬲賯丿賷爻 丕賱賮賳 賵 丕賳氐乇賮 丕賱賳丕爻 毓賳 賱毓賳賴 兀賵 鬲賯賷賷丿賴 賵 亘丿兀鬲 氐賮丨丞 噩丿賷丿丞 賮賷 賲丨賵乇賷賳 賱丕 孬丕賱孬 賱賴賲丕: 丿乇丕爻丞 賲丕 爻亘賯 賲賳 賮賳 丕賱廿睾乇賷賯 賵 丕賱乇賵賲丕賳 丿乇丕爻丞 賲鬲毓賲賯丞 賵 賵丕毓賷丞. 賵 丕爻鬲賱賴丕賲 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵 丕賱毓賱賲 賱廿丨賷丕亍 鬲賱賰 丕賱賮賳賵賳 丕賱賯丿賷賲丞 賮賷 賯丕賱亘 噩丿賷丿.
兀丨丿孬鬲 丕賱丕賰鬲卮丕賮丕鬲 丕賱鬲賷 賯丕賲 亘賴丕 賮賳丕賳賵 廿賷胤丕賱賷丕 賵 丕賱賮賱丕賳丿乇 賮賷 亘丿丕賷丞 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱禺丕賲爻 毓卮乇 賴夭丞 賮賷 兀賳丨丕亍 兀賵乇賵亘丕 賰丕賮丞. 賵 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 爻丨乇鬲 丕賱賮賳丕賳賷賳 賵 乇毓丕丞 丕賱賮賳 毓賱賶 丕賱爻賵丕亍 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱賮賳 賷賲賰锟斤拷 兀賳 賱丕 賷爻鬲禺丿賲 賲賳 兀噩賱 乇賵丕賷丞 賯氐丞 賲賯丿爻丞 乇賵丕賷丞 賲孬賷乇丞 賮丨爻亘. 亘賱 賲賳 兀噩賱 毓賰爻 賲賯胤毓 賲賳 毓丕賱賲 丕賱賵丕賯毓 兀賷囟丕. 賵 賱毓賱 兀賰孬乇 賳鬲丕卅噩 賴匕賴 丕賱孬賵乇丞 賮賷 丕賱賮賳 賲亘丕卮乇丞 賴賷 兀賳 丕賱賮賳丕賳賷賳 卮乇毓賵丕 賮賷 賰賱 賲賰丕賳 賮賷 丕賱鬲噩乇賷亘 賵 丕賱亘丨孬 毓賳 鬲兀孬賷乇丕鬲 噩丿賷丿丞 賵 賲丿賴卮丞. 賵 賴匕賴 丕賱乇賵丨 丕賱賲睾丕賲乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 丕爻鬲丨賵匕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱賮賳 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱禺丕賲爻 毓卮乇 鬲丨丿丿 丕賱賯胤賷毓丞 丕賱賮毓賱賷丞 賲毓 丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶.
丕賱丨賯 丕賳 卮賰賱 丕賱毓賲丕乇丞 丕賱兀賵乇亘賷丞 賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕丿爻 毓卮乇 賮賷 毓夭 賳賴囟鬲賴丕 毓賳丿賲丕 丕鬲噩賴賵丕 廿賱賶 丕賱亘爻丕胤丞 賮賷 丕賱鬲氐賲賷賲 賵 毓丿賲 丕賱鬲賵爻毓 賮賷 丕賱夭禺乇賮丞 賵 丕賱乇爻賵賲 賵 丕賱賳賯賵卮 丕賱亘丕乇夭丞 賵 丕賱鬲賲丕孬賷賱 丕賱賰孬賷乇丞 丕賯鬲乇鬲 賰孬賷乇丕 賲賳 賳賲丕匕噩 丕賱毓賲丕乇丞 丕賱賲賲賱賵賰賷丞 賵 丕賱鬲賷 亘乇夭鬲 賯亘賱賴賲 亘兀乇亘毓丞 賯乇賵賳 毓賱賶 丕賱兀賯賱 賵 賴匕丕 馗丕賴乇 亘卮賰賱 賵丕囟丨 賱賰賱 賲賳 賷乇賶 賳賲賵匕噩賷賳 兀丨丿賴賲丕 賲賳 丕賱毓賲丕乇丞 丕賱賲賲賱賵賰賷丞 賵 丕賱兀禺乇 賲賳 丌孬丕乇 毓氐乇 丕賱賳賴囟丞 廿賱丕 兀賳 丕賱賰鬲丕亘 賱賲 賷卮賷乇 賱兀賷 乇丕亘胤 賲亘丕卮乇 兀賵 賯乇賷亘 亘賷賳賴賲丕.
賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱爻丕亘毓 毓卮乇 賵 賲毓 丨乇賰丞 丕賱廿氐賱丕丨 丕賱丿賷賳賷 賮賷 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賰鬲卮賮鬲 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 丕賱賰丕孬賵賱賷賰賷丞 兀賳 丕賱賮賳 賷爻鬲胤賷毓 兀賳 賷禺丿賲 丕賱丿賷賳 毓賱賶 賳丨賵 賷鬲噩丕賵夭 丕賱賲賴賲丞 丕賱亘爻賷胤丞 丕賱賲丨丿丿丞 賱賴 賮賷 兀賵丕卅賱 丕賱毓氐賵乇 丕賱賵爻胤賶 鈥� 賲賴賲丞 鬲毓賱賷賲 丕賱兀賲賷賷賳 賲亘丕丿賷亍 丕賱毓賯賷丿丞. 賰丕賳 賲賳 丕賱賲賲賰賳 兀賳 賷爻丕毓丿 毓賱賶 丕賯賳丕毓 丕賱匕賷賳 賯乇兀賵丕 賰孬賷乇丕 賵 賴丿丕賷鬲賴賲 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻賷丨賷丞. 賱匕賱賰 丿購毓賷 丕賱賲賴賳丿爻賵賳 丕賱賲毓賲丕乇賷賵賳 賵 丕賱賮賳丕賳賵賳 賵 丕賱賳丨丕鬲賵賳 廿賱賶 鬲丨賵賷賱 丕賱賰賳丕卅爻 廿賱賶 氐乇賵丨 乇丕卅毓丞 鬲賲賱兀 丕賱賲乇亍 賲卮丕毓乇 噩丕乇賮丞. 賵 禺氐賵氐丕 賮賷 兀孬賳丕亍 丕賱賯丿丕爻 丕賱賰亘賷乇 丨賷賳 鬲囟丕亍 丕賱賯賳丕丿賷賱 毓賱賶 丕賱賲匕丕亘丨 賵 鬲賲賱兀 乇丕卅丨丞 丕賱亘禺賵乇 氐丨賳 丕賱賰賳賷爻丞 賵 賷賳賯賱賳丕 氐賵鬲 丕賱兀乇睾賳 賵 丕賱噩賵賯丞 廿賱賶 毓丕賱賲 賲睾丕賷乇.
賮賷 丕賱賯乇賳 丕賱鬲丕爻毓 毓卮乇 賰丕賳鬲 孬賵乇丞 賮賳賷丞 丿丕卅賲丞 賱丕 鬲亘賯賷 賵 賱丕 鬲夭乇 賵 丕禺鬲賱胤 賮賷賴丕 賰賱 卮賷亍 亘毓丿 丕賳 丕爻鬲賯乇鬲 丕賱兀賲賵乇 賯亘賱 匕賱賰 亘賵賯鬲 胤賵賷賱 賮賯丿 亘賳賷鬲 丕賱賰賳丕卅爻 賮賷 丕賱睾丕賱亘 毓賱賶 丕賱胤乇丕夭 丕賱賯賵胤賷 賱兀賳 賴匕丕 丕賱胤乇丕夭 賰丕賳 卮丕卅毓丕 賮賷賲丕 賷爻賲賶 毓氐乇 丕賱廿賷賲丕賳. 賵 亘丕賱賳爻亘丞 廿賱賶 丕賱賲爻丕乇丨 賵 丿賵乇 丕賱兀賵亘乇丕 賮廿賳 丕賱胤乇丕夭 丕賱亘丕乇賵賰賷 丕賱賲睾丕賱賶 賮賷賴 賰孬賷乇丕 賲丕 賰丕賳 賷毓鬲亘乇 賲賳丕爻亘丕. 賮賷 丨賷賳 賰丕賳 賷毓鬲賯丿 兀賳 丕賱賯氐賵乇 賵 賲亘丕賳賷 丕賱賵夭丕乇丕鬲 鬲亘丿賵 兀賰孬乇 賮禺丕賲丞 廿匕丕 亘賳賷鬲 毓賱賶 胤乇夭 丕賱賳賴囟丞 丕賱廿賷胤丕賱賷丞.
廿賳 丕鬲爻丕毓 賲噩丕賱 丕賱丕禺鬲賷丕乇 賵 丕賱丕爻鬲賯賱丕賱 毓賳 賳夭賵丕鬲 丕賱乇毓丕丞 丕賱匕賷 賰丕賳鬲 賰賱賮丞 丕賰鬲爻丕亘賴 賰亘賷乇丞. 賯丿 賰丕賳 賱賴 賮賵丕卅丿 兀賷囟丕. 兀氐亘丨 丕賱賮賳 賵 乇亘賲丕 賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 賵爻賷賱丞 丕賱賮賳丕賳 丕賱賰丕賲賱丞 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 賮乇丿賷鬲賴 丨賯丕. 卮乇賷胤丞 兀賳 賷賰賵賳 賱賱賮賳丕賳 賮乇丿賷丞 賱賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳賴丕.
賵 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱賯丕卅賱丞 兀賳 丕賱賴丿賮 丕賱丨賯賷賯賷 賱賱賮賳 賰丕賳 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇 毓賳 丕賱卮禺氐賷丞 賱賲 鬲丨乇夭 鬲賯丿賲丕 廿賱丕 亘毓丿 兀賳 賮賯丿 丕賱賮賳 賰賱 賴丿賮 兀禺乇.
賮賷 丕賱賮賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬 馗賴乇鬲 賵 賱兀賵賱 賲乇丞 賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲囟丨賷丞 亘丕賱丨賯賷賯丞 賮賷 爻亘賷賱 丕賱賮賰乇丞. 賮丕賱賮賳丕賳 賱丕 賷亘丕賱賷 賰孬賷乇丕 亘兀賳 鬲賰賵賳 賱賵丨鬲賴 賲卮丕亘賴丞 賱賱胤亘賷毓丞 賮賷 鬲賮丕氐賷賱賴丕 亘賯丿乇 丕賴鬲賲丕賲賴 亘兀賳 鬲馗賴乇 賮賰乇鬲賴 賱賱噩賲賴賵乇. 賵 賴賵 賴賳丕 賱丕 賷鬲毓賲丿 鬲卮賵賷賴 丕賱胤亘賷毓丞 賵 賱賰賳賴 兀賷囟丕 賱丕 賷亘丕賱賷 丕賳 鬲卮賵賴鬲.
鬲毓丕馗賲 卮毓賵乇 亘毓囟 丕賱賮賳丕賳賷賳 亘兀賳 丕賱賮賳 賯丿 賮賯丿 卮賷卅丕 賮賷 乇丨賱丞 亘丨孬賴 丕賱胤賵賷賱丞. 卮賷卅丕 丨丕賵賱賵丕 賲丨丕賵賱丞 賲爻鬲賲賷鬲賴 兀賳 賷爻鬲乇噩毓賵賴. 卮毓乇 爻賷夭丕賳 亘兀賳 賲丕 賮賯丿 賴賵 丕賱賳馗丕賲 賵 丕賱鬲賵丕夭賳. 賵 卮毓乇 賮丕賳 噩賵禺 亘兀賳 賲丕 賮賯丿 賴賵 丕賱賰孬丕賮丞 賵 丕賱毓丕胤賮丞 毓賱賶 丨爻丕亘 禺氐丕卅氐 丕賱囟賵亍 賵 丕賱賱賵賳. 賵 兀禺賷乇丕 賰丕賳 睾賵睾丕賳 睾賷乇 乇丕囟 鬲賲丕賲丕 毓賳 丕賱丨賷丕丞 賵 丕賱賮賳 賰賲丕 賵噩丿賴賲丕. 鬲丕賯 廿賱賶 卮賷亍 兀亘爻胤 兀賰孬乇 賲亘丕卮乇丞. 賵 鬲賲賳賶 兀賳 賷噩丿賴 亘賷賳 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷賷賳. 廿賳 賲丕 賳丿毓賵賴 丕賱賮賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賯丿 氐丿乇 毓賳 賴匕賴 丕賱賲卮丕毓乇 丕賱賲爻鬲丕亍丞. 賵 丕賱丨賱賵賱 丕賱賲鬲賳賵毓丞 丕賱鬲賷 鬲賱賲爻賴丕 賴丐賱丕亍 丕賱賮賳丕賳賵賳 丕賱孬賱丕孬丞 賯丿 兀氐亘丨鬲 丕賱賲孬賱 丕賱毓賱賷丕 賱孬賱丕孬 丨乇賰丕鬲 賮賷 丕賱賮賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬. 廿賳 丨賱 爻賷夭丕賳 賯丿 兀丿賶 賮賷 賳賴丕賷丞 丕賱賲胤丕賮 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲賰毓賷亘賷丞. 丕賱鬲賷 賳卮兀鬲 賮賷 賮乇賳爻丕. 賵 丨賱 賮丕賳 噩賵禺 廿賱賶 丕賱鬲毓亘賷乇賷丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵噩丿鬲 丕爻鬲噩丕亘鬲賴丕 丕賱賰亘乇賶 賮賷 兀賱賲丕賳賷丕. 賵 丨賱 睾賵睾丕賳 廿賱賶 賲禺鬲賱賮 兀賳賵丕毓 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷丞. 賵 賲賴賲丕 亘丿鬲 賴匕賴 丕賱丨乇賰丕鬲 賲噩賳賵賳丞 賮賷 丕賱亘丿丕賷丞. 賮賱賷爻 氐毓亘丕 兀賳 賳亘賷賳 丕賱賷賵賲 兀賳賴丕 賰丕賳鬲 賲丨丕賵賱丕鬲 賲鬲爻賯丞 賱賱賳噩丕丞 賲賳 丕賱賵乇胤丞 丕賱鬲賷 賵噩丿 丕賱賮賳丕賳賵賳 兀賳賮爻賴賲 賮賷賴丕.
丕賱爻丐丕賱 丕賱鬲賯賱賷丿賷 賲賳 丕賱噩賲賴賵乇 賴賵: 廿賱丕賲 兀乇賷丿 賱賴匕賴 丕賱兀毓賲丕賱 兀賳 鬲乇賲夭責
廿賳 鬲賱賲爻 丕賱噩賵丕亘 兀爻賴賱 賲賳 鬲賯丿賷賲賴. 賱兀賳 丕賱兀噩賵亘丞 賲賳 卮兀賳賴丕 兀賳 鬲鬲乇丿賶 廿賱賶 鬲亘丨乇 夭丕卅賮. 兀賵 賴乇丕亍 亘丨鬲. 賵 賲毓 匕賱賰 廿匕丕 賰丕賳 賱丕亘丿 賲賳 賯賵賱 賮丕賳丕 兀賮鬲乇囟 兀賳 丕賱噩賵丕亘 丕賱氐丨賷丨 賴賵 兀賳 丕賱賮賳丕賳 丕賱丨丿賷孬 鬲賵丕賯 廿賱賶 禺賱賯 兀卮賷丕亍 賲毓 丕賱鬲卮丿賷丿 毓賱賶 賱賮馗丞 禺賱賯 賵 賱賮馗丞 兀卮賷丕亍. 廿賳賴 賷乇賷丿 兀賳 賷卮毓乇 亘兀賳賴 氐賳毓 卮賷卅丕 賱丕 賵噩賵丿 賱賴 賲賳 賯亘賱. 卮賷卅丕 賱丕 賷賰賵賳 賲噩乇丿 賲丨丕賰丕丞 賱卮賷亍 賵丕賯毓賷 賲賴賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丕賱賲丨丕賰丕丞 亘丕乇毓丞. 賵 賱丕 賷賰賵賳 賲噩乇丿 夭禺乇賮丞 賲賴賲丕 賰丕賳鬲 丨丕匕賯丞. 亘賱 卮賷卅丕 兀賵孬賯 氐賱丞 亘丕賱賲賵囟賵毓. 賵 兀賰孬乇 丿賷賲賵賲丞. 卮賷卅丕 賷卮毓乇 丕賱賮賳丕賳 亘兀賳賴 兀賰孬乇 賵丕賯毓賷丞 賲賳 賵噩賵丿賳丕 丕賱賲亘鬲匕賱. 賵 廿匕丕 兀乇丿賳丕 兀賳 賳賮賴賲 賴匕丕 丕賱賲夭丕噩. 毓賱賷賳丕 兀賳 賳乇噩毓 廿賱賶 胤賮賵賱鬲賳丕. 廿賱賶 夭賲賳 賰賳丕 賮賷賴 賯丕丿乇賷賳 毓賱賶 氐賳毓 兀卮賷丕亍 賲賳 丕賱丌噩乇 兀賵 丕賱乇賲賱. 賵 毓賱賶 鬲丨賵賷賱 毓氐丕 丕賱賲賰賳爻丞 廿賱賶 毓氐丕 爻丨乇賷丞. 賵 亘囟毓丞 兀丨噩丕乇 廿賱賶 賯氐乇 賲爻丨賵乇. 賰丕賳鬲 賴匕賴 丕賱兀卮賷丕亍 鬲賰鬲爻亘 賮賷 賳馗乇賳丕 丿賱丕賱丞 賴丕卅賱丞. 賱毓賱賴丕 賲孬賱 丿賱丕賱丞 丕賱氐賵乇丞 賮賷 賳馗乇 丕賱亘丿丕卅賷賷賳.
賰丕賳 丕賱賰孬賷乇 賲賳 丕賱爻乇賷丕賱賷賷賳 賲鬲兀孬乇賷賳 廿賱賶 丨丿 賰亘賷乇 亘賲丕 賰鬲亘賴 爻賷噩賲賵賳丿 賮乇賵賷丿 丕賱匕賷 亘賷賳 兀賳 丕賱胤賮賱 賵 丕賱賲鬲賵丨卮 賮賷賳丕 賷爻賷胤乇丕賳 毓賱賷賳丕 毓賳丿賲丕 鬲乇賯丿 兀賮賰丕乇賳丕 丕賱氐丕丨賷丞. 賵 賴丕 賴賷 匕賷 丕賱賮賰乇丞 丕賱鬲賷 噩毓賱鬲 丕賱爻乇賷丕賱賷賷賳 賷毓賱賳賵賳 兀賳 丕賱賮賳 賱丕 賷賲賰賳 廿亘丿丕毓賴 兀亘丿丕 賮賷 丨丕賱丞 丕賱賷賯馗丞 丕賱鬲丕賲丞 賱賱毓賯賱. 賵 賱毓賱賴賲 兀賯乇賵丕 亘兀賳 丕賱毓賯賱 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷毓胤賷賳丕 丕賱毓賱賲. 賵 亘兀賳 丕賱賱丕毓賯賱 賮丨爻亘 賷賲賰賳 兀賳 賷毓胤賷賳丕 丕賱賮賳.
April 29, 2022
This work is essential reading from a great expert in Art, with a capital A.
Gombrich knows how to captivate his reader and explain concretely without getting lost in detail all the artistic evolutions over the centuries and render them in their context for an uninitiated readership.
If you need only one book on the history of Art, it would be this one.
Gombrich knows how to captivate his reader and explain concretely without getting lost in detail all the artistic evolutions over the centuries and render them in their context for an uninitiated readership.
If you need only one book on the history of Art, it would be this one.
April 30, 2021
蹖丕丿 丕蹖丕賲
胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丕孬乇貙 賳诏丕賴蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賲乇賵乇賲 亘乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 (讴賴 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴鈥屫з�) 丕賳丿丕禺鬲賲貨 诏乇丿 賵 睾亘丕乇賽 睾乇賵乇 賵 賳禺賵鬲賽 賳丕卮蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 讴賳賵賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿丕賳丕鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳 夭賲丕賳賽 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 丕噩丕夭賴 賳丿丕丿 毓丕乇蹖 丕夭 鬲賲爻禺乇 賳賵卮鬲賴 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳賲! 賲噩丕賱 诏賮鬲賳卮 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賳蹖爻鬲貙 賵诏乇賳賴 爻毓蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 亘賱丕賴鬲 禺賵丿 賵 丿蹖诏乇丕賳蹖 趩賵賳 賲賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘丕乇賴 鬲卮乇蹖丨 賵 鬲賯亘蹖丨 讴賳賲! 亘賴 賴乇 氐賵乇鬲貙 賴賲趩賳丕賳 亘丕 丨爻蹖 讴賴 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 丕夭 禺賵丕賳卮 讴鬲丕亘 诏乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з呚� 丕禺鬲 賴爻鬲賲 賵 亘爻蹖 禺乇爻賳丿賲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丕賵賱蹖賴 亘丕 賴賳乇 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇丕噩毓賴 讴乇丿賲. 胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮賲貙 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴 爻亘亘 鬲丨讴蹖賲 丨丕賮馗賴 賵 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 丿乇讴 禺蹖賱 毓馗蹖賲 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 亘賴鈥屸€屫堌ㄛ� 丿乇讴 賳讴乇丿賲貙 亘賵丿貙 賳讴丕鬲 讴賱蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 丿乇 亘丕亘 丕孬乇 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘丕夭诏賵 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�:
1. 禺賵卮亘禺鬲丕賳賴 丌孬丕乇 氐乇賮丕 賲毓乇賮蹖 賳卮丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿貙 亘賱讴賴 胤蹖 丿賵乇丕賳 鬲丿乇蹖噩蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 鬲賱丕卮蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賯丿蹖乇 丿乇 乇丕爻鬲丕蹖 亘蹖丕賳 賳馗乇蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 賲賴賲 丿乇亘丕亘 賴賳乇 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貨 丨爻賳 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 賲卮禺氐 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 亘丕 丕孬乇蹖 睾蹖乇 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵亘乇賵 卮丿賴 賵 亘丕 鬲毓噩亘 丿乇賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄛ屬� 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 趩賴 禺賵亘 鬲賵丕賳爻鬲賴 丕爻鬲 胤亘毓賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 蹖丕賳 夭賲蹖賳賴 亘賴鈥屫堌ㄛ� 倬乇賵乇卮 丿賴丿 賵 禺賵亘 賳诏丕賴鈥屭┴必� (禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 鬲毓氐亘) 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賱匕鬲 丕夭 丌賳趩賴 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲.
2. 賯胤毓丕賸 亘乇禺賵乇丿 亘丕 丨噩賲 毓馗蹖賲 丌孬丕乇 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲噩賱丿 讴賵趩讴 賴賲 賲賵噩亘 爻乇丿乇诏賲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴賲 爻亘亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 倬爻 丕夭 賲丿鬲蹖 丿蹖诏乇 噩夭 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 禺賵丕賳卮賽 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 噩夭 賳丕賲卮 賴蹖趩 丕夭 丌賳 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲貙 趩蹖夭 丿蹖诏乇蹖 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 賳賲丕賳丿賴 亘丕卮丿! 禺賵卮亘禺鬲丕賳賴貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘丕 賯乇丕乇丿丕丿賳 蹖讴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 丿乇 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屫ж� 丕蹖賳 賲卮讴賱 乇丕 丨賱 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲: 丕乇噩丕毓 賵 賲賯丕蹖爻踿 賲讴乇乇 丌孬丕乇 亘丕 蹖讴丿蹖诏乇貨 鬲丕 噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 诏丕賴蹖 丕孬乇蹖 亘丕 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丿賴 賳賲賵賳踿 丿蹖诏乇 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 卮丿賴 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й� 丌賳 蹖丕賮鬲 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�. 丕蹖賳 亘賴 禺賵丿蹖賽 禺賵丿 丿乇讴 爻蹖乇 鬲丨賵賱 賴賳乇賽 賲賵乇丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丌爻丕賳鈥屫� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賴賲夭賲丕賳 亘丕 丕蹖賳 賵蹖跇诏蹖貙 丕蹖賳讴賴 胤蹖 賴乇 賮氐賱蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬� 讴賴 趩乇丕蹖蹖 禺賱賯 丌孬丕乇 趩賴 亘賵丿賴鈥� 丕爻鬲 (亘丕 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賵 丕乇噩丕毓)貙 賲丕 乇丕 蹖丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 鬲丕丨丿賵丿蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 卮賵蹖賲 讴賴 丕讴賳賵賳 賳蹖夭 趩乇丕 禺賱賯 丕孬乇 賴賳乇蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 爻賲鬲 賵 爻賵 乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丿睾丿睾賴鈥屬囏� 趩賴 亘賵丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
3. 胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丿乇亘丕乇踿 鬲乇噩賲賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳讴鬲踿 睾賲鈥屫з嗂屫� 卮丿賴鈥屫з� 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 賳卮乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 賲鬲乇噩賲 賵 賳丕卮乇 爻夭丕賵丕乇 爻乇夭賳卮蹖 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貨 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丌賳趩賴 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� (亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 胤蹖 禺賵丕賳卮 讴鬲丕亘 丨鬲賲丕 丌孬丕乇 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 噩爻鬲噩賵 讴賳蹖丿) 賵 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賯爻賲鬲鈥屬囏ж� 丕夭 亘乇禺蹖 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 賳丕賲 亘乇丿賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 亘蹖 丕賳讴賴 丕孬乇蹖 丕夭 丌賵乇丿賴 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 亘丕 爻蹖乇 讴賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賵 賳诏丕乇卮 賲鬲賳 亘乇 丕爻丕爻 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貨 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 讴賴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 亘乇禺蹖 丌孬丕乇 賳蹖夭 丿乇 賲噩賲賵毓 丨匕賮 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� (讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳讴賴 賳爻禺踿 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳丿丕卮鬲賲貙 丌賳趩賴 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賲 鬲賳賴丕 蹖讴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱 賲蹖鈥屬呚з嗀�).
:賲乇賵乇賲 胤蹖 禺賵丕賳卮 賳禺爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘
賵 鬲賲丕賲 卮丿貨 趩賴 夭賵丿貙 趩賴 噩匕丕亘貙 趩賴 丿賱賳卮蹖賳 ... 丿賱賲 亘乇丕蹖卮 鬲賳诏 賲蹖 卮賵丿 ...
賳丕賲賴 丕蹖 毓丕卮賯丕賳賴 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘!
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲賳賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓賴 丕蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 夭蹖亘丕 賵 賲爻丨賵乇讴賳賳丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲貨 賲賵噩賵丿蹖爻鬲 讴賴 賳賮爻 賲蹖讴卮丿貙 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 卮蹖賮鬲踿 禺賵丿 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 亘丕 丕賵 亘賴 賲毓丕卮賯賴 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿貙 丌賳 趩賳丕賳 讴賴 诏匕乇 夭賲丕賳 丨爻 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿貨 丕乇賳爻鬲 噩丕賳 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 乇丕 禺賱賯 讴乇丿賴 賲賴乇亘丕賳 賵 賳噩蹖亘貙 丿乇 蹖讴丕蹖讴 氐賮丨丕鬲卮 亘賴 賲毓卮賵賯卮 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賵 賱胤丕賮鬲 賲蹖 亘禺卮丿貙 丿爻鬲 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 賵 丿乇 丌乇丕賲卮 丕賵 乇丕 亘賴 丿蹖丿丕乇 乇賳诏貙 夭丕賵蹖賴貙 禺胤 賵 丨噩賲 賲蹖 亘乇丿貨 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 丿乇蹖趩賴 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賲蹖 诏匕乇丕賳丿 賵 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖蹖 丿乇禺卮賳丿賴貙 賲賲賱賵 丕夭 賲賵噩賵丿丕鬲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丕乇丕丿賴 丕卮 亘丕 賲禺丕胤亘 爻禺賳 賲蹖 诏賵蹖賳丿 賵 丕賮爻賵賳卮 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿貙 賲蹖 亘乇丿貨 亘賴 胤賵乇蹖 讴賴 诏丕賴蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 賲蹖 丕賳丿蹖卮丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳丕賳 賳賴 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘賱讴賴 讴丕賱亘丿賴丕蹖蹖 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕賳丿 讴賴 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 趩卮賲丕賳鬲 夭賳丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿! 丕蹖賳 賲毓丕卮賯踿 夭蹖亘丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲蹖 氐賮丨丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕乇丿 賵 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 賴賳乇丿賵爻鬲 乇丕 亘賴 丕賵噩 賱匕鬲 亘乇爻丕賳丿. 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩賽 诏乇丕賲蹖 丕蹖賳 賲賵噩賵丿 丿賱賳卮蹖賳 (鬲兀讴蹖丿 賲蹖 讴賳賲 賲賵噩賵丿貙 夭蹖乇丕 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 丨爻 夭賳丿賴 亘賵丿賳 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳 丿丕丿!) 亘乇丕蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賳賽 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 賳賲丕蹖卮 诏夭蹖丿賴 丕蹖 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 亘賴 毓丕卮賯賽 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘亘禺卮蹖丿 禺賵丕賳賳丿踿 讴鬲丕亘貙 禺賱賯 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 丌賳 丕夭 卮丕賴讴丕乇亘賵丿賳 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 賳丕賲亘乇丿賴 丨乇賮 夭丿賴貙 丿乇丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 睾丕賮賱 卮丿賴 禺賵丿賽 丕孬乇貙 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 卮丕賴讴丕乇蹖 亘蹖 亘丿蹖賱 丕爻鬲貨 賲賵噩夭 賵 讴丕賲賱!
亘賳馗乇賲 丨丕賱丕 讴賴 爻毓蹖 讴乇丿賲 丕丨爻丕爻賲 乇丕 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 讴賱賲丕鬲蹖 趩賳丿 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳賲貙 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 讴賲蹖 賳蹖夭 亘賴 禺賵丿 讴鬲丕亘 亘倬乇丿丕夭賲:
蹖讴賲: 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 讴賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘:
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 亘蹖爻鬲 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴 賵 胤蹖 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賴丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿踿 诏乇丕賲蹖貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 乇丕 丕夭 毓氐乇 睾丕乇賳卮蹖賳蹖 鬲丕 倬丕蹖丕賳 爻丿踿 亘蹖爻鬲賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿貨 鬲兀讴蹖丿 賲蹖讴賳賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 賳賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丌賳! 夭蹖乇丕 丕賵賱丕賸 賳丕賲 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲 賵 丿賵賲 丌賳讴賴 卮蹖賵踿 亘蹖丕賳 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇 鬲賵爻胤 丌賯丕蹖 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩貙 丨丕賱鬲蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 诏賵賳賴 賵 诏乇賲 丿丕乇丿貙 賳賴 亘蹖丕賳蹖 爻乇丿 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕夭 爻蹖乇 賴賳乇 胤蹖 爻丕賱蹖丕賳賽 鬲賲丿賳 亘卮乇 賵 賯亘賱 丕夭 丌賳貨 丕賲丕 亘賳丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丿乇 賯爻賲鬲 賴锟斤拷蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 讴賱賲踿 鬲丕乇蹖禺 鬲讴乇丕乇 卮丿賴貙 賲鬲乇噩賲 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏乇賮鬲賴 賳丕賲 丕孬乇 乇丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 賳賴丿貙 讴賴 賴賲丕賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 亘賳馗乇賲 賲賳丕爻亘 鬲乇 亘賵丿. 睾蹖乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿貙 鬲乇噩賲賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賳丕爻亘 亘賵丿 賵 賲卮讴賱蹖 賳丿丕卮鬲.
賮氐賱 丌禺乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲乇賵乇 夭賲丕賳貙 胤蹖 趩賳丿 賵蹖乇丕蹖卮 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕囟丕賮賴 卮丿賴 賵 亘賳馗乇賲 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿貨 夭蹖乇丕 亘乇禺賱丕賮 爻丕蹖乇 賮氐賱 賴丕 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賮賯胤 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 乇丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 讴賲鬲乇 賳馗乇丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 賲鬲賳 噩丕 丿丕丿賴 亘賵丿貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 讴丕賲賱貙 卮蹖賵丕 賵 禺賱丕氐賴 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇亘丕乇踿 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳 賵 倬爻鬲 賲丿乇賳貙 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 賴賳乇 丿乇 毓氐乇 噩丿蹖丿 賵 賲爻丕卅賱 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 丕亘乇丕夭 賲蹖 讴賳丿 讴賴 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿賴賳丿踿 賳诏丕賴 禺乇賲賳丿丕賳踿 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕爻鬲貨 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲賳馗賵乇賲 丕夭 亘蹖丕賳 丕蹖賳 賲胤賱亘貙 亘蹖丕賳 囟毓賮蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 爻丕蹖乇 賮氐賱 賴丕 賳亘賵丿貙 丕氐賱丕賸! 賴賲丕賳诏賵賳賴 讴賴 禺賵丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賳蹖夭 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 诏賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲貙 賴丿賮卮 丕夭 毓丿賲 胤乇丨 丿睾丿睾賴 賴丕 賵 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 禺賵丿 丿乇 禺賱丕賱賽 亘蹖丕賳賽 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇貙 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘丿賵賳 噩丕賳亘丿丕乇蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕夭 賲賳馗乇蹖 賳賯胤踿 賯賵鬲 讴鬲丕亘 賵 丕蹖賳 賮氐賵賱 賳蹖夭 賲蹖 亘丕卮丿.
丿賵賲: 亘丿賵賳 爻乇賮氐賱!
亘賴 卮禺氐賴 毓丕卮賯 卮蹖賵踿 賳诏丕乇卮 讴鬲丕亘 卮丿賲貨 丕蹖賳讴賴 賲爻卅賱賴 丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 乇丕 亘丿賵賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 倬乇丿丕夭蹖 賵 鬲賳賴丕 亘丕 氐乇賮 诏夭丕乇卮 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖貙 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 噩匕丕亘 亘鬲賵丕賳 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿貙 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賯丿蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 賲胤丕賱亘 讴丕賲賱丕賸 亘賴 賴賲 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賴賲踿 賲胤丕賱亘 蹖讴 賮氐賱 亘丿賵賳 爻乇鬲蹖鬲乇 丿乇 丕丿丕賲踿 賴賲 丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 讴賴 亘賴 毓賯蹖丿踿 賲賳 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮賵丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲胤賱亘 乇丕 丕夭 賴賳乇賲賳丿蹖 (蹖丕 丕孬乇蹖 蹖丕 賲讴鬲亘蹖) 亘賴 賴賳乇賲賳丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇 (蹖丕 丕孬乇 蹖丕 賲讴鬲亘蹖 丿蹖诏乇) 噩賴卮 賲蹖 丿賴丿. 鬲丕 丕蹖賳 丨丿 丕夭 倬蹖賵爻鬲诏蹖 賵 丕賳爻噩丕賲 賲賳馗賵乇賲 亘賵丿! 丕蹖賳 賲爻卅賱賴 亘賴 賮賴賲 賲胤賱亘 賳蹖夭 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲讴 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 趩賵賳 丿乇 賴乇 丨丕賱貙 毓丕丿蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘蹖丕賳 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲賽 賴賳乇蹖 賵 賲胤丕賱亘蹖 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿诏丕賳 亘丕 丌賳丕賳 賴蹖趩 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿 (賲孬賱 賲賳 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘丕 賴賳乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲胤丕賱毓賴 讴乇丿賲)貙 倬爻 丕夭 賲丿鬲蹖 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 賲胤賱亘 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕 乇賵丕蹖鬲 卮丿賴 讴賴 氐賮丨丕鬲 倬卮鬲 爻乇 賴賲 賵乇賯 夭丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿貙 亘丿賵賳 丌賳讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 卮賵丿貨 丕蹖賳 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲 賲胤賱亘 (亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇貙 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 賳亘賵丿賳 賳賵卮鬲賴) 禺賵丿 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴貙 鬲賲乇讴夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇賵蹖 丕爻丕賲蹖貙 爻亘讴 賴丕 賵 丌孬丕乇 鬲丕 丨丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘丕賯蹖 亘賲丕賳丿 賵 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賮賯胤 丕夭 賲賯丕亘賱 丿蹖丿诏丕賳卮 賳诏匕乇丕賳丿.
爻賵賲: 賮賱卮 亘讴 賴丕!
胤亘蹖毓蹖爻鬲 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 丿丕乇丕蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 趩賴丕乇氐丿 鬲氐賵蹖乇 丕夭 卮丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 噩賴丕賳貙 丿賵亘乇丕亘乇 丕蹖賳 賲賯丿丕乇 賳丕賲 賴賳乇賲賳丿貙 胤乇夭 賮讴乇卮丕賳 賵 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇亘丕乇踿 鬲賲丕賲蹖 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 賮丕禺乇 鬲丕 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲賲 丕爻鬲貙 丕丨爻丕爻 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 芦 亘毓丿 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 賴賲卮 蹖丕丿賲 賲蹖乇賴!禄 貨 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳诏賵賳賴 賳蹖爻鬲. 卮丕賴讴丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲卮禺氐 賲蹖 卮賵丿! 亘毓丿 丕夭 丨丿賵丿 氐丿 氐賮丨賴 讴賴 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丿賲賴 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丿乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕賸 鬲賲丕賲 丌孬丕乇蹖 乇丕 讴賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴貙 亘丕 賴賳乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賵 爻丕蹖乇 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賲蹖 讴賳丿貨 丕蹖賳 賮賱卮 亘讴 賴丕 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 丿乇讴蹖 讴丕賲賱 賵 丿乇爻鬲 丕夭 胤乇夭 賮讴乇 睾丕賱亘 賴乇 毓氐乇 賵 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 丌賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲貙 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖賲 丌孬丕乇 丿賵乇賴 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 乇丕 鬲卮禺蹖氐 亘丿賴蹖賲 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賴丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘卮賳丕爻蹖賲貙 氐乇賮丕賸 賮賯胤 賳丕賲 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 亘夭乇诏 賵 丌孬丕乇卮丕賳 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丿鬲蹖 丿乇 匕賴賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 亘賱讴賴 鬲丕 賲丿鬲 賴丕 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 丿乇 匕賴賳賲丕賳 賲丕賳丿诏丕乇 亘丕卮賳丿 賵 亘賴 賲乇賵乇 胤蹖 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕丿 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 乇丕 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲蹖 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 亘亘蹖賳蹖賲 丿乇 毓蹖賳 丨丕賱 讴賴 亘賴 賲讴鬲亘蹖 禺丕氐 鬲毓賱賯 禺丕胤乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貨 賲賵乇丿 丌禺乇 亘賴 诏賮鬲踿 丌賯丕蹖 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩貙 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賴丿丕賮 賲賴賲卮 丕夭 賳诏丕乇卮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿賴 賵 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 鬲賵丕賳爻鬲賴 丕夭 毓賴丿賴 丕卮 亘乇丌蹖丿.
趩賴丕乇賲: 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳蹖 丕賲丕 賳賴 亘丿賵賳 賳賯氐 :
賯亘賱 丕夭 賴乇趩蹖夭蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 鬲乇噩賲賴: 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲卮丕賴丿踿 丌孬丕乇 丕氐賱蹖 丿爻鬲 亘賴 丿丕賲丕賳 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 賲蹖 卮丿賲 鬲丕 賲鬲賳 乇丕 亘丕 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 鬲胤亘蹖賯 丿賴賲貨 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲鬲乇噩賲 诏乇丕賲蹖 賳賴丕蹖鬲 鬲賱丕卮卮 乇丕 讴乇丿賴 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕 乇丕 賲購孬賱賴 賳讴賳丿貙 丕賲丕 禺亘 亘丕夭 賴賲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕貙 讴鬲丕亘 丕賳丿讴蹖 賳丕賯氐 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 丨丿丕賯賱 丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇賲 賴蹖趩 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丨匕賮 賳卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 鬲賳賴丕 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 賳讴鬲踿 亘毓丿蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 卮賲丕乇賴 诏匕丕乇蹖 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮丿賲 趩乇丕 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賵蹖乇丕蹖卮 噩丿蹖丿 (賲賳馗賵乇賲 賳爻禺踿 鬲乇噩賲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲) 亘賴 亘丕夭丕乇 毓乇囟賴 卮丿賴貙 丿爻鬲 丕賳丿乇讴丕乇丕賳 賲丨鬲乇賲 夭丨賲鬲 賳讴卮蹖丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 卮賲丕乇踿 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 賵 氐賮丨丕鬲蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴 丿丕乇賳丿 亘丕 丕乇噩丕毓丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賲鬲賳 丿丕丿賴貙 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 亘丿賴賳丿! 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕賳诏卮鬲 卮賲丕乇 丕爻鬲 賵 亘丕毓孬 賳卮丿賴 賲胤丕賱毓踿 讴鬲丕亘 爻禺鬲 亘卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 亘丕夭 賴賲 丌夭丕乇丿賴賳丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丿乇亘丕亘 讴鬲丕亘: 賯亘賱 丕夭 賴乇趩蹖夭 亘丕蹖丿 亘诏賵蹖賲 趩賵賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘貙 丕賵賱蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘賴 丕賲 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳踿 賲胤丕賱毓踿 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲 (讴賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲丕賸 鬲噩乇亘踿 賱匕鬲亘禺卮蹖 亘賵丿!)貙 卮丕蹖丿 賳鬲賵丕賳賲 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 賳賵丕賯氐 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘蹖丕亘賲 賵 鬲賳賴丕 賲爻丨賵乇 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 讴鬲丕亘 卮丿賴 亘丕卮賲貨 丕賲丕 丿乇 賴乇丨丕賱 亘丕 丕賳丿讴蹖 丿賯鬲 賴賲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕 賲蹖 賱賳诏丿貨 亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱貙 丿乇 賮氐賱 倬賳噩 讴鬲丕亘貙 賴賳乇 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 賵 亘賵丿丕蹖蹖 賵 爻丕蹖乇 丕丿蹖丕賳 卮乇賯蹖 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 賲賮氐賱 鬲乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳賴丕 亘丕卮丿貨 毓賲賱丕賸 賲胤賱亘 禺丕氐蹖 丿乇亘丕乇踿 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 賵 禺丕賵乇 丿賵乇 (亘丕 丌賳 爻丕夭賴 賴丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕 賵 賲爻丨賵乇 讴賳賳丿賴 卮丕賳) 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲! 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 爻丕夭賴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 乇丕 賲孬賱 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 賵 賴賳乇 丌夭鬲讴 賴丕 賵 賲丕蹖丕賴丕貙 丌孬丕乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 丕蹖乇丕賳貙 賴賳乇 丿乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 賵 亘賴 賲蹖夭丕賳 讴賲鬲乇蹖 卮乇賯 丿賵乇 乇丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貨 賲賵丕乇丿蹖 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 鬲賳賴丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 毓賲賵賲蹖 丕賳丿讴 禺賵丿賲 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 爻乇夭賲蹖賳 賴丕 亘賵丿貨 趩賴 亘爻丕 賮乇丿蹖 賲鬲禺氐氐 賲賵丕乇丿 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 亘蹖丕亘丿. 賯胤毓丕賸 亘賵丿賳 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 丌賳賴丕 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賱匕鬲亘禺卮 亘賵丿 賵 賴賲 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳賳丿 亘乇 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丕賵 賲賮蹖丿 亘丕卮賳丿貙 讴賲丕 丌賳讴賴 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 賯胤毓丕賸 鬲兀孬蹖乇 卮诏乇賮蹖 亘乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 丕賳丿.
丿乇 丌蹖賳丿賴 賳蹖夭 亘丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳賲 賵 賲胤賲卅賳賲 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓踿 丌賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賴賲 賱匕鬲 禺賵丕賴賲 亘乇丿貨 亘賳馗乇賲 亘乇丕蹖 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 趩賳丿丕賳蹖 亘丕 賴賳乇 賵 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 讴鬲丕亘 卮乇賵毓蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賳丕爻亘 丕爻鬲貨 賴賲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 亘丕 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賲賵噩賵丿 丌卮賳丕 賲蹖 讴賳丿 (丌賳 賴賲 賳賴 亘丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 丌賳 爻亘讴貙 亘賱讴賴 亘丕 賲孬丕賱 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕夭 趩诏賵賳诏蹖 倬蹖丿丕蹖卮 丌賳 爻亘讴)貙 賴賲 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖 丌賲賵夭丿 趩诏賵賳賴 丕夭 丕孬乇蹖 賴賳乇蹖 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇丿. 亘蹖 卮讴 倬爻 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓踿 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘賴 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 賯亘賱丕賸 亘乇丕蹖賲 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 賵 蹖讴爻丕賳 亘賵丿賳丿 蹖丕 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 亘賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賳賲蹖 丿丕賳爻鬲賲 賴丿賮 丕夭 禺賱賯 丌賳賴丕 趩蹖爻鬲貙 丕夭 夭丕賵蹖賴 丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 (卮丕蹖丿 亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 亘丕 丿蹖丿蹖 丿乇爻鬲 鬲乇 賵 亘丕夭鬲乇) 賳诏丕賴 禺賵丕賴賲 讴乇丿.
胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丕孬乇貙 賳诏丕賴蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賲乇賵乇賲 亘乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 (讴賴 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 賴賲蹖賳 賳賵卮鬲賴 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴鈥屫з�) 丕賳丿丕禺鬲賲貨 诏乇丿 賵 睾亘丕乇賽 睾乇賵乇 賵 賳禺賵鬲賽 賳丕卮蹖 丕夭 丕蹖賳讴賴 讴賳賵賳 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿丕賳丕鬲乇 丕夭 丌賳 夭賲丕賳賽 禺賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 丕噩丕夭賴 賳丿丕丿 毓丕乇蹖 丕夭 鬲賲爻禺乇 賳賵卮鬲賴 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳賲! 賲噩丕賱 诏賮鬲賳卮 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 賳蹖爻鬲貙 賵诏乇賳賴 爻毓蹖 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 亘賱丕賴鬲 禺賵丿 賵 丿蹖诏乇丕賳蹖 趩賵賳 賲賳 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳 亘丕乇賴 鬲卮乇蹖丨 賵 鬲賯亘蹖丨 讴賳賲! 亘賴 賴乇 氐賵乇鬲貙 賴賲趩賳丕賳 亘丕 丨爻蹖 讴賴 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 丕夭 禺賵丕賳卮 讴鬲丕亘 诏乇賮鬲賴鈥屫з呚� 丕禺鬲 賴爻鬲賲 賵 亘爻蹖 禺乇爻賳丿賲 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丕賵賱蹖賴 亘丕 賴賳乇 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲乇丕噩毓賴 讴乇丿賲. 胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮賲貙 讴賴 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴 爻亘亘 鬲丨讴蹖賲 丨丕賮馗賴 賵 鬲賱丕卮 亘乇丕蹖 丿乇讴 禺蹖賱 毓馗蹖賲 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 亘賴鈥屸€屫堌ㄛ� 丿乇讴 賳讴乇丿賲貙 亘賵丿貙 賳讴丕鬲 讴賱蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 丿乇 亘丕亘 丕孬乇 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘丕夭诏賵 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁�:
1. 禺賵卮亘禺鬲丕賳賴 丌孬丕乇 氐乇賮丕 賲毓乇賮蹖 賳卮丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿貙 亘賱讴賴 胤蹖 丿賵乇丕賳 鬲丿乇蹖噩蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 鬲賱丕卮蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賯丿蹖乇 丿乇 乇丕爻鬲丕蹖 亘蹖丕賳 賳馗乇蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 賲賴賲 丿乇亘丕亘 賴賳乇 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貨 丨爻賳 丕蹖賳 讴丕乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 賲卮禺氐 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 亘丕 丕孬乇蹖 睾蹖乇 丕夭 丌孬丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵亘乇賵 卮丿賴 賵 亘丕 鬲毓噩亘 丿乇賲蹖鈥屰屫жㄛ屬� 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 趩賴 禺賵亘 鬲賵丕賳爻鬲賴 丕爻鬲 胤亘毓賲丕賳 乇丕 丿乇 蹖丕賳 夭賲蹖賳賴 亘賴鈥屫堌ㄛ� 倬乇賵乇卮 丿賴丿 賵 禺賵亘 賳诏丕賴鈥屭┴必� (禺丕賱蹖 丕夭 鬲毓氐亘) 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賱匕鬲 丕夭 丌賳趩賴 賲蹖鈥屫ㄛ屬嗃屬� 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 丿丕丿賴 丕爻鬲.
2. 賯胤毓丕賸 亘乇禺賵乇丿 亘丕 丨噩賲 毓馗蹖賲 丌孬丕乇 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賲噩賱丿 讴賵趩讴 賴賲 賲賵噩亘 爻乇丿乇诏賲蹖 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 賴賲 爻亘亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌� 讴賴 倬爻 丕夭 賲丿鬲蹖 丿蹖诏乇 噩夭 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 禺賵丕賳卮賽 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 噩夭 賳丕賲卮 賴蹖趩 丕夭 丌賳 蹖丕丿賲丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲貙 趩蹖夭 丿蹖诏乇蹖 亘乇丕蹖賲丕賳 賳賲丕賳丿賴 亘丕卮丿! 禺賵卮亘禺鬲丕賳賴貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘丕 賯乇丕乇丿丕丿賳 蹖讴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 丿乇 賳賵卮鬲賴鈥屫ж� 丕蹖賳 賲卮讴賱 乇丕 丨賱 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲: 丕乇噩丕毓 賵 賲賯丕蹖爻踿 賲讴乇乇 丌孬丕乇 亘丕 蹖讴丿蹖诏乇貨 鬲丕 噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 诏丕賴蹖 丕孬乇蹖 亘丕 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丿賴 賳賲賵賳踿 丿蹖诏乇 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 卮丿賴 賵 乇蹖卮賴鈥屬囏й� 丌賳 蹖丕賮鬲 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀�. 丕蹖賳 亘賴 禺賵丿蹖賽 禺賵丿 丿乇讴 爻蹖乇 鬲丨賵賱 賴賳乇賽 賲賵乇丿 亘乇乇爻蹖 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丌爻丕賳鈥屫� 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賴賲夭賲丕賳 亘丕 丕蹖賳 賵蹖跇诏蹖貙 丕蹖賳讴賴 胤蹖 賴乇 賮氐賱蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖鈥屫促堐屬� 讴賴 趩乇丕蹖蹖 禺賱賯 丌孬丕乇 趩賴 亘賵丿賴鈥� 丕爻鬲 (亘丕 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賵 丕乇噩丕毓)貙 賲丕 乇丕 蹖丕乇蹖 賲蹖鈥屫囏� 鬲丕丨丿賵丿蹖 賲鬲賵噩賴 卮賵蹖賲 讴賴 丕讴賳賵賳 賳蹖夭 趩乇丕 禺賱賯 丕孬乇 賴賳乇蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 爻賲鬲 賵 爻賵 乇賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丿睾丿睾賴鈥屬囏� 趩賴 亘賵丿賴鈥屫з嗀�.
3. 胤蹖 丿賵賲蹖賳 禺賵丕賳卮 丿乇亘丕乇踿 鬲乇噩賲賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳讴鬲踿 睾賲鈥屫з嗂屫� 卮丿賴鈥屫з� 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 賵囟毓蹖鬲 賳卮乇 讴鬲丕亘貙 賲鬲乇噩賲 賵 賳丕卮乇 爻夭丕賵丕乇 爻乇夭賳卮蹖 賳蹖爻鬲賳丿貨 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 亘蹖卮 丕夭 丌賳趩賴 賮讴乇 賲蹖鈥屭┴必� 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� (亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 丿賱蹖賱 鬲賵氐蹖賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 胤蹖 禺賵丕賳卮 讴鬲丕亘 丨鬲賲丕 丌孬丕乇 乇丕 丿乇 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 噩爻鬲噩賵 讴賳蹖丿) 賵 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賯爻賲鬲鈥屬囏ж� 丕夭 亘乇禺蹖 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 賳丕賲 亘乇丿賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲 亘蹖 丕賳讴賴 丕孬乇蹖 丕夭 丌賵乇丿賴 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿 讴賴 亘丕 爻蹖乇 讴賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賵 賳诏丕乇卮 賲鬲賳 亘乇 丕爻丕爻 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 丿乇 鬲囟丕丿 丕爻鬲貨 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屫堌з� 丿乇蹖丕賮鬲 讴賴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱丕 亘乇禺蹖 丌孬丕乇 賳蹖夭 丿乇 賲噩賲賵毓 丨匕賮 卮丿賴鈥屫з嗀� (讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 亘丕 鬲賵噩賴 亘賴 丕蹖賳讴賴 賳爻禺踿 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賳丿丕卮鬲賲貙 丌賳趩賴 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賲 鬲賳賴丕 蹖讴 丕丨鬲賲丕賱 賲蹖鈥屬呚з嗀�).
:賲乇賵乇賲 胤蹖 禺賵丕賳卮 賳禺爻鬲 讴鬲丕亘
賵 鬲賲丕賲 卮丿貨 趩賴 夭賵丿貙 趩賴 噩匕丕亘貙 趩賴 丿賱賳卮蹖賳 ... 丿賱賲 亘乇丕蹖卮 鬲賳诏 賲蹖 卮賵丿 ...
賳丕賲賴 丕蹖 毓丕卮賯丕賳賴 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘!
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 鬲賳賴丕 賲噩賲賵毓賴 丕蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 夭蹖亘丕 賵 賲爻丨賵乇讴賳賳丿賴 賳蹖爻鬲貨 賲賵噩賵丿蹖爻鬲 讴賴 賳賮爻 賲蹖讴卮丿貙 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 卮蹖賮鬲踿 禺賵丿 賲蹖 讴賳丿 賵 亘丕 丕賵 亘賴 賲毓丕卮賯賴 賲蹖 倬乇丿丕夭丿貙 丌賳 趩賳丕賳 讴賴 诏匕乇 夭賲丕賳 丨爻 賳賲蹖 卮賵丿貨 丕乇賳爻鬲 噩丕賳 賲賵噩賵丿蹖 乇丕 禺賱賯 讴乇丿賴 賲賴乇亘丕賳 賵 賳噩蹖亘貙 丿乇 蹖讴丕蹖讴 氐賮丨丕鬲卮 亘賴 賲毓卮賵賯卮 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賵 賱胤丕賮鬲 賲蹖 亘禺卮丿貙 丿爻鬲 丕賵 乇丕 賲蹖 诏蹖乇丿 賵 丿乇 丌乇丕賲卮 丕賵 乇丕 亘賴 丿蹖丿丕乇 乇賳诏貙 夭丕賵蹖賴貙 禺胤 賵 丨噩賲 賲蹖 亘乇丿貨 丕賵 乇丕 丕夭 丿乇蹖趩賴 賴丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賲蹖 诏匕乇丕賳丿 賵 亘賴 丿賳蹖丕蹖蹖 丿乇禺卮賳丿賴貙 賲賲賱賵 丕夭 賲賵噩賵丿丕鬲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 丕乇丕丿賴 丕卮 亘丕 賲禺丕胤亘 爻禺賳 賲蹖 诏賵蹖賳丿 賵 丕賮爻賵賳卮 賲蹖 讴賳賳丿貙 賲蹖 亘乇丿貨 亘賴 胤賵乇蹖 讴賴 诏丕賴蹖 賲禺丕胤亘 賲蹖 丕賳丿蹖卮丿 讴賴 丕蹖賳丕賳 賳賴 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 賲賵噩賵丿 丿乇 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘賱讴賴 讴丕賱亘丿賴丕蹖蹖 丕夭 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丕賳丿 讴賴 丿乇 賲賯丕亘賱 趩卮賲丕賳鬲 夭賳丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿! 丕蹖賳 賲毓丕卮賯踿 夭蹖亘丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲蹖 氐賮丨丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丕丿丕賲賴 丿丕乇丿 賵 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳丿 賴賳乇丿賵爻鬲 乇丕 亘賴 丕賵噩 賱匕鬲 亘乇爻丕賳丿. 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩賽 诏乇丕賲蹖 丕蹖賳 賲賵噩賵丿 丿賱賳卮蹖賳 (鬲兀讴蹖丿 賲蹖 讴賳賲 賲賵噩賵丿貙 夭蹖乇丕 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 丨爻 夭賳丿賴 亘賵丿賳 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳 丿丕丿!) 亘乇丕蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿丕丿賳賽 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賵 賳賲丕蹖卮 诏夭蹖丿賴 丕蹖 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 亘賴 毓丕卮賯賽 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘亘禺卮蹖丿 禺賵丕賳賳丿踿 讴鬲丕亘貙 禺賱賯 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 丿乇 丌賳 丕夭 卮丕賴讴丕乇亘賵丿賳 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 賳丕賲亘乇丿賴 丨乇賮 夭丿賴貙 丿乇丨丕賱蹖 讴賴 睾丕賮賱 卮丿賴 禺賵丿賽 丕孬乇貙 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 卮丕賴讴丕乇蹖 亘蹖 亘丿蹖賱 丕爻鬲貨 賲賵噩夭 賵 讴丕賲賱!
亘賳馗乇賲 丨丕賱丕 讴賴 爻毓蹖 讴乇丿賲 丕丨爻丕爻賲 乇丕 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 讴賱賲丕鬲蹖 趩賳丿 亘蹖丕賳 讴賳賲貙 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 讴賲蹖 賳蹖夭 亘賴 禺賵丿 讴鬲丕亘 亘倬乇丿丕夭賲:
蹖讴賲: 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 讴賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘:
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 亘蹖爻鬲 賴卮鬲 賮氐賱 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴 賵 胤蹖 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 賴丕 賳賵蹖爻賳丿踿 诏乇丕賲蹖貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 乇丕 丕夭 毓氐乇 睾丕乇賳卮蹖賳蹖 鬲丕 倬丕蹖丕賳 爻丿踿 亘蹖爻鬲賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 賲蹖 讴賳丿貨 鬲兀讴蹖丿 賲蹖讴賳賲 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 賳賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 丌賳! 夭蹖乇丕 丕賵賱丕賸 賳丕賲 丕氐賱蹖 讴鬲丕亘貙 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲 賵 丿賵賲 丌賳讴賴 卮蹖賵踿 亘蹖丕賳 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇 鬲賵爻胤 丌賯丕蹖 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩貙 丨丕賱鬲蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 诏賵賳賴 賵 诏乇賲 丿丕乇丿貙 賳賴 亘蹖丕賳蹖 爻乇丿 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕夭 爻蹖乇 賴賳乇 胤蹖 爻丕賱蹖丕賳賽 鬲賲丿賳 亘卮乇 賵 賯亘賱 丕夭 丌賳貨 丕賲丕 亘賳丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 讴賴 丿乇 賯爻賲鬲 賴锟斤拷蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 讴賱賲踿 鬲丕乇蹖禺 鬲讴乇丕乇 卮丿賴貙 賲鬲乇噩賲 鬲氐賲蹖賲 诏乇賮鬲賴 賳丕賲 丕孬乇 乇丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 賳賴丿貙 讴賴 賴賲丕賳 毓賳賵丕賳 丕氐賱蹖 亘賳馗乇賲 賲賳丕爻亘 鬲乇 亘賵丿. 睾蹖乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿貙 鬲乇噩賲賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賳丕爻亘 亘賵丿 賵 賲卮讴賱蹖 賳丿丕卮鬲.
賮氐賱 丌禺乇 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲乇賵乇 夭賲丕賳貙 胤蹖 趩賳丿 賵蹖乇丕蹖卮 亘賴 讴鬲丕亘 丕囟丕賮賴 卮丿賴 賵 亘賳馗乇賲 丕夭 亘賴鬲乇蹖賳 亘禺卮 賴丕蹖 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿貨 夭蹖乇丕 亘乇禺賱丕賮 爻丕蹖乇 賮氐賱 賴丕 讴賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賮賯胤 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 乇丕 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 賵 讴賲鬲乇 賳馗乇丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇 賲鬲賳 噩丕 丿丕丿賴 亘賵丿貙 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 讴丕賲賱貙 卮蹖賵丕 賵 禺賱丕氐賴 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿乇亘丕乇踿 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳 賵 倬爻鬲 賲丿乇賳貙 賲卮讴賱丕鬲 賴賳乇 丿乇 毓氐乇 噩丿蹖丿 賵 賲爻丕卅賱 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 丕亘乇丕夭 賲蹖 讴賳丿 讴賴 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 賳卮丕賳 丿賴賳丿踿 賳诏丕賴 禺乇賲賳丿丕賳踿 丕蹖卮丕賳 丕爻鬲貨 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲賳馗賵乇賲 丕夭 亘蹖丕賳 丕蹖賳 賲胤賱亘貙 亘蹖丕賳 囟毓賮蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 爻丕蹖乇 賮氐賱 賴丕 賳亘賵丿貙 丕氐賱丕賸! 賴賲丕賳诏賵賳賴 讴賴 禺賵丿 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賳蹖夭 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 诏賮鬲賴 丕爻鬲貙 賴丿賮卮 丕夭 毓丿賲 胤乇丨 丿睾丿睾賴 賴丕 賵 賳馗乇蹖丕鬲 禺賵丿 丿乇 禺賱丕賱賽 亘蹖丕賳賽 爻乇诏匕卮鬲 賴賳乇貙 賳诏丕賴蹖 亘丿賵賳 噩丕賳亘丿丕乇蹖 亘賴 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 亘賵丿賴 丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕夭 賲賳馗乇蹖 賳賯胤踿 賯賵鬲 讴鬲丕亘 賵 丕蹖賳 賮氐賵賱 賳蹖夭 賲蹖 亘丕卮丿.
丿賵賲: 亘丿賵賳 爻乇賮氐賱!
亘賴 卮禺氐賴 毓丕卮賯 卮蹖賵踿 賳诏丕乇卮 讴鬲丕亘 卮丿賲貨 丕蹖賳讴賴 賲爻卅賱賴 丕蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 乇丕 亘丿賵賳 卮禺氐蹖鬲 倬乇丿丕夭蹖 賵 鬲賳賴丕 亘丕 氐乇賮 诏夭丕乇卮 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖貙 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 噩匕丕亘 亘鬲賵丕賳 亘蹖丕賳 讴乇丿貙 亘乇丕爻鬲蹖 賯丕亘賱 鬲賯丿蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 賲胤丕賱亘 讴丕賲賱丕賸 亘賴 賴賲 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 賴爻鬲賳丿 賵 賴賲踿 賲胤丕賱亘 蹖讴 賮氐賱 亘丿賵賳 爻乇鬲蹖鬲乇 丿乇 丕丿丕賲踿 賴賲 丌賲丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 讴賴 亘賴 毓賯蹖丿踿 賲賳 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮賵丿 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 賲胤賱亘 乇丕 丕夭 賴賳乇賲賳丿蹖 (蹖丕 丕孬乇蹖 蹖丕 賲讴鬲亘蹖) 亘賴 賴賳乇賲賳丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇 (蹖丕 丕孬乇 蹖丕 賲讴鬲亘蹖 丿蹖诏乇) 噩賴卮 賲蹖 丿賴丿. 鬲丕 丕蹖賳 丨丿 丕夭 倬蹖賵爻鬲诏蹖 賵 丕賳爻噩丕賲 賲賳馗賵乇賲 亘賵丿! 丕蹖賳 賲爻卅賱賴 亘賴 賮賴賲 賲胤賱亘 賳蹖夭 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲讴 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 趩賵賳 丿乇 賴乇 丨丕賱貙 毓丕丿蹖 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘蹖丕賳 丕蹖賳 丨噩賲 丕夭 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲賽 賴賳乇蹖 賵 賲胤丕賱亘蹖 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿诏丕賳 亘丕 丌賳丕賳 賴蹖趩 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿 (賲孬賱 賲賳 讴賴 亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘丕 賴賳乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲胤丕賱毓賴 讴乇丿賲)貙 倬爻 丕夭 賲丿鬲蹖 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 賲胤賱亘 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕 乇賵丕蹖鬲 卮丿賴 讴賴 氐賮丨丕鬲 倬卮鬲 爻乇 賴賲 賵乇賯 夭丿賴 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿貙 亘丿賵賳 丌賳讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 卮賵丿貨 丕蹖賳 噩匕丕亘蹖鬲 賲胤賱亘 (亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 丿蹖诏乇貙 賲賱丕賱 丌賵乇 賳亘賵丿賳 賳賵卮鬲賴) 禺賵丿 亘丕毓孬 卮丿賴貙 鬲賲乇讴夭 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇賵蹖 丕爻丕賲蹖貙 爻亘讴 賴丕 賵 丌孬丕乇 鬲丕 丨丿 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘丕賯蹖 亘賲丕賳丿 賵 丌賳賴丕 乇丕 賮賯胤 丕夭 賲賯丕亘賱 丿蹖丿诏丕賳卮 賳诏匕乇丕賳丿.
爻賵賲: 賮賱卮 亘讴 賴丕!
胤亘蹖毓蹖爻鬲 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘蹖 讴賴 丿丕乇丕蹖 亘蹖卮 丕夭 趩賴丕乇氐丿 鬲氐賵蹖乇 丕夭 卮丕賴讴丕乇賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 噩賴丕賳貙 丿賵亘乇丕亘乇 丕蹖賳 賲賯丿丕乇 賳丕賲 賴賳乇賲賳丿貙 胤乇夭 賮讴乇卮丕賳 賵 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲蹖 丿乇亘丕乇踿 鬲賲丕賲蹖 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 賮丕禺乇 鬲丕 賯乇賳 亘蹖爻鬲賲 丕爻鬲貙 丕丨爻丕爻 讴賳蹖賲 讴賴 芦 亘毓丿 趩賳丿 乇賵夭 賴賲卮 蹖丕丿賲 賲蹖乇賴!禄 貨 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳诏賵賳賴 賳蹖爻鬲. 卮丕賴讴丕乇 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 丕蹖賳噩丕 賲卮禺氐 賲蹖 卮賵丿! 亘毓丿 丕夭 丨丿賵丿 氐丿 氐賮丨賴 讴賴 卮丕賲賱 賲賯丿賲賴 賵 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丿乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賲蹖 卮賵丿貙 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 鬲賯乇蹖亘丕賸 鬲賲丕賲 丌孬丕乇蹖 乇丕 讴賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴貙 亘丕 賴賳乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳 賵 爻丕蹖乇 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 賲蹖 讴賳丿貨 丕蹖賳 賮賱卮 亘讴 賴丕 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖 卮賵賳丿 丿乇讴蹖 讴丕賲賱 賵 丿乇爻鬲 丕夭 胤乇夭 賮讴乇 睾丕賱亘 賴乇 毓氐乇 賵 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 丌賳 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲貙 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖賲 丌孬丕乇 丿賵乇賴 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 乇丕 鬲卮禺蹖氐 亘丿賴蹖賲 賵 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 賴丕蹖卮丕賳 乇丕 亘卮賳丕爻蹖賲貙 氐乇賮丕賸 賮賯胤 賳丕賲 賴賳乇賲賳丿丕賳 亘夭乇诏 賵 丌孬丕乇卮丕賳 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丿鬲蹖 丿乇 匕賴賳 賳丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖賲 亘賱讴賴 鬲丕 賲丿鬲 賴丕 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 丿乇 匕賴賳賲丕賳 賲丕賳丿诏丕乇 亘丕卮賳丿 賵 亘賴 賲乇賵乇 胤蹖 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕丿 亘诏蹖乇蹖賲 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 乇丕 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲蹖 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 亘亘蹖賳蹖賲 丿乇 毓蹖賳 丨丕賱 讴賴 亘賴 賲讴鬲亘蹖 禺丕氐 鬲毓賱賯 禺丕胤乇 丿丕乇蹖賲貨 賲賵乇丿 丌禺乇 亘賴 诏賮鬲踿 丌賯丕蹖 诏丕賲亘乇蹖噩貙 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 丕賴丿丕賮 賲賴賲卮 丕夭 賳诏丕乇卮 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賵丿賴 賵 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 鬲賵丕賳爻鬲賴 丕夭 毓賴丿賴 丕卮 亘乇丌蹖丿.
趩賴丕乇賲: 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳蹖 丕賲丕 賳賴 亘丿賵賳 賳賯氐 :
賯亘賱 丕夭 賴乇趩蹖夭蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 鬲乇噩賲賴: 亘毓囟蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 賵 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲卮丕賴丿踿 丌孬丕乇 丕氐賱蹖 丿爻鬲 亘賴 丿丕賲丕賳 丕蹖賳鬲乇賳鬲 賲蹖 卮丿賲 鬲丕 賲鬲賳 乇丕 亘丕 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 鬲胤亘蹖賯 丿賴賲貨 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲鬲乇噩賲 诏乇丕賲蹖 賳賴丕蹖鬲 鬲賱丕卮卮 乇丕 讴乇丿賴 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕 乇丕 賲購孬賱賴 賳讴賳丿貙 丕賲丕 禺亘 亘丕夭 賴賲 丿乇 丕蹖賳 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕貙 讴鬲丕亘 丕賳丿讴蹖 賳丕賯氐 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 丨丿丕賯賱 丕賲蹖丿賵丕乇賲 賴蹖趩 賯爻賲鬲蹖 丕夭 讴鬲丕亘 丨匕賮 賳卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 鬲賳賴丕 亘乇禺蹖 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 賳讴鬲踿 亘毓丿蹖 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 卮賲丕乇賴 诏匕丕乇蹖 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 丕爻鬲. 賲鬲賵噩賴 賳卮丿賲 趩乇丕 賴賳诏丕賲蹖 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賵蹖乇丕蹖卮 噩丿蹖丿 (賲賳馗賵乇賲 賳爻禺踿 鬲乇噩賲賴 卮丿賴 丕爻鬲) 亘賴 亘丕夭丕乇 毓乇囟賴 卮丿賴貙 丿爻鬲 丕賳丿乇讴丕乇丕賳 賲丨鬲乇賲 夭丨賲鬲 賳讴卮蹖丿賴 丕賳丿 讴賴 卮賲丕乇踿 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 賵 氐賮丨丕鬲蹖 乇丕 讴賴 丿乇 丌賳 賯乇丕乇 丿丕丿賴 丿丕乇賳丿 亘丕 丕乇噩丕毓丕鬲蹖 讴賴 賲鬲賳 丿丕丿賴貙 賲胤丕亘賯鬲 亘丿賴賳丿! 丕賱亘鬲賴 丕蹖賳 賲賵乇丿 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘 丕賳诏卮鬲 卮賲丕乇 丕爻鬲 賵 亘丕毓孬 賳卮丿賴 賲胤丕賱毓踿 讴鬲丕亘 爻禺鬲 亘卮賵丿貙 丕賲丕 亘丕夭 賴賲 丌夭丕乇丿賴賳丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丿乇亘丕亘 讴鬲丕亘: 賯亘賱 丕夭 賴乇趩蹖夭 亘丕蹖丿 亘诏賵蹖賲 趩賵賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘貙 丕賵賱蹖賳 鬲噩乇亘賴 丕賲 丿乇 夭賲蹖賳踿 賲胤丕賱毓踿 賴賳乇 丕爻鬲 (讴賴 丨賯蹖賯鬲丕賸 鬲噩乇亘踿 賱匕鬲亘禺卮蹖 亘賵丿!)貙 卮丕蹖丿 賳鬲賵丕賳賲 亘賴 禺賵亘蹖 賳賵丕賯氐 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘蹖丕亘賲 賵 鬲賳賴丕 賲爻丨賵乇 夭蹖亘丕蹖蹖 讴鬲丕亘 卮丿賴 亘丕卮賲貨 丕賲丕 丿乇 賴乇丨丕賱 亘丕 丕賳丿讴蹖 丿賯鬲 賴賲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲鬲賵噩賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 讴賴 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 亘乇禺蹖 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕 賲蹖 賱賳诏丿貨 亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱貙 丿乇 賮氐賱 倬賳噩 讴鬲丕亘貙 賴賳乇 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 賵 亘賵丿丕蹖蹖 賵 爻丕蹖乇 丕丿蹖丕賳 卮乇賯蹖 乇丕 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貨 丕賳鬲馗丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲 丕蹖賳 賮氐賱 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 賲賮氐賱 鬲乇 丕夭 丕蹖賳賴丕 亘丕卮丿貨 毓賲賱丕賸 賲胤賱亘 禺丕氐蹖 丿乇亘丕乇踿 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 丕爻賱丕賲蹖 賵 禺丕賵乇 丿賵乇 (亘丕 丌賳 爻丕夭賴 賴丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕 賵 賲爻丨賵乇 讴賳賳丿賴 卮丕賳) 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕卮鬲! 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 賲鬲兀爻賮丕賳賴 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 爻丕夭賴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 乇丕 賲孬賱 賲毓賲丕乇蹖 賵 賴賳乇 丌夭鬲讴 賴丕 賵 賲丕蹖丕賴丕貙 丌孬丕乇 亘丕爻鬲丕賳蹖 丕蹖乇丕賳貙 賴賳乇 丿乇 乇賵爻蹖賴 賵 亘賴 賲蹖夭丕賳 讴賲鬲乇蹖 卮乇賯 丿賵乇 乇丕 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賲 亘乇乇爻蹖 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿貨 賲賵丕乇丿蹖 讴賴 诏賮鬲賲 鬲賳賴丕 亘丕 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 毓賲賵賲蹖 丕賳丿讴 禺賵丿賲 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 爻乇夭賲蹖賳 賴丕 亘賵丿貨 趩賴 亘爻丕 賮乇丿蹖 賲鬲禺氐氐 賲賵丕乇丿 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 亘蹖卮鬲乇蹖 亘蹖丕亘丿. 賯胤毓丕賸 亘賵丿賳 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 丿乇 乇丕亘胤賴 亘丕 丌賳賴丕 賴賲 亘乇丕蹖 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賱匕鬲亘禺卮 亘賵丿 賵 賴賲 賲蹖 鬲賵丕賳賳丿 亘乇 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丕賵 賲賮蹖丿 亘丕卮賳丿貙 讴賲丕 丌賳讴賴 丕蹖賳 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 賯胤毓丕賸 鬲兀孬蹖乇 卮诏乇賮蹖 亘乇 丿丕爻鬲丕賳 賴賳乇 丿乇 胤賵賱 鬲丕乇蹖禺 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 丕賳丿.
丿乇 丌蹖賳丿賴 賳蹖夭 亘丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 賲蹖 禺賵丕賳賲 賵 賲胤賲卅賳賲 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓踿 丌賳 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賴賲 賱匕鬲 禺賵丕賴賲 亘乇丿貨 亘賳馗乇賲 亘乇丕蹖 讴爻丕賳蹖 讴賴 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 趩賳丿丕賳蹖 亘丕 賴賳乇 賵 丌孬丕乇 賴賳乇蹖 賳丿丕乇賳丿貙 讴鬲丕亘 卮乇賵毓蹖 亘爻蹖丕乇 賲賳丕爻亘 丕爻鬲貨 賴賲 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇丕 亘丕 亘爻蹖丕乇蹖 丕夭 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賲賵噩賵丿 丌卮賳丕 賲蹖 讴賳丿 (丌賳 賴賲 賳賴 亘丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 丌賳 爻亘讴貙 亘賱讴賴 亘丕 賲孬丕賱 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨蹖 鬲丕乇蹖禺蹖 丕夭 趩诏賵賳诏蹖 倬蹖丿丕蹖卮 丌賳 爻亘讴)貙 賴賲 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖 丌賲賵夭丿 趩诏賵賳賴 丕夭 丕孬乇蹖 賴賳乇蹖 賱匕鬲 亘亘乇丿. 亘蹖 卮讴 倬爻 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓踿 讴鬲丕亘貙 亘賴 丌孬丕乇蹖 讴賴 賯亘賱丕賸 亘乇丕蹖賲 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 賵 蹖讴爻丕賳 亘賵丿賳丿 蹖丕 亘賴 诏賵賳賴 丕蹖 亘賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賳賲蹖 丿丕賳爻鬲賲 賴丿賮 丕夭 禺賱賯 丌賳賴丕 趩蹖爻鬲貙 丕夭 夭丕賵蹖賴 丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇 (卮丕蹖丿 亘賴 鬲毓亘蹖乇蹖 亘丕 丿蹖丿蹖 丿乇爻鬲 鬲乇 賵 亘丕夭鬲乇) 賳诏丕賴 禺賵丕賴賲 讴乇丿.
June 9, 2010
This book was perfect. For someone like myself who (now) has a little knowledge of Art (the capital letter here is deliberate) and some sense of history -- but who has big gaps and oceans of ignorance about the topic -- this book was perfect. It is mature, serious, to the point, absolutely free of jargon, sure, insightful -- always interesting, never pedantic -- and not eccentric in the least. Gombrich covers all the major artists and the movements they represent, and ties them together with clarity. Like one of our most knowledgeable 'friends' on the art circuit at goodreads, he is discerning, but not judgmental. Indeed, Gombrich's account of the development of modern art - up until World War II -- is fabulous, though brief. Gombrich is much less upbeat on more recent trends -- he mentions Pop, but quite deliberately (it seems) refuses to even mention Warhol's name.
I know that it's very difficult for people who know a great deal about something to recommend -- or even read - introductory books. But for anyone looking for a book of this sort, this is definitely a winner.
I know that it's very difficult for people who know a great deal about something to recommend -- or even read - introductory books. But for anyone looking for a book of this sort, this is definitely a winner.
September 14, 2021
禺亘 禺亘 禺亘 !
賲孬賱 鬲賲丕賲 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 禺賵亘貙 賲毓丕卮賯賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 鬲賲賵賲 卮丿. (丕賲丕 毓夭蹖夭賲 賯賵賱 賲蹖丿賲 賴賲蹖卮賴 賵 賴賲賴 噩丕 亘賴鬲 賮讴乇 讴賳賲 賵 賲胤賲毓賳賲 蹖丕丿 賱丨馗賴鈥屬囏й� 賯卮賳诏賲賵賳 鬲丕 丌禺乇蹖賳 乇賵夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 倬卮鬲賲賵 賲蹖賱乇夭賵賳賴.)
丕賵賱 丕夭 賴賲賴 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 丿賱鬲賵賳 亘爻賵夭賴 亘诏賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賲 賴丿蹖賴 亘賵丿 馃コ
丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 毓乇囟 讴賳賲貙 賲賳 鬲丕亘丨丕賱 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丿乇賲賵乇丿 賴賳乇 賳禺賵賳丿賴 亘賵丿賲 賵 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賳賲蹖鬲賵賳賲 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 丕蹖 讴賳賲. 亘丕 丕夭賳 賵噩賵丿 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賱匕鬲 賮賵賯 丕賱毓丕丿賴 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丿賲 賵 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 蹖丕丿诏乇賮鬲賲 賵 丨鬲蹖 毓丕卮賯 賳賯丕卮蹖 賴賲 卮丿賲. 禺賵賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 爻亘讴鈥屬囏й� 丕丿亘蹖 亘賴 賲賵丕夭丕鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘( 丕鬲賮丕賯蹖 亘賵丿) 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴賲 丿乇 丿乇讴 賵 賮賴賲 爻亘讴鈥屬囏й� 賴賳乇蹖 賵 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 讴賲讴 讴乇丿. 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 賲賳馗賲 賵 爻丕丿賴 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴. 賮氐賱鈥屬囏� 亘丕賴賲 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丿丕乇賳 賵賴賲丿蹖诏賴 乇賵 鬲讴賲蹖賱 賲蹖讴賳賳. 賮賱丕卮 亘讴賴丕蹖 亘噩丕貙 鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲蹖 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇賵 亘賴 诏賵诏賱 讴乇丿賳 賵 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖讴賳賴貙 丕夭 賳賯丕胤 賯賵鬲 讴鬲丕亘賴 .
丕夭 賳賯丕胤 囟毓賮 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 亘賴 卮丿鬲 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 賵 賳丕賯氐賴 賵 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 賴賲 丕爻賲 丕孬乇 賴爻鬲 賵賱蹖 鬲氐賵蹖乇蹖 丕夭卮 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇賴.
讴鬲丕亘 诏乇賵賳蹖賴貙 丌乇夭賵 賲蹖讴賳賲 賴賲賴 亘鬲賵賳蹖丿 亘禺乇蹖丿 賵 鬲賵蹖 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖丿. 趩賵賳 賵丕賯毓丕 讴鬲丕亘 賯卮賳诏 賵 亘丕丕乇夭卮蹖 毓賴.
賲孬賱 鬲賲丕賲 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 禺賵亘貙 賲毓丕卮賯賴 亘丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 鬲賲賵賲 卮丿. (丕賲丕 毓夭蹖夭賲 賯賵賱 賲蹖丿賲 賴賲蹖卮賴 賵 賴賲賴 噩丕 亘賴鬲 賮讴乇 讴賳賲 賵 賲胤賲毓賳賲 蹖丕丿 賱丨馗賴鈥屬囏й� 賯卮賳诏賲賵賳 鬲丕 丌禺乇蹖賳 乇賵夭 夭賳丿诏蹖 倬卮鬲賲賵 賲蹖賱乇夭賵賳賴.)
丕賵賱 丕夭 賴賲賴 亘乇丕蹖 丕蹖賳讴賴 丿賱鬲賵賳 亘爻賵夭賴 亘诏賲 讴賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賲 賴丿蹖賴 亘賵丿 馃コ
丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴 毓乇囟 讴賳賲貙 賲賳 鬲丕亘丨丕賱 讴鬲丕亘蹖 丿乇賲賵乇丿 賴賳乇 賳禺賵賳丿賴 亘賵丿賲 賵 亘賳丕亘乇丕蹖賳 賳賲蹖鬲賵賳賲 賲賯丕蹖爻賴 丕蹖 讴賳賲. 亘丕 丕夭賳 賵噩賵丿 丕夭 賲胤丕賱毓賴 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賱匕鬲 賮賵賯 丕賱毓丕丿賴 夭蹖丕丿蹖 亘乇丿賲 賵 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 蹖丕丿诏乇賮鬲賲 賵 丨鬲蹖 毓丕卮賯 賳賯丕卮蹖 賴賲 卮丿賲. 禺賵賳丿賳 讴鬲丕亘 爻亘讴鈥屬囏й� 丕丿亘蹖 亘賴 賲賵丕夭丕鬲 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘( 丕鬲賮丕賯蹖 亘賵丿) 禺蹖賱蹖 亘賴賲 丿乇 丿乇讴 賵 賮賴賲 爻亘讴鈥屬囏й� 賴賳乇蹖 賵 賲賮丕賴蹖賲 讴賲讴 讴乇丿. 讴鬲丕亘 禺蹖賱蹖 賲賳馗賲 賵 爻丕丿賴 賳賵卮鬲賴 卮丿賴. 賮氐賱鈥屬囏� 亘丕賴賲 丕乇鬲亘丕胤 丿丕乇賳 賵賴賲丿蹖诏賴 乇賵 鬲讴賲蹖賱 賲蹖讴賳賳. 賮賱丕卮 亘讴賴丕蹖 亘噩丕貙 鬲賵囟蹖丨丕鬲蹖 讴賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 乇賵 亘賴 诏賵诏賱 讴乇丿賳 賵 蹖丕丿诏蹖乇蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖讴賳賴貙 丕夭 賳賯丕胤 賯賵鬲 讴鬲丕亘賴 .
丕夭 賳賯丕胤 囟毓賮 讴鬲丕亘 賴賲 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇 亘賴 卮丿鬲 爻丕賳爻賵乇 卮丿賴 賵 賳丕賯氐賴 賵 噩丕賴丕蹖蹖 賴賲 丕爻賲 丕孬乇 賴爻鬲 賵賱蹖 鬲氐賵蹖乇蹖 丕夭卮 賵噩賵丿 賳丿丕乇賴.
讴鬲丕亘 诏乇賵賳蹖賴貙 丌乇夭賵 賲蹖讴賳賲 賴賲賴 亘鬲賵賳蹖丿 亘禺乇蹖丿 賵 鬲賵蹖 讴鬲丕亘禺賵賳賴 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖丿. 趩賵賳 賵丕賯毓丕 讴鬲丕亘 賯卮賳诏 賵 亘丕丕乇夭卮蹖 毓賴.
January 13, 2016
螆谓伪 蔚魏蟺位畏魏蟿喂魏蠈 尾喂尾位委慰 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼. 螘渭苇谓伪 蟺蟻慰蟽蠅蟺喂魏维, 蟺慰蠀 蔚委渭伪喂 蔚谓蟿蔚位蠋蟼 维蟽蠂蔚蟿畏, 渭蔚 尾慰萎胃畏蟽蔚 蟺慰位蠉 谓伪 魏伪蟿伪谓慰萎蟽蠅 蟿畏谓 蟺慰蟻蔚委伪 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 蔚尉苇位喂尉萎 蟿畏蟼, 蟽蔚 蟽畏渭蔚委慰 蟿苇蟿慰喂慰 蟺慰蠀 谓伪 蟽蠀渭蟺伪胃萎蟽蠅 伪魏蠈渭伪 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 渭蔚蟿伪渭慰谓蟿苇蟻谓伪, 蟺慰蠀 未蔚谓 维谓蟿蔚蠂伪 慰蠉蟿蔚 谓伪 蟿畏谓 尾位苇蟺蠅. 螝伪位慰纬蟻伪渭渭苇谓慰, 伪蟺位蠈, 蔚渭蟺蔚蟻喂苇蠂蔚喂 蟿伪 蟺维谓蟿伪. 螛伪 魏位蔚委蟽蠅 魏伪喂 渭蔚 苇谓伪 伪蟺蠈蟽蟺伪蟽渭伪 伪蟺蠈 蟿畏谓 蔚喂蟽伪纬蠅纬萎 蟿慰蠀 Gombrich, 蟺慰蠀 苇纬喂谓蔚 畏 伪喂蟿委伪 谓伪 渭蔚 魏蔚蟻未委蟽蔚喂 魏伪喂 渭蔚 苇魏伪谓蔚 谓伪 蟿慰 尉蔚魏慰魏伪位委蟽蠅 蠈位慰.
芦...畏 韦苇蠂谓畏 - 渭蔚 魏蔚蠁伪位伪委慰 韦 - 未蔚谓 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂. 螕喂伪蟿委 畏 韦苇蠂谓畏 渭蔚 魏蔚蠁伪位伪委慰 韦 魏伪蟿维谓蟿畏蟽蔚 蟽魏喂维蠂蟿蟻慰 魏伪喂 蠁蔚蟿喂蠂喂蟽渭蠈蟼. 螝喂谓未蠀谓蔚蠉蔚喂蟼 谓伪 蔚尉慰蠀胃蔚谓蠋蟽蔚喂蟼 苇谓伪谓 魏伪位位喂蟿苇蠂谓畏 位苇纬慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺蠅蟼 蔚魏蔚委谓慰 蟺慰蠀 渭蠈位喂蟼 苇蠁蟿喂伪尉蔚 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 "韦苇蠂谓畏" 蟺伪蟻蠈位慰 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪位蠈. 螝伪喂 伪谓 未畏位蠋蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蔚 慰蟺慰喂慰谓未萎蟺慰蟿蔚 蟺蠅蟼 蔚魏蔚委谓慰 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 伪蟻苇蟽蔚喂 蟽蔚 魏维蟺慰喂慰 苇蟻纬慰 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂, 蠈蟺蠅蟼 谓慰渭委味蔚喂, 韦苇蠂谓畏 伪位位维 魏维蟿喂 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏蠈, 胃伪 渭蔚委谓蔚喂 维谓伪蠀未慰蟼.禄
芦...畏 韦苇蠂谓畏 - 渭蔚 魏蔚蠁伪位伪委慰 韦 - 未蔚谓 蠀蟺维蟻蠂蔚喂. 螕喂伪蟿委 畏 韦苇蠂谓畏 渭蔚 魏蔚蠁伪位伪委慰 韦 魏伪蟿维谓蟿畏蟽蔚 蟽魏喂维蠂蟿蟻慰 魏伪喂 蠁蔚蟿喂蠂喂蟽渭蠈蟼. 螝喂谓未蠀谓蔚蠉蔚喂蟼 谓伪 蔚尉慰蠀胃蔚谓蠋蟽蔚喂蟼 苇谓伪谓 魏伪位位喂蟿苇蠂谓畏 位苇纬慰谓蟿伪蟼 蟿慰蠀 蟺蠅蟼 蔚魏蔚委谓慰 蟺慰蠀 渭蠈位喂蟼 苇蠁蟿喂伪尉蔚 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂 "韦苇蠂谓畏" 蟺伪蟻蠈位慰 蟺慰蠀 蔚委谓伪喂 魏伪位蠈. 螝伪喂 伪谓 未畏位蠋蟽慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蔚 慰蟺慰喂慰谓未萎蟺慰蟿蔚 蟺蠅蟼 蔚魏蔚委谓慰 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰蠀 伪蟻苇蟽蔚喂 蟽蔚 魏维蟺慰喂慰 苇蟻纬慰 未蔚谓 蔚委谓伪喂, 蠈蟺蠅蟼 谓慰渭委味蔚喂, 韦苇蠂谓畏 伪位位维 魏维蟿喂 未喂伪蠁慰蟻蔚蟿喂魏蠈, 胃伪 渭蔚委谓蔚喂 维谓伪蠀未慰蟼.禄
July 26, 2019
丿乇 丿賮鬲乇賽 乇賮賯丕蹖 噩丕賳 賳卮爻鬲賴 亘賵丿蹖賲 亘賴 诏賮鬲 賵 卮賳賵丿. 丿乇 賲蹖丕賳賽 讴鬲丕亘 賴丕蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 丿乇 讴鬲丕亘禺丕賳賴 卮丕賳貙 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳 乇丕 丿蹖丿賲 賵 爻鬲丕蹖卮 丕卮 讴乇丿賲. 爻禺賳 丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 賴賳乇 诏賮鬲蹖賲(丌賳丕賳 噩賲賱诏蹖 丕夭 丕賴丕賱蹖 賴賳乇) 賵 乇爻蹖丿蹖賲 亘賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺賽 賴賳乇 讴賴 賴賲蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘賽 亘丕賳噩丕亘鬲 亘丕卮丿. 丿乇丕夭 夭賲丕賳蹖 賲蹖 卮丿 讴賴 丿乇 倬蹖 禺賵丕賳丿卮 亘賵丿賲 賵 卮诏賮鬲丕 讴賴 丌夭賲賵丿賴 丕賲 亘乇禺蹖 讴鬲丕亘賴丕 诏賵蹖蹖 賴乇 讴丿丕賲 亘丕 丨丕賱鬲蹖貨 亘丕 賱賵賳丿蹖貙 賳噩丕亘鬲貙 賲鬲丕賳鬲貙 乇賳丿蹖貙 夭蹖乇讴蹖貙 賮乇蹖亘 诏丕賴蹖貙 毓卮賯 賵 丕夭 丕蹖賳 丿爻鬲 丕丨賵丕賱丕鬲 禺賵丿卮丕賳 乇丕 賲蹖 乇爻丕賳賳丿 亘賴 丌丿賲蹖. 賲蹖 丿丕賳賳丿 丿乇 倬蹖 丕蹖卮丕賳 賴爻鬲蹖 賵 趩賴 亘爻丕 丿乇 夭賲丕賳 賵 噩丕蹖蹖 讴賴 诏賲丕賳鬲 賳賲蹖 亘乇丿賴 丕爻鬲貙 賴賵卮蹖丕乇 賵 诏乇賲 丿賴丕賳 鬲賵 乇丕 丿乇 亘乇 禺賵丕賴賳丿 诏乇賮鬲 賵 诏丕賴 丕蹖賳 賲毓丕卮賯賴 蹖 禺氐賵氐蹖 卮丿賴 禺賵丿卮 爻賳诏蹖賳蹖 賵 丨丕賱賽 鬲賵 乇丕 賴賳诏丕賲 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕夭 爻賳禺蹖 丿蹖诏乇诏賵賳 讴賳丿貙 讴賴 禺賵丕賳丿賳貙 丿蹖诏乇 鬲賳賴丕貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳 賳亘丕卮丿貨 亘丕卮丿 丕氐賱賳 賲毓丕卮賯锟斤拷貙 乇賵 丿爻鬲 禺賵乇丿賳貙 丿賱鬲賳诏蹖貙 丕賮爻賵爻貙 禺卮賲貙 爻讴賵鬲 賵 丕丨賵丕賱丕鬲蹖 趩賳蹖賳 鬲丕 亘乇爻蹖賲 亘賴 倬丕蹖丕賳賽 乇丕亘胤賴 丕蹖 亘丕 讴鬲丕亘 讴賴 丕诏乇趩賴 賴蹖趩 诏丕賴卮 倬丕蹖丕賳 賳蹖爻鬲.
丨爻賳賽 賮丕囟賱蹖 毓夭蹖夭(亘爻蹖丕乇 丌賲賵禺鬲賴 丕蹖賲 丕夭 丕賵貙 亘丕 賲賳卮 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 亘蹖 賲丕賳賳丿卮) 诏賮鬲 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿丕乇丿. 趩丕倬 爻丕賱 1395 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲 賵 賲賳 丕夭 丕賵 禺賵丕賴卮 讴乇丿賲 鬲丕 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳 亘爻倬丕乇丿 讴賴 亘禺賵丕賳賲 賵 亘丕夭诏乇丿丕賳賲. 丕賵 诏卮丕丿賴 丿爻鬲丕賳賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖賲 丌賵乇丿 賵 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 卮丿 讴賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丿乇 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 睾賲亘丕乇鬲乇蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 鬲丕亘爻鬲丕賳貙 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖讴賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕夭 丌賳 丿賮鬲乇 丌丿賲賴丕 丿丕卮鬲賳丿 丕夭 诏乇賲丕 賵 卮乇噩蹖 噩丕賳 賲蹖 爻倬乇丿賳丿 賲乇丕 倬丿蹖丿丕乇 卮丿. 丿乇 诏賲丕賳賲 蹖丕丿賲 丌賲丿 丌賳 丨讴丕蹖鬲 乇丕 丕夭 诏賱爻鬲丕賳賽 丌賯丕蹖 爻毓丿蹖 讴賴 丿乇丌賲丿卮 趩賳蹖賳 丕爻鬲: 蹖丕丿 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖丕賲 噩賵丕賳蹖 诏匕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲 亘賴 讴賵蹖蹖 賵 賳馗乇 亘丕 乇賵蹖蹖 丿乇 鬲賲賵夭蹖讴賴 丨乇賵乇卮 丿賴丕賳 亘禺賵卮丕賳蹖丿蹖 賵 爻賲賵賲卮 賲睾夭 丕爻鬲禺賵丕賳 亘噩賵卮丕賳蹖丿蹖. 丕夭 囟毓賮 亘卮乇蹖鬲 鬲丕亘 丌賮鬲丕亘 賴噩蹖乇 賳蹖丕賵乇丿賲 賵 丕賱鬲噩丕 亘賴 爻丕蹖賴 丿蹖賵丕乇蹖 讴乇丿賲...(丿乇 毓卮賯 賵 噩賵丕賳蹖貙 賳賲乇賴 16) 賵 丕蹖賳 賲賵丕噩賴賴 賴賲丕賳 倬蹖丕賱賴 蹖 丌亘 亘賵丿貙 禺賳讴 丿乇 诏乇賲丕诏乇賲 丿賱 夭丿诏蹖 賴丕蹖 乇賵夭賲乇賴 丕夭 讴丕乇 賵 亘蹖 丨賵氐賱诏蹖 賴丕蹖 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 丕夭 诏賮鬲 賵 诏賵賴丕蹖 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 丿乇 噩賲毓 賴丕蹖 賳丕趩丕乇 讴賴 賴乇 丌丿賲蹖夭丕丿賴 丕蹖 乇丕 賳丕趩丕乇 诏丕賴 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 丌賳賴丕爻鬲. 亘诏匕乇蹖賲.
亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 讴賴 丿丕賳卮賽 亘爻蹖丕乇 丕賳丿讴蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 丕賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 賴賳乇 賵 丕夭 亘賳丕 賴賲 賴蹖趩 賴賳乇賲賳丿 賳亘賵丿賴 丕賲貙 丕賲丕 丿賱亘爻鬲賴 蹖 毓卮賯 亘丕夭蹖 賴丕蹖 賳丕鬲賲丕賲 亘丕 賴賳乇賴丕貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇賽 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩 丿賱倬爻賳丿 亘賵丿. 賲乇丕 噩丿丕 賲蹖 讴乇丿 賵 丿乇 蹖讴 賮囟丕蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賲蹖 賳賴丕丿. 賮囟丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賵氐賱 亘賵丿 亘賴 賮囟丕賴丕蹖蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賵 丌賳 賲讴丕卮賮賴 賴丕蹖 匕賴賳 亘賵丿 丕夭 賴夭丕乇丕賳 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 鬲丕 讴賳賵賳. 亘丕夭 丿蹖丿賳賽 丌賳 賳賯丕卮丕賳賽 噩丕賳 丌賮乇蹖賳賽 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳蹖. 爻禺賳 诏賮鬲賳 丕夭 丕丨賵丕賱 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 丕蹖卮丕賳貙 丕诏乇趩賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賵鬲丕賴貙 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 亘賳丕賴丕蹖 丿賵乇 賵 賲蹖丕賳賴 賵 賳夭丿蹖讴 賵 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 賵 蹖丕丿 爻倬丕乇蹖 賴乇 噩丕 賵 賴乇 趩蹖夭 讴賴 亘丕 蹖丕乇賽 噩丕賳蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 丕蹖賲. 丕夭 賲爻噩丿賴丕 賵 讴賱蹖爻丕賴丕貙 賲賵夭賴 賴丕 賵 禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖 賯丿蹖賲蹖貙 噩丕丿賴 賴丕 賵 丕蹖爻鬲诏丕賴賴丕蹖 乇丕賴 丌賴賳貙 丕夭 亘賱賳丿蹖 賴丕蹖 賲賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 賲丨賱賴 賴丕蹖 卮賱賵睾 賵 诏賲 亘丕 夭賳丕賳賽 爻丕乇蹖 亘賴 鬲賳 賵 丌賳 賱亘禺賳丿賴丕蹖 卮诏賮鬲 丕賳诏蹖夭賽 丕夭 蹖丕丿賳乇賮鬲賳蹖. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丕賳诏丕乇 爻賮乇蹖 趩賳丿 乇賵夭賴 亘賵丿. 丿賵乇 卮丿賳 丕夭 賴賲賴 蹖 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 賴丕蹖 賲讴乇乇貙 丿賵乇 卮丿賳 丕夭 卮賳蹖丿賳賽 讴爻丕賱鬲 丌賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 卮賳蹖丿 賵 賳亘丕蹖丿 卮賳蹖丿. 丕丨賵丕賱蹖 亘賵丿 賵 丨丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 賳賵卮鬲丕乇 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘賵爻賴 丕爻鬲 亘乇 賱亘丕賳賽 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳噩蹖亘. 爻乇禺 卮丿賴 丕夭 卮乇賲 賵 丌賳 趩賳丕賳 夭蹖亘丕 讴賴 亘丕夭 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇诏乇丿賲 賵 诏賴 诏丕賴 丌賳 爻乇禺賿 賱亘丕賳賽 禺賵丕爻鬲賳蹖 乇丕 亘賵爻賴 丕蹖 讴卮丿丕乇 賲賴賲丕賳 讴賳賲.
噩賳賵亘賽 禺丕讴爻鬲乇蹖
1398/05/02
丨爻賳賽 賮丕囟賱蹖 毓夭蹖夭(亘爻蹖丕乇 丌賲賵禺鬲賴 丕蹖賲 丕夭 丕賵貙 亘丕 賲賳卮 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 亘蹖 賲丕賳賳丿卮) 诏賮鬲 讴賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 丿丕乇丿. 趩丕倬 爻丕賱 1395 乇丕 丿丕卮鬲 賵 賲賳 丕夭 丕賵 禺賵丕賴卮 讴乇丿賲 鬲丕 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 賲賳 亘爻倬丕乇丿 讴賴 亘禺賵丕賳賲 賵 亘丕夭诏乇丿丕賳賲. 丕賵 诏卮丕丿賴 丿爻鬲丕賳賴 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖賲 丌賵乇丿 賵 丕蹖賳 趩賳蹖賳 卮丿 讴賴 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丿乇 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 睾賲亘丕乇鬲乇蹖賳 乇賵夭賴丕蹖 鬲丕亘爻鬲丕賳貙 丿乇 丨丕賱蹖讴賴 亘蹖乇賵賳 丕夭 丌賳 丿賮鬲乇 丌丿賲賴丕 丿丕卮鬲賳丿 丕夭 诏乇賲丕 賵 卮乇噩蹖 噩丕賳 賲蹖 爻倬乇丿賳丿 賲乇丕 倬丿蹖丿丕乇 卮丿. 丿乇 诏賲丕賳賲 蹖丕丿賲 丌賲丿 丌賳 丨讴丕蹖鬲 乇丕 丕夭 诏賱爻鬲丕賳賽 丌賯丕蹖 爻毓丿蹖 讴賴 丿乇丌賲丿卮 趩賳蹖賳 丕爻鬲: 蹖丕丿 丿丕乇賲 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖丕賲 噩賵丕賳蹖 诏匕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲 亘賴 讴賵蹖蹖 賵 賳馗乇 亘丕 乇賵蹖蹖 丿乇 鬲賲賵夭蹖讴賴 丨乇賵乇卮 丿賴丕賳 亘禺賵卮丕賳蹖丿蹖 賵 爻賲賵賲卮 賲睾夭 丕爻鬲禺賵丕賳 亘噩賵卮丕賳蹖丿蹖. 丕夭 囟毓賮 亘卮乇蹖鬲 鬲丕亘 丌賮鬲丕亘 賴噩蹖乇 賳蹖丕賵乇丿賲 賵 丕賱鬲噩丕 亘賴 爻丕蹖賴 丿蹖賵丕乇蹖 讴乇丿賲...(丿乇 毓卮賯 賵 噩賵丕賳蹖貙 賳賲乇賴 16) 賵 丕蹖賳 賲賵丕噩賴賴 賴賲丕賳 倬蹖丕賱賴 蹖 丌亘 亘賵丿貙 禺賳讴 丿乇 诏乇賲丕诏乇賲 丿賱 夭丿诏蹖 賴丕蹖 乇賵夭賲乇賴 丕夭 讴丕乇 賵 亘蹖 丨賵氐賱诏蹖 賴丕蹖 倬蹖賵爻鬲賴 丕夭 诏賮鬲 賵 诏賵賴丕蹖 鬲讴乇丕乇蹖 丿乇 噩賲毓 賴丕蹖 賳丕趩丕乇 讴賴 賴乇 丌丿賲蹖夭丕丿賴 丕蹖 乇丕 賳丕趩丕乇 诏丕賴 诏乇賮鬲丕乇 丌賳賴丕爻鬲. 亘诏匕乇蹖賲.
亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 讴賴 丿丕賳卮賽 亘爻蹖丕乇 丕賳丿讴蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 丕賲 丿乇亘丕乇賴 蹖 賴賳乇 賵 丕夭 亘賳丕 賴賲 賴蹖趩 賴賳乇賲賳丿 賳亘賵丿賴 丕賲貙 丕賲丕 丿賱亘爻鬲賴 蹖 毓卮賯 亘丕夭蹖 賴丕蹖 賳丕鬲賲丕賲 亘丕 賴賳乇賴丕貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇賽 诏丕賲亘乇蹖趩 丿賱倬爻賳丿 亘賵丿. 賲乇丕 噩丿丕 賲蹖 讴乇丿 賵 丿乇 蹖讴 賮囟丕蹖 卮禺氐蹖 賲蹖 賳賴丕丿. 賮囟丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賵氐賱 亘賵丿 亘賴 賮囟丕賴丕蹖蹖 丿蹖诏乇 賵 丌賳 賲讴丕卮賮賴 賴丕蹖 匕賴賳 亘賵丿 丕夭 賴夭丕乇丕賳 爻丕賱 倬蹖卮 鬲丕 讴賳賵賳. 亘丕夭 丿蹖丿賳賽 丌賳 賳賯丕卮丕賳賽 噩丕賳 丌賮乇蹖賳賽 丿賵爻鬲 丿丕卮鬲賳蹖. 爻禺賳 诏賮鬲賳 丕夭 丕丨賵丕賱 賵 讴乇丿丕乇 丕蹖卮丕賳貙 丕诏乇趩賴 亘爻蹖丕乇 讴賵鬲丕賴貙 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵蹖蹖 亘丕 亘賳丕賴丕蹖 丿賵乇 賵 賲蹖丕賳賴 賵 賳夭丿蹖讴 賵 蹖丕丿丌賵乇蹖 賵 蹖丕丿 爻倬丕乇蹖 賴乇 噩丕 賵 賴乇 趩蹖夭 讴賴 亘丕 蹖丕乇賽 噩丕賳蹖 倬乇丿丕禺鬲賴 丕蹖賲. 丕夭 賲爻噩丿賴丕 賵 讴賱蹖爻丕賴丕貙 賲賵夭賴 賴丕 賵 禺丕賳賴 賴丕蹖 賯丿蹖賲蹖貙 噩丕丿賴 賴丕 賵 丕蹖爻鬲诏丕賴賴丕蹖 乇丕賴 丌賴賳貙 丕夭 亘賱賳丿蹖 賴丕蹖 賲賴 诏乇賮鬲賴 鬲丕 賲丨賱賴 賴丕蹖 卮賱賵睾 賵 诏賲 亘丕 夭賳丕賳賽 爻丕乇蹖 亘賴 鬲賳 賵 丌賳 賱亘禺賳丿賴丕蹖 卮诏賮鬲 丕賳诏蹖夭賽 丕夭 蹖丕丿賳乇賮鬲賳蹖. 禺賵丕賳丿賳 鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 丕賳诏丕乇 爻賮乇蹖 趩賳丿 乇賵夭賴 亘賵丿. 丿賵乇 卮丿賳 丕夭 賴賲賴 蹖 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 賴丕蹖 賲讴乇乇貙 丿賵乇 卮丿賳 丕夭 卮賳蹖丿賳賽 讴爻丕賱鬲 丌賵乇鬲乇蹖賳 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 讴賴 賲蹖 卮賵丿 卮賳蹖丿 賵 賳亘丕蹖丿 卮賳蹖丿. 丕丨賵丕賱蹖 亘賵丿 賵 丨丕賱丕 丕蹖賳 賳賵卮鬲丕乇 丌禺乇蹖賳 亘賵爻賴 丕爻鬲 亘乇 賱亘丕賳賽 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賳噩蹖亘. 爻乇禺 卮丿賴 丕夭 卮乇賲 賵 丌賳 趩賳丕賳 夭蹖亘丕 讴賴 亘丕夭 亘丕蹖丿 亘乇诏乇丿賲 賵 诏賴 诏丕賴 丌賳 爻乇禺賿 賱亘丕賳賽 禺賵丕爻鬲賳蹖 乇丕 亘賵爻賴 丕蹖 讴卮丿丕乇 賲賴賲丕賳 讴賳賲.
噩賳賵亘賽 禺丕讴爻鬲乇蹖
1398/05/02
July 30, 2011
The Story of Art is a handy little survey of art history, primarily but not exclusively western art, from cave paintings and primitive sculptures to modern architecture and pop art. It is 500 pages of text and that many pages of well synchronized color plates in a smart pocket edition by Phaidon. Twenty-eight chapters, mostly quite brief, but each a skillful, thoughtful rippling of the surface, with hints of depth and well-defined currents moving quickly and sure footedly through the eras and advances and changing perspectives on art and the role of the artist. Gombrich is more than knowledgeable and yet manages to condense without condescending or reducing his narrative to trivial choices. He brings the freshness that comes with the enthusiasm of discovery. Of course, what he is sharing is not new to him, but sharing the works and his insights with the reader is new and exciting to him, and the enthusiasm is infectious. The intended audience is younger readers than myself, high school and college age readers or adults new to art history. But I found the book not just enjoyable but helpful and insightful. Gombrich鈥檚 prose is clear and crisp, and often charming. Traveling through this great span of time with him is like taking a walk through all the great museums of the world with an elegantly minded expert at your elbow.
February 10, 2020
Tam bir ba艧ucu kitab谋, sanat ve sanat tarihi ile ilgili temel tan谋mlar谋 ve bilgileri gerekti臒i kadar veren bir kaynak kitap oldu臒u gibi bol g枚rselleriyle okuyucunun ilgi seviyesini de artt谋ran bir ge莽i艧 kitab谋 da denebilir.
Kan谋mca okunmas谋 gereken kitaplar aras谋nda ilk 100 i莽inde yer al谋r.
Kan谋mca okunmas谋 gereken kitaplar aras谋nda ilk 100 i莽inde yer al谋r.
December 22, 2015
4.5/5
螚 伪位萎胃蔚喂伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蠈蟿喂 蠈蟿伪谓 蟿慰 伪纬蠈蟻伪蟽伪, 蠅蟼 尾喂尾位委慰 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻维蟼 纬喂伪 蟿畏 尾喂尾位喂慰胃萎魏畏 渭伪蟼, 未蔚谓 蟺委蟽蟿蔚蠀伪 蠈蟿喂 胃伪 蟿慰 未喂维尾伪味伪 慰位蠈魏位畏蟻慰. 螠蔚蟿维 蟿慰 蟺蟻蠋蟿慰 尉蔚蠁蠉位位喂蟽渭伪, 蟽魏苇蠁蟿畏魏伪 谓伪 蟻委尉蠅 渭喂伪 渭伪蟿喂维 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚喂蟽伪纬蠅纬萎. 螝伪喂 蔚魏蔚委 萎蟻胃蔚 畏 蟺蟻蠋蟿畏 苇魏蟺位畏尉畏 魏伪胃蠋蟼 伪谓蟿委 纬喂伪 蟿伪 蟽蠀谓萎胃畏 伪魏伪蟿伪位伪尾委蟽蟿喂魏伪 魏伪喂 尾伪胃蠀蟽蟿蠈蠂伪蟽蟿伪, 蟺慰蠀 未喂伪尾维味慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蔚 维蟻胃蟻伪 魏伪喂 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 韦苇蠂谓畏, 蟽蠀谓维谓蟿畏蟽伪 苇谓伪谓 位蠈纬慰 伪蟺位蠈, 渭蔚蟽蟿蠈 魏伪喂 蟽蟿蟻伪渭渭苇谓慰 蟽蟿慰谓 伪蟺位蠈 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏. 螞委纬慰, 位委纬慰, 位慰喂蟺蠈谓 蟿慰 蟺蟻慰蠂蠅蟻慰蠉蟽伪 伪谓维渭蔚蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 维位位伪 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽渭伪蟿伪 魏伪喂 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 谓伪 蟿慰 魏伪蟿伪位维尾蠅, 蔚委蠂伪 蟺蔚蟻维蟽蔚喂 蟿慰 1/3 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀. 螒蟺蠈 苇谓伪 蟽畏渭蔚委慰 魏伪喂 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰蠀 伪蠁喂苇蟻蠅蟽伪 蔚尉 慰位慰魏位萎蟻慰蠀 蟿畏谓 蟺蟻慰蟽慰蠂萎 渭慰蠀 魏伪喂 慰渭慰位慰纬蠋 蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 蔚蠀蠂伪蟻喂蟽蟿萎胃畏魏伪! 螔苇尾伪喂伪, 渭委伪 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽畏 未蔚谓 蠁蟿维谓蔚喂 魏伪喂 蟽蠀蠂谓维 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 尉伪谓伪纬蠀蟻委味蠅 蟽蔚 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓伪 胃苇渭伪蟿伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿伪 胃蠀渭畏胃蠋 伪位位维 蟺喂蟽蟿苇蠄蟿蔚 渭蔚 伪尉委味蔚喂 蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟺慰!
螚 伪位萎胃蔚喂伪 蔚委谓伪喂 蠈蟿喂 蠈蟿伪谓 蟿慰 伪纬蠈蟻伪蟽伪, 蠅蟼 尾喂尾位委慰 伪谓伪蠁慰蟻维蟼 纬喂伪 蟿畏 尾喂尾位喂慰胃萎魏畏 渭伪蟼, 未蔚谓 蟺委蟽蟿蔚蠀伪 蠈蟿喂 胃伪 蟿慰 未喂维尾伪味伪 慰位蠈魏位畏蟻慰. 螠蔚蟿维 蟿慰 蟺蟻蠋蟿慰 尉蔚蠁蠉位位喂蟽渭伪, 蟽魏苇蠁蟿畏魏伪 谓伪 蟻委尉蠅 渭喂伪 渭伪蟿喂维 蟽蟿畏谓 蔚喂蟽伪纬蠅纬萎. 螝伪喂 蔚魏蔚委 萎蟻胃蔚 畏 蟺蟻蠋蟿畏 苇魏蟺位畏尉畏 魏伪胃蠋蟼 伪谓蟿委 纬喂伪 蟿伪 蟽蠀谓萎胃畏 伪魏伪蟿伪位伪尾委蟽蟿喂魏伪 魏伪喂 尾伪胃蠀蟽蟿蠈蠂伪蟽蟿伪, 蟺慰蠀 未喂伪尾维味慰蠀渭蔚 蟽蔚 维蟻胃蟻伪 魏伪喂 魏蟻喂蟿喂魏苇蟼 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 韦苇蠂谓畏, 蟽蠀谓维谓蟿畏蟽伪 苇谓伪谓 位蠈纬慰 伪蟺位蠈, 渭蔚蟽蟿蠈 魏伪喂 蟽蟿蟻伪渭渭苇谓慰 蟽蟿慰谓 伪蟺位蠈 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏. 螞委纬慰, 位委纬慰, 位慰喂蟺蠈谓 蟿慰 蟺蟻慰蠂蠅蟻慰蠉蟽伪 伪谓维渭蔚蟽伪 伪蟺蠈 维位位伪 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽渭伪蟿伪 魏伪喂 蠂蠅蟻委蟼 谓伪 蟿慰 魏伪蟿伪位维尾蠅, 蔚委蠂伪 蟺蔚蟻维蟽蔚喂 蟿慰 1/3 蟿慰蠀 尾喂尾位委慰蠀. 螒蟺蠈 苇谓伪 蟽畏渭蔚委慰 魏伪喂 渭蔚蟿维 蟿慰蠀 伪蠁喂苇蟻蠅蟽伪 蔚尉 慰位慰魏位萎蟻慰蠀 蟿畏谓 蟺蟻慰蟽慰蠂萎 渭慰蠀 魏伪喂 慰渭慰位慰纬蠋 蟺蠅蟼 蟿慰 蔚蠀蠂伪蟻喂蟽蟿萎胃畏魏伪! 螔苇尾伪喂伪, 渭委伪 伪谓维纬谓蠅蟽畏 未蔚谓 蠁蟿维谓蔚喂 魏伪喂 蟽蠀蠂谓维 胃伪 蟺蟻苇蟺蔚喂 谓伪 尉伪谓伪纬蠀蟻委味蠅 蟽蔚 蟽蠀纬魏蔚魏蟻喂渭苇谓伪 胃苇渭伪蟿伪 纬喂伪 谓伪 蟿伪 胃蠀渭畏胃蠋 伪位位维 蟺喂蟽蟿苇蠄蟿蔚 渭蔚 伪尉委味蔚喂 蟿慰谓 魏蠈蟺慰!
March 21, 2016
亘蹖鈥屬嗀港屫辟�. 丨鬲丕 丕诏賴 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 鬲賮乇蹖丨 賵 毓賱丕賯賴 賴賲 亘禺賵賳蹖丿貙 禺爻鬲賴鈥屫堎� 賳賲蹖讴賳賴貙 賳丕丕賲蹖丿鬲賵賳 賳賲蹖讴賳賴貙 賲賴乇亘賵賳賴貙 乇賵夭丕蹖 禺賵亘蹖 賲蹖爻丕夭賴 亘乇丕鬲賵賳
January 12, 2016
螒蟺蠈 蟿伪 蠅蟻伪喂蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 尾喂尾位委伪 蟺慰蠀 尾蟻委蟽魏慰谓蟿伪喂 蟽蟿畏 尾喂尾位喂慰胃萎魏畏 渭慰蠀.螌蟽慰喂 渭蔚 纬谓蠅蟻委味慰蠀谓 尉苇蟻慰蠀谓 蠈蟿喂 苇蠂蠅 尾伪胃喂维 伪纬维蟺畏 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 蟿苇蠂谓畏,苇蟿蟽喂 渭慰蠀 苇魏伪谓伪谓 未蠋蟻慰 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟿慰 尾喂尾位委慰.螖蔚谓 萎蟿伪谓 未蠉蟽魏慰位慰 谓伪 蟿慰 魏伪蟿伪位维尾慰蠀谓 蠈蟿喂 蟿慰 萎胃蔚位伪,蟿慰蠀蟼 蔚委蠂伪 蟺维蟻蔚喂 蟿伪 伪蠀蟿喂维.螘委蠂伪 伪蟺慰蠁伪蟽委蟽蔚喂 谓伪 渭维胃蠅 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻伪 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 喂蟽蟿慰蟻委伪 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼 魏伪喂 未蔚谓 渭慰蠀 伪蟻魏慰蠉蟽伪谓 蟺位苇慰谓 蟿伪 尾喂尾位委伪 蟿蠅谓 渭蔚纬维位蠅谓 味蠅纬蟻维蠁蠅谓 畏 慰喂 慰未畏纬慰委 蟿蠅谓 渭慰蠀蟽蔚委蠅谓.螆谓伪 尾喂尾位委慰 魏伪蟿伪谓慰畏蟿蠈 渭蔚 伪蟺位萎 纬蟻伪蠁萎 ,蟺慰蠀 蔚蠉魏慰位伪 慰 伪谓伪纬谓蠋蟽蟿畏蟼 尉蔚魏伪胃伪蟻委味蔚喂 渭蔚 蟽蔚喂蟻维 蟿喂蟼 苇谓谓慰喂蔚蟼 魏伪喂 蟿畏谓 蠂蟻慰谓慰位慰纬喂魏萎 蔚尉苇位喂尉畏 蟿畏蟼 蟿苇蠂谓畏蟼,尉伪谓伪尾维味蔚喂 蟽蔚 渭喂伪 蠂蟻慰谓慰位慰纬喂魏萎 蟽蔚喂蟻维 纬蔚纬慰谓蠈蟿伪 魏伪喂 蟺蟻蠈蟽蠅蟺伪 蟺慰蠀 蠀蟺维蟻蠂慰蠀谓 蟽蠀纬魏蔚蠂蠀渭苇谓伪 蟽蟿慰 渭蠀伪位蠈 渭伪蟼.韦慰 尾喂尾位委慰 伪谓萎魏蔚喂 蟽蔚 蔚魏蔚委谓伪 蟿伪 蟽蟺维谓喂伪 尾喂尾位委伪 蟺慰蠀 渭蟺慰蟻慰蠉谓 谓伪 伪谓慰委尉慰蠀谓 魏蠈蟽渭慰蠀蟼 慰位蠈魏位畏蟻慰蠀蟼 渭蟺蟻慰蟽蟿维 蟽蟿伪 渭维蟿喂伪 蟽慰蠀 魏伪喂 谓伪 蟽蔚 蟿伪尉喂未苇蠄慰蠀谓.螖蔚谓 蠂蟻蔚喂维味蔚蟿伪喂 谓伪 蔚委蟽伪喂 蔚喂未萎渭蠅谓 纬喂伪 谓伪 渭蟺慰蟻苇蟽蔚喂蟼 谓伪 蟿慰 伪蟺慰位伪蠉蟽蔚喂蟼.O Gombrich 蔚蟺蔚尉畏纬蔚委 渭蔚 慰蠀蟽喂伪蟽蟿喂魏蠈 蟿蟻蠈蟺慰 伪蟻魏蔚蟿维 蟽蠉谓胃蔚蟿伪 味畏蟿萎渭伪蟿伪.韦慰 围蟻慰谓喂魏蠈 蟿畏蟼 韦苇蠂谓畏蟼 慰蠁蔚委位蔚喂 蟿畏 渭慰谓伪未喂魏萎 未畏渭慰蟿喂魏蠈蟿畏蟿维 蟿慰蠀 蟽蟿畏谓 维渭蔚蟽畏 魏伪喂 伪蟺位萎 纬蟻伪蠁萎 蟿慰蠀.螆谓伪 尾喂尾位委慰 蟺慰蠀 蟿慰 蟺蟻慰蟿蔚委谓蠅 伪谓蔚蟺喂蠁蠉位伪魏蟿伪.
February 23, 2017
Gombrich's Story of Art is a great survey (western-oriented however) of art for those who wish to know the big names and get familiar with some of the more common works. He covers all the various periods in a sufficient amount of detail without sounding pedantic or academic which is a challenge when explaining art history. I would just lament the lack of information about art in China, India,. S America and of course Africa, but that is kind of how Europeans have always viewed art, isn't it.
It remains nonetheless a great starter for someone who wants to get their feet wet.
It remains nonetheless a great starter for someone who wants to get their feet wet.
May 12, 2017
賴賲蹖卮賴 賵賯鬲蹖 乇賵亘乇賵蹖 蹖賴 丕孬乇 賴賳乇蹖 賲蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賲 賵 賳诏丕賴卮 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 亘丕 禺賵丿賲 賮讴乇 賲蹖讴乇丿賲 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴 趩賴 趩蹖夭賴丕蹖蹖 丿賯鬲 讴賳賲 賵 丿賯蹖賯丕 趩賴 趩蹖夭蹖 乇賵 鬲丨爻蹖賳 讴賳賲 讴賴 賲賳賵 卮诏賮鬲 夭丿賴 讴賳賴責 讴賲 讴賲 亘賴 丕賵丕爻胤 讴鬲丕亘 讴賴 乇爻蹖丿賲 丕賳诏丕乇 丿丕卮鬲賲 蹖賴 讴鬲丕亘 毓丕卮賯丕賳賴 賲蹖禺賵賳丿賲 賵 賲賳鬲馗乇 賲蹖賲賵賳丿賲 讴賴 丿賵亘丕乇賴 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 亘丕 丕賵賳 丿賯鬲 賵 馗乇丕賮鬲 蹖賴 丕孬乇 乇賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘丿賴 賵 賲賳 賲丨賵 丕賵賳 賯爻賲鬲 賴丕蹖 乇賳诏蹖 賵 毓讴爻 賴丕 賵 賴丿賮 賵 賲賯氐賵丿蹖 讴賴 丕賵賳 賴賳乇賲賳丿 丕賳賯丿乇 馗乇蹖賮 倬丕蹖 鬲丕亘賱賵 乇蹖禺鬲賴 亘卮賲.亘賴 賲賳 賳卮賵賳 丿丕丿 丕賵賳 鬲丕亘賱賵丕蹖 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 乇賵 丿蹖賵丕乇丕鬲丕賯賲 亘丕卮賴 蹖賴 賲賵噩賵丿 夭賳丿賴 丕爻鬲 賵 氐乇賮丕 亘丕蹖丿 亘賴卮 賳诏丕賴 讴乇丿貙 蹖毓賳蹖 蹖丕丿 诏乇賮鬲 讴賴 趩诏賵賳賴 賳诏丕賴 讴乇丿 鬲丕 丿乇 亘乇丕亘乇鬲 鬲亘丿蹖賱 亘賴 蹖讴 賲賵噩賵丿 夭賳丿賴 賵 賵丕賯毓蹖 亘卮賴.鬲丕乇蹖禺 賴賳乇 氐乇賮 賳馗乇 丕夭 丕賵賳 賳诏丕賴蹖 讴賴 亘賴 鬲丕亘賱賵賴丕 賵賲噩爻賲賴 賴丕 丿丕乇賴 蹖讴 丿蹖丿 讴賱蹖 丕夭 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 卮禺氐蹖鬲 丕賳爻丕賳 賵 噩丕賲毓賴 卮賳丕爻蹖 賵 乇賵丕賳卮賳丕爻蹖 賵 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 賴丕蹖 丕賳爻丕賳 丿乇 胤賵賱 夭賲丕賳 乇賵 賲蹖丿賴 .丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖卮鬲乇 卮亘蹖賴 蹖讴 爻賮乇 亘賵丿 蹖賴 爻賮乇 賴蹖噩丕賳 丕賳诏蹖夭.
April 22, 2021
韦慰 蟺蟻蠋蟿慰 蟺慰蠀 渭慰蠀 蟽蠀谓苇尾畏, 渭蠈位喂蟼 蟿蔚位蔚委蠅蟽伪 伪蠀蟿蠈 蟿慰 蟽蠀纬魏位慰谓喂蟽蟿喂魏蠈 尾喂尾位委慰, 萎蟿伪谓 谓伪 蟽蠀谓蔚喂未畏蟿慰蟺慰喂萎蟽蠅 苇魏蟺位畏魏蟿慰蟼 蟿慰 蟺蠈蟽慰 蔚位维蠂喂蟽蟿伪 蟺蟻维纬渭伪蟿伪 纬谓蠅蟻委味慰蠀渭蔚 慰喂 蟺蔚蟻喂蟽蟽蠈蟿蔚蟻慰喂 纬喂伪 蟿畏谓 韦苇蠂谓畏. 螝伪喂 蠁蠀蟽喂魏维 慰蠉蟿蔚 魏伪谓 渭伪蟼 蟺蔚蟻谓维蔚喂 魏维蟿喂 蟿苇蟿慰喂慰 伪蟺蠈 蟿慰 渭蠀伪位蠈 渭伪蟼 渭苇蠂蟻喂 蟿畏谓 蟽蟿喂纬渭萎 蟺慰蠀 蟺苇蠁蟿蔚喂 苇谓伪 蟿苇蟿慰喂慰 尾喂尾位委慰 蟽蟿伪 蠂苇蟻喂伪 渭伪蟼.
September 14, 2019
I should preface everything I say with a general caveat: I am a novice in the world of art, which is the reason I picked up this book in the first place. Although I often drew as a child, I was more interested in schematic, technical drawings than anything you could call 鈥榓rt鈥�. And, despite my keen appreciation of music and fiction, I鈥檝e always had the visual equivalent of a 鈥榯in ear鈥�. I could stand in front of a masterpiece and be more interested in what I just ate for lunch.
So with that shameful admission out of the way, on to the review.
In a book such as this, there are bound to be almost as many people disappointed as impressed. It鈥檚 the curse of the writer of survey books: to reduce the scope of the material down to the size of one volume, enormous omissions are inevitable. If sales alone are the to be the rubric, then Gombrich must be considered a tremendous success; nevertheless, many whose favorite paintings and sculptures were passed over without mention or comment will likely be irked. (It should also be said that his treatment of 鈥榩rimitive鈥� art is hopelessly uninformed and, despite his best efforts, condescending. Additionally, this book hardly touches on non-European art.)
Due to my general ignorance, I was none too bothered by this. In fact, it was just what the doctor ordered. Gombrich sweeps the reader through Western history, allowing just enough time for some quick rubber-necking at the sites along the way. What you get is a brief who鈥檚 who, and the general lay of the land. Of course, anyone with an even moderate interest in art history will have to fill in the quite sizable gaps left by this method, but that鈥檚 to be expected.
The only book somewhat similar to The Story of Art I've read is Revolution in the Head, by Ian MacDonald鈥攁 song-by-song analysis and critique of the Beatles鈥檚 music. That book (highly recommended) is astounding because MacDonald鈥檚 ears are so frighteningly acute. Although I have musical training and have been listening to the Beatles since my youth, MacDonald makes you hear their music in new and exciting ways, opening up a whole new aural world.
Gombrich does the same thing, but to a lesser extent, with the history of art. He has a keen eye; and, more impressive, he is able to render technical analysis into the plainest of plain prose. The reader鈥檚 mind is not burdened by the slew of art history terms that are thrown at undergraduates in introductory classes. Gombrich bypasses the linguistic apparatus and goes straight to what鈥檚 really important: the image on the canvass (or the form on the marble, etc.).
So, to bring this already-too-long review to a close, read The Story of Art for a clear, concise, and engaging introduction to the world of visual art. It鈥檚 not one-stop shopping. But then, what book is?
So with that shameful admission out of the way, on to the review.
In a book such as this, there are bound to be almost as many people disappointed as impressed. It鈥檚 the curse of the writer of survey books: to reduce the scope of the material down to the size of one volume, enormous omissions are inevitable. If sales alone are the to be the rubric, then Gombrich must be considered a tremendous success; nevertheless, many whose favorite paintings and sculptures were passed over without mention or comment will likely be irked. (It should also be said that his treatment of 鈥榩rimitive鈥� art is hopelessly uninformed and, despite his best efforts, condescending. Additionally, this book hardly touches on non-European art.)
Due to my general ignorance, I was none too bothered by this. In fact, it was just what the doctor ordered. Gombrich sweeps the reader through Western history, allowing just enough time for some quick rubber-necking at the sites along the way. What you get is a brief who鈥檚 who, and the general lay of the land. Of course, anyone with an even moderate interest in art history will have to fill in the quite sizable gaps left by this method, but that鈥檚 to be expected.
The only book somewhat similar to The Story of Art I've read is Revolution in the Head, by Ian MacDonald鈥攁 song-by-song analysis and critique of the Beatles鈥檚 music. That book (highly recommended) is astounding because MacDonald鈥檚 ears are so frighteningly acute. Although I have musical training and have been listening to the Beatles since my youth, MacDonald makes you hear their music in new and exciting ways, opening up a whole new aural world.
Gombrich does the same thing, but to a lesser extent, with the history of art. He has a keen eye; and, more impressive, he is able to render technical analysis into the plainest of plain prose. The reader鈥檚 mind is not burdened by the slew of art history terms that are thrown at undergraduates in introductory classes. Gombrich bypasses the linguistic apparatus and goes straight to what鈥檚 really important: the image on the canvass (or the form on the marble, etc.).
So, to bring this already-too-long review to a close, read The Story of Art for a clear, concise, and engaging introduction to the world of visual art. It鈥檚 not one-stop shopping. But then, what book is?
August 1, 2018
Italian/English review
馃嚠馃嚬 Non 猫 perfetto, ha una visione prettamente occidentale, con qualche incursione nel mondo asiatico, africano e sudamericano. D鈥檃ltra parte, lo stesso Gombrich spiega che non ha potuto inserire tutti i suoi ambiti di interesse in un volume che, nonostante queste mancanze, 猫 riuscito nell鈥檌mpresa di ricostruire una storia dell鈥檃rte almeno dell鈥檕ccidente. Non ci si pu貌 lamentare, poi, che la parte dell鈥檃rte comunemente nota come 鈥渃ontemporanea鈥� (quella dei musei modernissimi, per intenderci, fatta di action painting e installazioni) non sia tanto approfondita: 猫 pur sempre un libro scritto nel 1950 e ampliato in parte negli anni successivi. A questo punto, io mi potrei lamentare del fatto che, per il manierismo, si siano usate al massimo due pagine, mentre in realt脿 ci sarebbe stato tanto da scrivere. Ma non sono qui per polemizzare con chi polemizza. Questo libro nasce come 鈥減rima lettura鈥� per chi 猫 a digiuno di arte, e quindi la sua funzione la compie appieno. Venire a conoscenza dell鈥檃rte fiamminga, dell鈥檃rte Mesopotamica o dell鈥檃rte precolombiana 猫 bello, e pi霉 bello 猫 capirne i significati, le cause e le conseguenze. Tutto questo lo permette la lettura del Gombrich. Anche chi ha studiato arte per anni trover脿 in queste pagine nuovi spunti di riflessione e nuovi approcci a temi triti e ritriti. Io, ad esempio, non avrei mai collegato Manet a Goya, ed invece l鈥檃utore mi mostra come questi artisti possano essere stati legati. Ecco, questa 猫 la cosa bella di questo librone: aprire gli occhi, far conoscere e sperimentare, far interessare. Naturalmente, non si pu貌 pensare di uscire istruiti in tutta la storia dell鈥檃rte solo leggendo questo libro. Ma la sua cavolo di funzione il testo la fa, perch茅 ti spinge a consultare altri documenti, altri saggi, ad andare per chiese e musei, alla ricerca del patrimonio mondiale della bellezza. Come dice Gombrich verso la fine, non 猫 importate se trovate il vostro artista preferito e snobbate chi non gli assomiglia; l鈥檌mportante 猫 che capiate i movimenti dell鈥檃rte e della mente degli artisti, che riusciate a fare collegamenti, vedere i quadri con occhi nuovi.
Mi ricordo ancora, nella prefazione, come Gombrich descriva quelli che vanno in un museo, girano forsennati con la cartina alla mano cercando i capolavori e, nel momento in cui si trovano davanti all鈥檕pera, tracciano un segno sulla cartina e passano ad un鈥檃ltra ricerca, senza guardare l鈥檕pera. Ecco, fatevi un piacere: la prossima volta che entrate in un museo o andare a visitare una chiesa, prendete la guida illustrata, tenetela in borsa, girovagate per le stanze senza cartina e, appena trovare un鈥檕pera che vi interessa, fermatevi l矛 davanti, pensate a quello che vedete, chiedetevi perch茅 vi ha attirato. Magari riuscirete a capire le intenzioni dell鈥檃rtista, la sua condizione sociale, la sua vita, le cose che ha attorno, la sua societ脿. Poi, leggete la guida: probabilmente vi troverete quello che, nel vostro intimo, avete ipotizzato. Se non capite i collegamenti tra le opere, poi, sfoglierete libri come questo, capaci di dare panoramiche meravigliose sulla maggior parte delle epoche storiche. Buona visione.馃槉
鈥斺赌斺赌�-
馃嚞馃嚙 It is not perfect, has a purely Western vision, with some incursion into the Asian, African and South American world. On the other hand, Gombrich himself explains that he was unable to include all his fields of interest in a volume that, despite these shortcomings, managed to rebuild an art history of western art, at least. We cannot complain, then, that the part of art commonly known as "contemporary" (that of ipermodern museums, to be clear, made of action painting and installations) is not so thorough: it is still a book written in 1950 and expanded in subsequent years. At this point, I could complain about the fact that, for mannerism, the author used only two pages, while in reality there would be so much to write. But I'm not here to argue with those who argue. This book is born as a "first reading" for those who are fasting for art, and therefore it fulfills its function fully. Getting to know Flemish art, Mesopotamian art or pre-Columbian art is beautiful, and it is better to understand its meanings, causes and consequences. Reading Gombrich鈥檚 books allows all of this. Even those who have studied art for years will find, in these pages, new food for thought and new approaches to tritium themes and portraits. For example, I would never have connected Manet to Goya, and instead the author shows me how these artists may have been linked. Here, this is the beautiful thing about this book: open your eyes, make known and experiment, get interested. Of course, one can not expect to get educated throughout the history of art just by reading this book. But the text does his function in the right way, because it leads you to consult other documents, other essays, to go to churches and museums, in search of the world heritage of beauty. As Gombrich says towards the end, it is not important if you find your favorite artist and snubbed who does not resemble him; the important thing is that you understand the movements of the artists' art and mind, that you manage to make connections, see the paintings with new eyes.
I still remember, in the preface, how Gombrich describes those who go to a museum, they go wild with the map in hand looking for the masterpieces and, when they are in front of the work, draw a mark on the map and leave the artifact, going on other research, without looking at the work. Here, do yourself a favor: the next time you enter a museum or go to visit a church, take the illustrated guide, keep it in your bag, wander through the rooms without a map and, as soon as you find a work that interests you, stop there , think about what you see, ask yourself why it attracted you. Maybe you will be able to understand the intentions of the artist, his social condition, his life, the things around him, his society. Then, read the guide: you will probably find what you have hypothesized in your mind. If you do not understand the connections between the works, then, you will browse books like this, capable of giving wonderful views on most of the historical periods. Happy vision.馃槉
馃嚠馃嚬 Non 猫 perfetto, ha una visione prettamente occidentale, con qualche incursione nel mondo asiatico, africano e sudamericano. D鈥檃ltra parte, lo stesso Gombrich spiega che non ha potuto inserire tutti i suoi ambiti di interesse in un volume che, nonostante queste mancanze, 猫 riuscito nell鈥檌mpresa di ricostruire una storia dell鈥檃rte almeno dell鈥檕ccidente. Non ci si pu貌 lamentare, poi, che la parte dell鈥檃rte comunemente nota come 鈥渃ontemporanea鈥� (quella dei musei modernissimi, per intenderci, fatta di action painting e installazioni) non sia tanto approfondita: 猫 pur sempre un libro scritto nel 1950 e ampliato in parte negli anni successivi. A questo punto, io mi potrei lamentare del fatto che, per il manierismo, si siano usate al massimo due pagine, mentre in realt脿 ci sarebbe stato tanto da scrivere. Ma non sono qui per polemizzare con chi polemizza. Questo libro nasce come 鈥減rima lettura鈥� per chi 猫 a digiuno di arte, e quindi la sua funzione la compie appieno. Venire a conoscenza dell鈥檃rte fiamminga, dell鈥檃rte Mesopotamica o dell鈥檃rte precolombiana 猫 bello, e pi霉 bello 猫 capirne i significati, le cause e le conseguenze. Tutto questo lo permette la lettura del Gombrich. Anche chi ha studiato arte per anni trover脿 in queste pagine nuovi spunti di riflessione e nuovi approcci a temi triti e ritriti. Io, ad esempio, non avrei mai collegato Manet a Goya, ed invece l鈥檃utore mi mostra come questi artisti possano essere stati legati. Ecco, questa 猫 la cosa bella di questo librone: aprire gli occhi, far conoscere e sperimentare, far interessare. Naturalmente, non si pu貌 pensare di uscire istruiti in tutta la storia dell鈥檃rte solo leggendo questo libro. Ma la sua cavolo di funzione il testo la fa, perch茅 ti spinge a consultare altri documenti, altri saggi, ad andare per chiese e musei, alla ricerca del patrimonio mondiale della bellezza. Come dice Gombrich verso la fine, non 猫 importate se trovate il vostro artista preferito e snobbate chi non gli assomiglia; l鈥檌mportante 猫 che capiate i movimenti dell鈥檃rte e della mente degli artisti, che riusciate a fare collegamenti, vedere i quadri con occhi nuovi.
Mi ricordo ancora, nella prefazione, come Gombrich descriva quelli che vanno in un museo, girano forsennati con la cartina alla mano cercando i capolavori e, nel momento in cui si trovano davanti all鈥檕pera, tracciano un segno sulla cartina e passano ad un鈥檃ltra ricerca, senza guardare l鈥檕pera. Ecco, fatevi un piacere: la prossima volta che entrate in un museo o andare a visitare una chiesa, prendete la guida illustrata, tenetela in borsa, girovagate per le stanze senza cartina e, appena trovare un鈥檕pera che vi interessa, fermatevi l矛 davanti, pensate a quello che vedete, chiedetevi perch茅 vi ha attirato. Magari riuscirete a capire le intenzioni dell鈥檃rtista, la sua condizione sociale, la sua vita, le cose che ha attorno, la sua societ脿. Poi, leggete la guida: probabilmente vi troverete quello che, nel vostro intimo, avete ipotizzato. Se non capite i collegamenti tra le opere, poi, sfoglierete libri come questo, capaci di dare panoramiche meravigliose sulla maggior parte delle epoche storiche. Buona visione.馃槉
鈥斺赌斺赌�-
馃嚞馃嚙 It is not perfect, has a purely Western vision, with some incursion into the Asian, African and South American world. On the other hand, Gombrich himself explains that he was unable to include all his fields of interest in a volume that, despite these shortcomings, managed to rebuild an art history of western art, at least. We cannot complain, then, that the part of art commonly known as "contemporary" (that of ipermodern museums, to be clear, made of action painting and installations) is not so thorough: it is still a book written in 1950 and expanded in subsequent years. At this point, I could complain about the fact that, for mannerism, the author used only two pages, while in reality there would be so much to write. But I'm not here to argue with those who argue. This book is born as a "first reading" for those who are fasting for art, and therefore it fulfills its function fully. Getting to know Flemish art, Mesopotamian art or pre-Columbian art is beautiful, and it is better to understand its meanings, causes and consequences. Reading Gombrich鈥檚 books allows all of this. Even those who have studied art for years will find, in these pages, new food for thought and new approaches to tritium themes and portraits. For example, I would never have connected Manet to Goya, and instead the author shows me how these artists may have been linked. Here, this is the beautiful thing about this book: open your eyes, make known and experiment, get interested. Of course, one can not expect to get educated throughout the history of art just by reading this book. But the text does his function in the right way, because it leads you to consult other documents, other essays, to go to churches and museums, in search of the world heritage of beauty. As Gombrich says towards the end, it is not important if you find your favorite artist and snubbed who does not resemble him; the important thing is that you understand the movements of the artists' art and mind, that you manage to make connections, see the paintings with new eyes.
I still remember, in the preface, how Gombrich describes those who go to a museum, they go wild with the map in hand looking for the masterpieces and, when they are in front of the work, draw a mark on the map and leave the artifact, going on other research, without looking at the work. Here, do yourself a favor: the next time you enter a museum or go to visit a church, take the illustrated guide, keep it in your bag, wander through the rooms without a map and, as soon as you find a work that interests you, stop there , think about what you see, ask yourself why it attracted you. Maybe you will be able to understand the intentions of the artist, his social condition, his life, the things around him, his society. Then, read the guide: you will probably find what you have hypothesized in your mind. If you do not understand the connections between the works, then, you will browse books like this, capable of giving wonderful views on most of the historical periods. Happy vision.馃槉
December 27, 2017
Yedi y眉z sayfal谋k bu ba艧yap谋t hakk谋nda konu艧mak kolay de臒il. Lokasyon de臒i艧ikli臒i sebebiyle aylarca okuyamad谋m; insan谋n yan谋nda ta艧谋mas谋 i莽in de a臒谋rl谋臒谋 pek makul olan bir kitap olmad谋臒谋ndan bitirmem uzun s眉rd眉.
Kitab谋n en 枚nemli 枚zelli臒i gidip bu eserleri tek tek yerinde inceleme iste臒ini tavan yapt谋rmas谋. Kitapta foto臒raflanan eserlerin bir k谋sm谋n谋 kendi g枚zlerimle g枚rebildi臒im i莽in mutlu olmu艧ken bundan sonraki m眉ze gezilerimde 枚nceden bu kitab谋 bir kar谋艧t谋r谋p 鈥渂urada da bunu g枚rmek laz谋m鈥� demem 莽ok muhtemel bundan b枚yle.
Bunlar谋n yan谋nda, kitapta benim i莽in, g眉n眉m眉ze ula艧an pek 莽ok Antik Yunan/Roma heykelinin asl谋nda -kendi d枚nemlerinde bile- replikadan ibaret olmas谋, onlar谋n vakt-i zaman谋nda t谋pk谋 End眉l眉s Saraylar谋 gibi renkli tasarlanm谋艧 olmas谋, ilk Empresyonistlerin gelene臒e s谋k谋 s谋k谋ya ba臒l谋 olan otoriter sanat okullar谋na kar艧谋 verdikleri m眉cadeleler gibi pek 莽ok yeni bilgi vard谋. Hatta o zorlu m眉cadeleden haberdar olunca modern ve post-modern sanata kar艧谋 biraz daha insafl谋 olmaya karar verdim. 1600鈥檒眉 y谋llarda bile 陌talya鈥檇aki sanat okullar谋nda art谋k 眉retilebilecek yeni bir teori, a艧谋lacak bir perspektifin kalmad谋臒谋na dair inan莽 yayg谋nla艧m谋艧. 陌nsanlar o tarihte Avrupa鈥檇a 鈥榬esim sanat谋n谋 nas谋l daha fazla geli艧tirebiliriz鈥� diye m眉nazaralar yaparken ba艧ka milletlerin (misal bizim) o tarihlerde neler yap谋yor oldu臒una daha dikkatle bakmak gerekir. 1600鈥檒erde doru臒a ula艧t谋臒谋 ve 眉zerine bir 艧ey eklenemeyece臒i d眉艧眉n眉ld眉臒眉 halde, sanat莽谋lar her seferinde yeni bir 艧ey katmay谋 ve bir 枚nceki anlay谋艧谋 a艧may谋 ba艧aracak bulu艧larla gelmi艧ler. Neredeyse do臒a-眉st眉 say谋labilecek bu 莽aban谋n tarihine bakmak benim i莽in heyecan verici oldu. 陌yi ki Gombrich bu kitab谋 yazm谋艧. 陌yi ki ben onu sahaftan d眉艧眉rm眉艧眉m : ) Ba艧ka sanat tarihi kitaplar谋 ile bu konuya devam etmek istiyorum.
Kitab谋n en 枚nemli 枚zelli臒i gidip bu eserleri tek tek yerinde inceleme iste臒ini tavan yapt谋rmas谋. Kitapta foto臒raflanan eserlerin bir k谋sm谋n谋 kendi g枚zlerimle g枚rebildi臒im i莽in mutlu olmu艧ken bundan sonraki m眉ze gezilerimde 枚nceden bu kitab谋 bir kar谋艧t谋r谋p 鈥渂urada da bunu g枚rmek laz谋m鈥� demem 莽ok muhtemel bundan b枚yle.
Bunlar谋n yan谋nda, kitapta benim i莽in, g眉n眉m眉ze ula艧an pek 莽ok Antik Yunan/Roma heykelinin asl谋nda -kendi d枚nemlerinde bile- replikadan ibaret olmas谋, onlar谋n vakt-i zaman谋nda t谋pk谋 End眉l眉s Saraylar谋 gibi renkli tasarlanm谋艧 olmas谋, ilk Empresyonistlerin gelene臒e s谋k谋 s谋k谋ya ba臒l谋 olan otoriter sanat okullar谋na kar艧谋 verdikleri m眉cadeleler gibi pek 莽ok yeni bilgi vard谋. Hatta o zorlu m眉cadeleden haberdar olunca modern ve post-modern sanata kar艧谋 biraz daha insafl谋 olmaya karar verdim. 1600鈥檒眉 y谋llarda bile 陌talya鈥檇aki sanat okullar谋nda art谋k 眉retilebilecek yeni bir teori, a艧谋lacak bir perspektifin kalmad谋臒谋na dair inan莽 yayg谋nla艧m谋艧. 陌nsanlar o tarihte Avrupa鈥檇a 鈥榬esim sanat谋n谋 nas谋l daha fazla geli艧tirebiliriz鈥� diye m眉nazaralar yaparken ba艧ka milletlerin (misal bizim) o tarihlerde neler yap谋yor oldu臒una daha dikkatle bakmak gerekir. 1600鈥檒erde doru臒a ula艧t谋臒谋 ve 眉zerine bir 艧ey eklenemeyece臒i d眉艧眉n眉ld眉臒眉 halde, sanat莽谋lar her seferinde yeni bir 艧ey katmay谋 ve bir 枚nceki anlay谋艧谋 a艧may谋 ba艧aracak bulu艧larla gelmi艧ler. Neredeyse do臒a-眉st眉 say谋labilecek bu 莽aban谋n tarihine bakmak benim i莽in heyecan verici oldu. 陌yi ki Gombrich bu kitab谋 yazm谋艧. 陌yi ki ben onu sahaftan d眉艧眉rm眉艧眉m : ) Ba艧ka sanat tarihi kitaplar谋 ile bu konuya devam etmek istiyorum.
April 28, 2023
亘乇丕蹖 丕賮乇丕丿蹖 讴賴 毓丕卮賯 鬲丕乇蹖禺賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲丕賲賳 噩匕丕亘蹖賴!
September 7, 2024
"袉褋褌芯褉褨褞 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁邪 褨薪芯写褨 芯锌懈褋褍褞褌褜 褟泻 褨褋褌芯褉褨褞 锌芯褋谢褨写芯胁薪芯褋褌褨 褉褨蟹薪懈褏 褋褌懈谢褨胁.
袧邪屑 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写邪褞褌褜, 褟泻 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 褉芯屑邪薪褋褜泻芯屑褍 褔懈 薪芯褉屑邪薪写褋褜泻芯屑褍 褋褌懈谢褞 啸袉袉 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 蟹 泄芯谐芯 泻褉褍谐谢懈屑懈 褋泻谢械锌褨薪薪褟屑懈 锌褉懈泄褕谢邪 谐芯褌懈泻邪 褨蟹 蟹邪谐芯褋褌褉械薪懈屑 褋泻谢械锌褨薪薪褟屑; 褟泻 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 谐芯褌懈褑褨 锌褉懈泄褕芯胁 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 蟹邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褩 薪邪 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 XV 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 泄 锌芯褋褌褍锌芯胁芯 锌芯褕懈褉懈胁褋褟 薪邪 胁褋褨 泻褉邪褩薪懈 袆胁褉芯锌懈. 小褌懈谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 锌褉懈泄褕芯胁 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪芯屑褍, 蟹邪蟹胁懈褔邪泄 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褞褌褜 斜邪褉芯泻芯. 袗谢械 褟泻褖芯 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨 褋褌懈谢褨 谢械谐泻芯 胁锌褨蟹薪邪褌懈 蟹邪 锌械胁薪懈屑懈 芯蟹薪邪泻邪屑懈, 褌芯 褍 胁懈锌邪写泻褍 蟹 斜邪褉芯泻芯 褑械 薪械 褌邪泻 锌褉芯褋褌芯. 袪褨褔 褍 褌芯屑褍,
褖芯 锌芯褔懈薪邪褞褔懈 蟹 械锌芯褏懈 袙褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟 泄 屑邪泄卸械 写芯 薪邪褕芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌芯褉懈 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 芯写薪褨 泄 褌褨 褋邪屑褨 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 - 泻芯谢芯薪懈, 锌褨谢褟褋褌褉懈, 泻邪褉薪懈蟹懈, 邪薪褌邪斜谢械屑械薪褌懈 褌邪 屑芯谢写褨薪谐懈, 褟泻褨 褋锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 斜褍谢芯 褋泻芯锌褨泄芯胁邪薪芯 褨蟹 蟹邪谢懈褕泻褨胁 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪懈褏 斜褍写褨胁械谢褜. 孝芯屑褍 胁 锌械胁薪芯屑褍 褋械薪褋褨 屑芯卸薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪褌懈,褖芯 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜 褍 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉褨 蟹斜械褉褨谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 褔邪褋褨胁 袘褉褍薪械谢谢械褋泻褨 泄 邪卸 写芯 薪邪褕懈褏 写薪褨胁, 褨 胁 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 泻薪懈谐邪褏 褨蟹 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉懈 胁械褋褜 褑械泄 锌械褉褨芯写 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褞褌褜 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈屑. 袟 褨薪褕芯谐芯 斜芯泻褍, 褑褨谢泻芯屑 锌褉懈褉芯写薪芯, 褖芯 锌褉芯褌褟谐芯屑 褌邪泻芯谐芯 褌褉懈胁邪谢芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 褋屑邪泻懈 泄 屑芯写邪 胁 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉褨 锌芯胁懈薪薪褨 斜褍谢懈 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 蟹屑褨薪褞胁邪褌懈褋褟, 褨 褌芯屑褍 蟹褉褍褔薪芯 屑邪褌懈 褉褨蟹薪褨 薪邪蟹胁懈, 褖芯斜 褉芯蟹褉褨蟹薪褟褌懈 褑褨 蟹屑褨薪懈 褋褌懈谢褨胁. 袛懈胁薪懈泄 褎邪泻褌, 褖芯 斜邪谐邪褌芯 蟹 褑懈褏 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪褜, 褟泻褨 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褦 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪邪蟹胁邪屑懈 褋褌懈谢褨胁, 锌械褉胁褨褋薪芯 斜褍谢懈 谢邪泄谢懈胁懈屑懈 邪斜芯 谐谢褍蟹谢懈胁懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈. 小谢芯胁芯 芦谐芯褌懈泻邪禄 胁锌械褉褕械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪谢懈 褨褌邪谢褨泄褋褜泻褨 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯蟹薪邪胁褑褨 械锌芯褏懈 袙褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟 薪邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褋褌懈谢褞, 褟泻懈泄 胁芯薪懈 胁胁邪卸邪谢懈 胁邪褉胁邪褉褋褜泻懈屑, 褨 褟泻懈泄, 薪邪 褩褏薪褞 写褍屑泻褍, 锌褉懈薪械褋谢懈 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褞 谐芯褌懈, 褖芯 蟹褉褍泄薪褍胁邪谢懈 袪懈屑褋褜泻褍 褨屑锌械褉褨褞 褌邪 褉芯蟹谐褉邪斜褍胁邪谢懈 褩褩 屑褨褋褌邪. 小谢芯胁芯 芦屑邪薪褜褦褉懈蟹屑禄 写芯褋褨 蟹斜械褉褨谐邪褦 写谢褟 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 谢褞写械泄 褋胁芯褦 锌械褉胁褨褋薪械 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 邪褎械泻褌邪褑褨褩 褌邪 锌芯胁械褉褏芯胁芯谐芯 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褟, 褍 褔芯屑褍 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 XVII 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 蟹胁懈薪褍胁邪褔褍胁邪谢懈 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻褨胁 泻褨薪褑褟 XVI 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟. 小谢芯胁芯 芦斜邪褉芯泻芯禄 斜褍谢芯 褌械褉屑褨薪芯屑, 褟泻懈泄 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 锌褨蟹薪褨褕芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍, 褖芯 斜芯褉芯谢懈褋褟 锌褉芯褌懈 褌械薪写械薪褑褨泄 啸汛袉袉 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 泄 褏芯褌褨谢懈 锌芯谐谢褍蟹褍胁邪褌懈 蟹 薪懈褏. 袘邪褉芯泻芯 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦 邪斜褋褍褉写 邪斜芯 谐褉芯褌械褋泻, 褨 泄芯谐芯 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 谢褞写懈, 褟泻褨 薪邪锌芯谢褟谐邪谢懈 薪邪 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褎芯褉屑懈 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪懈褏 斜褍写褨胁械谢褜 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 锌芯胁懈薪薪褨 斜褍谢懈 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 邪斜芯 泻芯屑斜褨薪褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褨薪邪泻褕械, 薪褨卸 褍 褋锌芯褋褨斜, 锌褉懈褌邪屑邪薪薪懈泄 谐褉械泻邪屑 褨 褉懈屑谢褟薪邪屑. 袧械褏褌褍胁邪薪薪褟 褋褍胁芯褉懈屑懈 锌褉邪胁懈谢邪屑懈 邪薪褌懈褔薪芯褩 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉懈 蟹写邪胁邪谢芯褋褟 褑懈屑 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪屑 锌褉懈泻褉芯褞 胁褌褉邪褌芯褞 褋屑邪泻褍
褌芯屑褍 胁芯薪懈 泄 薪邪蟹胁邪谢懈 褋褌懈谢褜 芦斜邪褉芯泻芯禄. "
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袟薪邪泻芯胁邪 褨 芯写薪邪 蟹 薪邪泄谐芯谢芯胁薪褨褕懈褏 泻薪懈谐-胁褋褌褍锌褨胁 褍 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯. 啸芯褔邪 褟 胁卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褉芯泻褨胁 蟹邪泄屑邪褞褋褜 褋邪屑芯芯褋胁褨褌芯褞, 邪谢械 写褍卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 锌芯褔械褉锌薪褍胁 蟹 褑褨褦褩 锌褉邪褑褨.
袩邪褉邪写芯泻褋邪谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 "袨锌芯胁褨写褨" 胁 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 锌芯褔懈薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 褟泻 泻薪懈锟斤拷泻邪 写谢褟 写褨褌械泄, 邪 蟹邪泻褨薪褔褍褦褌褜褋褟 斜谢懈褋泻褍褔懈屑 械褋械褦屑 锌褉芯 锌芯褋褌屑芯写械褉薪褨蟹屑 褨 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈 褍褋锌褨褏褍 蟹邪褔邪褋褌褍 蟹写械谐械薪械褉芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 斜械蟹锌褉械写屑械褌薪芯谐芯 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褍.
携泻褨褋薪褨 褨谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 锌褉懈薪芯褋褟褌褜 褔懈褋褌褍 薪邪褋芯谢芯写褍.
孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕械, 褟 胁懈褟胁懈胁 泻褨谢褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻, 芯写薪褍 蟹 褟泻懈褏 - 胁 褋邪屑芯谐芯 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪! 袩褉芯 褑械 - 薪懈卸褔械.
效懈褌邪褞褔懈 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪, 薪邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍 袪械屑斜褉邪薪写褌邪 "袩褉懈屑懈褉械薪薪褟 袛邪胁懈写邪 褨 袗胁械褋褋邪谢芯屑邪". 笑褨泻邪胁邪 褉械锌褉芯写褍泻褑褨褟, 芯锌懈褋 褨 胁褋械 褨薪褕械, 邪谢械 褦 芯写薪械 "袗谢械". 笑懈褌褍褞褔懈 斜芯谐芯锌芯写褨斜薪芯谐芯 "孝械褌褉邪屑芯褉褎械褍褋邪": "袘褨斜谢褨褎褨泻芯胁邪薪懈泄 屑褨蟹芯泻 袛褨芯 胁懈写邪胁邪胁 薪械 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 写芯褉械褔薪褨 薪邪 褌芯泄 褔邪褋 写褍屑泻懈 泄 邪褋芯褑褨邪褑褨褩."
袙 褋胁芯褞 褔械褉谐褍, 屑褨泄 斜褨斜谢褨褎褨泻芯胁邪薪懈泄 卸胁邪胁懈泄, 褋褨褉芯-斜褍褉懈泄 屑芯蟹泻芯胁懈泄 褋谢懈屑邪泻, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 胁写芯胁芯谢褜薪褟褦褌褜褋褟 芯写薪懈屑 谢懈褕械 卸褍胁邪薪薪褟屑, 褉械褔械: "袗 褟泻芯谐芯 写褨写褜泻邪 袛邪胁懈写 芯斜褨泄屑邪褦 袗胁械褋褋邪谢芯屑邪, 褟泻褖芯 泄芯谐芯 卸 褍斜懈胁 袡芯邪胁, 泻芯谢懈 褌芯泄 蟹邪锌谢褍褌邪胁褋褟 胁芯谢芯褋褋褟屑 胁 谢懈褋褌褨 写械褉械胁邪?"
袉 写褨泄褋薪芯, 胁褨写泻褉懈胁邪褞 袙褨泻褨 褨 胁懈褟胁谢褟褞, 褖芯 褑褟 薪邪蟹胁邪 斜褍谢邪 锌芯屑懈谢泻芯胁芯褞 褨 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 胁芯谢芯写褨褦 蟹邪褋褌邪褉褨谢芯褞 褨薪褎芯褉屑邪褑褨褦褞.
袧褨褖芯 薪械 屑邪褉薪械 锌械褉械写 芯斜谢懈褔褔褟屑 薪械斜邪,褟泻 褨 屑芯褦 褕械褋褌懈褉邪蟹芯胁械 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 "袣薪懈谐懈 泻薪懈谐".
袘褍薪写褞褔褍褋褟 褨 褌褨褕褍褋褜, 褟泻 屑芯谢芯写懈泄 袦械褌邪褌褉芯薪, 褖芯 蟹 谢械谐泻懈屑 褍褋屑褨褏芯屑 褌邪 谢褞斜'褟蟹薪褨褋褌褞 胁懈锌褉邪胁谢褟褦 写褉褨斜薪懈泄 芯谐褉褨褏 褍 胁褋械谢械薪褋褜泻懈褏 泻褉械褋谢械薪薪褟褏 袛械屑褨褍褉谐邪.
袧械写芯胁褨写芯屑褨 褕谢褟褏懈 袚芯褋锌芯写薪褨, 褌械卸 褋邪屑械 屑芯卸薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪褌懈 锌褉芯 褕谢褟褏懈 袦懈褋褌械褑褌胁邪.
袝褋褋芯!
P.S. 袨泻褉褨屑 褌芯谐芯 褌邪泻芯卸 胁懈褟胁懈胁 泻褨谢褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻 褨 胁 锌械褉械泻谢邪写褨, 褌芯屑褍 褋锌褉芯斜褍褞 蟹胁'褟蟹邪褌懈褋褟 蟹 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁芯屑 蟹邪写谢褟 胁懈锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褟 褩褏 写谢褟 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪懈褏 胁懈写邪薪褜 褨 锌芯泻芯谢褨薪褜.
袩芯屑懈谢泻懈 胁 褌械泻褋褌褨:
褋褌芯褉. 337 - 鈥溞啃狙€锌邪褦褌褜褋褟鈥� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞啃狙€邪褦褌褜褋褟鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 356 鈥� 鈥溞撗冃承� 胁邪薪 写械褉 袚芯泄褋鈥� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞撗冃承� 胁邪薪 写械褉 袚褍褋鈥�, 褟泻 褨 褍 胁褋褨褏 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨褏 蟹谐邪写泻邪褏 褑褜芯谐芯 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻邪
褋褌芯褉. 393 鈥� 鈥溞啃把€懈卸褋褜泻械鈥�(褉芯褋.) 鈥� 锌邪褉懈蟹褜泻械
褋褌芯褉. 415 鈥� 褔械褉谐褍褞褌褜褋褟 褉褨蟹薪褨 胁邪褉褨邪薪褌懈 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪薪褟 褨屑械薪褨 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 鈥溞撔靶谎佲€� 褨 鈥溞撔靶谎屟佲€�
褋褌芯褉. 430 鈥� 谐褉褍斜邪 锌械褉械泻谢邪写邪褑褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢泻邪, 薪邪蟹胁褍 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 锌械褉械泻谢邪写械薪芯 褟泻 鈥溞叫把傃幯€屑芯褉褌 蟹 芯屑邪褉芯屑 褨 芯泻褍谢褟褉邪屑懈鈥�, 泻芯谢懈 薪邪 褋锌褉邪胁写褨 glasses 褑械 泻械谢懈褏懈, 邪 薪械 芯泻褍谢褟褉懈
褋褌芯褉. 482 鈥� 鈥溠埿狙€褨褔薪褨鈥� 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 鈥溠壭狙€褨褔薪褨鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 550 鈥� 鈥溞垦€械褋谢芯胁褍褌懈泄鈥�(褉芯褋.) 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞沸叫靶夹敌叫秆傂感光€�
褋褌芯褉. 628 鈥� 鈥溞逞€邪褑褨芯蟹薪懈泄鈥� (褉芯褋.) 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞逞€邪褑褨泄薪懈泄鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 650 鈥溞溞把佇把囇囆锯€� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞溞靶沸把囇囆锯€�
袗谢械 薪械 蟹胁邪卸邪褞褔懈 薪邪 褑械, 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 胁褨写 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑械谐邪-锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨, 锌褉芯 褖芯 褋胁褨写褔邪褌褜 蟹邪锌懈褋懈 蟹 褔懈褌邪褑褜泻芯谐芯 褖芯写械薪薪懈泻邪:
袦械薪械 蟹邪胁卸写懈 胁褉邪卸邪谢芯 褨 褕芯泻褍胁邪谢芯 "袙芯褋泻褉械褋褨薪薪褟" 覑褉褞薪械胁邪谢褜写邪. 携泻褖芯 薪邪泄写懈胁薪褨褕褍 褨薪芯锌谢邪薪械褌薪褍 袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褞 蟹芯斜褉邪蟹懈胁 袞邪薪 肖褍泻械, 褌芯 胁卸械 薪邪泄薪械蟹胁懈褔薪褨褕懈泄 小锌邪褋懈褌械谢褜 薪邪谢械卸懈褌褜 覑褉褞薪械胁邪谢褜写芯胁褨. 袙芯谢芯褋械-锌褉芯屑械薪褨, 褔械褉胁芯薪褨 薪邪褔械 胁褨写 胁薪褍褌褉褨褕薪褜芯谐芯 卸邪褉褍 芯褔褨 褨 谐褍斜懈. 袧械蟹写芯褉芯胁芯 褉芯卸械胁械 褌褨谢芯 蟹 蟹褟褞褔懈屑懈 褉邪薪邪屑懈, 写褉邪锌械褉褨褟 斜邪谐褉褟薪懈褑褨, 褖芯 芯斜锌谢褨褌邪褦 褌褨谢芯, 褟泻 褔褍写械褉薪邪褑褜泻懈泄 泻芯泻芯薪. 孝褍褌 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 蟹谐邪写褍褞褌褜褋褟 褉褟写泻懈 袧褨褑褕械 锌褉芯 袧邪写谢褞写懈薪褍, 褖芯 薪邪褉芯写卸褍褦褌褜褋褟.
覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 芯锌懈褋褍褦 褑褞 褉芯斜芯褌褍 褌邪泻:
"孝邪泻 褋邪屑芯, 褟泻 胁褨薪 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪胁 褋胁褨泄 锌械薪蟹械谢褜, 褖芯斜 蟹芯斜褉邪蟹懈褌懈 屑械褉褌胁械 褨 蟹屑褍褔械薪械 褌褨谢芯 啸褉懈褋褌邪, 胁褨薪 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪胁 泄芯谐芯 薪邪 褨薪褕褨泄 泻邪褉褌懈薪褨, 褖芯斜 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌褨写 褔邪褋 袙芯褋泻褉械褋褨薪薪褟 薪邪 薪械蟹械屑薪械 褟胁谢械薪薪褟 薪械斜械褋薪芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌谢邪. 袙邪卸泻芯 芯锌懈褋邪褌懈 褑褞 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍, 斜芯, 蟹薪芯胁褍 卸 褌邪泻懈, 褌邪泻 斜邪谐邪褌芯 蟹邪谢械卸懈褌褜 胁褨写 褩褩 泻芯谢褜芯褉褨胁. 袟写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 薪褨斜懈 啸褉懈褋褌芯褋 褖芯泄薪芯 锌褨写薪褟胁褋褟 蟹 谐褉芯斜褍, 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褞褔懈 蟹邪 褋芯斜芯褞 褋谢褨写 锌褉芯屑械薪懈褋褌芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌谢邪 锌谢邪褖邪薪懈褑褟, 胁 褟泻褍 斜褍谢芯 蟹邪谐芯褉薪褍褌芯 褌褨谢芯, 胁褨写斜懈胁邪褦 泻芯谢褜芯褉芯胁褨 锌褉芯屑械薪褨 薪褨屑斜邪.
袦懈 斜邪褔懈屑芯 谐芯褋褌褉懈泄 泻芯薪褌褉邪褋褌 屑褨卸 胁芯褋泻褉械褋谢懈屑 啸褉懈褋褌芯屑, 褟泻懈泄 褕懈褉褟褦
胁 锌芯胁褨褌褉褨, 泄 斜械蟹锌芯褉邪写薪懈屑懈 卸械褋褌邪屑懈 褋芯谢写邪褌褨胁 薪邪 蟹械屑谢褨, 蟹邪褋谢褨锌谢械薪懈褏 褨 锌褉懈谐芯谢芯屑褕械薪懈褏 褑褨褦褞 褉邪锌褌芯胁芯褞 锌芯褟胁芯褞 褋胁褨褌谢邪. 袦懈 胁褨写褔褍胁邪褦屑芯 褋懈谢褍
褩褏薪褜芯谐芯 锌芯褌褉褟褋褨薪薪褟 褔械褉械蟹 褌械, 褟泻 胁芯薪懈 泻芯褉褔邪褌褜褋褟 褍 褋胁芯褩褏 芯斜谢邪写褍薪泻邪褏.
袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 屑懈 薪械 屑芯卸械屑芯 芯褑褨薪懈褌懈 胁褨写褋褌邪薪褜 屑褨卸 锌械褉械写薪褨屑 褨 蟹邪写薪褨屑 锌谢邪薪芯屑, 写胁芯褦 胁芯褩薪褨胁 蟹邪 谐褉芯斜芯屑 胁懈谐谢褟写邪褞褌褜 褟泻 屑邪褉褨芯薪械褌泻懈, 褖芯 锌芯锌邪写邪谢懈, 邪 褩褏薪褨 褋锌芯褌胁芯褉械薪褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 谢懈褕械 锌褨写泻褉械褋谢褞褞褌褜 斜械蟹褌褍褉斜芯褌薪懈泄 褨 胁械谢懈褔薪懈泄 褋锌芯泻褨泄 锌褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪芯谐芯 褌褨谢邪 啸褉懈褋褌邪."
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袟邪 胁械褋褜 褔邪褋 屑芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯褋褌褨泄薪芯谐芯 褕褌褍写褨褞胁邪薪薪褟 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁邪 (邪 褑械 锌褉懈斜谢懈蟹薪芯 10 褉芯泻褨胁). 携 薪邪锌邪屑'褟褌褜 胁懈胁褔懈胁 褋芯褌薪褨 泻邪褉褌懈薪 褌邪 褋褌懈谢褨胁. 笑褨泻邪胁懈屑 褦 褌芯泄 褎邪泻褌, 褖芯 写谢褟 屑械薪械 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 褋泻谢邪写邪谢芯 胁邪卸泻芯褋褌褨 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪懈褌懈 袦邪薪械 胁褨写 袦芯薪械, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯 泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 褌懈锌芯胁芯 褨屑锌褉械褋褨芯薪褨褋褌懈褔薪褨 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 芯斜芯褏, 褔懈 褩褏 卸械 斜褨谢褜褕 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪褨 蟹褉邪蟹泻懈. 孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕, 褟 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 褋锌谢褍褌褍胁邪胁 袙邪薪 袝泄泻邪 褨 袪芯谐褨褉邪 胁邪薪 写械褉 袙械泄写械薪邪. 袙褋械 褔械褉械蟹 褌械, 褖芯 芯斜懈写胁邪 卸懈谢懈 胁 芯写薪褍 械锌芯褏褍 胁 袧褨写械褉谢邪薪写邪褏 褨 褔邪褋褌芯 蟹邪锌芯蟹懈褔褍胁邪谢懈 锌褉懈泄芯屑懈 芯写懈薪 胁 芯写薪芯谐芯. 袣薪懈卸泻邪 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪 写谢褟 屑械薪械 褑褨薪薪邪 锌械褉械写芯胁褋褨屑 褌懈屑, 褖芯 褑械 锌芯胁褌芯褉械薪薪褟, 邪写卸械 锌褉懈斜谢懈蟹薪芯 70% 锌芯谢芯褌械薪, 褟泻褨 薪邪胁械写械薪褨 褌褍褌 褟 胁卸械 蟹薪邪褞. 孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕 褌褉邪锌谢褟褞褌褜褋褟 胁褉邪卸邪褞褔褨 胁褨写泻褉懈褌褌褟, 泻芯谢懈 褟 薪械 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褞, 褟泻 屑褨谐 锌褉芯锌褍褋褌懈褌懈 褌褍 褔懈 褨薪褕褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍. 袉 芯褌 薪械褖芯写邪胁薪芯 褟 薪邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 褍薪褨泻邪谢褜薪械 锌芯谢芯褌薪芯. 袛胁邪 褉芯泻懈 褌芯屑褍, 谐械薪褨邪谢褜薪懈泄 袚械褉斜械褉褌 胁 褋胁芯褩泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 "袧邪褌褞褉屑芯褉褌 蟹 胁褍写懈谢芯屑" 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 写谢褟 屑械薪械 屑褨褋褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 孝芯褉械薪褌褨褍褋邪 (锌芯褋懈谢邪薪薪褟 胁 泻芯屑械薪褌邪褉褟褏). 袉 芯褋褜, 写胁邪 写薪褨 褌芯屑褍, 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 屑械薪褨 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械.
小褎芯褉屑芯胁邪薪邪 芯褋芯斜懈褋褌褨褋褌褜 蟹 褔邪褋芯屑 褋邪屑邪 写谢褟 褋械斜械 褋泻谢邪写邪褦 褋胁褨泄 胁谢邪褋薪懈泄 泻邪薪芯薪 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯谐芯 褨 褑褨薪薪芯谐芯. 笑械 蟹邪薪褟褌褌褟 锌芯褌褉械斜褍褦 褔邪褋褍, 薪邪锌芯谢械谐谢懈胁芯褋褌褨 褌邪 胁薪褍褌褉褨褕薪褜芯谐芯 胁芯谐薪褞 - 褟泻芯褋褌械泄, 泻芯褌褉褨 胁褋械 褋懈谢褜薪褨褕械 锌褉懈褌褍锌谢褞褞褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褕 褔邪褋. 袟胁褨褋薪芯, 褖芯 褟 胁卸械 泄 褉邪薪褨褕械 薪邪褌褉邪锌谢褟胁 薪邪 锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪褨褕褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍 肖褍泻械 - 薪械蟹械屑薪褍, 褨薪芯锌谢邪薪械褌薪褍 袛褨胁褍 芯褌芯褔械薪褍 褋懈薪褨屑懈 褌邪 褔械褉胁芯薪懈屑懈 邪薪谐械谢邪屑懈 (褑褟 泻邪褉褌懈薪邪 薪邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写 锌芯屑褨褖械薪邪 薪邪 芯斜泻谢邪写懈薪泻褍 "袉褋褌芯褉褨褩 袆胁褉芯锌懈" 袧芯褉屑邪薪邪 袛械胁褨褋邪), 邪谢械 芯褌 锌芯褉褌褉械褌 袝褌褜褦薪邪 楔械胁邪谢褜褦 蟹褨 褋胁褟褌懈屑 小褌械褎邪薪芯屑 褔芯屑褍褋褜 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 褌褨泻邪胁 胁褨写 屑械薪械.
袉 芯褋褜 - 屑邪褞 屑芯卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褉芯蟹谐谢褟写邪褌懈 褨 薪邪褋芯谢芯写卸褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褑褨褦褞 写芯褋泻芯薪邪谢芯褞 褉芯斜芯褌芯褞. 袧邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 写懈胁褍褦 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 - 褌褍褌 肖褍泻械 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 薪邪褋谢褨写褍褦 写褉械胁薪褜芯褦谐懈锌械褌褋褜泻械 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 写械 斜芯谐懈 褨 褎邪褉邪芯薪懈 蟹芯斜褉邪卸邪谢懈褋褟 胁懈褖懈屑懈 蟹邪 谢褞写械泄. 孝邪泻 褋邪屑芯 泄 褌褍褌 - 屑械谢邪薪褏芯谢褨泄薪懈泄 小褌械褎邪薪, 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻芯-褞薪邪泻 (薪邪写谢褞写懈薪邪) 褍 褉芯蟹泻胁褨褌褨 泻褉邪褋懈, 胁懈胁懈褖褍褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪写 写芯薪邪褌芯褉芯屑. 袉薪褕邪 胁褉邪卸邪褞褔邪 写械褌邪谢褜 - 泻邪屑褨薪褜, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 蟹褨 蟹薪邪褉褟写写褟 褍斜懈胁褋褌胁邪 芯泻褉芯锌谢械薪芯谐芯 泻褉芯胁'褞 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉懈胁褋褟 薪邪 谐褨谐邪薪褌褋褜泻懈泄 褉褍斜褨薪芯胁芯-褉芯卸械胁懈泄 褋褌邪谢邪泻褌懈褌 , 褖芯 锌械胁薪懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 薪邪谐邪写褍褦 锌械谢褞褋褌泻懈 卸芯胁褌芯褩 褌褉芯褟薪写懈! 袧邪褋褌褍锌薪懈泄 褑褨泻邪胁懈泄 褎褉邪覒屑械薪褌 - 泻褉芯胁, 褖芯 褋褌褨泻邪褦 蟹 谐芯谢芯胁懈 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 泻芯薪褌褉邪褋褌褍褦 蟹 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯 斜褨谢懈屑 泻芯屑褨褉褑械屑, 褖芯 褖械 斜褨谢褜褕械 锌褉懈胁械褉褌邪褦 褍胁邪谐褍 写芯 褉邪薪懈. 袛邪谢褨 - 锌芯蟹邪写褍 褎褨谐褍褉 胁 蟹芯谢芯褌褨泄 褉邪屑褨 褋锌芯褋褌械褉褨谐邪褦屑芯 褖芯褋褜 褋褏芯卸械 薪邪 写懈蟹邪泄薪 袝褉斜褍, 褖芯 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 锌褨蟹薪褨褕械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褋褟 写谢褟 褎芯褉蟹邪褑褨胁 写谢褟 泻薪懈谐 褨 褑械 蟹邪 褋芯褌薪褨 褉芯泻褨胁 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 褟胁懈褖邪! 袟 胁械谢懈褔械蟹薪芯褞 褋褌邪褉邪薪薪褨褋褌褞 胁懈屑邪谢褞胁邪薪械 泄 褋邪屑械 锌褉懈屑褨褖械薪薪褟 蟹 泻芯谢芯薪邪屑懈 褌邪 锌谢懈褌泻芯褞. 袛褨泄褋薪芯, 褑械 芯写薪邪 蟹 褌懈褏 泻邪褉褌懈薪, 泻芯褌褉褨 褏芯褔械褕 斜邪褔懈褌懈 薪邪 褋褌褨薪褨 褨 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌懈 胁 薪褨泄 褖芯褋褜 薪芯胁械. 袗 薪懈卸褔械, 薪邪胁械写褍 芯锌懈褋 褑褜芯谐芯 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 胁褨写 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪:
"袩褉芯 锌褉芯胁褨写薪芯谐芯 褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褜泻芯谐芯 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻邪 褌芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械 (14202-802) 屑懈 蟹薪邪褦屑芯, 褖芯 胁褨薪 蟹邪屑芯谢芯写褍 胁褨写胁褨写褍胁邪胁 袉褌邪谢褨褞. 袙褨薪 锌芯斜褍胁邪胁 褍 袪懈屑褨, 写械 胁 1447 褉芯褑褨 薪邪屑邪谢褞胁邪胁 袩邪锌褍 袪懈屑褋褜泻芯谐芯. 袧邪 褨谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯 锌芯褉褌褉械褌 写芯薪邪褌芯褉邪 褟泻懈泄 胁褨薪 薪邪屑邪谢褞胁邪胁, 褨屑芯胁褨褉薪芯, 褔械褉械蟹 泻褨谢褜泻邪 褉芯泻褨胁 锌褨褋谢褟 锌芯胁械褉薪械薪薪褟. 携泻 褨 褍 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯屑褍 写懈锌褌懈褏褍, 褋胁褟褌懈泄 芯锌褨泻褍褦褌褜褋褟 写芯薪邪褌芯褉芯屑, 褖芯 褋褌芯褩褌褜 薪邪 泻芯谢褨薪邪褏 褨 屑芯谢懈褌褜褋褟. 袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 写芯薪邪褌芯褉邪 蟹胁邪谢懈 袝褋褌褜褦薪 (褋褌邪褉芯褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褜泻懈泄 邪薪邪谢芯谐 褨屑械薪褨 小褌械褎邪薪), 褌芯 锌芯褉褍褔 褨蟹 薪懈屑 褋褌芯褩褌褜 泄芯谐芯 锌芯泻褉芯胁懈褌械谢褜, 褋胁褟褌懈泄 小褌械褎邪薪, 泻芯褌褉懈泄, 褟泻 锌械褉褕懈泄 写懈褟泻芯薪 笑械褉泻胁懈, 胁写褟谐薪械薪懈泄 褍 写懈褟泻芯薪褋褜泻褍 褉懈蟹褍. 袙褨薪 褌褉懈屑邪褦 胁 褉褍泻邪褏 泻薪懈谐褍, 邪 薪邪 薪褨泄 - 胁械谢懈泻懈泄 谐芯褋褌褉懈泄 泻邪屑褨薪褜, 邪写卸械, 蟹谐褨写薪芯 蟹 袘褨斜谢褨褦褞, 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 小褌械褎邪薪邪 斜褍谢芯 锌芯斜懈褌芯 泻邪屑褨薪薪褟屑. 携泻褖芯 屑懈 锌芯胁械褉薪械屑芯褋褟 写芯 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 写懈锌褌懈褏褍, 褌芯 褖械 褉邪蟹 锌芯斜邪褔懈屑芯, 褟泻懈泄 锌芯褋褌褍锌 蟹褉芯斜懈谢芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 胁 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褨 薪邪褌褍褉懈 蟹邪 锌褨胁褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟. 小胁褟褌褨 褌邪 写芯薪邪褌芯褉 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 写懈锌褌懈褏褍 胁懈谐谢褟写邪褞褌褜 褌邪泻, 薪褨斜懈 褩褏 胁懈褉褨蟹邪谢懈 蟹 锌邪锌械褉褍 泄 锌芯屑褨褋褌懈谢懈 薪邪 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍, 褌芯写褨 褟泻 褋胁褟褌褨 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械 蟹写邪褞褌褜褋褟 芯斜'褦屑薪懈屑懈. 袧邪 斜褨谢褜褕 褉邪薪薪褨泄 泻邪褉褌懈薪褨 薪械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦褌褜褋褟 褋胁褨褌谢芯褌褨薪褜, 邪 肖褍泻械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦 褋胁褨褌谢芯 屑邪泄卸械 褌邪泻 褋邪屑芯, 褟泻 褑械 褉芯斜懈胁 袩'褦褉芯 写械谢谢邪 肖褉邪薪褔械褋泻邪. 孝械, 褟泻 褑褨 褋锌芯泻褨泄薪褨 褌邪 褋褌邪褌械褔薪褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 褋褌芯褟褌褜, 薪邪褔械 胁 褉械邪谢褜薪芯屑褍 锌褉芯褋褌芯褉褨, 褋胁褨写褔懈褌褜, 褖芯 肖褍泻械 谐谢懈斜芯泻芯 胁褉邪蟹懈谢芯 锌芯斜邪褔械薪械 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褩. 袉 胁褋械 卸 泄芯谐芯 屑邪薪械褉邪 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褍 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟褦褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 褨褌邪谢褨泄褋褜泻芯褩. 袉薪褌械褉械褋, 褟泻懈泄 胁褨薪 胁懈褟胁谢褟褦 写芯 褎邪泻褌褍褉懈 褌邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪褨 褉械褔械泄 - 褏褍褌褉邪, 泻邪屑械薪褞, 褌泻邪薪懈薪懈 褌邪 屑邪褉屑褍褉褍, - 褋胁褨写褔懈褌褜 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 泄芯谐芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褦褌褜褋褟 褌褨褋薪芯 锌芯胁'褟蟹邪薪懈屑 褨蟹 锌褨胁薪褨褔薪芯褞 褌褉邪写懈褑褨褦褞 携薪邪 胁邪薪 袝泄泻邪. "
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袩褉芯写芯胁卸褍褞 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪. 袧邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪懈泄 械锌褨蟹芯写 蟹 芯锌懈褋芯屑 斜褍写懈薪泻褍 胁芯卸写褟 袚邪泄写邪 褌邪 谢械谐械薪写芯褞, 褖芯 蟹 薪懈屑 锌芯胁'褟蟹邪薪邪. 袟邪褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 锌芯褔懈褌邪褌懈 褖械 斜褨谢褜褕械 泻薪懈谐 锌褉芯 锌械褉胁褨褋薪械 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁薪械 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯.
"校 写械褟泻懈褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪邪褏 褋胁褨褌褍 锌械褉胁褨褋薪褨 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻懈 褉芯蟹褉芯斜懈谢懈 褋泻谢邪写薪褨 褋懈褋褌械屑懈 写谢褟 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褉褨蟹薪懈褏 褎褨谐褍褉 褨 褌芯褌械屑褨胁 褋胁芯褩褏 屑褨褎褨胁 褍 写械泻芯褉邪褌懈胁薪懈泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜. 袧邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 屑懈褋褌褑褨, 褖芯 薪邪谢械卸邪褌褜 写芯 泻芯褉褨薪薪懈褏 屑械褕泻邪薪褑褨胁 袩褨胁薪褨褔薪芯褩 袗屑械褉懈泻懈, 锌芯褦写薪褍褞褌褜 褍 褋芯斜褨 写褍卸械 谐芯褋褌褉褍 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 蟹邪 锌褉懈褉芯写薪懈屑懈 褎芯褉屑邪屑懈 蟹 褨谐薪芯褉邪褑褨褦褞 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 屑懈 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褦屑芯 褉械邪谢褜薪懈屑 胁懈谐谢褟写芯屑 褉械褔械泄. 携泻 屑懈褋谢懈胁褑褨, 胁芯薪懈 蟹薪邪褞褌褜 褋锌褉邪胁卸薪褞 褎芯褉屑褍 写蟹褜芯斜邪 芯褉谢邪 褔懈 胁褍褏 斜芯斜褉邪 薪邪斜邪谐邪褌芯 泻褉邪褖械, 薪褨卸 斜褍写褜-褏褌芯 蟹 薪邪褋.
袗谢械 胁芯薪懈 胁胁邪卸邪褞褌褜, 褖芯 芯写薪褨褦褩 褌邪泻芯褩 芯蟹薪邪泻懈 褑褨谢泻芯屑 写芯褋褌邪褌薪褜芯. 袧邪 褨谢. 26 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪芯 屑芯写械谢褜 斜褍写懈薪泻褍 胁芯卸写褟 锌谢械屑械薪褨 袚邪泄写邪 薪邪 锌褨胁薪褨褔薪芯屑褍 蟹邪褏芯写褨 蟹 褌褉褜芯屑邪 褌邪泻 蟹胁邪薪懈屑懈 褌芯褌械屑薪懈屑懈 褋褌芯胁锌邪屑懈 锌械褉械写 薪懈屑. 袦懈 屑芯卸械屑芯
锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈 胁 薪懈褏 谢懈褕械 薪邪谐褉芯屑邪写卸械薪薪褟 锌芯褌胁芯褉薪懈褏 屑邪褋芯泻, 邪谢械 写谢褟 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褟 褑褨 褋褌芯胁锌懈 褨谢褞褋褌褉褍褞褌褜 写邪胁薪褞 谢械谐械薪写褍 泄芯谐芯 锌谢械屑械薪褨. 小邪屑邪 谢械谐械薪写邪 屑芯卸械 蟹写邪褌懈褋褟 薪邪屑 褌邪泻芯褞 卸 写懈胁薪芯褞 褨 薪械蟹胁'褟蟹薪芯褞, 褟泻 褨 褩褩 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟, 邪谢械 屑懈 胁卸械 屑邪谢懈 蟹胁懈泻薪褍褌懈 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褟 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褨胁 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟褞褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 薪邪褕懈褏.
袣芯谢懈褋褜 褍 褋械谢懈褖褨 袚胁邪泄褋 袣褍薪 卸懈胁 褞薪邪泻, 褟泻懈泄 屑邪胁 蟹胁懈褔泻褍 褑褨谢懈屑懈 写薪褟屑懈 胁邪谢褟褌懈褋褟 薪邪 谢褨卸泻褍, 邪卸 锌芯泻懈 泄芯谐芯 褌械褖邪 薪械 写芯褉褨泻薪褍谢邪 泄芯屑褍 蟹邪 褑械; 泄芯屑褍 褋褌邪谢芯 褋芯褉芯屑薪芯, 胁褨薪 锌褨褕芯胁 谐械褌褜 褨 胁懈褉褨褕懈胁 褍斜懈褌懈 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯, 褟泻械 卸懈谢芯 胁 芯蟹械褉褨 泄 褏邪褉褔褍胁邪谢芯褋褟 谢褞写褜屑懈 褌邪 泻懈褌邪屑懈. 袟邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 泻邪蟹泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌褌邪褏邪 胁褨薪 蟹褉芯斜懈胁 锌邪褋褌泻褍 蟹褨 褋褌芯胁斜褍褉邪 写械褉械胁邪 泄 锌褨写胁褨褋懈胁 薪邪写 薪械褞 写胁芯褏 写褨褌械泄 褟泻 锌褉懈屑邪薪泻褍. 效褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯 斜褍谢芯 褋锌褨泄屑邪薪芯, 褞薪邪泻 锌械褉械芯写褟谐薪褍胁褋褟 胁 泄芯谐芯 褕泻褍褉褍 泄 谢芯胁懈胁 褉懈斜褍, 褟泻褍 褉械谐褍谢褟褉薪芯 蟹邪谢懈褕邪胁 薪邪 锌芯褉芯蟹褨 褋胁芯褦褩 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪芯 薪邪谢邪褕褌芯胁邪薪芯褩 褌械褖褨. 袙芯薪邪 斜褍谢邪 薪邪褋褌褨谢褜泻懈 褍谢械褖械薪邪 褑懈屑懈 薪械褋锌芯写褨胁邪薪懈屑懈 锌褨写薪芯褕械薪薪褟屑懈, 褖芯 褋褌邪谢邪 胁胁邪卸邪褌懈 褋械斜械 屑芯谐褍褌薪褜芯褞 胁褨写褜屑芯褞. 袣芯谢懈 褞薪邪泻 薪邪褉械褕褌褨 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 褩泄 褍褋械, 褩泄 褋褌邪谢芯 褌邪泻 褋芯褉芯屑薪芯, 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 锌芯屑械褉谢邪.
袧邪 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯屑褍 褋褌芯胁锌褨 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪褨 胁褋褨 褍褔邪褋薪懈泻懈 褑褨褦褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩. 袦邪褋泻邪 薪懈卸褔械 胁褨写 胁褏芯写褍 胁 斜褍写懈薪芯泻 - 褑械 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 泻懈褌褨胁, 褟泻懈褏 蟹'褩谢芯 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯. 袙械谢懈泻邪 屑邪褋泻邪 薪邪写 胁褏芯写芯屑 褑械 褋邪屑械 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯, 邪 薪邪写 薪懈屑 - 褎褨谐褍褉邪 蟹谢芯褖邪褋薪芯褩 褌械褖褨. 袦邪褋泻邪 蟹 写蟹褜芯斜芯屑 薪邪写 薪械褞 褑械 锌褌邪褏, 褟泻懈泄 写芯锌芯屑褨谐 谐械褉芯褞, 邪 写邪谢褨 屑懈 斜邪褔懈屑芯 泄芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯谐芯, 芯写褟谐薪械薪芯谐芯 胁 褕泻褍褉褍 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻邪, 蟹 褉懈斜邪屑懈, 褟泻懈褏 胁褨薪 褍锌褨泄屑邪胁. 袥褞写褋褜泻褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 薪邪 胁械褉褕械褔泻褍 褑械 写褨褌懈, 褟泻懈屑懈 谐械褉芯泄 褋泻芯褉懈褋褌邪胁褋褟 褟泻 锌褉懈屑邪薪泻芯褞.
袙懈薪懈泻邪褦 褋锌芯泻褍褋邪 胁胁邪卸邪褌懈 褌邪泻褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍 胁懈褌胁芯褉芯屑 褏懈屑械褉薪芯褩 褎邪薪褌邪蟹褨褩, 邪谢械 写谢褟 褌懈褏, 褏褌芯 褩褩 褋褌胁芯褉褞胁邪胁, 褑械 斜褍谢芯 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪懈屑 蟹邪胁写邪薪薪褟屑. 袧邪 褌械, 褖芯斜 胁懈褉褨蟹邪褌懈 褑褨 胁械谢懈褔械蟹薪褨 褋褌芯胁锌懈 蟹邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁薪懈褏 褨薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌褨胁, 褟泻褨 斜褍谢懈 胁 褉芯蟹锌芯褉褟写卸械薪薪褨 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褨胁, 褨褕谢懈 褉芯泻懈, 邪 褨薪芯写褨 写芯 褉芯斜芯褌懈 蟹邪谢褍褔邪谢芯褋褟 胁褋械 褔芯谢芯胁褨褔械 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪褟 褋械谢懈褖邪. 笑械泄 褌胁褨褉 屑邪胁 锌褉懈泻褉邪褋懈褌懈 泄 胁褨写蟹薪邪褔懈褌懈 写褨屑 屑芯谐褍褌薪褜芯谐芯 胁芯卸写褟."
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袧邪屑 褉芯蟹锌芯胁褨写邪褞褌褜, 褟泻 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 褉芯屑邪薪褋褜泻芯屑褍 褔懈 薪芯褉屑邪薪写褋褜泻芯屑褍 褋褌懈谢褞 啸袉袉 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 蟹 泄芯谐芯 泻褉褍谐谢懈屑懈 褋泻谢械锌褨薪薪褟屑懈 锌褉懈泄褕谢邪 谐芯褌懈泻邪 褨蟹 蟹邪谐芯褋褌褉械薪懈屑 褋泻谢械锌褨薪薪褟屑; 褟泻 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 谐芯褌懈褑褨 锌褉懈泄褕芯胁 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 蟹邪褉芯写懈胁褋褟 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褩 薪邪 锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 XV 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 泄 锌芯褋褌褍锌芯胁芯 锌芯褕懈褉懈胁褋褟 薪邪 胁褋褨 泻褉邪褩薪懈 袆胁褉芯锌懈. 小褌懈谢褜, 褟泻懈泄 锌褉懈泄褕芯胁 薪邪 蟹屑褨薪褍 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪芯屑褍, 蟹邪蟹胁懈褔邪泄 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褞褌褜 斜邪褉芯泻芯. 袗谢械 褟泻褖芯 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨 褋褌懈谢褨 谢械谐泻芯 胁锌褨蟹薪邪褌懈 蟹邪 锌械胁薪懈屑懈 芯蟹薪邪泻邪屑懈, 褌芯 褍 胁懈锌邪写泻褍 蟹 斜邪褉芯泻芯 褑械 薪械 褌邪泻 锌褉芯褋褌芯. 袪褨褔 褍 褌芯屑褍,
褖芯 锌芯褔懈薪邪褞褔懈 蟹 械锌芯褏懈 袙褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟 泄 屑邪泄卸械 写芯 薪邪褕芯谐芯 褔邪褋褍 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌芯褉懈 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 芯写薪褨 泄 褌褨 褋邪屑褨 芯褋薪芯胁薪褨 褎芯褉屑懈 - 泻芯谢芯薪懈, 锌褨谢褟褋褌褉懈, 泻邪褉薪懈蟹懈, 邪薪褌邪斜谢械屑械薪褌懈 褌邪 屑芯谢写褨薪谐懈, 褟泻褨 褋锌芯褔邪褌泻褍 斜褍谢芯 褋泻芯锌褨泄芯胁邪薪芯 褨蟹 蟹邪谢懈褕泻褨胁 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪懈褏 斜褍写褨胁械谢褜. 孝芯屑褍 胁 锌械胁薪芯屑褍 褋械薪褋褨 屑芯卸薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪褌懈,褖芯 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈泄 褋褌懈谢褜 褍 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉褨 蟹斜械褉褨谐邪褦褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 褔邪褋褨胁 袘褉褍薪械谢谢械褋泻褨 泄 邪卸 写芯 薪邪褕懈褏 写薪褨胁, 褨 胁 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 泻薪懈谐邪褏 褨蟹 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉懈 胁械褋褜 褑械泄 锌械褉褨芯写 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褞褌褜 褉械薪械褋邪薪褋薪懈屑. 袟 褨薪褕芯谐芯 斜芯泻褍, 褑褨谢泻芯屑 锌褉懈褉芯写薪芯, 褖芯 锌褉芯褌褟谐芯屑 褌邪泻芯谐芯 褌褉懈胁邪谢芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 褋屑邪泻懈 泄 屑芯写邪 胁 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉褨 锌芯胁懈薪薪褨 斜褍谢懈 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 蟹屑褨薪褞胁邪褌懈褋褟, 褨 褌芯屑褍 蟹褉褍褔薪芯 屑邪褌懈 褉褨蟹薪褨 薪邪蟹胁懈, 褖芯斜 褉芯蟹褉褨蟹薪褟褌懈 褑褨 蟹屑褨薪懈 褋褌懈谢褨胁. 袛懈胁薪懈泄 褎邪泻褌, 褖芯 斜邪谐邪褌芯 蟹 褑懈褏 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪褜, 褟泻褨 写谢褟 薪邪褋 褦 锌褉芯褋褌芯 薪邪蟹胁邪屑懈 褋褌懈谢褨胁, 锌械褉胁褨褋薪芯 斜褍谢懈 谢邪泄谢懈胁懈屑懈 邪斜芯 谐谢褍蟹谢懈胁懈屑懈 褋谢芯胁邪屑懈. 小谢芯胁芯 芦谐芯褌懈泻邪禄 胁锌械褉褕械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪谢懈 褨褌邪谢褨泄褋褜泻褨 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯蟹薪邪胁褑褨 械锌芯褏懈 袙褨写褉芯写卸械薪薪褟 薪邪 锌芯蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 褋褌懈谢褞, 褟泻懈泄 胁芯薪懈 胁胁邪卸邪谢懈 胁邪褉胁邪褉褋褜泻懈屑, 褨 褟泻懈泄, 薪邪 褩褏薪褞 写褍屑泻褍, 锌褉懈薪械褋谢懈 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褞 谐芯褌懈, 褖芯 蟹褉褍泄薪褍胁邪谢懈 袪懈屑褋褜泻褍 褨屑锌械褉褨褞 褌邪 褉芯蟹谐褉邪斜褍胁邪谢懈 褩褩 屑褨褋褌邪. 小谢芯胁芯 芦屑邪薪褜褦褉懈蟹屑禄 写芯褋褨 蟹斜械褉褨谐邪褦 写谢褟 斜邪谐邪褌褜芯褏 谢褞写械泄 褋胁芯褦 锌械褉胁褨褋薪械 蟹薪邪褔械薪薪褟 邪褎械泻褌邪褑褨褩 褌邪 锌芯胁械褉褏芯胁芯谐芯 薪邪褋谢褨写褍胁邪薪薪褟, 褍 褔芯屑褍 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 XVII 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 蟹胁懈薪褍胁邪褔褍胁邪谢懈 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻褨胁 泻褨薪褑褟 XVI 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟. 小谢芯胁芯 芦斜邪褉芯泻芯禄 斜褍谢芯 褌械褉屑褨薪芯屑, 褟泻懈泄 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 泻褉懈褌懈泻懈 锌褨蟹薪褨褕芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍, 褖芯 斜芯褉芯谢懈褋褟 锌褉芯褌懈 褌械薪写械薪褑褨泄 啸汛袉袉 褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟 泄 褏芯褌褨谢懈 锌芯谐谢褍蟹褍胁邪褌懈 蟹 薪懈褏. 袘邪褉芯泻芯 薪邪褋锌褉邪胁写褨 芯蟹薪邪褔邪褦 邪斜褋褍褉写 邪斜芯 谐褉芯褌械褋泻, 褨 泄芯谐芯 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪谢懈 谢褞写懈, 褟泻褨 薪邪锌芯谢褟谐邪谢懈 薪邪 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 褎芯褉屑懈 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪懈褏 斜褍写褨胁械谢褜 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 锌芯胁懈薪薪褨 斜褍谢懈 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 邪斜芯 泻芯屑斜褨薪褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褨薪邪泻褕械, 薪褨卸 褍 褋锌芯褋褨斜, 锌褉懈褌邪屑邪薪薪懈泄 谐褉械泻邪屑 褨 褉懈屑谢褟薪邪屑. 袧械褏褌褍胁邪薪薪褟 褋褍胁芯褉懈屑懈 锌褉邪胁懈谢邪屑懈 邪薪褌懈褔薪芯褩 邪褉褏褨褌械泻褌褍褉懈 蟹写邪胁邪谢芯褋褟 褑懈屑 泻褉懈褌懈泻邪屑 锌褉懈泻褉芯褞 胁褌褉邪褌芯褞 褋屑邪泻褍
褌芯屑褍 胁芯薪懈 泄 薪邪蟹胁邪谢懈 褋褌懈谢褜 芦斜邪褉芯泻芯禄. "
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袟薪邪泻芯胁邪 褨 芯写薪邪 蟹 薪邪泄谐芯谢芯胁薪褨褕懈褏 泻薪懈谐-胁褋褌褍锌褨胁 褍 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯. 啸芯褔邪 褟 胁卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 褉芯泻褨胁 蟹邪泄屑邪褞褋褜 褋邪屑芯芯褋胁褨褌芯褞, 邪谢械 写褍卸械 斜邪谐邪褌芯 锌芯褔械褉锌薪褍胁 蟹 褑褨褦褩 锌褉邪褑褨.
袩邪褉邪写芯泻褋邪谢褜薪褨褋褌褜 "袨锌芯胁褨写褨" 胁 褌芯屑褍, 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 锌芯褔懈薪邪褦褌褜褋褟 褟泻 泻薪懈锟斤拷泻邪 写谢褟 写褨褌械泄, 邪 蟹邪泻褨薪褔褍褦褌褜褋褟 斜谢懈褋泻褍褔懈屑 械褋械褦屑 锌褉芯 锌芯褋褌屑芯写械褉薪褨蟹屑 褨 锌褉懈褔懈薪懈 褍褋锌褨褏褍 蟹邪褔邪褋褌褍 蟹写械谐械薪械褉芯胁邪薪芯谐芯 斜械蟹锌褉械写屑械褌薪芯谐芯 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褍.
携泻褨褋薪褨 褨谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 锌褉懈薪芯褋褟褌褜 褔懈褋褌褍 薪邪褋芯谢芯写褍.
孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕械, 褟 胁懈褟胁懈胁 泻褨谢褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻, 芯写薪褍 蟹 褟泻懈褏 - 胁 褋邪屑芯谐芯 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪! 袩褉芯 褑械 - 薪懈卸褔械.
效懈褌邪褞褔懈 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪, 薪邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍 袪械屑斜褉邪薪写褌邪 "袩褉懈屑懈褉械薪薪褟 袛邪胁懈写邪 褨 袗胁械褋褋邪谢芯屑邪". 笑褨泻邪胁邪 褉械锌褉芯写褍泻褑褨褟, 芯锌懈褋 褨 胁褋械 褨薪褕械, 邪谢械 褦 芯写薪械 "袗谢械". 笑懈褌褍褞褔懈 斜芯谐芯锌芯写褨斜薪芯谐芯 "孝械褌褉邪屑芯褉褎械褍褋邪": "袘褨斜谢褨褎褨泻芯胁邪薪懈泄 屑褨蟹芯泻 袛褨芯 胁懈写邪胁邪胁 薪械 蟹芯胁褋褨屑 写芯褉械褔薪褨 薪邪 褌芯泄 褔邪褋 写褍屑泻懈 泄 邪褋芯褑褨邪褑褨褩."
袙 褋胁芯褞 褔械褉谐褍, 屑褨泄 斜褨斜谢褨褎褨泻芯胁邪薪懈泄 卸胁邪胁懈泄, 褋褨褉芯-斜褍褉懈泄 屑芯蟹泻芯胁懈泄 褋谢懈屑邪泻, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 胁写芯胁芯谢褜薪褟褦褌褜褋褟 芯写薪懈屑 谢懈褕械 卸褍胁邪薪薪褟屑, 褉械褔械: "袗 褟泻芯谐芯 写褨写褜泻邪 袛邪胁懈写 芯斜褨泄屑邪褦 袗胁械褋褋邪谢芯屑邪, 褟泻褖芯 泄芯谐芯 卸 褍斜懈胁 袡芯邪胁, 泻芯谢懈 褌芯泄 蟹邪锌谢褍褌邪胁褋褟 胁芯谢芯褋褋褟屑 胁 谢懈褋褌褨 写械褉械胁邪?"
袉 写褨泄褋薪芯, 胁褨写泻褉懈胁邪褞 袙褨泻褨 褨 胁懈褟胁谢褟褞, 褖芯 褑褟 薪邪蟹胁邪 斜褍谢邪 锌芯屑懈谢泻芯胁芯褞 褨 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 胁芯谢芯写褨褦 蟹邪褋褌邪褉褨谢芯褞 褨薪褎芯褉屑邪褑褨褦褞.
袧褨褖芯 薪械 屑邪褉薪械 锌械褉械写 芯斜谢懈褔褔褟屑 薪械斜邪,褟泻 褨 屑芯褦 褕械褋褌懈褉邪蟹芯胁械 锌褉芯褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 "袣薪懈谐懈 泻薪懈谐".
袘褍薪写褞褔褍褋褟 褨 褌褨褕褍褋褜, 褟泻 屑芯谢芯写懈泄 袦械褌邪褌褉芯薪, 褖芯 蟹 谢械谐泻懈屑 褍褋屑褨褏芯屑 褌邪 谢褞斜'褟蟹薪褨褋褌褞 胁懈锌褉邪胁谢褟褦 写褉褨斜薪懈泄 芯谐褉褨褏 褍 胁褋械谢械薪褋褜泻懈褏 泻褉械褋谢械薪薪褟褏 袛械屑褨褍褉谐邪.
袧械写芯胁褨写芯屑褨 褕谢褟褏懈 袚芯褋锌芯写薪褨, 褌械卸 褋邪屑械 屑芯卸薪邪 褋泻邪蟹邪褌懈 锌褉芯 褕谢褟褏懈 袦懈褋褌械褑褌胁邪.
袝褋褋芯!
P.S. 袨泻褉褨屑 褌芯谐芯 褌邪泻芯卸 胁懈褟胁懈胁 泻褨谢褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢芯泻 褨 胁 锌械褉械泻谢邪写褨, 褌芯屑褍 褋锌褉芯斜褍褞 蟹胁'褟蟹邪褌懈褋褟 蟹 胁懈写邪胁薪懈褑褌胁芯屑 蟹邪写谢褟 胁懈锌褉邪胁谢械薪薪褟 褩褏 写谢褟 薪邪褋褌褍锌薪懈褏 胁懈写邪薪褜 褨 锌芯泻芯谢褨薪褜.
袩芯屑懈谢泻懈 胁 褌械泻褋褌褨:
褋褌芯褉. 337 - 鈥溞啃狙€锌邪褦褌褜褋褟鈥� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞啃狙€邪褦褌褜褋褟鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 356 鈥� 鈥溞撗冃承� 胁邪薪 写械褉 袚芯泄褋鈥� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞撗冃承� 胁邪薪 写械褉 袚褍褋鈥�, 褟泻 褨 褍 胁褋褨褏 锌芯锌械褉械写薪褨褏 蟹谐邪写泻邪褏 褑褜芯谐芯 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻邪
褋褌芯褉. 393 鈥� 鈥溞啃把€懈卸褋褜泻械鈥�(褉芯褋.) 鈥� 锌邪褉懈蟹褜泻械
褋褌芯褉. 415 鈥� 褔械褉谐褍褞褌褜褋褟 褉褨蟹薪褨 胁邪褉褨邪薪褌懈 薪邪锌懈褋邪薪薪褟 褨屑械薪褨 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻 鈥溞撔靶谎佲€� 褨 鈥溞撔靶谎屟佲€�
褋褌芯褉. 430 鈥� 谐褉褍斜邪 锌械褉械泻谢邪写邪褑褜泻邪 锌芯屑懈谢泻邪, 薪邪蟹胁褍 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 锌械褉械泻谢邪写械薪芯 褟泻 鈥溞叫把傃幯€屑芯褉褌 蟹 芯屑邪褉芯屑 褨 芯泻褍谢褟褉邪屑懈鈥�, 泻芯谢懈 薪邪 褋锌褉邪胁写褨 glasses 褑械 泻械谢懈褏懈, 邪 薪械 芯泻褍谢褟褉懈
褋褌芯褉. 482 鈥� 鈥溠埿狙€褨褔薪褨鈥� 蟹邪屑褨褋褌褜 鈥溠壭狙€褨褔薪褨鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 550 鈥� 鈥溞垦€械褋谢芯胁褍褌懈泄鈥�(褉芯褋.) 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞沸叫靶夹敌叫秆傂感光€�
褋褌芯褉. 628 鈥� 鈥溞逞€邪褑褨芯蟹薪懈泄鈥� (褉芯褋.) 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞逞€邪褑褨泄薪懈泄鈥�
褋褌芯褉. 650 鈥溞溞把佇把囇囆锯€� 鈥� 锌褉邪胁懈谢褜薪芯 鈥溞溞靶沸把囇囆锯€�
袗谢械 薪械 蟹胁邪卸邪褞褔懈 薪邪 褑械, 胁褉邪卸械薪薪褟 胁褨写 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 屑械谐邪-锌芯蟹懈褌懈胁薪褨, 锌褉芯 褖芯 褋胁褨写褔邪褌褜 蟹邪锌懈褋懈 蟹 褔懈褌邪褑褜泻芯谐芯 褖芯写械薪薪懈泻邪:
袦械薪械 蟹邪胁卸写懈 胁褉邪卸邪谢芯 褨 褕芯泻褍胁邪谢芯 "袙芯褋泻褉械褋褨薪薪褟" 覑褉褞薪械胁邪谢褜写邪. 携泻褖芯 薪邪泄写懈胁薪褨褕褍 褨薪芯锌谢邪薪械褌薪褍 袘芯谐芯褉芯写懈褑褞 蟹芯斜褉邪蟹懈胁 袞邪薪 肖褍泻械, 褌芯 胁卸械 薪邪泄薪械蟹胁懈褔薪褨褕懈泄 小锌邪褋懈褌械谢褜 薪邪谢械卸懈褌褜 覑褉褞薪械胁邪谢褜写芯胁褨. 袙芯谢芯褋械-锌褉芯屑械薪褨, 褔械褉胁芯薪褨 薪邪褔械 胁褨写 胁薪褍褌褉褨褕薪褜芯谐芯 卸邪褉褍 芯褔褨 褨 谐褍斜懈. 袧械蟹写芯褉芯胁芯 褉芯卸械胁械 褌褨谢芯 蟹 蟹褟褞褔懈屑懈 褉邪薪邪屑懈, 写褉邪锌械褉褨褟 斜邪谐褉褟薪懈褑褨, 褖芯 芯斜锌谢褨褌邪褦 褌褨谢芯, 褟泻 褔褍写械褉薪邪褑褜泻懈泄 泻芯泻芯薪. 孝褍褌 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 蟹谐邪写褍褞褌褜褋褟 褉褟写泻懈 袧褨褑褕械 锌褉芯 袧邪写谢褞写懈薪褍, 褖芯 薪邪褉芯写卸褍褦褌褜褋褟.
覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 芯锌懈褋褍褦 褑褞 褉芯斜芯褌褍 褌邪泻:
"孝邪泻 褋邪屑芯, 褟泻 胁褨薪 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪胁 褋胁褨泄 锌械薪蟹械谢褜, 褖芯斜 蟹芯斜褉邪蟹懈褌懈 屑械褉褌胁械 褨 蟹屑褍褔械薪械 褌褨谢芯 啸褉懈褋褌邪, 胁褨薪 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌邪胁 泄芯谐芯 薪邪 褨薪褕褨泄 泻邪褉褌懈薪褨, 褖芯斜 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌懈 泄芯谐芯 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉械薪薪褟 锌褨写 褔邪褋 袙芯褋泻褉械褋褨薪薪褟 薪邪 薪械蟹械屑薪械 褟胁谢械薪薪褟 薪械斜械褋薪芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌谢邪. 袙邪卸泻芯 芯锌懈褋邪褌懈 褑褞 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍, 斜芯, 蟹薪芯胁褍 卸 褌邪泻懈, 褌邪泻 斜邪谐邪褌芯 蟹邪谢械卸懈褌褜 胁褨写 褩褩 泻芯谢褜芯褉褨胁. 袟写邪褦褌褜褋褟, 薪褨斜懈 啸褉懈褋褌芯褋 褖芯泄薪芯 锌褨写薪褟胁褋褟 蟹 谐褉芯斜褍, 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褞褔懈 蟹邪 褋芯斜芯褞 褋谢褨写 锌褉芯屑械薪懈褋褌芯谐芯 褋胁褨褌谢邪 锌谢邪褖邪薪懈褑褟, 胁 褟泻褍 斜褍谢芯 蟹邪谐芯褉薪褍褌芯 褌褨谢芯, 胁褨写斜懈胁邪褦 泻芯谢褜芯褉芯胁褨 锌褉芯屑械薪褨 薪褨屑斜邪.
袦懈 斜邪褔懈屑芯 谐芯褋褌褉懈泄 泻芯薪褌褉邪褋褌 屑褨卸 胁芯褋泻褉械褋谢懈屑 啸褉懈褋褌芯屑, 褟泻懈泄 褕懈褉褟褦
胁 锌芯胁褨褌褉褨, 泄 斜械蟹锌芯褉邪写薪懈屑懈 卸械褋褌邪屑懈 褋芯谢写邪褌褨胁 薪邪 蟹械屑谢褨, 蟹邪褋谢褨锌谢械薪懈褏 褨 锌褉懈谐芯谢芯屑褕械薪懈褏 褑褨褦褞 褉邪锌褌芯胁芯褞 锌芯褟胁芯褞 褋胁褨褌谢邪. 袦懈 胁褨写褔褍胁邪褦屑芯 褋懈谢褍
褩褏薪褜芯谐芯 锌芯褌褉褟褋褨薪薪褟 褔械褉械蟹 褌械, 褟泻 胁芯薪懈 泻芯褉褔邪褌褜褋褟 褍 褋胁芯褩褏 芯斜谢邪写褍薪泻邪褏.
袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 屑懈 薪械 屑芯卸械屑芯 芯褑褨薪懈褌懈 胁褨写褋褌邪薪褜 屑褨卸 锌械褉械写薪褨屑 褨 蟹邪写薪褨屑 锌谢邪薪芯屑, 写胁芯褦 胁芯褩薪褨胁 蟹邪 谐褉芯斜芯屑 胁懈谐谢褟写邪褞褌褜 褟泻 屑邪褉褨芯薪械褌泻懈, 褖芯 锌芯锌邪写邪谢懈, 邪 褩褏薪褨 褋锌芯褌胁芯褉械薪褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 谢懈褕械 锌褨写泻褉械褋谢褞褞褌褜 斜械蟹褌褍褉斜芯褌薪懈泄 褨 胁械谢懈褔薪懈泄 褋锌芯泻褨泄 锌褉械芯斜褉邪卸械薪芯谐芯 褌褨谢邪 啸褉懈褋褌邪."
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袟邪 胁械褋褜 褔邪褋 屑芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯褋褌褨泄薪芯谐芯 褕褌褍写褨褞胁邪薪薪褟 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯蟹薪邪胁褋褌胁邪 (邪 褑械 锌褉懈斜谢懈蟹薪芯 10 褉芯泻褨胁). 携 薪邪锌邪屑'褟褌褜 胁懈胁褔懈胁 褋芯褌薪褨 泻邪褉褌懈薪 褌邪 褋褌懈谢褨胁. 笑褨泻邪胁懈屑 褦 褌芯泄 褎邪泻褌, 褖芯 写谢褟 屑械薪械 薪褨泻芯谢懈 薪械 褋泻谢邪写邪谢芯 胁邪卸泻芯褋褌褨 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪懈褌懈 袦邪薪械 胁褨写 袦芯薪械, 薪邪胁褨褌褜 褟泻褖芯 泄褕谢芯褋褟 锌褉芯 褌懈锌芯胁芯 褨屑锌褉械褋褨芯薪褨褋褌懈褔薪褨 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 芯斜芯褏, 褔懈 褩褏 卸械 斜褨谢褜褕 泻谢邪褋懈褔薪褨 蟹褉邪蟹泻懈. 孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕, 褟 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 褋锌谢褍褌褍胁邪胁 袙邪薪 袝泄泻邪 褨 袪芯谐褨褉邪 胁邪薪 写械褉 袙械泄写械薪邪. 袙褋械 褔械褉械蟹 褌械, 褖芯 芯斜懈写胁邪 卸懈谢懈 胁 芯写薪褍 械锌芯褏褍 胁 袧褨写械褉谢邪薪写邪褏 褨 褔邪褋褌芯 蟹邪锌芯蟹懈褔褍胁邪谢懈 锌褉懈泄芯屑懈 芯写懈薪 胁 芯写薪芯谐芯. 袣薪懈卸泻邪 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪 写谢褟 屑械薪械 褑褨薪薪邪 锌械褉械写芯胁褋褨屑 褌懈屑, 褖芯 褑械 锌芯胁褌芯褉械薪薪褟, 邪写卸械 锌褉懈斜谢懈蟹薪芯 70% 锌芯谢芯褌械薪, 褟泻褨 薪邪胁械写械薪褨 褌褍褌 褟 胁卸械 蟹薪邪褞. 孝懈屑 薪械 屑械薪褕 褌褉邪锌谢褟褞褌褜褋褟 胁褉邪卸邪褞褔褨 胁褨写泻褉懈褌褌褟, 泻芯谢懈 褟 薪械 褉芯蟹褍屑褨褞, 褟泻 屑褨谐 锌褉芯锌褍褋褌懈褌懈 褌褍 褔懈 褨薪褕褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍. 袉 芯褌 薪械褖芯写邪胁薪芯 褟 薪邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 褍薪褨泻邪谢褜薪械 锌芯谢芯褌薪芯. 袛胁邪 褉芯泻懈 褌芯屑褍, 谐械薪褨邪谢褜薪懈泄 袚械褉斜械褉褌 胁 褋胁芯褩泄 泻薪懈蟹褨 "袧邪褌褞褉屑芯褉褌 蟹 胁褍写懈谢芯屑" 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 写谢褟 屑械薪械 屑褨褋褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 孝芯褉械薪褌褨褍褋邪 (锌芯褋懈谢邪薪薪褟 胁 泻芯屑械薪褌邪褉褟褏). 袉 芯褋褜, 写胁邪 写薪褨 褌芯屑褍, 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 屑械薪褨 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械.
小褎芯褉屑芯胁邪薪邪 芯褋芯斜懈褋褌褨褋褌褜 蟹 褔邪褋芯屑 褋邪屑邪 写谢褟 褋械斜械 褋泻谢邪写邪褦 褋胁褨泄 胁谢邪褋薪懈泄 泻邪薪芯薪 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪芯谐芯 褨 褑褨薪薪芯谐芯. 笑械 蟹邪薪褟褌褌褟 锌芯褌褉械斜褍褦 褔邪褋褍, 薪邪锌芯谢械谐谢懈胁芯褋褌褨 褌邪 胁薪褍褌褉褨褕薪褜芯谐芯 胁芯谐薪褞 - 褟泻芯褋褌械泄, 泻芯褌褉褨 胁褋械 褋懈谢褜薪褨褕械 锌褉懈褌褍锌谢褞褞褌褜褋褟 胁 薪邪褕 褔邪褋. 袟胁褨褋薪芯, 褖芯 褟 胁卸械 泄 褉邪薪褨褕械 薪邪褌褉邪锌谢褟胁 薪邪 锌芯锌褍谢褟褉薪褨褕褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍 肖褍泻械 - 薪械蟹械屑薪褍, 褨薪芯锌谢邪薪械褌薪褍 袛褨胁褍 芯褌芯褔械薪褍 褋懈薪褨屑懈 褌邪 褔械褉胁芯薪懈屑懈 邪薪谐械谢邪屑懈 (褑褟 泻邪褉褌懈薪邪 薪邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写 锌芯屑褨褖械薪邪 薪邪 芯斜泻谢邪写懈薪泻褍 "袉褋褌芯褉褨褩 袆胁褉芯锌懈" 袧芯褉屑邪薪邪 袛械胁褨褋邪), 邪谢械 芯褌 锌芯褉褌褉械褌 袝褌褜褦薪邪 楔械胁邪谢褜褦 蟹褨 褋胁褟褌懈屑 小褌械褎邪薪芯屑 褔芯屑褍褋褜 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 褌褨泻邪胁 胁褨写 屑械薪械.
袉 芯褋褜 - 屑邪褞 屑芯卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 褉芯蟹谐谢褟写邪褌懈 褨 薪邪褋芯谢芯写卸褍胁邪褌懈褋褟 褑褨褦褞 写芯褋泻芯薪邪谢芯褞 褉芯斜芯褌芯褞. 袧邪泄斜褨谢褜褕械 写懈胁褍褦 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 - 褌褍褌 肖褍泻械 屑懈屑芯胁芯谢褨 薪邪褋谢褨写褍褦 写褉械胁薪褜芯褦谐懈锌械褌褋褜泻械 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 写械 斜芯谐懈 褨 褎邪褉邪芯薪懈 蟹芯斜褉邪卸邪谢懈褋褟 胁懈褖懈屑懈 蟹邪 谢褞写械泄. 孝邪泻 褋邪屑芯 泄 褌褍褌 - 屑械谢邪薪褏芯谢褨泄薪懈泄 小褌械褎邪薪, 褔芯谢芯胁褨泻芯-褞薪邪泻 (薪邪写谢褞写懈薪邪) 褍 褉芯蟹泻胁褨褌褨 泻褉邪褋懈, 胁懈胁懈褖褍褦褌褜褋褟 薪邪写 写芯薪邪褌芯褉芯屑. 袉薪褕邪 胁褉邪卸邪褞褔邪 写械褌邪谢褜 - 泻邪屑褨薪褜, 泻芯褌褉懈泄 蟹褨 蟹薪邪褉褟写写褟 褍斜懈胁褋褌胁邪 芯泻褉芯锌谢械薪芯谐芯 泻褉芯胁'褞 锌械褉械褌胁芯褉懈胁褋褟 薪邪 谐褨谐邪薪褌褋褜泻懈泄 褉褍斜褨薪芯胁芯-褉芯卸械胁懈泄 褋褌邪谢邪泻褌懈褌 , 褖芯 锌械胁薪懈屑 褔懈薪芯屑 薪邪谐邪写褍褦 锌械谢褞褋褌泻懈 卸芯胁褌芯褩 褌褉芯褟薪写懈! 袧邪褋褌褍锌薪懈泄 褑褨泻邪胁懈泄 褎褉邪覒屑械薪褌 - 泻褉芯胁, 褖芯 褋褌褨泻邪褦 蟹 谐芯谢芯胁懈 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 泻芯薪褌褉邪褋褌褍褦 蟹 邪斜褋芯谢褞褌薪芯 斜褨谢懈屑 泻芯屑褨褉褑械屑, 褖芯 褖械 斜褨谢褜褕械 锌褉懈胁械褉褌邪褦 褍胁邪谐褍 写芯 褉邪薪懈. 袛邪谢褨 - 锌芯蟹邪写褍 褎褨谐褍褉 胁 蟹芯谢芯褌褨泄 褉邪屑褨 褋锌芯褋褌械褉褨谐邪褦屑芯 褖芯褋褜 褋褏芯卸械 薪邪 写懈蟹邪泄薪 袝褉斜褍, 褖芯 蟹薪邪褔薪芯 锌褨蟹薪褨褕械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍胁邪褋褟 写谢褟 褎芯褉蟹邪褑褨胁 写谢褟 泻薪懈谐 褨 褑械 蟹邪 褋芯褌薪褨 褉芯泻褨胁 写芯 褑褜芯谐芯 褟胁懈褖邪! 袟 胁械谢懈褔械蟹薪芯褞 褋褌邪褉邪薪薪褨褋褌褞 胁懈屑邪谢褞胁邪薪械 泄 褋邪屑械 锌褉懈屑褨褖械薪薪褟 蟹 泻芯谢芯薪邪屑懈 褌邪 锌谢懈褌泻芯褞. 袛褨泄褋薪芯, 褑械 芯写薪邪 蟹 褌懈褏 泻邪褉褌懈薪, 泻芯褌褉褨 褏芯褔械褕 斜邪褔懈褌懈 薪邪 褋褌褨薪褨 褨 锌芯褋褌褨泄薪芯 蟹薪邪褏芯写懈褌懈 胁 薪褨泄 褖芯褋褜 薪芯胁械. 袗 薪懈卸褔械, 薪邪胁械写褍 芯锌懈褋 褑褜芯谐芯 锌芯谢芯褌薪邪 胁褨写 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪:
"袩褉芯 锌褉芯胁褨写薪芯谐芯 褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褜泻芯谐芯 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻邪 褌芯谐芯 锌械褉褨芯写褍 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械 (14202-802) 屑懈 蟹薪邪褦屑芯, 褖芯 胁褨薪 蟹邪屑芯谢芯写褍 胁褨写胁褨写褍胁邪胁 袉褌邪谢褨褞. 袙褨薪 锌芯斜褍胁邪胁 褍 袪懈屑褨, 写械 胁 1447 褉芯褑褨 薪邪屑邪谢褞胁邪胁 袩邪锌褍 袪懈屑褋褜泻芯谐芯. 袧邪 褨谢褞褋褌褉邪褑褨褩 锌褉械写褋褌邪胁谢械薪芯 锌芯褉褌褉械褌 写芯薪邪褌芯褉邪 褟泻懈泄 胁褨薪 薪邪屑邪谢褞胁邪胁, 褨屑芯胁褨褉薪芯, 褔械褉械蟹 泻褨谢褜泻邪 褉芯泻褨胁 锌褨褋谢褟 锌芯胁械褉薪械薪薪褟. 携泻 褨 褍 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯屑褍 写懈锌褌懈褏褍, 褋胁褟褌懈泄 芯锌褨泻褍褦褌褜褋褟 写芯薪邪褌芯褉芯屑, 褖芯 褋褌芯褩褌褜 薪邪 泻芯谢褨薪邪褏 褨 屑芯谢懈褌褜褋褟. 袨褋泻褨谢褜泻懈 写芯薪邪褌芯褉邪 蟹胁邪谢懈 袝褋褌褜褦薪 (褋褌邪褉芯褎褉邪薪褑褍蟹褜泻懈泄 邪薪邪谢芯谐 褨屑械薪褨 小褌械褎邪薪), 褌芯 锌芯褉褍褔 褨蟹 薪懈屑 褋褌芯褩褌褜 泄芯谐芯 锌芯泻褉芯胁懈褌械谢褜, 褋胁褟褌懈泄 小褌械褎邪薪, 泻芯褌褉懈泄, 褟泻 锌械褉褕懈泄 写懈褟泻芯薪 笑械褉泻胁懈, 胁写褟谐薪械薪懈泄 褍 写懈褟泻芯薪褋褜泻褍 褉懈蟹褍. 袙褨薪 褌褉懈屑邪褦 胁 褉褍泻邪褏 泻薪懈谐褍, 邪 薪邪 薪褨泄 - 胁械谢懈泻懈泄 谐芯褋褌褉懈泄 泻邪屑褨薪褜, 邪写卸械, 蟹谐褨写薪芯 蟹 袘褨斜谢褨褦褞, 褋胁褟褌芯谐芯 小褌械褎邪薪邪 斜褍谢芯 锌芯斜懈褌芯 泻邪屑褨薪薪褟屑. 携泻褖芯 屑懈 锌芯胁械褉薪械屑芯褋褟 写芯 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 写懈锌褌懈褏褍, 褌芯 褖械 褉邪蟹 锌芯斜邪褔懈屑芯, 褟泻懈泄 锌芯褋褌褍锌 蟹褉芯斜懈谢芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 胁 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褨 薪邪褌褍褉懈 蟹邪 锌褨胁褋褌芯谢褨褌褌褟. 小胁褟褌褨 褌邪 写芯薪邪褌芯褉 袙褨谢褌芯薪褋褜泻芯谐芯 写懈锌褌懈褏褍 胁懈谐谢褟写邪褞褌褜 褌邪泻, 薪褨斜懈 褩褏 胁懈褉褨蟹邪谢懈 蟹 锌邪锌械褉褍 泄 锌芯屑褨褋褌懈谢懈 薪邪 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍, 褌芯写褨 褟泻 褋胁褟褌褨 袞邪薪邪 肖褍泻械 蟹写邪褞褌褜褋褟 芯斜'褦屑薪懈屑懈. 袧邪 斜褨谢褜褕 褉邪薪薪褨泄 泻邪褉褌懈薪褨 薪械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦褌褜褋褟 褋胁褨褌谢芯褌褨薪褜, 邪 肖褍泻械 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褦 褋胁褨褌谢芯 屑邪泄卸械 褌邪泻 褋邪屑芯, 褟泻 褑械 褉芯斜懈胁 袩'褦褉芯 写械谢谢邪 肖褉邪薪褔械褋泻邪. 孝械, 褟泻 褑褨 褋锌芯泻褨泄薪褨 褌邪 褋褌邪褌械褔薪褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 褋褌芯褟褌褜, 薪邪褔械 胁 褉械邪谢褜薪芯屑褍 锌褉芯褋褌芯褉褨, 褋胁褨写褔懈褌褜, 褖芯 肖褍泻械 谐谢懈斜芯泻芯 胁褉邪蟹懈谢芯 锌芯斜邪褔械薪械 胁 袉褌邪谢褨褩. 袉 胁褋械 卸 泄芯谐芯 屑邪薪械褉邪 卸懈胁芯锌懈褋褍 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟褦褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 褨褌邪谢褨泄褋褜泻芯褩. 袉薪褌械褉械褋, 褟泻懈泄 胁褨薪 胁懈褟胁谢褟褦 写芯 褎邪泻褌褍褉懈 褌邪 锌芯胁械褉褏薪褨 褉械褔械泄 - 褏褍褌褉邪, 泻邪屑械薪褞, 褌泻邪薪懈薪懈 褌邪 屑邪褉屑褍褉褍, - 褋胁褨写褔懈褌褜 锌褉芯 褌械, 褖芯 泄芯谐芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯 蟹邪谢懈褕邪褦褌褜褋褟 褌褨褋薪芯 锌芯胁'褟蟹邪薪懈屑 褨蟹 锌褨胁薪褨褔薪芯褞 褌褉邪写懈褑褨褦褞 携薪邪 胁邪薪 袝泄泻邪. "
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
袩褉芯写芯胁卸褍褞 褔懈褌邪薪薪褟 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏邪. 袧邪褌褉邪锌懈胁 薪邪 锌褉械泻褉邪褋薪懈泄 械锌褨蟹芯写 蟹 芯锌懈褋芯屑 斜褍写懈薪泻褍 胁芯卸写褟 袚邪泄写邪 褌邪 谢械谐械薪写芯褞, 褖芯 蟹 薪懈屑 锌芯胁'褟蟹邪薪邪. 袟邪褏芯褌褨谢芯褋褟 锌芯褔懈褌邪褌懈 褖械 斜褨谢褜褕械 泻薪懈谐 锌褉芯 锌械褉胁褨褋薪械 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁薪械 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯.
"校 写械褟泻懈褏 褔邪褋褌懈薪邪褏 褋胁褨褌褍 锌械褉胁褨褋薪褨 褏褍写芯卸薪懈泻懈 褉芯蟹褉芯斜懈谢懈 褋泻谢邪写薪褨 褋懈褋褌械屑懈 写谢褟 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟 褉褨蟹薪懈褏 褎褨谐褍褉 褨 褌芯褌械屑褨胁 褋胁芯褩褏 屑褨褎褨胁 褍 写械泻芯褉邪褌懈胁薪懈泄 褋锌芯褋褨斜. 袧邪锌褉懈泻谢邪写, 屑懈褋褌褑褨, 褖芯 薪邪谢械卸邪褌褜 写芯 泻芯褉褨薪薪懈褏 屑械褕泻邪薪褑褨胁 袩褨胁薪褨褔薪芯褩 袗屑械褉懈泻懈, 锌芯褦写薪褍褞褌褜 褍 褋芯斜褨 写褍卸械 谐芯褋褌褉褍 褋锌芯褋褌械褉械卸谢懈胁褨褋褌褜 蟹邪 锌褉懈褉芯写薪懈屑懈 褎芯褉屑邪屑懈 蟹 褨谐薪芯褉邪褑褨褦褞 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 屑懈 薪邪蟹懈胁邪褦屑芯 褉械邪谢褜薪懈屑 胁懈谐谢褟写芯屑 褉械褔械泄. 携泻 屑懈褋谢懈胁褑褨, 胁芯薪懈 蟹薪邪褞褌褜 褋锌褉邪胁卸薪褞 褎芯褉屑褍 写蟹褜芯斜邪 芯褉谢邪 褔懈 胁褍褏 斜芯斜褉邪 薪邪斜邪谐邪褌芯 泻褉邪褖械, 薪褨卸 斜褍写褜-褏褌芯 蟹 薪邪褋.
袗谢械 胁芯薪懈 胁胁邪卸邪褞褌褜, 褖芯 芯写薪褨褦褩 褌邪泻芯褩 芯蟹薪邪泻懈 褑褨谢泻芯屑 写芯褋褌邪褌薪褜芯. 袧邪 褨谢. 26 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪芯 屑芯写械谢褜 斜褍写懈薪泻褍 胁芯卸写褟 锌谢械屑械薪褨 袚邪泄写邪 薪邪 锌褨胁薪褨褔薪芯屑褍 蟹邪褏芯写褨 蟹 褌褉褜芯屑邪 褌邪泻 蟹胁邪薪懈屑懈 褌芯褌械屑薪懈屑懈 褋褌芯胁锌邪屑懈 锌械褉械写 薪懈屑. 袦懈 屑芯卸械屑芯
锌芯斜邪褔懈褌懈 胁 薪懈褏 谢懈褕械 薪邪谐褉芯屑邪写卸械薪薪褟 锌芯褌胁芯褉薪懈褏 屑邪褋芯泻, 邪谢械 写谢褟 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褟 褑褨 褋褌芯胁锌懈 褨谢褞褋褌褉褍褞褌褜 写邪胁薪褞 谢械谐械薪写褍 泄芯谐芯 锌谢械屑械薪褨. 小邪屑邪 谢械谐械薪写邪 屑芯卸械 蟹写邪褌懈褋褟 薪邪屑 褌邪泻芯褞 卸 写懈胁薪芯褞 褨 薪械蟹胁'褟蟹薪芯褞, 褟泻 褨 褩褩 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪薪褟, 邪谢械 屑懈 胁卸械 屑邪谢懈 蟹胁懈泻薪褍褌懈 写芯 褌芯谐芯, 褖芯 褍褟胁谢械薪薪褟 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褨胁 胁褨写褉褨蟹薪褟褞褌褜褋褟 胁褨写 薪邪褕懈褏.
袣芯谢懈褋褜 褍 褋械谢懈褖褨 袚胁邪泄褋 袣褍薪 卸懈胁 褞薪邪泻, 褟泻懈泄 屑邪胁 蟹胁懈褔泻褍 褑褨谢懈屑懈 写薪褟屑懈 胁邪谢褟褌懈褋褟 薪邪 谢褨卸泻褍, 邪卸 锌芯泻懈 泄芯谐芯 褌械褖邪 薪械 写芯褉褨泻薪褍谢邪 泄芯屑褍 蟹邪 褑械; 泄芯屑褍 褋褌邪谢芯 褋芯褉芯屑薪芯, 胁褨薪 锌褨褕芯胁 谐械褌褜 褨 胁懈褉褨褕懈胁 褍斜懈褌懈 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯, 褟泻械 卸懈谢芯 胁 芯蟹械褉褨 泄 褏邪褉褔褍胁邪谢芯褋褟 谢褞写褜屑懈 褌邪 泻懈褌邪屑懈. 袟邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 泻邪蟹泻芯胁芯谐芯 锌褌邪褏邪 胁褨薪 蟹褉芯斜懈胁 锌邪褋褌泻褍 蟹褨 褋褌芯胁斜褍褉邪 写械褉械胁邪 泄 锌褨写胁褨褋懈胁 薪邪写 薪械褞 写胁芯褏 写褨褌械泄 褟泻 锌褉懈屑邪薪泻褍. 效褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯 斜褍谢芯 褋锌褨泄屑邪薪芯, 褞薪邪泻 锌械褉械芯写褟谐薪褍胁褋褟 胁 泄芯谐芯 褕泻褍褉褍 泄 谢芯胁懈胁 褉懈斜褍, 褟泻褍 褉械谐褍谢褟褉薪芯 蟹邪谢懈褕邪胁 薪邪 锌芯褉芯蟹褨 褋胁芯褦褩 泻褉懈褌懈褔薪芯 薪邪谢邪褕褌芯胁邪薪芯褩 褌械褖褨. 袙芯薪邪 斜褍谢邪 薪邪褋褌褨谢褜泻懈 褍谢械褖械薪邪 褑懈屑懈 薪械褋锌芯写褨胁邪薪懈屑懈 锌褨写薪芯褕械薪薪褟屑懈, 褖芯 褋褌邪谢邪 胁胁邪卸邪褌懈 褋械斜械 屑芯谐褍褌薪褜芯褞 胁褨写褜屑芯褞. 袣芯谢懈 褞薪邪泻 薪邪褉械褕褌褨 胁褨写泻褉懈胁 褩泄 褍褋械, 褩泄 褋褌邪谢芯 褌邪泻 褋芯褉芯屑薪芯, 褖芯 胁芯薪邪 锌芯屑械褉谢邪.
袧邪 褑械薪褌褉邪谢褜薪芯屑褍 褋褌芯胁锌褨 蟹芯斜褉邪卸械薪褨 胁褋褨 褍褔邪褋薪懈泻懈 褑褨褦褩 褨褋褌芯褉褨褩. 袦邪褋泻邪 薪懈卸褔械 胁褨写 胁褏芯写褍 胁 斜褍写懈薪芯泻 - 褑械 芯写懈薪 褨蟹 泻懈褌褨胁, 褟泻懈褏 蟹'褩谢芯 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯. 袙械谢懈泻邪 屑邪褋泻邪 薪邪写 胁褏芯写芯屑 褑械 褋邪屑械 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻芯, 邪 薪邪写 薪懈屑 - 褎褨谐褍褉邪 蟹谢芯褖邪褋薪芯褩 褌械褖褨. 袦邪褋泻邪 蟹 写蟹褜芯斜芯屑 薪邪写 薪械褞 褑械 锌褌邪褏, 褟泻懈泄 写芯锌芯屑褨谐 谐械褉芯褞, 邪 写邪谢褨 屑懈 斜邪褔懈屑芯 泄芯谐芯 褋邪屑芯谐芯, 芯写褟谐薪械薪芯谐芯 胁 褕泻褍褉褍 褔褍写芯胁懈褋褜泻邪, 蟹 褉懈斜邪屑懈, 褟泻懈褏 胁褨薪 褍锌褨泄屑邪胁. 袥褞写褋褜泻褨 褎褨谐褍褉懈 薪邪 胁械褉褕械褔泻褍 褑械 写褨褌懈, 褟泻懈屑懈 谐械褉芯泄 褋泻芯褉懈褋褌邪胁褋褟 褟泻 锌褉懈屑邪薪泻芯褞.
袙懈薪懈泻邪褦 褋锌芯泻褍褋邪 胁胁邪卸邪褌懈 褌邪泻褍 褉芯斜芯褌褍 胁懈褌胁芯褉芯屑 褏懈屑械褉薪芯褩 褎邪薪褌邪蟹褨褩, 邪谢械 写谢褟 褌懈褏, 褏褌芯 褩褩 褋褌胁芯褉褞胁邪胁, 褑械 斜褍谢芯 褋械褉泄芯蟹薪懈屑 蟹邪胁写邪薪薪褟屑. 袧邪 褌械, 褖芯斜 胁懈褉褨蟹邪褌懈 褑褨 胁械谢懈褔械蟹薪褨 褋褌芯胁锌懈 蟹邪 写芯锌芯屑芯谐芯褞 锌褉懈屑褨褌懈胁薪懈褏 褨薪褋褌褉褍屑械薪褌褨胁, 褟泻褨 斜褍谢懈 胁 褉芯蟹锌芯褉褟写卸械薪薪褨 褌褍斜褨谢褜褑褨胁, 褨褕谢懈 褉芯泻懈, 邪 褨薪芯写褨 写芯 褉芯斜芯褌懈 蟹邪谢褍褔邪谢芯褋褟 胁褋械 褔芯谢芯胁褨褔械 薪邪褋械谢械薪薪褟 褋械谢懈褖邪. 笑械泄 褌胁褨褉 屑邪胁 锌褉懈泻褉邪褋懈褌懈 泄 胁褨写蟹薪邪褔懈褌懈 写褨屑 屑芯谐褍褌薪褜芯谐芯 胁芯卸写褟."
袝褉薪褋褌 覑芯屑斜褉褨褏 "袨锌芯胁褨写褜 锌褉芯 屑懈褋褌械褑褌胁芯"
袩械褉械泻谢邪写 袗薪写褉褨褟 袧邪泻芯褉褔械胁褋褜泻芯谐芯
April 1, 2016
Autodidatti di tutto il mondo, uniamoci
Antefatto: al Liceo, in un impeto autonomista, la mia professoressa di disegno decise di saltare il programma triennale di storia dell'arte, consentendomi di beneficiare di cinque anni di proiezioni ortogonali (ricalcate alla finestra dalle tavole altrui).
Questo era l'alibi.
Fino ai 30 anni circa non mi sono mai molto interessato d'arte, fino a un ponte del Primo Maggio trascorso tra Siena e Arezzo. Da l矛, resomi conto di quel che mi ero perso, ho cominciato a girare per chiese, mostre e musei, rincorrendo la mia ignoranza, la quale ha il passo spedito di una siepista etiope.
La Storia di Gombrich 猫 il libro che avrei dovuto leggere appena tornato da Siena, perch猫 猫 il sogno realizzato di qualsiasi autodidatta.
E' scritto benissimo: avvicente come Dumas, vi far脿 fare il tifo per il vostro artista preferito.
Si legge facilmente: Gombrich da vero maestro non solo sa, ma sa spiegare (con tanti saluti a quel detto cretino per cui "chi sa fare fa, chi non sa fare insegna").
Infine, 猫 disseminato di spunti su cui costruire altre letture e, soprattutto, visite a luoghi e opere.
Le idee di base del libro mi paiono in estrema sintesi queste.
La storia dell'arte 猫 in realt脿 storia degli artisti. Fino alla fine dell'800, 猫 la storia del rapporto tra l'osservazione della natura e la sua riproduzione, pi霉 o meno fedele. Gombrich esamina il complicato andirivieni tra i diversi scopi che l'arte si 猫 prefissa nei secoli, con pagine per me illuminanti sull'arte antica (breaking news: gli egizi dipingevano le persone "di sbieco" per uno scopo preciso, non perch猫 non erano capaci di farle meglio).
Dall'Impressionismo in poi, inizia la sfida degli artisti con i problemi formali dell'arte, che a poco a poco prevalgono sul soggetto. A questo proposito, ho trovato affascinante il discorso che l'autore fa sulla differenza tra "riprodurre ci貌 che si vede" e "riprodurre ci貌 che si sa di vedere". In breve, ai pittori accademici che dipingevano in studio, un impressionista avrebbe fatto notare che, cos矛 facendo, ritraevano ci貌 che la loro mente, la loro cultura sapevano, ma non ci貌 che realmente vede l'occhio umano (ossia, i colori, il movimento, la luce). Da questa prospettiva, avevano qualche buona ragione Monet e soci quando dicevano di essere loro i veri naturalisti e non i paesaggisti come Poussin.
Nella parte finale, inevitabilmente influenzata dall'essere quasi cronaca, Gombrich sviluppa alcune riflessioni sull'arte contemporanea.
In conclusione, Autodidatti di tutto il mondo, uniamoci, non abbiamo da perdere altro che le catene della nostra ignoranza!
(Noterella editoriale, per la quale giuro che la Phaidon non mi passa una mancia: data la qualit脿 e soprattutto l'importanza delle foto per la piena fruibilit脿 del testo, consiglierei di investire la sommetta di 鈧� 40 circa nell'edizione rilegata e patinata, ne vale la pena)
Bonus Track: interessante sito che raccoglie molto materiale su Gombrich
Antefatto: al Liceo, in un impeto autonomista, la mia professoressa di disegno decise di saltare il programma triennale di storia dell'arte, consentendomi di beneficiare di cinque anni di proiezioni ortogonali (ricalcate alla finestra dalle tavole altrui).
Questo era l'alibi.
Fino ai 30 anni circa non mi sono mai molto interessato d'arte, fino a un ponte del Primo Maggio trascorso tra Siena e Arezzo. Da l矛, resomi conto di quel che mi ero perso, ho cominciato a girare per chiese, mostre e musei, rincorrendo la mia ignoranza, la quale ha il passo spedito di una siepista etiope.
La Storia di Gombrich 猫 il libro che avrei dovuto leggere appena tornato da Siena, perch猫 猫 il sogno realizzato di qualsiasi autodidatta.
E' scritto benissimo: avvicente come Dumas, vi far脿 fare il tifo per il vostro artista preferito.
Si legge facilmente: Gombrich da vero maestro non solo sa, ma sa spiegare (con tanti saluti a quel detto cretino per cui "chi sa fare fa, chi non sa fare insegna").
Infine, 猫 disseminato di spunti su cui costruire altre letture e, soprattutto, visite a luoghi e opere.
Le idee di base del libro mi paiono in estrema sintesi queste.
La storia dell'arte 猫 in realt脿 storia degli artisti. Fino alla fine dell'800, 猫 la storia del rapporto tra l'osservazione della natura e la sua riproduzione, pi霉 o meno fedele. Gombrich esamina il complicato andirivieni tra i diversi scopi che l'arte si 猫 prefissa nei secoli, con pagine per me illuminanti sull'arte antica (breaking news: gli egizi dipingevano le persone "di sbieco" per uno scopo preciso, non perch猫 non erano capaci di farle meglio).
Dall'Impressionismo in poi, inizia la sfida degli artisti con i problemi formali dell'arte, che a poco a poco prevalgono sul soggetto. A questo proposito, ho trovato affascinante il discorso che l'autore fa sulla differenza tra "riprodurre ci貌 che si vede" e "riprodurre ci貌 che si sa di vedere". In breve, ai pittori accademici che dipingevano in studio, un impressionista avrebbe fatto notare che, cos矛 facendo, ritraevano ci貌 che la loro mente, la loro cultura sapevano, ma non ci貌 che realmente vede l'occhio umano (ossia, i colori, il movimento, la luce). Da questa prospettiva, avevano qualche buona ragione Monet e soci quando dicevano di essere loro i veri naturalisti e non i paesaggisti come Poussin.
Nella parte finale, inevitabilmente influenzata dall'essere quasi cronaca, Gombrich sviluppa alcune riflessioni sull'arte contemporanea.
In conclusione, Autodidatti di tutto il mondo, uniamoci, non abbiamo da perdere altro che le catene della nostra ignoranza!
(Noterella editoriale, per la quale giuro che la Phaidon non mi passa una mancia: data la qualit脿 e soprattutto l'importanza delle foto per la piena fruibilit脿 del testo, consiglierei di investire la sommetta di 鈧� 40 circa nell'edizione rilegata e patinata, ne vale la pena)
Bonus Track: interessante sito che raccoglie molto materiale su Gombrich
November 28, 2011
Just a dozen or so pages into this book, I knew that it was one I wish I would have had access to when I was first seriously exposed to art. While in many respects, it is a conservative textbook (being first published in 1950), it is fundamentally meant for someone who has little to no previous formal contact with art history. Of course, if you have some, this can make you seriously engage some of your previously held assumptions about what you like and why you like it, but I got the distinct impression while reading that it was meant to initiate a teenager 鈥� a teenager who very much reminded of me of myself 鈥� into a whole new world.
The inclusions and exclusions of certain artists are, of course, always arbitrary. However, Gombrich鈥檚 choices do not deviate too much from a standard art history text. What particularly drew me to the book was what I perceived to be its inordinate focus on medieval and especially Renaissance art. Of the twenty-eight chapters included in the book, about five mostly focus on Western medieval images (6 and 8-11). Another six chapters (13-18) focus on the art of the Western Renaissance. Most surveys of art history to which I had been previously exposed paid scant attention to medieval art and they sometimes did not give the Renaissance the space that I felt it deserved. There is no doubt the medieval and Renaissance art Gombrich鈥檚 pet periods here (and, admittedly, they鈥檙e mine, too.)
What makes it so special is that, instead of spending the first chapter in an abstract exercise of thinking about what 鈥淎rt鈥� is, he forces you over and over again to take the art on its own terms. While discussing the various visual perspectives painted by the artist of 鈥淭he Garden of Nebamun,鈥� he says: 鈥淭o us reliefs and wall-paintings provide an extraordinarily vivid picture of life as it was lived in Egypt thousands of years ago. And yet, looking at them for the first time, one may find them rather bewildering. The reason is that the Egyptian painters had a very different way from ours of representing real life. Perhaps this is connected with the different purpose their paintings had to serve. What mattered most was not prettiness but completeness. It was the artists鈥� task to preserve everything as clearly and permanently as possible. So they did not set out to sketch nature as it appeared to them from any fortuitous angle鈥� (p. 60). It is the occasional insight like this that makes the book most worthwhile for a neophyte. After all, how many of us have measured something we saw by the standards of our particular narrow time and place? He really drives home the point that thinking about art seriously means thinking about other perspectives (both literally and figuratively), other preoccupations, and other aesthetic modus operandi. This is a lesson that should be lost on none of us, about art, or about anything else.
The inclusions and exclusions of certain artists are, of course, always arbitrary. However, Gombrich鈥檚 choices do not deviate too much from a standard art history text. What particularly drew me to the book was what I perceived to be its inordinate focus on medieval and especially Renaissance art. Of the twenty-eight chapters included in the book, about five mostly focus on Western medieval images (6 and 8-11). Another six chapters (13-18) focus on the art of the Western Renaissance. Most surveys of art history to which I had been previously exposed paid scant attention to medieval art and they sometimes did not give the Renaissance the space that I felt it deserved. There is no doubt the medieval and Renaissance art Gombrich鈥檚 pet periods here (and, admittedly, they鈥檙e mine, too.)
What makes it so special is that, instead of spending the first chapter in an abstract exercise of thinking about what 鈥淎rt鈥� is, he forces you over and over again to take the art on its own terms. While discussing the various visual perspectives painted by the artist of 鈥淭he Garden of Nebamun,鈥� he says: 鈥淭o us reliefs and wall-paintings provide an extraordinarily vivid picture of life as it was lived in Egypt thousands of years ago. And yet, looking at them for the first time, one may find them rather bewildering. The reason is that the Egyptian painters had a very different way from ours of representing real life. Perhaps this is connected with the different purpose their paintings had to serve. What mattered most was not prettiness but completeness. It was the artists鈥� task to preserve everything as clearly and permanently as possible. So they did not set out to sketch nature as it appeared to them from any fortuitous angle鈥� (p. 60). It is the occasional insight like this that makes the book most worthwhile for a neophyte. After all, how many of us have measured something we saw by the standards of our particular narrow time and place? He really drives home the point that thinking about art seriously means thinking about other perspectives (both literally and figuratively), other preoccupations, and other aesthetic modus operandi. This is a lesson that should be lost on none of us, about art, or about anything else.
February 18, 2023
賯氐丿 丿丕卮鬲賲 賲賮氐賱 亘賳賵蹖爻賲 賵賱蹖 丕蹖賳 賯丿乇 倬卮鬲賽 诏賵卮 丕賳丿丕禺鬲賲 讴賴 趩賳丿 賲丕賴蹖 诏匕卮鬲 賵 丨丕賱丕 丕夭 丨丕賱 賵 賴賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 禺丕乇噩 卮丿賲.
亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖賽 丕賵賾賱蹖賴 亘丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺賽 賴賳乇 賲賳丕爻亘 丕爻鬲. 倬乇 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇賽 夭蹖亘丕爻鬲. 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀池� 賲賮氐賱鈥屫� 亘丕卮丿. 賮氐賵賱賽 丌禺乇 讴賴 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳 丕爻鬲 讴賲蹖 賳丕賲爻賳噩賲 賴爻鬲賳丿. 賯賱賲賽 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 卮蹖賵丕爻鬲. 鬲乇噩賲賴 乇賵丕賳 丕爻鬲.
亘乇丕蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖賽 丕賵賾賱蹖賴 亘丕 鬲丕乇蹖禺賽 賴賳乇 賲賳丕爻亘 丕爻鬲. 倬乇 丕夭 鬲氐丕賵蹖乇賽 夭蹖亘丕爻鬲. 賲蹖鈥屫堌з嗀池� 賲賮氐賱鈥屫� 亘丕卮丿. 賮氐賵賱賽 丌禺乇 讴賴 賲乇亘賵胤 亘賴 賴賳乇 賲丿乇賳 丕爻鬲 讴賲蹖 賳丕賲爻賳噩賲 賴爻鬲賳丿. 賯賱賲賽 賳賵蹖爻賳丿賴 卮蹖賵丕爻鬲. 鬲乇噩賲賴 乇賵丕賳 丕爻鬲.
April 22, 2020
蹖讴 噩丕蹖蹖 賱丕亘賱丕蹖 噩賲賱丕鬲 讴賲 賳馗蹖乇 讴鬲丕亘 賳賵卮鬲賴 亘賵丿 " 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲胤賲卅賳丕 乇賵卮賳賮讴乇 賳禺賵丕賴蹖丿 卮丿"貙 丕蹖賳 乇丕 亘丕蹖丿 丕囟丕賮賴 讴賳賲 讴賴 賵賱蹖 賯胤毓丕 亘丕乇賴丕 丿蹖丿 卮賲丕 乇丕 賳爻亘鬲 亘賴 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賲禺鬲賱賮 賴賳乇蹖 亘丕夭 賲蹖讴賳丿.
亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 賲夭蹖鬲卮 亘蹖 胤乇賮蹖 丿乇 乇賵丕蹖鬲 丕爻鬲.賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 賲賳 亘賴 卮禺氐賴 亘乇禺蹖 鬲丕亘賱賵 賴丕 蹖丕 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 丿乇 賳馗乇賲 賲爻禺乇賴 噩賱賵賴 賲蹖讴乇丿賳丿貙 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賳诏乇卮 噩丿蹖丿蹖(亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 ) 讴賴 丿丕乇賴貙 讴賲讴 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵亘蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕爻鬲丕 讴乇丿 讴賴 亘蹖 胤乇賮 賵 亘賴 丿賵乇 丕夭 鬲毓氐亘 賳诏丕賴 讴賳賲 賵 亘蹖丕賳丿蹖卮賲.
賲夭蹖鬲 丿蹖诏賴 丕卮 賴賲 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 "鬲丕乇蹖禺" 賴賳乇 賳蹖爻鬲! "丿丕爻鬲丕賳" 賴賳乇賴. ( 賳賳賵卮鬲賴 history貨 賳賵卮鬲賴 story!) 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 賲鬲乇噩賲 禺蹖賱蹖 丕蹖賳 鬲賮丕賵鬲 亘乇丕卮 賲賴賲 賳亘賵丿賴.
夭蹖亘丕 亘賵丿 丿乇 讴賱.
亘夭乇诏鬲乇蹖賳 賲夭蹖鬲卮 亘蹖 胤乇賮蹖 丿乇 乇賵丕蹖鬲 丕爻鬲.賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 賲賳 亘賴 卮禺氐賴 亘乇禺蹖 鬲丕亘賱賵 賴丕 蹖丕 爻亘讴 賴丕蹖 賴賳乇蹖 丿乇 賳馗乇賲 賲爻禺乇賴 噩賱賵賴 賲蹖讴乇丿賳丿貙 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘丕 賳诏乇卮 噩丿蹖丿蹖(亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 ) 讴賴 丿丕乇賴貙 讴賲讴 禺蹖賱蹖 禺賵亘蹖 丿乇 丕蹖賳 乇丕爻鬲丕 讴乇丿 讴賴 亘蹖 胤乇賮 賵 亘賴 丿賵乇 丕夭 鬲毓氐亘 賳诏丕賴 讴賳賲 賵 亘蹖丕賳丿蹖卮賲.
賲夭蹖鬲 丿蹖诏賴 丕卮 賴賲 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 "鬲丕乇蹖禺" 賴賳乇 賳蹖爻鬲! "丿丕爻鬲丕賳" 賴賳乇賴. ( 賳賳賵卮鬲賴 history貨 賳賵卮鬲賴 story!) 讴賴 卮丕蹖丿 賲鬲乇噩賲 禺蹖賱蹖 丕蹖賳 鬲賮丕賵鬲 亘乇丕卮 賲賴賲 賳亘賵丿賴.
夭蹖亘丕 亘賵丿 丿乇 讴賱.
August 16, 2019
El libro 鈥淟a historia del arte鈥� es un cl谩sico en la materia. Publicado por primera vez en 1950 lleva m谩s de 7 millones de copias vendidas.
Desde mi punto de vista, sin haber le铆do nunca antes un ejemplar de este t贸pico, es una excelente manera de entrar en el mundo art铆stico.
Con lenguaje accesible vamos pasando desde el arte primitivo hasta mitad del siglo XX.
El 煤ltimo cap铆tulo, que no se encontraba en la primera edici贸n, trata de actualizar la obra y es el m谩s dif铆cil de abordar ya que incluye opiniones del autor sobre el arte en nuestros d铆as y ah铆 me entrever茅 un poco.
La edici贸n de Phaidon es impecable, p谩ginas de excelente calidad, incluso con ilustraciones desplegables. La contra, el peso del libraco, saqu茅 m煤sculos leyendo.
Es un libro puerta, te hace pensar y querer entrar a leer m谩s material. Peligroso.
Desde mi punto de vista, sin haber le铆do nunca antes un ejemplar de este t贸pico, es una excelente manera de entrar en el mundo art铆stico.
Con lenguaje accesible vamos pasando desde el arte primitivo hasta mitad del siglo XX.
El 煤ltimo cap铆tulo, que no se encontraba en la primera edici贸n, trata de actualizar la obra y es el m谩s dif铆cil de abordar ya que incluye opiniones del autor sobre el arte en nuestros d铆as y ah铆 me entrever茅 un poco.
La edici贸n de Phaidon es impecable, p谩ginas de excelente calidad, incluso con ilustraciones desplegables. La contra, el peso del libraco, saqu茅 m煤sculos leyendo.
Es un libro puerta, te hace pensar y querer entrar a leer m谩s material. Peligroso.
January 2, 2019
脡 na arte que o homem se ultrapassa definitivamente.
鈥� Simone de Beauvoir
Ter lido a Hist贸ria da Arte 鈥� desde a pr茅-hist贸ria at茅 meados do S茅culo XX 鈥� com o mesmo entusiasmo, prazer e emo莽茫o com que leio um grande e bom romance, n茫o se deve a alguma queda que eu possa ter para ler livros t茅cnicos ou de estudo, mas sim 脿 forma como est谩 escrito e apresentado: numa linguagem simples, sem explica莽玫es exaustivas; com v谩rias imagens de obras de arte, acompanhadas de uma an谩lise sum谩ria; pequenos resumos da vida profissional de v谩rios artistas e das suas "lutas" criativas.
Esta obra, para mim, s贸 tem um pequeno defeito: entre dezenas de pintores, escultores e arquitetos n茫o h谩 uma 煤nica mulher artista, apenas modelos. Tomo, ent茫o, a liberdade de as incluir neste meu modesto coment谩rio.
A arte n茫o pode ser pol铆tica, nem sujei莽茫o social, nem glosa duma ideia que faz 茅poca; nem mesmo pode estar de qualquer forma aliada ao conceito 芦progresso禄. 脡 algo mais. 脡 o pr贸prio alento humano para l谩 da morte de todas as quimeras, da fadiga de todas as perguntas sem solu莽茫o.
鈥� Agustina Bessa-尝耻铆蝉
Artemisia Gentileschi nasceu em Roma em 1593 e morreu em N谩poles em 1656. Foi a primeira mulher a tornar-se membro da Academia de Belas Artes de Floren莽a. A sua arte progressista, e hoje considerada feminista, foi ofuscada por ter participado activamente no julgamento de Agostino Tassi, um pintor que a estuprou.
Num dos seus quadros mais famosos representa-se a si pr贸pria como a alegoria da Pintura, algo que os pintores homens n茫o poderiam fazer, j谩 que esta figura sempre foi representada por uma mulher.
(Informa莽茫o copiada da Wikipedia)
[Artemisa Gentileschi, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (1638-1639). 脫leo sobre tela, 98,6 脳 75,2 cm.]
Camille Claudel (1864-1943) foi uma escultora francesa. Teve um relacionamento com Rodin, o qual tinha dificuldade em aceitar o talento da aluna e amante. Camille dependia financeiramente da fam铆lia e, ap贸s a morte do pai, o irm茫o 鈥� o poeta Paul Claudel 鈥�, sobre o pretexto de ser esquizofr茅nica, internou-a num hospital psiqui谩trico. Os m茅dicos tentaram dar-lhe alta v谩rias vezes mas a m茫e e o irm茫o recusaram. Viveu encarcerada, at茅 脿 sua morte, durante trinta anos; nunca recebeu a visita da m茫e e o irm茫o foi v锚-la sete vezes.
A sua obra s贸 foi reconhecida pela sua originalidade d茅cadas ap贸s a sua morte.
[Camille Claudel, L'芒ge mur (1898-1913). Escultura em bronze.]
Nota: o pequeno texto da descri莽茫o de Artemisa e Camille n茫o exemplificam, de forma alguma, o que Gombrich faz neste livro. Eu, incapaz de debitar o que quer que seja sobre Arte, limitei-me 脿 "coscuvilhice".
August 20, 2022
seneler evvel ald谋臒谋m kitab谋 erteleye erteleye anca bu sene okuyabildim, asl谋nda daha 枚nceleri bitirebilirdim -o kadar ak谋c谋yd谋 ki- ancak ben tad谋n谋 莽谋kartmak istedim. tek ke艧kem ertelemem 眉zerine. neyse zaman谋 艧imdi gelmi艧 diyelim 馃槍
October 1, 2024
Nachtrag.
Wie so oft, ist mir aufgefallen, da脽 ich es gelesen habe, als ein Lesefreund (in diesem Fall Florian) das Werk erw盲hnte.
Wie so oft, ist mir aufgefallen, da脽 ich es gelesen habe, als ein Lesefreund (in diesem Fall Florian) das Werk erw盲hnte.
Displaying 1 - 30 of 1,656 reviews
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get help and learn more about the design.