欧宝娱乐

“Earlier fundamental work of Whitehead, Russell, Wittgenstein, Carnap, Whorf, etc., as well as my own attempt to use this earlier thinking as an epistemological base for psychiatric theory, led to a series of generalizations: That human verbal communication can operate and always does operate at many contrasting levels of abstraction. These range in two directions from the seemingly simple denotative level (鈥淭he cat is on the mat鈥�). One range or set of these more abstract levels includes those explicit or implicit messages where the subject of discourse is the language. We will call these metalinguistic (for example, 鈥淭he verbal sound 鈥榗at鈥� stands for any member of such and such class of objects鈥�, or 鈥淭he word, 鈥榗at鈥� has no fur and cannot scratch鈥�). The other set of levels of abstraction we will call metacommunicative (e.g., 鈥淢y telling you where to 铿乶d the cat was friendly鈥�, or 鈥淭his is play鈥�). In these, the subject of discourse is the relationship between the speakers. It will be noted that the vast majority of both metalinguistic and metacommunicative messages remain implicit; and also that, especially in the psychiatric interview, there occurs a further class of implicit messages about how metacommunicative messages of friendship and hostility are to be interpreted.”
― Gregory Bateson