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Caligula
Alternate cover edition of ISBN 9782070386703.
Ange en qu¨ºte d'absolu ? Monstre sanguinaire ? Avant la guerre, Albert Camus con?oit Caligula, ainsi que Sisyphe ou Meursault (L'?tranger), comme un h¨¦ros de l'Absurde. En 1945, la pi¨¨ce est re?ue comme une fable sur les horreurs du nazisme. Ses versions et ses mises en sc¨¨ne successives, l'¨¦volution de la sensibilit¨¦ du public ont contribu¨¦ ¨¤ faire de Caligula une des figures les plus troublantes de notre th¨¦?tre. ? l'image du tyran se superposent, dans notre m¨¦moire, les visages de G¨¦rard Philipe, qui cr¨¦a le r?le, et celui d'Albert Camus, qui m¨ºla toujours au besoin de tendresse et ¨¤ l'exigence de puret¨¦ une ¨¦trange ?fixation au meurtre? et ?cette violence int¨¦rieure? (Jean Grenier) qui anime son empereur romain.
Ange en qu¨ºte d'absolu ? Monstre sanguinaire ? Avant la guerre, Albert Camus con?oit Caligula, ainsi que Sisyphe ou Meursault (L'?tranger), comme un h¨¦ros de l'Absurde. En 1945, la pi¨¨ce est re?ue comme une fable sur les horreurs du nazisme. Ses versions et ses mises en sc¨¨ne successives, l'¨¦volution de la sensibilit¨¦ du public ont contribu¨¦ ¨¤ faire de Caligula une des figures les plus troublantes de notre th¨¦?tre. ? l'image du tyran se superposent, dans notre m¨¦moire, les visages de G¨¦rard Philipe, qui cr¨¦a le r?le, et celui d'Albert Camus, qui m¨ºla toujours au besoin de tendresse et ¨¤ l'exigence de puret¨¦ une ¨¦trange ?fixation au meurtre? et ?cette violence int¨¦rieure? (Jean Grenier) qui anime son empereur romain.
224 pages, Mass Market Paperback
First published January 1, 1944
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About the author
Albert Camus
938?books34.9k?followersWorks, such as the novels
The Stranger
(1942) and
The Plague
(1947), of Algerian-born French writer and philosopher Albert Camus concern the absurdity of the human condition; he won the Nobel Prize of 1957 for literature.
Origin and his experiences of this representative of non-metropolitan literature in the 1930s dominated influences in his thought and work.
He also adapted plays of Pedro Calder¨®n de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Dino Buzzati, and Requiem for a Nun of William Faulkner. One may trace his enjoyment of the theater back to his membership in l'Equipe, an Algerian group, whose "collective creation" R¨¦volte dans les Asturies (1934) was banned for political reasons.
Of semi-proletarian parents, early attached to intellectual circles of strongly revolutionary tendencies, with a deep interest, he came at the age of 25 years in 1938; only chance prevented him from pursuing a university career in that field. The man and the times met: Camus joined the resistance movement during the occupation and after the liberation served as a columnist for the newspaper Combat.
The essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), 1942, expounds notion of acceptance of the absurd of Camus with "the total absence of hope, which has nothing to do with despair, a continual refusal, which must not be confused with renouncement - and a conscious dissatisfaction."
Meursault, central character of L'?tranger (The Stranger), 1942, illustrates much of this essay: man as the nauseated victim of the absurd orthodoxy of habit, later - when the young killer faces execution - tempted by despair, hope, and salvation.
Besides his fiction and essays, Camus very actively produced plays in the theater (e.g., Caligula, 1944).
The time demanded his response, chiefly in his activities, but in 1947, Camus retired from political journalism.
Doctor Rieux of La Peste (The Plague), 1947, who tirelessly attends the plague-stricken citizens of Oran, enacts the revolt against a world of the absurd and of injustice, and confirms words: "We refuse to despair of mankind. Without having the unreasonable ambition to save men, we still want to serve them."
People also well know La Chute (The Fall), work of Camus in 1956.
Camus authored L'Exil et le royaume (Exile and the Kingdom) in 1957. His austere search for moral order found its aesthetic correlative in the classicism of his art. He styled of great purity, intense concentration, and rationality.
Camus died at the age of 46 years in a car accident near Sens in le Grand Fossard in the small town of Villeblevin.
Chinese °¢¶û±´¡¤¼ÓçÑ
Origin and his experiences of this representative of non-metropolitan literature in the 1930s dominated influences in his thought and work.
He also adapted plays of Pedro Calder¨®n de la Barca, Lope de Vega, Dino Buzzati, and Requiem for a Nun of William Faulkner. One may trace his enjoyment of the theater back to his membership in l'Equipe, an Algerian group, whose "collective creation" R¨¦volte dans les Asturies (1934) was banned for political reasons.
Of semi-proletarian parents, early attached to intellectual circles of strongly revolutionary tendencies, with a deep interest, he came at the age of 25 years in 1938; only chance prevented him from pursuing a university career in that field. The man and the times met: Camus joined the resistance movement during the occupation and after the liberation served as a columnist for the newspaper Combat.
The essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), 1942, expounds notion of acceptance of the absurd of Camus with "the total absence of hope, which has nothing to do with despair, a continual refusal, which must not be confused with renouncement - and a conscious dissatisfaction."
Meursault, central character of L'?tranger (The Stranger), 1942, illustrates much of this essay: man as the nauseated victim of the absurd orthodoxy of habit, later - when the young killer faces execution - tempted by despair, hope, and salvation.
Besides his fiction and essays, Camus very actively produced plays in the theater (e.g., Caligula, 1944).
The time demanded his response, chiefly in his activities, but in 1947, Camus retired from political journalism.
Doctor Rieux of La Peste (The Plague), 1947, who tirelessly attends the plague-stricken citizens of Oran, enacts the revolt against a world of the absurd and of injustice, and confirms words: "We refuse to despair of mankind. Without having the unreasonable ambition to save men, we still want to serve them."
People also well know La Chute (The Fall), work of Camus in 1956.
Camus authored L'Exil et le royaume (Exile and the Kingdom) in 1957. His austere search for moral order found its aesthetic correlative in the classicism of his art. He styled of great purity, intense concentration, and rationality.
Camus died at the age of 46 years in a car accident near Sens in le Grand Fossard in the small town of Villeblevin.
Chinese °¢¶û±´¡¤¼ÓçÑ
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August 13, 2021
Caligula : Emperor of Rome, Albert Camus
Caligula is a play written by Albert Camus, begun in 1938, and published for the first time in May 1944. The play was later the subject of numerous revisions. It was part of what the author called the "Cycle of the Absurd", with the novel The Stranger (1942) and the essay The Myth of Sisyphus (1942).
The play shows Caligula, Roman Emperor, torn by the death of Drusilla, his sister and lover. In Camus' version of events, Caligula eventually deliberately manipulates his own assassination. (Historically, this event took place January 24, AD 41.)
????? ?????? ?????: ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1975 ??????
?????: ????????: ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? 1329? ?? 72?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? - ??? 20?
?????: ???????? : ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ?????: ???????? ????? ?????? ???? 1346? ?? 129?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1350? ?? 129?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 1357? ?? 155?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1382? ?? 151?? ???? 9646380298? ??? ???? 1386? ??? 1388?
?????: ????????: ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ?????: ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 1347? ?? 142?? ??? ??? 1357? ?? 142 ?? ??? ????: ?????? ??????? 1375? ?? 142?? ????: 9649048545?
????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 12?????? ?? ??? 41???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 37??????? ?? ??? 41??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (???????? ????)? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? (??? 69?????? ?? 104??????)? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? (????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???)? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 41??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ????? 12/06/1399???? ???????? 21/05/1400???? ???????? ?. ???????
Caligula is a play written by Albert Camus, begun in 1938, and published for the first time in May 1944. The play was later the subject of numerous revisions. It was part of what the author called the "Cycle of the Absurd", with the novel The Stranger (1942) and the essay The Myth of Sisyphus (1942).
The play shows Caligula, Roman Emperor, torn by the death of Drusilla, his sister and lover. In Camus' version of events, Caligula eventually deliberately manipulates his own assassination. (Historically, this event took place January 24, AD 41.)
????? ?????? ?????: ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? 1975 ??????
?????: ????????: ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? 1329? ?? 72?? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????? - ??? 20?
?????: ???????? : ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ?????: ???????? ????? ?????? ???? 1346? ?? 129?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 1350? ?? 129?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? 1357? ?? 155?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? 1382? ?? 151?? ???? 9646380298? ??? ???? 1386? ??? 1388?
?????: ????????: ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ?????: ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? 1347? ?? 142?? ??? ??? 1357? ?? 142 ?? ??? ????: ?????? ??????? 1375? ?? 142?? ????: 9649048545?
????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? 12?????? ?? ??? 41???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 37??????? ?? ??? 41??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? (???????? ????)? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? (??? 69?????? ?? 104??????)? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? (????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???)? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? 41??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???????
????? ?????? ????? 12/06/1399???? ???????? 21/05/1400???? ???????? ?. ???????
January 30, 2025
¡®He is converting his philosophy into corpses and¡ªunfortunately for us¡ªit¡¯s a philosophy that¡¯s logical from start to finish.¡¯
Rome¡¯s third emperor, , had a short rule (A.D. 37-41) yet left a lasting legacy of carnage and brutality. Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus but nicknamed Caligula meaning ¡°little boot¡± in reference to his military uniform, his tyrannical reign of terror and fiscal irresponsibility led to his assassination when he was 28 years old. While surviving sources are few, there is reason to believe his first few months as emperor were noble and tame and many believed mental illness may have contributed to his sadism. Albert Camus¡¯ first play, Caligula, harnesses the story of the tyrant emperor in four acts that examine Camus¡¯ ideas of absurdity, reinterpreting the historical figure through 20th century philosophical discourse (though Camus claimed it was not a philosophical play). Through a rather Nietzschean ¡°will to power,¡± Camus depicts Caligula embracing absurdity through calculated logic, exemplifying the ideas that anything is possible and man must replace God as Caligula attempts to recreate the randomness of death and the arbitrariness of life while seeking to create meaning out of meaninglessness. An eminently readable work, Caligula interrogates heady ideas and thrives on drawing discomfort from the audience in a violent saga of absurdity, power and revolt.
The assassination of Caligula, depicted by Giuseppe Mochetti
Camus began writing Caligula in 1937, and though he finished in 1939 it underwent several revisions before it was finally staged in Paris after the war. As he writes in his introduction, Camus intended himself to strut and fret his hour upon the stage as Caligula, and what a role it is with on stage murders and plenty of shouting and emotion. Camus adapted the play¡ªprimarily Cherea¡¯s role¡ªto fit his changing views on absurdity, though also, as argues in his book on Camus, in response to Hitler and the occupation of France. Lines were cut to ensure it didn¡¯t seem apologetic for tyrants, and added Cherea¡¯s line about fighting ideas ¡®whose triumph would mean the end of the world¡¯ as a direct callout against the Nazis. Gloag argue¡¯s Cherea exists to tone down the absurd as ¡®nihilistic purity was no longer defensible¡¯ In the essay Camus and the Theater, writes that Camus expressed frustrations that the play was often misunderstood, being mistaken as an existentialist work (he , and considered existentialism ¡®philosophical suicide¡¯), being mistaken as a critique of (he wrote it before the rise of Sartrean existentialism), or being a critique against tyrants or communism. Many of these elements are justifiable interpretations (or present in other works) though Camus stressed they overlooked the main purpose of the dilemas of freedom and violence, a revolt of the powerful against society, and an expression of living in absurdity through logic.
French production of Caligula, 1945
This is an excellent play, and Camus launches us into the start of Caligula¡¯s reign of violence by first showing the emperor in a moment of vulnerability. Following the death of his sister, Drusilla, Caligula contemplates that ¡®life is quite intolerable,¡¯ existence is absurd, and regrets being unable to obtain the literal moon to have something absurd, something ¡®which isn¡¯t of this world.¡¯ What use is power if one can¡¯t have the moon? It is a pivotal moment, one that hardens into a sadism where he has ¡®resolved to be logical¡¯ and seeks freedom at the expense of others.
The tyrannical ruler can, arguably, be seen as a tyranny of the academics and philosophers of the time as well, which Camus delves into more critically in The Fall. He seeks to punish his subjects, to become a god of sorts in the absence of one as he sees it. As Camus wrote in his notebooks ¡®. If this world is meaningless then ¡it is on us to create God...we have only one way to create God and that is to become God.¡¯ He first has everyone make a will to the State and decides he will execute people at random, like the arbitrariness of death (¡®It has dawned on you that a man needn¡¯t have done anything for him to die.¡¯), and thus fund the empire. ¡®If the Treasury has paramount importance, human life has none,¡¯ he says (feels a critique on government and capitalism in general there), and preaches that ¡®this world has no importance; once a man realizes that, he wins his freedom.¡¯ This is a very different revolt than the sort he would be noteworthy for discussing in books like , though Camus also implies the teachings of Caligula are not his own (another aspect that frustrated him when viewers assumed that was his aim). Though years of senseless and random murder does not make the people happy, and Caligula knows he is backing them into a corner that can only lead to his own murder at their hands.
¡®Other artists create to compensate for their lack of power. I don¡¯t need to make a work of art; I live it.¡¯
Camus delivers a fascinating dichotomy with Caligula embracing the absurdity of existence and believing ¡®freedom has no frontier,¡¯ or ¡®one is always free at someone else¡¯s expense¡¯ with the people who tend to avoid metaphysical thoughts of existence. We are disquieted by the action, with on stage murders, sexual assaults and constant humiliation. There is a counter-balance, however, in Cherea who on one hand understands Caligula¡¯s quest for the absurd (and perhaps shares it) but cannot abide by the violence. He, in turn, also does not wish to commit it and struggles despite organizing an assassination. As argues in his essay Violence and Ethics in Camus, Cherea is an expression of what Camus wrote in his essays that violence is ¡®at the same time inevitable and unjustifiable¡¯ as well the teachings in of ¡®conceding the existence of an ethical dilemma but endeavoring to overcome it.¡¯
We also have Scipio who also seems a foil to Caligula, ¡®perhaps because the same eternal truths appeal to us both,¡¯ as Caligula observes, and is frustrated with Caligula¡¯s rejection of beauty through his brutality. Though Caligula is not a hero, he is still an expression of Camus¡¯ idea of revolting against the absurdity of existence, and Scipio rejects Caligula raging against the heavens and predicts ¡®god-men¡¯ will rise against him. As writes in her book of Camus criticism, ¡®[Caligula¡¯s] deliberate irrationality makes him a dadaistic figure, hihilitic in character and inevitably self-destroying¡¯ and compares his body count to a plague¡ªwhich caught my attention as Camus¡¯ The Plague also features a group of men not conspiring but organizing to fight back the irrationality and arbitrariness of death in a sort of personified form. Though there the response is one that is more clearly ¡°good¡± and justifiable (I love the line by Cherea here that ¡®some actions are¡more praiseworthy,¡¯ though Davis says 'more beautiful' is a more accurate translation, and gets at what I'm attempting to say here) and not actually violent where here the revolt is one of bloodshed. As Caligula¡¯s dying words are ¡®I¡¯m still alive¡¯ we see that, though his body may have succumbed to death, his spirit of violence is very much alive in the new ¡°will to power¡± (as discussed, something Camus toned down in the play due to the Nazi¡¯s embrace of his philosophy) enacted by the conspirators who have slain him. The moral dilemma of violence and freedom speaks loudly in the silence after the curtain falls.
¡®All I need is for the impossible to be. The impossible!¡¯
Caligula is part of what Camus termed the ¡°Cycle of the Absurd¡± along with and , but of all of them it seems to most leave us in a ponderous state as it asks us how people can apply meaning to meaninglessness, either by challenging the gods or becoming a god oneself, and then justify our actions for freedom in the face of violence or without causing harm to others. This is a subject of ethical living would address in and here we have Camus directly confronting the audience with that question to take home and grapple with. Caligula is an interesting play that works well as an exciting look at Caligula as a historical figure through modern philosophical inquiry while also functioning as another critical expression of Camus¡¯ canon of ideas. I also enjoy seeing how his ideas morph over time, both in conjunction with his other works but also in response to the history that was happening in real time during the 30¡¯s and 40¡¯s. A problematic figure, but a brilliant one nonetheless, Albert Camus is a wonderful mind to see at work, especially one that can fret about the stage as it does here in Caligula. Also huge shoutout to Kushagri for inviting me to read this together, you should definitely check out her review here too!
4.5/5
¡®Yet, really, it¡¯s quite simple. If I¡¯d had the moon, if love were enough, all might have been different.¡¯
Rome¡¯s third emperor, , had a short rule (A.D. 37-41) yet left a lasting legacy of carnage and brutality. Born Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus but nicknamed Caligula meaning ¡°little boot¡± in reference to his military uniform, his tyrannical reign of terror and fiscal irresponsibility led to his assassination when he was 28 years old. While surviving sources are few, there is reason to believe his first few months as emperor were noble and tame and many believed mental illness may have contributed to his sadism. Albert Camus¡¯ first play, Caligula, harnesses the story of the tyrant emperor in four acts that examine Camus¡¯ ideas of absurdity, reinterpreting the historical figure through 20th century philosophical discourse (though Camus claimed it was not a philosophical play). Through a rather Nietzschean ¡°will to power,¡± Camus depicts Caligula embracing absurdity through calculated logic, exemplifying the ideas that anything is possible and man must replace God as Caligula attempts to recreate the randomness of death and the arbitrariness of life while seeking to create meaning out of meaninglessness. An eminently readable work, Caligula interrogates heady ideas and thrives on drawing discomfort from the audience in a violent saga of absurdity, power and revolt.
The assassination of Caligula, depicted by Giuseppe Mochetti
Camus began writing Caligula in 1937, and though he finished in 1939 it underwent several revisions before it was finally staged in Paris after the war. As he writes in his introduction, Camus intended himself to strut and fret his hour upon the stage as Caligula, and what a role it is with on stage murders and plenty of shouting and emotion. Camus adapted the play¡ªprimarily Cherea¡¯s role¡ªto fit his changing views on absurdity, though also, as argues in his book on Camus, in response to Hitler and the occupation of France. Lines were cut to ensure it didn¡¯t seem apologetic for tyrants, and added Cherea¡¯s line about fighting ideas ¡®whose triumph would mean the end of the world¡¯ as a direct callout against the Nazis. Gloag argue¡¯s Cherea exists to tone down the absurd as ¡®nihilistic purity was no longer defensible¡¯ In the essay Camus and the Theater, writes that Camus expressed frustrations that the play was often misunderstood, being mistaken as an existentialist work (he , and considered existentialism ¡®philosophical suicide¡¯), being mistaken as a critique of (he wrote it before the rise of Sartrean existentialism), or being a critique against tyrants or communism. Many of these elements are justifiable interpretations (or present in other works) though Camus stressed they overlooked the main purpose of the dilemas of freedom and violence, a revolt of the powerful against society, and an expression of living in absurdity through logic.
French production of Caligula, 1945
This is an excellent play, and Camus launches us into the start of Caligula¡¯s reign of violence by first showing the emperor in a moment of vulnerability. Following the death of his sister, Drusilla, Caligula contemplates that ¡®life is quite intolerable,¡¯ existence is absurd, and regrets being unable to obtain the literal moon to have something absurd, something ¡®which isn¡¯t of this world.¡¯ What use is power if one can¡¯t have the moon? It is a pivotal moment, one that hardens into a sadism where he has ¡®resolved to be logical¡¯ and seeks freedom at the expense of others.
¡®I¡¯m surrounded by lies and self-deception. But I¡¯ve had enough of that; I wish men to live by the light of truth. And I¡¯ve the power to make them do so. For I know what they need and haven¡¯t got. They're without understanding and they need a teacher¡¡¯
The tyrannical ruler can, arguably, be seen as a tyranny of the academics and philosophers of the time as well, which Camus delves into more critically in The Fall. He seeks to punish his subjects, to become a god of sorts in the absence of one as he sees it. As Camus wrote in his notebooks ¡®. If this world is meaningless then ¡it is on us to create God...we have only one way to create God and that is to become God.¡¯ He first has everyone make a will to the State and decides he will execute people at random, like the arbitrariness of death (¡®It has dawned on you that a man needn¡¯t have done anything for him to die.¡¯), and thus fund the empire. ¡®If the Treasury has paramount importance, human life has none,¡¯ he says (feels a critique on government and capitalism in general there), and preaches that ¡®this world has no importance; once a man realizes that, he wins his freedom.¡¯ This is a very different revolt than the sort he would be noteworthy for discussing in books like , though Camus also implies the teachings of Caligula are not his own (another aspect that frustrated him when viewers assumed that was his aim). Though years of senseless and random murder does not make the people happy, and Caligula knows he is backing them into a corner that can only lead to his own murder at their hands.
¡®Other artists create to compensate for their lack of power. I don¡¯t need to make a work of art; I live it.¡¯
Camus delivers a fascinating dichotomy with Caligula embracing the absurdity of existence and believing ¡®freedom has no frontier,¡¯ or ¡®one is always free at someone else¡¯s expense¡¯ with the people who tend to avoid metaphysical thoughts of existence. We are disquieted by the action, with on stage murders, sexual assaults and constant humiliation. There is a counter-balance, however, in Cherea who on one hand understands Caligula¡¯s quest for the absurd (and perhaps shares it) but cannot abide by the violence. He, in turn, also does not wish to commit it and struggles despite organizing an assassination. As argues in his essay Violence and Ethics in Camus, Cherea is an expression of what Camus wrote in his essays that violence is ¡®at the same time inevitable and unjustifiable¡¯ as well the teachings in of ¡®conceding the existence of an ethical dilemma but endeavoring to overcome it.¡¯
We also have Scipio who also seems a foil to Caligula, ¡®perhaps because the same eternal truths appeal to us both,¡¯ as Caligula observes, and is frustrated with Caligula¡¯s rejection of beauty through his brutality. Though Caligula is not a hero, he is still an expression of Camus¡¯ idea of revolting against the absurdity of existence, and Scipio rejects Caligula raging against the heavens and predicts ¡®god-men¡¯ will rise against him. As writes in her book of Camus criticism, ¡®[Caligula¡¯s] deliberate irrationality makes him a dadaistic figure, hihilitic in character and inevitably self-destroying¡¯ and compares his body count to a plague¡ªwhich caught my attention as Camus¡¯ The Plague also features a group of men not conspiring but organizing to fight back the irrationality and arbitrariness of death in a sort of personified form. Though there the response is one that is more clearly ¡°good¡± and justifiable (I love the line by Cherea here that ¡®some actions are¡more praiseworthy,¡¯ though Davis says 'more beautiful' is a more accurate translation, and gets at what I'm attempting to say here) and not actually violent where here the revolt is one of bloodshed. As Caligula¡¯s dying words are ¡®I¡¯m still alive¡¯ we see that, though his body may have succumbed to death, his spirit of violence is very much alive in the new ¡°will to power¡± (as discussed, something Camus toned down in the play due to the Nazi¡¯s embrace of his philosophy) enacted by the conspirators who have slain him. The moral dilemma of violence and freedom speaks loudly in the silence after the curtain falls.
¡®All I need is for the impossible to be. The impossible!¡¯
Caligula is part of what Camus termed the ¡°Cycle of the Absurd¡± along with and , but of all of them it seems to most leave us in a ponderous state as it asks us how people can apply meaning to meaninglessness, either by challenging the gods or becoming a god oneself, and then justify our actions for freedom in the face of violence or without causing harm to others. This is a subject of ethical living would address in and here we have Camus directly confronting the audience with that question to take home and grapple with. Caligula is an interesting play that works well as an exciting look at Caligula as a historical figure through modern philosophical inquiry while also functioning as another critical expression of Camus¡¯ canon of ideas. I also enjoy seeing how his ideas morph over time, both in conjunction with his other works but also in response to the history that was happening in real time during the 30¡¯s and 40¡¯s. A problematic figure, but a brilliant one nonetheless, Albert Camus is a wonderful mind to see at work, especially one that can fret about the stage as it does here in Caligula. Also huge shoutout to Kushagri for inviting me to read this together, you should definitely check out her review here too!
4.5/5
¡®Yet, really, it¡¯s quite simple. If I¡¯d had the moon, if love were enough, all might have been different.¡¯
July 16, 2017
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October 14, 2014
This play by Camus on the concept of absurd is based upon the Lives of the Twelve Caesars by the Latin historian, Suetonius. According to the work, Caius Caesar Caligula, third of the twelve Caesars, who came to power in 37AD at the age of twenty-five, ruled for four years until he was assassinated in 41AD by his Patricians.*
The reason of his assassination was his cruelty against everyone, which led him to murder people on whims. There are different accounts on his changed state of mind after the death of his sister Drusilla, whom he intended to marry. But Camus chose to depict the state of absurd through the madness of Caesar. So he came up with this play which was written during the late 1930¡¯s and was published around the time he published The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus.
It is quite intriguing to observe the wide canvas of Camus¡¯ thoughts in which he painted the absurd in different motifs. A clerk in The Stranger, An Emperor in Caligula, A doctor in The Plague or A lawyer in The Fall. All of them expressing absurd in different situations owing to different circumstances, the magnitude of their suffering remaining equal even while their inferences from their situations varied; indifference for Meursault, Nihilism for Caligula or Solidarity for Dr. Rieux. In Sisyphus Camus says, ¡°A sub-clerk in the post office is equal to a Conqueror if consciousness is common to them.¡± Camus experimented with different states of mind while striving to reach for a finality which could make sense even in the awareness of absurd.
Since God didn¡¯t matter to him as he wasn¡¯t born in a family of religiously adhered people; his only tryst with religion being his communion at the age of ten which was done more to confirm to a societal way than for religious purpose, he also couldn¡¯t relate to the ideas proposed by either Theist or Atheist Existential philosophers. So he was trying to make a tabula rasa on the basis of which he could construct something. In this endeavour he experimented with absurd in different scenarios. His later works concentrated more on the affirmation of need of Solidarity to make some sense but I still think he could have come up with something more substantial if it wasn¡¯t for his untimely death.
Meursault¡¯s absurd was reconciled with ¡°the benign indifference of the Universe¡±, Dr. Rieux¡¯s absurd with the feeling of solidarity for fellow sufferers whereas Caligula¡¯s absurd was only reconciled with suicide (he kind of helped his patricians to murder him).
In this play, Caligula becomes aware of the absurd when he realizes that ¡°men are dying and they are not happy¡±. In order to overcome this feeling of despair, he tries to indulge in the extremities to the point of nihilism, so that he can at least experience his control over life.
CALIGULA: But I must know where to place it. And what is a firm hand to me, of what use to me is so much astonishing power if I can¡¯t change the order of things? If I can¡¯t make the sun lie down in the east, until suffering decreases and lives are no longer expiring? No, Caesonia, it is insignifi?cant to sleep or to stay awake if I don¡¯t have any influence over the direction of this world.
In his awareness, Caligula yearns for the impossible, he wants moon. Since he cannot have the moon then everything else stands on equal footing. He yields to nihilism and becomes destructive. Though even this he experiences with the knowledge of futility. And perhaps that is why he aids Cherea in his own murder at the hands of his Patricians. In Sisyphus Camus says that Absurd doesn¡¯t dictate death i.e. even if a man becomes aware of the absurd, suicide cannot be/ shouldn¡¯t be the outcome of that because it will undermine the value of life. But in Caligula, he further rejects the nihilism of the emperor which threatens the human existence, making it devoid of a meaning, so that his murder, which also seems like a suicide, is the act of restoring a greater truth proposed by Camus i.e. though the Universe be absurd but the absurd man cannot disown his rebellion by yielding to destruction thereby threatening the human life.
FIRST PATRICIAN: He wants our death before anything.
CHEREA: No, that is secondary. Now he employs his power in the service of a higher and more deadly passion. He threatens us through what we hold most deeply. Without doubt, this isn¡¯t the first time that, among us, a man has com?mand of an unlimited power. But it¡¯s the first time that he uses it without constraints; as far as to deny the existence of mankind and the world. That is the thing which alarms me about him and what I wish to oppose. To lose one¡¯s life is no great matter and I¡¯ll have this courage when it will be necessary to do so. But to see the meaning of this life dissipated, our reason to exist disappear, that¡¯s the thing which is unbearable. A man cannot live without reason.
Caligula is an important play, adding another perspective to the oeuvre of Camus¡¯ works on absurd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
*From the Notes on Caligula by Christopher Williams.
The reason of his assassination was his cruelty against everyone, which led him to murder people on whims. There are different accounts on his changed state of mind after the death of his sister Drusilla, whom he intended to marry. But Camus chose to depict the state of absurd through the madness of Caesar. So he came up with this play which was written during the late 1930¡¯s and was published around the time he published The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus.
It is quite intriguing to observe the wide canvas of Camus¡¯ thoughts in which he painted the absurd in different motifs. A clerk in The Stranger, An Emperor in Caligula, A doctor in The Plague or A lawyer in The Fall. All of them expressing absurd in different situations owing to different circumstances, the magnitude of their suffering remaining equal even while their inferences from their situations varied; indifference for Meursault, Nihilism for Caligula or Solidarity for Dr. Rieux. In Sisyphus Camus says, ¡°A sub-clerk in the post office is equal to a Conqueror if consciousness is common to them.¡± Camus experimented with different states of mind while striving to reach for a finality which could make sense even in the awareness of absurd.
Since God didn¡¯t matter to him as he wasn¡¯t born in a family of religiously adhered people; his only tryst with religion being his communion at the age of ten which was done more to confirm to a societal way than for religious purpose, he also couldn¡¯t relate to the ideas proposed by either Theist or Atheist Existential philosophers. So he was trying to make a tabula rasa on the basis of which he could construct something. In this endeavour he experimented with absurd in different scenarios. His later works concentrated more on the affirmation of need of Solidarity to make some sense but I still think he could have come up with something more substantial if it wasn¡¯t for his untimely death.
Meursault¡¯s absurd was reconciled with ¡°the benign indifference of the Universe¡±, Dr. Rieux¡¯s absurd with the feeling of solidarity for fellow sufferers whereas Caligula¡¯s absurd was only reconciled with suicide (he kind of helped his patricians to murder him).
In this play, Caligula becomes aware of the absurd when he realizes that ¡°men are dying and they are not happy¡±. In order to overcome this feeling of despair, he tries to indulge in the extremities to the point of nihilism, so that he can at least experience his control over life.
CALIGULA: But I must know where to place it. And what is a firm hand to me, of what use to me is so much astonishing power if I can¡¯t change the order of things? If I can¡¯t make the sun lie down in the east, until suffering decreases and lives are no longer expiring? No, Caesonia, it is insignifi?cant to sleep or to stay awake if I don¡¯t have any influence over the direction of this world.
In his awareness, Caligula yearns for the impossible, he wants moon. Since he cannot have the moon then everything else stands on equal footing. He yields to nihilism and becomes destructive. Though even this he experiences with the knowledge of futility. And perhaps that is why he aids Cherea in his own murder at the hands of his Patricians. In Sisyphus Camus says that Absurd doesn¡¯t dictate death i.e. even if a man becomes aware of the absurd, suicide cannot be/ shouldn¡¯t be the outcome of that because it will undermine the value of life. But in Caligula, he further rejects the nihilism of the emperor which threatens the human existence, making it devoid of a meaning, so that his murder, which also seems like a suicide, is the act of restoring a greater truth proposed by Camus i.e. though the Universe be absurd but the absurd man cannot disown his rebellion by yielding to destruction thereby threatening the human life.
FIRST PATRICIAN: He wants our death before anything.
CHEREA: No, that is secondary. Now he employs his power in the service of a higher and more deadly passion. He threatens us through what we hold most deeply. Without doubt, this isn¡¯t the first time that, among us, a man has com?mand of an unlimited power. But it¡¯s the first time that he uses it without constraints; as far as to deny the existence of mankind and the world. That is the thing which alarms me about him and what I wish to oppose. To lose one¡¯s life is no great matter and I¡¯ll have this courage when it will be necessary to do so. But to see the meaning of this life dissipated, our reason to exist disappear, that¡¯s the thing which is unbearable. A man cannot live without reason.
Caligula is an important play, adding another perspective to the oeuvre of Camus¡¯ works on absurd.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
*From the Notes on Caligula by Christopher Williams.
May 8, 2017
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April 20, 2023
4.5 stars
Stunning. Shocking. Gruesome. Riveting.
This was a wonderful play. This was basically how an existential crisis of a young man triggered by the death of his sister becomes the tyranny and monstrous cruelty of an emperor who desires ultimate freedom and power.
¡¯Execution relieves and liberates. It is universal, tonic, just in precept and in practice.
A man dies because he is guilty. A man is guilty because he is one of Caligula's subjects. Now all men are Caligula's subjects. Ergo, all men are guilty and shall die. It is only a matter of time and patience.¡¯
This shakes Rome to its core and raises a team of conspirators, as it happened during the reign of Caligula¡¯s ancestor Julius Caesar.
You can take arms against a vulgar tyrant, but cunning is needed to fight down disinterested malice. You can only urge it on to follow its bent, and bide your time until its logic Founders in sheer lunacy.
This is a story of destruction. Caligula¡¯s destruction of love, friendship, life around him, Rome and himself.
Edit: This was a buddy read with my friend Steven. There is a link to his wonderful review here. Do check it out. It would provide a brilliant context and a complete introduction to the play!
Edit (Part 2): Found this quote in ,
Germanicus decided that it was not safe for Agrippina, who was now with him, to remain in the camp. She was pregnant again; and though her young sons, my nephews Nero and Drusus, were here at Rome staying with my mother and myself, she had little Gaius there with her. This pretty child had become the army mascot and someone had made him a miniature soldier-suit, complete with tin breastplate and sword and helmet and shield. Everyone spoilt him. When his mother put on his ordinary clothes and sandals he used to cry and plead for his sword and his little boots to go visiting the tents. So he was nicknamed Caligula, or Little Boot.
Stunning. Shocking. Gruesome. Riveting.
This was a wonderful play. This was basically how an existential crisis of a young man triggered by the death of his sister becomes the tyranny and monstrous cruelty of an emperor who desires ultimate freedom and power.
¡¯Execution relieves and liberates. It is universal, tonic, just in precept and in practice.
A man dies because he is guilty. A man is guilty because he is one of Caligula's subjects. Now all men are Caligula's subjects. Ergo, all men are guilty and shall die. It is only a matter of time and patience.¡¯
This shakes Rome to its core and raises a team of conspirators, as it happened during the reign of Caligula¡¯s ancestor Julius Caesar.
You can take arms against a vulgar tyrant, but cunning is needed to fight down disinterested malice. You can only urge it on to follow its bent, and bide your time until its logic Founders in sheer lunacy.
This is a story of destruction. Caligula¡¯s destruction of love, friendship, life around him, Rome and himself.
Edit: This was a buddy read with my friend Steven. There is a link to his wonderful review here. Do check it out. It would provide a brilliant context and a complete introduction to the play!
Edit (Part 2): Found this quote in ,
Germanicus decided that it was not safe for Agrippina, who was now with him, to remain in the camp. She was pregnant again; and though her young sons, my nephews Nero and Drusus, were here at Rome staying with my mother and myself, she had little Gaius there with her. This pretty child had become the army mascot and someone had made him a miniature soldier-suit, complete with tin breastplate and sword and helmet and shield. Everyone spoilt him. When his mother put on his ordinary clothes and sandals he used to cry and plead for his sword and his little boots to go visiting the tents. So he was nicknamed Caligula, or Little Boot.
July 29, 2017
???? ??????? ?????? ??
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?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? Existentialism ?? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ?????, ????? ????????????, ??????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????-??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?¡¯?? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??; ?????, ??????, ????????, ?????, ????????????-????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???, ??????????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ????, ?????????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??, ?????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????? ??????????? ??? (?????? ????? ????, ????? pseudo-???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ??????? ??????, ¡®???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????-? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????¡¯-????¡¯? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ¡®???????? ?????????¡¯ ??? ????? ??????? ?????!)?
????????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ???, ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ???, ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??; ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ???, ????, ???????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???! ????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ??????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????; ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ¡®??? ???? ????¡¯, ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???????, ??????, ???? ????-? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????????! ???? ??? ???-?????-???????-?????-??????-?????-??????-??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????,????????? ????, ?????? ????, ?????????? ????, ?????????? ???? (??????? ??? ????? ?????? ¡®???¡¯ ???) ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????, ?????????? ?????? ?????-?? ??-????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ¡®??????¡¯-? ????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????-?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ¡®Obama can kiss my ass¡¯? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???????????? ??? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???!
????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???-?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????????¡¯? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? ¡®??????¡¯ ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ¡®??????????¡¯ ???????????? ¡®??????????¡¯¡¯? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????-? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??, ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? (¡®?????-?????¡¯ ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???, ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????????)? ???????-??????????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ¡®??????????¡¯ ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???; ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ¡®??????????¡¯? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???! ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????
?????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? (Sesterce) (?? ????? ????? ??????); ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????, ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????!
??????? ?????? ???? ¡®??????????¡¯ ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ???, ¡®Men die, and they are not happy¡¯? ???? ???? ???????, ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? (????? ??????????? ??? ???!) ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????; ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???, ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????-????????-???????????? ???????? ???, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ¡®living¡¯ ?? ¡®loving¡¯ ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ¡®??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???¡¯? ? ?? ?????? ?????; ???????, ?????? ?? ???????! ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????¡¯? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????
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?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????; ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ¡®??????????¡¯ ?? ¡®Make America Great Again¡¯ ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ??????, ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????
September 30, 2020
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December 11, 2023
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September 3, 2022
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July 4, 2024
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May 11, 2018
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June 17, 2021
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November 17, 2019
Tyranny is a disaster ....Caligula is a symbol of absurdity of human wishes for power and freedom
Camus reveals the unreasonable and cruel thoughts and wishes of a man intrigued by his power, and as a result of his mental imbalance, life turns into misery
This play is valid forever
Camus reveals the unreasonable and cruel thoughts and wishes of a man intrigued by his power, and as a result of his mental imbalance, life turns into misery
This play is valid forever
March 12, 2021
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October 21, 2017
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July 24, 2024
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January 18, 2018
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April 17, 2020
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June 30, 2023
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February 11, 2018
?? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? . ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? . ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? . ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ????. ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?????? . ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??. ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????!
July 30, 2022
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November 16, 2024
??? ???? ????? : ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???. ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.?? ??? ????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ? ??? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??. ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??..
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May 30, 2016
????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????.
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January 4, 2023
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May 17, 2017
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July 24, 2023
??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????! ?? ???? ????? ?????! ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????????.
October 2, 2016
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??. ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.
(The theatre of the absurd)
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Absurd
?? ??? ?????
The
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???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ????? ???. ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????.
?????: ???? ?????? - ????? ??????????
Albert Camus | Caligula theatre of the absurd by Simon Lea | 2012
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