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袙褨褔薪懈泄 褎邪褕懈蟹屑
校屑斜械褉褌芯 袝泻芯 (1932鈥�2016) 鈥� 胁懈蟹薪邪褔薪懈泄 褨褌邪谢褨泄褋褜泻懈泄 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻, 褎褨谢芯褋芯褎, 褨褋褌芯褉懈泻-屑械写褨褦胁褨褋褌 褨 褎邪褏褨胁械褑褜 褨蟹 褋械屑褨芯褌懈泻懈.
袙 械褋械褩 芦袙褨褔薪懈泄 褎邪褕懈蟹屑禄 (1995 褉.), 胁邪卸谢懈胁芯屑褍 褌胁芯褉褨 胁 写芯褉芯斜泻褍 校. 袝泻芯, 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻 褨 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢褜 胁懈芯泻褉械屑谢褞褦 褌邪 邪薪邪谢褨蟹褍褦 14 芯蟹薪邪泻, 褟泻褨, 薪邪 泄芯谐芯 写褍屑泻褍, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褨 写谢褟 褎邪褕懈蟹屑褍, 蟹芯泻褉械屑邪 胁 泄芯谐芯 薪芯胁懈褏 褎芯褉屑邪褏 褨 锌褉芯褟胁邪褏. 笑褨 芯蟹薪邪泻懈 褨薪芯写褨 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褞褌褜 写谢褟 芯锌懈褋褍 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褉械卸懈屑褍.
袙 械褋械褩 芦袙褨褔薪懈泄 褎邪褕懈蟹屑禄 (1995 褉.), 胁邪卸谢懈胁芯屑褍 褌胁芯褉褨 胁 写芯褉芯斜泻褍 校. 袝泻芯, 锌懈褋褜屑械薪薪懈泻 褨 屑懈褋谢懈褌械谢褜 胁懈芯泻褉械屑谢褞褦 褌邪 邪薪邪谢褨蟹褍褦 14 芯蟹薪邪泻, 褟泻褨, 薪邪 泄芯谐芯 写褍屑泻褍, 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褨 写谢褟 褎邪褕懈蟹屑褍, 蟹芯泻褉械屑邪 胁 泄芯谐芯 薪芯胁懈褏 褎芯褉屑邪褏 褨 锌褉芯褟胁邪褏. 笑褨 芯蟹薪邪泻懈 褨薪芯写褨 胁懈泻芯褉懈褋褌芯胁褍褞褌褜 写谢褟 芯锌懈褋褍 褋褍褔邪褋薪芯谐芯 褉芯褋褨泄褋褜泻芯谐芯 锌芯谢褨褌懈褔薪芯谐芯 褉械卸懈屑褍.
122 pages, Hardcover
First published November 24, 2020
230 people are currently reading
7,485 people want to read
About the author
Umberto Eco
863听books11.5k听followersUmberto Eco was an Italian medievalist, philosopher, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular 1980 novel The Name of the Rose, a historical mystery combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory, as well as Foucault's Pendulum, his 1988 novel which touches on similar themes.
Eco wrote prolifically throughout his life, with his output including children's books, translations from French and English, in addition to a twice-monthly newspaper column "La Bustina di Minerva" (Minerva's Matchbook) in the magazine L'Espresso beginning in 1985, with his last column (a critical appraisal of the Romantic paintings of Francesco Hayez) appearing 27 January 2016. At the time of his death, he was an Emeritus professor at the University of Bologna, where he taught for much of his life. In the 21st century, he has continued to gain recognition for his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism", where Eco lists fourteen general properties he believes comprise fascist ideologies.
Eco wrote prolifically throughout his life, with his output including children's books, translations from French and English, in addition to a twice-monthly newspaper column "La Bustina di Minerva" (Minerva's Matchbook) in the magazine L'Espresso beginning in 1985, with his last column (a critical appraisal of the Romantic paintings of Francesco Hayez) appearing 27 January 2016. At the time of his death, he was an Emeritus professor at the University of Bologna, where he taught for much of his life. In the 21st century, he has continued to gain recognition for his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism", where Eco lists fourteen general properties he believes comprise fascist ideologies.
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September 6, 2021
Da leggere a voce alta a Matteo Salvini che dice di non essere fascista, ha ragione lui! non 猫 un fascista, 猫 un Ur-fascista!
Umberto Eco 猫 un maestro della saggistica: il suo stile chiaro e ironico 猫 impareggiabile.
"Il fascismo eterno" 猫 un vera e propria guida di buonsenso, che illustra un concetto importante: il fascismo non 猫 solo camicia nera e manganello, e il fascismo non 猫 morto e sepolto solo perch茅 i suoi protagonisti del passato non ci sono pi霉. Il fascismo, come il nazismo, 猫 fatto di comportamenti, mentalit脿, pregiudizi, abitudini persino, che esistono ancora, sopiti, nelle societ脿, e possono essere risvegliati, purtroppo, senza troppe difficolt脿. Questo testo mostra come riconoscere correnti sociali, movimenti politici, leader dalle tendenze fasciste, nella speranza che di generazione in generazione si ricordi che la resistenza non deve mai avere fine.
Questo testo 猫 pi霉 attuale oggi di 25 anni fa quando 猫 stato scritto, e la sua lettura dovrebbe essere obbligatoria come educazione civile.
--
August 5, 2020
These three brief essays may not be Eco at his most brilliant and incisive, but they are timely and accessible. His iconic 'How to Spot a Fascist' has all kinds of resonances with US and UK Brexit politics ('the voice of the people' trope that was everywhere from Leavers); and the related 'We are European' is both a rallying cry against racism (which the first essay called out as a defining indicator of fascism) and a plea against intolerance.
It's interesting to recall that Eco grew up under Mussolini and so has first-hand knowledge of a Fascist regime. He also pinpoints accurately the way 'suspicion of intellectual life has always been a symptom of Ur-Fascism' - recalling the rejection of experts and so-called intellectual elites in both the Trump and Brexit campaigns. These are short but give a taster of Eco's humanistic politics and breadth of interests.
Thanks to Random House, Vintage for an ARC via NetGalley
It's interesting to recall that Eco grew up under Mussolini and so has first-hand knowledge of a Fascist regime. He also pinpoints accurately the way 'suspicion of intellectual life has always been a symptom of Ur-Fascism' - recalling the rejection of experts and so-called intellectual elites in both the Trump and Brexit campaigns. These are short but give a taster of Eco's humanistic politics and breadth of interests.
Thanks to Random House, Vintage for an ARC via NetGalley
May 12, 2023
校屑斜械褉褌芯 协泻芯 - 薪械 锌褉芯褋褌芯 屑褘褋谢懈褌械谢褜, 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎, 懈褋褌芯褉懈泻, 锌褍斜谢懈褑懈褋褌, 芯薪 械褖褢 懈 褔械谢芯胁械泻, 卸懈胁褕懈泄 锌褉懈 褎邪褕懈蟹屑械, 锌芯屑薪懈胁褕懈泄 谢褞写械泄 懈 薪邪褋褌褉芯械薪懈褟 懈, 斜芯谢械械 褌芯谐芯, 锌褍褋褌褜 懈 胁 褞薪芯屑 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌械, 薪芯 斜褘胁褕懈泄 锌褉懈胁械褉卸械薪褑械屑 袦褍褋褋芯谢懈薪懈, 薪芯 胁锌芯褋谢械写褋褌胁懈懈 芯褋芯蟹薪邪胁褕懈泄 锌褉械褋褌褍锌薪芯褋褌褜 懈 蟹谢芯 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪 懈 懈蟹屑械薪懈胁褕懈泄 褋胁芯褞 锌芯蟹懈褑懈褞.
袠屑械薪薪芯 谢懈褔薪褘械 锌械褉械卸懈胁邪薪懈褟 懈 锌芯褋谢械写褍褞褖械械 芯褋芯蟹薪邪薪懈械 褋屑褘褋谢邪 懈 褍卸邪褋邪褞褖懈褏 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜芯胁 锌褉懈褔懈薪械薪薪芯谐芯 蟹谢邪, 褋褌褉邪写邪薪懈泄 屑懈谢谢懈芯薪芯胁 薪懈 胁 褔械屑 薪械 锌芯胁懈薪薪褘褏 谢褞写械泄, 懈 斜芯谢械械 谐谢褍斜懈薪薪芯械 锌芯薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褋褍褌懈 胁械褖械泄 锌褉懈 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻芯屑 芯褋屑褘褋谢械薪懈懈, 褝褌芯 泻芯褉芯褌泻芯械 褝褋褋械 懈屑械械褌 芯褋芯斜芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械.
校屑斜械褉褌芯 协泻芯 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 14 褌懈锌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪 懈 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪械褌 懈褏, 锌褉懈 褝褌芯屑 芯薪 芯斜褉邪褖邪械褌 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械, 褔褌芯 "写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 薪邪谢懈褔懈褟 写邪卸械 芯写薪芯泄 懈蟹 薪懈褏, 褔褌芯斜褘 薪邪褔懈薪邪谢邪 泻芯薪写械薪褋懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋泻邪褟 褌褍屑邪薪薪芯褋褌褜".
携 褉械泻芯屑械薪写褍褞 褝褌芯 芯褔械薪褜 泻芯褉芯褌泻芯械 褝褋褋械 胁褋械屑, 锌芯褌芯屑褍 褔褌芯 芯褔械薪褜 胁邪卸薪芯 蟹薪邪褌褜 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻懈 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪, 锌芯褋泻芯谢褜泻褍 褔械谢芯胁械褔械褋褌胁芯 胁薪芯胁褜 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 褋胁懈写械褌械谢械屑 褉芯褋褌邪 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋泻懈褏 懈写械泄 胁芯 胁褋械屑 屑懈褉械. 袟薪邪薪懈械 芯褔械薪褜 胁邪卸薪芯.
袠屑械薪薪芯 谢懈褔薪褘械 锌械褉械卸懈胁邪薪懈褟 懈 锌芯褋谢械写褍褞褖械械 芯褋芯蟹薪邪薪懈械 褋屑褘褋谢邪 懈 褍卸邪褋邪褞褖懈褏 屑邪褋褕褌邪斜芯胁 锌褉懈褔懈薪械薪薪芯谐芯 蟹谢邪, 褋褌褉邪写邪薪懈泄 屑懈谢谢懈芯薪芯胁 薪懈 胁 褔械屑 薪械 锌芯胁懈薪薪褘褏 谢褞写械泄, 懈 斜芯谢械械 谐谢褍斜懈薪薪芯械 锌芯薪懈屑邪薪懈械 褋褍褌懈 胁械褖械泄 锌褉懈 褎懈谢芯褋芯褎褋泻芯屑 芯褋屑褘褋谢械薪懈懈, 褝褌芯 泻芯褉芯褌泻芯械 褝褋褋械 懈屑械械褌 芯褋芯斜芯械 蟹薪邪褔械薪懈械.
校屑斜械褉褌芯 协泻芯 锌褉懈胁芯写懈褌 14 褌懈锌懈褔械褋泻懈褏 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪 懈 锌芯写褉芯斜薪芯 褉邪蟹斜懈褉邪械褌 懈褏, 锌褉懈 褝褌芯屑 芯薪 芯斜褉邪褖邪械褌 胁薪懈屑邪薪懈械, 褔褌芯 "写芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪芯 薪邪谢懈褔懈褟 写邪卸械 芯写薪芯泄 懈蟹 薪懈褏, 褔褌芯斜褘 薪邪褔懈薪邪谢邪 泻芯薪写械薪褋懈褉芯胁邪褌褜褋褟 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋泻邪褟 褌褍屑邪薪薪芯褋褌褜".
携 褉械泻芯屑械薪写褍褞 褝褌芯 芯褔械薪褜 泻芯褉芯褌泻芯械 褝褋褋械 胁褋械屑, 锌芯褌芯屑褍 褔褌芯 芯褔械薪褜 胁邪卸薪芯 蟹薪邪褌褜 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻懈 褎邪褕懈蟹屑邪, 锌芯褋泻芯谢褜泻褍 褔械谢芯胁械褔械褋褌胁芯 胁薪芯胁褜 褋褌邪薪芯胁懈褌褋褟 褋胁懈写械褌械谢械屑 褉芯褋褌邪 褎邪褕懈褋褌褋泻懈褏 懈写械泄 胁芯 胁褋械屑 屑懈褉械. 袟薪邪薪懈械 芯褔械薪褜 胁邪卸薪芯.
October 30, 2023
... ecco come un discorso presentato a degli studenti statunitensi del dipartimenti d鈥檌taliano e francese della Columbia University, il 25 aprile 1995, per celebrare la liberazione dell鈥橢uropa, a distanza di quasi trent'anni non fa una piega..
Eco, ci spiega, in 14 punti come individuare l'Ur-Fascismo, cio猫 il fascismo strisciante ( e quindi sempre tra noi) che si ripropone di continuo anche in contesti che all鈥檃pparenza ne sono privi.
"L鈥橴r-Fascismo 猫 ancora intorno a noi, talvolta in abiti civili.
(...)
Ahim猫, la vita non 猫 cos矛 facile. L鈥橴r-Fascismo pu貌 ancora tornare sotto le spoglie pi霉 innocenti.
Il nostro dovere 猫 di smascherarlo e di puntare l鈥檌ndice su ognuna delle sue nuove forme 鈥� ogni giorno, in ogni parte del mondo."
Eco, ci spiega, in 14 punti come individuare l'Ur-Fascismo, cio猫 il fascismo strisciante ( e quindi sempre tra noi) che si ripropone di continuo anche in contesti che all鈥檃pparenza ne sono privi.
"L鈥橴r-Fascismo 猫 ancora intorno a noi, talvolta in abiti civili.
(...)
Ahim猫, la vita non 猫 cos矛 facile. L鈥橴r-Fascismo pu貌 ancora tornare sotto le spoglie pi霉 innocenti.
Il nostro dovere 猫 di smascherarlo e di puntare l鈥檌ndice su ognuna delle sue nuove forme 鈥� ogni giorno, in ogni parte del mondo."
September 27, 2022
Solo questo dir貌, prima di essere crocifisso: Questo saggio 猫 cos矛 attuale!!!
October 8, 2024
3.75
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 爻賴 噩爻鬲丕乇 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴..噩爻鬲丕乇 賳禺爻鬲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 " 賳蹖丕-賮丕卮蹖爻賲" 亘賴 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操� 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖丿賴 趩賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖鈥屬囏й屰� 丿丕乇賴.
噩爻鬲丕乇 丿賵賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 "爻丕賳爻賵乇 賵 爻讴賵鬲" 丕夭 賳賯卮 爻乇 賵 氐丿丕 丿乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗁� 賵 賲毓鬲賯丿賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 爻丕賳爻賵乇 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 蹖讴 賲賵囟賵毓 睾蹖乇賲賴賲 亘賵賱丿 賲蹖卮賴 賵 讴賱蹖 賲胤賱亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿卮 诏賮鬲賴 賲蹖卮賴 賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 賴丕蹖 賲賴賲 丕夭 趩卮賲 賲丕 丿賵乇 亘賲賵賳賴..丕蹖賳噩丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕讴賵 丕夭 丕賴賲蹖鬲 爻讴賵鬲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 氐丨亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賵 丿乇 賵丕賯毓 賲毓鬲賯丿賴 賲卮丕賮賴賴( 氐丨亘鬲 讴乇丿賳 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵) 賳賯卮 亘賴 睾丕蹖鬲 賲賴賲 賵 丕爻丕爻蹖 丿乇 卮讴爻鬲賳 爻丿 爻丕賳爻賵乇 賵 鬲亘丕丿賱 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丿丕乇賴. 丕賵 賳賯卮 賴賲蹖賳 賲卮丕賮賴賴 乇賵 丨鬲蹖 丿乇 賲胤乇丨 卮丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賵 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 乇蹖賵蹖賵賴丕 賲蹖丿賵賳賴.
噩爻鬲丕乇 爻賵賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 "賲丕 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲 " 蹖賴 噩賵乇 賴卮丿丕乇 丕讴賵 亘賴 賲乇丿賲丕賳 賯丕乇賴 丕乇賵倬丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲噩丿丿丕 丿乇 丿丕賲賳 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 賳蹖賮鬲賳丿 賵賱蹖 丿賵 噩丕 爻賴 賳賯胤賴 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 賲鬲賳 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲鬲乇噩賲 丿乇 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 匕讴乇 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 卮讴賱 亘賵丿賴 賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 賲禺鬲氐乇 亘賵丿 賵 丿乇 丨丿 噩爻鬲丕乇 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲蹖鬲賵賳爻鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘丿賴 賲禺氐賵氐丕 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 噩賳诏 毓賱蹖賴 鬲毓氐亘 丨乇賮 賲蹖夭賳賴 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 倬鬲丕賳爻蹖賱 丿丕卮鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴卮 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж�. 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕蹖賳 噩爻鬲丕乇 賲孬賱 蹖讴 賲蹖賵賴鈥屰� 讴丕賱 亘賵丿.
噩爻鬲丕乇 丕賵賱 賵 丿賵賲 毓丕賱蹖 賵 噩爻鬲丕乇 爻賵賲 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲毓賲賵賱蹖 亘賵丿.賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 亘丕 趩丕倬 丕賳鬲卮丕乇丕鬲 賲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺乇蹖丿賲 讴賴 鬲乇噩賲賴 禺賵亘 亘賵丿 賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 賵 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丌賵乇丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賱丕夭賲 賴賲 亘賵丿 .
讴鬲丕亘 丕夭 爻賴 噩爻鬲丕乇 鬲卮讴蹖賱 卮丿賴..噩爻鬲丕乇 賳禺爻鬲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 " 賳蹖丕-賮丕卮蹖爻賲" 亘賴 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操� 賵 鬲賵囟蹖丨 賲蹖丿賴 趩賴 賵蹖跇诏蹖鈥屬囏й屰� 丿丕乇賴.
噩爻鬲丕乇 丿賵賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 "爻丕賳爻賵乇 賵 爻讴賵鬲" 丕夭 賳賯卮 爻乇 賵 氐丿丕 丿乇 爻丕賳爻賵乇 丨乇賮 賲蹖鈥屫操嗁� 賵 賲毓鬲賯丿賴 蹖讴蹖 丕夭 乇賵卮鈥屬囏й� 爻丕賳爻賵乇 丕蹖賳賴 讴賴 蹖讴 賲賵囟賵毓 睾蹖乇賲賴賲 亘賵賱丿 賲蹖卮賴 賵 讴賱蹖 賲胤賱亘 丿乇 賲賵乇丿卮 诏賮鬲賴 賲蹖卮賴 賵 丕蹖賳 亘丕毓孬 賲蹖卮賴 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 賴丕蹖 賲賴賲 丕夭 趩卮賲 賲丕 丿賵乇 亘賲賵賳賴..丕蹖賳噩丕爻鬲 讴賴 丕讴賵 丕夭 丕賴賲蹖鬲 爻讴賵鬲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賯丕賱 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 氐丨亘鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁� 賵 丿乇 賵丕賯毓 賲毓鬲賯丿賴 賲卮丕賮賴賴( 氐丨亘鬲 讴乇丿賳 乇賵 丿乇 乇賵) 賳賯卮 亘賴 睾丕蹖鬲 賲賴賲 賵 丕爻丕爻蹖 丿乇 卮讴爻鬲賳 爻丿 爻丕賳爻賵乇 賵 鬲亘丕丿賱 丕胤賱丕毓丕鬲 丿丕乇賴. 丕賵 賳賯卮 賴賲蹖賳 賲卮丕賮賴賴 乇賵 丨鬲蹖 丿乇 賲胤乇丨 卮丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 亘蹖卮鬲乇 賵 亘賴鬲乇 丕夭 乇蹖賵蹖賵賴丕 賲蹖丿賵賳賴.
噩爻鬲丕乇 爻賵賲 鬲丨鬲 毓賳賵丕賳 "賲丕 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賴爻鬲蹖賲 " 蹖賴 噩賵乇 賴卮丿丕乇 丕讴賵 亘賴 賲乇丿賲丕賳 賯丕乇賴 丕乇賵倬丕爻鬲 讴賴 賲噩丿丿丕 丿乇 丿丕賲賳 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 賳蹖賮鬲賳丿 賵賱蹖 丿賵 噩丕 爻賴 賳賯胤賴 诏匕丕卮鬲賴 卮丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 賲鬲賳 讴賴 丕賱亘鬲賴 賲鬲乇噩賲 丿乇 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 匕讴乇 讴乇丿賴 亘賵丿 丿乇 賲鬲賳 丕氐賱蹖 賴賲 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 卮讴賱 亘賵丿賴 賵 丕蹖賳讴賴 禺蹖賱蹖 賲禺鬲氐乇 亘賵丿 賵 丿乇 丨丿 噩爻鬲丕乇 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲蹖鬲賵賳爻鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 鬲賵囟蹖丨 亘丿賴 賲禺氐賵氐丕 讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 噩賳诏 毓賱蹖賴 鬲毓氐亘 丨乇賮 賲蹖夭賳賴 讴賴 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 倬鬲丕賳爻蹖賱 丿丕卮鬲 亘蹖卮鬲乇 亘賴卮 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж�. 亘乇丕蹖 賲賳 丕蹖賳 噩爻鬲丕乇 賲孬賱 蹖讴 賲蹖賵賴鈥屰� 讴丕賱 亘賵丿.
噩爻鬲丕乇 丕賵賱 賵 丿賵賲 毓丕賱蹖 賵 噩爻鬲丕乇 爻賵賲 亘賴 賳馗乇賲 賲毓賲賵賱蹖 亘賵丿.賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇賵 亘丕 趩丕倬 丕賳鬲卮丕乇丕鬲 賲丕賳 讴鬲丕亘 禺乇蹖丿賲 讴賴 鬲乇噩賲賴 禺賵亘 亘賵丿 賵 賲鬲乇噩賲 賵 賵蹖乇丕爻鬲丕乇 讴鬲丕亘 倬丕賳賵蹖爻 賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 丌賵乇丿賴 亘賵丿賳丿 讴賴 賱丕夭賲 賴賲 亘賵丿 .
April 28, 2019
Uno dei quei libri da leggere almeno una volta nella vita, per non fare gli stessi errori.
August 12, 2024
賲賳 讴鬲丕亘 爻蹖丕爻蹖 禺蹖賱蹖 讴賲 禺賵賳丿賲 賵 賲蹖賮賴賲賲.
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賳馗乇賲 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 爻丕丿賴鈥屫й� 丿丕乇賴.
賴乇趩賳丿 賲丨賵乇 丕乇賵倬丕爻 丕賲丕 鬲賲乇蹖賳 禺賵亘蹖賴 亘乇丕蹖 毓丕丿蹖 賳卮丿賳 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿乇 賳丕賮 丨讴賵賲鬲 鬲賵鬲丕賱蹖鬲乇.
鬲賵 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲孬賱丕 亘乇丕賲 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿 讴賴 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲賳丿 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賴賳賵夭 亘賴 丿賱蹖賱 鬲乇丿 乇丕丨鬲 賵 亘蹖鈥屫必池� 亘蹖賳 賲乇夭賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 亘賴 賵噩丿 賲蹖丕賳 丕賲丕 鬲賮讴乇 噩賳诏 亘蹖賳 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕/丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕/賮乇丕賳爻賴 賵... 亘乇丕蹖 賳爻賱 噩賵丕賳 丕丨賲賯丕賳賴 賵 禺丕乇噩 丕夭 丕賳鬲馗丕乇賴. 賵 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 氐丨亘鬲 丕夭 丨囟賵乇 賳賮乇鬲 賵 賱丕蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 毓賲蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 讴賴 賴賳賵夭 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賴 賵 丕賳讴丕乇 賲蹖卮賴.
丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 亘賳馗乇賲 丕丿亘蹖丕鬲 爻丕丿賴鈥屫й� 丿丕乇賴.
賴乇趩賳丿 賲丨賵乇 丕乇賵倬丕爻 丕賲丕 鬲賲乇蹖賳 禺賵亘蹖賴 亘乇丕蹖 毓丕丿蹖 賳卮丿賳 乇賵夭賲乇诏蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 丿乇 賳丕賮 丨讴賵賲鬲 鬲賵鬲丕賱蹖鬲乇.
鬲賵 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賲孬賱丕 亘乇丕賲 噩丕賱亘 亘賵丿 讴賴 丕賮乇丕丿 爻丕賱賲賳丿 丕乇賵倬丕蹖蹖 賴賳賵夭 亘賴 丿賱蹖賱 鬲乇丿 乇丕丨鬲 賵 亘蹖鈥屫必池� 亘蹖賳 賲乇夭賴丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 亘賴 賵噩丿 賲蹖丕賳 丕賲丕 鬲賮讴乇 噩賳诏 亘蹖賳 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕/丕爻倬丕賳蹖丕/賮乇丕賳爻賴 賵... 亘乇丕蹖 賳爻賱 噩賵丕賳 丕丨賲賯丕賳賴 賵 禺丕乇噩 丕夭 丕賳鬲馗丕乇賴. 賵 賴賲趩賳蹖賳 氐丨亘鬲 丕夭 丨囟賵乇 賳賮乇鬲 賵 賱丕蹖賴鈥屬囏й� 毓賲蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 讴賴 賴賳賵夭 丿乇 丕乇賵倬丕 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賴 賵 丕賳讴丕乇 賲蹖卮賴.
August 26, 2019
Non dimenticare (unico dogma accettabile)
"Per l鈥橴r-Fascismo gli individui in quanto individui non hanno diritti, e il 鈥減opolo鈥� 猫 concepito come una qualit脿, un鈥檈ntit脿 monolitica che esprime la 鈥渧olont脿 comune鈥�. Dal momento che nessuna quantit脿 di esseri umani pu貌 possedere una volont脿 comune, il leader pretende di essere il loro interprete. Avendo perduto il loro potere di delega, i cittadini non agiscono, sono solo chiamati pars pro toto a giocare il ruolo del popolo. Il popolo 猫 cos矛 solo una finzione teatrale. Per avere un buon esempio di populismo qualitativo, non abbiamo pi霉 bisogno di Piazza Venezia o dello stadio di Norimberga. Nel nostro futuro si profila un populismo qualitativo TV o Internet, in cui la risposta emotiva di un gruppo selezionato di cittadini pu貌 venire presentata e accettata come la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�. A ragione del suo populismo qualitativo, l鈥橴r-Fascismo deve opporsi ai 鈥減utridi鈥� governi parlamentari.
Ogni qual volta un politico getta dubbi sulla legittimit脿 del parlamento perch茅 non rappresenta pi霉 la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�, possiamo sentire l鈥檕dore di Ur-Fascismo."
Discorso di Eco nella Columbia University all'indomani della tragedia di Oklahoma (19 aprile 1995).
Al netto di una semplificazione di fondo, sicuramente costretta dal pubblico d'eccezione e le circostanze tragiche (da qui si sottrae una stella, mio capriccio), l'analisi di Eco resta una fotografia lucida e spietata di tutte quelle peculiarit脿 intrinseche al sistema totalitario.
I tempi che corrono attualmente sono pi霉 che impietosi nel sottolineare quanto l'Italia sia un paese che dimentica.
Disse Indro Montanelli in un'intervista: "un paese che ignora il proprio ieri, di cui non sa assolutamente nulla e non si cura di sapere nulla, non pu貌 avere un domani".
"Per l鈥橴r-Fascismo gli individui in quanto individui non hanno diritti, e il 鈥減opolo鈥� 猫 concepito come una qualit脿, un鈥檈ntit脿 monolitica che esprime la 鈥渧olont脿 comune鈥�. Dal momento che nessuna quantit脿 di esseri umani pu貌 possedere una volont脿 comune, il leader pretende di essere il loro interprete. Avendo perduto il loro potere di delega, i cittadini non agiscono, sono solo chiamati pars pro toto a giocare il ruolo del popolo. Il popolo 猫 cos矛 solo una finzione teatrale. Per avere un buon esempio di populismo qualitativo, non abbiamo pi霉 bisogno di Piazza Venezia o dello stadio di Norimberga. Nel nostro futuro si profila un populismo qualitativo TV o Internet, in cui la risposta emotiva di un gruppo selezionato di cittadini pu貌 venire presentata e accettata come la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�. A ragione del suo populismo qualitativo, l鈥橴r-Fascismo deve opporsi ai 鈥減utridi鈥� governi parlamentari.
Ogni qual volta un politico getta dubbi sulla legittimit脿 del parlamento perch茅 non rappresenta pi霉 la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�, possiamo sentire l鈥檕dore di Ur-Fascismo."
Discorso di Eco nella Columbia University all'indomani della tragedia di Oklahoma (19 aprile 1995).
Al netto di una semplificazione di fondo, sicuramente costretta dal pubblico d'eccezione e le circostanze tragiche (da qui si sottrae una stella, mio capriccio), l'analisi di Eco resta una fotografia lucida e spietata di tutte quelle peculiarit脿 intrinseche al sistema totalitario.
I tempi che corrono attualmente sono pi霉 che impietosi nel sottolineare quanto l'Italia sia un paese che dimentica.
Disse Indro Montanelli in un'intervista: "un paese che ignora il proprio ieri, di cui non sa assolutamente nulla e non si cura di sapere nulla, non pu貌 avere un domani".
February 25, 2022
Since sex is also a difficult game to play, the Ur-Fascist hero plays with weapons, which are his ersatz penis: his war games are due to a permanent state of penis envy.
The only joy I felt yesterday afternoon was reading this. My typical bruised bleakness has been replaced by a profound sadness. I am grateful for the abstracted sense of community on this site.
The only joy I felt yesterday afternoon was reading this. My typical bruised bleakness has been replaced by a profound sadness. I am grateful for the abstracted sense of community on this site.
February 8, 2025
Totalitarianism and fascist ideology are making a comeback--like a phantom lurking in a dark, forgotten chamber waiting to reemerge. In his essay, Ur-Fascism, Eco lays out 14 characteristics that define the contradictory, cancerous nature of what he calls Ur-Fascism--the primordial strain from which various oppressive regimes have sprung: Italian Fascism, German Nazism, Spanish Falangism, the Yugoslav Ustashe, and others. He argues that even a single one of these aspects is enough to set Ur-Fascism in motion.
Unlike Nazism or Stalinist Marxism, Italian Fascism was ideologically weak and was inherently contradictory--yet it worked because people simply accepted this doctrine. Despite this weakness, it was the first modern dictatorship in Europe, setting the template for stronger, more monolithic totalitarian movements elsewhere. "The term 'Fascism' fits everything because it is possible to eliminate one or more aspects from a Fascist regime and it will always be recognizably Fascist." Eco warns that Ur-Fascism is still alive today: "Our duty is to unmask it and to point the finger at each of its new forms--every day, in every part of the world."
One of Eco's key insights is that the Second World War is often framed as a straightforward battle between the liberal Resistance and the Fascist Axis, but this oversimplifies history. Totalitarianism is a broad phenomenon that spanned multiple regimes before and after the war: Italian Fascism, German Nazism, Salazar's dictatorship in Portugal, Tito's dictatorship in Yugoslavia, Stalinist repression in the USSR, from Argentina's Peronism to Cambodia's Khmer Rouge. Eco also highlights how communist factions piggybacked the Resistance, using the war as a stepping stone to seize power and further their own oppressive rule.
The second essay, Censorship and Silence, centers on a type of censorship that often goes unnoticed--censorship through noise. Traditional censorship through silence--like Tito's Goli Otok and Stalin's purges--is fairly straightforward. In contrast, there's a subtler form where an overwhelming flood of irrelevant information censors the true message. It is difficult to dispose of a true but irrelevant story because it creates suspicion, whereas a relevant fact can be challenged. Advertisers use this strategy, creating noise to make a product unforgettable because it is virtually indistinguishable from the competition--like detergents, fabric softeners, and air fresheners. Eco argues we need to go back to silence: "It is in silence alone that the only truly powerful means of information becomes effective--word of mouth."
In the third and final essay, We Are European, Eco argues for a shared European identity that the pan-European project--the European Union--was meant to solidify, in hopes of ending the cycles of conflict that have plagued Europe throughout history. Yet, Eco is realistic: despite these ideals, wars, hatred, and intolerance still persist within Europe's borders. Recent conflicts, such as Catalan separatism and the Ukraine-Russia war, prove he was right.
Additionally, there's a new kind of warfare against people who live in Europe, but are treated as non-EU nationals which implies the EU is inherently xenophobic. The enlargement fatigue regarding the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe only highlights the project's fragility as it stubbornly refuses to define Europe's geographic borders within the Union and prevent further conflicts.
Still, Eco makes an important distinction: "Fighting against our own intolerance does not mean having to accept every world view or make ethical relativism the new European religion." We must be both tolerant and prudent--distinguishing what is acceptable from what is intolerable--and preserve the best values of our European heritage. Rather than offering a fixed solution, Eco acknowledges that we face a different kind of war now and that, as Europeans, we need to develop a new model of peace. This discussion also ties into the fifth characteristic of Ur-Fascism--the natural fear of difference--which manifests as racism and anti-Semitism--hatred based on phenotype--against foreigners and immigrants.
Unlike Nazism or Stalinist Marxism, Italian Fascism was ideologically weak and was inherently contradictory--yet it worked because people simply accepted this doctrine. Despite this weakness, it was the first modern dictatorship in Europe, setting the template for stronger, more monolithic totalitarian movements elsewhere. "The term 'Fascism' fits everything because it is possible to eliminate one or more aspects from a Fascist regime and it will always be recognizably Fascist." Eco warns that Ur-Fascism is still alive today: "Our duty is to unmask it and to point the finger at each of its new forms--every day, in every part of the world."
One of Eco's key insights is that the Second World War is often framed as a straightforward battle between the liberal Resistance and the Fascist Axis, but this oversimplifies history. Totalitarianism is a broad phenomenon that spanned multiple regimes before and after the war: Italian Fascism, German Nazism, Salazar's dictatorship in Portugal, Tito's dictatorship in Yugoslavia, Stalinist repression in the USSR, from Argentina's Peronism to Cambodia's Khmer Rouge. Eco also highlights how communist factions piggybacked the Resistance, using the war as a stepping stone to seize power and further their own oppressive rule.
The second essay, Censorship and Silence, centers on a type of censorship that often goes unnoticed--censorship through noise. Traditional censorship through silence--like Tito's Goli Otok and Stalin's purges--is fairly straightforward. In contrast, there's a subtler form where an overwhelming flood of irrelevant information censors the true message. It is difficult to dispose of a true but irrelevant story because it creates suspicion, whereas a relevant fact can be challenged. Advertisers use this strategy, creating noise to make a product unforgettable because it is virtually indistinguishable from the competition--like detergents, fabric softeners, and air fresheners. Eco argues we need to go back to silence: "It is in silence alone that the only truly powerful means of information becomes effective--word of mouth."
In the third and final essay, We Are European, Eco argues for a shared European identity that the pan-European project--the European Union--was meant to solidify, in hopes of ending the cycles of conflict that have plagued Europe throughout history. Yet, Eco is realistic: despite these ideals, wars, hatred, and intolerance still persist within Europe's borders. Recent conflicts, such as Catalan separatism and the Ukraine-Russia war, prove he was right.
Additionally, there's a new kind of warfare against people who live in Europe, but are treated as non-EU nationals which implies the EU is inherently xenophobic. The enlargement fatigue regarding the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe only highlights the project's fragility as it stubbornly refuses to define Europe's geographic borders within the Union and prevent further conflicts.
Still, Eco makes an important distinction: "Fighting against our own intolerance does not mean having to accept every world view or make ethical relativism the new European religion." We must be both tolerant and prudent--distinguishing what is acceptable from what is intolerable--and preserve the best values of our European heritage. Rather than offering a fixed solution, Eco acknowledges that we face a different kind of war now and that, as Europeans, we need to develop a new model of peace. This discussion also ties into the fifth characteristic of Ur-Fascism--the natural fear of difference--which manifests as racism and anti-Semitism--hatred based on phenotype--against foreigners and immigrants.
June 14, 2023
丿乇爻 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 卮賳丕爻蹖 亘丕 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕賵賲亘乇鬲賵 丕讴賵.
噩賳爻貙 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 賵 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲賳 賲蹖鈥屭佖� 讴賴 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 噩賴鬲 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 亘賴 丿丕賳卮噩賵蹖丕賳卮 賳賵卮鬲賴. 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲丕丿 賮乇賴蹖禺鬲賴 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 讴賴 爻禺賳卮 丕夭 乇賵蹖 卮賳蹖丿賴鈥� 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賴鈥屬囏� 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 禺賵丿 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 乇丕 亘賴 诏賵賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丕爻鬲丕丿 丕讴賵 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲貙 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 賵 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 賵 亘賴 爻賵丕賱丕鬲蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 夭蹖乇 倬丕爻禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏�:
丌蹖丕 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 丕夭 丿賱 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 鬲讴賲蹖賱鈥� 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 丨讴賵賲蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 丕爻鬲責
丕爻鬲丕丿 賮乇賴蹖禺鬲賴 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賲賵乇丿 丕夭 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 卮賳丕禺鬲 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 乇丕 亘乇賲蹖鈥屫促呚ж必�賵 爻倬爻 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賵 亘賴 噩賴鬲 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丨賯蹖賯蹖 丕夭 賳賯丕胤 賲禺鬲賱賮 丿賳蹖丕 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴卮賵乇 禺賵丿卮 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫�.
亘乇丕蹖 卮禺氐 賲賳 丿賴 賲賵乇丿 丕夭 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賲氐丿丕賯 讴鬲丕亘貙 乇賳诏 賵 亘賵蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘賴 禺賱丕氐賴鈥屬嗁堐屫驰� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操�:
爻賳鬲鈥屭必й屰�
丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 賯丿乇鬲 丨丕讴賲 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 鬲亘賱蹖睾 賵 賲賱夭賲 亘賴 丕賳噩丕賲 丕噩亘丕乇蹖 讴丕乇賴丕蹖蹖 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫� 讴賴 爻賳鬲 丕賳噩丕賲 丌賳 亘賴 氐丿賴丕 賵 蹖丕 賴夭丕乇丕賳 爻丕賱 賯亘賱 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲 毓丿賲 乇毓丕蹖鬲 丌賳 鬲賵爻胤 賲乇丿賲貙 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 亘賴 卮丿鬲 賲噩丕夭丕鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
鬲賯丕亘賱 爻賳鬲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 爻賳鬲鈥屭必й屰屸€屫簇з嗀� 賲卮讴賱 爻丕禺鬲丕乇蹖 亘丕 賮賳丕賵乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 賳賵馗賴賵乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿 丕賲丕 鬲丕 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 丌賳 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 亘賴 噩賴鬲 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 乇賵夭丕賮夭賵賳 賯丿乇鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕卮丿.
亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱: 丿乇 趩賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 賮賯胤 丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 賳蹖丕夭 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賯丿乇鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丿賴丿 賵 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 丿乇 噩丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 鬲賵爻胤 賲乇丿賲 亘乇丕蹖 乇卮丿 賵 丌诏丕賴蹖鈥屬囏й� 賮乇丿蹖 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 卮賵丿貙 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 亘丕 亘丕夭賵蹖 丌賴賳蹖賳 禺賵丿 賵丕乇丿 賲蹖丿丕賳 卮丿賴 賵 賲乇丿賲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 禺丕讴 賵 禺賵賳 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�.
禺乇丿诏乇丕蹖蹖 丕噩亘丕乇蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 鬲賮讴乇 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 賱丕夭賲 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁嗀� 丕賲丕 賳賴 賴乇 鬲賮讴乇蹖貙 亘賱讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 鬲賮讴乇蹖 讴賴 丨丕讴賲 丕毓賱丕賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 賴乇 诏賵賳賴 丿蹖丿诏丕賴 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘丕亘 賲蹖賱 丨丕讴賲 賳亘丕卮丿貙 亘丕乇 丿蹖诏乇 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 丨丕讴賲 爻乇讴賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
賲賲賳賵毓蹖鬲 毓賯丕蹖丿 鬲乇讴蹖亘蹖 賵 鬲讴賲蹖賱蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 丕毓鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 賲乇丿賲 鬲丨賲蹖賱 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 賲乇丿賲 賳蹖夭 亘丕蹖丿 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 乇爻賲蹖鬲 卮賳丕禺鬲賴 賵 亘賴 丕噩亘丕乇 亘倬匕蹖乇賳丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏ж� 賴乇 丌賳鈥� 夭賲丕賳 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 丨鬲蹖 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 讴賵趩讴蹖 亘賴 爻亘亘 丕乇鬲賯丕蹖 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 爻亘讴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 丿乇 丕毓鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲 丿乇禺賵丕爻鬲 讴賳賳丿貙 亘丕 賲禺丕賱賮鬲 氐乇蹖丨 賵 亘丕乇 丿蹖诏乇 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 賵 爻乇讴賵亘 爻賳诏蹖賳 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 乇賵亘乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�.
亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕賯賱蹖鬲蹖 爻乇禺賵乇丿賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖乇 卮丿賴
賴乇 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 讴賴 丿乇 讴卮賵乇蹖貙 丕賯賱蹖鬲蹖 鬲賵爻胤 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲 賵賯鬲 丿乇 鬲賳诏丿爻鬲蹖 賵 丕賳夭賵丕 夭蹖爻鬲賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖乇 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 亘賵蹖 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 亘賴 賲卮丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖 讴賴 丕蹖賳 毓丿賴 乇賵夭蹖 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 亘乇爻賳丿貙 丨讴賵賲鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿.
丿卮賲賳 賴乇丕爻蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 賴乇 乇賵夭 丿乇 亘賱賳丿诏賵賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 賮乇蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┴促嗀�: 丿卮賲賳貙 丿卮賲賳貙 賵 亘丕夭 賴賲 丿卮賲賳. 賴蹖趩 丨乇賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 賳丿丕乇賳丿 噩夭 丌賳讴賴 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賱賵賱賵蹖 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴 亘鬲乇爻丕賳賳丿 賵 鬲賲丕賲蹖 賳丕讴丕乇丌賲丿蹖鈥屬囏ж� 囟毓賮鈥屬囏� 賵 賮爻丕丿 丿乇賵賳蹖 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 毓丕賲賱 禺丕乇噩蹖 賲乇鬲亘胤 讴乇丿賴 賵 禺賵丿 乇丕 倬丕讴 賵 亘蹖鈥屭嗀з� 噩賱賵賴 丿賴賳丿.
卮賴丕丿鬲 胤賱亘蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇诏 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 亘賱讴賴 亘乇毓讴爻 丌賳貙 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘賴 賲乇诏 亘乇丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丿乇 趩賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屸€屬囏й屰� 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲貙 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 賵 賲乇诏 乇丕 蹖讴 丕乇夭卮 鬲賱賯蹖 賵 匕賴賳 賵 乇賵丨 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇诏 丌賲丕丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 亘賴 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵毓丿賴鈥屰� 賳爻蹖賴鈥屰� 丿賳蹖丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕蹖 倬爻 丕夭 賲乇诏 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
賳禺亘賴 诏乇丕蹖蹖 鬲丨賲蹖賱蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 丕夭 丕卮禺丕氐蹖 亘丕亘 賲蹖賱 禺賵丿 丕亘乇賯賴乇賲丕賳鈥屬囏й屰� 賲蹖鈥屫池ж操嗀� 賵 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲 乇爻丕賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 賳夭丿 賲乇丿賲 鬲亘賱蹖睾 賵 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘賴 爻鬲丕蹖卮 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫ж必�. 丨丕賱 丌賳讴賴 丿乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖 讴賴 丕亘乇賯賴乇賲丕賳 賲毓乇賮蹖 卮丿賴貙 丿乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 讴丕乇蹖 噩夭 讴賲乇 賴賲鬲 亘爻鬲賳 亘賴 賳丕亘賵丿蹖 賲乇丿賲 賵 禺丕讴 讴卮賵乇卮 丕賳噩丕賲 賳丿丕丿賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 丕毓賲丕賱 賵 讴乇丿丕乇卮 丿賯蹖賯丕 賳賯胤賴鈥屰� 賲賯丕亘賱 禺賵丕爻鬲 賯賱亘蹖 賵 賮讴乇蹖 丕讴孬乇蹖鬲 賲乇丿賲 讴卮賵乇卮 亘丕卮丿.
鬲丨賯蹖乇 夭賳丕賳
丕夭 丌賳鈥屫й屰� 讴賴 丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 噩賳诏 亘丕 丿卮賲賳 賮乇囟蹖 丕賲乇蹖 倬丕蹖丕賳 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 丕爻鬲 賵 鬲丕 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 蹖讴 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 亘乇 氐賳丿賱蹖 賯丿乇鬲 賳卮爻鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丿卮賲賳 禺蹖丕賱蹖 賳蹖夭 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿貙 夭賳 亘丕蹖丿 丿乇 禺丕賳賴 亘賲丕賳丿 賵 賴蹖趩鈥屭┴ж臂� 噩夭 丕乇丕卅賴 禺丿賲丕鬲 噩賳爻蹖 亘賴 噩賴鬲 賮乇夭賳丿丌賵乇蹖 賵 爻丕禺鬲 賳蹖乇賵蹖 噩賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 丿乇鈥� 丌蹖賳丿賴 丕賳噩丕賲 賳丿賴丿.
倬賵倬賵賱蹖爻賲
丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 卮賴乇賵賳丿丕賳 亘賴 馗丕賴乇 丿丕乇丕蹖 丨賯賵賯 卮賴乇賵賳丿蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿. 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕蹖丿 賴賲丕賳賳丿 诏賱賴鈥屰� 诏賵爻賮賳丿 亘賴 賲賵賯毓 丿乇 氐賮 乇丕蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 賵 蹖丕 亘賴 鬲卮禺蹖氐 丨丕讴賲 乇丕賴倬蹖賲丕蹖蹖 讴賳賳丿. 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丨賯 賴蹖趩鈥屭堎嗁� 丕馗賴丕乇 賳馗乇 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 丿乇 賲爻丕卅賱 禺乇丿 賵 讴賱丕賳 爻蹖丕爻鬲 讴卮賵乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿 趩賵賳 丕夭 賳诏丕賴 丨丕讴賲貙 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕氐賱丕 鬲賵丕賳 鬲丨賱蹖賱 賲爻丕卅賱 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 亘禺賵丕賴賳丿 賳賯丿蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖 讴賱賲賴: 賲乇丿賲 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賳丿貙 賮賯胤 亘乇丕蹖 丌賳讴賴 丕爻鬲丕丿蹖賵賲 丌賳鈥� 讴卮賵乇 禺丕賱蹖 賳亘丕卮丿.
丕爻鬲丕丿 賵丕賱丕賲賯丕賲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 賵 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲貙 賳诏乇丕賳蹖 毓賲蹖賯 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴卮賵乇卮 丕亘乇丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丕爻鬲丕丿 毓賱賲 賳卮丕賳賴鈥屫促嗀ж驰� 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 鬲賲丕賲 賲乇丿賲 丌诏丕賴 亘丕卮賳丿 賵 丿乇爻鬲 丿乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 讴賵趩讴鬲乇蹖賳 賳卮丕賳賴鈥屬囏й屰� 丕夭 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 丕丨爻丕爻 讴乇丿賳丿 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 賯丿乇鬲 丌賲丕丿賴鈥屰� 噩賳诏 亘丕 丌賳 卮賵賳丿.
丕賱亘鬲賴 丕丨夭丕亘 乇丕爻鬲 丕賮乇丕胤蹖 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賴賲鈥屫и┵嗁堎� 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 丨夭亘蹖 丿丕乇賳丿 賵 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屰屫з佖� 丿乇 丨丕賱 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿 丕賲丕 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 讴丕乇 丨夭亘蹖 亘丕 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屫囒� 趩賳丿 賲賱蹖鬲蹖 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 賯丕賱亘 蹖讴 賴丿賮 趩賳丿 賲賱蹖鬲蹖 丕賲乇蹖鈥屫池� 禺胤乇賳丕讴 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 噩賱賵蹖 丌賳 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿.
卮禺氐丕 賲毓鬲賯丿賲 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 賵 賲賵乇丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕夭 爻蹖丕爻鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賴乇 趩蹖夭蹖 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘貙 丌诏丕賴蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 亘賴 丕乇賲睾丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫①堌必� 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 亘诏賵蹖賲 讴鬲丕亘趩賴 賮丕乇睾 丕夭 丌賳鈥屭┵� 禺賱賯鬲卮 乇丕 蹖讴 賳賵毓 噩夭賵賴鈥屸€屰� 丌賲賵夭卮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 卮丕诏乇丿丕賳卮 亘丿丕賳賲 賵 蹖丕 賳賵毓蹖 禺胤丕亘賴鈥� 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇 蹖讴 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖 蹖丕 賲丨賮賱貙 卮賳丕禺鬲 禺賵亘蹖 丕夭 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 丌诏丕賴貙 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屫й屸€屫池� 讴賴 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 禺賵丿 賲睾乇賵乇 賳卮賵丿 賵 鬲丕夭賴 丕卮鬲賴丕蹖卮 亘乇丕蹖 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 噩賴丕賱鬲 亘賴 讴丕乇 丕賮鬲丿. 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 賲賳馗賵乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 卮乇賵毓蹖 禺賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 賵 亘丕 匕讴乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 讴賴 丕胤賱丕毓蹖 賳丿丕乇賲 讴賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屫й� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 蹖丕 禺蹖乇貙 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 毓賱丕賯賴鈥屬呝嗀� 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿毓賵鬲 亘賴 賲胤丕賱毓賴鈥屸€屰� 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屬�.
亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丨乇賮 丌禺乇
匕讴乇 丕蹖賳 賳讴鬲賴 丕賱夭丕賲蹖鈥屫池� 讴賴 亘乇禺賱丕賮 賯賱賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 賵 爻禺鬲 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕讴賵貙 賲鬲賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賮丕賯丿 賴乇诏賵賳賴 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 丕丿亘蹖鈥屫池� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 夭亘丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 鬲丕 丨丿蹖 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖丿 蹖讴 乇賲丕賳 爻丕丿賴 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿貙 鬲爻賱胤 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖丿貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 亘賴 夭亘丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 賲蹖爻乇 禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿.
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 趩賴丕乇賲 禺乇丿丕丿賲丕賴 蹖讴鈥屬囏藏ж� 賵 趩賴丕乇氐丿 賵 丿賵
噩賳爻貙 爻丕禺鬲丕乇 賵 賲丨鬲賵丕蹖 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 賲賳 賲蹖鈥屭佖� 讴賴 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 亘賴 噩賴鬲 倬蹖卮賳賴丕丿 亘賴 丿丕賳卮噩賵蹖丕賳卮 賳賵卮鬲賴. 丕蹖賳 丕爻鬲丕丿 賮乇賴蹖禺鬲賴 丿乇 丕亘鬲丿丕 亘賴 丕蹖賳 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 讴賴 爻禺賳卮 丕夭 乇賵蹖 卮賳蹖丿賴鈥� 賵 禺賵丕賳丿賴鈥屬囏� 賳蹖爻鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 禺賵丿 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 乇丕 亘賴 诏賵賳賴鈥屫й� 讴賴 乇賵丕蹖鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 夭賳丿诏蹖 讴乇丿賴 丕爻鬲.
丕爻鬲丕丿 丕讴賵 倬蹖卮 丕夭 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲貙 亘賴 亘乇乇爻蹖 乇丕亘胤賴鈥屰� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 賵 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж藏� 賵 亘賴 爻賵丕賱丕鬲蹖 賴賲趩賵賳 爻賵丕賱丕鬲 夭蹖乇 倬丕爻禺 賲蹖鈥屫囏�:
丌蹖丕 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 丕夭 丿賱 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 亘賴 賵噩賵丿 賲蹖鈥屫③屫�
丌蹖丕 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 鬲讴賲蹖賱鈥� 讴賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 丨讴賵賲蹖鬲鈥屬囏й� 鬲賲丕賲蹖鬲鈥屫堌з� 丕爻鬲責
丕爻鬲丕丿 賮乇賴蹖禺鬲賴 丿乇 丕丿丕賲賴鈥屰� 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賲賵乇丿 丕夭 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 卮賳丕禺鬲 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 乇丕 亘乇賲蹖鈥屫促呚ж必�賵 爻倬爻 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賵 亘賴 噩賴鬲 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 亘蹖卮鬲乇 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲孬丕賱鈥屬囏й� 丨賯蹖賯蹖 丕夭 賳賯丕胤 賲禺鬲賱賮 丿賳蹖丕 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴卮賵乇 禺賵丿卮 丕蹖鬲丕賱蹖丕 賲毓乇賮蹖 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫�.
亘乇丕蹖 卮禺氐 賲賳 丿賴 賲賵乇丿 丕夭 趩賴丕乇丿賴 賲氐丿丕賯 讴鬲丕亘貙 乇賳诏 賵 亘賵蹖 丌卮賳丕蹖蹖 丿丕卮鬲 讴賴 丿乇 丕蹖賳噩丕 亘賴 禺賱丕氐賴鈥屬嗁堐屫驰� 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賲蹖鈥屬矩必ж操�:
爻賳鬲鈥屭必й屰�
丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 賯丿乇鬲 丨丕讴賲 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 鬲亘賱蹖睾 賵 賲賱夭賲 亘賴 丕賳噩丕賲 丕噩亘丕乇蹖 讴丕乇賴丕蹖蹖 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屫� 讴賴 爻賳鬲 丕賳噩丕賲 丌賳 亘賴 氐丿賴丕 賵 蹖丕 賴夭丕乇丕賳 爻丕賱 賯亘賱 亘乇賲蹖鈥屭必� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲 毓丿賲 乇毓丕蹖鬲 丌賳 鬲賵爻胤 賲乇丿賲貙 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 亘賴 卮丿鬲 賲噩丕夭丕鬲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�.
鬲賯丕亘賱 爻賳鬲 賵 賲丿乇賳蹖鬲賴
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 爻賳鬲鈥屭必й屰屸€屫簇з嗀� 賲卮讴賱 爻丕禺鬲丕乇蹖 亘丕 賮賳丕賵乇蹖鈥屬囏й� 賳賵馗賴賵乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿 丕賲丕 鬲丕 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 丌賳 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 亘賴 噩賴鬲 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 乇賵夭丕賮夭賵賳 賯丿乇鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕卮丿.
亘乇丕蹖 賲孬丕賱: 丿乇 趩賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 賮賯胤 丿乇 噩丕蹖蹖 賳蹖丕夭 丕爻鬲 讴賴 賯丿乇鬲 賳馗丕賲蹖 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 丕賮夭丕蹖卮 丿賴丿 賵 丕诏乇 丕蹖賳 賮賳丕賵乇蹖 丿乇 噩丕蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 鬲賵爻胤 賲乇丿賲 亘乇丕蹖 乇卮丿 賵 丌诏丕賴蹖鈥屬囏й� 賮乇丿蹖 丕爻鬲賮丕丿賴 卮賵丿貙 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 亘丕 亘丕夭賵蹖 丌賴賳蹖賳 禺賵丿 賵丕乇丿 賲蹖丿丕賳 卮丿賴 賵 賲乇丿賲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 禺丕讴 賵 禺賵賳 賲蹖鈥屭┴簇�.
禺乇丿诏乇丕蹖蹖 丕噩亘丕乇蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 鬲賮讴乇 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 賱丕夭賲 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁嗀� 丕賲丕 賳賴 賴乇 鬲賮讴乇蹖貙 亘賱讴賴 鬲賳賴丕 鬲賮讴乇蹖 讴賴 丨丕讴賲 丕毓賱丕賲 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 賴乇 诏賵賳賴 丿蹖丿诏丕賴 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 讴賴 亘丕亘 賲蹖賱 丨丕讴賲 賳亘丕卮丿貙 亘丕乇 丿蹖诏乇 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 丨丕讴賲 爻乇讴賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫促堌�.
賲賲賳賵毓蹖鬲 毓賯丕蹖丿 鬲乇讴蹖亘蹖 賵 鬲讴賲蹖賱蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 丕毓鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 賲乇丿賲 鬲丨賲蹖賱 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗁嗀� 賵 賲乇丿賲 賳蹖夭 亘丕蹖丿 丌賳 乇丕 亘賴 乇爻賲蹖鬲 卮賳丕禺鬲賴 賵 亘賴 丕噩亘丕乇 亘倬匕蹖乇賳丿. 丿乇 丕蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏ж� 賴乇 丌賳鈥� 夭賲丕賳 讴賴 賲乇丿賲 丨鬲蹖 鬲睾蹖蹖乇 讴賵趩讴蹖 亘賴 爻亘亘 丕乇鬲賯丕蹖 讴蹖賮蹖鬲 爻亘讴 夭賳丿诏蹖 禺賵丿 丿乇 丕毓鬲賯丕丿丕鬲 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲 丿乇禺賵丕爻鬲 讴賳賳丿貙 亘丕 賲禺丕賱賮鬲 氐乇蹖丨 賵 亘丕乇 丿蹖诏乇 亘丕 賲卮鬲 丌賴賳蹖賳 賵 爻乇讴賵亘 爻賳诏蹖賳 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 乇賵亘乇賵 賲蹖鈥屫促堎嗀�.
亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 丕賯賱蹖鬲蹖 爻乇禺賵乇丿賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖乇 卮丿賴
賴乇 丌賳 夭賲丕賳 讴賴 丿乇 讴卮賵乇蹖貙 丕賯賱蹖鬲蹖 鬲賵爻胤 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲 賵賯鬲 丿乇 鬲賳诏丿爻鬲蹖 賵 丕賳夭賵丕 夭蹖爻鬲賴 賵 鬲丨賯蹖乇 卮丿賴 亘丕卮丿貙 亘賵蹖 賮丕卮蹖爻賲 亘賴 賲卮丕賲 賲蹖鈥屫必池� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖 讴賴 丕蹖賳 毓丿賴 乇賵夭蹖 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 亘乇爻賳丿貙 丨讴賵賲鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿.
丿卮賲賳 賴乇丕爻蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 賴乇 乇賵夭 丿乇 亘賱賳丿诏賵賴丕蹖 禺賵丿 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇丿賲 賮乇蹖丕丿 賲蹖鈥屭┴促嗀�: 丿卮賲賳貙 丿卮賲賳貙 賵 亘丕夭 賴賲 丿卮賲賳. 賴蹖趩 丨乇賮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 夭丿賳 賳丿丕乇賳丿 噩夭 丌賳讴賴 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 丕夭 蹖讴 賱賵賱賵蹖 賳丕卮賳丕禺鬲賴 亘鬲乇爻丕賳賳丿 賵 鬲賲丕賲蹖 賳丕讴丕乇丌賲丿蹖鈥屬囏ж� 囟毓賮鈥屬囏� 賵 賮爻丕丿 丿乇賵賳蹖 丨丕讴賲蹖鬲 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘賴 毓丕賲賱 禺丕乇噩蹖 賲乇鬲亘胤 讴乇丿賴 賵 禺賵丿 乇丕 倬丕讴 賵 亘蹖鈥屭嗀з� 噩賱賵賴 丿賴賳丿.
卮賴丕丿鬲 胤賱亘蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇诏 賳賲蹖鈥屫堌з囐嗀� 亘賱讴賴 亘乇毓讴爻 丌賳貙 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘賴 賲乇诏 亘乇丕蹖 夭賳丿诏蹖 鬲卮賵蹖賯 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丿乇 趩賳蹖賳 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屸€屬囏й屰� 賳蹖乇賵蹖 丨丕讴賲貙 噩賳诏蹖丿賳 賵 賲乇诏 乇丕 蹖讴 丕乇夭卮 鬲賱賯蹖 賵 匕賴賳 賵 乇賵丨 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲乇诏 丌賲丕丿賴 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀� 賵 亘賴 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵毓丿賴鈥屰� 賳爻蹖賴鈥屰� 丿賳蹖丕蹖 夭蹖亘丕蹖 倬爻 丕夭 賲乇诏 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
賳禺亘賴 诏乇丕蹖蹖 鬲丨賲蹖賱蹖
丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 丕夭 丕卮禺丕氐蹖 亘丕亘 賲蹖賱 禺賵丿 丕亘乇賯賴乇賲丕賳鈥屬囏й屰� 賲蹖鈥屫池ж操嗀� 賵 丿乇 鬲賲丕賲 乇爻丕賳賴鈥屬囏й� 禺賵丿 丌賳鈥屬囏� 乇丕 賳夭丿 賲乇丿賲 鬲亘賱蹖睾 賵 賲乇丿賲 乇丕 亘賴 爻鬲丕蹖卮 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵丕 賲蹖鈥屫ж必�. 丨丕賱 丌賳讴賴 丿乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 丌賳 卮禺氐蹖 讴賴 丕亘乇賯賴乇賲丕賳 賲毓乇賮蹖 卮丿賴貙 丿乇 賵丕賯毓蹖鬲 讴丕乇蹖 噩夭 讴賲乇 賴賲鬲 亘爻鬲賳 亘賴 賳丕亘賵丿蹖 賲乇丿賲 賵 禺丕讴 讴卮賵乇卮 丕賳噩丕賲 賳丿丕丿賴 亘丕卮丿 賵 丕毓賲丕賱 賵 讴乇丿丕乇卮 丿賯蹖賯丕 賳賯胤賴鈥屰� 賲賯丕亘賱 禺賵丕爻鬲 賯賱亘蹖 賵 賮讴乇蹖 丕讴孬乇蹖鬲 賲乇丿賲 讴卮賵乇卮 亘丕卮丿.
鬲丨賯蹖乇 夭賳丕賳
丕夭 丌賳鈥屫й屰� 讴賴 丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖貙 噩賳诏 亘丕 丿卮賲賳 賮乇囟蹖 丕賲乇蹖 倬丕蹖丕賳 賳丕倬匕蹖乇 丕爻鬲 賵 鬲丕 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 蹖讴 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 亘乇 氐賳丿賱蹖 賯丿乇鬲 賳卮爻鬲賴 亘丕卮丿貙 丿卮賲賳 禺蹖丕賱蹖 賳蹖夭 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿貙 夭賳 亘丕蹖丿 丿乇 禺丕賳賴 亘賲丕賳丿 賵 賴蹖趩鈥屭┴ж臂� 噩夭 丕乇丕卅賴 禺丿賲丕鬲 噩賳爻蹖 亘賴 噩賴鬲 賮乇夭賳丿丌賵乇蹖 賵 爻丕禺鬲 賳蹖乇賵蹖 噩賵丕賳 亘乇丕蹖 噩賳诏 丿乇鈥� 丌蹖賳丿賴 丕賳噩丕賲 賳丿賴丿.
倬賵倬賵賱蹖爻賲
丿乇 丨讴賵賲鬲鈥屬囏й� 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲蹖 卮賴乇賵賳丿丕賳 亘賴 馗丕賴乇 丿丕乇丕蹖 丨賯賵賯 卮賴乇賵賳丿蹖 賴爻鬲賳丿. 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘丕蹖丿 賴賲丕賳賳丿 诏賱賴鈥屰� 诏賵爻賮賳丿 亘賴 賲賵賯毓 丿乇 氐賮 乇丕蹖 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿賴 賵 蹖丕 亘賴 鬲卮禺蹖氐 丨丕讴賲 乇丕賴倬蹖賲丕蹖蹖 讴賳賳丿. 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丨賯 賴蹖趩鈥屭堎嗁� 丕馗賴丕乇 賳馗乇 賵 丕賳鬲賯丕丿蹖 丿乇 賲爻丕卅賱 禺乇丿 賵 讴賱丕賳 爻蹖丕爻鬲 讴卮賵乇 賳丿丕乇賳丿 趩賵賳 丕夭 賳诏丕賴 丨丕讴賲貙 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丕氐賱丕 鬲賵丕賳 鬲丨賱蹖賱 賲爻丕卅賱 乇丕 賳丿丕乇賳丿 讴賴 亘禺賵丕賴賳丿 賳賯丿蹖 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮賳丿. 亘賴 賲毓賳蹖 賵丕賯毓蹖 讴賱賲賴: 賲乇丿賲 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇賳丿貙 賮賯胤 亘乇丕蹖 丌賳讴賴 丕爻鬲丕丿蹖賵賲 丌賳鈥� 讴卮賵乇 禺丕賱蹖 賳亘丕卮丿.
丕爻鬲丕丿 賵丕賱丕賲賯丕賲 丿乇 丕賳鬲賴丕蹖 亘乇卮賲乇丿賳 賵 鬲毓乇蹖賮 賲氐丕丿蹖賯 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲貙 賳诏乇丕賳蹖 毓賲蹖賯 禺賵丿 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 丕乇賵倬丕 賵 亘賴 禺氐賵氐 讴卮賵乇卮 丕亘乇丕夭 賲蹖鈥屭┵嗀�. 丕蹖卮丕賳 亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丕爻鬲丕丿 毓賱賲 賳卮丕賳賴鈥屫促嗀ж驰� 賲毓鬲賯丿 丕爻鬲 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 鬲賲丕賲 賲乇丿賲 丌诏丕賴 亘丕卮賳丿 賵 丿乇爻鬲 丿乇 夭賲丕賳蹖 讴賴 讴賵趩讴鬲乇蹖賳 賳卮丕賳賴鈥屬囏й屰� 丕夭 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 丕丨爻丕爻 讴乇丿賳丿 亘丕 鬲賲丕賲 賯丿乇鬲 丌賲丕丿賴鈥屰� 噩賳诏 亘丕 丌賳 卮賵賳丿.
丕賱亘鬲賴 丕丨夭丕亘 乇丕爻鬲 丕賮乇丕胤蹖 丿乇 讴卮賵乇賴丕蹖 夭蹖丕丿蹖 賴賲鈥屫и┵嗁堎� 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 丨夭亘蹖 丿丕乇賳丿 賵 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屰屫з佖� 丿乇 丨丕賱 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 賴爻鬲賳丿 丕賲丕 賮毓丕賱蹖鬲 丌賳鈥屬囏� 亘賴 氐賵乇鬲 讴丕乇 丨夭亘蹖 亘丕 亘賴 賯丿乇鬲 乇爻蹖丿賳 丌賳鈥屬囏� 賵 爻丕夭賲丕賳鈥屫囒� 趩賳丿 賲賱蹖鬲蹖 丌賳鈥屬囏� 丿乇 賯丕賱亘 蹖讴 賴丿賮 趩賳丿 賲賱蹖鬲蹖 丕賲乇蹖鈥屫池� 禺胤乇賳丕讴 讴賴 亘丕蹖丿 噩賱賵蹖 丌賳 丕蹖爻鬲丕丿.
卮禺氐丕 賲毓鬲賯丿賲 賲胤丕賱毓賴 賳賴 鬲賳賴丕 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 賵 賲賵乇丿蹖 丿蹖诏乇蹖 丕夭 爻蹖丕爻鬲貙 亘賱讴賴 丿乇 賲賵乇丿 賴乇 趩蹖夭蹖 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘貙 丌诏丕賴蹖 乇丕 亘乇丕蹖 賲丕 亘賴 丕乇賲睾丕賳 賳賲蹖鈥屫①堌必� 丕賲丕 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 蹖丕 亘賴鬲乇 丕爻鬲 亘诏賵蹖賲 讴鬲丕亘趩賴 賮丕乇睾 丕夭 丌賳鈥屭┵� 禺賱賯鬲卮 乇丕 蹖讴 賳賵毓 噩夭賵賴鈥屸€屰� 丌賲賵夭卮蹖 亘乇丕蹖 卮丕诏乇丿丕賳卮 亘丿丕賳賲 賵 蹖丕 賳賵毓蹖 禺胤丕亘賴鈥� 丕夭 丕蹖卮丕賳 丿乇 蹖讴 爻禺賳乇丕賳蹖 蹖丕 賲丨賮賱貙 卮賳丕禺鬲 禺賵亘蹖 丕夭 賮丕卮蹖爻鬲 亘賴 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴 賲蹖鈥屫囏�.
禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屰� 丌诏丕賴貙 禺賵丕賳賳丿賴鈥屫й屸€屫池� 讴賴 亘丕 禺賵丕賳丿賳 蹖讴 讴鬲丕亘 亘賴 禺賵丿 賲睾乇賵乇 賳卮賵丿 賵 鬲丕夭賴 丕卮鬲賴丕蹖卮 亘乇丕蹖 賮乇丕乇 丕夭 噩賴丕賱鬲 亘賴 讴丕乇 丕賮鬲丿. 亘賴 賴賲蹖賳 賲賳馗賵乇 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 乇丕 卮乇賵毓蹖 禺賵亘 賲蹖鈥屫з嗁� 賵 亘丕 匕讴乇 丕蹖賳 賲賵囟賵毓 讴賴 丕胤賱丕毓蹖 賳丿丕乇賲 讴賴 鬲乇噩賲賴鈥屫й� 丕夭 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 丿乇 丕蹖乇丕賳 賵噩賵丿 丿丕乇丿 蹖丕 禺蹖乇貙 丿賵爻鬲丕賳 毓賱丕賯賴鈥屬呝嗀� 禺賵丿 乇丕 丿毓賵鬲 亘賴 賲胤丕賱毓賴鈥屸€屰� 丕蹖賳 丕孬乇 賲蹖鈥屬嗁呚й屬�.
亘賴 毓賳賵丕賳 丨乇賮 丌禺乇
匕讴乇 丕蹖賳 賳讴鬲賴 丕賱夭丕賲蹖鈥屫池� 讴賴 亘乇禺賱丕賮 賯賱賲 倬蹖趩蹖丿賴 賵 爻禺鬲 丕爻鬲丕丿 丕讴賵貙 賲鬲賳 丕蹖賳 讴鬲丕亘 賮丕賯丿 賴乇诏賵賳賴 倬蹖趩蹖丿诏蹖 丕丿亘蹖鈥屫池� 賵 丿乇 氐賵乇鬲蹖 讴賴 亘賴 夭亘丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 鬲丕 丨丿蹖 讴賴 亘鬲賵丕賳蹖丿 蹖讴 乇賲丕賳 爻丕丿賴 乇丕 亘禺賵丕賳蹖丿貙 鬲爻賱胤 丿丕卮鬲賴 亘丕卮蹖丿貙 禺賵丕賳丿賳卮 亘賴 夭亘丕賳 丕賳诏賱蹖爻蹖 亘乇丕蹖鬲丕賳 賲蹖爻乇 禺賵丕賴丿 亘賵丿.
亘蹖爻鬲 賵 趩賴丕乇賲 禺乇丿丕丿賲丕賴 蹖讴鈥屬囏藏ж� 賵 趩賴丕乇氐丿 賵 丿賵
December 17, 2023
Importante (e attuale) testo di saggistica, da leggere e rileggere per essere preparati ai pericoli insidiosi del fascismo.
May 11, 2019
芦L鈥橴r-Fascismo scaturisce dalla frustrazione individuale o sociale. Il che spiega perch茅 una delle caratteristiche tipiche dei fascismi storici 猫 stato l鈥檃ppello alle classi medie frustrate, a disagio per qualche crisi economica o umiliazione politica, spaventate dalla pressione dei gruppi sociali subalterni.禄
芦A coloro che sono privi di una qualunque identit脿听sociale, l鈥橴r-Fascismo dice che il loro unico privilegio 猫 il pi霉 comune di tutti, quello di essere nati nello stesso paese. 脠 questa l鈥檕rigine del 鈥渘azionalismo鈥�. Inoltre, gli unici che possono fornire una identit脿听alla nazione sono i nemici. Cos矛, alla radice della psicologia Ur-Fascista vi 猫 l鈥檕ssessione del complotto, possibilmente internazionale. I seguaci debbono sentirsi assediati. Il modo pi霉 facile per far emergere un complotto 猫 quello di fare appello alla xenofobia.禄
芦Ogni qual volta un politico getta dubbi sulla legittimit脿听 del parlamento perch茅 non rappresenta pi霉 la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�, possiamo sentire l鈥檕dore di Ur-Fascismo.禄
芦A coloro che sono privi di una qualunque identit脿听sociale, l鈥橴r-Fascismo dice che il loro unico privilegio 猫 il pi霉 comune di tutti, quello di essere nati nello stesso paese. 脠 questa l鈥檕rigine del 鈥渘azionalismo鈥�. Inoltre, gli unici che possono fornire una identit脿听alla nazione sono i nemici. Cos矛, alla radice della psicologia Ur-Fascista vi 猫 l鈥檕ssessione del complotto, possibilmente internazionale. I seguaci debbono sentirsi assediati. Il modo pi霉 facile per far emergere un complotto 猫 quello di fare appello alla xenofobia.禄
芦Ogni qual volta un politico getta dubbi sulla legittimit脿听 del parlamento perch茅 non rappresenta pi霉 la 鈥渧oce del popolo鈥�, possiamo sentire l鈥檕dore di Ur-Fascismo.禄
Read
June 29, 2024Drie essays
Het eeuwige fascisme (1995)
Censuur en stilte (2009
Een nieuw verdrag van Nijmegen (2012)
Het eeuwige fascisme (1995)
Censuur en stilte (2009
Een nieuw verdrag van Nijmegen (2012)
September 10, 2019
[Non gli do 5 stelle solo perch茅, ahim猫, 猫 troppo breve!]
Interessante leggere queste considerazioni sul fascismo, sulle sue origini e caratteristiche comuni in questo periodo storico, quando gruppi politici e personaggi degli stessi si avvicinano pericolosamente alla definizione che ne viene data da Eco.
Interessante leggere queste considerazioni sul fascismo, sulle sue origini e caratteristiche comuni in questo periodo storico, quando gruppi politici e personaggi degli stessi si avvicinano pericolosamente alla definizione che ne viene data da Eco.
November 18, 2020
This essay is incisive and quite relevant, particularly in the present day (2020) given the rise of fascism we are witnessing in numerous countries all over the globe, perhaps most notably in the United States. It's short and well worth a read; it's not too difficult to find it published online.
August 11, 2023
"La libert脿 di parola significa libert脿 dalla retorica."
Scritto oltre venti anni fa ma con riflessioni ancora attuali.
(Consiglio di Andrea Pennacchi intervistato da Chiara Valerio - poadcast L'isola deserta su RaiPlay Sound )
Scritto oltre venti anni fa ma con riflessioni ancora attuali.
(Consiglio di Andrea Pennacchi intervistato da Chiara Valerio - poadcast L'isola deserta su RaiPlay Sound )
August 21, 2024
Libricino da rileggere periodicamente per risintonizzare i nostri rilevatori di Fascismo. Nel caso fossero un po' arrugginiti.
July 2, 2018
Lettura indispensabile, discorso pronunciato nel 1995.
La disamina degli elementi caratterizzanti del Ur-ascismo si adatta perfettamente alla situazione attuale; manca solo il culto della buona morte ma nessuno 猫 perfetto.
Leggete e meditate
La disamina degli elementi caratterizzanti del Ur-ascismo si adatta perfettamente alla situazione attuale; manca solo il culto della buona morte ma nessuno 猫 perfetto.
Leggete e meditate
May 20, 2024
This is the book of the hour, I think.
There are three essays in this short collection:
1. Ur-Fascism.
2. Censorship and Silence.
3. We are European.
The first two essays are five star essays.
They deal with the issue of Fascism and how Fascist Regimes deal with the Press/Media.
Eco tells that the Fascism that we knew of is no more present in the same form. But it is present in some other forms. To spot such Fascism's Eco gives us some hints - these hints he calls as Fundamental aspects of Fascism. Eco gives 14 hints and they are very much interrelated. To name a few: Cult of Traditionalism, Abhorrence for any kind of Dissent, High and Unnecessary Exalted Sentiments of National Pride, Rhetoric and not a Philosophical Base, a Powerful Image built around a Strong (dominant) Leader, etc.
About the censorship of a Fascist Regime, Eco tells that either they engage in Censorship of Silence (they dictate what you should not talk about) and Censorship of Noise (they dictate what you should talk about).
A Little, but a Powerful Guide for the times.
There are three essays in this short collection:
1. Ur-Fascism.
2. Censorship and Silence.
3. We are European.
The first two essays are five star essays.
They deal with the issue of Fascism and how Fascist Regimes deal with the Press/Media.
Eco tells that the Fascism that we knew of is no more present in the same form. But it is present in some other forms. To spot such Fascism's Eco gives us some hints - these hints he calls as Fundamental aspects of Fascism. Eco gives 14 hints and they are very much interrelated. To name a few: Cult of Traditionalism, Abhorrence for any kind of Dissent, High and Unnecessary Exalted Sentiments of National Pride, Rhetoric and not a Philosophical Base, a Powerful Image built around a Strong (dominant) Leader, etc.
About the censorship of a Fascist Regime, Eco tells that either they engage in Censorship of Silence (they dictate what you should not talk about) and Censorship of Noise (they dictate what you should talk about).
A Little, but a Powerful Guide for the times.
December 22, 2024
诇讗 注驻转讬 讜诇讗 讛转驻注诪转讬 讜讗谞讬 讙诐 诇讗 讞讜砖讘转 砖讝讛 住驻专 讞讜讘讛. 诇爪注专讬 砖讜讘 讛转砖讘讞讜转 诇讗 驻专讜驻讜专爪讬讜谞诇讬讜转 诇转讜讻谉.
讗讜诪讘专讟讜 讗拽讜 讘诪讗诪专讜 诪谞住讛 诇注诪讜讚 注诇 转讜驻注转 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讜诪讙讬注 诇诪住拽谞讛 讻讬 讘谞讬讙讜讚 诇转讜驻注讜转 讟讜讟讗诇讬讟专讬讜转 讻诪讜 讛谞讗爪讬讝诐 讗讜 讛拽讜诪讜谞讬讝诐, 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讛讜讗 专讘讙讜谞讬 讜诇讗 谞讬转谉 诇讗驻讬讬谉 讗讜转讜 讘转讻讜谞讛 讗讞转 讞讚 诪砖诪注讬转. 诪注讘专 诇讻讱 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讙诐 讬讻讜诇 诇讛讬讜转 讙讙 诇转讜驻注讜转 诪谞讜讙讚讜转. 讜讘讻诇 讝讗转 讛讜讗 诪谞住讛 诇拽讘讜注 讗转 讛转谞讗讬诐 讛诪拽讚诪讬讬诐 诇讝讬讛讜讬 诪讛 砖诪讗讜讞专 讬讜转专 讬转讙讘砖 诇讻讚讬 驻砖讬讝诐. 讛转谞讗讬诐 讛诪拽讚诪讬讬诐 诪讻讜谞讬诐 讘驻讬讜 讟专讜诐 驻砖讬讝诐.
讗拽讜 谞讜转谉 住讬诪谞讬诐 讘转讜驻注讜转 拽讚诐 驻砖讬住讟讬讜转 讗讘诇 讙诐 讻讗谉 讛讜讗 诪住讬讬讙 讜讗讬谉 讛诪砖诪注讜转 砖讛转讜驻注讛 转转驻转讞 诇讻讚讬 驻砖讬讝诐.
讗讝 谞讻讜谉 讛讜讗 砖讬砖 讘讬谞诐 诪讗驻讬讬谞讬诐 砖讗谞讞谞讜 诇讗 专讜爪讬诐 诇专讗讜转 讘讞讘专讛 讚诪讜拽专讟讬转, 驻诇讜专诇讬住讟讬转 讛讜诪谞讬住讟讬转 讗讘诇 讘讬谞诐 讜讘讬谉 驻讗砖讬讝诐?
讛诪住拽谞讛 砖诇讬 砖讛谞讝讬诇讜转 讜讛讛讟专讜讙谞讬讜转 讜讛专讘讙讜谞讬讜转 砖诇 讛专注讬讜谞讜转, 讛诪讗驻讬讬谞讬诐 讜讛讛转谞讛讙讜讬讜转 诇讗 诪讗驻砖专讬诐 诇讛爪讘讬注 讜诇拽讘讜注 "讝讛 驻讗砖讬住讟". 讗讜 诇讞讬诇讜驻讬谉 讻诇 讗讞讚 讜讗讞转, 讻诇 讛转谞讛讙讜转 讬讻讜诇讛 诇讛讬讞砖讘 讻驻砖讬住讟讬转. 讜诇讻谉 讗谞讬 诇讗 讬讻讜诇讛 诇注讜祝 诪讛住驻专 讛讝讛.
讗讜诪讘专讟讜 讗拽讜 讘诪讗诪专讜 诪谞住讛 诇注诪讜讚 注诇 转讜驻注转 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讜诪讙讬注 诇诪住拽谞讛 讻讬 讘谞讬讙讜讚 诇转讜驻注讜转 讟讜讟讗诇讬讟专讬讜转 讻诪讜 讛谞讗爪讬讝诐 讗讜 讛拽讜诪讜谞讬讝诐, 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讛讜讗 专讘讙讜谞讬 讜诇讗 谞讬转谉 诇讗驻讬讬谉 讗讜转讜 讘转讻讜谞讛 讗讞转 讞讚 诪砖诪注讬转. 诪注讘专 诇讻讱 讛驻砖讬讝诐 讙诐 讬讻讜诇 诇讛讬讜转 讙讙 诇转讜驻注讜转 诪谞讜讙讚讜转. 讜讘讻诇 讝讗转 讛讜讗 诪谞住讛 诇拽讘讜注 讗转 讛转谞讗讬诐 讛诪拽讚诪讬讬诐 诇讝讬讛讜讬 诪讛 砖诪讗讜讞专 讬讜转专 讬转讙讘砖 诇讻讚讬 驻砖讬讝诐. 讛转谞讗讬诐 讛诪拽讚诪讬讬诐 诪讻讜谞讬诐 讘驻讬讜 讟专讜诐 驻砖讬讝诐.
讗拽讜 谞讜转谉 住讬诪谞讬诐 讘转讜驻注讜转 拽讚诐 驻砖讬住讟讬讜转 讗讘诇 讙诐 讻讗谉 讛讜讗 诪住讬讬讙 讜讗讬谉 讛诪砖诪注讜转 砖讛转讜驻注讛 转转驻转讞 诇讻讚讬 驻砖讬讝诐.
讗讝 谞讻讜谉 讛讜讗 砖讬砖 讘讬谞诐 诪讗驻讬讬谞讬诐 砖讗谞讞谞讜 诇讗 专讜爪讬诐 诇专讗讜转 讘讞讘专讛 讚诪讜拽专讟讬转, 驻诇讜专诇讬住讟讬转 讛讜诪谞讬住讟讬转 讗讘诇 讘讬谞诐 讜讘讬谉 驻讗砖讬讝诐?
讛诪住拽谞讛 砖诇讬 砖讛谞讝讬诇讜转 讜讛讛讟专讜讙谞讬讜转 讜讛专讘讙讜谞讬讜转 砖诇 讛专注讬讜谞讜转, 讛诪讗驻讬讬谞讬诐 讜讛讛转谞讛讙讜讬讜转 诇讗 诪讗驻砖专讬诐 诇讛爪讘讬注 讜诇拽讘讜注 "讝讛 驻讗砖讬住讟". 讗讜 诇讞讬诇讜驻讬谉 讻诇 讗讞讚 讜讗讞转, 讻诇 讛转谞讛讙讜转 讬讻讜诇讛 诇讛讬讞砖讘 讻驻砖讬住讟讬转. 讜诇讻谉 讗谞讬 诇讗 讬讻讜诇讛 诇注讜祝 诪讛住驻专 讛讝讛.
September 27, 2022
鈥淟'Ur-Fascismo 猫 ancora intorno a noi, talvolta in abiti civili. Sarebbe cos矛 confortevole, per noi, se qualcuno si affacciasse sulla scena del mondo e dicesse: "Voglio riaprire Auschwitz, voglio che le camicie nere sfilino ancora in parata sulle piazze italiane!" Ahim猫, la vita non 猫 cos矛 facile. L'Ur-Fascismo pu貌 ancora tornare sotto le spoglie pi霉 innocenti. Il nostro dovere 猫 di smascherarlo e di puntare l'indice su ognuna delle sue nuove forme -ogni giorno, in ogni parte del mondo.鈥�
November 24, 2024
Libert脿 e liberazione sono un compito che non finisce mai. Che questo sia il nostro motto: 鈥漀on dimenticate鈥�.
January 22, 2025
Que esto no sea lectura obligatoria en secundaria y/o bachillerato es responsable de que estemos donde estamos.
June 18, 2024
In drie essays benoemd Umberto Eco de essentie van fascisme, wijst hij erop hoe het zich eenvoudig kan maskeren of verbergen en spreekt hij uit waar er hoop is om het te overwinnen of niet meer te laten terugkeren.
Umberto Eco was een intellectueel en dat lees je hier en daar. Niet dat de tekst ontoegankelijk is - verre van! - maar het was toch even geleden dat we in een boekje van een 77 bladzijden een drietal woorden moesten opzoeken.
In 'Het eeuwige fascisme' werkt Eco grondig uit wat de gelijkenissen zijn tussen fascistische stromingen en waarom ze erg kunnen verschillen. Dat leidt hem tot het uitwerken van de basiskenmerken van oerfascisme. Verhelderend en ook de dag van vandaag pijnlijk relevant. We lichten er eentje uit:
"Het oerfascisme komt voort uit persoonlijke of maatschappelijke frustratie, hetgeen verklaart waarom een van de typische kenmerken van historische fascistische bewegingen de oproep aan de gefrustreerde middenklasse was, die zich altijd wel onbehaaglijk voelde ten gevolge van een of andere economische crisis of politieke vernedering en die doodsbenauwd was voor de druk van lagere sociale klassen."
In 'Censuur en stilte' betoogt Eco hoe feiten zich het meest eenvoudig verbergen in rumoer en hoe leugenaars, demagogen en opportunistische politici daar eenvoudig gebruik van maken om pijnlijke waarheden of regelrechte leugens te verbergen. In tijden van de verslavende impact van sociale media relevant en confronterend.
Tot slot wijst Eco er in 'Een nieuw verdrag van Nijmegen' op hoe Europese samenwerking volgens hem de beste manier is om bovenstaande risico's het hoofd te bieden.
Goed uitgewerkt, leerrijk en bijna 30 jaar na het schrijven van het eerste essay nog altijd pijnlijk relevant.
Ik zou zeggen: verklarende woordenlijst erbij en verplicht leesvoer in scholen, fabrieken, parlementen en staminees!
Umberto Eco was een intellectueel en dat lees je hier en daar. Niet dat de tekst ontoegankelijk is - verre van! - maar het was toch even geleden dat we in een boekje van een 77 bladzijden een drietal woorden moesten opzoeken.
In 'Het eeuwige fascisme' werkt Eco grondig uit wat de gelijkenissen zijn tussen fascistische stromingen en waarom ze erg kunnen verschillen. Dat leidt hem tot het uitwerken van de basiskenmerken van oerfascisme. Verhelderend en ook de dag van vandaag pijnlijk relevant. We lichten er eentje uit:
"Het oerfascisme komt voort uit persoonlijke of maatschappelijke frustratie, hetgeen verklaart waarom een van de typische kenmerken van historische fascistische bewegingen de oproep aan de gefrustreerde middenklasse was, die zich altijd wel onbehaaglijk voelde ten gevolge van een of andere economische crisis of politieke vernedering en die doodsbenauwd was voor de druk van lagere sociale klassen."
In 'Censuur en stilte' betoogt Eco hoe feiten zich het meest eenvoudig verbergen in rumoer en hoe leugenaars, demagogen en opportunistische politici daar eenvoudig gebruik van maken om pijnlijke waarheden of regelrechte leugens te verbergen. In tijden van de verslavende impact van sociale media relevant en confronterend.
Tot slot wijst Eco er in 'Een nieuw verdrag van Nijmegen' op hoe Europese samenwerking volgens hem de beste manier is om bovenstaande risico's het hoofd te bieden.
Goed uitgewerkt, leerrijk en bijna 30 jaar na het schrijven van het eerste essay nog altijd pijnlijk relevant.
Ik zou zeggen: verklarende woordenlijst erbij en verplicht leesvoer in scholen, fabrieken, parlementen en staminees!
January 26, 2019
Che bello tornare da Eco. Mi era mancata la sua penna e il suo sguardo sempre attento alla contemporaneit脿. 脠 un libro breve che raccoglie un intervento dell鈥檃utore sul tema del fascismo e della liberazione. 脠 un testo del 1995, ma quantomai attuale per i tempi che corrono. Eco analizza con lucidit脿 cosa sia stato il fascismo italiano e come l鈥檌dea e la forma di fascismo possa ripresentarsi sotto altre vesti. I 14 punti dell鈥橴r-Fascismo sono chiaramente esemplificati e, riflettendoci su, si possono vedere i germi in molte societ脿 contemporanee.
Ve lo consiglio caldamente, non solo perch茅 l鈥檋a scritto Eco, ma anche per stare in guardia contro un possibile rigurgito fascista.
芦Queste parole, 鈥渓ibert脿鈥�, 鈥渄ittatura鈥� - Dio mio - era la prima volta in vita mia che le leggevo. In virt霉 di queste nuove parole ero rinato uomo libero occidentale.禄
Ve lo consiglio caldamente, non solo perch茅 l鈥檋a scritto Eco, ma anche per stare in guardia contro un possibile rigurgito fascista.
芦Queste parole, 鈥渓ibert脿鈥�, 鈥渄ittatura鈥� - Dio mio - era la prima volta in vita mia che le leggevo. In virt霉 di queste nuove parole ero rinato uomo libero occidentale.禄
October 21, 2020
"There are customs, ideas and behaviours that are - and must remain - intolerable to us"
This non-fiction collection of three essays was a quick read, off-putting at first because it seemed to require a knowledge of Italian history, politics and art that I was unfamiliar with, but then progressed into a more generic, useful list of ways to spot fascism, a thoughtful insight into media censorship and the uses of noise and silence as weapons and, a call to action against racism and intolerance. It raised more questions than it answered, but it did get me thinking.
Thanks to the publisher Vintage (Penguin) for a review copy via Netgalley.
This non-fiction collection of three essays was a quick read, off-putting at first because it seemed to require a knowledge of Italian history, politics and art that I was unfamiliar with, but then progressed into a more generic, useful list of ways to spot fascism, a thoughtful insight into media censorship and the uses of noise and silence as weapons and, a call to action against racism and intolerance. It raised more questions than it answered, but it did get me thinking.
Thanks to the publisher Vintage (Penguin) for a review copy via Netgalley.
January 18, 2021
Rilettura a due anni di distanza.
Riletto guardando alla situazione sociale e politica attuale, europea ma - soprattutto - extra-europea, penosamente attuale. Da FDR negli Stati Uniti a Trump. Dall'anti-fascismo all'Ur-fascismo.
Riletto guardando alla situazione sociale e politica attuale, europea ma - soprattutto - extra-europea, penosamente attuale. Da FDR negli Stati Uniti a Trump. Dall'anti-fascismo all'Ur-fascismo.
February 19, 2018
Da leggere.
Il fascismo si nasconde sotto gli abiti civili, Eco li elenca e li smaschera.
Il fascismo si nasconde sotto gli abiti civili, Eco li elenca e li smaschera.
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